Euluska

Euluska (English: /ʌlɐskɐ/, Euluska: /ɛβlʏskʌ/ is my main conlang which I'm really proud of. It's built on so many layers of itself over so many years, I genuinely don't remember its influences, real life origins, or when I started, though I can guess. Anyway, back to lore. It was a Swordic language and the most widespread language upon Indratera - the lingua franca in most of the world except Lakay and most of Rakkimar. In the Collapse Era, 47% of the world population spoke Modern Euluska; and 75% of the world population spoke a language related to Euluska. 
It was a synthetic & beautiful unique language. It had 29 consonant sounds and 9 vowel sounds; its alphabet was 29 letters, it had, 36 pronouns, and a lot of love put into it. 
* For a brief overview of the language's history and historical forms, see this article.
* For its dialects, see this article
* For its largest breakaway dialects, Tarkas-Brackian, see here
* For a spreadsheet of its vocabulary & grammar see here.
* For examples of its loanwords and borrowings, see here.
== Speakers ==
In the 250s in the Collapse Era (1940s TE), the world population was 66.1 million. Of them, 31.5 million spoke Euluska as a first language, and a further 18,2 million people spoke a related language to Euluska; that put 75% of the world able to speak an Euluskan-related language natively. 
== Consonants ==
All 32 contrasting consonants.
 	Labial	Coronal 	Palatal	Velar
Nasal 	 	n 	 	ŋ
Stop 	p b 	t d tʰ 	c ɟ 	k g
Sibilant Affricate 	 	t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ	 	
Sibilant Fricative 	 	s z ʃ ʒ 	 	
Non-Sibilant Fricative	f v 	 	 	x
Approximant 	β 	 	j 	
Tap 	 	ɾ 	 	
Lateral 	 	l 	ʎ 	
CO-ARTICULATED 	w ɧ t͡l	w ɧ t͡l 	w ɧ t͡l	w ɧ t͡l
=== Contrasts ===
Euluska contrasted voicing and length in consonants. In addition, there were two sounds where aspiration was contrasted, /t/ and /tʰ/.
* zina /zɪnʌ/ 'fast' contrasts with sina /sɪnʌ/ 'who?'
* laza /lazʌ/ 'today' contrasts with lazza /lazːʌ/ 'briefly'
* sartha /saɾtʰʌ/ 'shawl' contrasts with sarta /saɾtʌ/ 'giraffe'
== Vowels ==
Euluska did not contrast length in vowels. There are no long or short vowels. Euluska had ten contrasting vowels - /a ɑ ʌ ɛ ə ɪ ɔ œ ʏ u/. Respectively, they generally corresponded to the written letters <a å a e ë i o ö y u>. There were also some allophones in actual speech, see the orthographic table in the next section for info. 
All 10 Monophthongs (single-vowel sounds) - where two vowels appear, the second is rounded.
/ 	Front	Central	Back
Close 	 	 	u
Near Close	ɪ ʏ 	 	
Mid 	 	ə 	
Open Mid 	ɛ œ 	 	ʌ ɔ
Open 	a 	 	ɑ
Diphthongs and Triphthongs
 	
Diphthong 	ɛɪ
Diphthong 	aɪ
Triphthong	iaɔ
Triphthong	ɛɪə
Triphthong	aɪə
== Orthography - Written Euluska ==
=== The Alphabet ===
The Euluskan alphabet was 9 vowels & 20 consonants, written from A to X as follows:
A D V E K I J Ë S Ñ W F Å H Y R T O L C P B U Z N M Ž Ö X
Due to its first few letters, the word 'alphabet' in Euluska was advekijë or adve.
=== Written Letters and Corresponding Sounds ===
Written letters, and their corresponding realised (spoken) sounds
Grapheme 	Realised (IPA)	Occurrence (blank for normal) 	Example 	IPA 	Meaning
VOWELS 	VOWELS 	VOWELS 	VOWELS 	VOWELS 	VOWELS
a 	ʌ 	at the start or end of a word 	anastja 	ʌnastjʌ 	'humpback'
a 	a 	in the middle of a word, most common version 	anastja 	ʌnastjʌ 	'humpback'
a 	ɑ 	word-medial, rare, only in older or classical pronunciations 	Make 	mɑkɛɪ 	given name
a 	ɐ 	word-final, rare, only in older or classical pronunciation 	dera 	dɛɾɐ 	'wheel'
e 	ɛ 	 	dera 	dɛɾɐ 	'wheel'
e 	ɛɪ 	at the end of a word, rarely 	Make 	mɑkɛɪ 	given name
i 	ɪ 	 	sina 	sɪnʌ 	'who?'
o 	ɔ 	 	odos 	ɔðɔs 	'tooth'
o 	o 	at the end of a word, sometimes - or, after a totisi 	txego 	t͡ʃɛɣo 	'trade'
u 	u 	 	urra 	uɾːʌ 	'water'
u 	β 	after another vowel 	Euluska 	ɛβluskʌ 	'Euluska'
y 	ʏ 	 	emvys 	ɛmvʏs 	'merchant'
y 	i 	rarely, among older speakers or classical pronunciations 	nya 	niʌ 	'upon'
ë 	ə 	Schwa could be stressed in Euluska, so there was a letter for it	contë 	t͡sɔntə 	'gang'
ö 	œ 	if preceded by a consonant, or by nothing 	röus 	rœβs 	'red'
ö 	o 	if preceded by another vowel 	Maiöna 	maɪonʌ 	'god'
ai 	aɪ 	 	Maiöna 	maɪonʌ 	'god'
ei 	ɛɪ 	 	seir 	sɛɪɾ 	'she drinks'
å 	ɑ 	A rare vowel; although standard, it is mostly found in names. 	Nåra 	nɑɾʌ 	(a kingdom)
CONSONANTS	CONSONANTS 	CONSONANTS 	CONSONANTS	CONSONANTS	CONSONANTS
r 	ɾ 	a tap in Danderillonian speakers 	kara 	kaɾʌ 	'she rules'
r 	r 	a trill in speakers in the Fallo and Horn 	kara 	karʌ 	'she rules'
r 	ɻ 	in Lakayan and Islander accents 	kara 	kaɻʌ 	'she rules'
r 	ʁ 	in Gildegran and Rakkimarran accents 	kara 	kaʁʌ 	'she rules'
k 	k 	 	kara 	kaɾʌ 	'she rules'
t 	t 	 	telyva 	tɛlʏvʌ 	'glacier'
l 	l 	 	telyva 	tɛlʏvʌ 	'glacier'
v 	v 	 	telyva 	tɛlʏvʌ 	'glacier'
s 	s 	 	mesana 	ɱɛsanʌ 	'monk'
n 	n 	 	mesana 	ɱɛsanʌ 	'monk'
m 	m~ɱ 	 	mesana 	ɱɛsanʌ 	'monk'
j 	j 	 	jax 	jaʃ 	'pub'
j 	ʝ 	Southern speakers 	zenja 	zɛnʝʌ 	'feeling'
j 	ɪ 	after <a> or <e>; often diphthongised 	maj 	maɪ 	'mother'
d 	d 	at the start or end of a word 	koxërad 	kɔʃɛɾad 	'pizza'
d 	ð 	in the middle of a word 	meida 	mɛɪðʌ 	'strong'
z 	z 	 	zeila 	zɛɪlʌ 	'salt'
zz 	ts 	 	pinzza 	pɪntsʌ 	'headland'
x 	ʃ 	normally 	xara 	ʃaɾʌ 	'she speaks'
x 	ɕʲ 	rarely, among older speakers or classical pronunciations 	Xaiän 	ɕʲaɪan 	given name
x 	z 	only in liturgical, religious, or classical readings 	Xán 	zan 	'black'
xi 	ç 	only sometimes, in older pronunciations 	xias 	cʲas 	'crossroad'
f 	f 	 	ferdë 	fɛrðə 	'forest'
h 	x 	 	hamzu 	xamtsu 	'right whale'
h 	ʰ 	provides aspiration after <t> or <k> 	kasthe 	kastʰɛ 	'she revolts'
w 	w 	 	wyr 	wɪɾ 	'blade'
ž 	ʒ 	 	žacu 	ʒat͡su 	'she mixes'
c 	t͡s 	 	žacu 	ʒat͡su 	'she mixes'
p 	p 	 	pirra 	pɪrːʌ 	'goal'
b 	b 	 	bërka 	bəɾkʌ 	'carabiner'
g 	g 	at some word-starts, and elsewhere in older dialects 	írulegi 	ɪɾulɛgɪ 	'hope'
g 	ɣ 	 	cago 	t͡saɣo 	'taro'
ñ 	ŋ 	 	liña 	lɪŋʌ 	'mixed race'
ñ 	ɲ 	rarely, among older speakers or classical pronunciations 	teña 	teɲʌ 	'this'
tx 	t͡ʃ 	 	txorra 	t͡ʃɔɾːʌ 	'she spins'
tx 	t͡ɕ 	rarely, among older speakers or classical pronunciations 	latxar 	lat͡ɕaɾ 	'ship's sail'
dž 	d͡ʒ 	 	džurlja 	d͡ʒuɾʎʌ 	'sperm whale'
sj 	ɧ 	 	sjetta 	ɧɛtːʌ 	'she leaves'
si 	sɪ 	 	sitti 	sɪtːɪ 	'sorry'
si 	ɧ 	when followed by another vowel without a totisi on it 	sieta 	ɧɛtʌ 	'fish'
ll and lj 	ʎ 	Danderillonian dialects 	karalla 	kaɾaʎʌ 	'empire'
ll and lj 	j 	Lakayan and Islander dialects 	karalla 	kaɾajʌ 	'empire' also
ll and lj 	ʝ~d͡ʒ 	Horn and Fallo dialects 	Llatlina 	ʝat͡lɪnʌ 	Jaclina (name)
ll and lj 	t͡l 	Some Burning Hills dialects 	Mallu 	mat͡lu 	loam
tl 	t͡l 	 	tlora 	t͡lɔɾʌ 	'airport'
tt 	c 	Most non-Horn dialects 	Attaru 	ʌcaɾu 	'the underworld'
dd 	ɟ 	Most non-Horn dialects 	roddoi 	rɔɟɔɪ 	'goggles'
=== Diaresis for Vowel Modification ===
Two dots above a vowel, known as the totisi (twins) marked two things. When above an <e> or <o> which weren't preceded by a vowel, they represented an entirely different vowel - <ë> being /ə/ and <ö> being /œ/. However, the other use is a fairly unique feature. It marked a break between blending vowels. A vowel with two dots over it was not blended into the previous vowel or diphthongised - it was said alone. It might then blend into the vowel after it. Here are some examples:
* Maiöna 'god' was pronounced /maɪ̯.o.nʌ/, whereas liaoza 'life' was pronounced /li̯aɔ̯.zʌ/ - in the second example, the vowels are glided over to form a smooth sound, but in the first, the vowels break before the o-sound and begin a new syllable. A similar example was the difference between aiät /aɪ.at/ 'confession' and aiat /a̯ɪa̯t/ 'kiss'.
=== Stress and Acute Accents ===
Euluska words were always stressed on the penultimate (second-last) syllable. The acute accent mark ´ over a vowel denoted that its syllable should be stressed instead of following this general rule. E.g. íruleki was stressed on the first syllable, not on -le- as it would normally be. Classical, church forms of Euluska that mimicked Old and Early Middle Euluska instead stressed the first syllable, with the penultimate syllable having secondary stress.
=== Gemination ===
Euluska consonants were not geminated (doubled) to show length, this was inferred. Double letters were limited to <ll> <zz> which each denoted different sounds than their single counterparts.
== Grammar & Synthetic Morphology ==
Euluska used a SOV structure. Adjectives (including possessives) followed after their respective nouns. 
Euluska was a fairly synthetic language - lots of info in one word. Tenses, cases, plurality, and the definite article were all enclitics, attached to the end of nouns and verbs. It had a medium morpheme-to-word ratio, but not as much as a polysynthetic language.
There was no indefinite article in Euluska - if a noun was mentioned without the definite article, it was assumed to be indefinite.
To invoke or call someone, the small e was added before, e.g. eReku "O king!". Though this practice was more common historically than now.
=== Enclitics - Plurals and Definitive ===
The Euluska plural and definite articles were enclitic, attached to the end of a word. 
* The definite article was ul, which was attached to the end of a word. If the word ended in a vowel, just l was added
* The plural marker was si, which was attached to the end, after ul if both were present. If the word ended in -s, then just i was added.
** The archaic plural was thin, which was used in classical texts, religion or for a poetic or old feel.
** There were some nouns with irregular plurals, which were rare. For example, the plural of sankta "saint" was sanktara.
An example of plurals and definites on odos 'tooth'
 	Singular 	Plural
Indefinite	Odos "tooth" 	Odosi "teeth"
Definite 	Odosul "the tooth"	Odosulsi "the teeth"
=== Proclitics - Noun Cases ===
Euluska noun cases were proclitic (attached to the start of a noun). The only exception was the genitive, which was enclitic (after noun) and added after the definite & after the plural.
The 5 noun cases with examples.
/ 	What does it mark? 	Euluska	Example
Genitive* 	Possession or of. The genitive was the only enclitic case 	Ke 	zilarke "of platinum"
Dative 	to or for [noun] - the noun is the recipient of something 	Az 	azurral "to the water"
Ablative-Adverbial 	from, with, by, of, & in [noun]; can also be translated as an adverb	La 	lazina "with speed" or "speedily".
Comitative-Instrumental	Accompaniment or usage 	Txo 	txolava "using a knife"
Locative 	in, on, & at [noun] 	Ña 	ñavizol "at the wall"
== Transformatives WIP ==
* Agentive
* Noun Maker
* Gerund
* Question marker -se
== 36 Pronouns ==
The Euluska pronoun system was complex and irregular, so that the verbs could be simple and regular. There were 36 pronouns - 12 persons and 3 layers each.
The three pronoun classes were nominative (actor), accusative (target) and possessive (owner). The possessive pronouns filled the role of both "my" and "mine" in English - possessive pronouns AND possessive adjectives (e.g. "my silver spoon' and "it is mine"). The system distinguished pronouns for talking about animate versus inanimate subjects (e.g. "he" vs "it"). Euluska also contrasted two forms of 'we' depending on if the speaker was included or not. It also had two forms of 'you' for one person, distinguishing intimacy/friendship or professionalism/formality.
The Euluska Pronoun System
/ 	/ 	English Equivalents	Nom. (actor)	Acc. (target)	Poss. (owner)
Singular	1st person 	I, me, mine 	ej 	txe 	txei
Singular	2nd person 	you, you, yours 	eti 	su 	etil
Singular	2nd person intimate 	you, you, yours 	ti 	tus 	til
Singular	3rd person inanimate	it, it, its 	na 	nat 	naro
Singular	3rd person neuter 	they, them, theirs 	za 	zan 	zal
Singular	3rd person feminine 	she, her, hers 	zo 	zon 	zona
Singular	3rd person masculine	he, him, his 	zi 	zin 	zinu
Plural 	1st person inclusive	we, us, ours 	lu 	lus 	luna
Plural 	1st person exclusive	we, us, ours 	li 	lin 	linu
Plural 	2nd person 	you, your, yours 	ku 	kul 	köu
Plural 	3rd person 	they, them, theirs 	zasa 	zan 	zasal
Plural 	3rd person inanimate	they, them, theirs 	nei 	neir 	neiro
=== Pronouns and Personality in Verbs ===
Euluska verbs were not altered by person; where a subject noun was not included in the phrase, then at minimum you needed a subject pronoun to show who was doing the verb. For example, using the verb eiva "see":
* Ei su eiva - "I see you"
* Eti zan eiva - "You see them" 
* Zo eiva - "She sees"
There was an exception, of course - when speaking informally or in the imperative, context could be used so that you could skip the subject pronoun. E.g.:
* Zan savte - "Kill them!" - in the imperative, assumed to be addressed toward the listener(s) through context.
Euluska pronouns, as shown above, had nominative and accusative forms, making it easy to tell whether they were the subject or object. Their dictionary form showed their present active indicative (e.g. "go", "run", "eat"). 
Also, not sure where to put this. But in Euluska with personal names, masculine names often ended in -n, -l, -s, and other consonants (plus -o and -u), whilst feminine names often ended in -a, -i, -e, etc. 
== Tenses and Verb Modifiers ==
In the Euluska dictionary on my document, the listed unconjugated base verb form is the present active. e.g. the dictionary says "imva" means "go" so it can immediately as-is be used for the construction"zo imva" (she goes) without modification. Euluska verbs don't change by person.
Euluskan Tenses and Verb Modifiers
Tense 	Usage 	Formed in Euluska 	Example
Negative 	Inverts or negates a verb 	ixxe [after verb] 	zo sö ixxe "she does not eat"
Passive modifier 	Recipient of an action 	-go (after tense) 	zo sögo "she is eaten"
Imperative 	Ordering someone 	-te 	söte "eat!"
Gerund 	Verb to noun 	-rin 	sörin fara za "eating is ok"
Present Participle 	Continuous present verbs 	-rin 	ej sörin "I am eating"
Nominalisation 	Verb to noun, but also used for adjectives 	-sje 	/
Present Perfect 	A past action that is still going 	-mö 	sömö "I have eaten"
Infinitive 	non-finitely, for constructions etc, 'to'...	-ja 	söja "to eat"
Imperfect 	Past but ongoing actions 	zeru [infinitive] 	zo zeru söja "she was eating"
Conditional 	the usual speculative future tense 	ive [infinitive] 	ej ive söja "I would eat"
Conditional Possible	something that might or may happen 	ivote [infinitive] 	ej ivote söja "I might eat"
Conditional Past 	an action that would have been taken 	ive mana [infinitive]	ej ive mana söja "I would have eaten"
Simple Future 	An action in the future lol 	imv [infinitive] 	zo imv söja "she will go"
Simple Past 	A past and/or completed action 	-ru 	ej söru "I ate"
Future Past 	A past action that was in the future 	imve [simple past] 	ej imve söru "I was going to eat"
Habitual Present 	An action you often take 	iki [verb] 	iki sö "I usually eat"
Habitual Past 	An action you used to often take 	iki [imperfect] 	iki zeru söja "I used to eat"
Perfect 	Further past than past or for compounds 	mana [simple past] 	mana söru "I had eaten"
== Dialects and Sister Languages ==
Dialects or sister languages of Euluska, and sound bite examples. Those with no unique writing system are written in Euluska standard (first few cells). Dialect continuums are grouped.
Name 	Spoken 	Speakers 	Example and Notes 	Written Euluska (Frankenstein, Chapter 5, First two sentences)
Euvista 	SW Danderillon 	16.509 million 	<ë> became /je/, and further palatalisation of some consonants occurred, which was marked with the unique letter <ь> that succeeded consonants 	Kanen sahьeromu ulьurra Varokolьeänake txьa metxьaül evasikьe txьei vuanaru. Txьoazьmei lacьattu kasjьuo, txьa duwaülsi salьaiäke vakys txьe sviluru, írulьekija txьa kovutako karьsuke ive kulija azьteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txьei sьovuru.
Accipitan-Carm 	Central Danderillon 	16.509 million 	The standardised modern dialect. 	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Halcyian 	West Danderillon 	16.509 million 	The standardised modern dialect. 	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Homeland 	The Horn, south Moors, and south Fallo. Close-ish to Old Euluska. 	11.359 million 	Many fricatives were turned to stops, e.g. /h/ was /k/, /ç/ was /k/ or /t/. Also, there were changes like /j/ to /d͡ʒ/, /z/ to /ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/ to /t͡ɕ/ . Vowels were more even in length and stress.	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Bristi 	The Horn, south Moors, and south Fallo. Close-ish to Old Euluska. 	11.359 million 	Many fricatives were turned to stops, e.g. /h/ was /k/, /ç/ was /k/ or /t/. Also, there were changes like /j/ to /d͡ʒ/, /z/ to /ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/ to /t͡ɕ/ . Vowels were more even in length and stress.	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Fallonese 	The Fallo interior, a mesolect between Homeland Euluska & Falon. 	4.813 million 	Strong rhoticity, lots of vowel rounding (especially word-final), and some word-final glottal stops 	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Liturgic 	In Euluskan churches 	200 thousand (priests and scholars)	Vowels were of a long, uniform length, with initial stress common as well as the usual penultimate. Some similar changes to the Homeland dialect. 	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Boreal 	Gildegra, northern Danderillon 	19 thousand 	Highly reduced unstressed syllables; stød, creaky voice, wide glottalisation, and lenition of stops and plosives (e.g /t/ to /ts/. 	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Wolcott Colonial	Wolcott Straits 	4.068 million 	A little palatalisation, especially increasing the amount of /t͡ʃ/ and /ʃ/ sounds. Lots of vowel fronting and rounding, as well as a distinctive 'bouncing' sentence intonation. 	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Lakayan Creole 	Lakayan interior, Great Green Valley of Lakay 	0.428 million 	A little rhotic; vowel lengthening too, opening of vowel sounds, r-sounds were retroflex. Many vowels moved back, and voicing was more widespread. 	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Valley 	Lakayan interior, Great Green Valley of Lakay 	0.428 million 	A little rhotic; vowel lengthening too, opening of vowel sounds, r-sounds were retroflex. Many vowels moved back, and voicing was more widespread. 	Kanen saheromu ulurra Varokoleänake txa metxaül evasike txei vuanaru. Txoazmei lacattu kasjuo, txa duwaülsi salaiäke vakys txe sviluru, írulekija txa kovutako karsuke ive kulija azteranaül maž sina ñaveisi txei sovuru.
Burning Hills 	North & interior Burning Hills 	20 thousand 	Loss of many final vowels/ lots of fricatives underwent fortis or moved back and became more voiceless and 'hard'. Vowels moved more centrally. 	Känen gärom köswach Varocholejanacha er lauful ewicha ell waufru. Tschof sätte veramse kässöe läuleriechru, er dänen säulaufulcha mauf sche swäulru, irlechi ut er senriech schacha mwekülria astelanaül mäsch sine riegeri ell söwru.
Moor 	The Moors, far east Fallo 	1.134 million 	Some prenasalisation. The sequence /kw/ and even, unusually, the lateral click /ǁ/ occurred frequently, replacing /t͡ʃ/ and /ʃ/. Reduced unstressed vowels till sometimes they disappeared. 	Nkan saerom ulur Varkolia’c cea metłu evayaka cei vuanru. Tłom catt quazmeqi quazyu lelyru, cea duhuü salaqui’c vaqu ca svilru, iruleqi ut cea quovutaqu nkas’c ivqulia a’teranu mał sin nyvequiya cei sovru.
Falon 	The west Fallo and far south Burning Hills 	2.164 million 	Open, long, melodic vowels. <c> and <g> could be soft /t͡ʃ/,/d͡ʒ/ or hard /k/,/g/. Vowels ended most utterances, which were often reduced and often unstressed. 	Cano zaromo cosfaci Varocollace si y giaccaba essanece sei vinaru. Ceomo satto cegne azzame casse, si duvano y salioce maca se svilloru, recliga oro si zenna caccio ce iculia y aztrana magi sinna gnaveie sei sovoru.
Tarkas 	East Danderillon, Datria, Bracken (They are mostly a dialectical continuum)	4.068 million 	These are a whole new ball game. See Tarkas-Brackian. 	Hvanen sallerám uló Hvarokaljannati lef uð hmellma évvi lepi vunru. Sóm hjattu lallevme kasju leléru, lef uð ðuhn saléti vaklslept svilru, rekilág uþ lef kovutag hvasti ivkulé uð asteranhmar hrinu nlavei lepi sovru.
Brackian 	East Danderillon, Datria, Bracken (They are mostly a dialectical continuum)	4.068 million 	 	Hvanen sallerám uló Hvarokaljannati lef uð hmellma évvi lepi vunru. Sóm hjattu lallevme kasju leléru, lef uð ðuhn saléti vaklslept svilru, rekilág uþ lef kovutag hvasti ivkulé uð asteranhmar hrinu nlavei lepi sovru.
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