Ramirez et al (2001)

This is a study into culture and aggression. In this syllabus you must be able to describe the aim, procedure, findings/results, conclusion and evaluation of this study. It is a key study in Topic C. 
== Aim ==
To investigate whether aggression varied between cultures, and how aggression varied between males and females. 
== Procedure ==
Involved 400 psychology students who volunteered to participate, half in Japan and half in Spain. Asked to complete a questionnaire that measured verbal aggression, physical aggression, anger and hostility. These questionnaires included Likert-style questions. 
== Findings/Results ==
# Ramirez found that Japanese students showed more physical aggression than Spanish students. 
# Spanish students showed more verbal aggression and anger than Japanese students. 
# Males showed more physical and verbal aggression and hostility than females in both cultures. 
# Male and females in both cultures showed the same level of anger. 
== Conclusion ==
Japanese males and females were more physically aggressive but more Spanish students were more verbally aggressive. Males were more aggressive than females. 
== Evaluation ==
Strengths:
 The questions produce quantitative data so cannot be interpreted differently by researchers. 
All students had volunteered and were fully aware that the results would be published - it was an ethical study. 
Weaknesses:
 Some questionnaires were criticized because the answers can be interpreted in such a way that they meet the expectations of the researcher. 
All the participants were psychology students they may have guessed the aim of the study or answered questions in a socially desirable way. 
Students may have answered the questions according to how they think they would act, but in real life situations they may be unlikely to behave that way.