Hegel

Gnaht in 1770 in Stuttgart, Georg Wilhelm Hegel {hEgël} studyet theologia in id seminar os Tübingen, quer is hat Hölderlin ed Schelling ka dustens. Skapskwnd id ecclesiastic carriere, is orbat preter ka hofmayster pre bihe taukilen professor in plurs iom maschoursten deutsch universitats (Jena, Heidelberg dind Berlin) tiel sieno mohrt in 1831. 
Leit in Deutschlando de oino iom outurntst pristen os men, ob est zaruri bemehne in philosophia id critic revolution os Kant, id emergence os romantisme ed, in politique, id Franceois Revolution, id Napoleonian aventure ed ia restaurations. Hegel siet paurske un alternative ibs philosophias al subject (Kant poskwo Fichte) ed ei romantic tentative rekrig ios absolut kyar ad Schelling, con quom is rumpt in 1807, quando paruet id Phänomenologie des Geistes, prest important wehrg af Hegel, ed major buk os Occidental philosophia. 
Hegel brunct sien amts in Talim kay instehle un Philosophische Propädeutik (1808-1811), dind publiet is id Wissenschaft der Logik (1812 ed 1816). In 1817 dadwt is un complete presentation os sien systeme in id Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften, ed in id spirit tos systeme reorganiset is id talim os philosophia in Deutschland. 
Unte id senst periode siens gwit hat Hegel biht uno menmayster. Eys darsa, pulien pos eys mohrt ab eys studyents, emsient place bayna eys maschourst wehrgs : besonters, ta de Esthetique ed id philosophia os Historia. 
 
Hegel est oin im meist pondosten rjienbwutsen os men. Is buit uno menmayster, in id non-pejorative sense os philosoph ed os professor. Is buit aundwoi is senst qui izhier un encyclopedic eiskwen ed qui mohn od un systeme ios weida eet possible. Un talg projecto ghohd bihe ayt ka parakapt, philosophia habend tunkye neid alyo ziel quem prete ids wi historia. Bet id systeme os Hegel buit contestet ab eysschi successors : Marx (1818-1883) au Kierkegaard (1813-1855). 
 
==Megil mensci ed id mundtribunal==
Oino iom gnohtsten thesen Hegels concernt id prominent ed positive rol act, sekwent iom, ab "megil menscens" wa "heroys" qui, unte ia historic mutations, incarne id prekhisses iom gwehmtur tids, brehge id karcer iom establien reuls ed dreibhe apter se ia folks, obscure-ye seduct ab ir kreigerdeursia : Alexander is Megil, Iulius Caesar, Napoleon...
Heroys ne sont megil per se, sontern per historia. Ei consecrent i sien individualitat, tiel sacrifice. Tik id poitt judce i, poitt decide souverain-ye od tod act, quod esiet criminal in alya circumstances, est heroyic quan id correspondt ia naudhs os future. Ne sont alya criteria, neid tribunal exter historia. Oin om Hegels milen formules est un stiche ab Schiller (1759-1805), excerpt ex eys poem Resignation : Die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht. 
==Id sense os historia==
Kwe un solgo ghaben ne adduct ei klewosdehsa ios fait accompli, ei divinisation os success ? Tod ops formulen mambhen, trohven tiel bi Nietzsche (1844-1900), ne bespehct quo Hegel ayt id sense os historia. Ia victorias al heroy hant wirto tik sei skeipent un nov etape kyid riawdals os menscenleudhert. Est ghi historia tik os menscgenos : historia concernt quosmee quosmed el mensc est mensc, ed quod Hegel namt "Menos". Material jects ne hant historia, ob ibs ne est zaruri gnohe seswo. Id Menos est bilax neid alyo quem tod sworecognition. Semper proe-inkapus ghabe se, id semper tehrpt ghabe se meis : id ghehdt ses idswo bad po un long historia. In tod historia, neid wakyet extos ei Menos, neid conditiont id, exter ids leudher effort kay gnohe seswo. Menscgenos ghi tyeict sien leudhert ye meis id progreddt do id conscience tos leudhert. 
Ob tienxia historia un leudher progress, id est id mundtribunal, ed ob tod progress concernt id conscience os leudhert, est possible recognihes, in id succession iom civilisations, ia tri major zamans os tienxia historia. In id oriental civilisation, menscenleudhert est recognihn tik-ye ka apanage es un saul, quel regnet tun ka despot. In id hellen-latin civilisation, biht id dar ghapto tik sub forme os kweit, bayghend oiks, alters esend wugvt ad Sclaverie. Bad in id (christiano) moderne Germanic civilisation, Hegel sigwrt, biht leudhert pagen ka un suedos es cada mensces ka mensc : preter-ye abstract recognition, yed quod ia moderne Stats sont tyeicend.
==Id dialectique ios real==
Rhaltiemos sei vidiemos in tod progress tik uno mer quantitative evolution, ex oin do oiks, dind ex oiks do quants. In sien oriental figure est leudhert un peremptor affirmation al aunsam individu : est ya id presto dayi os leudhert, id sogno bedohlft in cadanghen os "kwehre quo plaist el", aun bespehce alters. Un talg stando de leudhert swopehdt do sien contrar, chunke id maynt id submission al-pet despot elsims caprices os els passion. Id hellen-latin figure behrcskwt leudhert ud tod pehden do Animalitat, ghabend-ye id ka un naudhwento menscwirt, gohdstenwirtic; yed tod stando destruct seswo ep sien roig, chunke id dependeiht id existence im leudhern menscen id pledvehn jakhd, quom menscgenos ne est recognihn. Id Germanic figure mathmount ia dwo prever moments, kardehnd-ye ir inner contradiction : cada individu vidt ter sien leudhert recognihn, wawod el volt menscenleudhert in un leudher koim. Ei Stati zaruri organise tod reciproc recognition. 
Hegel namt "dialectique" tod type os progress per kardeht contradictions. Dialectique ne est, sekwent iom, kam is est bi Platon (427-347 pre JC), id methode el philosoph dehlct nudes kay nake absolut vertato trans ia contradictions iom mayns, sontern id movment quosmed idpet absolut biht effective-ye real. Chunke neid skapt id absolut, cada realitat est dialectic. Kaurndis de sayge id mutlak ver, el philosoph dehlct sagve recognihes, in cada partial vertat, Unum unilateralum ed rhayr-kafi moment,nu-yod se transformet do sien contrar ed biht salven - sammel conserven ed udmohnen - tik unte un superior moment. Tod reperage ios absolut in id diversitat idsen manifestations impont uno methode quos druv nam est "phenomenologia".
==Id encyclopedia iom philosophic Sciencen==
In quo Hegel kalt un "dialectic movment", id itner quod duct ei resultat, khact bihe, prabhil-ye, separet ex idpet resultat. Leit de un circular itner, quer id fin reict id inkapem, riawdalsend-ye sien promiss os vertat. Philosophia, in sien hol, est tun kam un circulen circule, ed id systeme os weida stahalt bihe namt "encyclopedia iom philosophic sciencen". 
Ia tri magna circules qua compone id encyclopedia sont id science os logique, id philosophia os Nature ed id philosophia ios Menos. Tod resumen daht id pondos od id Menos prehpt bad ye id fin, yed leit de id yant id inkapem. Id tehrpt tod long odysseia kay ghabe od ids wi buhsa est se recognihes in sien wehrgs, ed od id absolut consist tod-on tyicen unitat em subject ed object. 
In-kap se presentet id Menos sub id forme ios mer abstract men, paurskend vertat in id respect sienen inner prabhils. Est id moment oios logique, quod endt in quo Hegel namt "id Dayi", yani id tyict, incarnet concept. Analysend id syllogism - tod meditation quod permitt unie ia universala lexis ibs singular lexis, ios type : "Vasyi mensci sont merti, api Socrates est uno mensc, Socrates yinjier est merti" -, Hegel ne vidt ter tik, kam Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC), id forme ios scientific raisonen, sontern id objective process quosmed cada ses tyeict sien essence. 
Id Menos biht tun duct ad paurske seswo exter id men, yani in id exter nature. Tod nature ei est accessible tik wawod id se retrehft ter sub un alienet, exterioriset forme. Id philosophia os nature hat ka ziel sbringhes quo est menost-pet - dialectic - in ia datadadwn ab ia exact sciences. 
Id upergumt ex id philosophia os nature do id philosophia ios Menos correspond id upergumt inter el animal, quel acceddt individualitato tik med un obscure khisses de seswo, ed el menscem kabil uns druv swoconscience : neter in pur men, ni in nature, sontern in ia menscwehrgs hat id Menos sien hem. Id diksphilosophia studyet it id weidwos quosmed id Menos tyeict sien leudhert in id institution ios Stat. Id encyclopedia endt kun id Menos ghapt id est id absolut : tod ghaben tyehct ep id modus ios intuition in art, ep id modus os khisses in Religion, ep id modus ios men in philosophia. 
Philosophia est it sammel id fin ios itner, id hol itner ed id reiken ios inkapem ios itner. Idso task est exmehne quantum exmehnim, ed conserve idso sense.
==Hegels posteritat==
Hegels posteritat buit divers, hatta contradictor. In Deutschland ghehdent bihe enderkwitta dwo majora trends : i "veut Hegelians", qui interprete id systeme ye un conservative weidos, ed i "yun Hegelians" qui eme tsay themes kam alienation au id dialectique em mayster ed sclav in un revolutionar sense. 
In 1845, Feuerbach denuncet in Mensch oder Christ ? id religious alienation; Stirner act perodh id critique os politic alienation do id sense uns anarchisant individualism (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum, 1844). Marx aunstehmsiet iens in sien Deutsche Ideologie (1845-1846). 
Victorian Britain vidt gnahe uno neohegelianisme quos gravitatscentre est un religious, antimaterialiste ed ethic men (Bradlley, Bosanquet, Royce). Yed, ies outurntsti mentors ne sont quoy hant credihno natyices id wehrg ios mayster sontern quoy hant diwidskwn id : Kierkegaard ed Marx. 
==Hat historia un fin ?==
Un theme ios Hegelian philosophia os historia hat muttihno multiple tolks, tod ios fin os historia. Marxisme hat volen "redehe dialectiques peds ghomtro" inscribend-ye id ne do id Menos, sontern do id realitat ios classenjidal, bet it emt id tsay id theme uns possible riawdals os historia, au, kam sayct Marx, uns exleiten ex pre-historia. 
Ye id XXt secule hant megil commenters - Kojève, Weil, ed meis nuper, Fukuyama - ielg emto tsay id dayi uns possible riawdals os historia, ne od neti esient wakyas, sontern ob neid alyo ziel quem id recognition ios leudhert es cada mensces maghiet ei bihe assignet. Tod fin os historia leit per id instauration uns tienxia imperium (Kojève), id affirmation ios Statsrect (Weil) au, pos id pehden ios Berliner Mur, id triumph os liberal democratia (Fukuyama). 
Vidmos od id dayi uns universal historia biht diwiden ab id multiculturalisme quod denuncet ka Europecentren id dayi wirten qua dehlgent se dwinghes ad hol menscgenos, these suspect ob ses bohndt ad colonialisme au imperialisme. Yed etileikwt woide an, ob un dayi gnahsit in Occident, id khact ghehlde tienxia.