Kosambi

Kausambi(Hindi:कौसाम्‍बि), also known as Kaushambi and Kosambi (Pali), is a district in north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh with Manjhanpur as its administrative headquarters. It is adjointed by the districts Chitrakoot in the south, Pratapgarh in the north, Allahabad in the east & Fatehpur in the west. 
Ancient Kosambī was on the Jamuna River, about 35 miles south-west of AllahabadCAGI.448f located at the following coordinates: .
==Demography==
In 2007, Kausambi was carved out of Allahabad district by the Uttar Pradesh Government as a populist ploy to appeal to its large neo-Budhist population. Kausambi has a population of 1,293,154 which is 0.78 percent of the population of Uttar Pradesh. It is a predominantly rural district with only 7.10 percent of residents that are urbanized. The three largest towns are Sarai Aquil, Bharwari and Ajhuwa. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes form 36.11 percent of the population. The three largest scheduled caste groups are Pasi, Chamar and Dhobi. The three largest scheduled tribe groups are Tharu, Generic Tribes and All Scheduled Tribes. 49.96 percent of the district's population is in the age group of 15–59 years and 6.89 percent is over 59 years.
Kausami has a low overall literacy rate of 46.88 percent and 35.6 percent of girls marry before the legal age of 18 years. (Ref: Census of India, 2001)
==History==
Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period till the end of Maurya empire with occupation continuing till the Gupta empire. As a small town, it was established in the late Vedic period. During the Sunga period, it was the capital of the Vatsa which was a vassal state of the Sungas. After the decline of the Sungas, Vatsa (Kausambi is itself the fomal name associated with recovered coinage) became an independent kingdom (also: VamsasJ.iv.28; vi.236), one of the Mahajanapadas (Great Kingdoms) of ancient India. Kausambi was a very prosperous city by the time of Buddha, where a large number of wealthy merchants resided. It was an important entreport of goods and passengers from north-west and south. It figures very prominently in the accounts of the life of Buddha. The excavations of the archaeological site of Kausambi was done by the late Prof. G.R.Sharma of the Allahabad University in 1949 and again in 1951-1956 after it was authorized by Sir. Mortimer on March, 1948. Carbon dating of charcoal and Northern Black Polished Ware have historically dated its continued occupation from 390 BC to 600 A.D. .
Kosambi was a fortified town with an irregular oblong plan. Excavations of the ruins revealed the existence of gates on three sides-east, west and north. The location of the southern gate can not be precisely determined due to water erosion. Besides the bastions, gates and sub-gates, the city was encircled on three sides by a moat, which, though filed up at places, it still discernible on the northern side. At some points, however, there is evidence of more than one moat. The city extended to an area of approximately 6.5 KM. The city shows a large extent of brickworks indicating the density of structures in the city. 
The Buddhist Commentarial scriptures give two reasons for the name Kausambi/Kosambī. The more favoured E.g., UdA.248; SNA.300; MA.i.535. Epic tradition ascribes the foundation of Kosambī to a Cedi prince, while the origin of the Vatsa people is traced to a king of Kāsī, see PHAI.83, 84 is that the city was so called because it was founded in or near the site of the hermitage once occupied by the sage Kusumba (v.l. Kusumbha). Another explanation ise.g., MA i.539; PsA.413 that large and stately margosa-trees (Kosammarukkhā) grew in great numbers in and around the city.
==Buddhist History of Kosambi==
In the time of the Buddha its king was Parantapa, and after him reigned his son Udena(Pali. Udayana in Sanskrit).MA.ii.740f; DhA.i.164f Kosambī was evidently a city of great importance at the time of the Buddha for we find Ananda mentioning it as one of the places suitable for the Buddha's Parinibbāna.D.ii.146,169 It was also the most important halt for traffic coming to Kosala and Magadha from the south and the west.See, e.g., Vin.i.277
The city was thirty leagues by river from Banares(modern day Varanasi). (Thus we are told that the fish which swallowed Bakkula travelled thirty leagues through the Yamunā, from Kosambī to BanaresAA.i.170; PsA.491). The usual route from Rājagaha to Kosambī was up the river (this was the route taken by Ananda when he went with five hundred others to inflict the higher punishment on Channa, Vin.ii.290), though there seems to have been a land route passing through Anupiya and Kosambī to RājagahaSee Vin.ii.184f). In the Sutta Nipāta (vv.1010-13) the whole route is given from Mahissati to Rājagaha, passing through Kosambī, the halting-places mentioned being: Ujjeni, Gonaddha, Vedisa, Vanasavhya, Kosambī, Sāketa, Sravasthi/Sāvatthi, Setavyā, Kapilavasthu/Kapilavatthu, Kusinārā, Pāvā, Bhoganagara and Vesāli.
Near Kosambī, by the river, was Udayana/Udena's park, the Udakavana, where Ananda and Pindola Bharadvaja preached to the women of Udena's palace on two different occasions.Vin.ii.290f; SNA.ii.514; J.iv.375 The Buddha is mentioned as having once stayed in the Simsapāvana in Kosambī.S.v.437 Mahā Kaccāna lived in a woodland near Kosambī after the holding of the First Buddhist Council.PvA.141
===Buddhist monasteries in Kosambi===
Already in the Buddha's time there were four establishments of the Order in Kosambī - the Kukkutārāma, the Ghositārāma, the Pāvārika-ambavana (these being given by three of the most eminent citizens of Kosambī, named respectively, Kukkuta, Ghosita and Pāvārika), and the Badarikārāma. The Buddha visited Kosambī on several occasions, stopping at one or other of these residences, and several discourses delivered during these visits are recorded in the books. (Thomas, op. cit., 115, n.2, doubts the authenticity of the stories connected with the Buddha's visits to Kosambī, holding that these stories are of later invention).
The Buddha spent his ninth rainy season at Kosambī, and it was on his way there on this occasion that he made a detour to Kammāssadamma and was offered in marriage Māgandiyā, daughter of the Brahmin Māgandiya. The circumstances are narrated in connection with the Māgandiya Sutta. Māgandiyā took the Buddha's refusal as an insult to herself, and, after her marriage to King Udena (of Kosambi), tried in various ways to take revenge on the Buddha, and also on Udena's wife Sāmavatī, who had been the Buddha's follower.DhA.i.199ff; iii.193ff; iv.1ff; Ud.vii.10
===The schism at Kosambi===
A great schism once arose among the monks in Kosambī. Some monks charged one of their colleagues with having committed an offence, but he refused to acknowledge the charge and, being himself learned in the Vinaya, argued his case and pleaded that the charge be dismissed. The rules were complicated; on the one hand, the monk had broken a rule and was treated as an offender, but on the other, he should not have been so treated if he could not see that he had done wrong. The monk was eventually excommunicated, and this brought about a great dissension. When the matter was reported to the Buddha, he admonished the partisans of both sides and urged them to give up their differences, but they paid no heed, and even blows were exchanged. The people of Kosambī, becoming angry at the monks' behaviour, the quarrel grew apace. The Buddha once more counselled concord, relating to the monks the story of King Dīghiti of Kosala, but his efforts at reconciliation were of no avail, one of the monks actually asking him to leave them to settle their differences without his interference. In disgust the Buddha left Kosambī and, journeying through Bālakalonakāragāma and the Pācīnavamsadaya, retired alone to keep retreat in the Pārileyyaka forest. In the meantime the monks of both parties repented, partly owing to the pressure exerted by their lay followers in Kosambī, and, coming to the Buddha at Sāvatthi, they asked his pardon and settled their disputeVin.i.337-57; J.iii.486ff (cp.iii.211ff); DhA.i.44ff; SA.ii.222f. The story of the Buddha going into the forest is given in Ud.iv.5. and in S.iii.94, but the reason given in these texts is that he found Kosambī uncomfortable owing to the vast number of monks, lay people and heretics. But see UdA.248f, and SA.ii.222f).
There is strong evidence that this story happened 2 centuries later during the Mauryan empire as evidence by the schism edict issued by Asoka. See below.
===Other Legends and References in Literature===
Bakkula was the son of a banker in Kosambī.MA.ii.929; AA.i.170 In the Buddha's time there lived near the ferry at Kosambī a powerful Nāga-king, the reincarnation of a former ship's captain. The Nāga was converted by Sāgata, who thereby won great fame.AA.i.179; but see J.i.360, where the incident is given as happening at Bhaddavatikā Rujā was born in a banker's family in Kosambī.J.vi.237f Citta-pandita was also born there.J.iv.392 A king, by name Kosambaka, once ruled there.
During the time of the Vajjian heresy, when the Vajjian monks of Vesāli wished to excommunicate Yasa Kākandakaputta, he went by air to Kosambī, and from there sent messengers to the orthodox monks in the different centres (Vin.ii.298; Mhv.iv.17).
It was at Kosambī that the Buddha promulgated a rule forbidding the use of intoxicants by monks (Vin.ii.307).
Kosambī is mentioned in the Samyutta NikāyaS.iv.179; but see AA.i.170; MA.ii.929; PsA.491, all of which indicate that the city was on the Yamunā) as being "Gangāya nadiyā tīre." This is either an error, or here the name Gangā refers not to the Ganges but to the Yamunī.
==Muaryan Kosambi==
Historically Kosambi remained a strong urban center through the Mauryan period and during the Gupta period is now without question. Asoka pillars are found both in Kosambi and in Allahabad. The present location of the Kausambi pillar inside the ruins of the fort attests to the existence of Mauryan military presence in the region. The Prayag pillar, now located in Allahabad actually is an edict issued toward the Mahamattas of Kosambi giving credance to the fact that it was also originally located here. 
The schism edit of Kausambi (Minor Pillar Edict 2) states that, "The King instructs the officials of Kausambi as follows: ..... The way of the Sangha must not be abandoned..... Whosoever shall break the unity of Sangha, weather monk or nun from this time forth, shall be compelled to wear white garments, and to dwell in a place outside the sangha.". This is a strong argument to place the schism during the time of Asoka placing it sometime after 257 BC. 
All sources site Kausambi as an important site during the period. More than three thousand stone sculptures have been recovered from Kausambi and its neighbouring 
ancient sites – Mainhai, Bhita, Mankunwar and Deoria. These are currently housed in The Prof. G.R. Sharma Memorial Museum of the Department of Ancient History, University of Allahabad, Allahabad Museum and State Museum in Lucknow. 
==Notes==
==References==
*Early history of Kausambi, IIT Delhi archive
*Entry on Kosambi in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
*Tripathi, Aruna; The Buddhist Art of Kausambi from 300 BC-AD 550, New Delhi, D.K. Printworld, 2003, ISBN 8124602263
==External links==
*UP Government Website on Kausambi 
Category:Ancient Indian cities
Category:Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Buddhist pilgrimage
Category:Former settlements in India
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