Outdoor NHL games

The National Hockey League (NHL) first held a regular season outdoor ice hockey game in 2003, and since 2008 the league has scheduled at least one per year.
The NHL primarily uses three brands for outdoor games: the Heritage Classic, Winter Classic, and Stadium Series. The Heritage Classic has been infrequently held five times, and has thus far featured match-ups between Canadian teams. The 2003 Heritage Classic between the Edmonton Oilers and Montreal Canadiens was the first outdoor regular season game in NHL history. This led to the annual Winter Classic, held on New Year's Day in the United States, starting with the 2008 game between the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Buffalo Sabres. The NHL then started the Stadium Series in 2014 for additional outdoor games. The number of Stadium Series games has varied per season (four in 2014, only one in 2015, two in 2016, and one per season since 2017). Both the Winter Classic and the Stadium series featured match-ups solely between American teams until the Toronto Maple Leafs' appearances in both the 2014 Winter Classic and the 2018 Stadium Series.
To celebrate the NHL's 100 year anniversary in 2017, the league scheduled two special outdoor games: the NHL Centennial Classic between Detroit and Toronto on January 1 (through season 2016-2017) to kick off the year, and then the NHL 100 Classic on December 16 (during 2017–2018 season) between Montreal and the Ottawa Senators to commemorate the league's first game, having taken place exactly 100 years before, between the same contenders. The four teams involved in said honorific matches, alongside Boston and New York, constitute the sprinkling count of the league's earliest members.
Prior to 2003, NHL teams had been involved in at least three outdoor exhibitions. Two of these came in the 1950s and were effectively informal scrimmages; in 1954, the Detroit Red Wings visited Marquette Branch Prison and played a match against the prison inmates in a fenced-off, open air ice rink, while in 1956, the Boston Bruins played a game against several local teams in Bay Roberts, Newfoundland. In neither case was a formal game structure maintained or score kept, as the NHL teams hopelessly outmatched the hosts. In 1991, the Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers played a pre-season game outside Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, in the first officially sanctioned outdoor NHL contest.
The NHL's outdoor series have proven wildly popular with fans and have led to numerous attendance records. The 2003 Heritage Classic drew 57,167 fans, a league record that stood until 71,217 fans in Buffalo set another NHL record in the inaugural Winter Classic in 2008. The 2014 Winter Classic, between Toronto and the Detroit Red Wings drew 105,491 fans, the current NHL record.
==History==
The first outdoor game on record to feature an NHL team was attempted on February 2, 1954."Detroit Red Wings Head for Prison", The Milwaukee Journal, February 2, 1954, pg. 13 The Detroit Red Wings played an exhibition game on an outdoor ice surface, in degree weather, against the Marquette Pirates, an athletic club composed of inmates at Michigan's Marquette Branch Prison. The game, and the Pirates club, was allegedly organized as a way for Red Wings manager Jack Adams to make good with two convicted mafia members incarcerated at the prison. By the end of the first period alone, the Red Wings had amassed an 18–0 score against the prisoners; score keeping was abandoned after that point and the rest of the game effectively became an informal scrimmage.
Two years after the 1954 prison match, the Boston Bruins went on a postseason barnstorm of Atlantic Canada in April 1956, which included a stop in Bay Roberts, Newfoundland. On April 9, 1956 the Bruins played an exhibition game against teams from the Conception Bay North Hockey League on an outdoor artificial ice surface, under similar rules to those of the 1954 prison match. Four teams each played one period against the Bruins who dominated the game. Only one goal was scored on Terry Sawchuk by the local teams.1956 Boston Bruins tour . Retrieved August 11, 2014.
During their time at the Civic Arena, the Pittsburgh Penguins could have theoretically hosted an outdoor NHL game due to the arena having a retractable roof. (The arena was originally built for the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera, who only stayed at the arena until 1973.) However, the roof was always closed during hockey games with both the Penguins and their AHL predecessors, the Pittsburgh Hornets, whom the Penguins replaced upon the 1967 NHL expansion. The roof was permanently closed after 1994 when the Penguins replaced the center scoreboard.
The first outdoor game between two NHL teams (and the first played to completion) was an official pre-season match-up on September 27, 1991. The game took place in the parking lot of Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, and featured the Los Angeles Kings and the New York Rangers. The process of keeping the ice cool in the desert heat required three times as much coolant as a standard NHL rink. There were few problems despite temperatures that reached during the day and a game time temperature of . During the contest grasshoppers began to jump onto the ice, where they would freeze or drown in water used to maintain the ice, and by the end of the second period the ice was littered with the bugs. Nearly 14,000 fans watched the Kings defeat the Rangers 5–2. Since 1997, the Los Angeles Kings have returned to Las Vegas to play an annual indoors preseason game as part of the Frozen Fury series. As of the 2017–2018 season Las Vegas has its own NHL franchise.
The first regular season outdoor game in the history of the NHL took place on November 22, 2003, at Edmonton's Commonwealth Stadium, when the Edmonton Oilers played the Montreal Canadiens in the 2003 Heritage Classic. The Oilers had suggested the idea of hosting an outdoor game as early as the mid 1980s, but the genesis of the 2003 event was the "Cold War" outdoor game played two years prior between Michigan State University and the University of Michigan.
In 2005, NBC Sports Executive VP Jon Miller then pitched the concept an annual outdoor game as a television event to the NHL, "but they didn't find the concept workable." In December 2006, Miller found an ally in then-league Executive VP/Business & Media John Collins, who embraced the idea.Brink, Bill. "Winter Classic is a cool concept", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 26, 2010Dowbiggen, Bruce. "How hockey found its signature moment", The Globe and Mail, December 30, 2010 This led to the inaugural Winter Classic game on January 1, 2008, with the Pittsburgh Penguins visiting the Buffalo Sabres at Ralph Wilson Stadium.
On May 1, 2013, the NHL announced that the Chicago Blackhawks would host the Pittsburgh Penguins at Soldier Field in Chicago on March 1, 2014, as part of a new series of outdoor games called the NHL Stadium Series. By the end of May 2013, the NHL had scheduled a record six outdoor NHL games for the 2013–14 season: one Winter Classic, one Heritage Classic, and four Stadium Series games.
In scheduling outdoor games in the New York metropolitan area that feature the New York Rangers (first occurring during two of the four 2014 Stadium Series games, and subsequently the 2018 Winter Classic), the team has always been designated as the "away" team. This is to maintain the property tax-exempt status of the Rangers' home arena, Madison Square Garden (MSG). The tax exemption stipulates that it only applies if the Rangers do not "cease playing" home games at MSG, generally interpreted as playing any "home" game outside of MSG. By designating the Rangers as the "away" team and Buffalo as the "home" team in the 2018 Winter Classic at Citi Field in New York City, it would save MSG from paying more than $40 million in property taxes.
Up until 2013, NHL's outdoor games were held exclusively in Canada and in the Midwest and Northeast United States. That changed in the 2014 Stadium Series when the Los Angeles Kings became the first West Coast team to host a regular season outdoor game, facing their in-city rival Anaheim Ducks at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles on January 25. The San Jose Sharks followed suit, hosting their archrival Kings in the 2015 NHL Stadium Series at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara. The first outdoor game to take place in a Southern state took place in the 2020 Winter Classic when the Dallas Stars hosted the Nashville Predators at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. The Carolina Hurricanes were expected to the 2021 NHL Stadium Series at Carter–Finley Stadium in Raleigh, becoming the first warm-climate Eastern Conference team to host an outdoor game.
In 2016, the Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers worked out an agreement to play a home-and-home series of outdoors games. The two archrivals played the 2017 Stadium Series game at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh, and then played the 2019 Stadium Series game at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. The two teams had also discussed playing a neutral site game at Beaver Stadium at State College, Pennsylvania, but this did not materialize, due mainly to concerns about Beaver Stadium's plumbing being unable to withstand an event in winter On March 6, 2016, the NHL officially announced that the Jets will host the Oilers in the 2016 Heritage Classic during the 2016–17 NHL season, held in October.
To celebrate the NHL's 100th year in 2017, the league held two special outdoor games. The first, branded as the Centennial Classic, between the Detroit Red Wings and Toronto Maple Leafs, was held on January 1 (during the 2016–17 NHL season) to kick off the year. The second, branded as the NHL 100 Classic, was held on December 16 (during the 2017–18 season) between the Montreal Canadiens and the Ottawa Senators.
When the 2018 NHL Stadium Series at Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium at the U.S. Naval Academy was announced, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman said that it was the start of a unique partnership with the U.S. military in which the league plans to host outdoor games at military service academies around the United States. The 2020 NHL Stadium Series was held at Falcon Stadium at the U.S. Air Force Academy on February 15, 2020.
In 2021, the NHL announced the creation of a two-game series, the NHL Outdoors at Lake Tahoe, to function as the replacement for the cancelled outdoor games of the 2020–21 season. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, fans will not be allowed at the games and instead the games will serve as a made-for-television event intended to simulate pond hockey.
===Hosting statistics===
As of January 1, 2020:
*25 of the NHL's 31 teams will have participated in an outdoor regular season game. The six that have not yet been selected are Arizona, Carolina, Columbus, Florida, Tampa Bay and Vegas.
*12 teams will have played more than one game.
*Chicago has made the most appearances (6).
*20 metropolitan areas (out of 28 represented among the league's 31 teams) have hosted outdoor regulation games. In addition to the six metropolitan areas represented by teams that have not played in any outdoor games, Montreal and Nashville have played in outdoor games but have yet to host any themselves (New Jersey has also not yet hosted a home game in its home state despite having the capacity to do so, its home city of Newark is still part of the New York metropolitan area.)
*New York City and Chicago/Northern Indiana have each hosted three games. Massachusetts, Maryland–DC, Colorado, Pittsburgh and Winnipeg/Eastern Prairies will have each hosted twice by March 2020.
*Yankee Stadium and Heinz Field will have each hosted two games.
*In the 2019 Heritage Classic, Saskatchewan (a province that has been a longshot candidate for NHL expansion for decades) became the first fully neutral-site territory to host an outdoor regular season game, with Winnipeg as the designated home team (their second).
===Cancelled and postponed games===
The Dallas Stars had originally been scheduled to play a stadium game at Houston's Reliant Stadium during their 2011 pre-season, but this game was ultimately cancelled.
The 2013 NHL Winter Classic was originally scheduled to be contested at Michigan Stadium between the Detroit Red Wings and Toronto Maple Leafs. Due to the 2012–13 NHL lockout resulting in an abbreviated 2012–13 season, this Winter Classic matchup at Michigan Stadium was postponed and would be held during the following season instead.Johnston, Chris (December 30, 2013). NHL dreaming 'Big' for Winter Classic. Sportsnet. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
The Winnipeg Jets announced in 2013 that they had reached an agreement with the NHL to host a fourth Heritage Classic at Investors Group Field, the home of the CFL's Winnipeg Blue Bombers, which they hoped to hold during the team's fifth anniversary in 2015–16. However, a disagreement occurred between the NHL and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers over the game's exact date: the league wanted it held in December 2015 while the football team became concerned that this date was too close to the 103rd Grey Cup being held at the stadium on November 29. In January 2015, the Jets announced that they could not reach an agreement to finalize a date for the Heritage Classic during the 2015–16 season and that they were now looking for a new date during the 2016–17 season. On March 6, 2016, the NHL officially announced that the Jets would host the Oilers in the 2016 Heritage Classic during the 2016–17 NHL season, held in October.
For the 2020–21 season, the 2021 NHL Winter Classic was originally planned to take place at Target Field between the St. Louis Blues and the Minnesota Wild, and the Carolina Hurricanes were scheduled to host a Stadium Series game at Carter-Finley Stadium on February 20, 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic delaying the conclusion of the previous season to September and postponing the start of a shortened 2020–21 season to January, as well as uncertainty about fan attendance because of local health restrictions, the two events were postponed to 2022 at the earliest; an opponent for the Hurricanes was not yet determined at the time the postponement was made.
==List of NHL outdoor games==
Date 	Event 	Site 	Away team 	Home team 	Score 	Attendance
February 2, 1954 	exhibition game 	Marquette Branch Prison,Marquette, Michigan 	Detroit Red Wings 	Marquette Prison Pirates 	 	600
April 9, 1956 	exhibition game 	Conception Bay Sports Arena,Bay Roberts, Newfoundland 	Boston Bruins 	Bay Roberts, Brigus,Shearstown, Coley's Point(1 period each)	 	
September 27, 1991	exhibition game 	Caesars Palace,Las Vegas, Nevada 	New York Rangers 	Los Angeles Kings 	5–2 	13,007
November 22, 2003 	Heritage Classic 	Commonwealth Stadium,Edmonton, Alberta 	Montreal Canadiens 	Edmonton Oilers 	4–3 	57,167
January 1, 2008 	Winter Classic 	Ralph Wilson Stadium,Orchard Park, New York 	Pittsburgh Penguins 	Buffalo Sabres 	2–1 
(SO)	71,217
January 1, 2009 	Winter Classic 	Wrigley Field,Chicago, Illinois 	Detroit Red Wings 	Chicago Blackhawks 	6–4 	40,818
January 1, 2010 	Winter Classic 	Fenway Park,Boston, Massachusetts 	Philadelphia Flyers 	Boston Bruins 	2–1 (OT)	38,112
January 1, 2011 	Winter Classic 	Heinz Field,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 	Washington Capitals 	Pittsburgh Penguins 	3–1 	68,111
February 20, 2011 	Heritage Classic 	McMahon Stadium,Calgary, Alberta 	Montreal Canadiens 	Calgary Flames 	4–0 	41,022
January 2, 2012 	Winter Classic 	Citizens Bank Park,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 	New York Rangers 	Philadelphia Flyers 	3–2 	46,967
January 1, 2014 	Winter Classic 	Michigan Stadium,Ann Arbor, Michigan 	Toronto Maple Leafs 	Detroit Red Wings 	3–2 (SO)	105,491
January 25, 2014 	Stadium Series 	Dodger Stadium,Los Angeles, California 	Anaheim Ducks 	Los Angeles Kings 	3–0 	54,099
January 26, 2014 	Stadium Series 	Yankee Stadium,New York, New York 	New York Rangers 	New Jersey Devils 	7–3 	50,105
January 29, 2014 	Stadium Series 	Yankee Stadium,New York, New York 	New York Rangers 	New York Islanders 	2–1 	50,027
March 1, 2014 	Stadium Series 	Soldier Field,Chicago, Illinois 	Pittsburgh Penguins 	Chicago Blackhawks 	5–1 	62,921
March 2, 2014 	Heritage Classic 	BC Place,Vancouver, British Columbia 	Ottawa Senators 	Vancouver Canucks 	4–2 	54,194
January 1, 2015 	Winter Classic 	Nationals Park,Washington, D.C. 	Chicago Blackhawks 	Washington Capitals 	3–2 	42,832
February 21, 2015 	Stadium Series 	Levi's Stadium,Santa Clara, California 	Los Angeles Kings 	San Jose Sharks 	2–1 	70,205
January 1, 2016 	Winter Classic 	Gillette Stadium,Foxborough, Massachusetts 	Montreal Canadiens 	Boston Bruins 	5–1 	67,246
February 21, 2016 	Stadium Series 	TCF Bank Stadium,Minneapolis, Minnesota 	Chicago Blackhawks 	Minnesota Wild 	6–1 	50,426
February 27, 2016 	Stadium Series 	Coors Field,Denver, Colorado 	Detroit Red Wings 	Colorado Avalanche 	5–3 	50,095
October 23, 2016 	Heritage Classic 	Investors Group Field,Winnipeg, Manitoba 	Edmonton Oilers 	Winnipeg Jets 	3–0 	33,240
January 1, 2017 	Centennial Classic 	BMO Field,Toronto, Ontario 	Detroit Red Wings 	Toronto Maple Leafs 	5–4 (OT)	40,148
January 2, 2017 	Winter Classic 	Busch Stadium,St. Louis, Missouri 	Chicago Blackhawks 	St. Louis Blues 	4–1 	46,556
February 25, 2017 	Stadium Series 	Heinz Field,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 	Philadelphia Flyers 	Pittsburgh Penguins 	4–2 	67,318
December 16, 2017 	NHL 100 Classic 	TD Place Stadium,Ottawa, Ontario 	Montreal Canadiens 	Ottawa Senators 	3-0 	33,959
January 1, 2018 	Winter Classic 	Citi Field,New York, New York 	New York Rangers 	Buffalo Sabres 	3–2 (OT)	41,821
March 3, 2018 	Stadium Series 	Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium,Annapolis, Maryland	Toronto Maple Leafs 	Washington Capitals 	5-2 	29,516
January 1, 2019 	Winter Classic 	Notre Dame Stadium,Notre Dame, Indiana 	Boston Bruins 	Chicago Blackhawks 	4-2 	76,126
February 23, 2019 	Stadium Series 	Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 	Pittsburgh Penguins 	Philadelphia Flyers 	4-3 (OT)	69,620
October 26, 2019 	Heritage Classic 	Mosaic Stadium, Regina, Saskatchewan 	Calgary Flames 	Winnipeg Jets 	2-1 (OT)	33,518
January 1, 2020 	Winter Classic 	Cotton Bowl Stadium, Dallas, Texas 	Nashville Predators 	Dallas Stars 	2-4 	85,630
February 15, 2020 	Stadium Series 	Falcon Stadium, Air Force Academy, Colorado 	Los Angeles Kings 	Colorado Avalanche 	3-1 	43,574
February 20, 2021 	NHL Outdoors at Lake Tahoe	Edgewood Tahoe Resort, Stateline, Nevada 	Vegas Golden Knights	Colorado Avalanche 	TBD 	N/A
February 21, 2021 	NHL Outdoors at Lake Tahoe	Edgewood Tahoe Resort, Stateline, Nevada 	Philadelphia Flyers 	Boston Bruins 	TBD 	N/A
TBA 2022 	Winter Classic 	Target Field, Minneapolis, Minnesota 	St. Louis Blues 	Minnesota Wild 	TBD 	TBD
TBA 2022 	Stadium Series 	Carter-Finley Stadium, Raleigh, North Carolina 	TBD 	Carolina Hurricanes 	TBD 	TBD
==Outdoor games by team==
Team 	Number ofappearances	'Home'appearances	'Visitor'appearances	Appearances 	Wins	Losses
Anaheim Ducks 	1 	0 	1 	2014 	1 	0
Arizona Coyotes 	0 	— 	— 	— 	— 	—
Boston Bruins 	4 	3 	1 	2010, 2016, 2019, 2021 	2 	1
Buffalo Sabres 	2 	2 	0 	2008, 2018 	0 	2
Calgary Flames 	2 	1 	1 	2011, 2019 	1 	1
Carolina Hurricanes 	1 	1 	— 	TBD 	— 	—
Chicago Blackhawks 	6 	3 	3 	2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019	1 	5
Colorado Avalanche 	3 	3 	0 	2016, 2020, 2021 	0 	2
Columbus Blue Jackets	0 	— 	— 	— 	— 	—
Dallas Stars 	1 	1 	0 	2020 	1 	0
Detroit Red Wings 	4 	1 	3 	2009, 2014, 2016, 2017 	2 	2
Edmonton Oilers 	2 	1 	1 	2003, 2016 	1 	1
Florida Panthers 	0 	— 	— 	— 	— 	—
Los Angeles Kings 	4 	1 	3 	2014, 2015, 2020 	3 	1
Minnesota Wild 	1 	1 	0 	2016, 2022 	1 	0
Montreal Canadiens 	4 	0 	4 	2003, 2011, 2016, 2017 	2 	2
Nashville Predators 	1 	0 	1 	2020 	0 	1
New Jersey Devils 	1 	1 	0 	2014 	0 	1
New York Islanders 	1 	1 	0 	2014 	0 	1
New York Rangers 	4 	‡ 	4 	2012, 2014 (2 games), 2018 	4 	0
Ottawa Senators 	2 	1 	1 	2014, 2017 	2 	0
Philadelphia Flyers 	5 	2 	3 	2010, 2012, 2017, 2019, 2021 	1 	3
Pittsburgh Penguins 	5 	2 	3 	2008, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2019 	2 	3
San Jose Sharks 	1 	1 	0 	2015 	0 	1
St. Louis Blues 	1 	1 	1 	2017, 2022 	1 	0
Tampa Bay Lightning 	0 	— 	— 	— 	— 	—
Toronto Maple Leafs 	3 	1 	2 	2014, 2017, 2018 	2 	1
Vancouver Canucks 	1 	1 	0 	2014 	0 	1
Vegas Golden Knights 	1 	— 	1 	2021 	— 	—
Washington Capitals 	3 	2 	1 	2011, 2015, 2018 	3 	0
Winnipeg Jets 	2 	2 	0 	2016, 2019 	1 	1
This table excludes exhibition games with non-NHL opponents (such as those in 1954 and 1956) and pre-season games (such as the one in 1991).
‡ The Rangers were designated as the visiting team for the three games held in New York City to comply with a property tax exemption for Madison Square Garden that requires the Rangers to play all of their home games at the arena.
Italics indicate a future outdoor game.
==References==