Multiplane camera

The multiplane camera is a special motion picture camera used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another. This creates a three-dimensional effect, although not actually stereoscopic.
Various parts of the artwork layers are left transparent, to allow other layers to be seen behind them. The movements are calculated and photographed frame-by-frame, with the result being an illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork moving at different speeds - the further away from the camera, the slower the speed. The multiplane effect is sometimes referred to as a parallax process.
An interesting variation is to have the background and foreground move in opposite directions. This creates an effect of rotation. An early example is the scene in Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, where the evil Queen drinks her potion, and the surroundings appear to spin around her.
The multiplane camera was explained by Walt Disney in an 1957 episode of Disneyland, entitled Tricks of Our Trade.
==History==
A predecessor to the multiplane camera was used by Lotte Reiniger for her animated feature The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926). Berthold Bartosch, who worked with her, used a similar setup in his 1930 film "The Idea". The first multiplane camera, using four layers of flat artwork before a horizontal camera, was invented by former Walt Disney Studios animator/director Ub Iwerks in 1933, using parts from an old Chevrolet automobile.
His multiplane camera was used in a number of the Iwerks Studio's Willie Whopper and Comicolor cartoons of the mid-1930s.
The technicians at Fleischer Studios created a distantly related device, called the Stereoptical Camera or Setback, in 1934. Their apparatus used three-dimensional miniature sets built to the scale of the animation artwork. The animation cels were placed within the setup so that various objects could pass in front of and behind them, and the entire scene was shot using a horizontal camera. The Tabletop process was used to create distinctive results in Fleischer's Betty Boop, Popeye the Sailor, and Color Classics cartoons.
The most famous multiplane camera was invented by William Garity for the Walt Disney Studios to be used in the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The camera was completed in early 1937 and tested in a Silly Symphony called The Old Mill, which won the 1937 Academy Award for Animated Short Film. Disney's multiplane camera, which used up to seven layers of artwork (painted in oils on glass) shot under a vertical and moveable camera, allowed for more sophisticated uses than the Iwerks or Fleischer versions, and was used prominently in Disney films, such as Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, and Peter Pan.
The Little Mermaid was the final Disney film to use a multiplane camera, though the work was done by an outside facility as the cameras at Disney's main Burbank studios were not functional at the time. The process was made obsolete in 1990 by the implementation of a "digital Multiplane camera" feature in the digital CAPS process used for subsequent Disney films and in other computer animation systems. Three original Disney Multiplane cameras survive: one at The Walt Disney Animation Studios, Burbank - California, one at the Walt Disney Family Museum in San Francisco, and one in the Art of Disney Animation attraction at Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris.
==Gallery==
Multiplane_camera.jpg|A multiplane camera built by an animation hobbyist in 1972
TOOT-1957.jpg|Diagram of how a multiplane camera works, from Tricks of Our Trade
TOOT-1957-2.jpg|Walt Disney with another diagram
==Video==
centre|500px|A demonstration of the Multiplane camera from "Tricks of Our Trade"
==Trivia==
*A multiplane camera has a pivotal role in Roger Rabbit: The Resurrection of Doom, where it's used to recreate the titular villain.
*Aladdin on the multiplane camera is mistakenly given 1994 as the released year date. The film's true released year date is actually 1992.
*The use of the multiplane camera for the ending sequence of Ave Maria from Fantasia was the longest and most complicated to shoot.
*German filmmaker Lotte Reiniger was the first to experiment with multiplane in 1926, using silhouettes to form layers for her animated feature, The Adventures of Prince Achmed.
==See also==
*Computer Animation Production System (CAPS)
==External links==
*Disney’s Multiplane Camera: The Original New Dimension
*Building a low-budget multiplane camera
pt-br:Câmera multiplano
Category:Disney technology
Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios