Moses of Chorene

Moses of Chorene, also Moses of Khoren or Movses Khorenatsi (, , also written Movsēs Xorenac‘i, Movses Khorenats'i, scholars have argued for either 5th century (circa 410 – 490s AD), or a 7th to 9th century date) was an Armenian historian, and author of the History of Armenia.
He is credited with the earliest known historiographical work on the history of Armenia, but was also a poet, or hymn writer, and a grammarian. Although other Armenians, such as Agatangeghos, had written histories of Armenia, Movses' work holds particular significance because it contains unique material on the old oral traditions in Armenia during its pagan era and, more importantly, traces Armenian history from Movses' day to its origins. For this, he is considered to be the "father of Armenian history" (patmahayr), and is sometimes referred to as the "Armenian Herodotus."Chahin, Mack. The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001, p. 181 ISBN 0-7007-1452-9.
Movses identified himself as a young disciple of Saint Mesrop and was recognized by the Armenian Apostolic Church as one of the Holy Translators, although many scholars have noted internal discrepancies in his work which lead them to assign later dates (see below).Robert Benedetto, James O. Duke. The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History. Westminster John Knox Press, 2008. ISBN 0664224164, 9780664224165, p. 448
 He composed his work at the behest of Prince Sahak Bagratuni. The book has had an enormous impact on Armenian historiography and was used and quoted extensively by later medieval Armenian authors.
==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Movses' biographical details are given at the very end of the History of Armenia but additional information provided by later medieval Armenian historians have allowed modern scholars to piece together additional information on him. Movses was believed to have been born in the village of Khorni (also spelled as Khoron and Khoronk) in the Armenian province of Taron sometime in 410.For this reason, some have also referred to him as Movses of Taron. However, some scholars contend that if he was born here, he would have then been known as Movses of Khorneh or Khoron. Malkhasyants, Stepan. "Introduction" in Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia, 5th Century (Հայոց Պատմություն, Ե Դար). Gagik Kh. Sargsyan (ed.) Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1997, p. 7. ISBN 5-5400-1192-9. They instead move the location of his birth from Taron to the Armenian province of Syunik, in the village of Khorena in the region of Harband.Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, p. 7. 
He received his education in Syunik and was later sent to be taught under the auspices of Mesrop Mashtots,Great historians from antiquity to 1800: an international dictionary‎, by Lucian Boia, 1989 - 417 pages, P. 9 the creator of the Armenian alphabet, and Catholicos Sahak Partev. In having considerable difficulty translating the Bible from Greek to Armenian, Mesrop and Sahak felt the need to send Movses and several of their other students to Alexandria, Egypt, at that time the center of education and learning, so that they themselves learn the Greek and Syriac languages, as well as to learn grammar, oratory, theology and philosophy. Sargsyan, Gagik Kh. «Մովսես Խորենացի» (Movses Khorenatsi). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. viii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1982, pp. 40-41.
===Return to Armenia===
The students left Armenia sometime between 432 and 435. After studying in Alexandria for five to six years, Movses and his classmates returned to Armenia, only to find that Mesrop and Sahak had died. Movses expressed his grief in a lamentation at the end of History of Armenia: 
 
To further complicate their problems, the atmosphere in Persian Armenia that Movses and the other students had returned to was one that was extremely hostile and they were viewed at with contempt by the native population. While later Armenian historians blamed this on an ignorant populace, Persian ideology and policy also lay at fault, since its rulers "could not tolerate highly educated young scholars fresh from Greek centers of learning."Hacikyan, Agop Jack, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, and Nourhan Ouzounian. The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age, Vol. I. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2000, pp. 307. ISBN 0-8143-2815-6. Given this atmosphere and persecution by the Persians, Movses went into hiding in a village near Vagharshapat and lived in relative seclusion for several decades. 
The Catholicos of Armenia Gyut (461-471) one day met Movses while traveling through the area and, unaware of his true identity, invited him to supper with several of his students. Movses was initially silent, but after Gyut's students encouraged him to speak, Movses made a marvelous speech at the dinner table. One of the Catholicos' students was able to identify Movses as a person Gyut had been searching for; it was soon understood that Gyut was one of Movses' former classmates and friends.Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, p. 15. Gyut embraced Movses and, being either a Chalcedonian Christian or at least tolerant of them (since Movses was also Chalcedonian), brought his friend back from seclusion and appointed him to be a bishop in Bagrevan.
===History of Armenia===
Serving as a bishop, Movses was approached by Prince Sahak Bagratuni (d. 482), who, having heard of Movses' reputation, asked him to write a history of the Armenians, especially the biographies of Armenian kings and the origins of the Armenian nakharar families.Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, p. 16. Movses agreed to do so and he finished his book sometime in 482. However, Artashes Matevosyan, an expert on medieval Armenian manuscripts, basing his conclusions on new details revealed in his research on the Chronicle by the sixth century Armenian historian Atanas Taronatsi, placed Movses' completion of History to the year 474. Matevosyan, Artashes S. "Մովսես Խորենացին և Աթանաս Տարոնացու Ժամանակագրությունը" ("Movses Khorenatsi and Atanas Taronatsi's Chronicle). Patma-Banasirakan Handes. № 1 (124), 1989, p. 226.
One of his primary reasons for taking up Sahak Bagratuni's request is given in the first part of Patmutyun Hayots, or History of Armenia: "For even though we are small and very limited in numbers and have been conquered many times by foreign kingdoms, yet too, many acts of bravery have been performed in our land, worthy of being written and remembered, but of which no one has bothered to write down."Movses Khorenatsi. History of Armenia, 1.4., pp. 70-71. Movses' history also gives a rich description of the oral traditions that were popular among the Armenians of the time, such as the romance story of Artashes and Satenik and the birth of the god Vahagn. Movses lived for several more years, and he died sometime in the late 490s.
==Literary influence==
Three possible early references to Movses in other sources are usually identified. The first one is in Ghazar Parpetsi’s History of Armenia (about 500 A.D.), where the author details the persecution of several notable Armenian individuals, including the “blessed Movses the philosopher,” identified by some scholars as Movses Khorenatsi. Pogharian, Norayr. Յայ Գրողներ, Ե-Ժ դար (Armenian Writers, 5th-10th centuries) Jerusalem: St. James Printing Press, 1971. Hasratyan, Morus. “Որ՞ն է Մովսես Խորենացու ծննդավայրը.” (“Where was Movses Khorenatsi’s Birthplace?”) Lraber Hasarakakan Gituyunneri. № 12, 1969, pp. 81-90. Hovhannisyan, Petros. "Review of History of the Armenians." Banber Yerevan Hamalsarani. № 3 (45), 1982, pp. 237-239. But there is no indication in Parpetsi that this Movses had "composed any historical works."Thomson, Robert W. "Introduction" in Moses Khorenats'i. History of the Armenians. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, p. 3. ISBN 0674395719. The second one is the Book of Letters (sixth century), which contains a short theological treatise by "Movses Khorenatsi."Brock, S. P. "Review of The Incarnation: a study of the doctrine of the Incarnation in the Armenian Church in the 5th and 6th centuries according to the Book of Letters." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Vol. 46, № 1, 1983, pp. 159-160. However, this treatise, not being an historical work, cannot be convincingly attributed to the historian Movses. See Annie and Jean-Pierre Mahé's introduction to their translation of Moïse de Khorène Histoire de l'Arménie. Paris: Gallimard, 1993, p. 13. The third possible early reference is in a tenth-eleventh centuries manuscript containing a list of dates attributed to Athanasius (Atanas) of Taron (sixth century): under the year 474, the list has "Moses of Chorene, philosopher and writer." This mention is, however, considered as too uncertain.
A historian by the name of Moses was unknown to Armenian literature before the tenth century. The references to Moses and the use of information from his book can be found in the works by Movses Kaghankatvatsi, Tovma Artsruni, John V the Historian and later medieval Armenian authors.Sarkissian, Arshag O. "On the Authenticity of Moses of Khoren's History." Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 60, No. 1, March 1940, pp. 73-81.
==Authorship study==
===Hypercritical phase===
The original manuscript of Movses' History of Armenia does not exist and so the oldest extant manuscript of his work comes from the 14th century, which was based on a revised version dating to the seventh or eighth centuries.Hacikyan et al. Heritage of Armenian Literature, pp. 309-310. Beginning in the 19th century, as a part of a general trend in those years to critically reexamine the validity of classical sources, Movses' History was cast into doubt after the discovery of historical inconsistencies and anachronisms. 
The conclusions reached by Alfred von Gutschmid ushered in the hypercritical phaseJean-Pierre Mahé's review of Aram Topchyan's The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movsēs Xorenac‘i's History of Armenia, in Revue des études arméniennes, No. 30, 2005-2007, p. 505. Giusto Traina. "Moïse de Khorène et l'Empire sassanide", in Rika Gyselen (ed.), Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: Données pour l'histoire et la géographie historique. Peeters Publishers, 2007, ISBN 978-2-9521376-1-4, p. 158. of the study of Movses' work and many European and Armenian scholars at the turn of the 20th century reduced its importance as a historical source and placed his writing of the work to sometime in the seventh to ninth centuries.Topchyan, Aram. The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movsēs Xorenacʻi's History of Armenia. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2006, pp. 5-14, notes 21-22, 31-33. Stepan Malkhasyants, an Armenian philologist and expert of classical Armenian literature, likened this early critical period from the late 19th to early 20th centuries to a "competition," whereby one scholar attempted to outperform the other in their criticism of Movses.Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, pp. 2-5.
===Modern studies===
In the early decades of the 20th century, scholars such as F. C. Conybeare, Manuk Abeghyan, and Malkhasyants rejected the conclusions of the scholars of the hypercritical school. Ethnographic and archaeological research during the 20th century supported some of their conclusions, as they confirmed information which was only found in Movses's work.Hacikyan et al. Heritage of Armenian Literature, pp. 305-306. Despite these studies, these critical points were revived Aram Toptchyan. "Moïse de Khorène" in Claude Mutafian (ed.), Arménie, la magie de l'écrit. Somogy, 2007 ISBN 978-2-7572-0057-5, p.143. in the second half of the 20th century and many Western scholars continue to maintain the arguments raised by earlier scholars.Toumanoff, Cyril. "On the Date of Pseudo-Moses of Chorene." Handes Amsorya. № 10 (75), 1961, pp. 467-471.Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, pp. 3-5, 47-50. 
Robert W. Thomson, the former holder of the chair in Armenian Studies at Harvard University and the translator of several classical Armenian works, noted that Moses of Chorene uses sources not available in Armenian at that time, and refers to persons and places attested only in the sixth or seventh centuries. He recapitulated as follows the historical clues scattered in the History, some of which were previously noted by various scholars and which in his opinion enable to reject the 5th century dating: 
Moses is the first Armenian writer to equate Siunik and Sisakan. The latter term is first found in Syriac in the sixth century; in the seventh-century Armenian Ashkharhatsoyts it refers to a canton, not the whole province. Moses knows of four Armenias. These four Byzantine provinces were not so organized until 536 A.D. by Justinian I. Moses refers to the territory east of Lake Van as Vaspurakan, a term used only after the partition of Armenia in 591. Not until the early eighth century Narratio de Rebus Armeniae is Vaspurakan used to designate a province in the same sense as Moses uses it. Moses refers to the Khazars, not mentioned in other Armenian sources before the seventh-century Ashkharhatsoyts. Moses knows of an Iranian advance into Bithynia. Only in the 604-629 war did the Iranians advance so far west. Moses refers to two positions, Presiding Prince and Comes, in Byzantine Armenia; this reflects the position after Heraclius' victory over Iran in 629.
Thomson also believes that Movses "alters many of his Armenian sources in a tendentious manner in order to extol his patrons, the Bagratuni family, who gained preeminence in the eighth century", while consistently negating the role of their rivals, the Mamikonian family, in the history of Armenia.Thomson, Robert W. "Armenian Literary Culture through the 11th Century." in Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press, 1997 ISBN 0-3121-0168-6.See Robert W. Thomson's introduction in his translation of Movses' work, History of the Armenians, Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1978, p. 57-58.
Thomson's dating of Movses and his approach in evaluating the author's work was criticized when the English translation of History of Armenia appeared in 1978. Ter-Petrosyan, Levon. "Review of History of the Armenians. Patma-Banasirakan Handes. № 1 (88), 1980, pp. 268-270.Nersessian, Vrej. "Review of History of the Armenians." Journal of Ecclesiastical History. Vol. 30: № 4, October 1979, pp. 479-480. Vrej Nersessian, the Curator of the Christian Middle East Section at the British Library, took issue with many of Thomson's points, including his later dating of the writing and his contention that Movses was merely writing an apologist work for the Bagratunis: 
 
Gagik Sargsyan, a historian of the Classics and a leading scholar and biographer of Movses, also admonished Thomson for anachronistic hypercriticism and for stubbornly rehashing and "even exaggerating the statements once put forward" by the late 19th and early 20th century scholars, and in particular, those of Grigor Khalatyants (1858-1912).Sarkissian, Gaguik [Gagik Kh. Sargsyan]. The "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi. Trans. by Gourgen A. Gevorkian. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press, 1991, pp. 58-59. Sargsyan noted that Thomson, in condemning Movses' failure to mention his sources, ignored the fact that "an antique or medieval author may have had his own rules of mentioning the sources distinct from the rules of modern scientific ethics."Sarkissian. "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi, p. 76. Thomson's allegation of Movses' plagiarism and supposed distortion of sources was also countered by scholars, who contended that Thomson was "treating a medieval author with the standards" of 20th century historiography and that numerous classical historians, Greek and Roman alike, engaged in this practice.Sarkissian. "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi, p. 80. Aram Topchyan, a Research Fellow at the Hebrew University of Armenian Studies, concurred with this observation, and noted that it was odd that Thomson would fault Moves for failing to mention his sources because this was an accepted practice among all classical historians.Topchyan. Problem of the Greek Sources, pp. 33-35.
==Works==
The following works are also attributed to Movses: 
*Letter on the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
*Homily on Christ's Transfiguration
*History of Hripsime and Her Companions 
*Hymns used in Armenian Church Worship
*Commentaries on the Armenian Grammarians
*Explanations of Armenian Church Offices
==Notes==
==Further reading==
* Abeghyan, Manuk. Истории древнеармянской литературы. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1975. 
*Adontz, Nicholas. Armenia in the Period of Justinian: the Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System. Translated with partial revisions, a bibliographical note, and appendices by Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon, 1970. 
*Conybeare, F. C. "The Date of Moses of Khoren." Byzantinische Zeitschrift. No. 10 (1901). 
* Malkhasyants, Stepan. Խորենացու առեղծված շուրջը (About the Enigma of Khorenatsi). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armfan Publishing, 1940.
* Musheghyan, Albert. “Որտե՞ղ է գտնվել Մովսես Խորենացու հիշատակած Բյութանյան. ” (“Where was the Bithynia Mentioned by Movses Khorenatsi?”). Patma-Banasirakan Handes. No. 1, 1990. 
* _________________. “Վասպուրական տերմինի նշանակությունը Հայ դասական մատենագրության մեջ” (“The Meaning of the Term ‘Vaspurakan’ in Classical Armenian Literature.”) Iran Nameh. № 2-3, 1996.
* Sargsyan, Gagik Kh. Հելլենիստական դարաշրջանի Հայաստանը և Մովսես Խորենացին (Armenia in the Hellenistic Age and Movses Khorenatsi). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1966. 
* ______________. Մովսես Խորենացու «Հայոց Պատմության» ժամանակագրական համակարգը. (The Chronological Structure of Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia).Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965.
*Sarkissian, Gaguik [Gagik Sargsyan]. The "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi. Trans. by Gourgen A. Gevorkian. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press, 1991
*Topchyan, Aram. The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movsēs Xorenacʻi's History of Armenia. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2006. 
*Toumanoff, Cyril. "On the Date of Pseudo-Moses of Chorene." Handes Amsorya. No. 10 (75), 1961, pp. 467–475.
==External links==
* Movses of Chorene, "The History of Armenia" 
* Movses of Chorene, "The History of Armenia" 
* Movsēs Xorenac'i, "Storia della Grande Armenia" 
*History of the Armenians, Moses Khorenats'i. Commentary on the Literary Sources by R. W. Thomson
* Movses Khorenatsi. The History of Armenia.
* Mother of God, Heavenly Gate, by St. Movses Khorenatsi, Arr. by Komitas.
Category:Armenian people
Category:Ancient Armenian people
Category:Doctors of the Church
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bg:Мовсес Хоренаци
de:Moses von Choren
es:Moisés de Corene
eo:Moseo de Ĥoreno
fr:Moïse de Khorène
hy:Մովսես Խորենացի
ka:მოვსეს ხორენაცი
no:Moses fra Khoren
pl:Mojżesz Choreński
pt:Moisés de Khoren
ru:Мовсес Хоренаци
simple:Moses of Chorene