Crown cardinal

A crown-cardinal ()Chadwick, Owen. pp. 265-267. was a cardinal protector of Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of CardinalsReinerman, Alan J. 1989. Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich. Catholic University of America Press. p. 59. and, if applicable, exercise the jus exclusivae. More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch. 
Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one "elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and without, in many cases, having performed any service at all for the advance of the Church."Francis A. Burkle-Young. 1998. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century: The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)."
According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner, the crown-cardinals "rarely came to Rome except for the conclaves, if then, and they were largely unknown to the majority of the College. Usually unable to take part in the prattiche, they were not papabili and rarely received more than one or two votes".Baumgartner, 2003, p. 150. Crown-cardinals generally opposed the election of crown-cardinals from other kingdoms, although they tended to unite against the election of cardinal-nephews.
Opposition to national cardinal protectors arose in the fifteenth century due to the perceived conflict of interest, and Pope Martin V attempted to forbid them entirely in 1425. A reform of Pope Pius II dated 1464 regards national cardinal protectors as generally inconsistent with curial responsibility, with several exceptions. Such protectorships were first openly permitted by popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI, both of whom required the explicit written consent of the pontiff for a cardinal to take up a "position of service to a secular prince".Wilkie, 1974, p. 9. An unnamed cardinal even suggested elevating national cardinal protectors to a full and official position in the Roman Curia, equivalent to an ambassador.
==History==
The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the Holy See developed in the 16th century.Bireley, Robert. 2007. Book Review. The Catholic Historical Review. 93, 1: 172-173. The institution of the crown-cardinal first became a dominant one within the College of Cardinals with the consistory of Pope Eugene IV on December 18, 1439 (on the heels of the election of Antipope Felix V by the Council of Basel) which nominated an unprecedented number of cardinals with strong ties to European monarchs and other political institutions.Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Nicholas V (1447)."
Monarch/Nation 	Cardinal 	Notes
Charles VII of France 	Renaud de Chartres 	Chancellor of France
Charles VII of France 	Guillaume d'Estouteville 	Royal cousin, constructor of Mont Saint Michel
Henry VI of England 	Louis de Luxembourg de Beaurevoir	Chancellor for France
Henry VI of England 	John Kempe 	former chancellor of England and archbishop of York
Afonso V of Portugal 	António Martins de Chaves 	Bishop of Porto
Kingdom of Hungary (interregnum)	Dionysius Szechy 	Primate-designate of Hungary
Władysław III of Poland 	Zbigniew Olesnicki 	Archbishop of Krakow
Holy Roman Empire (interregnum) 	Petrus de Schaumburg 	Imperial Counsellor
René I of Naples 	Niccolo d'Acciapaccio 	Archbishop of Capua
Milan 	Gerardo Landriani Capitani 	Bishop of Como
Genoa 	Giorgio Fieschi di Lavagna 	Archbishop of Genoa
Philip the Good 	Jean Le Jeune 	Ambassador to the Council of Ferrara-Florence
The first explicit reference to protectorship pertaining to a nation-state dates to 1425 (the Catholic Encyclopedia says 1424) when Pope Martin V forbade cardinals to "assume the protection of any king, prince or commune ruled by a tyrant or any other secular person whatsoever."Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 161 This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Pope Alexander VI. This prohibition was not renewed by Pope Leo X in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512.
Some crown-cardinals were cardinal-nephews or members of powerful families; others were selected solely on the recommendation of European monarchs, in many cases with little previous ecclesiastical experience.Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)." During the reigns of Avignon Pope Clement VI and Pope Urban VI in particular, it was acknowledged that monarchs could select retainers and expect them to be elevated to the College of Cardinals. The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832 scudi.
Pope Alexander VII had to elevate crown-cardinals in pectore.Pastor, 1940, p. 133. Pope Urban VI (1378–1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns. 
As of 1913, the only state with a crown-cardinal was the Kingdom of Portugal. World War I cemented the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either went extinct or declined in power.
==Role in conclaves==
In the case of Spain, France, and Austria, from the 16th to 20th centuries, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the jus exclusivae (a veto for "unacceptable" candidates) during a Papal conclave on behalf of their patron monarch. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such unacceptable candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers, and attempt (sometimes unsuccessfully) to delay the conclave until a response arrived. For example, Pope Innocent X (elected 1644) and Pope Innocent XIII (elected 1721) survived late arriving veto orders from France and Spain respectively. Austrian crown-cardinal Karl Kajetan Cardinal Gaisruck arrived too late to the Papal conclave of 1846 to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (who had already been elected and taken the name Pius IX).
==List of cardinal protector crown-cardinals==
===Of Austria===
*Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector of Habsburg hereditary lands)
*Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg (December 20, 1737–August 30, 1761)
*Karl Kajetan Cardinal Gaisruck (Papal conclave circa 1846)
*Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko (Papal conclave circa 1903)
===Of England===
;Of Ireland
*Francesco Alciati (circa 1569)
*Ludovico Cardinal Ludovisi (circa 1628–November 18, 1632)
;Of Scotland
*Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (circa March 5, 1550)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of July 1, 1517 (V)."
*Filippo Antonio Gualterio (circa 1706)
===Of France===
The King of France historically had only one cardinal protector at a time, chosen by a complicated process which involved the King, the secretary of state for foreign affairs, the French ambassador to Rome, and other French power brokers, but not the pope.Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 164. The crown-cardinal of France was also abbot commendatario of several French abbeys.Salvator, Miranda. 1998. "Consistory of November 7, 1689." 
There was traditionally at least one resident French cardinal in the Roman Curia during the first half of the sixteenth century, but Louis XII and Francis I chose three successive Italian cardinals as protector of France thereafter.
*André d'Espinay (March 9, 1489–November 10, 1500)
*Federico Sanseverino (circa October 6, 1513)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of March 9, 1489 (I)."
*Giulio de'Medici (circa 1516) (future Pope Clement VII)
*Scaramuccia Trivulzio (circa 1518)
*Agostino Trivulzio (circa 1527)
*Niccolò Gaddi (from 1533)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of May 3, 1527 (I)."
*Ippolito II d'Este (from May 1549)Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, pp. 164-165.Yardley, Jonathan. 2005, June 26. "The Cardinal's Hat." Washington Post. BW02.
*Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (circa 1552)
*Luigi d'Este (circa February 23, 1573)
*François de Joyeuse (February 16, 1587–1615)
**Vice-protector François de La Rochefoucald (October 1609–May 1611)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 10, 1607 (III)."
*Alessandro Orsini (until 1620)
*Guido Bentivoglio (from 1620)
*Maurizio di Savoia (Papal conclave, circa 1623)
*Antonio Barberini (circa 1644)Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 128
*Rinaldo d'Este (circa 1645–1672)Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 165.
*Alessandro Bichi (until 1657)
*Francesco Maria de'Medici (1703–June 19, 1709)
*Henri-Osvald de la Tour d'Auvergne de Bouillon (December 20, 1737–April 23, 1747)
===Of the Holy Roman Empire===
The protector of the Holy Roman Empire was often the protector of the Austrian hereditary lands.
*Francesco Piccolomini (1492–1503) (future Pope Pius III)Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 29
*Innocenzo Cibo (circa 1542)
*Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (circa 1558)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 19, 1544 (VIII)"
*Ludovico Madruzzo (circa 1573)
*Scipione Borghese (from 1611)
*Franz Seraph von Dietrichstein (1634-1636)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of March 3, 1599 (IV)"
*Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)
*Francesco Maria de'Medici (1689–1703)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "September 2, 1686 (II)"
*Franziskus Herzan von Harras (Papal conclave, circa 1800)
===Of Naples===
*Federico Sforza (1664–1676)
*Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa 1738) (Protector of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of October 1, 1732 (IV)"
===Of Poland===
*Lorenzo Pucci (circa 1514)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of September 23, 1513 (I)"
*Alessandro Cardinal Farnese (ca. 1545-1589)
*Jan Aleksander Lipski (December 20, 1737–February 20, 1746)
===Of Portugal===
*Alfonso Gesualdo (circa 1585) (Protector of Portugal and the Two Sicilies)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of February 26, 1561 (II)"
*Odoardo Farnese (circa 1621)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of March 6, 1591 (II)"
*Tomás de Almeida (December 20, 1737–February 27, 1754)Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312294638 p. 173Minor, Vernon Hyde. 2005. The Death of the Baroque and the Rhetoric of Good Taste. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521843413. p. 138
===Of Savoy===
*Paolo Emilio Cesi (circa 1534)
===Of Sicily===
*Alfonso Gesualdo (circa 1585) (Protector of Portugal and the Two Sicilies)
*Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)
*Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa 1738) (Protector of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily)
===Of Spain===
The King of Spain could have as many as five or six cardinal protectors () simultaneously, although traditionally the protector of Castile was the most frequently turned to.Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492-1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521641462. p. 163
*Pedro González de Mendoza (May 7, 1473–January 11, 1495)Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)"
*Francisco Pacheo de Toledo (circa 1564)
*Francesco Alciati (circa 1569)
*Alessandro Sforza (circa 1575)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of March 12, 1565 (IV)"
*Juan Hurtado de Mendoza (circa 1591)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of December 18, 1587 (V)"
*Francisco de Ávila (circa 1598)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of September June 5, 1596 (II)"
*Pedro de Deza Manuel (circa 1599)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of February 21, 1578 (V)"
*Ferdinando de' Medici (1582–1584)Minnich, Nelson H. 2003. Book Review. The Catholic Historical Review. 89, 4: 773-778
*Alessandro d'Este (from 1611)
*Carlo de' Medici (circa 1645)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 2, 1615 (VI)"
*Gil Carrillo de Albornoz (August 30, 1627–December 19, 1649)
*Francesco Maria de' Medici (1703–June 19, 1709)
*Francesco Acquaviva d'Aragona (from 1713)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of May 17, 1706 (II)."
*Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada (circa 1732)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of November 29, 1719 (XIV)"
*Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa April 1743)
*Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio (December 19, 1735–December 18, 1754)Pastor, 1941, p. 405
*Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (April 5, 1756–March 21, 1775)Robinson, Nancy Nowakowski. 2004. Institutional Anti-Judaism. Xlibris. ISBN 141342161X. p. 75
==List of other national cardinal protectors==
===Of Aragon===
*Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)
===Of Castile and the West Indies===
*Federico Sforza (1664–1667, substitute protector)
===Of Flanders===
*Flavio Orsini (circa 1578)
*Ascanio Colonna (circa 1606)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of November 16, 1586 (III)"
*Scipione Borghese (1606–1633)
*Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)
===Of Switzerland===
*Charles Borromeo (circa 1586)Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of January 31, 1560 (I)"
*Francesco Barberini (from February 26, 1626)
==List of non-cardinal protector crown-cardinals==
;Of Austria
*Andrew of Austria, son of Archduke FerdinandTrollope, 1876, p. 51.
;Of Bavaria
*Philipp Wilhelm (22 September 1576 - 18 May 1598), Bishop of Regensburg from 1595, Cardinal from 1597Trollope, 1876, p. 52.
;Of England
*Charles of Guise, uncle of Mary Queen of Scots
;Of France
*Jean Jouffroy, continued role as procurator after elevation as cardinalWilkie, 1974, p. 8.
*Jean Balue, continued role as procurator after elevation as cardinal; styled as "French protector" in RomeWilkie, 1974, p. 16.
;Of the Holy Roman Empire
*Albert of Austria, son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
;Of Poland
*Jerzy Cardinal Radziwiłł
;Of Portugal
*Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal
*Henry of Portugal
;Of Spain
*Luis de Borbón y Farnesio, 13th Count of Chinchón
*Francisco Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros
*Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
*Luis de Borbón y Farnesio, 13th Count of Chinchón
;Of Tuscany
*Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
==See also==
*Prince of the Church
*Prince-Bishop
*Lord Bishop
*Cardinal-nephew
*Lay cardinal
==References==
*Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8.
*Pastor, Ludwig. 1902. The History of Popes. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.
*Wilkie, William E. 1974. The cardinal protectors of England. Cambridge University Press.
==Notes==
de:Kronkardinal
Category:College of Cardinals
Category:Election of the Pope
Category:Cardinal protectors