Medieval elements in The Legend of Zelda series

is predominantly a medieval fantasy setting as depicted in the many iterations of Hyrule.Keiji Terui's comment corner "He wrote a story resembling a medieval European struggle for supremacy (then called "Death Mountain") and created the legend of the Triforce." Keiji Terui in the 2D eraIwata Asks: A Sword & Sorcery Tale Admired Worldwide "And I was really happy that we here in Japan could make a medieval tale of sword and sorcery liked by the people of the world." Shigeru Miyamoto in the 3D eraGDC Vault: Change and Constant: Breaking Conventions with 'The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild' (10:15) "An immense beautiful castle that reminds you of medieval Europe, and scorching volcanoes. Dense forests that once you enter, you may have no hope to escape. And of course, dungeons that hold countless mysteries. The land of Hyrule has all the necessary ingredients for a great adventure." Hidemaro Fujibayashi in the Open-Air era As with traditional fantasy, the series takes inspirations from medieval European culture and tales by featuring elven creatures, fairies, dragons, wizards, enchanted forests, castles, knights, as well as many other elements. Throughout the centuries and different timelines, the Kingdom of Hyrule often remains in a technological stasis with iconic medieval weapons, structures, and other elements recurring. Concurrently, the varying settings explored in the series occasionally deviate from such elements with technological advancements. These advancements have become more apparent since entries such as and . 
Below is a list of items throughout the Zelda games where samples of medieval elements and other fantasy elements (either in Hyrule or in some other land) have been noticed.
==General==
===Buildings===
Much of Hylian architecture is heavily inspired by churches, bridges, castles and villages of medieval Europe. 
Hyrule Castle is designed much like the typical . Its exterior is composed of many stone bricks. The walls and towers of the castle feature and along the edges. The interior relies on torches for lighting and has paintings, tapestries, suits of armor and royal statues along the wall, while the stone floor is draped in carpets. Surrounding the castle is the courtyard contained within the inner walls. Beyond that lies the Castle Town generally. Castle Town and its Market were based on medieval homes, Shigeru Miyamoto had traveled to and spent a few weeks in northern for this inspiration. Snowpeak Ruins, a mansion, shares the same stone structural qualities as Hyrule Castle in both exterior and interior.
The Temple of Time is designed identically to a church of the Middle Ages, made of stone bricks and filled with many structural arches and a few small towers with a steeple. The temple holds religious significance as it is the gateway to the Sacred Realm.
Many of the villages such as Kakariko Village have traditional medieval inspired homes designed with timber frames coating the exterior and tend to be the same color with little to no variation. Kakariko Village in particular has a windmill, which were used in the medieval europe to mill grain or pump water. The villages of Hyrule often have , the Milk Bar and Telma's Bar are prime examples. 
 features the Great Hylian Bridge and the Bridge of Eldin. These stone bridges feature merlons, crenels and two turrets at each side much like the design of a castle. The Great Hylian Bridge in appears to have more prominent and numerous crenels than its previous iteration.
Some buildings are based on Roman, Romanesque or Greek architecture, like Arbiter's Grounds from and Coliseum Ruins which based on the in Rome or the Dungeons in , the springs from and and the Ancient Columns which based on Greek temples.
===Warfare and Combat===
Throughout the history of Hyrule, battles were fought for either unification, greed or other reasons. These wars relied on medieval weaponry and warfare.Opening, ('')
The Soldiers and Knights of Hyrule often wear steel and underneath with a variety of helmets (such as loose interpretations of the , , , and ). Swords, Shields, Spears, Flails, Bows and Arrows, and Crossbows are common weapons used across Hyrule and other lands. These medieval weapons serve as the primary method for combat alongside Magic in the Legend of Zelda universe. These weapons and armour are not only limited to Hylians. Darknuts are knights in particular, that wear heavy plate armor with armet helmets armed with large sword and shields. Lizalfos, Bulblins and Bokoblins tend to wear leather armor with leather caps instead and are armed with bows, spears, clubs and swords. King Bulblin in particular uses a large battle axe for combat. Notably, Link's shield in The Legend of Zelda had a red cross on it, strikingly similar to the red cross depicted on the shield of Knights during the . 
Horseback combat is also prominent in Hyrule as well as other lands, and it serves as a recurring gameplay element. In , Link against King Bulblin on the Bridge of Eldin. In , Rebonacks also joust using lances while riding on floating horse statues. The Gerudo value horseback riding and have a Horseback Archery Range.
Magic based combat encompasses the fantasy aspect of the series. Link uses magical wands such as the Fire Rod and Ice Rod as to attack foes, while foes such as Wizzrobes have offensive magical capabilities as well. 
===Society===
The society of Hyrule varies from each race's culture. Hylians wear tunics or dresses with aprons and bonnets, common in style of the medieval era. Many citizens of the various iterations of Hyrule Castle Town and Kakariko Village can be seen dressed in such garb. The Kokiri of the forest wear tunics as well. The protagonist, Link, wears a tunic originating from different backgrounds in each adventure. Sometimes his tunic has chainmail underneath and often he wears tights which were common amongst men in the medieval era. 
Certain characters in Hyrule speak in the style of Middle English, such as the Great Deku Tree saying "Where art thou? Come hither" or King Rhoam saying "lo, a century ago".
The villages have windmills, blacksmiths and taverns which serve Hyrule’s citizens much like in medieval Europe. In Minish Cap, Link and his Grandfather work as blacksmiths and create a sword as a prize for the sword-fighting contest at the Picori Festival. In , the Dwarven Swordsmiths can temper Link’s sword. In , Link works as an apprentice for the Blacksmith and his family, and can have the Master Sword tempered by him. 
Land travel is dependent on horses and carriages. In , Link escorts a carriage. Ilia, Telma, and Prince Ralis ride the carriage to Kakariko Village, while Link fends off the monsters attacking it. In several broken carriages can be found in the remnants of Hyrule Kingdom. 
Hyrule follows the same social hierarchy as medieval Europe. The Royal Family rules over Hyrule, with the King generally in charge, and if not present then the prince or princess assumes rule. Beneath the Royal Family were nobles and Knights. The Knights of Hyrule were tasked with protecting the Royal Family and more specifically guarding the Royal Jewels in . The Knights of Hyrule are also descended from the legendary hero's spiritual successors and Link is usually born from the knightly bloodline like European noble families. At the bottom were the peasants who would make a living off of farm labor, many residents of Ordon Village assumed such duty by harvesting crops and wrangling goats. In , Kass tells of how nobility or royalty having romantic feelings to those below them, including non-noble born knights, was unseemly. Sir Link in originally a non-noble from the countryside attaining knighthood, caused eyebrows to be raised and tongues to cluck.
===Religion===
The primary religion of the Legend of Zelda series was initially Christianity, as it was prevalent during the Middle Ages, which the series drew inspiration from. In the Japanese version of The Legend of Zelda, the Book of Magic was known as the . In , the Cross was an item. In both respective games, Link's Shield and the Darknuts' Shield both beared crosses akin to the medieval knights of the holy Crusades. In addition, Link was explicitly depicted kneeling and praying to a statue of Jesus Christ inside of a church in 's initial concept art.
The tombstones of the many graveyards (like King's Tomb or the graveyard of Saria Town) in either displays crosses or even have the shape of crosses. 
In A Link to the Past, Link can be seen performing the sign of the cross and praying after using the Book of Mudora.
While Christianity is no longer prevalent in games released after , remnants of its influence remain, as religion still plays a large role in the Hyrule Kingdom akin to its prevalence in medieval Europe. Throughout the land of Hyrule, many statues and structures can be found depicting various religious figures, the most prominent religion being the tale of the Golden Goddesses. In Hylian Mythology, the world was created through the combined efforts of Din, Nayru and Farore. Din created the physical world, Nayru gave the world law and order, and Farore created life to exist on the world. Tapestries and stained glass windows inside temples and Hyrule Castle depict these goddesses and other legendary figures, much like medieval Europe did for Christianity.Hyrule Castle, (Wind Waker) in particular used real world medieval and Renaissance artwork in Castle Town to set the aesthetic. Statues of and can be found there, as well as a painting of and another castle called .Help Identify Mysterious Statues From Malo Mart in Twilight Princess, Zelda UniverseMalo Mart, ('')
The concept of the Master Sword being pulled out of its pedestal was inspired by the Arthurian Legend of and .Zelda and Mythology Arthurian Legend, Zelda Dungeon Link is chosen by the Goddesses, thus given the power to draw the Master Sword from its pedestal. This parallels how was divinely chosen and was able to draw the sword from the stone.Mabinogion
===Music===
Many songs in the Zelda games use instruments such as the flute, lute, snare drum, violin, and harp which create a medieval vibe as they are instruments of that era. The older games simulated sounds of these instruments with MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). Castle Town's theme from , emulates the sound of a lute to set the atmosphere. The Legendary Hero from Wind Waker and the Minigame theme from are prime example of the use of a flute, it creates a medieval feel.Cucco Ranch, ('') The theme in Minish Woods and certain iterations of Zelda's lullaby emulates the sound of a harp creating a whimsical fairy tale vibe.Minish Woods, (Minish Cap) Certain iterations of Hyrule Castle's theme heavily feature the use of snare drums which create a warlike, militaristic, feeling representing Hyrule's army.
Music plays a role in the universe itself as many games feature instruments that Link can use, the most iconic being the Ocarina. The Ocarina's precursor, the Gemshorn was created in medieval Europe carved out of goat horns.The gemshorn: a (necessarily) short history, Early Music Muse
In , the Milk Bar has two musicians that play music on a lute and flute. The music from these instruments, as well as the setting evoke the vibe of taverns in medieval Europe.
===Middle Eastern inspirations===
The Gerudo are strongly influenced by the , specifically the medieval Arabian civilization. The Gerudo Desert drew inspiration from the deserts near the , which were a pilgrimage destination during the . The Gerudo's original crest was based on the but was later changed along with the music in the Fire Temple, which originally sampled a group of men singing Islamic prayer.The first part of the Arabic samples were deciphered as "" which means "May God grant peace and honor him (Muhammad) and his family.", followed by "," meaning "The Lord of Majesty and Generosity". The second part of Arabic samples was deciphered as the ; meaning "In the name of God, the Most Gracious, Most Merciful", followed by the ; literally meaning "God is Great". In the Haunted Wasteland red banners appear similar to the early Islamic flags.
The Gerudo also draw inspiration from the Egyptians. The Spirit Temple's first room has two giant snake sculptures which resembles the Egyptian . The entrance of the Desert Colossus, and similar statues found in the Spirit Temple and Arbiter's Grounds, are (rock-cut) colossi similar to those in Egypt like in . The statues either wear a head similar to the Khepresh or to the Nemes. The Pyramid in is based on the ones from .
Like the , the Gerudo are a tribe of female warriors. Modern scholars often identifies the Amazons with the Scythians in the Eurasian Steppe or with Lycia in Anatolia.
===East Asian inspirations===
The are inspired by the of . in has an aesthetic reminiscent of several feudal periods of Japan, such as the and s and the Sheikah wear traditional Japanese clothing. A branch of the Sheikah, the share a strong resemblance to Ninjas. The seem to be based on real-world , which are monks who, succeeded in preserving their bodies through death. More specifically, they seem to be based on the Japanese act of , wherein monks practice austerity to the point of death and self-induced mummification.
The architecture of the greatly reflects that of far-eastern temples. The statue head in the main room, the key, and even bear a striking resemblance to Buddha and the dungeon often displays many Lotus Flowers. The appears to be based on the Buddhist short story, . In alignment with the Ancient Cistern's apparently theme, Koloktos's overall design seems to take inspiration from the deity like having multiple arms which is a common feature of Hinduist deities. 
Level 3 in the First Quest of has the shape of a Manji which is a common religious symbol in many different East Asian religions.
==Games==
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The , a design from , appears on a parapet in Hyrule where the king is depicted standing. 
The game features many knights, dragons, and wizards. Link can find friendly Knights who teach him new attacks. There are also several enemy knights like Blue Fokka, Doomknockers who use spiked clubs, and the Iron Knuckle. There are three distinct knight bosses as well, Horsehead, Jermafenser who fences, and Rebonack who jousts on horseback. Old men dressed as wizards teach Link magical spells. There are also standard wizard enemies, and a wizard boss called Carock. One boss in the game, Barba, is a dragon.
The North Castle serves as the main castle in the game.
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Despite being set in the Great Sea with a different culture than Hyrule proper, when Link enters Hyrule Castle under the ocean, the traditional elements return.
Hyrule Castle's exterior is made of stone brick and has visible crenels on it's walls. Inside the main hall there are many tapestries, statues and paintings. The Master Sword is held in a hidden chamber of the castle, surrounded by colossal statues of the Knights of Hyrule. The remnant of King Daphnes Nohansen Hyrule remains in the derelict castle. 
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In , Hyrule Kingdom remains medieval as evident of swords, shields, bows, castles and knights. Upon discovering the ancient technology from their distant ancestors, the kingdom began to study it up until its collapse with the return of the Calamity Ganon. Unfamiliar with technology so advanced, Princess Zelda comments that they have much to learn and how shocking it feels knowing that the Guardians and Divine Beasts were actually created by people.
The Hylian architecture found throughout the land was directly inspired by the of the Middle Ages.
The Temple of Time makes a return, albeit in a ruined state. Hyrule Castle and Hyrule Castle Town appear as well except the latter is mostly destroyed. This iteration of the castle contains all the staple locations of a traditional medieval castle: a dining hall, gatehouse, armory, dungeon, library, balcony, bedroom, and throne room. 
Combat in provides Link with a large variety of medieval weaponry and armor in this adventure. In addition, magical staves make a return providing Link with magic based combat. 
Swords 	Shields 	Halberds/Spears 	Claymores 	Bows 	Magic Staves 	Armor
Traveler's Sword 	Traveler's Shield 	Traveler's Spear 	Traveler's Claymore 	Traveler's Bow 	Fire Rod 	
Rusty Broadsword 	Rusty Shield 	Rusty Halberd 	Rusty Claymore 	 	Ice Rod 	
Soldier's Broadsword	Soldier's Shield 	Soldier's Spear 	Soldier's Claymore 	Soldier's Bow 	Lightning Rod 	Soldier's Armor
Knight's Broadsword 	Knight's Shield 	Knight's Halberd 	Knight's Claymore 	Knight's Bow 	Meteor Rod 	
Royal Broadsword 	Royal Shield 	Royal Halberd 	Royal Claymore 	Royal Bow 	Blizzard Rod 	
Royal Guard's Sword 	Royal Guard's Shield	Royal Guard's Spear	Royal Guard's Claymore	Royal Guard's Bow	Thunderstorm Rod	Royal Guard Uniform
==Other appearances==
===Hyrule Warriors===
Hyrule Warriors focuses on the armies of Hyrule fighting wars. Medieval warfare is present as the gameplay revolves around taking keeps and killing the opposing army. The protagonist is accompanied by an army of soldiers along with captains. 
==Gallery==
File:HWAoC King Rhoam Artwork.png|King Rhoam Bospharomus Hyrule, a royal king
File:BotW art attendant.png|An attendant.
File:TWW Daphnes Nohansen Hyrule Artwork.png|King Daphnes Nohansen Hyrule, a royal king.
File:TFH King and Cursed Princess Artwork.png|King Tuft, a royal king.
File:ALBW Princess Hilda Artwork.png|Princess Hilda, a royal princess.
File:BotW Zelda The Champions' Ballad Artwork.png|Princess Zelda, a royal princess.
File:TPHD Zelda Artwork.png|Princess Zelda, a royal princess.
File:ALttP Wizzrobe Artwork.png|A Wizzrobe, based on wizards.
File:TFH Ice Wizzrobe.png|Another Wizzrobe.
File:MightyDarknut.png|A Darknut, an armored knight.
File:SSB4 - Phantom.png|A Phantom, an armored knight.
File:TP Soldier Model.png|A soldier.
File:HW Soldiers.png|Two soldiers.
File:HWDE Hylian Captain Icon.png|A captain, an armored knight
File:ALBW Blacksmith Artwork.png|A blacksmith.
File:OoS Syrup Artwork.png|Syrup, a witch.
File:OoS Aquamentus Sprite.png|Aquamentus, a dragon.
File:HW Argorok Render.png|Argorok, a dragon.
File:TP King Bulblin Render.png|King Bulblin, based on orcs.
File:TLoZ Gleeok Three-Headed Artwork.png|Gleeok, based on Hydra
File:LANS Hinox Model.png|Hinox, based on a Cyclops
File:BotW Lynel Model.png|Lynel, based on a centaur
File:Fairy The Wind Waker HD.png|A fairy.
File:BallChainSoldierALBW.png|The Ball and Chain, based on the flail.
File:TP Ball and Chain Render.png|Another Ball and Chain.
File:ALttP Link Bow Artwork.png|The Bow and Arrow.
File:OoT Fairy Bow Render.png|Another Bow and Arrow.
Category:Zelda