Sclaverie

Etymologia: Ex Medievalo latin sclavus, dusformet ex slavus = "slav"; id werd "sclav" habiet prohpen unte id uber Mediev kun pleisti tijaraten sclavs eent Slavs ex ia Balkans. 
Definition: Id lexis sclaverie kyeust id social condition es sclav, neleudher ed aunpaygh orbater quel, kam un object, est el vetat es sien mayster; plauter, id kyeust id social systeme quod keiht ep tod praxis. 
==Un tienxia institution in rewos ed wakt==
Sclaverie est ja udwekwnt ep ia schoumri pianjis (IIIt millennium pre JC) ed quanto sint mehne od existit hatta pre id apparition ios scriben. Baygh rar sont ia societats qua ne hant nudt id. Buit aboliht bad ye ia XIXt ed XXt secules bet, nespekent international decisions, id naduret in certain lands, ye perbohrct weidos. 
Ye un social-historic nivell, sclaverie poitt ses ayn un elementar forme ios exploitation al mensc ab el mensc. Id production ed creiscen ios opnos, edghi id mantein ed id alen ios gwitstandard iom uber classen ios societat hant kihn unte millennia ep id deforce orbat wiren ed gwenen quim posdehrjen eet swekwohrt ye id sam titule quem tos im yugsments, quim el sclav eet kamlibt assimilen. Instar peku, el sclav, torgwirt, eet kaupen ed pohrnen eti, in certain falls, alen. 
Id suppression, dind id ban os sclaverie skeipe aundwoi-ye oino iom importantst etapes os menscenprogress; lakin, ye Historias maschtab, est un baygh recent wakya. 
 Imaginar statue (1830) os Spartacus. So sclav, gnahn circum -100 in Thrace, antsielgit con alyens gladiators in -73 ed bihsit is drauting uns pamrlan tiel sieno nehc unte uno marloubia face iens Romans in -71.
==Antique sclaverie==
General unte Antiquitat, id praxis os sclaverie hat evolwt unte rewos ed wakt. Eni id camp ios hellen-roman civilisation, dwo formes os sclaverie hant coexist, uter skeipend un status os pwolservitude pro categorias ios population iom citads - it leit de Spartas helots au de sclavs ob dulgs in awo Athenas -, alter concernend tarnien kapts - daydey dadwn per Weir -, alnos beghslure, pohrnt ed traitet kam jects. 
Preter men forme hat trenden disparihes, dwoter de antslehnke, bilhassa quando Romes krigs, ex id IIt secule pre JC do id Isto secule ios Christian era, hant xubhto do ia Mercats immense ensani churds - unte dec yars, Caesar habiet pohrnt oino million em Gallics. 
Nuden ka khadim - enviablest condition -, ka agrent orbater in ia latifundia, ka miner - un concentrational inferno -, we jabran weighend tiel nehco ka gladiator, el roman sclav hat subihn un tem cruel beurt quem terrible sclavenubstands, stets kharken do cruor, nukte id historia ios fineihnd Respublic, maschourst esend tod os Spartacus (73-71 pre JC). Kaurndi de renatabilitat, ies roman agronoms hissabe gnebhst-ye id vital minimum necessar ei surviven al sclav ed, tando victor weirs pinwnt ia mercats, diweident cada reproduction inter sclavs, el purt esend costeus ed improductive. 
Id stop iom krigs ye id IIt secule pos JC, ia economic ed financial difficultats gnoht ab id Roman Imperium yant id IIIt secule rarefient sclavs ed auge iro pris. Ia prever dependence formes reprehpe tun, kam id colonat quod swekwehrt im rurals iom latifundia posdehrjen ed maund, po un orbat ye id brungos al mayster ed un ban os linkwes id khouter. To prefiguret id medieval serfdom im nowngmins - id latin werd servus quod maynt "sclav", hat eti dught "serf" do sambahsa. 
Moralistes ed philosophs os Antiquitat ne hant contestet sclaverie : Platon (427-347 pre JC) id kehnst necessar ob id leudhert iom civ ex un orbat ayno niweirtend, ed ei permitt se lever ibs civic activitats. Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC) assimilet el sclav uni domestic animal ed kehnst sclaverie economic-ye lasim. Quayque stoiciste Moralitat sigwrt od cada mensc, ex quodkwe social status, hat sem actu rol, Seneca (1sto secule pos JC) vidt in el sclav tik "un bahnd instrument". 
Nekam uno nebedwoin dayi ed esdi id bringht un speh im waursims, id Christiano men acceptet sclaverie: Saint Paul, in sien Epistels, incitet sclavs ad taatia ed maysters ad dabronia. Ies Kyrkspaters ios IVt secule ne vident id naudh uns abolition ed, pos id triumph os christianisme, Saint Augustinus sigwrt od sclaverie est un kyasen yist ab Div al synter. Ta arguments justifiesient, ye ia Moderne Tids, id resurrection os sclaverie in ia colonias os America. 
Id de Corano ne aunstehmt formell-ye id dastur os sclaverie ploisko sei leit de persclave un muslim. Idghi arab mund siet empraxise diu sclaverie (kapen ed traite im Africans), aboleihsient-yod kathire muslim daulats bad ye id XXt secule.
 Bartolome de las Casas (circum 1484 - 1566) eet un Espaniol historian, social reformator ed praedictoro frater. Is bihsit is prest resident episkep os Chiapas, ed is prest official-ye taukilet "Protector im Indians". Eys begrunden scripts, id maschourst esend Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias ed Historia de las Indias, chronique ia presta decennia os Colonisation iom Espaniol Antilles ed focuse besonters ep ia atrocitats commiss ab i xiters contra ia walsk folks.
==Moderne sclaverie==
Quayque, in id Christian Occident, id existence os sclaverie hat remant legitim unte Mediev - sem VIto secule monasteirs xeihnt sclavs -, serfdem generalasct eni un schrohnken, menscenormo rural economia quod bezielt local autarkia. Serfdem sehnct eti, ab anno mil, ed dispareiht tadrijan unte id evolution os Feudalisme, ye meis antslehnke ia exchanges ed auct id population. Punor, id naduret - eti yando biht instituen - in Eust Europe ed in Russia, quer ia economic conditions os occidental Uber Mediev continuent. Bet tod antslehnken os leudher orbat in West Europe biht compenset ab id reprehpen os ultramar sclaverie, pos id Era iom Aunstehgens ed ia en masse colonisationsenderghendens os tropical America ye id XVIt secule. Native Americans bihnt ids prest victims ed, paradoxal-ye, kay defende i suggest Episkep Bartolomé de las Casas taye i med Africans Aydokwens transporten do id Nov Mund. 
Aydokwensclaverie biht organiset yant id XVIt secule, preter uno monopol quod id Stat befarmt in Espania ed Portugal; dind, ye ia XVIIt ed XVIIIt secules, brungost activitat iom europay ports ios atlantic fassade (Bordeaux, Nantes, Bristol, Amsterdam...). Est id tid ios "triangular torg" : ia navs linkwnt Europe klas med alats, armes, ieftin wehbhs qua tijaratent in ia contors om Africas west causts po kapts. Ti bihnt dadwn ab local potis, quoy gwahnt razzye i do ia nieber regions quando ne pehrnent ir wi subjects. Ies capitans transportent tun do Africa ir sclavencargos ed reike ex ia colonias, klas med suker ed tropical wares. Ia benefices sont colossal. 
Unte pwolquart secules, plur millions Africanen bihsient ithan deporten unte keapay conditions, kowpen abord navs qua tehrbe hevds kay tehre id Atlantic. Pohrnen do ia espaniol, portughesche, Franceois, ed englisch colonias os America, sont id mandover quod permitt id antslehnken ios plantationseconomia. Tant ob ia economic structures id bestehmt quem ob id crueltat sienen praxis, colonialo sclaverie ops mehmeiht roman sclaverie. 
Tehrpt bihe kaun od desorganisend-ye ia societats ed depopulend-ye ia ripa iklimes, id traite sessiet plaut-ye massoul dayir id antslehnkenchitay ios African continent, ar eti, temghi harbant, id traite duct ab id arab-muslim mund ravageneut, pon Uber Mediev, id eustfassade os Africa, yani ios Hindi Ocean. 
 Portrait (circum 1794) os William Wilberforce. Is gnahsit in 1759 in Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, inkiep sien politic carrier in 1780, ed vibihsit un aunpartise Member ios Parlament pro Yorkshire (1784-1812). In 1785, is bihsit un evangelical Christian, quo perichangit eys gwit ed kaurih iom jumiung-ye de reformes. 
In 1787, is gwohm do contacto con Thomas Clarkson ed un grupp activisten contra sclaverie, includend Granville Sharp, Hannah More ed Charles Middleton. Ies persuas Wilberforce ad defende id cause os abolition. Is duxit id parlamentar campagne contra id Britisch sclaventorg unte dwogim yars tiel id weiden ios Slave Trade Act os 1807.
Wilberforce eet convicto de id importance om Religion, moralitat ed education. Is defens causes ed campagnes kam id Society for the Suppression of Vice, Britisch kjiauschi wehrg in Hind, id creation uns leudher colonia in Sierra Leone, id dehti ios Church Mission Society, ed id Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Eys enderlyehgend conservatisme duxit iom ad oistehme politic-ye ed social-ye controvers legislation, ed is vibihsit critiquet ob is ignorit injustices vatani menxu is campagnit pro i persclawts in kharij.
Unte sien senst yars, Wilberforce stohm id campagne pro id complete abolition os sclaverie, ed natyic sienum engagement pos 1826, kun is oisgwohm ex id Parlament ob sien khak afiya. Tod champagne duxit ei Slavery Abolition Act 1833, quod abolih sclaverie in pleista territoria ios Britisch Empire; Wilberforce mohr just-ye tri diens pos aurus od id weiden ios Leg ab id Parlament eet swekwohrn. Is buit begrabht in id Westminster Abbatia, nieb eyso prient William Pitt.
==Occident face sclaverie==
Tiel id XVIIIt secule, colonialo sclaverie pau troublet Occident. Ies theologs sammel mehmeihnt id naudh os cruznes i Aydokwens ed pehnde legitim ir persclaven. Bossuet (1627-1704) kneigvt ep Saint Paul, ed protestant prechers invoque id balstehmen quosmed Div, sekwent id Bible, hat punihn Ham, newirtic son os Noe ed atav ios aydokwios race. Ia Stats grancent-se ad enderwaurge ia vidilst abuses : in 1685, un farman os Louis XIV (id code noir) xeiseyt sclaverie in ia colonias, bet id gvertat iom kwoins inflict im fugitive sclavs legaliset de facto id crueltat iom ja dostricten kyasens. 
Idge XVIIIt secule iom Lumens inkapt expremes reserves. Montesquieu, Voltaire - quos verslynings lakin inlyeige ia denars do sclaventorg entreprises - critiquent sclaverie; bet id conscience iom economic naudhs limitet ia aunstehmens do prabhilstands ed, sammel quem tod institution biht deploren, bilhassa est grancet ad prehge ke tik id traite biht abolihn. Saul, in Nord America, id dissident protestant secte im Quakers weidt un auncondition-ye antisclaverie attitude. 
Jects evolve pos 1760, menxu darmerasct id ideologia iom natural menscenrects. Uno men Comitee pro id abolition ios traite biht creen in England, un de Societat im prients im Aydokwen in France. In id London Parlament, un active grupp wardht ambh Pitt, Fox, Wilberforce; bet quantloc, id pressem iom planters, quoy sigwrnt od id fin os sclaverie ghehldiet ka id ruine ios sukereconomia, remant akster. Also, idnu Franceois Revolution, na id Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen, aboleiht colonialo sclaverie (1794), quod de Bonaparte, sub id Consulat, restableiht (1802). 
In ia Uniet Stats os America, independent pon 1783, id predominance iom Sud Stats, quer antslehnct id coton beuwen, uperdehleiht id question os sclaverie unte id redaction ios 1787 Constitution. Lakin, in 1808, ia Uniet Stats ed id Uniet Roydem samstehme kay prohibihes id traite, prelude ei general ban swohrn in 1815 ab id Vienna Congress. Yed, neid iom concernten stieures gwehmt do propones id abolition os colonialo sclaverie. 
 Victor Schoelcher (1804-1893) est gnohn ob agus pro id definitive abolition os sclaverie in France, via id abolitionsdecret signet ab id Rlinji Gouvernement ios Dwot Respublic dien 27 Aprile 1848.
==Id fin os sclaverie==
Id antslehnken ios Industrial Revolution ed id triumph os liberal Capitalisme vahnt upergihes sclaverie disqualifiend-ye ia awa formes os production. Sclaverie ed serfdem pinwnt un illusion os gratis orbat; api, ies economistes ios XIXt secule demonstre od id pris os servile mandover exceddt tod os salariat mandover, iom entrepreneur dehlgend in tod fall swekwehre, ye quodkwe wakya ed esdi ne est orbat, id posdehrjen os eys personel, menxu is employer salariaten ne ei est obligen ed poitt beghsorbatihes i. Eti, technic progress ed machinisme taynt menscenorbat, naudhend yinjier minter brakhs. Sclaven neud biht caduc unte id XIXt secule. 
In 1833, id Uniet Roydem aboleiht colonialo sclaverie, sohkwt in 1848 ab France (sub id action os Victor Schoelcher). In ia Uniet Stats, id crehscend antagonism inter un industrial Nord ed un Sud forpersisten do id awo colonialo sclaveneconomia duct do id US Secession Weir in 1861. Id 1865 sigh ios Nord, quer President Abraham Lincoln hiebit buwt yant 1861 id abolition oino iom ziels ios weir, suppremt sclaverie in id reoinascus Union. Brasilu sessiet id senst land quod proclamesiet id abolition, in 1888. 
Id Tienxia Declaration om Menscenrects iom Uniet Nations ios 10 December 1948 hat solenn-ye bant sclaverie. Ids bregv reprehpen, unte id XXt secule, eni ia totalitair systemes (Nazi concentrationslaghers, gulag os Sovietsk communisme) kyunggiawt dar meis id aberrant ed regressive kweitu tom regimes. 
Sei id fin os sclaverie est un victoria ios ideologia om progress ed menscenrects, id est unschi consequence os Technique quod inutileiht servile orbat. Lakin, id abolition os sclaverie ne est synonym om leuren ed absolut egalitat pro quantens : id proletarian condition inducen ab id liberal economia obkwehct, besonters ye id XIXt secule ed dar nundiens, bertor om misere, beghsorbatia ed exploitation. Eti, sclaverie ne hat alnos dispariht in certain globe iklimes, kam id Hindi Subcontinent au id arabi peninsule : id Mundorbatsorganisation (MOO) vehrt also do 25 millions id numer leuden gwivend taiper in conditions assimilable ad sclaverie.