Bouic

Bouic is the language of the Brexxoni and Halcyonic people, who live on the island of Bijoux, which is on northwestern continent Katsura of the realm Eldham. It is the national and official language of Bijoux, where it is spoken as a first language by the people. It is also spoken by diaspora communities across the planet.
==Classification and Dialects==
Bouic is the most spoken member of the Bijouxi family. It is one of three extant languages of the Northern branch, the only extant branch of the family. The other two languages, Halcyonan and Brexxo, are closely related though not mutually intelligible with each other or Bouic.
There are two main dialects of Bouic, which are mutually intelligible. The western dialect, known in Traveler's Tongue as Baxxon after the mountain range of Baxxonia, is the more innovative dialect, while the southern dialect, called Marunaean in Traveler's Tongue after the eastern mountain range Marúné, is more conservative. Marunaean is the prestige dialect, although Baxxon is increasing in popularity. Amongst these two main dialects are several subdialects, found primarily in major urban centers, such as Brexxon or Leblanc.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Bouic has the largest consonant inventory of any Bijouxi language, totaling in at 32 native standard phonemes in Baxxon and 37 in Marunaean.
Baxxon 	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal 	m 	 	 	n 	 	ɲ 	ŋ 	 	
Plosive 	p b 	 	 	t d 	 	c ɟ 	k g 	q 	(ʔ)
Fricative 	ɸ β 	f v 	θ ð 	s z 	(ʃ ʒ) 	ç ʝ 	x ɣ 	χ ʁ 	
Approximant 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	h
Trill or tap	 	 	 	r̊ˠ rˠ 	 	 	 	 	
Lateral app.	 	 	 	l 	 	ʎ 	 	 	
Marunaean 	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal 	m 	ɱ 	n̪ 	 	 	ɲ 	ŋ 	ɴ 	
Plosive 	p b 	p͆ b̪ 	t̪ d̪ 	 	 	c ɟ 	k g 	q ɢ 	(ʔ)
Fricative 	ɸ β 	f v 	θ ð 	s z 	 	ç ʝ 	x ɣ 	χ ʁ 	
Approximant 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	h
Trill or tap	 	 	 	r̊ˠ rˠ 	 	 	 	 	
Lateral app.	 	 	l̪ 	 	 	ʎ 	 	 	
*Speakers of Baxxon have lost contrast of /ɱ/, /p͆/, /b̪/, /ɴ/ and /ɢ/, merging them with /m/, /p/, /b/, /ŋ/ and /g/ respectively; this can cause some intelligibility issues with Marunaean speakers
*/s/ is voiced to [z] when in the syllable coda and the next syllable begins with a voiced consonant
*/r/ is realized as [rˠ] following consonants and as [ɾˠ] elsewhere in Marunaean, but is generally realized simply as [rˠ] in Baxxon dialects, though this is not universal; the same may apply to /r̊/
*The distinction between /r/ and /r̊/ is neutralized in consonant clusters; voicing assimilates to the adjacent consonant
*Velar and uvular consonants become labialised before rounded vowels
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are found only in loanwords in Baxxon; Marunaean replaces these with /s/ and /z/ respectively
*Some rural subdialects of both major dialects may insert a glottal stop between adjacent vowels, though speakers of the standard dialects regard this as a sign of uneducated speech
===Vowels===
Bouic has an equally large vowel inventory, ranging in size from 25 phonemes in Baxxon to 29 in Marúné.
Baxxon 	Front 	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
High 	i ĩ y ỹ	 	 	 	u ũ
Near-high	 	ɪ ɪ̃ 	 	ʊ ʊ̃ 	
High-mid 	e ẽ ø ø̃	 	 	 	o õ
Mid 	 	 	ə 	 	
Low-mid 	ɛ ɛ̃ 	 	 	 	ɔ ɔ̃
Near-low 	æ æ̃ 	 	 	 	
Low 	a ã 	 	 	 	(ɑ ɑ̃)
Marunaean	Front 	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
High 	i ĩ y ỹ	 	 	 	ɯ ɯ̃ u ũ
Near-high	 	ɪ ɪ̃ 	 	ʊ ʊ̃ 	
High-mid 	e ẽ ø ø̃	 	 	 	ɤ ɤ̃ o õ
Mid 	 	 	ə 	 	
Low-mid 	ɛ ɛ̃ 	 	 	 	ɔ ɔ̃
Near-low 	 	 	ɐ ɐ̃ 	 	
Low 	 	 	ä ä̃ 	 	
*Baxxon merges /ɯ/, /ɯ̃/, /ɤ/ and /ɤ̃/ with /u/, /ũ/, /o/ and /õ/ respectively, and also fronts /ä/, /ä̃/, /ɐ/ and /ɐ̃/ to /a/, /ã/, /æ/ and /æ̃/ respectively
*In Baxxon, /a/ and /ã/ in open syllables (those without a coda) tend to be backed to /ɑ/ and /ɑ̃/ respectively
*Permitted diphthongs: /ṷV/, /i̭V/, /aṷ/, /ɛṷ/, /øṷ/*, /ai̭/, /ɔi̭/, /ɤi̭/* (where V stands for any vowel or other diphthong; asterisked diphthongs occur only in Marunaean)
*Diphthongs may also be nasalized
*/ə/ may become voiceless or even be elided after voiceless consonants in rapid speech
===Phonotactics===
Syllables must be in the form (C1)(C)(C2)V(C3)(s), where V is any vowel (including permitted diphthongs and triphthongs), C is any consonant, C1 is /s/ or /z/, C2 is /s/, /z/ or /r/, and C3 is any sonorant. C and C1 must agree in voicing. Thus, an example of the simplest syllable possible is /ɛ/ (Eng. "a") and an example of the most complex is /scrṷɔi̭ls/ (a disease native to the continent of Katsura), though such highly complex syllables are incredibly rare.
The vowel /ə/ may only appear at the end of a word in an open syllable (i.e., one without a coda).
===Stress===
Stress is not distinctive in Bouic, much like in French. This means that two words may not be differentiated based on stress alone, as can be the case in Traveler's Tongue such as in the pair "dessert" and "desert." In fact, the difference between stressed and unstressed syllables is much less marked than in Traveler's Tongue, making such a distinction impossible anyway.
===Pitch Accent===
Some dialects of Bouic employ a simple tonal system realized as a pitch accent on a minority of words. Pitch accented vowels are always pronounced long, although vowel length is otherwise not contrastive in Bouic. The pitch accent's tone may vary by dialect, though in standard Marunaean it is realized as a cresting tone. This pitch accent is more common in Marunaean dialects, whereas Baxxon dialects typically either eliminate the accent entirely, or replace it with an interrupting glottal stop. For example, the word íí "beauty" is pronounced [îː] in Marúné, but in Baxxon it is simply [iː], and in the western city of Leblanc it is pronounced [iʔi].
==Writing Systems==
Bouic has two native scripts, a true alphabet and a featural abugida. The alphabetic script, known as Se Hízôl, is used for everyday purposes, and has two cases, with capitalization rules similar to those of the Latin alphabet. The abugida, known as Se Φώteentar, is used for special purposes such as ceremonial events, religious scripture, or decorative design. It has only one case, though it uses a diacritical mark to mark what would otherwise be a capital letter. It can however be written in two styles, one rounded and the other square, the former being more common. All native speakers are taught to read and write in both.
The standard orthography used throughout the country is based on the Marunaean dialects, as these dialects use more phonemes than do the Baxxon dialects. Words that may be distinguished in Marunaean dialects can be homophones in Baxxon.
In this article, Bouic will be transcribed in a Latin script appended with some Greek and Cyrillic characters to maintain a 1:1 phoneme to grapheme ratio. This script is called the Stón transliteration, and is as follows.
Letter	Pp 	Бb 	Ππ 	Ψψ 	Tt 	Dd 	Cc 	Jj 	Kk 	Gg 	Qq 	Ϙϙ
Sound 	/p/ 	/b/ 	/p͆/ 	/b̪/ 	/t/ 	/d/ 	/c/ 	/ɟ/ 	/k/ 	/g/ 	/q/ 	/ɢ/
Letter	Φφ 	Bβ 	Ff 	Vv 	Þþ 	Δδ 	Ss 	Zz 	Çç 	Жж 	Xx 	Γγ
Sound 	/ɸ/ 	/β/ 	/f/ 	/v/ 	/θ/ 	/ð/ 	/s/ 	/z/ 	/ç/ 	/ʝ/ 	/x/ 	/ɣ/
Letter	Ϟϟ 	Яя 	Mm 	Σμ 	Nn 	Ññ 	Ŋŋ 	Ии 	Rr 	 Θθ 	Ll 	Λλ
Sound 	/χ/ 	/ʁ/ 	/m/ 	/ɱ/ 	/n/ 	/ɲ/ 	/ŋ/ 	/ɴ/ 	/r/ 	/r̊/ 	/l/ 	/ʎ/
Letter	Aa, Áá, Ââ, Ãã, Ää 	Aa, Áá, Ââ, Ãã, Ää 	Aa, Áá, Ââ, Ãã, Ää 	Ee, Éé, Êê, Ẽẽ 	Ee, Éé, Êê, Ẽẽ 	Ee, Éé, Êê, Ẽẽ 	Yy, Ýý, Ŷŷ, Ỹỹ 	Yy, Ýý, Ŷŷ, Ỹỹ 	Yy, Ýý, Ŷŷ, Ỹỹ 	Ii, Íí, Îî, Ĩĩ 	Ii, Íí, Îî, Ĩĩ 	Ii, Íí, Îî, Ĩĩ
Sound 	/a/, /ɐ/, /ã/, /ɐ̃/, /ə/	/a/, /ɐ/, /ã/, /ɐ̃/, /ə/	/a/, /ɐ/, /ã/, /ɐ̃/, /ə/	/ɛ/, /e/, /ɛ̃/, /ẽ/	/ɛ/, /e/, /ɛ̃/, /ẽ/	/ɛ/, /e/, /ɛ̃/, /ẽ/	/ø/, /y/, /ø̃/, /ỹ/	/ø/, /y/, /ø̃/, /ỹ/	/ø/, /y/, /ø̃/, /ỹ/	/ɪ/, /i/, /ɪ̃/, /ĩ/	/ɪ/, /i/, /ɪ̃/, /ĩ/	/ɪ/, /i/, /ɪ̃/, /ĩ/
Letter	Oo, Óó, Ôô, Õõ 	Oo, Óó, Ôô, Õõ 	Oo, Óó, Ôô, Õõ 	Ωω, Ώώ, Ω̂ω̂, Ω̃ω̃	Ωω, Ώώ, Ω̂ω̂, Ω̃ω̃	Ωω, Ώώ, Ω̂ω̂, Ω̃ω̃	Uu, Úú, Ûû, Ũũ 	Uu, Úú, Ûû, Ũũ 	Uu, Úú, Ûû, Ũũ 	Ïï 	Üü 	Hh
Sound 	/ɔ/, /o/, /ɔ̃/, /õ/ 	/ɔ/, /o/, /ɔ̃/, /õ/ 	/ɔ/, /o/, /ɔ̃/, /õ/ 	/ɤ/, /ɯ/, /ɤ̃/, /ɯ̃/	/ɤ/, /ɯ/, /ɤ̃/, /ɯ̃/	/ɤ/, /ɯ/, /ɤ̃/, /ɯ̃/	/ʊ/, /u/, /ʊ̃/, /ũ/	/ʊ/, /u/, /ʊ̃/, /ũ/	/ʊ/, /u/, /ʊ̃/, /ũ/	/i̯/ 	/u̯/ 	/h/
/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are transcribed in this system as ⟨Śś⟩ and ⟨Źź⟩ respectively, however they are not included in the standard alphabet. There are two other systems of transliteration, however the Stón system is the most common. 
==Se Hízôl==
Se Hízôl was invented in antiquity by Λúbatä scholars. Since this time, the script has changed very little, only developing new styles and a few changes in punctuation.
Se Hízôl is a featural abugida. Consonants in this script are square characters whose shapes represent details about their manner of articulation and whose direction represent details about their place of articulation. Details about a consonant's voicing are represented by the presence of a diacritic above the consonant character. Therefore, consonants that are pronounced similarly look similar. Vowels are written as diacritics below the consonant character. Vowels are also featural, though to a lesser extent.
Although there are fifteen oral vowel qualities in Iáþi, there are only eight basic vowel diacritic shapes. The other seven qualities are noted by adding a dot diacritic to the right of the vowel diacritic. Nasal vowels are represented by adding a dot diacritic to the left of the vowel diacritic. For vowels not following a consonant, there is a vowel place holder which takes the form of a line placed at the baseline. Non-syllabic vowels also use a placeholder, however this placeholder is modified by a vertical dash extending from the baseline to the midline, and the vowel is placed above the placeholder so that a following syllabic vowel may be placed below it.
There are additional marks for punctuation. A short horizontal dash placed midline is the equivalent of a full-stop, and a dot placed midline is the equivalent of a comma. A dot diacritic above a consonant is used to denote proper names (this diacritic goes above or to the left of the voiced diacritic if present, depending on the writing style). Quotations are set off using marks resembling Latin brackets. 
In the charts above is the square style of writing, which is more angular and is more common in monuments and print. There is also a round style, which uses fewer strokes and is more common in handwriting.
==Romanizations==
===The Stón System===
The Stón system, the most common non-native transcription of Iáþi, is a Latin-based script appended with Greek and Cyrillic characters in order to maintain a one-to-one phoneme-to-glyph ratio. This is the system used on all Iáþi articles on this wiki. The system transcribes sounds as follows:
Letter	Pronunciation	Letter 	Pronunciation
Pp 	/p/ 	Γγ 	/ɣ/
Бb 	/b/ 	Ϟϟ 	/χ/
Ππ 	/p͆/ 	Яя 	/ʁ/
Ψψ 	/b̪/ 	Mm 	/m/
Tt 	/t/ 	Ḿμ* 	/ɱ/
Dd 	/d/ 	Nn 	/n/
Cc 	/c/ 	Ññ 	/ɲ/
Ʒʒ 	/ɟ/ 	Ŋŋ 	/ŋ/
Kk 	/k/ 	Ии 	/ɴ/
Gg 	/g/ 	Rr 	/r/
Qq 	/q/ 	Ll 	/l/
Ϙϙ 	/ɢ/ 	Λλ 	/ʎ/
Φφ 	/ɸ/ 	Hh 	/h/
Bβ 	/β/ 	Aa, Áá, Ââ, Ãã	/a/, /ɐ~æ/, /ã/, /ɐ̃~æ̃/
Ff 	/f/ 	Ee, Éé, Êê, Ẽẽ	/ɛ/, /e/, /ɛ̃/, /ẽ/
Vv 	/v/ 	Yy, Ýý, Ŷŷ, Ỹỹ	/ø/, /y/, /ø̃/, /ỹ/
Þþ 	/θ/ 	Ii, Íí, Îî, Ĩĩ	/ɪ/, /i/, /ɪ̃/, /ĩ/
Δδ 	/ð/ 	Oo, Óó, Ôô, Õõ	/ɔ/, /o/, /ɔ̃/, /õ/
Ss 	/s/ 	Ωω, Ώώ, Ω̂ω̂, Ω̃ω̃	/ɤ/, /ɯ/, /ɤ̃/, /ɯ̃/
Zz 	/z/ 	Uu, Úú, Ûû, Ũũ	/ʊ/, /u/, /ʊ̃/, /ũ/
Çç 	/ç/ 	Ää or Əə 	/ə/
Жж 	/ʝ/ 	Jj 	/i̯/
Xx 	/x/ 	Ww 	/u̯/
The sounds /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are transcribed in this system as ⟨Śś⟩ and ⟨Źź⟩ respectively, however they are not included in the standard alphabet since they are not native phonemes. When included in the alphabet, they are both sorted between ⟨Zz⟩ and ⟨Çç⟩.
===The Kajdra System===
This system was developed in response to the complaint that the non-Latin characters used in the Stón system are often difficult to type. For this reason, the Kajdra system was developed using only Latin characters.
Letter	Pronunciation	Letter 	Pronunciation
Pp 	/p/ 	Ĝĝ 	/ɣ/
Bb 	/b/ 	Ħħ 	/χ/
Tt 	/t/ 	Ǧǧ 	/ʁ/
Dd 	/d/ 	Mm 	/m/
Cc 	/c/ 	Nn 	/n/
J̌ǰ 	/ɟ/ 	Ññ 	/ɲ/
Kk 	/k/ 	Ńń 	/ŋ/
Gg 	/g/ 	Ňň** 	/ɴ/
Qq 	/q/ 	Rr 	/r/
Ǵǵ 	/ɢ/ 	Ll 	/l/
Ṕṕ 	/φ/ 	Łł 	/ʎ/
Ḃḃ* 	/β/ 	Hh 	/h/
Ff 	/f/ 	Jj 	/j/
Vv 	/v/ 	Ww 	/w/
Þþ 	/θ/ 	Aa, Áá, Ââ, Ãã	/a/, /æ/, /ã/, /æ̃/
Ðð 	/ð/ 	Ee, Éé, Êê, Ẽẽ	/ɛ/, /e/, /ɛ̃/, /ẽ/
Ss 	/s/ 	Ii, Íí, Îî, Ĩĩ	/ɪ/, /i/, /ɪ̃/, /ĩ/
Zz 	/z/ 	Oo, Óó, Ôô, Õõ	/ɔ/, /o/, /ɔ̃/, /õ/
Çç 	/ç/ 	Uu, Úú, Ûû, Ũũ	/ʊ/, /u/, /ʊ̃/, /ũ/
Ĵĵ 	/ʝ/ 	Yy, Ýý, Ŷŷ, Ỹỹ	/ø/, /y/, /ø̃/, /ỹ/
Xx 	/x/ 	Ää 	/ə/
*/β/ should be transcribed with a B with acute, but this character is not encoded in Unicode and is therefore replaced with B with dot above here.
**/ɴ/ is sometimes also seen written as ⟨Ǹǹ⟩ or ⟨N̂n̂⟩.
The foreign sounds /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are transcribed in this system as ⟨Śś⟩ and ⟨Źź⟩ respectively, however they are not included in the standard alphabet since they are not native phonemes. When included in the alphabet, they are both sorted between ⟨Zz⟩ and ⟨Çç⟩.
===The Perdis System===
The Perdis system was also developed in response to complaints about the earlier system. The Kajdra system resolved the issue of non-Latin characters, however the large number of characters with uncommon diacritics still hindered its use. The Perdis system resolves this problem by scrapping non-Latin and diacritical characters in exchange for digraphs, allowing it to remain within the ASCII character set. This system however suffers from the loss of a one-to-one phoneme-to-glyph ratio, and is therefore rarely used except for when the writer is limited to ASCII characters.
Letter 	Pronunciation	Letter	Pronunciation
P p 	/p/ 	M m 	/m/
B b 	/b/ 	N n 	/n/
T t 	/t/ 	Nj nj 	/ɲ/
D d 	/d/ 	Ng ng 	/ŋ/
C c 	/c/ 	Nq nq 	/ɴ/
J j 	/ɟ/ 	R r 	/r/
K k 	/k/ 	L l 	/l/
G g 	/g/ 	Lh lh 	/ʎ/
Q q 	/q/ 	H h 	/h/
X x 	/ɢ/ 	Y y 	/j/
Ph ph (or) Fh fh	/φ/ 	W w 	/w/
Bh bh (or) Vh vh	/β/ 	A a 	/a/
F f 	/f/ 	Ae ae 	/æ/
V v 	/v/ 	E e 	/ɛ/
Th th 	/θ/ 	Ei ei 	/e/
Dh dh 	/ð/ 	I i 	/ɪ/
S s 	/s/ 	Ie ie 	/i/
Z z 	/z/ 	Oa oa 	/ɔ/
Sh sh 	/ʃ/ 	O o 	/o/
Zh zh 	/ʒ/ 	Oo oo 	/ʊ/
Ch ch 	/ç 	U u 	/u/
Jh jh 	/ʝ/ 	Eu eu 	/ø/
Kh kh 	/x/ 	Iu iu 	/y/
Gh gh 	/ɣ/ 	Ah ah 	/ə/
Qh qh 	/χ/ 	nh 	nasalizes preceding vowel
Xh xh 	/ʁ/ 	nh 	nasalizes preceding vowel
This system may require apostrophes to divide vowel clusters that could be mistaken as digraphs.
Unlike the other transliteration system, when this system is used for dictionaries and other similar resources, words are sorted using the standard Latin alphabet order, digraphs do not count as distinct letters. This means that, while "tel" comes before "hajla" in the Stón and Kajdra systems, in the Perdis system, "hayla" comes before "tel." The above chart is in that order only for comparison reasons with the other two systems.
==Grammar==
In Bouic, most words have roots that take the form of nouns. All basic roots of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are expressed as the absolutive case of the noun. For example, haïla is the noun "music" in the absolutive case. To form the infinitive of the verb "to perform music," one simply adds the suffix -sä to form haïlasä, which can then be conjugated. Likewise, the adjective "musical" can be formed as haïlatä and the adverb "musically" can be formed as haïlaþä.
===Nouns===
Nouns in Bouic do not decline directly. However, all nouns must carry a determiner with them. These determiners are marked for definiteness, number, and case. Bouic nouns possess no grammatical gender.
====Determiners====
Every noun is required to carry a determiner, which may be either an article or demonstrative. Articles and demonstratives carry the noun's definiteness or proximity, and number. 
 	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	e 	é
Definite 	se 	zé
Proximate 	φe 	βé
Medial 	te 	dé
Distal 	 	
Partitive 	çe 	жé
====Case====
Nouns in Bouic decline for a large number of cases. In most dialects this number is 26, though some dialects still use the now-archaic vocative case. Nouns decline for cases with simple suffixes that attach to the noun's determiner, and the unmarked form is in the absolutive case, which is used as the subject of intransitive verbs and copulae. Examples of each case are given in the table below, with the phrase se жom "the house, home."
Case 	Declension	Traveler's Tongue equivalent
absolutive 	se жom 	The house is clean.
ergative 	sena жom 	The house shelters us.
accusative 	sedu жom 	We painted the house.
dative 	seçy жom 	We bought curtains for the house.
benefactive 	 	
genitive 	sâ жom* 	The house's door.
instrumental	seke жom 	With the house; using the house.
compositive 	sece жom 	(Made) Of the house.
comitative 	sesi жom 	With the house.
semblative 	 	As the house; like the house.
causative 	seüé жom 	Because of the house.
illative 	 	Into the house.
inessive 	sebe жom 	In the house.
extressive 	 	Outside the house.
elative 	 	Out of the house.
perlative 	seŋώ жom 	Through the house.
sublative 	 	Onto the house.
superessive 	semó жom 	On the house; above the house.
subessive 	setó жom 	Under the house.
delative 	seγω жom 	Off of the house.
prolative 	 	Across the house.
allative 	seþo жom 	To the house.
adessive 	serω жom 	At the house.
circumessive	sejaü жom 	Around the house; about the house.
dessive 	 	Away from the house.
ablative 	seяa жom 	From the house.
prosecutive 	setô жom 	By the house; along the house.
*The genitive suffix -â combines irregularly with determiners. In determiners ending in -e, the -e drops and is replaced with -â. In determiners ending in -é, the -é drops and is replaced by -ã.
Some cases may be combined. For example, the ergative and accusative may be combined to express a reflexive action. "Ánnadu sevílase" means "I washed myself."
Pronouns decline for case directly, by adding the above suffixes directly to the end of the pronoun, without need for a determiner.
As a result of the extensive case system, Bouic has no adpositional system. It lacks prepositions or postpositions.
===Verbs===
Infinitive verbs in Bouic are formed from noun roots by adding the suffix -sä to the absolutive. These infinitives may then conjugate for tense and mood, but not for voice or agreement with any arguments (i.e., the subject or object), and aspect is denoted using adverbs. Infinitives always end in -sä. The infinitive ending is then replaced with other endings to denote tense and mood. The consonant of the ending reflects the mood, and the vowel the tense. The following table demonstrates the conjugation of the verb víêsä "to see."
 	Indicative	Interrogative	Obligative	Conditional	Subjunctive	Abilitative	Jussive
Past 	víêsé 	víêxé 	víêdé 	víêφé 	víêçé 	víêñé 	víêmé
Present	víêsa 	víêxa 	víêda 	víêφa 	víêça 	víêña 	víêma
Future 	víêso 	víêxo 	víêdo 	víêφo 	víêço 	víêño 	víêmo
Most verbs are regular and follow these conjugations. There are a few verbs, however, that drop the -sa ending in the present indicative. These verbs are vasä "to be," vósä "to be," masä "to have," sasä "to exist," and pésä "to do." Some colloquial speech may also do this with tasä "to go, come," though this is informal and almost never found in writing.
Moods may also be compounded, much like noun cases. To do this, one simply suffixes both endings, so that "Could you see him?" becomes "Aóna qâdu víêñexe?" Note that the vowels (and thus the tense) of both suffixes are the same. The indicative cannot compound with the other moods.
====Copula====
Bouic has two copulae, vasä and vósä. Much like in Spanish, the difference between these two is a difference of status versus essence. Vasä, used similarly to Spanish estar, is used to describe a noun's state of being, a temporary condition. Meanwhile, like Spanish ser, vósä is used to describe a noun's essential nature, permanent characteristics inherent to the person, place, thing or concept being described. The exact uses of these two verbs is often difficult for second-language learners to master, as the division between status and essence is often somewhat arbitrary.
In Bouic, copulae require different syntax than other verbs. While a typical verb usually appears after both of its arguments, a copula appears in between the subject and the complement. Note that while most verbs have flexibility in their placement within a clause, the word order for copular phrases is fixed. Additionally, any noun appearing in a copular phrase will be in the absolutive case, so that even phrases with two nouns, which would require one to be in the ergative and the other in the accusative in normal verbal phrases, will have both nouns in the absolutive case.
====Gerunds and Participles====
Gerunds and participles are formed by suffixing noun and adjective endings to the indicative forms of the verbs, respectively. If a gerund is the subject of an intransitive verb, it takes the ergative ending.
===Pronouns===
Bouic uses eighteen personal pronouns that distinguish between five persons and two numbers, and clusivity in the first person and animacy in the third and fourth persons. Pronouns do not distinguish gender or formality. Singular pronouns of the second, third, and fourth persons have two forms that are equal in meaning; they are used to distinguish between multiple possible antecedents, resolving abiguities that exist in languages such as Traveler's Tongue (e.g., "He gave him the apple."). The forms correspond to the order in which the possible antecedents were mentioned. The following is a list of pronouns:
 	 	Singular	Plural
First Person 	Exclusive 	án 	zán
First Person 	Inclusive 	án 	stal
Second Person	First Form 	aó 	жom
Second Person	Second Form 	çom 	жom
Third Person 	First Form 	pâ 	bâ
Third Person 	Second Form 	φrω 	bâ
Third Person 	Inanimate 	pús 	bús
Fourth Person	First Form 	qâ 	ϙâ
Fourth Person	Second Form 	ϟrω 	ϙâ
Fourth Person	Inanimate 	qús 	ϙús
Fifth Person 	Fifth Person	câ 	jâ
The third person denotes a proximity close to the speaker, whereas the fourth person denotes a proximity farther from the speaker. (The third is normally used when the antecedent is within sight, and the fourth when the antecedent is not within view.) Both are translated as the third person in Traveler's Tongue. The fifth person denotes a general, nonspecific antecedent; it is often used in general truths. 
===Adjuncts===
Adjuncts come in three forms: adjectives, adverbs, and intensifiers. As in most languages, adjectives modify nouns and adverbs modify verbs. Intensifiers can modify both adjectives and adverbs. Unlike in Traveler's Tongue, adverbs do not modify adjectives or other adverbs; this is solely the job of intensifiers.
Adjectives and adverbs can be formed from nouns using the suffixes -tä and -þä respectively. Intensifiers however are a closed word class, meaning that they have their own roots and new ones cannot be derived. Most intensifiers do not take a suffix like the -tä or -þä of adjectives and adverbs.
Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs are formed using an intensifier. For the comparative, this intensifier is the word ka, while in the superlative it is kí. In comparative constructions, the comparative form of the adjective is followed by the word pá "than" and then the noun being compared in the absolutive case.
===Syntax===
The basic, default syntax structure in Bouic is SOV. However, due to the extensive use of cases, word order is virtually free. In many subordinate clauses, the default order is SVO instead, though this is not universal. Additionally, Bouic does not require a subject to be present, though it is not a pro-drop language in the sense that the Romance languages are. An absence of a subject indicates the passive voice. Modifiers always follow the word being modified. The standard modifier order is manner-place-time, which is uncommon cross-linguistically, the common orders being place-manner-time and time-manner-place.
==Lexicon==
(Work In Progress)
==Example text==
*Án lússa seke Bouic.
**[ɐn lussə sɛkɛ ɪ.ɐθɪ]
**"I speak Bouic."
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
*Zédu téúné þelstä kemïesa φaïlaþä le méλúþä sece жóvês le zéce çedalí. Δándu bâxisa sesi crê le sesi hínól só δán ótrâga psa se ô dastä esi tímí sece kúpevo.
**[zedʊ teune θɛlstə kɛmjɛsa φai̯laθə lɛ meʎuθə sɛcɛ ʝovɛ̃s lɛ zecɛ çɛdali ðɐndʊ bãxɪsa sɛsɪ cr̊ˠɛ̃ lɛ sɛsɪ hinol so ðɐn otr̊ˠãga psa sɛ ɔ̃ dastə ɛsɪ timi sɛcɛ kʷupɛvɔ] 
**"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
Category:Languages
Category:Traveler's Era