Napoleon

Napoleon (franceois : Napoléon) buit sub ids Italian orforme Napoleone id baptisme nam os Napoleone Buonaparte (Ajaccio, Corsica, France, 1769), qui circum 1796 francisit id do Napoléon Bonaparte. Ids etymologia est rhayr-yakin, maghses uno medieval italianiset forme ios Germanic nam Nibelung. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte, kun is bihsit cesar, extensit sien prenam ka familia nam siens hol dynastia. Tuntos ed sekwent ia zamans, i members os eys familia hant auter nudt Napoléon au Bonaparte ka familia nam. Yinjier, "Napoleon" buit id regne nam om dwo franceois cesars quoy hant muhim-ye marken id historia os France, ed hatta os Europe unte id XIXt secule. 
 Vapwn ios Franceois Preter Empire (id Dwoter Empire hieb quasi id sam). El Animal symbol ios Empire buit "naturelika" el Ornd, gnohmen om quasi ceter Imperia pon id Roman Imperium. Id dexter scepter est tod os Charlemagne, qui buit cronen Cesar im Franks in 800 ab iom Papp. Id schild est perambht ab id grand collband ios Légion d'Honneur, orden creen ab Napoleon yeji un decoration ios Awios Regime, ed quod dar exist nundiens ka hogst orden ios Franceois Respublic. 
 
==Un exceptional meinyun==
Aun id Franceois Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, ois meg lyter cors noblesse, habiet aundwoi parkwohrn un obscure carriere os supostah artillerie officier, in un royal armee quod reservit sien superior grades ad hoger aristocratia. Lieutenant in 1793, is distinct-se in 1793, unte id reprise os Toulon ex i Britisch. Prokwem tun iens radical respublicans ios Montagne, protegeito ios brater os Maximilien de Robespierre, is biht taukilen general. 
Arct pos dien 9 Thermidor, se rapprochet dind kye Barras, iom nov walik wir. Is salvt iom regime med sien action, unte id royaliste ubstand ios 13 Vendémiaire (5 October 1795); is biht tun sirdar iom inland trupps, dind ios Italia armee (Mart 1796). Is revelet ter un druv militar talent : actionsokutat, gwaukania, sense os improvisation quod desconcertet iom duschman... Vincus iens Osterreichers, is ibs impont sien conditions aun pior bespehce ia bereulens ex Paris, ed ibs dwinght pace (Campoformio traiteit, 1797). Is biht extreme-ye popular, in id armee, kam in id opinion, ed se lancet tun do id campagne os Misr (1798). 
Budt in 1797 ab iens politics (Talleyrand, Sieyès...) quoy complote kay uperwaldhe ia rhayr-wassic institutions ios 1st Respublic (ios Directoire), is duct id coup-d'état ios 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), bet arct fauran sien sokwis kay impones un consularo regime quod keulct in fact eys dictature. 
 Bonaparte franchissant le Grand-Saint-Bernard ab Jacques-Louis David. In druve, quando Napoleon Bonaparte tohr tod alpin coll pro id dwoter Italia campagne in Mai 1800, is rid ep unu mule nihn ab un local ghyorguide, ed vohs un redingote kay se behrge ud srigos. 
==Id Consulat==
Napoleon remant nundiens is controvertenst person os franceois historia. Autoritair, egocentric, cynic, honnic dia leuds, is ne druve-ye attract prientia, bet est zaruri recognihes eyso genie. Ye id militar nivell, is est is megsto drauting os sien tid; ed med sien pragmatisme, sien kaur de efficacia, ia cheusa is sagvt kwehre, is obkwehct ses unschi skaun politic. 
Quan is lambhent id waldh, in 1799, id regime enplacet ab id 1st Respublic sohnk do disaurdhen, discredit ed concors. Id restauration ios royaltat kwohkit quasi nevergible : id habiet maynen, ye tod moment, id quasi-total destruction ios wehrg ios Revolution. Paradoxal-ye, id dictature os Bonaparte vaht salve id. 
Bonapartismes prest forme est id regime ios Consulat (1799-1800) quod sammel gweupt ia respublican apparences ed instauret de facto un baygh centralisen ed personalisen waldh sub id autoritat ios Prest Consul, yani Napoleon Bonaparte. 
Bonapartisme kweit tunkye med id restauration ios Statswaldh, un reorganisation os France pro meis efficacia samt id vol os tyices un synthese inter ia dar existend hassiles ios Awios Regime ed ia brineghs ios Revolution. Idge Consulat creet pleist moderne franceois administrative structures (i prefects), id organisation os Justice, id code civil, id creation ios Banque de France ed ios rawaj franc. Idschi Consulat, med id concordat conclus con iom Papp, establiet un type os relation inter id Stat ed id Kyrko quod siet ghehlde tiel id complete separation in 1905 ed quod skeipt id presto stieup kyid secularisation os societat.
Ye id institutional nivell, id consularo regime conservet elegen assemblees, bet diluvt ir magho kay transforme ia do sema meis consultative quem legislator chambers. Id slabereiht dar meis id representative systeme ob id folossiet id plebiscite, direct appell im electors quod permitt approbihes ia gouvernemental initiatives med id kwecto aiwo democraticst weidos. Tod systeme ijapt in fact ei executive uno muhim maneuvre marge quod ei permitt tankes id druv waldh : trusto dehlct gwehme nitos ed waldh ubtos. 
Vasya kweitus os bonapartisme sont samghat yant tod zaman : un centralisen Stat, uno nert executive keihnd ep un popular adhesion, un eliten gouvernement garantiet ab id charisma ios chef respecten ob competent ed efficace. Bonapartisme sehkwt id democratic prabhil, bet tod est un passive democratia quod hat delegen sieno magh.
 Le Sacre de Napoléon est un gigantesk pineg ab Jacques-Louis David quod keipt oino moment ios ceremonia ios 2 December 1804, in Cathedrale Notre-Dame os Paris : id cronen - ab iom just cronto cesar Napoleon - as eys esor Joséphine. Napoleon hat dehn isswo id cron ep sien cap, menxu is Papp, humilyen, qui hat gwohmen makhsus ex Rome, remant seddend apter iom nov cesar. In id tribune seddt Laetitia, mater os Napoleon, bet in druve ia ne prispohc tod ceremonia. 
==Id Preter Empire==
Pos se kyeuseihvs ka Prest Consul ye jumiung in 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte restabliet id monarchia in 1804 se croneihnd-ye ka Cesar Napoleon 1st. Ex un constitutional vidpoint - ed quayque Napoleons personal magh hat dayim crohscen unte eys hol regne -, ia saul modifications sont in fact id introduction uns dynastic dastur ed hereditat. Ye tod zaman, monarchia remant id prabhil in Europe ed Napoleon, admirator os Friedrich II os Preussen (1712-1786), se refert ei model os "exclarato despotisme" ios XVIIIt secule. Nekam iens absolut roys Awios Regime, Napoleon ne pretendt xihes sien magh ex sem divin decret, sontern ex id popular consens manifesten ab id plebiscite. 
Ploisko unte id cort ed illusor mukhlat ios Amiens pace (1802-1803), France est dayim in Weir unte id napoleonian periode. Leit khaliban de un badv protiev id Uniet Roydem, quos financial magh isnaht, ep id dayluk, stets regnahnd coalitions contra France. Ia profund sababs tos britisch ziyania dahnt ei conflict un baygh moderne dimension. 
Unte id Revolution, id Respublic hat ducen in Europe un ideologic-ye begrunden krigen siyassa, id creation om satellite-respublics concreteihnd id exportation iom revolutionar models contra iens roys. Napoleon heritet tod expansionisme, quod London khact tolere, minter bi politic sababs quem ob economic naudh. Jaghi ornuwto do id Industrial Revolution, id Uniet Roydem naudht id europay Mercat : id khact accepte od dayluk Europe, ed besonters ids atlantic fassade, biht un zone os franceois hegemonia. Ne habend kafi heir kay wighes protie franceois imperialisme, id witerstehlt ei i europay souverains. Unte dec yars, tod britisch siyassa deuyst, id militar genie ios Cesar uperwehndend eys quantens duschmans, bet ob tod-on economic arme wehst in id kerdo tos conflict biht Napoleon dribhto stets dalger. Ei britisch marblockade respondt is, yant 1806, med id continental blockade, banend ibs Europay Stats torgue con Grand Britain, kay pniges id economic-ye. Kay dwinghes ad retive gouvernements dostringes ta meids, Napoleon orneuwt-se do un logique os militar intervention, bohrn ab id kowp sienen victorias quod iom pussiret ad arke diplomatic solutions. It se forkorelt is in Espania (1808-1813). Sam-ye, mayster os Europe ed sal-obligend id Uniet Roydem ad negocye, is rumpt in 1812 con sien Russian allieit ed declaret ei id weir. 
Leusus sien heir in id Russian immensitat, is vidt tun rebelle ia xiawngja vict folks. Drehdend hol Europe med mincta zariyas, biht marloub, dehlct abdie (Aprile 1814) ed biht exilen do id insule Elba. Id tentative rekrig os eyso thron, in Mart 1815, duresiet tik centom diens : id reskipen coalition siet vinces iom in Waterloo dien 18 Juno 1815, ei dwinghend capitule ibs Britisch. Mehrt in 1821, ep id insule Saint Helena, quer toy hieb deporten iom.
 Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1811, Paris - 1832, Schönbrunn, Vienna, Osterreich) eet is son os Cesar Napoleon 1st ed as eys dwoter esor Marie-Louise os Osterreich. Imperial prince, is buit titulen ka "Roy os Rome" kun is gnahsit. In 1815, pos ia "Centom-Diens", is buit proclamet successor ab sien pater, unte senters dwoter abdication. Id Assemblee, kam id commission quod eet supposen regne in eys nam, abstohm lakin proclame official-ye ka cesar iom imperial hered qui, quarat, wohs tun in Osterreich. Eys "regne" ens pos dwo hevds kun Ludvic XVIII, stohmenab iens victors os Napoleon I, gwirliey do Paris.
Is bohr poskwo id titule os Peurst os Parma, ed fin-ye tod os Herceg os Reichstadt quod ei buit daht ab eys grandpater iom Cesar os Osterreich. 
Eys lakab L'Aiglon (Franceois : is Orndiko) ei buit tribuet postmortem, ed buit populariset ab id piece "L'Aiglon" os Edmond Rostand.
==Id Napoleonian legend==
Id restauration ios royaltat, kwahn ab maungs ka un reiken ios Awios Regime nespekent id constitutional garantie implien ab id 1814 Charta, project un positive image ios napoleonian regime, ghaben ka ios hered ios Grand Revolution. Tod "napoleonian legend", richeriht med ia mehmens ios militar epos, vaht prepare id resurgence os bonapartisme. 
Id schaecheing ios napoleonian aventure udleit plaut-ye id personalitat ed ia ambitions ios Cesar. Hois, sont ia facts : Napoleon hat permitten id enraudhen in France iom prabhils ios Revolution ed, med sien krigs, is hat plaut-ye exportet ia; lakin, a contrario, id franceois domination hat contribuen, in Europe, sbudes ia Nationalismes taalen ye id sam moment ab id deutsch romantisme. Eys final marloubia teulct pro takriban oin secule id Uniet Roydem ka dominant augos ed confirmet definitive-ye ids maritim hegemonia. Uno mier part ios europay XIXt secule salct id napoleonian taraghen. 
Ciois est id Mythos, nu-yod isswo hat contribuet med sien exile memuars, redact in Saint Helena. Fascinend i romantics med sien exceptional meinyun, is wir in quom Hegel (1770-1831) vis "iom reidend mundmenos" hat aunsam-ye biht is heroy ios Revolution, is karug iom nations, is victim iom vengence iom roys, is genial precursor uns gwehmtur mundios menxu weir ed despotisme sont myohrsen.
 Photo os Napoleon III ab Nadar. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte gnahsit in Paris in 1808 ed mohr in Chislehurst (Uniet Roydem) in 1873. Est sammel is wahid President ios franceois Second Respublic, is prest franceois rays elect med ner universal suffrage (dien 10 December 1848), is prest President ios Franceois Respublic, ed pos id proclamation ios Empire dien 2 December 1852, is sensto monarch ios land, sub id nam os Napoleon III, Cesar im Franceois.
==Id Dwoter Empire==
Reikus France dank id uperwaldhen os Roy Ludvic-Philip (Louis-Philippe) ed id proclamation ios Respublic in 1848, Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, nepot os Napoleon 1st ed apparent hered ios imperial cron, se elegeiht, med universal suffrage ed id prestige os sieno nam, President ios Second Respublic. Is uperwaldht tod med id 2 December 1851 ed, sub id nam os Napoleon III, restabliet id Empire ep id base uns Constitution inspiren ex ta siens oncle.
Id regne os Napoleon III (1852-1870) vidt antslehnke uno moderne bonapartisme. Perambht ab technocrats ed dynamic verslynings, brungend un ryowkhow economic conjuncture ed ne dehlgend kaure de parlamentars samt meg limitet attributions, is Cesar uset sien baygh extenden maghs kay enover un remarkable modernisationsenderghenden os France : construction om railvias, industrialisation, antplehcen ios credit, transformation os Paris. Tod siyassa swekwehrt ei regime un posdaril popularitat weitwodden ab id success idsen divers plebiscites : id senst in Aprile 1870, betrehvend un liberalisation iom politic praxis, hieb est un triumph ed hieb schawngdaniht id respublican partise. Bet un aventureus gospoti siyassa, quod adduct un lust weiro protie Preussen, precipitet ids pehden in September 1870.
Category:Historia
Category:France