Arteriovenous malformation

Arteriovenous malformation or AVM is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. This vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system, but can appear in any location. Although many AVMs are asymptomatic, they can cause intense pain or bleeding or lead to other serious medical problems.
AVMs are usually congenital and belong to the RASopathies. The genetic transmission patterns of AVM, if any, are unknown. AVM is not generally thought to be an inherited disorder, unless in the context of a specific hereditary syndrome.
Symptoms of AVM vary, according to the location of the malformation. Roughly 88% of people affected with AVM are asymptomatic; often the malformation is discovered as part of an autopsy or during treatment of an unrelated disorder (called in medicine "an incidental finding"); in rare cases, its expansion or a micro-bleed from an AVM in the brain can cause epilepsy, deficit or pain.
The most general symptoms of a cerebral AVM include headache and epilepsy, with more specific symptoms occurring that normally, depending on the location of the malformation and the individual. Such possible symptoms include:
*Difficulties with movement or coordination, including muscle weakness and even paralysis
*Vertigo (dizziness)
*Difficulties of speech (dysarthria) and communication, such as aphasia
*Difficulties with everyday activities, such as apraxia
*Abnormal sensations (numbness, tingling, or spontaneous pain)
*Memory and thought-related problems, such as confusion, dementia, or hallucinations
Cerebral AVMs may present in a number of ways:
*Hemorrhage (45% of cases)
**Acute onset of severe headache. May be described as the worst headache of the patient's life. Depending on the location of hemorrhage, it may be associated with new fixed neurologic deficit. In unruptured brain AVMs, the risk of spontaneous hemorrhage may be as low as 1% per year. After a first rupture, the annual bleeding risk may increase to more than 5%.
*Seizure (46%)
*Headache (34%)
*Progressive neurologic deficit (21%)
**May be caused by mass effect or venous dilatations. Presence and nature of deficit depend on location of lesion and the draining veins.
**Pediatric patients:
**Heart failure
**Macrocephaly
**Prominent scalp veins
Arteriovenous malformation at Wikipedia