Rowland Taylor

Rowland Taylor (October 6, 1510 - February 9, 1555) was an English martyr during the Marian Persecutions.
He was born in Northumberland, England, and died at Hadleigh. At the time of his death he was Rector, or Anglican parish priest of a small parish in a (now) small market town called Hadleigh (also spelled Hadley). Taylor provided pastoral leadership for several parishes in the English county of Suffolk. He was Queen Mary's third auto-de-fe, among 250 or so during her five-year reign, as she attempted to bring the Counter Reformation to England. His sentence was execution by burning at the stake, the common method of punishment for dealing with heretics in the 16th century. However, Taylor is viewed by Protestants as one of their great Christian martyrs. 
==Taylor's early life and education==
===John Taylor (1480-1534), Rowland's father===
Rowland Taylor was the first-born and son of John Taylor (1480-1534) who married Susan Rowland, in Rothbury, England in 1509. John was himself distinguished as a leading religious figure in early 16th century England.
===Rowland Taylor (b. 1510), education===
The son had a career no less illustrious than his father's. One year before Rowland Taylor's birth (1509), Henry VIII succeeded Henry Tudor. In 1530, Taylor received his L.L.B. degree from Cambridge University. From 1531-1538 Rowland Taylor was Principal of Borden Hostel. In 1534 he received the L.L.D. from Cambridge, the same year Martin Luther completed his German Bible. One year later, 1535, William Tyndale was tried and denounced as a heretic for his new English Bible translation. Tyndale was burnt at the stake in 1536. Rowland's wife - Margaret Tyndale - was William Tyndale's niece.
==Taylor's religious career==
* In the late 1530s Taylor served as Hugh Latimer's chaplain and commissary general of the Diocese of Winchester. 
* In March 1538 Taylor was collated by Latimer to the parish church of Hanbury. 
* When Hugh Latimer resigned, Taylor was taken under the wing of Thomas Cranmer, living with him and (1539) serving as his chaplain. He was ordained by Cranmer and admitted to the parish church of St. Swithins in Worcester, England. He was thus given his license to preach and did so in the diocese of London. 
* On April 16, 1544 he was presented to the living of Hadleigh, Suffolk, thus becoming their spiritual leader and Rector.
* In 1543 the English Parliament banned Tyndale's English version and all public reading of the Bible by laymen. Religious persecution of Protestant clergy, especially by Roman Catholics, intensified in Britain at this time. 
* In 1546 the Council of Trent, an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, decreed that the Latin Vulgate was the authoritative version of the Bible. 
* In the Summer of 1547 Rowland Taylor was employed as a preacher for the royal visitation within the dioceses of Lincoln, Oxford, Lichfield and Coventry.
* On August 15, 1547 he became canon of Rochester, the same King Henry the VIII died, January. 
* 1548, Taylor was appointed Archdeacon of Bury St. Edmunds and preached at the request of the Lord Mayor at Whitsuntide or Pentecost.
* Edward VI, who reigned from 1547-1553, followed Henry VIII and in 1549 the Book of Common Prayer became the uniform Protestant liturgical guide in England. 
* In 1550, Taylor was called to serve on a commission against Anabaptists. The same year he also helped to administer the vacant diocese of Norwich.
* In 1551, at age 41, Taylor was made Archdeacon of Cornwall in the Diocese of Exeter, was also appointed one of six preachers of Canterbury, Kent and was appointed chancellor to Bishop Nicholas Ridley. His leadership was expanded by serving on a commission to revise the ecclesiastical laws. 
* In 1552, he helped administer the vacant Diocese of Worcester.
==Taylor's troubles (circa 1553)==
Taylor's troubles began on July 25, 1553. He was arrested just six days after the new Queen, Mary I, ascended the throne. Aside from the fact that Taylor had supported Lady Jane Grey, Mary's rival, he was also charged with heresy for having preached a sermon in Bury St. Edmunds denouncing the Roman Catholic practice of clerical celibacy, which required that a priest in holy orders be unmarried. Many English clergymen, including Dr. Taylor, had abandoned this teaching since the 1530s as a token of the English Reformation.
Taylor also denounced the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation which is the belief that the two elements (bread and wine) taken during Holy Communion, or the Eucharist, actually become the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Since the Roman Catholic position is that the Eucharist (and the miracle of transubstantiation) is a sacrament commanded by God, anyone denying it, particularly a cleric or pastor, is considered a heretic. This teaching was opposed universally by the Reformed and Protestant Churches, who maintained that, since a sacrament is a sign, it cannot also be the thing signified. For similar reasons relating to the problem of idolatry, Taylor took issue with the Roman Catholic form of the Mass, and received much support from the villagers of Hadleigh. 
These issues came to a head after Edward VI died (July 6, 1553) and was succeeded by Queen Mary I. In 1554 Mary began a program of re-establishing Catholicism in England. However the English clergy and Anglican faithful, whose hopes for a Protestant royal succession had been dashed by Mary's imprisonment and execution of Lady Jane Grey, saw it as a matter of English Christian duty to resist this backlash, not least to resist the political ambitions of the King of Spain (Philip II, whom Mary married) to draw England within the sphere of the Holy Roman Empire and its Roman Catholic satellites. Although Mary, as Henry VIII's eldest daughter, was a legitimate successor to Edward VI, England was no longer minded to tolerate a Roman Catholic monarch, and the courage and endurance unto death of men like Dr Taylor provided the public example which ensured that the Reformation was not in fact overturned, but became established in the Realm of England.
On March 26, 1554 the Privy Council ordered the arrest of Taylor and he thus appeared before Archbishop Stephen Gardiner. The proceedings against Taylor ran over several years. During this time he was kept in the King's Bench Prison. While in prison he befriended many inmates and was instrumental in many conversions to Anglicanism.
==Taylor's trial and martyrdom==
January 1555 was an ominous month for Anglican clergy in England. After several years of separation from Roman worship and governance, the accession of Mary I in 1553 and her immediate reversion to Roman Catholic rule in obedience to the Pope (an attempt to turn back the Reformation of the English Church) led her to unleash her wrath upon those whom she defined as treasonably minded heretics. On January 22, 1555, Rowland Taylor (Vicar or Rector of Hadleigh), and several other clergy, including John Hooper, were examined by a commission of leading bishops and lawyers. The Lord Chancellor presided at the hearings. Just two days previously, January 20, Parliament had revived the old statute of burning convicted heretics.
One of the men, Crome, recanted and was thus pardoned. Barlow equivocated and was sent to the Tower of London, but not executed. Rowland Taylor, who remained committed, was probably taken to Compter Prison in London after his examination by Stephen Gardiner. Taylor gave a fervent defence of clerical marriage which put him at odds with the Roman Catholic Church. 
On January 29, 1555, Taylor was brought before Gardiner again at St. Mary's. The next day he was excommunicated and sentenced to death. He was degraded, that is, stripped of his clerical garments in a symbolic manner, and was offered his last supper with his family. 
His reaction to his accusers revealed Taylor's belief that truth was on his side:This quote and those following are taken from Foxe's Book of Martyrs - John Foxe. Acts and Monuments […] (1576 edition).(hriOnline, Sheffield). Available from: http://www.hrionline.shef.ac.uk/foxe/. [Accessed: 09.21.2004]
"And although I know, that there is neither iustice nor truth to be looked for at my adversaries hands, but rather imprisonment and cruel death: yet know my cause to be so good and righteous, and the truth so strong upon my side, that I will by God's grace go and appear before them and to their beards resist their false doings."
==Taylor's final words==
As Dr. Taylor neared the day of his execution he spoke these words on February 7, 1555 (probably) Taylor was taken back to his own place of Rectory - Hadleigh - where his wife awaited him in the early morning hours at St. Botolph's churchyard. They exchanged a few last brief words and Margaret promised to be present for his burning in a couple days. That same day Taylor was handed over to the Sheriff of Essex at Chelmsford. Before he was handed over he spoke these words to his family:
"I say to my wife, and to my children, The Lord gave you unto me, and the Lord hath taken me from you, and you from me: blessed be the name of the Lord! I believe that they are blessed which die in the Lord. God careth for sparrows, and for the hairs of our heads. I have ever found Him more faithful and favorable, than is any father or husband. Trust ye therefore in Him by the means of our dear Savior Christ's merits: believe, love, fear, and obey Him: pray to Him, for He hath promised to help. Count me not dead, for I shall certainly live, and never die. I go before, and you shall follow after, to our long home."
Following Rogers on the February 4, and Saunders on the 8th, Taylor became Mary's third Protestant to be burned at the stake. His execution took place on February 9, 1555, at Aldham Common just outside Hadleigh. His wife, two daughters, and his son Thomas, were present that day. 
His final words to his son Thomas as reported by Foxe:
"Almighty God bless thee, and give you his Holy Spirit, to be a true servant of Christ, to learn his word, and constantly to stand by his truth all the life long. And my son, see that thou fear God always. Fly from all sin and wicked living. Be virtuous, serve God daily with prayer, and apply thy boke. In anywise see thou be obedient to thy mother, love her, and serve her. Be ruled by her now in thy youth, and follow her good counsel in all things. Beware of lewd company of young men, that fear not God, but followeth their lewd lusts and vain appetites. Flee from whoredom, and hate all filthy lying, remembering that I they father do die in the defense of holy marriage. And another day when God shall bless thee, love and cherish the poor people, and count that thy chief riches to be rich in alms. And when thy mother is waxed old, forsake her not, but provide for her to thy power, and see that she lacks nothing. For so will God bless thee, give thee long life upon earth, and prosperity, which I pray God to grant thee."
A local butcher was ordered to set a torch to the wood but resisted. A couple of bystanders finally threw a lighted faggot on to the wood. A sympathetic guard named Warwick struck Dr. Taylor over the head with a halbard, which apparently killed him instantly. The fire consumed his body shortly thereafter. That same day John Hooper was burnt at the stake in Gloucester.
An unhewn stone marks the place of Taylor's death at Aldham Common. It reads:
 1555
 D.TAYLOR.IN.DE
 FENDING.THAT
 WAS.GOOD.AT
 THIS.PLAS.LEFT
 HIS.BLODE
==References==
# John Foxe. Foxe's Book of Martyr's. The account of Rowland Taylor's martyrdom is the entire subject of Chapter 14.
# James Ridley. Bloody Mary's Martyrs: The Story of England's Terror. 2002.
==See also==
*English Reformation
*Roman Catholicism
*Anglicanism
*Martyrdom
*Christian martyrs
*Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology
*Marian Persecutions
*Mary I of England
== External links ==
* John Foxe: Acts and Monuments. The Variorum Edition, hriOnline, Sheffield 2004
* Memoirs of the Reformers (Rowland Taylor)
* The Legacy of Rowland Taylor
* Hadleigh in Suffolk 
* Wikimapia location of Rowland Taylor statue, Hadleigh, Suffolk, UK.
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Category:People executed under the Tudors
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