Crampton locomotive

A Crampton locomotive is a type of steam locomotive designed by Thomas Russell Crampton and built by various firms from 1846. The main British builders were Tulk and Ley and Robert Stephenson and Company.
Notable features were a low boiler and large driving wheels. The crux of the Crampton patent was that the single driving axle was placed behind the firebox, so that the driving wheels could be very large. This helped to give this design a low centre of gravity, so that it did not require a very broad-gauge track to travel safely at high speeds. Its wheel arrangement was usually 4-2-0 or 6-2-0.
==Design variations==
Because the single driving axle was behind the firebox, Crampton locomotives usually had outside cylinders. However, some inside cylinder versions were built using indirect drive, then known as a jackshaft. The inside cylinders drove a crankshaft located in front of the firebox and the crankshaft was connected to the driving wheels by outside rods. Some long-wheelbase 0-4-0Ts were also built using this crankshaft system. The boiler feed-pump was often driven from the crankshaft as well because many Cramptons were built before the injector was invented.
Another peculiarity on some Crampton locomotives was the use of a boiler of oval cross-section, to lower the centre of gravity. It would nowadays be regarded as bad engineering practice because the internal pressure would tend to push the boiler into a circular cross-section and increase the risk of metal fatigue.
==Usage==
thumb|Preserved French Crampton locomotive No 80 Le Continent of the Paris à Strasbourg railway, built in 1852Crampton locomotives were used by some British railways and speeds of up to 120 km/h (75 mph) were achieved on the LNWR. They were more popular in France, southern Germany and the US. In France the expression "prendre la Crampton" meant to catch an express, and in the argot of the Saint Cyr military academy, footplate staff were known as "officiers de Crampton" (and this as late as 1971). One of the French examples has been preserved in the Cité du Train (the French Railway Museum) at Mulhouse and is still in working order. This is number 80 of the Chemin de Fer de l'Est, the Paris-Strasbourg line, which is named "Le Continent".
==Locomotive list==
The approximate numbers of Crampton-type locomotives built in Europe were:
*Great Britain: 51
*France: 127
*Germany: 135
===Manufactured in Great Britain===
Built by: Tulk and Ley, all of 4-2-0 wheel arrangement:
Works no.	Date built	Railway 	Name/no.
10 	1847 	Namur and Liege Railway 	Namur
11 	1847 	Namur and Liege Railway 	Liege
 	1847 	Namur and Liege Railway 	
12? 	1847 	London and North Western Railway, Southern Division	200 London
14 	1847 	Dundee and Perth and Aberdeen Junction Railway 	Kinnaird
 	1847 	Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway	35 Pegasus
 	1848 	Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway	36 Phlegon
17 	1854 	Maryport and Carlisle Railway 	12
Built by: Robert Stephenson and Company 
Robert Stephenson and Company built a number of Crampton type locomotives for the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. These were all of 4-2-0 wheel arrangement with inside cylinders and indirect drive. The inside cylinders drove a crankshaft located in front of the firebox and the crankshaft was coupled to the driving wheels by outside rods.
Works no.	Date built	Railway 	No./Name
785 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	134
786 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	135
787 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	136 Folkstone
788 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	137
789 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	138
790 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	139
791 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	140
792 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	141
793 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	142
794 	1851 	South Eastern Railway 	143
 	1851 	Prussian Eastern Railway 	England
 	1851 	Prussian Eastern Railway 	
 	1851 	Prussian Eastern Railway 	
 	1851 	Prussian Eastern Railway 	
 	1851 	Prussian Eastern Railway 	
 	1851 	Prussian Eastern Railway 	
1381 	1862 	London, Chatham and Dover Railway	Coquette
1382 	1862 	London, Chatham and Dover Railway	Echo
1383 	1862 	London, Chatham and Dover Railway	Flirt
1384 	1862 	London, Chatham and Dover Railway	Flora
1385 	1862 	London, Chatham and Dover Railway	Sylph
Built by: Bury, Curtis, and Kennedy, all 4-2-0 except Liverpool which was 6-2-0.
Works no.	Date built	Railway 	No./Name
355 	1848 	London and North Western Railway, Southern Division	245 Liverpool
? 	1848 	South Eastern Railway 	68
? 	1848 	South Eastern Railway 	69
? 	1848 	South Eastern Railway 	72
? 	1848 	South Eastern Railway 	74
? 	1848 	South Eastern Railway 	75
? 	1848 	South Eastern Railway 	78
Built by: E. B. Wilson and Company
Works no.	Date built	Railway 	Name/no.
? 	1847 	North British Railway 	55
? 	1847 	Eastern Counties Railway	108
? 	1847 	Eastern Counties Railway	109
? 	1847 	Eastern Counties Railway	110
? 	1847 	Eastern Counties Railway	111
? 	1847 	Eastern Counties Railway	112
? 	1847 	Aberdeen Railway 	26
? 	1847 	Aberdeen Railway 	27
Built by: R and W Hawthorn
Manufacturer 	Works no.	Date built	Railway 	Name/no.
R and W Hawthorn	1006 	1858 	East Kent Railway	Lake
R and W Hawthorn	1007 	1858 	East Kent Railway	Sondes
R and W Hawthorn	1008 	1858 	East Kent Railway	Faversham
R and W Hawthorn	1009 	1858 	East Kent Railway	Chatham
R and W Hawthorn	1010 	1858 	East Kent Railway	Sittingbourne
R and W Hawthorn	1011 	1858 	East Kent Railway	Crampton
Built by: various builders
Builder 	Works no.	Date built	Railway 	Name/no.
Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company	53 	1846 	South Eastern Railway 	92
LNWR Crewe Works 	? 	1847 	London and North Western Railway, Northern Division	176 Courier
Kitson and Company 	? 	1848 	Midland Railway 	130
Kitson and Company 	? 	1848 	Midland Railway 	131
Timothy Hackworth 	? 	1848 	London, Brighton and South Coast Railway 	56
Timothy Hackworth 	? 	1848 	London, Brighton and South Coast Railway 	58
A. Horlock and Co 	- 	1848 	Padarn Railway 	Fire Queen
A. Horlock and Co 	- 	1848 	Padarn Railway 	Jenny Lind
R. B. Longridge and Company 	? 	1851 	Great Northern Railway 	200
===Manufactured in France===
Builder 	Works no. 	Date built	Railway 	Name/no.
Société Ch.Derosne et Cail	139–150 (12)	1849 	Chemins de fer du Nord 	122 Crampton to 133 Linné
Société J. F. Cail & Cie 	188–199 (12)	1852 	Chemins de fer de l'Est 	79 Le Globe to 90 L’Amérique
Société J. F. Cail & Cie 	219–230 (12)	1853–54 	Chemins de fer du Nord 	134 Pradier to 145 Van Eyck
Société J. F. Cail & Cie 	329–340 (12)	1854 	 	301 to 312
Société J. F. Cail & Cie 	387–392 (6) 	1855 	 	313 to 318
Société J. F. Cail & Cie 	414–429 (16)	1855 	Chemins de fer du Nord 	146 Alibert to 161 Volney
Société J. F. Cail & Cie 	544–555 (12)	1857 	 	319 La France to 330 La Grèce
Société J. F. Cail & Cie 	443 	1856 	Chemin de fer du Nord 	162 Alma
Société J. F. Cail & Cie 	444 	1856 	Chemin de fer du Nord 	163 Inkerman
Schneider et Cie 	196–210 (15)	1856 	Chemins de fer de l'Est 	174 Eupatoria to 188 Taganrok
André Koechlin et Cie 	820–829 (10)	1864 	Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée	31 Sylphie to 40 Moucheron
===Manufactured in Germany===
Builder 	Works no.	Date built	Railway 	Name/no.
J. A. Maffei 	?–? (4) 	1853 	Pfälzische Eisenbahnen	26 to 29
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe	?–? (2) 	1854 	Baden State Railway 	67 Adler and 68 Falke
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe	?–? (8) 	1854–56 	Baden State Railway 	69 Comet to 78 Basel
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe	?–? (8) 	1854–56 	Baden State Railway 	69 Adler to 78 Falke
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen 	?–? (14) 	1855–63 	Pfälzische Eisenbahnen	36–41, 46–49, 60–63
Ausbesserungswerk Karlsruhe [de] 	?–? (3) 	1856 	Baden State Railway 	1, 2, and 4
J. A. Maffei 	?–? (12) 	1857–58 	Bayerische Ostbahn 	A1 to A12
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe	?–? (8) 	1858–59 	Baden State Railway 	Rheinfelden to Pfalz
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe	?–? (8) 	1863 	Baden State Railway 	Badenia to Offenburg
==See also==
*Long Boiler locomotive
*6-2-0 for Crampton locomotives in the USA
==External links==
*The Cité du Train museum
Category:Crampton Steam Locomotives
Category:Steam locomotives
Category:Steam locomotive types