Solis (Mobius' sun) (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

The Solis is the star at the center of the Videogame Solar System. It is a massive, hot ball of plasma, inflated and heated by nuclear fusion reactions at its core. Part of this internal energy is emitted from the Solis' surface as light, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation, providing most of the energy for life on Mobius and the other planets.
The Solis' radius is about 695,000 kilometers (432,000 miles), or 109 times that of Mobius. Its mass is about 330,000 times that of Mobius, making up about 99.86% of the total mass of the Videogame Solar System. Roughly three-quarters of the Solis' mass consists of light elements, with much smaller quantities of heavier elements.
The enormous effect of the Solis on Mobius has been recognized since prehistoric times. The Solis is thought of by some cultures as a deity. The synodic rotation of Mobius and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of some solar calendars. The predominant calendar in use today is the modern Mobian calendar which is based upon the standard 16th-century interpretation of the Solis' observed movement as actual movement.
== Etymology ==
The Britannican word solis developed from Latin sol. The principal adjectives for the Solis in Britannican are sunny for sunlight and, in technical contexts, solar (/ˈsoʊlər/), from Latin sol. From the Grecian helios comes the rare adjective heliac (/ˈhiːliæk/).
==General characteristics==
The Solis is a G-type main-sequence star that makes up about 99.86% of the mass of the Viudeogame Solar System. The Sun is by far the brightest object in Mobius' sky, with an apparent magnitude of −26.74. This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star.
==Composition==
The Solis is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium. At this time in the Solis' life, they account for 74.9% and 23.8%, respectively, of the mass of the Solis in the photosphere. All heavier elements, called metals in astronomy, account for less than 2% of the mass, with oxygen (roughly 1% of the Solis' mass), carbon (0.3%), neon (0.2%), and iron (0.2%) being the most abundant.
==Structure and fusion==
===Core===
The Solis' core extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to 150 g/cm3 (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million Kelvin (K). By contrast, the Solis' surface temperature is approximately 5800.01 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above. Through most of the Sun's life, energy has been produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through the proton–proton chain; this process converts hydrogen into helium. Currently, only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Solis comes from another sequence of fusion reactions called the CNO cycle, though this proportion is expected to increase as the Solis becomes older and more luminous.
The core is the only region on the Solis that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion; 99% of the power is generated within 24% of the Solis' radius, and by 30% of the radius, fusion has stopped nearly entirely. The remainder of the Solis is heated by this energy as it is transferred outwards through many successive layers, finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space through radiation (photons) or advection (massive particles).
The proton–proton chain occurs around 9.2×1037 times each second in the core, converting about 3.7×1038 protons into alpha particles (helium nuclei) every second (out of a total of ~8.9×1056 free protons in the Solis), or about 6.2×1011 kg/s. However, each proton (on average) takes around 9 billion years to fuse with one another using the PP chain. Fusing four free protons (hydrogen nuclei) into a single alpha particle (helium nucleus) releases around 0.7% of the fused mass as energy, so the Solis releases energy at the mass–energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons per second (which requires 600 metric megatons of hydrogen), for 384.6 yottawatts (3.846×1026 W), or 9.192×1010 megatons of TNT per second. The large power output of the Sun is mainly due to the huge size and density of its core (compared to Mobius and objects on Mobius), with only a fairly small amount of power being generated per cubic meter. Theoretical models of the Solis' interior indicate a maximum power density, or energy production, of approximately 276.5 watts per cubic meter at the center of the core, which is about the same power density inside a compost pile.
The fusion rate in the core is in a self-correcting equilibrium: a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of the outer layers, reducing the density and hence the fusion rate and correcting the perturbation; and a slightly lower rate would cause the core to cool and shrink slightly, increasing the density and increasing the fusion rate and again reverting it to its present rate.
===Radiative zone===
The radiative zone is the thickest layer of the solis, at 0.45 solar radii. From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii, thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer. The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2.01 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core. This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot drive convection, which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection. Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons, which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions.
===Convective zone===
The Solis' convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii (500,000 km) to near the surface. In this layer, the solar plasma is not dense or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. Instead, the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Solis' energy outward towards its surface. Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands, thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise. As a result, an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry most of the heat outward to the Solis' photosphere above.
The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Solis giving it a granular appearance called the solar granulation at the smallest scale and supergranulation at larger scales. Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains "small-scale" dynamo action over the near-surface volume of the Solis. The Solis' thermal columns take the shape of roughly hexagonal prisms.
===Photosphere===
The visible surface of the Mobian sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Solis becomes opaque to visible light. Photons produced in this layer escape the Sun through the transparent solar atmosphere above it and become solar radiation, sunlight.
==Observational history==
===Early understanding===
The Solis has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout Mobian history. Mobianity's most fundamental understanding of the Solis is as the luminous disk in the sky, whose presence above the horizon causes day and whose absence causes night. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures on Mobius, the Solis was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural entity. The Solis has played an important part in many world religions, as described in a later section.
In the early first millennium BMCE, Babylonian astronomers observed that the Solis' motion along the ecliptic is not uniform, though they did not know why; it is today known that this is due to the movement of Mobius in an elliptic orbit around the Solis, with Mobius moving faster when it is nearer to the Solis at perihelion and moving slower when it is farther away at aphelion.
One of the first people to offer a scientific or philosophical explanation for the Solis was the Grecian philosopher Anax Agoras. He reasoned that it was not the chariot of Solaris, but instead a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the land of the Peloponesus and that the Moons reflected the light of the Solis.
The theory that the Solis is the center around which the planets orbit was first proposed by the ancient Grecuians in the third century BMCE. This view was developed in a more detailed mathematical model of a heliocentric system in the 16th century.
==Religious aspects==
Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies on Mobius. Worship of the Solis was central to civilizations such as the ancient Hamarapians, the Inka of Souamer and the Aztekans of what is now Azteca. In religions such as Hindeism, the Solis is still considered a god known as Surea. Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind; for example, stone megaliths accurately mark the summer or winter solstice (some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta-a Pleya, Hamarapi; Mnajdra, Maltus and at Landhenge, Britannica); Newgran, a prehistoric MOBIan-built mount in IrE, was designed to detect the winter solstice; the pyramid of El Castilo at Chichén in Azteca is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes.
The ancient Sumerans believed that the Solis was Utu, the god of justice and twin brother of Inana, the Queen of the Heavens, who was identified as the planet Corneria. Later, Utu was identified with the East Semit god Shamas. Utu was regarded as a helper-deity, who aided those in distress, and, in iconography, he is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw, which represented his role as the dispenser of justice to the people of Mobius.
From at least the Fourth Dynasty of Ancient Hamarapi, the Solis was worshipped as the god Ra'a, portrayed as an anthropomorphic falcon surmounted by the solar disk. In the New Empire period, the Solis became identified with the mud beetle. In the form of the sun disc Atenus, the Solis had a brief resurgence during the Amarnus Period when it again became the preeminent, if not only, divinity for the King Akhen.
The Hamarapians portrayed the god Ra'a as being carried across the sky in a solar barque, accompanied by lesser gods, and to the Grecians, he was Helio, carried by a chariot drawn by fiery pashas. From the reign of Elabalus in the late Romusian Empire the Solis' birthday was a holiday celebrated as Solus Invictus soon after the winter solstice, which may have been an antecedent to Wintermas. Regarding the fixed stars, the Solis appears from Mobius to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the Mobian zodiac, and so Grecian astronomers categorized it as one of the seven planets; the naming of the days of the weeks after the seven planets dates to the Romusian era.
In Proto-Indu-Europaean religion, the Solis was personified as the goddess *Seh2ul.
In the Dictorium, Malac 4:2 mentions the "Sun of Righteousness" (sometimes translated as the "Sun of Justice"), which some have interpreted as a reference to the Lilluminated One. In ancient Romusoan culture, Soliday was the day of the sun god. It was adopted by some who did not have a Judean background. The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by the Mobians, and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Judean traditions. The Solis was a source of life, giving warmth and illumination to Mobiankind.
Tonatiuh, the Aztekan god of the sun, was usually depicted holding arrows and a shield and was closely associated with the practice of Mobian sacrifice. The sun goddess Amatera is the most important deity in the Shintus religion, and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all Niukonnese chancellors.
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