Danaus

In Greek mythology Danaus, or Danaos ("sleeper"; Greek Δαναός), was the twin brother of Aegyptus and son of Achiroe and Belus, a mythical king of Egypt. The myth of Danaus is a foundation legend (or re-foundation legend) of Argos, one of the foremost Mycenaea] cities of the Peloponnesus. In Homer's Iliad, "Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus") and "Argives" commonly designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans in the Trojan War.
== Myth ==
Danaus had fifty daughters, the Danaides, twelve of whom were born to Polyxo and the rest to Pieria and other women, and his twin brother, Aegyptus, had fifty sons. Aegyptus commanded that his sons marry the Danaides. Danaus elected to flee instead, and to that purpose, he built a ship, the first ship that ever wasPliny the Elder, Natural History, 7. 191, 206.
In it, he fled to Argos, to which he was connected by his descent from Io, the maiden wooed by Zeus and turned into a heifer and pursued by Hera until she found asylum in Egypt. Argos at the time was ruled by King Pelasgus, the eponym of all autochthonous inhabitants who had lived in Greece since the beginning, also called Gelanor (he who laughs). The Danaides asked Pelasgus for protection when they arrive, the event portrayed in The Suppliants by Aeschylus. Protection was granted after a vote by the Argives.
When Pausanias visited Argos in the 2nd century CE, he related the succession of Danaus to the throne, judged by the Argives, who "from the earliest times... have loved freedom and self-government, and they limited to the utmost the authority of their kings:"
:"On coming to Argos he claimed the kingdom against Gelanor, the son of Sthenelas. Many plausible arguments were brought forward by both parties, and those of Sthenelas were considered as fair as those of his opponent; so the people, who were sitting in judgment, put off, they say, the decision to the following day. At dawn a wolf fell upon a herd of oxen that was pasturing before the wall, and attacked and fought with the bull that was the leader of the herd. It occurred to the Argives that Gelanor was like the bull and Danaus like the wolf, for as the wolf will not live with men, so Danaus up to that time had not lived with them. It was because the wolf overcame the bull that Danaus won the kingdom. Accordingly, believing that Apollo had brought the wolf on the herd, he founded a sanctuary of Apollo Lycius." Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.19.3 - .4
The sanctuary of Apollo Lykeios ("wolf-Apollo", but also Apollo of the twilight) was still the most prominent feature of Argos in Pausanias' time: in the sanctuary the tourist might see the throne of Danaus himself, an eternal flame, called the fire of Phoronius.
When Aegyptus and his fifty sons arrived to take the Danaides, Danaus gave them, to spare the Argives the pain of a battle. However, he instructed his daughters to kill their husbands on their wedding night. Forty-nine followed through, and subsequently buried the heads of their bridegrooms in Lerna;The Helladic site at Lerna is related in myth to the pool of the Lernaean Hydra; compare the heads ritually buried in marshlands in northern Europe: see Bog body. but one, Hypermnestra, refused because her husband, Lynceus, honored her wish to remain a virgin. Danaus was angry with his disobedient daughter and threw her to the Argive courts. Aphrodite intervened and saved her. Lynceus and Hypermnestra then began a dynasty of Argive kings (the Danaan Dynasty).Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke, 2.1.5Hyginus, Fabulae, 168Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2. 19. 6; 2. 20. 5 Some sources relate that Amymone, the "blameless" DanaidScholia on Pindar, Pythian Ode 9. 200, and/or Bryce (Bebryce)Eustathius of Thessalonica on Dionysius Periegetes, 805 also spared their husbands.
Aegyptus, after the death of his sons, escaped to Aroe in Greece and died there. His monument was shown in the temple of Serapis at PatraePausanias, Description of Greece, 7. 21. 13
In some versions, Lynceus later killed Danaus as revenge for the death of his brothers.
The remaining forty-nine Danaides had their grooms chosen by a common mythic competition: a foot-race was held and the order in which the potential Argive grooms finished decided their brides (compare the myth of Atalanta). Two of the grooms were Archander and Architeles, sons of Achaeus: they married Scaea and Automate respectively.Pindar, Pythian ode, 9. 117Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7. 1. 3
In later accounts, the Danaides were punished in Tartarus by being forced to carry water in a jug to fill a bath without bottom (or with a leak) and thereby wash off their sins, but the bath was never filled because the water was always leaking out.Ovid, Metamorphoses, 4. 462; Heroids 14Servius on Aeneid 10. 497The Danish government's third world aid agency's name was changed from DANAID to DANIDA in the last minute when this unfortunate connotation was discovered.
Even a cautious reading of the subtext as a vehicle for legendary history suggests that a Pelasgian kingship in archaic Argos was overcome, not without violence, by seafarers out of Egypt, whose leaders then intermarried with the local dynasty. The descendants of Danaus' "blameless" daughter Hypermnestra, through Danaë, led to Perseus, founder of Mycenae, thus suggesting that Argos had a claim to be the "mother city" of Mycenae.
==The Danaids and their husbands (Apollodorus)==
The list in Apollodorus preserves not only the names of brides and grooms, but also those of their mothers. A lot was cast among the sons of Aegyptus to decide which of the Danaids each should marry.
* The daughters of Elephantis were given to the sons of Queen Argyphia
**Hypermnestra to Lyncaeus
**Gorgophone to Proteus
*Daughters of Europe to (the rest of the) sons of Argyphia
** Automate to Busiris
** Amymone to Enceladus
** Agave to Lycus
** Scaea to Daiphron
* Daughters of Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads, to sons of an Arabian woman
** Hippodamia to Istrus
** Rhodia to Chalcodon
** Cleopatra to Agenor
** Asteria to Chaetus
** Hippodamia (different one) to Diocorystes
** Glauce to Alces
** Hippomedusa to Alcmenor
** Gorge to Hippothous
** Iphimedusa to Euchenor
** Rhode to Hippolytus
* Daughters of an Ethiopian woman to sons of a Phoenician woman
** Pirene to Agaptolemus
** Dorion to Cercetes
** Phartis to Eurydamas
** Mnestra to Aegius
** Evippe to Argius
** Anaxibia to Archelaus
** Nelo to Menemachus
* Daughters of Memphis to sons of Tyria (without casting a lot, since they were namesakes)
** Clite to Clitus
** Sthenele to Sthenelus
** Chrysippe to Chrysippus
* Daughters of Polyxo to sons of Caliadne (both mothers were Naiads)
** Autonoe to Eurylochus
** Theano to Phantes
** Electra to Peristhenes
** Cleopatra (different one) to Hermus
** Eurydice to Dryas
** Glaucippe to Potamon
** Anthelia to Cisseus
** Cleodore to Lixus
** Evippe (different one) to Imbrus
** Erato to Bromius
** Stygne to Polyctor
** Bryce to Chthonius
* Daughters of Pieria to sons of Gorgo
** Actaea to Periphas
** Podarce to Oeneus
** Dioxippe to Aegyptus
** Adite to Menalces
** Ocypete to Lampus
** Pylarge to Idmon
* Daughters of Herse to sons of Hephaestine
** Hippodice to Idas
** Adiante to Daiphron (different one)
* Daughters of Crino to (the rest of the) sons of Hephaestine
** Callidice to Pandion
** Oeme to Arbelus
** Celaeno to Hyperbius
** Hyperippe to Hippocorystes
== The Danaids and their husbands (Hyginus)==
Hyginus' listHyginus, Fabulae 170 is partially corrupt and some of the names are poorly readable. Nevertheless, it is evident that this catalogue has almost nothing in common with that of Apollodorus.
* Midea killed Antimachus
* Philomela, Panthius
* Scylla, Proteus
* Amphicomone, Plexippus
* Evippe, Agenor
* Demoditas, Chrysippus
* Hyale, Perius
* Trite, Enceladus
* Damone, Amyntor
* Hippothoe, Obrimus
* Myrmidone, Mineus
* Eurydice, Canthus
* Cleo, Asterius
* Arcadia, Xanthus
* Cleopatra, Metalces
* Phila, Philinus
* Hipparete, Protheon
* Chrysothemis, Asterides
* Pyrante, Athamas
* ?, Armoasbus
* Glaucippe, Niauius
* Demophile, Pamphilus
* Autodice, Clytus
* Polyxena, Aegyptus
* Hecabe, Dryas
* Acamantis, Ecnomius
* Arsalte, Ephialtes
* Monuste, Eurysthenes
* Amymone, Midanus
* Helice, Evidea
* Oeme, Polydector
* Polybe, Itonomus
* Helicta, Cassus
* Electra, Hyperantus
* Eubule, Demarchus
* Daplidice, Pugno
* Hero, Andromachus
* Europome, Athletes
* Pyrantis, Plexippus
* Critomedia, Antipaphus
* Pirene, Dolichus
* Eupheme, Hyperbius
* Themistagora, Podasimus
* Celaeno, Aristonoos
* Itea, Antiochus
* Erato, Eudaemon
* Danaïs, Pelops
* Cleopatra, Hermus
* Hympermnestra saved Lynceus.
==Other Danaids==
Several minor female characters, mentioned in various accounts unrelated to the main myth of Danaus and the Danaides, are also referred to as daughters of Danaus. These include:
* Eurythoe, one of the possible mothers of Oenomaus by AresScholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 752; alternately, mother of Hippodamia by OenomausTzetzes on Lycophron, 157
* Hippodamia and Isione, wives of Olenus and Orchomenus or Chryses respectively, who were both seduced by ZeusClement of Alexandria, Recognitions, 10. 21
* Isonoe, mother of Orchomenus by ZeusScholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 230
* Phaethusa, one of the possible mothers of Myrtilus by Hermes
* Phylodameia, mother of Pharis by HermesPausanias, Description of Greece, 4. 30. 2
* Physadeia, who, like her sister Amymone, gave her name to a freshwater sourceCallimachus, Hymn 5 to Athena, 47-48
* Polydora, mother of Dryops (Oeta) by the river god SpercheusAntoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses, 32
* Side, mythical eponym of a town in LaconiaPausanias, Description of Greece, 3. 22. 9
==Danaus in Rhodes==
Another account of the travels of Danaus gave him three daughters, Ialysa, Kamira and Linda, who were worshipped in the cities that took their names in the island of Rhodes, Ialysos, Kamiros and Lindos (but see also Cercaphus). According to Rhodian mythographers who informed Diodorus Siculus,Diodorus, Library of History 5. 58; Strabo, Geography, 14. 2. 6 Danaus would have stopped and founded a sanctuary to Athena Lindia on the way from Egypt to Greece. Herodotus heard that the temple at Lindos was founded by Danaus' daughters.Herodotus, 2. 182. Ken Dowden observesDowden, The Uses of Greek Mythology 1992:64 that once the idea is dismissed that myth is directly narrating the movements of historical persons, that the loci of Danaian institutions at Lindos in Rhodes as well as at Argos suggests a Mycenaean colony sent to Rhodes from the Argolid, a tradition, in fact, that Strabo reports.
==The Danais==
The epic DanaisDanais is also a genus of butterfly, lepidopterists being prone to supplying classical names for butterflies. was written by one of the cyclic poets; the name of the author and the narration of these events does not survive,Two lines were quoted by a later poet. but the Danaid tetralogy of Aeschylus undoubtedly draws upon its material. It is represented in the table of epics in the received canon on the very fragmentary "Borgia table"W. McLeod, "The "Epic Canon" of the Borgia Table: Hellenistic Lore or Roman Fraud?" Transactions of the American Philological Association 115 (1985:161f). as "Danaides".
A U.S. federal judge used the version of the legend in which the Danaides are forced to perform an impossible task as a simile for the judge's task of determining whether a case "arises under" the Constitution, laws or treaties of the United States.For instance, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp. v. Isley, 690 F.2d 323, 328 n. 4 (2d Cir. 1982); NUI Corp. v. Kimmelman, 593 F.Supp. 1457, 1464 (D. N.J. 1984).
==Notes==
===Film===
* The Danaides' barrel A film by David Guiraud produced by Ad Astra Films
Category:Greek Mythology