Orbat

Orbat (ex Gothic arbaiths, ed Awo Slav рабъ = "sclav", bo ex Oraryo *H3orbhos = "orbh") kyeust stricto sensu un difficil activitat, quod naudht un particular effort. Idschi emt id meis specific maynen "opos". 
==Ia orbatscategorias in id opospledveh==
In Economia, orbat est un opos quod product wirto pro un tert. In tod maynen, personal orbat (revisions pro un imtihan, mathalan), ed woiksorbat (eurpen, puwen...) ne bihnt bespohct neghi hant wirto pro alyanghen. Orbat est un remuneret opos, yani id hat un pris. 
Dwo categorias dehbhent bihe ses enderkwiten : salariat orbat ed independent orbat. Elmen salariat est quel offertet sien orbat alyi quel employt el (els employer au bes) po un remuneration (elso salair). El de salariat orbat pro sien wi conto; el est sien wi bes. I dukandars, dabers, agrents, liberal professions (advocats, lieks, pharmaceuts) sont independent orbaters. Iro remuneration dependt id pris iom maals au servicen i propone. Id XXt secule est pregen ab id emergence os salairmandover, ed un proportional sehnken os independent orbat, besonters explieno med id decline ios agrent orbat in id opospledveh. Salariat orbat hat yinjier bihn prabhil. 
Sont kyust ka opospledveh id menghia im anghens in orbatsoumer ed active ep id orbatsmercat. I beghsorbats, wawod paurskent sem orbat, sontschi includen do id opospledveh. Ia Occidental economias kekwohndeer un akster antslehnken os beghsorbatia pon ia 1970tias. 
Classic-ye est id opospledveh divis do tri sectors : primar (Agriculture, peisken...), secundar (industrie, construction...) ed tertiar (services). Pon medsu id XXt secule, ia antslohnken lands hant gnoht meg importanta mutations iren opospledvehs. Id primar sector dayim declinet, hina skipes minter quem 5% ios opospledveh in ta pleist lands. Id secundar sector hat preter gnohn un sensible expansion tiel ia 1970tias - id niek tun un historic maximum - pre pehde meis au minter akster-ye sekwent ta lands. 
Diuturn-ye, id pregnant phenomen est id tertiarisation os orbat. Id tertiar sector hat dayim antslohnken hina jamiye takriban tri quardels ios opospledveh. Tod evolution quod waust in profunda distulas inter ia tri basic sectors kwecto rencauset id relevance tos tripartition ed sem observers propone enderkwites nuntos id torgtertiar ud id netorgtertiar (Justice, scol...), auti senidehe un superior tertiar (wa quaternar sector) compost ex ia conception au ingenieurie opsa.
==Orbatsmercat ed orbatsieus==
Exist un orbatsmercat quer incontrent mutu orbatsofferte ed orbatsdemande. In tod regard, ia notions "orbat" ed "employ" ne tehrbe ses confus. El beghsorbat quel offertet sien orbat ep tod mercat est un employdemander. Un employofferte est un orbatsdemande ed, invers-ye, un employdemande est un orbatsofferte. 
Quosmed tod orbatsmercato dehlct bihe regulet dividt i economistens. Pro i liberals, tod dehlct ses leur, yani id gastallen uns orbater ab un employer dehlct bihe negocyen upercontor inter ti dwo parties aun extos intervention ni dwinegh, besonters tod ios Stat. El orbater est ayn leur de refuse we accepte ia conditions ed id salair qua al bihnt propost po els orbat. Ka dostriction tos prabhil hieb, mathalan, id Loi d'Allarde in 1791 bant sinfa ed syndicats in France, taghi eent ayn kyehms ei existence uns leudher mercat. 
Alyi (socialistes, syndicalistes ed Keynesians) im responde od employers ed orbaters ne stahnt egal-ye in tod negociation. Besi sont opsst-ye in uperstand ighi sont pau kathire face mult orbaters qui ne sont yakin an trehvient employe ir orbat alyer. El bes ghehdt yinjier impones sien conditions. Schowi importet kem id waldh (id Stat) panct norms quom menghia skeipt id orbatsieus. Ta normes buir enplacet tadrijan in Europe ab id fin ios XIXt secule, ed bestehment mathalan id cadadien ed hevdsduren ios orbat, ia orbatsconditions in id entreprise, id rect uni rahat hevdsdien, id ban os magvenorbat, ia reuls kay gastalle ed rukhse.
==Organisations ed divisions os orbat==
Eni un entreprise, id menghia iom tyeictu operations pro id Production biht dayt inter i salariats : est id orbatsdivision, per-yod ielg orbater tyeict tik oino smulk part ios endproduct. Tod schteukeln os orbat buit besonters descript ab iom alban economiste A.Smith ye id end ios XVIIIt secule med id exempel os un spilkenfabric : One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving, the head (An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)). In-kap id XXt secule, unte id dwot Industrial Revolution, ingenieurs hant elaboren un scientific organisation ios orbat. Taylorisme est id maschourst ex ta nov methodes. Ids nam est due iom US-American ingenieur F.W.Taylor (The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911) ed tod sbehrdt production do precis operations ex qua ielg est betrust uni specialiset orbater. Fordisme, quos nam gwehmt ex iom US-American industrial H.Ford, prolonget taylorisme ei addeihnd-ye id prabhil ios productionszangir. Meis nuper, nov orbatsmethodes hant gwohmto do luce, besonters toyotisme (ex id nam ios Japanese automobile constructor Toyota), keiht-yod notable-ye ep qualitatscircules in-ya i salariats sont inviten ad communie ir observations pro kayjine id orbatsproductivitat. 
Gnaht in id industrie, ta methodes hant-se diffus do id reste os economia ed besonters do id tertiar sector con mathalan un reorganisation iom bureau spacen (kalcentres, open space...) ed concernent un crehscend numer orbatern. Hant ka ziel crisces id makhsoul im salariats, betschi skeipent pro senters plus dwineghs. 
Ti subeihnt un certaino niweirten irs orbat - chunke maysternt ne meis quem oin schtuk ex id - ed sammel wehsent submiss ad crehscend, hatta contradictor injunctions ex ir jusay. Id diffusion taylorismes habient mathalan dribhen negative effects kam absenteisme, id sehnken iom cadence au un important mandoverudnoven - yani i salariats ne mane diu in id entreprise. In un crise context quod pinwt id paur os luses sien employ, orbat biht surce om malaise ed stress. 
Ye alyo scal, id antslehnken os Globalisation hat meis nuper wausten in id installation uns tienxia division os orbat (TDO). Eni-yod, multinational firmas conserve ia activitats samt hog addiht wirt (ia compagnie seddsa, ia elaborationsbureaus...) in ia riche lands ed offshore ia opsa om makhen au assemblage do antslehnkend au Emergent mercats in-ya eiskwnt mulayim productionscosta (besonters, bet ne wahid-ye, ghem salairs).
Tod TDO smyehrt id diffusion ios industrial orbatios do id mund, betschi posdehrjt beghsorbatia in antslohnken lands khaliban bi-sabab fabricoffshorings. Idghi destruction iom industrial employs, quod se addeiht ei decline ios secundar sector, ne biht compenset an employencreations in id reste os economia ed appareiht ka id magno cause id crosct os beghsorbatia pon ia 1970tias.