Economic crosct ed discrosct

Etymologia: ex id verbo crehsc, ex latin crescere (samo maynen), inspiret ab rusk рост ed englisch growth (sam maynens). 
Definition: Economic croscto kyeust id augen ios opnos product ab i economic agents. Discrosct est un recenter wehkwos prehpus bi qui critique nacrosct ed appelle ke biht disvolgen ud id. 
==Economic crosct==
Economic croscto deict id idafi quantitat om wares ed services product binisbat peruti. Kyeust ghi un positive variation ios production quod est miden biadet med id brutto inland product (BIP). In praxis, tod meid est un abstraction quod kneigvt ep un part conventionen idghi addeiht meg different products quom buhsa ghehdt varye tid-ye, tem quem ira prisa. Inflation duct it ad hissabe id croscto saygen "in volume" (in tonnes os stal au in numer om idafi woghs mathalan) kay hassile uno meid quod ne est ghawiht ab prisenaugen. Nespekent ta methodologic meids, crosct hat bihn un essential economic deiker. Ielg yar, mathalan, id gouvernement panct sien budget sekwent ia crosct previsions. 
Yant id XIXt secule, economists samzaman ios Industrial Revolution hant vis in id uno motor os Capitalisme. Serter, economia historians kam A.Maddison (1926-2010) hant tenten reskipes statistic series os diuturno crosct. Sei ia detayls tom resultats bihnt yando critiquen, lakin kweiter-ye prehpeihnt un acceleration os crosct ab id XIXt secule. Id apogee biht naken in ia antslohnken lands unte ia Trente Glorieuses : samt 5% mutawassit tempo, crosct hat est meis akster per ta yars quem in id hol prever secule. 
Id posweiro crosct buit explieno med id antslehnken ios consummsocietat : producten standardisation permiss productivitatsgains qua eent nohmt im salarieits sub forme om salairen augens ed prisen reductions. Schowi, id demande eet akster, besonters pro wares os durable consumm (automobils, lavmachines, televisors...) pro qua existit un wan os presto schowbey. Id crise iom 1970tias buit tun pregen ab un saturation ios demande os consummwares, id woiken schowbeyratio de durable wares bihnd alt. Ia motors os economic crosct (durable wares) hieb gwohmen do maturitat. Tik ir taysa ghohd isnahe ia woiks ad consumme, quetos un consummstow. Id periode os muzlim crosct hat duret 25 yars (ex in-kap ia 1970tias do id medium iom 1990tias), yani id dwidel uns hol Kondratiev cycle. 
Sammel prohp un nov innovationen grwozdu kneigvend ep ia Technologias om information ed communication. Ta technologias porge nov durable wares samt uno muzlim woiken schowbeyratio. Eti, ta products ops kwehnde un oku obsolescence, stimulend durable-ye id woiken demande. In to, nov technologias esient id nov motor uns long cycle os economic crosct. 
==Ia diuturna crosct factors==
Economic crosct est id augen ios production quod, alnos nohmt sub forme om amdanis, permittsiet kayjine id gwitstandard im weikers uns land. Ye cort meiwrnt (ex oik munts do oika yars), economic croscto ghehdt bihe influencet ab ia conjunctural regulationsiyassas (monetar, budgetar ed fiscal, salarial siyassas). Bet ye longo meiwrnt, (trans oika yars), crosct prehpt pau dependanto dia id conjunctural siyassa. 
Ia elements qua influencent crosct ye longo meiwrnt ghehde bihe dahta describend-ye id productionsfunction uns entreprise : Production = F (orbat, capital)
Tod equationo maynt od id production uns entreprise biht hassilen combinend-ye orbat (I salariats) ed capital (machines, raumaterias...) in un proportion dahn ab id stand os technologia. Unghi entreprise ghehdt auge sien production gastallend-ye meis-ye elaboren technologias. Tod sam productionsfunction ghehldt ye landmaschtab. Id amplor iom productionaugens (yani id nivell os economic crosct) dependsiet tun : 
- id augenstempo ios opospledveh ed ios orbatsvolume es cadanghen. Preter est hassa function ios demographic dynamisme betschi iom oposratios, ios duren iom studyen, ios oumer ye khidmatstop ed iom migrator fluxen; dwoter iom bewehkwens ed isnahsas de orbatswakt;
- id augenstempo ios capitalstock, quod depend ep sien roig id behandia om financenzariyas. Ta sont function ios kowpen os un sparen ab i economic agents ios land ed ios behandeihsa ab i gospotis irs wi sparen; 
- id innovationsdegree os economia, quos nam est "technic Progress". Senter permit un kayjin ios general efficience os economia, miden med id global productivitat iom factors (combinen efficience om orbat ed capital).
It, esient tri surces os economic crosct ye long prist : demographic crosct, sparen kowpen ed technic progress. Studyes deike od todsmee senst element expliet meis quem 50% ios economic crosct iom antslohnken lands ye longo meiwrnt. Med ta tri sam factors buit id extraordinaro crosct iom lands os Sud-Eust Asia explien pro ta trigim akhir yars : demographic explosion, akster spartilitat iom woiks, massenarriven om extos capitals ed imkan ad ubwirtes ia industrial innovations altern lands. 
==Stagnation ?==
Longmeiwrnt economic crosct biht explieno med id kayjin os economic efficience, miden med id productivitat iom factors. Ambh tod longmeiwrnto trend succedde ad mutu phases om crehscen ed sehnken, ia economic cycles. Besonters, economia alterneneut pon meis quem 200 yars phases om akster ed nilenten crosct, ambh ia Kondratiev cycles, qua bihnt expliena med id surregen iom innovationen grwozdus. Un actualisen these suggest od habiems entren un periode os secular stagnation, quodschi daht echo ei fin ios productiviste societatios tom dwo akhir secules.
Id achizia iom - besonters american - economias ad se yougye con id crosct iom Trente Glorieusen, betschi con tod ios wehnd iom dwo-tusents, resurrect un prev these, tod ios secular stagnation. Pro i partisans tos these, id decline os crosct esiet inexorable ye longo meiwrnt, ia occidental economias forglehmernd do stagnation. Id crosct hat trohcen kyalya rewsa : ia emergent lands, besonters Eust Asia, China. 
Tod stagnation ghehdt bihe tolct med offerte : biht retrohven tun id prever-ye presenten equation dayir potential crosct. Tod kwehndiet hoyd id effect os gerascen, med id proportional sehnken ios khidmatkabil population quod neti ghehdt bihe contrabalancet ab sem - nundiens impossible - creiscen ios ster oposratio, ciois un eventual exhaustion ios imkan os technic progress ad oisteheme ia productivitatsgains edghi potentialcrosct. Est besonters id these ios US economist Robert Gordon, quod kehnst od ia industrial revolutions, gohnen ab id invention os electricitat, dind ab id combination ios naftmotor ed iom dombogaulicen buir aunfin-ye importanter pro id augen om gwitstandard ed productivitat quem electronique wiswims. Tod these biht lakin contestet, ob economia ne habiet dar habt id wakt os adapte-se kay brunges id progress bohndt ei digital ("Computers sont viden quantloc ploisko in ia productivitat hissabs", R.Solow, 1995, ja), ob id productivitatsmeid est inadaptet idsims effects (digital act qualitative-ye, productivitat meidt id quantitative) auti ob un nov innovationen voln arrivet (intelligent robots au genetique iom gwiv specen, daydeyer ia nanotechnologia, biotechnologia, informatiques, cognitive sciences). Senter considerations referent aweis ei bfuciautieunge iom meids os economic opos, bet fundamentaler-ye ei perspective ios fin ios productiviste societat, yani industrial societat, ei dayi uns era change med id upermehnen dind id fin os capitalisme. 
Economic crosct ne est antslehnken ed ne induct necessar-ye un kayjin ios gwitstandard iom populations. In id England ios XIXt secule, id Industrial Revolution hat dught sammel opnos ed pauperisme. Ia conditions os economic croscto ghehde hatta dribhes un degradation ios walses iom populations. In ia emergent lands, qua brungent actual-ye ia aksterst crosctratios, ia reyen inegalitats sont extreme. Aundwoi, economic crosct ne est profiten ab id hol population. Ta divers limites duce nundiens-ye sems ad rencause id notion crosct ye id brungos tom discrosct au necrosct.
==Discrosct==
Ia critiques os crosct hant biwardhen kunkye tod eet ye sien apogee unte ia 1960tias. In 1972, mathalan, id Club os Rome - reflexionsgrupp sammelnd scientifics, industrials ed politics - publiet un report The limits to growth, quod adduct id concept os zero crosct. Ta rencausens hant inspiren ia ambiental movments ed id notion os Posdaril antslehnken, dind, meis nuper, tod os discrosct. Ir commun bayan est od aunfino nacrosct est incompatible con ia limites ios planete. Med alya werds, crosct ne est posdaril ye longo meiwrnt ed tehrpt bihe exmohnen un nov economic organisation. 
Lakin, ia partisans os discrosct rejece id notion os posdaril antslehnken ka moll concept quod tik nadureihiet capitalisme ed croscto sub alyo forme mer-ye greihnd-ye id med glend. Sekwent "discroscters", nies economias sont "medwt" med crosct ed tehrpt bilax bihe rupen con id ob nacroscto ghehdiet tik duce do ecologic ed social catastrophes : crosct khact ses posdaril. Appellent pro un societat os discroscto sult ep clar objectives : produce mins ed consume mins. Ids partisans suaware kyunggiawe od ne proponent un reiken do petraiwo. Ir model ios societat os discroscto keiht ep id dayi od anghen ghehdt meis suagwive consummend-ye mins. 
Trans to, discrosct remant un constructu model, un utopia quod tehrpsiet bihe preciser-ye ambhrisst. Un discrosctsiyassa consist preter reduce, ed hatta suppremes id vyige upper ambient iom chargen qua bringhent neid solution. To ghehdiet bihe uperwohrten med : 
- id renquestionen ios muhim volume iom trehcens em menscens ed wares tienxia, yani un "koimreiken" os economia. 
- tod ne minter muhim ios stingic ed ops nefas reclame, edghi ios societat os material consumm; 
- tod, bad, ios acceleret injustifiet obsolescence iom disposable. 
Alyum idee emiss ab P.Aries wardht eni tod sam druna : is propont generalise gratistat (salge id tajirsector) kay satisfice ia sulwans, eti dorgverihes id misneudo de fuschwian wans. Ma, ka exempel, payghe bog po id sam pris kay se lave we plehe sien piscine ? To joint id idee os instaure exchangeable quotes pati pro cadadien activitats : trans un certain tragrect, tehrpt bihe kaupt id rect os eticonsumme.
==Necrosct ed ecologic macro-economia==
Est discrosct id saul alternative contra id crosct ? Id 2008 economic crise hat effect, inter alya, reliance id reflexion - we bariem ei dahe un novo visibilitat - de ia limites ed id exgumt ex id crosct. Lakin, vasyi economists kwiten "crosct objectors" ne smyehrnt id dayi discrosct, quodghi kwehct tik-ye kam oin possibilitat bayna alya. Sekwent iom britisch economiste T.Jackson, nacrosct est neid posdaril objective, bet discrosct est instable. Aun rejece alnos-ye senter, i skeptics bedwoint ids fauric possibilitats in id actual economic organisation. De facto, auncrosct lands, kam Hellad, hant vis ir situation se deteriore nett-ye ed paupertat hat progress ter. Discroscto kwehct kamgvonc-ye kam un utopia au un piern horizont. 
In druve, economia dehbhiet preter bihe transformet. Id reiken os croscto kwehct destull hypothetic ed rhayr wajib-ye vanschim sei ids ecologic impact ed ia social inegalitats bihnt dyit. Necroscto ghi invitet ad explore alya ighnos kay gwahe kyun ecologic macro-economia. Id ziel neti esiet produce meis sontern satisfice sulwans kam education, farakhat, mirath posdehrjen, etc. Monetar siyassa dehlgiet beziele oriente id sparen kyid financen tom ecologic-ye ed social-ye util investions. Tod nov model os glend au posdaril economia ghehdiet cree employs ed auncrosct prosperitat. Seschi enderkweit schowi ud id flauer notion os posdaril antslehnken quod ne suppont tyehgve crosct, sontern bilax nudureihskwt id als.
==Un nov economia : id warenmoini systeme==
Prest-ye, kwe ghehdt ses exmohnt alyo crosct model, uno natural discroscto compatible con capitalism ? Id dayi emiss ab J.Rifkin consist uperlites ex mercats do contracts, ex warenpehrn do id stajer servicen kay satisface nies wans. 
In concreto, leit de subscribe un contract pro cada wanentype (trehcen, sieune...). Eni tod quader, id entreprise bi quod yu habte subscriben un contract habsiet ka objective satisface vos orneuwend-ye ia bilkull minst ressurces, yani producend-ye bilkull minst. Suppose mathalan yu subscripte un contract bi un pharmaceutic firma kay behrge vos ud diabetes. Id prest-ye vergeihskwsiet mae yu bihte sieug (med radhs... qua ne polluent). 
Sei lakin yu bihte sieug, siet vos ilaje minimisend-ye sieno masraf, sienghi production. Tod exempel type ghehdt bihe generalisen do mult xeimens (yu neti kaupte wogh, yu stajert id, ed el arendator optimiset id dimension ios wogh sekwent ia neuds, yu betreuste id management viesen pneun ad Michelin sei ste transporter, swekwehrt ir naoiden kay vergihes trehen, ed formet i calators ad eco-wehghen...). 
To est kalen id warenmoini systeme.
Category:Economia