English Phonetics

English VOCALOIDs are VOCALOIDs that are capable of mimicking the much easier than VOCALOIDs of other languages. The following is a list of phonemes needed to make an English VOCALOID sing in English.
==About==
The English language has one of the greatest variations in dialects in the world. Thus, there is much more variety of pronunciation for English VOCALOIDs than there is for those that sing in other languages.
English itself comes from and was the native language of the . The language's complexity is owed mostly to it being made up of s, owed to the migration of various ethnic populations over hundreds of years. The language consists of various major influences from , , , , , and origins. In addition minor influences from due to the occupation of also have contributed to the language, among a number of other much minor sources. These latter global additions to the language are owed to the 's widespread influence across the world, spreading the language to Africa and the Americas, as well as some countries in Asia. While the British Islands are also home to (the original language of Scotland), (original language of Ireland), and (the original language of Wales), over time English became the of these countries. In modern times English is the primary language of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, leaving these mostly as secondary languages. In addition, the use of English as a Lingua franca is quite common globally. 
The English language itself is made up of about 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonant sounds, give or take depending on the dialect. English , so there is not a one-to-one or near one-to-one match between letters and sounds as with other languages like Spanish or Japanese.
: Example. "W" can sound /w/ in "what" and /u:/ in "few", "Y" can sound /j/ in "yes" and /i/ in "play". There are also differences between spellings of words, such as those seen in British and American spellings of words such as "colour/color".
===VOCALOID and the English Language ===
VOCALOID and VOCALOID2, only support for the lyrics by default. From VOCALOID3 the VOCALOID engine was confirmed to be capable of localisation, but it is unknown if this will ever open up the ability to have both American and British spelling.
However, the phonetic notation doesn't follow this, and instead uses the written in , with some minor modifications when it's required, like is the case of the allophones.
English is one of the most difficult languages to recreate for VOCALOID itself, being several times larger then simpler languages such as Japanese, with much more random and unpredictable results. This is solely contributed to the sheer size of the voicebank and many factors that may have to be taken into account when using and even developing the vocals. Even when recording sounds, a slight change in the way the language is spoken can create oddities among the overall way a VOCALOID sings, changing the tone or pronunciation and at times randomly even compared to another vocalist with the same tone or accent of voice.
It is important to remember that the engine itself is not impacted by language and singing results are the same for any language overall. However, due to the higher amount of variations of overall sound, English can be much more unpredictable compared to some of the other languages VOCALOID supports.
Like Chinese, there are many variations of "Native English"; however, unlike Chinese there are much larger contrasts for the different accents and several major accents have appeared over time. For example, there are significant differences between British, American, and Australian English accents alone, so much so that in truth all 3 would need a unique English script to effectively record all 3. Whereas with Chinese, the Beijing script is considered the "standard" pronunciation, therefore only a script for this variant needs to be taken into account for. Even when it comes down to producing an English voicebank for a non-native speaker, the script may have to be catered for each accent variation. The overall result is that what adjustments, editing, and effects are added to one VOCALOID voicebank in English, can be counterproductive to another's result.
During the VOCALOID2 era it was also confirmed that English voicebanks needed their samples cut at a length of more than 0.5 seconds on many sounds, longer than the Japanese sample length. If not done so, the English vocals had a habit of cutting out when used for short notes.link
==English Scripts==
The recording scripts used for English VOCALOIDs also has been confirmed to have an impact on the way an English VOCALOID sounds. The scripts are the list of sounds a voice provider has to record in order to obtain all the sounds essential for successful English replication. A bad script results in more errors being present in the final voicebank.
For those not familiar with the English script at the vocal's time of recording, regardless of the version used for recording, it can be a challenge. This was noted when Saki Fujita, a veteran of Japanese VOCALOID script reading, faced it for the first time as she thought she would have to relearn script reading from scratch. The reason for this is because the script used is very different in comparison to ones used for other languages such as the script for Japanese.link
According to the developer's notes, in regards to CYBER DIVA, the VOCALOID engine itself uses a combination of both British and American phonetic sounds. The result is that sometimes certain sounds may sound off because that particular combination would not typically be used together by neither a British nor American accented speaker.
===Original YAMAHA Script===
The VOCALOID English script used prior to VOCALOID4 was confirmed to have contained errors, and thus VOCALOIDs that were recorded using it, such as YOHIOloid, have incorrect pronunciations. This is important to note that it's a common occurrence for pre-VOCALOID4 that when a combination of phonemes is entered into the editor, unexpected results may occur.
Due to their differences, the majority of the pre-VOCALOID4 voicebanks will not produce the same results as post-VOCALOID4 voicebanks because of the issues with this script.
Many also lack the schwa sound despite the symbol for it being registered by the engine, and there was also an "aspiration problem," where aspirated and non-aspirated consonants were not differentiated.
===Cyber Diva Script===
Upon the development of the CYBER DIVA vocal a number of issues were noted that had existed and were finally addressed resulting in the base YAMAHA script being improved.
A subtle differences between the old YAMAHA English Dev Kit script and the CYBER DIVA script is that the newer script produces less expressive tones then the older script, as it focuses on obtaining more clarity per sound.
The CYBER DIVA script also fixes the "aspiration problem" and includes the schwa sound recording.
===Ruby Script===
Ruby also uses a new script that was created by Syo. Once again, the creation of the new script was due to the errors contained within the previous YAMAHA script. Because of it, Ruby shows various pronunciation improvements over older VOCALOIDs like YOHIOloid. This script is written focusing on the American accent.
Part of the reason for Ruby having a different script than CYBER DIVA is that the improved script used for CYBER DIVA hadn't been shared at that time.link The aspiration issue is also fixed in this script.
===DEX and DAINA Script===
In June 2015, Syo also revealed he had created another English script for Zero-G Limited's two American VOCALOIDs DEX and DAINA, which was similar to Ruby's but had different lyrics.link This script also focuses on the American accent.
===Cyber Songman Script===
CYBER SONGMAN was recorded with a brand new phonetic script developed personally by the lead developer of the project, Michael Wilson. This new script is an update of CYBER DIVA's, and according to Wilson, tests proved that it was easier to read and pronounce, which increases the clarity in the pronunciation while maintaining a natural, expressive sound.
==Notes on Accents==
VOCALOID commonly captures English voicebank accents, which then become present on the voicebanks results. In fact every VOCALOID made in English thus far has managed to capture some form of accent. Some sounds are accent exclusive and these sounds are present in the Enlist itself. VOCALOID isn't alone with this problem and any similar synthesizing method can have these same issues with accent.
Though the English language is not alone in the problems of accent as other languages may suffer from this same problem, English VOCALOIDs have proven to be difficult to avoid issues with accents. Even the first two VOCALOIDs in English, LEON and LOLA, were noted their distinctly "British" accent. The result is that the accent has been known to aid or add difficulty to the use of synthesizing software and VOCALOID is no stranger to this effect. English VOCALOIDs have ended up with the most variation on how they sound out of all the current languages offered for the VOCALOID software so far produced.
The impact of the dialect/accent on English VOCALOIDs can result in a notorious variation of certain sounds, being notorious in the case of the diphthongs and rhotic vowels. Users who are not aware of the potential difficulty of accents may overlook odd pronunciations that need to be adjusted for better results. This is true for non-native based accents voicebanks more so, due the voice provider may have pronunciation issues with a non-native language.
In some instances, Producers may be found to have adjusted VSQ, VSQx, and VPR files so heavily to make them work for 1 particular English VOCALOID that they become "VOCALOID specific" and are unable to work particularly well without further adjustments on other English VOCALOIDs. Cases like this are often rare in languages such as Japanese, though not foreign to them and many VSQ, VSQx, and VPR files will work without too much adjusting.
===Native Accented===
====British-English Accented====
British-English accented VOCALOIDs were VOCALOIDs whose provider was known to have been of "British" nationality. As Great Britain is the main origin of English, British-English VOCALOIDs sing in a native English accent. Originally, they were the standard English accent type used to develop the English engine. British-accented VOCALOIDs mostly came originally from Zero-G who worked solely with British artists to collect their vocal samples from.
A issue with this accent that has commonly been reported is weakness in certain consonants, an issue that other accents such as American accents simply do not have, with some of the older VOCALOID and VOCALOID2 vocals having issues with sounds such as "G", "T" or "R" being particularly weak. On the other hand, vowels are often distinct and soft, with only issues related to incorrectly placed sounds ever being reported as a major issue (See English Scripts).
Those not used to the accent have generally reported a lack of clarity, such as American speakers. In particular "soft" type vocals being considered the worst on the issue.
Note: The term 'British' applies to anyone from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and therefore the variation of the accent can differ greatly overall. The British Isles have the greatest variation of accents for English in the world per sq. mile of land. (.)
*LEON
*SONiKA
*OLIVER
Though LOLA is regarded as having a "British" accent, this is non-native. LOLA's accent reverts to her provider's natural Caribbean accent when not singing in ideal Soul music conditions.
Though Japanese accented as well, Fukase English has influence from this accent and is the only Japanese-English vocal to base itself on the British accent instead of the American one.
====American-English Accented====
American accented VOCALOIDs have providers that came from the United States of America, and for this they are native speakers of the English language. The most notorious difference with the British accented voicebanks is in the rhotic vowels.Engloids Blog - Big Al’s Big Article This is because the British dialects usually are non-rhotic; in North America rhotic dialects of the English are predominant.Wikipedia:Rhotic and non-rhotic accents (.)
Overall, In regards to VOCALOID the result is that consonants are usually stronger then British ones. VOCALOIDs with this accent generally are considered to have more clarity overall with slightly less distinction, though often bolder or harder vowel sounds. There are far less clarity issues reported as a result, even from those not used to the accent.
*BIG AL
*CYBER DIVA
*RUBY
*DEX
*DAINA
*CYBER SONGMAN
*Po-uta
Due to the user base preference for this accent, PowerFX have confirmed since that YOHIOloid's vocal was made to have a American sounding ring to it. Hatsune Miku English also was made to match the American way of speaking by Crypton Future Media. The American accent preference has become the preferred accent overall among VOCALOID, since many users are American.
====Australian Accented====
Australian Accents are the normal English accent for individuals from Australia. This particular accent is normally very distinct compared to all other English accents, with features unique from all other English dialects. (.)
*Sweet ANN - Her provider "Jody" supposedly came from Australia.
====South-African Accented====
South African accents are accents belonging to individuals from South Africa. English was not a native language to Africa and was introduced during the colonisation of African countries by the English, resulting in the English language becoming widely used in South Africa itself as the general between regions. Variation in impact of native languages on the English language results in a large variation of strength and tone of the accent, though in general most South African accents resemble closely to South England accents in nature. (.)
*MIRIAM
==== Irish-English Accented ====
Irish accents belong to those hailing from the island nation of Ireland. English is its most widely-spoken language, and one of its two official languages, along with the Irish language. (.)
* AVANNA
===Non-native Accented===
====Japanese-Accented====
Japanese-accented English VOCALOIDs are produced by those who came from Japan. Their voice providers have the Japanese language as their native language, but were used to produce English voicebanks. Therefore the Japanese-English accent is a non-native English accent, showing significant and notorious differences in comparison to the native English accents. As more releases of such voicebanks have been produced by studios, common traits that are clearly able to be picked out amongst these vocals.
The major issue seen with Japanese accents is that they often struggle with distinction of some sounds. This usually happens because the providers and producing studios/companies aren't familiarized with these foreign sounds. Among the most common issues are:
*Lack of distinction and stress in vowel sounds. These ones usually are either too tense or too lax, as the speaker tends to approximate the vowel sound to their 5-vowel system.
*Lack of distinction in the liquids consonants (R & L). Luka's use of English to pronounce the words "Road Roller", which risks coming out as sounding like "roe rorora", is the most famous case.
*Distortion of some sounds toward similar Japanese sounds. As example, the [f] phoneme pronounced as a instead a , as it should be.
These traits depends of the providers efficiency in English and the experience of the studio/company with the language. Despite this, Japanese-accented English VOCALOIDs still are a better option for mimicking the English language than use purely Japanese voicebank, having the wide array of phonemes and work-arounds available from the English phonetic system.
*Megurine Luka (Yū Asakawa is competent in speaking English - does not consider herself fluent due to struggling with the language and using machine translations. She is at a level she is able to teach it.)
*Hatsune Miku (Saki Fujita did not speak English at all prior to the voicebank's recording - struggles with English sounds, Yū Asakawa has been known to help her with recording English voicebanks.)
*KAITO (Naoto Fūga has an unknown level of English.)
*MEIKO (Meiko Haigō has an unknown level of English.)
*GUMI (Megumi Nakajima has a good level of English.)
*Kagamine Rin & Len (Asami Shimoda has been taking English lessons, Yū Asakawa has helped her with English.) 
*Macne Nana (Haruna Ikezawa is fluent in English.)
*Fukase (Satoshi Fukase has a good level of English.) 
====Korean-Accented====
Korean-accented English VOCALOIDs are produced by those who come from South Korea. As there is only one unreleased VOCALOID voicebank with this accent, details cannot be released.
SeeU's Korean voicebank is a special case as it was given English phonemes to mimic the language to certain degree. However, this feature was left largely incomplete due to deadline issues and again this does not produce quality results enough to comment on.
*SeeU - An English Voicebank was set for production but is currently on hiatus as of Feb 2013.
*UNI - An English Voicebank was set for production but had been stalled since 2016. As of 2020, there were remarks from ST MEDiA Co., Ltd. that YAMAHA no longer supported the VOCALOID4 engine, which now limits the possibility of UNI receiving more voicebanks.
====Swedish-Accented====
*YOHIOloid - He is voiced by the Swedish singer and songwriter, YOHIO, who provided this English and Japanese voicebank.
===Misc.===
*Prima - Accent unconfirmed
*Tonio - Accent unconfirmed
*Amy - Accent unconfirmed
*Chris - Accent unconfirmed
*SARAH - Accent unconfirmed
*ALLEN - Accent unconfirmed
==Custom Dictionaries==
More information on dictionaries can be found on Phoneme List.
English VOCALOIDs rely on the VOCALOID editor dictionary greatly due to the language's lack of a systematic orthography. Custom dictionaries can take advantage of the large array of English sounds found within VOCALOID to improve the way they sound, by using different combinations of sounds or by creating a accent/dialect to appear by default. This is not isolated to English vocals, but has been known to impact them greatly at times.
Be aware that the language is full of examples of homonyms that take the form of homographs (a word that has the same spelling as another word but has a different sound and a different meaning; such as "bow", "minute" and "tear") or homophones (a word that has the same sound as another word but is spelled differently and has a different meaning; such as "pair"/"pear" or "bare"/"bear") or both. VOCALOID's dictionary has limitations that make such words difficult to record within it, at times users may simply have little choice but to write the word phonetically rather then lyrically.
Note that if a user creates lyrics via phonetic entry rather then written text, they will not have to consider dictionaries at all.
===Megurine Luka===
With the initial release of Megurine Luka, Crypton released a custom dictionary for Luka which could be downloaded from their site. This dictionary included support of Japanese characters and the names of other Crypton VOCALOIDs.Luka support site
===Post VOCALOID3===
VOCALOID3 English vocals were given a new dictionary. This was said to "improve" the way English Vocaloids sounded.link
===Megpoid English===
Internet Co., Ltd. provided a custom dictionary for GUMI's Megpoid English vocal. This was done to avoid certain problematic combinations that were known to the vocal. Without this script, GUMI naturally has errors that will be encountered, such as skipping of sounds or incorrect sound combinations.link
===CYBER DIVA===
CYBER DIVA was created with a new script for VOCALOIDs. With this script, YAMAHA created a new custom dictionary for the voicebank with new words that weren't available before and more natural pronunciations.
===Ruby===
Including the 300 most common words, Syo confirmed that Ruby knew over 5,900 words.link 100 of these words were randomly chosen.link Ruby was also set up to pronounce some words such as "fire" and "hour" in one syllable.linklinklink
Syo's Twitter account lists many of Ruby's dictionary word adaptations and added words.
===CYBER SONGMAN===
CYBER SONGMAN's dictionary was an update of his counterpart's. It also makes use of his extra phonemes [4] and [@l]. While [4] was given to various third-party VOCALOIDs, the latter was initially exclusive to SONGMAN, but was later given to Amy and Chris.
==Phonetic System's Characteristics==
There are 52 phonetic pronunciations which make up the English VOCALOID library; these phonetic inputs will use any set of the estimated 2500 samples per pitch.link According to development notes on Megpoid English, there were over 4,000 phonetic connections for that particular vocal alone;link a similar number is therefore likely for all English VOCALOIDs.
===Vowels===
The English phonetic system includes 3 types of vowels: monothongs, diphthongs and R-colored vowels. Being the nucleus of the syllable, the vowels can be encoded alone
<tabber>
Monothongs=
|-|
Diphthongs=
|-|
R-Colored Vowels=
</tabber>
The diphthongs and rhotic vowels tends to cause some problems for the user when they need to be extended across 2 or more notes if this one attempts to do it manually.VOCALOIDOtaku - VOCALOID Newbie requiring some assistance 
For work around this, the English voicebanks allows split the words in syllables across the notes using the hyphen symbol "-" within the lyrics.
*Example: 
while in the case of extend a syllable across various notes is required a combination of hyphen '-' and slash '/' within the lyrics for state how many note will it last.
*Example: 
In VOCALOID2's case, is obligatory use the hyphen/slash for effectively divide the words across the notes, unless the user prefer take the risk, working around this manually using phoneme replacement. 
In the case of VOCALOID3 and VOCALOID4, the task is easier as the [-] phoneme allows extend any kind of vowel it follows. The hyphen/slash still works, however this one simply adds the [-] phoneme when is required.
*Example:
In VOCALOID5's case, there is no longer a need to use the slash, as only the hyphen is necessary. It will add the [-] phoneme, and when applicable move the final consonant phonemes to the end of the last note.
*Example:
===Consonants===
The Phonetic System also includes 31 consonant phonemes. From the English consonants only the plosives and the liquids have their allophones as their own phonemes, these ones are required for achieving a correct stressing and pronunciation of the words.
====Allophones====
<tabber>
Plosives and their allophones=
|-|
Liquids=
</tabber>
==Phonetic List==
Special note: This was the list is based in the Big Al's help file, complimented with the chart of VOCALOID-User.NetVOCALOID-User - English Phoneme Chart – VOCALOID1 and expanded to include the IPA's symbols and names. However there were some incorrect entries within the released list. Entering some of the words provided here as examples for the phoneme usage will not result in the expected phonemes that were used for the list. In addition, the list did not indicate which particular letters the phoneme applied to; this section has underlined the relevant letters for the benefit of readers.
Symbol	Classification	IPA's Symbol / Name 	Sample 	Notes 	Related Phonemes
[@] 	vowel 	schwa 	aware, synthesis, harmony, the	In the VOCALOID program, it is not actually used by itself but rather with other phonetics. However, Luka can use this phoneme to make a the "a" sound in aline 	
[V] (stressed)
[@r] (r-colored)
[Q@]
[V] 	vowel 	open-mid back unrounded vowel 	strut, unclean, cut,duck 	Actually it's an // in various most of the dialects. Despite this, the notation /ʌ/ still is used for tradition and because some dialects still retains the old pronunciation.	
[@] (unstressed)
[{] (fronted)
[Q@] (r-colored)
[e] 	vowel 	open-mid front unrounded vowel 	them, egg 	Usually transcribed as /e/ by the 	
[e@] (r-colored)
[eI] (diphthongized)
[I] 	vowel 	near-close near-front unrounded vowel 	kit, it, synthesis 	 	
[i:] (tense)
[I@] (r-colored)
[i:] 	vowel 	close front unrounded vowel 	beef, eat, harmony 	 	
[I] (lax)
[I@] (r-colored)
[{] 	vowel 	near-open front unrounded vowel 	trap, axe 	In some dialects, it may be diphthongized into /eə/ or similar due }. 	
[aI] (diphthongized)
[aU] (diphthongized)
[O:] 	vowel 	
open-mid back rounded vowel 	taught, ought, ball 	This vowel has a lot of variations depending on the dialect. In US dialects it varies between /ɑ/ for the s and /ɒ~ɔ/ for the rest. 	
[Q] (lax)
[O@] (r-colored)
[Q] 	vowel 	open back rounded vowel 	lot, off 	 	
[O:]
[OI] (diphthongized)
[U] 	vowel 	near-close near-back rounded vowel 	put, look 	 	
[u:] (tense)
[U@] (r-colored)
[u:] 	vowel 	close back rounded vowel 	boot, view 	 	
[w] (semivowel)
[U] (lax)
[U@] (r-colored)
[@r] 	rhotic vowel 	
əɹ, ɚ or ɝ (US)
ɜː (UK) 	urge, bird, marker 	r-colored schwa 	
[@] (non-rhotic)
[V]
[eI] 	diphthong 	eɪ̯ 	pay, age, date 	j-colored /e/ 	[e] (monothong)
[aI] 	diphthong 	aɪ̯ 	buy, eye, died 	j-colored /a/ 	
[@]
[V]
[{]
[OI] 	diphthong 	ɔɪ̯ 	boy, oil, choice 	j-colored /ɔ/ 	
[Q]
[O:]
[O@]
[@U] 	diphthong 	
oʊ̯ (UK)
oʊ̯~o (US) 	oat, soak, show 	w-colored /o/. Usually transcribed as /əʊ̯/ or /oː/ 	[@]
[aU] 	diphthong 	aʊ̯ 	loud, out, cow 	w-colored /a/ 	
[{]
[Q]
[I@] 	rhotic vowel 	
ɪə (UK)
i(ə)ɹ (US) 	beer, ear 	r-colored /ɪ/ 	
[I] (uppercase i)
[i:]
[e@] 	rhotic vowel 	
ɛə~ɛː (UK)
ɛɹ (US) 	bear, air, aware 	r-colored /ɛ/ 	[e] (non-rhotic)
[U@] 	rhotic vowel 	
ʊə (UK)
ʊɹ (US) 	cure, surely 	r-colored /ʊ/ 	
[U] (non-rhotic)
[u:] (non-rhotic)
[O:] (non-rhotic)
[O@]
[O@] 	rhotic vowel 	
ɔː(ɹ) (UK)
ɔɹ~oɹ (US) 	pour, sort 	r-colored /ɔ/ 	
[O:] (non-rhotic)
[Q] (non-rhotic)
[Q@] 	rhotic vowel 	
ɑː(ɹ) (UK)
ɑɹ (US) 	star, are, harmony 	r-colored /ɑ/ 	
[@]
[V]
[w] 	consonant 	labio-velar approximant 	way 	 	
[u:] (syllabant)
[U]
[j] 	consonant 	palatal approximant 	yellow 	 	
[i:] (syllabant)
[I] (uppercase i)
[b] 	consonant 	voiced bilabial plosive 	cab 	 	
[p] (voiceless)
[bh] (aspirated)
[bh] 	consonant 	bʰ aspirated voiced bilabial plosive 	big 	at the beginning of syllable, /b/ with 	
[ph] (voiceless)
[b] (deaspirated)
[d] 	consonant 	voiced alveolar plosive 	bad 	 	
[t] (voiceless)
[dh] (aspirated)
[D] (lenited, lowered)
[dh] 	consonant 	dʰ aspirated voiced alveolar plosive 	dog 	at the beginning of syllable, /d/ with 	
[th] (voiceless)
[d] (deaspirated)
[D] (lenited, lowered)
[g] 	consonant 	voiced velar plosive 	bag 	 	
[k] (voiceless)
[gh] (aspirated)
[N] (nasalized)
[gh] 	consonant 	gʰ aspirated voiced velar plosive 	god 	at the beginning of syllable, /g/ with 	
[kh] (voiceless)
[g] (deaspirated)
[dZ] 	consonant 	voiced postalveolar affricate 	jeans 	 	
[tS] (voiceless)
[Z] (spirantizated)
[d] (deaffricated)
[v] 	consonant 	voiced labiodental fricative 	vote 	 	[f] (voiceless)
[D] 	consonant 	voiced dental fricative 	their 	 	
[T] (voiceless)
[d] (fortited)
[dh] (aspirated)
[v] (Th-fronting)
[z] 	consonant 	voiced alveolar fricative 	resort 	 	
[s] (voiceless)
[Z] (palatalized)
[Z] 	consonant 	voiced postalveolar fricative 	Asia 	 	
[S] (voiceless)
[z] (depalatalized)
[dZ] (affricated)
[m] 	consonant 	bilabial nasal 	mind 	 	
[n] (alveolarized)
[n] 	consonant 	alveolar nasal 	night 	 	
[N] (velarized)
[m] (labialized)
[N] 	consonant 	velar nasal 	long 	 	[n] (develarized)
[r] 	consonant 	alveolar approximant 	red 	The /r/ is the symbol for the or rolling R for the IPA and the X-SAMPA, the symbol in this case seems be based on 	
[R] (rolled)
[w] (gliding)
[l] 	consonant 	velarized alveolar lateral approximant 	feel 	Dark L, at the syllable coda position 	
[l0] (develarized)
[w] (L-vocalized)
[u] (L-vocalolized)
[U] (L-vocalized)
[l0] 	consonant 	alveolar lateral approximant 	list 	Clear L, at the beginning of syllable 	
[l] (velarized)
[p] 	consonant 	voiceless bilabial plosive 	dip 	 	
[b] (voiced)
[ph] (aspirated)
[ph] 	consonant 	pʰ aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive	peace 	At the beginning of syllable, /p/ with 	
[bh] (voiced)
[p] (deaspirated)
[t] 	consonant 	voiceless alveolar plosive 	sit 	 	
[d] (voiced)
[th] (aspirated)
[th] 	consonant 	tʰ aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive	top 	At the beginning of syllable, /t/ with 	
[dh] (voiced)
[t] (deaspirated)
[k] 	consonant 	voiceless velar plosive 	rock 	 	
[g] (voiced)[kh] (aspirated)
[kh] 	consonant 	
kʰ aspirated voiceless velar plosive 	kiss 	At the beginning of syllable, /k/ with 	
[gh] (voiced)
[k] (deaspirated)
[tS] 	consonant 	voiceless postalveolar affricate 	touch 	 	
[dZ] (voiced)
[S] (spirantizated)
[t] (deaffricated)
[f] 	consonant 	voiceless labiodental fricative 	feel 	 	[v] (voiced)
[T] 	consonant 	voiceless dental fricative 	think 	 	
[D] (voiced)
[s] (Th-alveolarization)
[f] (Th-fronting)
[s] 	consonant 	voiceless alveolar fricative 	sea 	 	
[z] (voiced)
[S] (palatalized)
[S] 	consonant 	voiceless postalveolar fricative 	share 	 	
[Z] (voiced)
[tS] (affricated)
[s] (depalatalized)
[h] 	consonant 	voiceless glottal fricative 	hat 	 	
===Additional phonetics===
The following is a list of additional complementary phonemes available within some of the English VOCALOIDs. Most of them are allophones and it's possible to use the voicebank without having to ever touch these set of data. However, use of them within a song can improve the pronunciation and the VOCALOID's ability to sound more colloquial. In most of the cases, the data has to be entered manually through the note properties selection. 
Symbol	Classification	IPA's Symbol / Name 	Sample 	Notes 	Related Phonemes 	Applies to
[e@0] 	diphthong 	[ɛə~eə~æ] 	man, land 	Tense allophone of /æ/, often diphthongized () 	
[{] (allophone)
[e]	RUBY, DEX, DAINA
[4] 	consonant 	alveolar flap 	better 	Unstressed allophone of /t/ or /d/ phonemes () 	
[t], [d] (allophone)
[R] (trill)
[r] (approximant)	RUBY, DEX, DAINA, CYBER SONGMAN, Amy, Chris
[R] 	consonant 	alveolar trill 	tierra (earth)	
Rolling R. Generally used in non-English words	
[4] (tap)
[r] (approximant)	Prima, SONiKA, Big AL, Tonio, RUBY
[@l] 	consonant 	ɫ̩ syllabic alveolar approximant	apple, awful 	Syllabic allophone of the Dark L 	[l] (non syllabic)	CYBER SONGMAN Amy, Chris
[h\] 	consonant 	voiced glottal fricative 	behind 	Possible allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds	[h] (voiced) 	RUBY, DEX, DAINA
==Techniques==
===Phoneme Replacement===
Due the large array of allophones and similar sounding phonemes available in the English Language, there exists a great flexibility for phoneme replacement. This has a lot of applications, like altering the emphasis or stress of a word, or correcting a strange pronunciation found in a voicebank,VOCALOIDOtaku - Sonika Tutorial to alter the accent or general pronunciation of a particular VOCALOID,Engloids Blog - Tips on Americanizing Sweet ANN etc.
This added to some auxiliar phonemes allows a great diversity of combinations and possibilities to experiment. However, the user must consider the results may vary between the different voicebanks due the individual differences like accent, pronunciation and samples' quality present in the voicebank. The most recommended is take these tips as a guide and experiment by yourself.
<tabber>
Consonant Replacement=
|-|
Vowel Replacement=
|-|
Diphthong/Rhotic Vowel Replacement=
</tabber>
===Diphone Replacement/Splitting===
http://www.vocaloidotaku.net/index.php?/topic/6096-how-can-i-make-vocaloid-2-sing-an-one-syllable-word-on-several-noteshttp://blogs.itmedia.co.jp/closebox/2010/01/big-al-d71d.html
Original Diphone	Type 	IPA's notation	Replacement for First Phoneme	Replacement for Second Phoneme
[aI] 	Diphthong 	aɪ̯ 	[V], [{] or [Q] 	[e], [I], [i:] or [j]
[eI] 	Diphthong 	eɪ̯ 	[e] 	[I], [i:] or [j]
[OI] 	Diphthong 	ɔɪ̯ 	[Q] or [O:] 	[I], [i:] or [j]
[aU] 	Diphthong 	aʊ̯ 	[V], [{] or [Q] 	[O:], [U], [u:] or [w]
[@U] 	Diphthong 	oʊ̯ 	[Q] or [O:] 	[O:], [U], [u:] or [w]
[@r] 	Rhotic Vowel	əɹ or ɚ 	
[@] 	[r]
[Q@] 	Rhotic Vowel	
ɑː(ɹ) (UK)
ɑɹ (US)	[V], [{] or [Q] 	
[@]
[@r] or [r]
[e@] 	Rhotic Vowel	
ɜː (UK)
ɝ (US)	[e] 	
[@]
[@r] or [r]
[I@] 	Rhotic Vowel	
ɪə (UK)
i(ə)ɹ (US)	[I] or [i:] 	
[@]
[@r] or [r]
[O@] 	Rhotic Vowel	
ɔː(ɹ) (UK)
ɔɹ~oɹ (US)	[Q] or [O:] 	
[@]
[@r] or [r]
[U@] 	Rhotic Vowel	
ʊə (UK)
ʊɹ (US)	[U] or [u:] 	
[@]
[@r] or [r]
link 
==continued development==
English VOCALOID currently offers the second largest selection of voicebanks overall, though this is mostly due to being present since VOCALOID's earliest days. It is not the second most popular language: as of 2018, this is considered to be Chinese, although for a long time English was the second most popular. However, this was because at one stage it was the only other language besides Japanese available for sale, and Chinese had yet to take off fully and gain momentum. It has received the second highest number of refinements over time with the most being seen from VOCALOID4 onward.
The language was mostly held back in the pre-2012 period due to issues. English voicebanks are harder to produce as previously mentioned, more expensive than even Japanese-made voicebanks, and can bring in less profit per sale. They take longer to make and are slower to develop, requiring much more work overall. With their sluggish start from 2004-2012 overall, English vocals have been held back for quite some years, with studios acknowledging there is a demand but not being in a position to meet it.https://www.facebook.com/yamaha.vocaloid/photos/a.232686870185206.50979.138697466250814/696817480438807/?type=1
The majority of the post-VOCALOID2-era voicebanks have been from non-native sources with Japanese companies producing more English voicebanks than native ones. In VOCALOID3 the number of non-native English voicebanks (Miku, GUMI, KAITO, MEIKO, Macne Nana) exceeded that of natives (OLIVER, AVANNA, YOHIOloid) for the first time. In VOCALOID4 the number of non-natives (Miku, Luka, Fukase, Macne Nana, and the Kagamines) succeeded also the number of natives (Ruby, DEX, DAINA, CYBER DIVA, and CYBER SONGMAN). Every single released non-native English voicebank has also been with the Japanese accent. 
One of the issues is that the number of studios producing native voicebanks with VOCALOID5 see the loss of PowerFX Systems AB., which has greatly reduced the potential of future VOCALOID releases. This is followed by Zero-G Limited who responded in 2020 to a fan in an e-mail that they have no VOCALOID voicebanks planned. This has left YAMAHA Corporation, who released their 3rd and 4th voicebanks Amy and Chris, as the only currently confirmed company releasing English vocals. The issue with the lack of native involvement stems from VOCALOID's early days before it was even released and every studio approached by Crypton Future Media, Inc., who were left in charge of finding English studios for support, were unimpressed by the technology, one company having infamously called it a "toy". The long term effects of the situation has only served to cause problems for continued development of English VOCALOID.
==See also==
;Conversion Lists
*English - Japanese
*English - Korean
;Interwiki articles
* (Wikipedia)
* (Wikipedia)
* (Wikipedia)
==References==
==External links==
*SoundComparisons.com - Database with comparison of the differents accents of English dialects.
==Navigation==
Category:Tutorials