Encyclopedia

Id moderne werd encyclopedia est comskipen ab dwo hellen werds : ἐγκύκλιος = in-kwekwl, ed παιδεία = Talim. Id resultend wekwos ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία descripsit id "khoriste talim", yani id musical talim ielgs yun leudher-gnaht Hellen eni ia Theatre khors. Is Roman Quintilian (1sto secule pos JC) emsit tsay id concept ed mieyn od, pre ies pwarns eent formet ka orators, toy dohlg preter akapus id "circule os talim" (orbis ille doctrinae = Hellen ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία). Remant neclar quo Plinius Senior mieyn, kun is udwekwnit id τῆς ἐγκυκλίου παιδείας in id preface sienios Historia Naturalis (circum 77 pos JC), quo ducit od tod wekwos buit preten ka un commaynen pro ia sept artes liberales. In 1470, un amanuensis rhalt ab un kawu os Quintilian creit id wekwos tas Encyclopaedias ep un reedition ios wehrg os Plinius, buit-yod kwahn ka oin werd. Itak, tod nov latin werdo prohp in 1508 in id titule ios Margarita philosophica encyclopaediam exhibens ab Jacobus Philomusus. 
Tod article tractesiet besonters ia dwo maschourst encyclopedias : L'Encyclopédie ed Wikipedia. 
 Covehrpage unios 1669 ios Historia Naturalis ab Plinius Senior. Ex ia 160 jasamats qua Plinius Senior (23-79 pos JC) scripsit in meg variat xeimens, Historia, militara tractats, grammatics, notes, tik nos hat loikwnt ia 37 buks os Historia Naturalis, enorm wehrgo quod descripskwt id universe : geographia, ethnographia, zoologia, botanique, mineralogia, bell arts... Tod immense encyclopedia schahidet un curiositat quod buit eti fatal ei autor in 79 : is iemmer id Miseno flotte (in id gulf os Naples) quan id Vesuvio bighuss, destrugend Pompei ed Ercolano. Plinius gwohm proscher kay chehxe id gheuss (ed kay bringhes hehlpe) ed nohc pnict ab id bur. Eys nepot ed adoptive son Plinius Junior, advocat, nos hat loikwnt, in sien correspondence, oino iom prest narns ios catastrophe ios 24 August 79. 
==Id encyclopedic gwayt==
Id encyclopedic project, present yant Antiquitat, hat un pedagogic ziel : leit de college ia gnohsas, organise ed divulge ia. Id social memoria biht transmiss neti med id Mythos, per id oral tradition, sontern per id scriben, samt systematisme ed aum. Also, id wehrg ed id men os Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC) gwehme ender un vol os panges ia weidas os eys tid, in xeimens tem divers quem Physique, Biologia, logique, Esthetique, politique... Sam-ye, id imposant Historia naturalis os Plinius Senior ananct un kamusdescription ios mund. Unte ia spandsecules os Christianisme, id encyclopedic praxis maimourasct med diffundes un weida quod pretableiht id mund sekwent id Bible : ia (600) os episkep Isidore os Seville habsient uno muhim influence tiel Renaissance. Ye id XVIt secule, ia technologic mutations brighen ab id Era iom Aunstehgens bfuyi evolveihnt weida, ed it inhibeihnt cada encyclopedic gwayt. Tod regnaht, ye id XVIIIt secule, med id menos iom Lumens, inauguren ab id publication ios Dictionnaire historique et critique (1702) os Bayle quod alliet hois narrative ed descriptive logos, ed ciois critic ed philosophic logos.
 "Etymologiae", (her, caroling kawu ios VIIIim secule) kathalika gnoht ka Origines (Orig.) est un etymologic encyclopedia compilet ab Isidore os Seville (circum 560 - 636) pre id end os eys gwit. Isidore buit encouraget ad scribe tod buk ab sien prient Braulio, episkep os Zaragoza. Ia Etymologiae resumeer ed organiseer un summ os gnohsa ex centens om classic surces; tri eysen buks sont plaut-ye deriven ex id Historia Naturalis ab Plinius Senior. Isidore refert Plinius, bet ne sien alya principal surces. Ia themes tos wehrg sont extreme-ye divers, ex grammatic ed Rhetorique do id ardh ed id cosmos, ia imaras, metals, navs, menscens, weir, animals, Medicin, ieus, Religions ed ia hierarchias em angels ed saints. 
==L'Encyclopédie ab Diderot ed d'Alembert==
Est uno monumental over comredagen inter 1751 ed 1772 sub Diderots direction kay panges un synthese iom gnohsas ios zaman. Kam diken ab ids niebtitule Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, id ziel ios Encyclopédie est sammel un organisen inventar (alphabetic orden ios dictionar) ed un "aumwent" inventar samt un systeme referencen quod enevidencet ia organic diemens inter notions. Idso didactic ambition biht clar-ye izhart yant id Discours préliminaire, redagen ab D'Alembert : idsghi ziel est rassembler les connaissances éparses sur la surface de la terre (...) exposer le système général aux hommes avec qui nous vivons et de le transmettre aux hommes qui viendront après nous. Diderot emt eti ta dayis tsay in sien article Encyclopédie. 
 Titule page ios prestios tome os L'Encyclopédie.
===Un ambitieus ed dangereus project===
Lit in-kap tik de tarjmes id Cyclopaedia ios Englisch Chambers. Bet Diderot plauterih jaldi id startprojecto previdend-ye, hois, realise id synthese iom modernest gnohsas ed, ciois, vulgarise tod weida kay accessiblihes id ei mierst numer. Id redaction iom takriban 60 000 articlen vahsit dure unte meis quem dwogim yars ed sammel pleist megil intellectuals ios zaman (Voltaire, Rousseau, Condillac, Marmontel, Turgot, d'Holbach, Jaucourt...). 
Id Historia ios Encyclopédie pohld med peripetias : karcerbehnden os Diderot in 1749, dissensions inter collaborators, hostilitat ios censure, attaques iom Jesuits ed aunstehmen ab iom Papp, financial problemes, rupture con Rousseau, linkwen os D'Alembert ed censure om sem articles ab iomswo editor... Nespekent ta "vexations", Diderot, qui bohr id deursia, ne tyohgv. Idpet scriben ios wehrg subeiht ia consequences tom incidents : kay skape id censure, sont ops ia neskaunst articles qua kehle ia boltst articles. Id deursia lakin brug staur stehmens (Madame de Pompadour, Malesherbes). Id success ios wehrg buit immense in id hol exclarat Europe, hatta crisct ob id lyut opposition im tarafdars om aurdhen ed traditions. 
 Id influence ios Encyclopédie durit diu pos ids publication. Mathalan, tod page hat okwivid-ye inspiret Ludvik Zamenhof pro eys planbahsa Esperanto : wajib endens pro nomens kam ops in "Cantabre" (yani Euskal), verbal endens -as/-is/-us, "euphonic -n" quod bihsiet id enden pro accusative. 
===Un novator menos===
L'Encyclopédie om Diderot ed D'Alembert est druve-ye meis quem un vasto dictionar : est un original menghia quod, per sien polemic buhsa, udleit uno mer compilation, assumpt hardiesse dans l'esprit, kaurt de tout examiner, tout remuer, sans exception ni ménagement. Leit de un wehrg om combat ed contramagh, quod jidalskwt protie vasya schengkjiens ed rhalts kay ghyane id route du progrès. Med un subtile systeme referencen, id texte enderwehbht id contestation. Bilhassa, id daht un preponderant place ad historia sub ids quant formes (institutions, Economia, evolution iom sciencen ed Techniquen...). Ids influence est sensible unte id Franceois Revolution, besonters in id regime ios Constituante, ed oistrehcsiet tiel id XIXt secule, inspirend i partisans os liberalisme. 
Id attention dahn ibs kassebs ed kerdsims, describen concret-ye med Kwiters, beuwt orbat ed ia medya classes ka motor os social Progress, protiapo ei wirtensysteme ios Awios Regime. Hassa, ielg sector os gnohsa biht studyen samt critic menos, id referencensysteme permittend udgrance id alphabetic aurdhen kay panges inter ia articles brungosta sibias ed id multiplicitat im collaborators oiswekwehrt id presence vasyen nov mentrends. Ia suls ios Awios Regime sont rencausen sub id neskaun apparence uns dictionarticle : religion, quos schengkjiens ed intolerance bihnt denuncet (articles Raison ed Réfugiés), id politic aurdhen (zanbiu ios englisch regime in id article Monarchie, ed uns regime wi ibs lyter nations in id article République), ia social inegalitats, ia causes ed effects iom weirs, etc...
Nespekent sien kowngbaykus ed simplifications, id over skeipt id "phar iom Lumens" : pelu articles anance un druv literar wirt ed id dialogos quod pact inter ia deught un seductive ed stimulant polyphonia. Ia oindem jasamts om kwiterpages kardwne eti id didactic kweitu ios deursia. Hegel (1770-1831) hat it laudet id wehrg im Encyclopedisten (in Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie, 1805) : Was daher in den französischen philosophischen Schriften, die in dieser Rücksicht wichtig sind, bewundernswürdig ist, ist diese erstaunliche Energie und Kraft des Begriffes gegen die Existenz, gegen den Glauben, gegen alle Macht der Autorität seit Jahrtausenden.
Id Encyclopaedia Britannica (Latin : "Britisch Encyclopedia") est un comweida Englisch-bahsa encyclopedia. Est oiscript ab circa 100 holwakt editors ed meis quem 4000 contributors, bayna-yi 110 Nobelprisens ed penk US presidents. Id 2010 version ios 15t edition, quod comprindt 32 jasamats ed 32 640 pages, buit id sensto druckt edition; est taiper tayt ab digital mathmoun (photo levi). 
Id Britannica est id veutst encyclopedia dar ediht. Buit ye id prest ker publiet inter 1768 ed 1771 in Edinburg, Alba, in tri jasamats. Id gaiss alim kleumen quod ei hohlp ad vehrbhe eminent contributors, ed ia 9t (1875-1889) ed 11t editions (1911) ghehlde ka models. In Mart 2012, buit mohlden od neti esient publien druckt editions kay focuse instet ep Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
==Digital encyclopedias==
Id druv revolution de encyclopedias gwehmt do luce in-kap id XXIsto secule med id spand os quo biht kalt "ia nov Technologias om information ed communication". Med id spectacular antslehnken os Internet, electronic edition tayt id papier, ed multipliet ia imkans om informationenstock, ubnuwen ed indexation. Ta nov technologias joine id encyclopedic gwayt ob anancent al leiser uno nuntro naiwo nact sum om weidas, eti interactive ed tienxia-relevant. Ia stets performant sokmotors behandeihnt it vasya publics un quasi aunlimite numer daten. 
 Article de Sambahsa ep id Englisch version os Wikipedia.
Wikipedia est id largest ed popularsto general reference wehrg ep Internet, ed oino iom popularst websites. Id project est aygwn ab id 'Wikimedia Foundation, un aunlautel foundation. Wikipedia buit lancen dien 15 Januar 2001 ab Jimmy Wales ed Larry Sanger. In summ, Wikipedia comprindt meis quem 40 millions articlen in 299 different bahsas ed, in Februar 2014, id hieb 18 milliards om pagenvids ed quasi 500 millions em wahid visitors cada munt. Wikipedias magno kweit est od biht composen ed redagen ab iswo neuders, qui controle kathalika id hakikia iom informations dadwt in ia different articles. 
In-ligne encyclopedias, kam Wikipedia, hant esen critiquen : ibs buit besonters mambhen ne ses submitten uni scientific comitee, ed yinjier anances nechohxen, faultic, hatta eiskwmen-ye khabis informations. Oino iom recurrent critiquen kyunggiawt id mank os hierarchia tom in-ligne informations. Professors ed intellectuals hant enevidencen id danger skipen, pro almens ed studyents, ab un tem pau scientific alat kam Wikipedia, besonters ob id perneiceus neud os "copieglimes". 
Punor, M.Serres defend id neudo tom nov technologias, treusend future ed id intelligence as "Petite Poucette" (2012), tam hoydic gwenaku qua med sien pallex ghesort pro sieno megst brungos - ed plaisure - id claviature siens computer au smartphone. Nundiens, zaruri est recognihes od ielganghen neudt ia digital encyclopedias, qua dostringe un druv democratisation os weida. Quo etileikwt est bedarse i yuns - ed minter yuns - quosmed folossie ta instruments, antplehcend-ye vigilance ed critic menos.