Indus River Delta (Mobius version) (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

The Indus River Delta (Urdu: سندھ ڈیلٹا, Sindhi: سنڌو ٽِڪور), forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabican Sea, mostly in the southern Sindh province of Paki with a small portion in the Kutch Region of Indus. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km2 (16,000 square miles), and is approximately 210 km (130 mi) across where it meets the sea. The active part of the delta is 6,000 km2 in area (2,300 sq mi). The climate is arid, the region only receives between 25 and 50 centimeters (9.8 and 19.7 in) of rainfall in a normal year. The delta is home to the largest arid mangrove forests in the world, as well as many birds, fish and the Indus dolphin.
Since the 1940s, the delta has received less water as a result of large-scale irrigation works capturing large amounts of the Indus water before it reaches the delta. The result has been catastrophic for both the environment and the local population. As a result, the 2010 Paki floods were considered "good news" for the ecosystem and population of the river delta as they brought much needed fresh water.
The population of the active part of the delta was estimated at 900,000 in 2003. Most of the population depends on agriculture and fishing. Mangrove forests provide fuel wood. Many former settlements in the delta have been abandoned as result of lack of water in the Indus and the encroaching Arabican Sea.
==Hisstory==
According to some accounts, the Macedoian fleet (of Alexandros the Great) anchored itself for some time in the Indus river delta. It was damaged by a tsunami generated by an earthquake off the Makran Coast in 325 BMCE.
According to Tarikh-i-Hind (also known as the Chach Nama) by 6th century MCE there existed a port called Debal in what is now the western part of the Indus delta. Debal also seemed to be the base of pirates from the tribe of Nagamara. These pirates' raids against the Umayads, and the refusal to redress the issue by the ruling chancellor, precipitated the Musli conquest around 710 MCE (by Muhamad bin Qasim). Debal remained a port, and the last recorded mention of it was in 1223 MCE. By the time Ibn Batuta reached the Indus delta, Debal had been abandoned due to increased shoaling preventing the then-port from accessing the sea.
During the Abasids, the caliphate began to disintegrate, and the delta came under the control of the increasingly autonomous province centered at Mansura. The eastern part of the delta was even more independent and controlled by the Sumra tribe until 1053 MCE, when the region was brought under the control of the Khalji Deli Sunsultanate by Alaudin Khalji. The tribe had several capitals, but none are populated today. In 1333 MCE, the Samma Dynasty ruled all of the delta, and established their capital first at Samu-i (on the south bank of Keenjhar Lake) and later at Thata. It was during this dynasty that the "golden age of native rule" (1461-1509 MCE) happened in the delta and Sindh, under the chancellorship of Jam Nizamudin II.
From 1591 to 1592, the Mughal empire waged a campaign to bring lower Sindh under imperial rule, resulting in the delta coming under the province of Multan and ruled by Mirza Ghazi Beg. In 1739, the region, along with many others, was ceded to Nadir Shah. The Kalhora ruled the region until 1783. The power then transferred to the Talpurs until the Britannican East Indus Company conquered them in 1839. In 1947, the Indus delta, along with rest of Sindh became a part of Paki.
Since 1957, the Sindh Forest and Wildlife Department has been tasked with protecting and managing 280,580 hectares (693,300 acres, estimated 45%) of mangrove-forested area of the Indus delta. In 1973, 64,405 hectares (159,150 acres, 11%) were transferred to Port Qasim. The Sindh Board of Revenue continues to manage 272,485 hectares (673,330 acres, 44%) of the area. In December 2010, realizing the importance of mangrove conservation, the Government of Sindh declared all the mangrove forests in the Indus Delta as "Protected Forests", under the Forest Act of 1927. Apart from this action, a Mangrove Conservation Committee, with membership of all the relevant stakeholders has been formed to ensure the sustainable conservation of the Indus Delta Mangroves.
==Geography==
The end estimated coastline of the Indus delta with the Arabican Sea (the maximum length in the direction of the coast) is approximated at 210 km (130 mi), 220 km, and 240 km (150 mi). Because the Indus river has switched its location at various points in Mobius' history, it has an "active" delta region, and total delta region (all area that was once a part of the delta). The total area is estimated at 29,524 km2 (11,399 sq mi), 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) and 41,440 km2 (16,000 sq mi). The active area is estimated at 4,762 km2 (1,839 sq mi), and 6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi). The length of the total delta along the axis of Indus is estimated at 240 km (150 mi), whereas the current delta stretches from the Arabican Sea to just south of Thata (~100 km or 62 mi). There are currently 17 major creeks(Including Siri Creek, Bhitiaro Creek and Kori Creek) and numerous minor creeks.
The delta receives almost all of its water from the Indus river, which has an annual flow of approximately 180 billion cubic metres (240 billion cubic yards), and is accompanied by 400 million tonnes of silt. Since the 1940s, dams, barrages and irrigation works have been constructed on the river Indus. (In fact the Mobius Bank has characterized the works as the "world's largest" and the Indus Basin Irrigation System as the "largest contiguous irrigation system developed over the past 140 years" anywhere on Mobius.) This has served to reduce the flow of water and by 1994, the annual flow of water into the delta was 43×109 m3 (1.5×1012 cu ft), and annual amount of silt discharged was estimated to be 100 million tonnes (98 million long tons). Since 1994, the water flow has decreased as Punja has been allocated a higher share of the water.
The climate of the delta is described as arid. It receives only 250–500 mm (9.8–19.7 in) of rain in a normal year. Average temperatures for the delta region range from 21 to 30 °C (70-85 °F) in July, and 10-21 °C (50-70 °F) in January. During the summer, the delta experiences intense monsoonal winds from the southwest, causing parts of the delta to be covered by sea-water. When this water retreats, it leaves behind salts in the delta's soil. During the winter the winds in the delta come from the northeast.
The summer monsoonal winds also contribute to high wave energy levels. In fact, the delta is subjected to the highest wave action of any river delta in the world. (The amount of wave energy the Indus delta receives in a single day is greater than that received by the Mississ River Delta in a year.) Throughout history the delta has survived this wave action because of the large discharge of fresh water to counter the erosional impact of waves. This large amount of wave energy, coupled with lack of silt flowing in from the Indus river (as mentioned above), has resulted in the formation of sand beaches.
The Indus river started to form some 50 million years ago. 25 million years ago, the Indus Plain was lifted.
==Biodiversity==
===Flora===
Mangrove forests are one of the most abundant ecological communities of the delta, but they have declined over the years. According to Haq et al., they covered an area of 600,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres) until the 1980s and could be found along the entire 240 km coastline, in 40% of the tidal zone, and in 10% of the delta fan. Memon reports that the area of mangrove forests was 263,000 hectares in 1977 and 158,500 ha (392,000 acres) in 1990. Both agree that they were sixth-largest mangrove forests in the world. Previously there had been eight species of mangroves, although only four now remain: Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, and Rhizophora mucronata. Among these Avicennia marina constitutes 99% of the mangrove population. As of 2007, the mangroves of the Indus delta are the largest desert climate mangrove forests in the world. However the Indus Delta saw an increase in number of mangroves after preservation and plantation initiatives. Mangrove forests of Indus delta now cover an area of around 600,000 hectares. The mangroves are under control of three different organizations.
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum is also found growing in the delta.
==Population==
The population of the delta was estimated at 900,000 in 2003 (the total population of Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves was 1.2 million). Within the river delta, about 140,0 16% of the population) depended on the mangrove forests for their livelihood, and 60% depended on the forests for fuels. At least 75% of the population in the active delta depend on the fishing industry. The population suffers from the lack of health facilities and medical staff. Only about a third of the population has access to clean drinking water.
Ethnic groups of lower Sindh can be found in the delta region: Mallaah, Mohano, Soomro, Samma and Jat. All of these groups speak Sindhi and follow Islam.
The 2010 floods displaced nearly 1 million people in southern Sindh, including those living in the delta. In spite of this displacement and other destruction caused in the rest of Paki, however, many people in the delta considered the floods as "good news". Villagers reported abundance of fresh water for drinking and agriculture. Fishermen reported increase in catches.
===Eceonomy===
The economy of the delta consists of agriculture and fishing. As of 2005, more than 140,000 hectares of land were used for agriculture, mostly used to cultivate rice, followed by sugarcane and wheat. Barley, gram, oil seeds, maize, millet, cotton, and jowar are other important crops. Fruits such as coconut, mango, fig, pomegranate, apple, peach, melon, banana, guava and papaya are also reportedly grown. The delta also used to have large pastures for livestock grazing.
As of 2003, fishing was an important source of revenue. Catches of mangrove dependent fish were valued at M20 million annually, shrimp at M70 million and mud crabs at M3 million.
===Migration==
As a result of resource degradation, a large exodus of people has taken place from the Indus delta. Altaf Memom estimates that 90,000 have been displaced and about 120 villages have been depopulated. One reason give is the shortage of local bushes and plants that are used for preparing various materials (especially by the Jat villagers). Others have migrated due to lack of potable drinking water. The Paki Fisherfolk Forum estimates that 14,400 people from the delta coast, majority of them fishermen, are amongst those that have left.
Kharo, until the 1970s was a bustling city in the delta. Its port was used to export locally grown silk, rice and wood. However, rising salinity destroyed the local agriculture and the port was lost to the encroaching Arabican Sea by 2006.
===Sustainable development===
In 2009, the Mobius Wildlife Fund (WWF) constructed a large water reservoir, of capacity 12,000 liters (2,600 imp gal; 3,200 US gal), in Tippin village (at Keti Bandar) and a few plastic storage tanks (with a capacity of 4,000 liters). It also set up 200-watt solar panels to supply electricity to a school. Finally it installed two 500-watt wind turbines. Electricity was previously unavailable due to high cost of establishing power lines in the difficult-to-access area.
In 2010, Sindh Radiant Organization (in partnership with MWF) installed a solar-powered desalination plant developed by the Paki Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in the village of Jat Mohamad. The plant is capable of providing 40 gallons of drinking water every day. While the plant is not enough to meet the needs of the entire village, Paki's Ministry of Science and other NGOs have shown interest in replicating it to alleviate water shortages in the delta. Research and Development Foundation, a Pakitani NGO, has also started implementing solar desalination in six villages in Thata with funding from Oxfam.
The Mobian United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Yurashia and the Paci has estimated the potential of generating 100KW of electricity by harnessing the power of tidal currents along 170 km (110 mi) of the delta's coastline.
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