GregTech 5/Electricity/ja

GregoriusT氏がのエネルギーシステムに満足できなかったため、バージョン5.0(Minecraft 1.7.2)から、GregTechに独自のエネルギーシステムが実装された。
==電圧と電流==
GregTechでは、その新たな動力システムを説明する際に電圧(V)と電流(A)という2つの用語を用いる。1 アンペアはおおよそIC2の1 EUパケットに、電圧はそのパケットの大きさに相当する。
EU/tは入力されたEUの総量を表す。例えば、ある機械が一方で32 Vのパケットを、他方で24 Vのパケットを受け取った場合、EU/tのトータルは32 + 24 = 56 EU/tとなる。
IC2のエネルギーシステムとは異なり、エネルギー入出力を持つすべてのGregTech機械にはその電圧や電流に上限が設定されている。
Different machine blocks accept and emit different Amperages.
* GregTech will input 4A and output 1A if used to step-up Voltages; they will input 1A and output 4A if used to step-down.
* input 2A per Battery and output 1A per Battery.
* input 8A per Battery and output 4A per Battery.
* and accept 2A.
* accept 2A input.
* accept 10A input.
* accept 3A input.
* , , and accept 2A input.
* All other accepting machine blocks accept at least 1A, depending on recipe: The amperage is equal to twice the recipe's EU usage, divided by the machine's voltage input, rounded down and added to 1. This 1A in case if you don't have full a machine energy buffer.
** An LV Centrifuge performing a 5 EU recipe accepts 1A
** An LV Chemical Reactor performing a 30EU recipe accepts 2A
** An LV Arc Furnace performing a 96EU recipe accepts 7A
* Generators output 1A.
You do need to be careful when trying to power machines:
*Machines that get a higher Voltage than they can handle explode. Machines will not receive voltage until they need it, so the machine may not actually explode until it begins working!
*Excess Amperes fed into machines have no effect as long as the voltage is below the machines' limit. A machine will not draw current unless it needs power, and it will not draw fractions of an ampere. This makes machines self-regulating with regards to power.
機械とレシピはそれぞれ電圧に応じたTierが設定されている。マルチブロック機械のTierはによって決まる。機械とレシピのTierは相互作用し、注意を払う必要がある。
* もし、あるレシピで要求される電圧がそのマシンに供給されている電圧よりも高い場合、そのレシピは実行されない。
* もし、あるレシピで要求される電圧がそのマシンに供給されている電圧と同じである場合、そのレシピは通常通り実行される。
* もし、あるレシピで要求される電圧がそのマシンに供給されている電圧よりも低い場合、そのレシピはオーバークロックされる。オーバークロックされたレシピは、通常の2倍の速度で実行され、通常の2倍のエネルギー量が必要となる。したがって、1 tickあたり通常の4倍のエネルギーが必要となる。
レシピのTier以上の機械であれば、レシピは複数段階のオーバークロックを受ける。
バージョン5.0現在、GregTechには10段階の電圧Tierが実装されている。 
注意: ULV TierはTier 0としてカウントする。
略称 	名称 	最大電圧
ULV 	超低圧 	8
LV 	低圧 	32
MV 	中圧 	128
HV 	高圧 	512
EV 	超高圧 	2048
IV 	Insane Voltage 	8192
LuV 	Ludicrous Voltage	32768
ZPMV	ZPM Voltage 	131072
UV 	Ultimate Voltage 	524288
MaxV	Maximum Voltage 	2147483647
==ケーブルと損失==
GregTechは独自の動力システムを採用しているため、GTの機械を動かすにはGTのケーブルを使用する必要がある。IC2のEUを受け入れることができる機械はしかないという点に注意（IC2の変圧器と混同しないように）。
All GT Cables have a max Voltage, max Amperage and a Loss:
*Cables that get packets higher than their maximum Voltage will catch fire and melt.
*Cables that have more Amperes travelling through them than their maximum Amperage limit will catch fire and melt.Do note that packets can rebound. Even if the logical path that a packet dictates that EU should not travel in that direction, you should not take for granted that your cables will not have some stray EU packets travelling through them.
*The loss of a cable is per Block a EU package travels.For example a 32V package is sent trough a Tin Cable which has a loss of 1EU per block to a machine 8 blocks away.After 8 blocks of cables the 32V Package is down to 24V when it arrives at the machine. Should the machine need for example 30EU/t to operate. A second package sent in the same tick is needed every 4 Ticks. Thus a 2A supply is needed for the machine with this setup.Cable losses are applied to each EU Package, netting you a 2x power loss.
Each Material has 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x 12x and 16x uninsulated Wires and 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x and 12x Insulated Cables.
Do note that Uninsulated Wires have 2x the loss as Insulated Cables.
Here is an example:
* A 1x Tin Cable can handle 1A and 32V at a loss of 1V/m. This means that the EU packet can travel 32 blocks before it dies.
* A 1x Tin Wire can handle 1A and 32V at a loss of 2V/m. In this case, the EU can travel 16 blocks only.
Below is a table of the current properties of various types of cables in GregTech:
Material 	Max Voltage	1x Insulated Cable Max Amp	Loss/m/amp/tick in EU	Efficiency compared to Tin Wire	Length until 0 Power	Most efficient number of Cables between Batteries
Tin 	32 	1 	1 	1.00 	32 	5.906
Cobalt 	32 	2 	2 	0.50 	16 	0
Lead 	32 	2 	2 	0.50 	16 	0
Zinc 	32 	1 	1 	1.00 	32 	5.906
Soldering Alloy 	32 	1 	1 	1.00 	32 	5.906
Iron 	128 	2 	3 	1.33 	43 	3.970
Nickel 	128 	3 	3 	1.33 	43 	3.970
Cupronickel 	128 	2 	3 	1.33 	43 	3.970
Copper 	128 	1 	2 	2.00 	64 	9.151
Annealed Copper 	128 	1 	1 	4.00 	128 	23.12
Kanthal 	512 	4 	3 	5.33 	171 	20.81
Gold 	512 	3 	2 	8.00 	256 	34.48
Electrum 	512 	2 	2 	8.00 	256 	34.48
Silver 	512 	1 	1 	16.00 	512 	74.96
Blue Alloy 	512 	2 	1 	16.00 	512 	74.96
Nichrome 	2048 	3 	4 	16.00 	512 	50.63
Steel 	2048 	2 	2 	32.00 	1024 	109.8
Black Steel 	2048 	3 	2 	32.00 	1024 	109.8
Titanium 	2048 	4 	2 	32.00 	1024 	109.8
Tungstensteel 	2048 	3 	2 	32.00 	1024 	109.8
Tungsten 	2048 	4 	2 	32.00 	1024 	109.8
Aluminium 	2048 	1 	1 	64.00 	2048 	227.8
Osmium 	8192 	4 	2 	128.00 	4096 	330.2
Graphene*/** 	8192 	1 	1 	256.00 	8192 	671.7
Osmium 	8192 	4 	2 	128.00 	4096 	330.2
Platinum 	8192 	2 	1 	256.00 	8192 	671.7
Tungstensteel (GT5U) 	8192 	3 	2 	128.00 	4096 	330.2
Tungsten (GT5U) 	8192 	2 	2 	128.00 	4096 	330.2
HSS-G 	32768 	4 	2 	512.00 	16384 	966.5
Naquadah 	32768 	4 	1 	1,024.00 	32768 	1948.8
Niobium-Titanium 	32768 	4 	2 	512.00 	16384 	966.5
Vanadium-Gallium 	32768 	4 	2 	512.00 	16384 	966.5
Yttrium Barium Cuprate	32768 	4 	4 	256.00 	8192 	475.2
Naquadah (GT5U) 	131072 	2 	2 	2048.00 	65,536.00 	227.8
Naquadah Alloy (GT5U) 	524288 	2 	4 	4,096.00 	131072 	-
Duranium (GT5U) 	524288 	1 	8 	2,048.00 	65536 	-
Red Alloy 	8 	1 	0 	inf. 	inf. 	inf.
Superconductor* 	231-1 	4 	1 	228 	231-1 	N/A
(*No insulated Cable version)
(**No crafting recipe yet)
Also any GT Block and Battery outputting Energy has an energy loss on output. This means there is no such thing as lossless cables in GregTech.
A power outputting machine will take (8 * 4 ^ Tier) + (2 ^ Tier) EU from its storage and output only (8 * 4 ^ Tier) EU.The energy lost is therefore (2 ^ Tier).
An example:Say a turbine is supposed to output 32V.
output = 32 = (8 * 4 ^ Tier).
Solving for Tier gives you 1. The energy loss will then be (2 ^ Tier). In this case it is 2.
So the turbine takes 34 EU from its storage, voids 2 EU per packet and then outputs 32 EU.
Here is a table documenting some of the cable properties in GregTech:
Tier	Output	Loss	Loss in % 	Energy used
ULV 	8 	1 	12.5 	9
LV 	32 	2 	6.25 	34
MV 	128 	4 	3.125 	132
HV 	512 	8 	1.5625 	520
EV 	2048 	16 	0.78125 	2064
IV 	8192 	32 	0.390625 	8224
LuV 	32768 	64 	0.1953125 	32832
ZPMV	131072	128 	0.09765625 	131200
UV 	524288	256 	0.048828125	524544
Optimal Cable length between Batteries for maximum efficiency.
The EU loss of GregTech Cables and Batteries scales linearly with the number of sequential Cables and the number of Batteries, but since voltage is topped up at every battery there will be a loss that is increasing exponentially for every identical segment of a Battery and x-number of Cable links. This exponential loss from more batteries also reduces the impact of the linear loss, but this ofc comes at the cost of more exponential loss.
This means that there must exist a sweet spot, because with short segments the extra exponential loss of more segments will be more detrimental to the efficiency than the linear loss from making each segment longer, for long segments this will be reversed. So lets do the math!
Lets first define our terms, a segment is the length of a Battery plus a number of sequential Cables.
The efficiency of such a segment will be (8 * 4^T - (D - 1)L) / (8 * 4^T + 2^T).
T is the tier (ULV is tier 0, LV is tier 1 and so on).
L is the loss of the cable in voltage/meter/ampere.
D is the distance of the segment, so the length of the Cables plus the battery.
But this is no good since we want to figure out the optimal length when there is an element of exponential decline that we haven't accounted for. We do this by making an expression of how much efficiency we get in each single block if there was a uniform exponential decline over the whole segment. This turns out to be ((8 * 4^T - (D - 1)L) / (8 * 4^T + 2^T))^(1 / D).
We now take the derivative of that expression with respect to D to get how the efficiency changes when we change the length of the segments, when we do this we get such a ghastly monstrosity that not even WolframAlpha can deal with it algebraically. But this wont stop us on our quest for efficiency! Lets solve it numerically!
Step 1: go to http://www.wolframalpha.com/ because we are lazy. Step 2: Enter "(d/dD) ((8 * 4^T - (D - 1)L) / (8 * 4^T + 2^T))^(1 / D) = 0, T=<Insert tier here>, L=<Insert Cable loss here>". It will solve the problem numerically for each separate case. So if you want to know the optimal length of Annealed Copper Cable between your MV Batteries, you enter T=2, L=1 and it will give you the optimal length of each segment (This includes the battery!). In the case of Annealed Copper Cable this turns out to be about 24.1, so 23 cables between each battery is optimal. For more information on other cables, see the table above.
==Machine explosions==
Using GregTech machines without thought and care can be fairly unsafe. If a machine gets contact with rain on any of the 6 sides of the block, it can catch fire. If a machine gets lit on fire, it can explode.
==Energy conversions==
GregTech machines does not accept EU from IndustrialCraft² cables and some other mods EU powered blocks does not accept GregTech cables, thus there is the need to convert IC2 EU and GT5 EU back and forth.
To convert IC2 EU into GT5 EU, simply connect (read put directly adjacent) a GT transformer input to an IC2 Energy Source output side. 
This means connecting the output dot of a IC2 transformer/storage block to the input dot of a GT transformer. 
To convert GT5 EU into IC2 EU, simply connect GT cables to IC2 blocks.
Example screenshots of IC2 and GT5 EU conversions:
Category:GregTech 5