Paul McCartney

Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE, Hon RAM, FRCM (born 18 June 1942), is an English musician, singer, songwriter and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame as a member of the Beatles, and his collaboration with Lennon is one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century. After the group's break-up he pursued a solo career, forming the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine.
McCartney has been described by Guinness World Records as the "most successful composer and recording artist of all time", with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100 million singles, and as the "most successful songwriter" in United Kingdom chart history.: "most successful composer and recording artist of all time", 60 gold disks, 100 million albums and 100 million singles sold; : "the most successful songwriter" in UK chart history. His Beatles song "Yesterday" has been covered by over 2,200 artists, more than any other song in history. Wings' 1977 release "Mull of Kintyre", is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK. McCartney has written or co-written 32 songs that have reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and he has sold over 15.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States.
McCartney has released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist, and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to such subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, landmines, vegetarianism, poverty and music education. He has been married three times and is the father of five children.
== Childhood ==
McCartney was born on 18 June 1942, in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary (née Mohin), had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James ("Jim") McCartney, was absent from his son's birth due to his work as a volunteer firefighter during World War II. Paul has one younger brother, Michael (born 7 January 1944). The two boys were baptised in their mother's Roman Catholic faith, but religion was not emphasised in the household, as Jim was a Protestant turned agnostic, who felt Catholic schools sacrificed the education of their students for the sake of their religious teachings.: (primary source); : (secondary source).
McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton.: Transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton; : Transferred to Joseph Williams in 1949. The following year he passed the 11-plus exam, with only three others out of ninety examinees, gaining admission to the Liverpool Institute.For his attendance at Joseph Williams Junior School see: ; For McCartney passing the 11-plus exam see: : (primary source); : (secondary source). In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus to the Institute from his suburban home in Speke. Harrison had also passed the exam, meaning he could attend a grammar school rather than a secondary modern school, where most pupils went until becoming eligible to work. The two soon became friends; McCartney later admitted: "I tended to talk down to him, because he was a year younger.": The two soon became friends, "I tended to talk down to him, because he was a year younger"; : On grammar school versus secondary modern, 125: On meeting Harrison.
Mary was the family's primary wage earner, and her income as a midwife allowed the family to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton, where they lived until 1964.: "Mary was the family's primary wage earner"; : "where they lived through 1964". She rode a bicycle to her patients; McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at "about three in the morning [the] streets ... thick with snow". On 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism.: On Mary's death (secondary source); : On Mary's death (primary source). McCartney's loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, Julia, had died when he was seventeen.
McCartney's father was a trumpet player and pianist who led Jim Mac's Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept an upright piano in the front room, and he encouraged his sons to be musical. He gave McCartney a nickel-plated trumpet for his fourteenth birthday, but when rock and roll became popular on Radio Luxembourg, he traded it for a £15 Framus Zenith (model 17) acoustic guitar, rationalising that it would be difficult to sing while playing a trumpet.: Jim gave McCartney a nickel-plated trumpet which was later traded for a Zenith acoustic guitar; : when rock and roll became popular on Radio Luxembourg. He found it difficult to play guitar right-handed, but after noticing a poster advertising a Slim Whitman concert and realising that Whitman also played left-handed, he reversed the order of the strings.
McCartney wrote his first song, "I Lost My Little Girl", on the Zenith, and composed another early tune that would become "When I'm Sixty-Four" on the piano. Against his father's advice, he took very few piano lessons, preferring to learn by ear. He was heavily influenced by American rhythm and blues music, and Little Richard was his schoolboy idol. "Long Tall Sally" was the first song McCartney performed in public, at a Butlins holiday camp talent competition.: McCartney: "The first song I ever sang in public was "Long Tall Sally"., 533–534: Harry: "Long Tall Sally", was "The first number Paul ever sang on stage".
== Musical career ==
=== 1957–1960: The Quarrymen ===
At the age of fifteen, McCartney met Lennon and his band, the Quarrymen, at the St Peter's Church Hall fête in Woolton on 6 July 1957. The Quarrymen played a mix of rock and roll and skiffle, a type of popular music with jazz, blues and folk influences.: "The Quarrymen played a spirited set of songs—half skiffle, half rock 'n roll". The band invited McCartney to join soon afterwards as a rhythm guitarist, and he formed a close working relationship with Lennon. Harrison joined in 1958 as lead guitarist, followed by Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe on bass, in 1960. By May 1960 the band had tried several names, including Beatals, Johnny and the Moondogs and the Silver Beetles. They adopted the name the Beatles in August 1960, and recruited drummer Pete Best shortly before a five-engagement residency in Hamburg.
=== 1960–1970: The Beatles ===
thumb|right|250px|alt=A black-and-white image of Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John Lennon and Ringo Starr waving to fans after arriving in America in 1964. A crowd is visible behind them on the left.|McCartney (second from left) with Lennon, Harrison and Starr, 1964
In 1960, the Beatles were informally represented by Allan Williams. His first booking for them was a series of performances in Hamburg.: Williams booking for them to perform in Hamburg; : Williams booking them in Hamburg in 1960, : "Williams had never formally served as the Beatles manager". In 1961, Sutcliffe left the band and McCartney reluctantly became their bass player.: McCartney: "Nobody wants to play bass, or nobody did in those days".;: On McCartney playing bass when Sutcliffe was indisposed., : "Sutcliffe gradually began to withdraw from active participation in the Beatles, ceding his role as the group's bassist to Paul McCartney". The Beatles recorded professionally for the first time in Hamburg, performing as the backing band for English singer Tony Sheridan on the single "My Bonnie". They were credited as the Beat Brothers. This brought them to the attention of Brian Epstein, a key figure in their subsequent development and success. He became their manager in January 1962. Ringo Starr replaced Best in August, and the band had their first hit, "Love Me Do", in October, becoming popular in the UK in 1963, and in the US a year later. Their fans' hysteria became known as "Beatlemania", and McCartney was sometimes referred to by the press as the "cute Beatle".: "Love Me Do", : Replacing Best with Starr., : "Beatlemania" in the UK., : "Beatlemania" in the US; : the cute Beatle; : Starr joining the Beatles in August 1962.
In 1965, the Beatles released the McCartney composition "Yesterday", featuring a string quartet. Included on the Help! LP, the song was the group's first recorded use of classical music elements and their first recording that involved only a single band member.: Their first recording that involved only a single band member; : The group's first recorded use of classical music elements in their music. "Yesterday" became the most covered song in popular music history.: "Yesterday" as the most covered song in history. Later that year, during recording sessions for the album Rubber Soul, McCartney began to supplant Lennon as the dominant musical force in the band. Musicologist Ian MacDonald wrote, "from [1965] ... [McCartney] would be in the ascendant not only as a songwriter, but also as instrumentalist, arranger, producer, and de facto musical director". Critics described Rubber Soul as a significant advance in the refinement and profundity of the band's music and lyrics.: Rubber Soul is described by critics as an advancement of the band's music; : As they explored facets of romance and philosophy in their lyrics. The song "In My Life", for which both Lennon and McCartney claimed lead authorship, is considered a high point in the Beatles catalogue.: "In My Life" as a highlight of the Beatles catalogue.; : Both Lennon and McCartney have claimed lead authorship for "In My Life". McCartney said of the album, "we'd had our cute period, and now it was time to expand." Recording engineer Norman Smith stated that the Rubber Soul sessions exposed indications of increasing contention within the band: "the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious ... [and] as far as Paul was concerned, George [Harrison] could do no right—Paul was absolutely finicky."
In 1966, the Beatles released the album Revolver. Featuring sophisticated lyrics, studio experimentation and an expanded repertoire of musical genres ranging from innovative string arrangements to psychedelic rock, the album marked an artistic leap for the Beatles. The LP's release was preceded by the single "Paperback Writer", the first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides.: The first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides; : Revolvers release was preceded by "Paperback Writer". The Beatles produced a short promotional film for the song, and another for its B-side, "Rain". The films, described by Harrison as "the forerunner of videos", aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June 1966.: "the forerunner of videos"; : The films aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops. Revolver also included McCartney's "Eleanor Rigby", which featured a string octet. According to Gould, the song is "a neoclassical tour de force ... a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song".: "neoclassical tour de force", : "a true hybrid". With the exception of some backing vocals, the song included only McCartney's lead vocal and the strings arranged by producer George Martin.
The Beatles gave their final commercial concert at the end of their 1966 US tour. Later that year, McCartney was commissioned for what would be his first musical project apart from the group—a film score for the UK production The Family Way. The score was a collaboration with Martin, who used two McCartney themes to write thirteen variations. The soundtrack failed to chart, but it won McCartney an Ivor Novello Award for Best Instrumental Theme.
Upon the end of the band's performing career, McCartney sensed unease in the band and wanted them to maintain creative productivity. He pressed them to start a new project, which became Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, widely regarded as rock's first concept album.: Rock's first concept album; : McCartney sensed unease among the bandmates and wanted them to maintain creative productivity. McCartney was inspired to create a new persona for the group, to serve as a vehicle for experimentation and to demonstrate to their fans that the band had musically matured.: McCartney was inspired to create a new identity for the group. As McCartney explained, "We were fed up with being the Beatles. We really hated that fucking four little mop-top approach. We were not boys, we were men ... and [we] thought of ourselves as artists rather than just performers."
Starting in November 1966, the band adopted an experimental attitude during recording sessions for the album. According to engineer Geoff Emerick, "the Beatles were looking to go out on a limb, both musically and sonically ... we were utilising a lot of tape varispeeding and other manipulation techniques ... limiters and ... effects like flanging and ADT.": Flanging and ADT use, : "we were utilising a lot of tape varispeeding", : "The Beatles were looking to go out on a limb". Their recording of "A Day in the Life" required a forty-piece orchestra, which Martin and McCartney took turns conducting.: Martin and McCartney took turns conducting; : Recording "A Day in the Life" required a forty-piece orchestra. The sessions produced the double A-side single "Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane" in February 1967, and the LP followed in June. McCartney's "She's Leaving Home" was an orchestral pop song. MacDonald described the track as "[among] the finest work on Sgt. Pepper — imperishable popular art of its time." The cover was based on an ink drawing by McCartney, which depicted all four Beatles standing in front of a wall featuring framed images of their heroes.: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (primary source); : On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (secondary source).
Epstein's death in August 1967 created a void, and the group was left perplexed and concerned about their future. McCartney, stepping in to fill that void, gradually became the de facto leader and business manager of the group Lennon had once led. His first creative suggestion after this change of leadership was to propose that the band move forward on their plans to produce a film for television, which was to become Magical Mystery Tour. The project was "an administrative nightmare throughout", according to Beatles' historian Mark Lewisohn. McCartney largely directed the film, which brought the group their first unfavourable critical response. The film's soundtrack was more successful. Released in the UK as a six-track double extended play disc (EP), the material was issued as an identically titled LP in the US, filled out with five of the band's recent singles. The only Capitol compilation later included in the group's official canon of studio albums, the Magical Mystery Tour LP achieved $8 million in sales within three weeks of the release, higher initial sales than any other Capitol LP up to that point.
In January 1968, the band were filmed for a promotional trailer to advertise the animated film Yellow Submarine, which was loosely based on the imaginary world evoked by McCartney's 1966 composition. Though the film was generally admired by critics for its visual style, humour and music, the soundtrack album issued seven months later received a less enthusiastic response.: Critical response; : Filming of the promotional trailer, : Yellow Submarine soundtrack release. By late 1968, relations within the band were deteriorating. The tension grew while recording The Beatles, commonly known as The White Album. Matters worsened the following year during the Let It Be sessions, when McCartney was filmed lecturing the group: "We've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away ... we were always fighting [his] discipline a bit, but it's silly to fight that discipline if it's our own".: "We've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away"; : The White Album, : Let It Be. 
In March 1969, McCartney married Linda Eastman, and in August, the couple had their first child, Mary, named after his late mother.: Paul and Linda's first meeting; : On their wedding; : On the birth of their first child Mary. For Abbey Road, the band's last recorded album, Martin suggested "a continuously moving piece of music"; urging the group to think symphonically. McCartney agreed, but Lennon did not. They eventually compromised, agreeing to McCartney's suggestion, an LP featuring individual songs on side one, and a long medley on side 2.
By 1970, in the midst of business disagreements, McCartney was pitted against his bandmates, leading him to announce his exit on 10 April.: McCartney's departure from the Beatles (secondary source); : McCartney's departure from the Beatles (primary source); : Lennon's personal appointment of Klein, : McCartney's disagreement with Lennon, Harrison and Starr over Klein's management of the Beatles. He filed suit for the band's formal dissolution on 31 December 1970. More legal disputes followed, as McCartney's attorneys, his in-laws John and Lee Eastman, fought Lennon, Harrison and Starr's business manager, Allen Klein, over royalties and creative control. The Beatles were legally dissolved in an English court on 9 January 1975, though sporadic lawsuits against their record company EMI, Klein and each other persisted until 1989.
=== 1970–1981: Wings ===
After the Beatles' break-up in 1970, McCartney continued his musical career with his first solo release, McCartney, a US number-one album. Apart from some vocal contributions from Linda, McCartney is a one-man album, with Paul providing compositions, instrumentation and vocals.: McCartney; : McCartney, a US number one. In 1971, he collaborated with Linda and drummer Denny Seiwell on a second album, Ram. A UK number one and a US top five, Ram included the co-written US number-one hit single "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey".: Ram, 114–115: "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey"; : Peak US chart positions for Ram. Later that year, the McCartneys and Seiwell were joined by ex-Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine to form the group Wings. McCartney had this to say on the band's formation: "Wings was always a difficult idea ... any group having to follow [the Beatles'] success would have a hard job ... I found myself in that very position. However, it was a choice between going on or finishing, and I loved music too much to think of stopping." In September 1971, the McCartneys had a second child, named in honour of Linda's grandmothers, who were both named Stella.: Birth of Stella; : Stella McCartney.
Following the addition of guitarist Henry McCullough, Wings' first concert tour began in 1972 with a début performance in front of an audience of seven hundred at the University of Nottingham. Ten more dates followed as they travelled across the UK in a van during an unannounced tour of universities, during which the band stayed in modest accommodation and received pay in coinage collected from students, while avoiding Beatles songs during their performances.: "traveled across the UK"; : "Scrupulously avoiding Beatles songs". A seven-week, 25-show tour of Europe followed, during which the band played solely Wings and McCartney solo material with the exception of a few covers, including the Little Richard hit "Long Tall Sally", the only song McCartney played during the tour that had previously been recorded by the Beatles. McCartney wanted the tour to avoid large venues; most of the small halls they played had capacities of fewer than 3,000 people. Of his first two post-Beatles tours, McCartney said, "The main thing I didn't want was to come on stage, faced with the whole torment of five rows of press people with little pads, all looking at me and saying, 'Oh well, he is not as good as he was.' So we decided to go out on that university tour which made me less nervous ... by the end of that tour I felt ready for something else, so we went into Europe."
In March 1973, Wings achieved their first US number-one single, "My Love", included on their second LP, Red Rose Speedway, a US number one and UK top five.: "My Love", : Red Rose Speedway; : Peak US chart positions for Red Rose Speedway; : Peak UK chart position for Red Rose Speedway. Paul's collaboration with Linda and former Beatles producer Martin resulted in the song "Live and Let Die", which was the theme song for the James Bond film of the same name. The song reached number two in the US and number nine in the UK, and was nominated for an Academy Award. It also earned Martin a Grammy for his orchestral arrangement.: "Live and Let Die"; : "My Love". Music professor and author Vincent Benitez described the track as "symphonic rock at its best".: "symphonic rock at its best"; : "Live and Let Die" US chart peak; : "Live and Let Die" UK chart peak.
After the departure of McCullough and Seiwell in 1973, the McCartneys and Laine recorded Band on the Run. The album was the first of seven platinum Wings LPs. It was a US and UK number one, the band's first to top the charts in both countries and the first ever to reach Billboard magazine's charts on three separate occasions. One of the best-selling releases of the decade, it remained on the UK charts for 124 weeks. Rolling Stone named it Album of the Year for 1974, and in 1975 it won Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary/Pop Vocal and Best Engineered Album.: Band on the Run; : Band on the Run a number-one album in the UK with 124 weeks on the charts. In 1974, Wings achieved a second US number-one single with the title track.: "Band on the Run" (single). The album also included the top-ten hits "Jet" and "Helen Wheels", and earned the 413th spot on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.: "Helen Wheels", : Positive critical response to Band on the Run; : Jet; : the 413th spot on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
Wings followed Band on the Run with the chart-topping albums Venus and Mars (1975) and Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976).: Venus and Mars, : Wings at the Speed of Sound; : Peak UK chart position for Venus and Mars. In 1975, they began the fourteen-month Wings Over the World Tour, which included stops in the UK, Australia, Europe and the US. The tour marked the first time McCartney performed Beatles songs live with Wings, with five in the two-hour set list: "I've Just Seen a Face", "Yesterday", "Blackbird", "Lady Madonna" and "The Long and Winding Road".: "And for the first time, McCartney included songs associated with the Beatles, something he'd been unwilling to do previously"; : Wings Over the World Tour; : "featuring a modest handful of McCartney's Beatle tunes"; : "Paul decided it would be a mistake not to ... [perform] a few Beatles songs." Following the second European leg of the tour and extensive rehearsals in London, the group undertook an ambitious US arena tour that yielded the US number-one live triple LP Wings over America.: Wings over America; : "After extensive rehearsals in London".
In September 1977, the McCartneys had a third child, a son they named James. In November, the Wings song "Mull of Kintyre", co-written with Laine, was quickly becoming one of the best-selling singles in UK chart history.: Birth of James; : one of the best-selling singles in UK chart history. The most successful single of McCartney's solo career, achieving double the sales of previous record holder "She Loves You", the track went on to sell 2.5 million copies and hold the UK sales record until it was displaced in 1984 by the charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?".: "Mull of Kintyre"; : "the biggest hit of McCartney's career".
London Town (1978) spawned a US number-one single ("With a Little Luck"), and was Wings' best-selling LP since Band on the Run, making the top five in both the US and the UK. Critical reception was unfavourable, and McCartney expressed disappointment with the album. Back to the Egg (1979) featured McCartney's collaboration with a rock supergroup dubbed "the Rockestra". Though the album was credited to Wings, the band included Pete Townshend, David Gilmour, Gary Brooker, John Paul Jones and John Bonham. Back to the Egg was certified platinum but critically panned.: Back to the Egg, : London Town, : the Rockestra; : London Town and Back to the Egg; : Back to the Egg certified platinum. Wings completed their final concert tour in 1979, with twenty shows in the UK that included the live début of the Beatles songs "Got to Get You into My Life", "The Fool on the Hill" and "Let it Be".: Wings tours details, : Wings UK Tour 1979; : Wings UK Tour 1979.
In 1980, McCartney released his second solo LP, the self-produced McCartney II, which peaked at number one in the UK and number three in the US. As with his first album, he composed and performed it alone.: He composed all the music and performed the instrumentation himself; : McCartney II a UK number-one, and a US top-five. The album contained the song "Coming Up", the live version of which, recorded in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1979 by Wings, became the group's last number-one hit.: McCartney II; : "Coming Up". By 1981, McCartney felt he had accomplished all he could creatively with Wings and decided he needed a change. The group disbanded in April 1981 following disagreements over royalties and salaries.
=== 1982–1990 ===
In 1982 McCartney collaborated with Stevie Wonder on the Martin-produced number-one hit "Ebony and Ivory", included on McCartney's Tug of War LP, and with Michael Jackson on "The Girl Is Mine" from Thriller.: "Ebony and Ivory"; : "The Girl Is Mine"; : Eric Stewart. The following year, he and Jackson worked on "Say Say Say", McCartney's most recent US number one . McCartney earned his latest UK number one with the title track of his LP release that year, "Pipes of Peace".: Pipes of Peace album and song., : "Say Say Say"; : Last UK number one single; For the peak US chart position of Pipes of Peace see: .
In 1984, McCartney starred in Give My Regards to Broad Street, a feature film he also wrote and produced. A musical that included Starr in an acting role, it was disparaged by critics. Variety described the film as "characterless, bloodless, and pointless".: Give My Regards to Broad Street (film); : Starr in Give My Regards to Broad Street. Roger Ebert awarded it a single star and wrote, "you can safely skip the movie and proceed directly to the soundtrack". The album fared much better, reaching number one in the UK and producing the US top-ten hit single "No More Lonely Nights", featuring David Gilmour on lead guitar.: Peak US chart position for "No More Lonely Nights", (number 6); : Gilmour on guitar; : "No More Lonely Nights". In 1985, McCartney was commissioned to write a song for the comedic feature film Spies Like Us. He composed and recorded the title track in four days, with Phil Ramone co-producing. McCartney participated in Live Aid, performing "Let it Be", though technical difficulties meant his vocals were barely audible for the first two verses, and his piano, though audible, was punctuated by squeals of feedback. The problems were resolved by the end of the song and McCartney was joined on stage by David Bowie, Alison Moyet, Pete Townshend and Bob Geldof, receiving an enthusiastic crowd reaction.
McCartney collaborated with Eric Stewart on Press to Play (1986), with Stewart co-writing more than half the songs on the LP. In 1988, McCartney released Снова в СССР, released only in the Soviet Union, which contained eighteen covers; recorded over the course of two days.: Снова в СССР; : Press to Play; : Eric Stewart. In 1989, he joined forces with fellow Merseysiders Gerry Marsden and Holly Johnson to record an updated version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey", for the Hillsborough disaster appeal fund. That same year, he released Flowers in the Dirt; a collaborative effort with Elvis Costello that included musical contributions from Gilmour and Nicky Hopkins.: Elvis Costello; : Flowers in the Dirt.
McCartney then formed a band consisting of himself and Linda, with Hamish Stuart and Robbie McIntosh on guitars, Paul "Wix" Wickens on keyboards and Chris Whitten on drums.: the Paul McCartney World Tour band; : the Paul McCartney World Tour band. In September 1989, they launched the Paul McCartney World Tour, his first in over a decade. The following year, he released the triple album, Tripping the Live Fantastic, which contained select performances from the tour. In 1990, the US publication Amusement Business presented McCartney with an award for the highest grossing show of the year; his two performances at Berkeley earned over $3.5 million.: his first in over a decade, : the longest ever for an ex-Beatle, highest grossing show of the year award. He performed for the largest paying stadium audience in history on 21 April 1990, when 184,000 people attended his concert at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
=== 1991–2000 ===
McCartney ventured into orchestral music in 1991, when the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society commissioned a musical piece by him to celebrate its sesquicentennial. He collaborated with composer Carl Davis to produce Liverpool Oratorio. The performance featured opera singers Kiri Te Kanawa, Sally Burgess, Jerry Hadley and Willard White, with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the choir of Liverpool Cathedral.: Liverpool Oratorio. Reviews were generally negative. The Guardian was especially critical, describing the music as "afraid of anything approaching a fast tempo", and adding that the piece has "little awareness of the need for recurrent ideas that will bind the work into a whole". The paper published a letter McCartney submitted in response in which he stated, "happily, history shows that many good pieces of music were not liked by the critics of the time so I am content to ... let people judge for themselves the merits of the work." The New York Times was slightly more generous, stating, "There are moments of beauty and pleasure in this dramatic miscellany ... [t]he music's innocent sincerity makes it difficult to be put off by its ambitions". After its premiere in London, the Liverpool Oratorio was performed around the world. It reached number one on the UK classical chart, Music Week.
In 1991, McCartney performed a selection of acoustic-only songs on MTV Unplugged and released a live album of the performance entitled Unplugged (The Official Bootleg).: Unplugged: the Official Bootleg. During the 1990s, McCartney collaborated twice with Youth of Killing Joke as the musical duo "the Fireman". The two released their first electronica album together, Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest, in 1993. The rock album Off the Ground was also released in 1993. The subsequent New World Tour was followed by the release of the Paul Is Live album later that year.: The New World Tour.
Starting in 1994, McCartney took a four-year break from his solo career to work on Apple's Beatles Anthology project with Harrison, Starr and Martin. He recorded a radio series called Oobu Joobu in 1995 for the American network Westwood One, which he described as "wide-screen radio". Also in 1995, Prince Charles presented him with an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Music—"kind of amazing for somebody who doesn't read a note of music", commented McCartney. In March 1997, he was knighted for services to music.: Honorary Fellowship, : McCartney; "Yeah, it's kind of amazing for somebody who doesn't read a note of music"; : Knighthood.
In 1997, McCartney released the rock album Flaming Pie. Starr appeared on drums and backing vocals in "Beautiful Night". Later that year, he released the classical work Standing Stone, which topped the UK and US classical charts. In 1998, Rushes, the second electronica album by the Fireman, was released.: Flaming Pie; : Standing Stone; : Rushes In 1999, McCartney released Run Devil Run. Recorded in one week, and featuring Ian Paice and David Gilmour, it was primarily an album of covers with three McCartney originals. He had been planning such an album for years, having been previously encouraged to do so by Linda, who had died of cancer in April 1998.; : Linda's battle with cancer., : Run Devil Run. He contributed the song "Nova" to a tribute album of classical choral music called A Garland for Linda (2000), dedicated to her.: "Choral"; : "Classical".
He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist in March 1999 and continued his experimentation with orchestral music on Working Classical (November 1999).: "as a solo artist"; : Working Classical; : McCartney's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction. In May 2000, he was awarded a Fellowship by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. In August, he released the electronica album Liverpool Sound Collage with Super Furry Animals and Youth, using the sound collage and musique concrète techniques that had fascinated him in the mid-1960s.: Music fellowship; : Liverpool Sound Collage.
=== 2001–present ===
After witnessing the 11 September 2001 attacks from the JFK airport tarmac, McCartney was inspired to take a lead role in organising the Concert for New York City. His studio album release in November that year, Driving Rain, included the song "Freedom", written in response to the attacks.: The Concert for New York City; : "Freedom". The following year, McCartney formed a band with guitarists Rusty Anderson and Brian Ray, accompanied by Wickens on keyboards and Abe Laboriel, Jr. on drums.: New band details; : New band details. They began the Driving World Tour later that year, which included stops in the US, Mexico and Japan. The tour resulted in the double live album Back in the U.S., released internationally in 2003 as Back in the World. The tour earned a reported $126.2 million, an average of over $2 million per night, and was named top tour of the year by Billboard.For tour box office gross see: .
In July 2002, McCartney married Heather Mills. In November, on the first anniversary of Harrison's death, McCartney performed at the Concert for George.: McCartney's marriage to Mills; : Concert for George. He participated in the National Football League's Super Bowl, performing "Freedom" during the pre-game show for Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002 and headlining the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005.: McCartney performing at Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002; : McCartney performing at Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. The English College of Arms honoured McCartney in 2002 by granting him a coat of arms. His crest, featuring a Liver Bird holding an acoustic guitar in its claw, reflects his background in Liverpool and his musical career. The shield includes four curved emblems which resemble beetles' backs. The arms' motto is Ecce Cor Meum, Latin for "Behold My Heart". In 2003, the McCartneys had a child, Beatrice Milly.
In July 2005, he performed at the Live 8 event in Hyde Park, London, opening the show with "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and closing it with "The Long and Winding Road". In September, he released the rock album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard, for which he provided most of the instrumentation. In 2006, McCartney released the classical work Ecce Cor Meum. The rock album Memory Almost Full followed in 2007. In 2008, he released his third Fireman album, Electric Arguments. Also in 2008, he performed at a concert in Liverpool to celebrate the city's year as European Capital of Culture. In 2009, after a four-year break, he returned to touring and has since performed over 80 shows. More than forty-five years after the Beatles first appeared on American television during the Ed Sullivan Show, he returned to the same New York theatre to perform on Late Show with David Letterman. On 9 September 2009, the Beatles catalogue was reissued following a four-year digital remastering effort and a music video game called The Beatles: Rock Band was released the same day.For the 9 September 2009 remasters see: ; For the Beatles: Rock Band see: .
McCartney's enduring fame has made him a popular choice to open new venues. In 2009, he played three sold-out concerts at the newly built Citi Field—a venue constructed to replace Shea Stadium in Queens, New York. These performances yielded the double live album Good Evening New York City later that year. In November 2010, the official canon of thirteen Beatles studio albums, Past Masters and the 1962-1966 and 1967-1970 greatest-hits compilations were released on iTunes, making the group among the last of the major classic rock artists to offer their music for sale on the digital marketplace.For "among the last" of the classic rock catalogues available online see: ; For the Beatles catalogue available on iTunes see: .
In 2011, McCartney released Ocean's Kingdom, a collaboration with Peter Martins and McCartney's first score for dance; the work was commissioned by the New York City Ballet. Also in 2011, McCartney married Nancy Shevell. Kisses on the Bottom, a collection of standards, was released in February 2012; that same month he was honoured as MusiCares Person of the Year, two days prior to his performance at the 54th Grammy Awards.For Kisses on the Bottom see: ; For McCartney's MusiCares award, and his performance at the 54th Grammy Awards see: 
, McCartney remains one of the world's top draws. He played to over 100,000 people total during two performances in Mexico City in May, the shows grossing nearly $6 million.For the Billboard boxscores on the Mexico City shows see: In June 2012, McCartney closed Queen Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee Concert held outside Buckingham Palace, performing a set that included "Let It Be" and "Live and Let Die". He closed the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London on 27 July, singing "Hey Jude" and inviting the audience to join in on the coda. He was paid ₤1 by the Olympic organizers, but this was in order to secure a contract with him as McCartney had donated his time.
== Musicianship ==
As a musician, McCartney is largely self-taught. Musicologist Ian MacDonald described his approach as "by nature drawn to music's formal aspects yet wholly untutored ... [he] produced technically 'finished' work almost entirely by instinct, his harmonic judgement based mainly on perfect pitch and an acute pair of ears ... [A] natural melodist—a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony".: Natural melodist, : Perfect pitch and an acute pair of ears. McCartney commented, "I prefer to think of my approach to music as ... rather like the primitive cave artists, who drew without training."
=== Bass guitar ===
McCartney's skill as a bass player has been acknowledged by other bassists, including Sting, Dr. Dre bassist Mike Elizondo, and Colin Moulding of XTC. McCartney is known to play using a plectrum or pick almost exclusively, only occasionally changing to fingerstyle. He does not use slapping or muting techniques. He was strongly influenced by Motown, in particular by James Jamerson, whom McCartney called a hero for his melodic style. He was also influenced by Brian Wilson "because he went to very unusual places". Another favourite bassist is Stanley Clarke.: The influence of Motown and James Jamerson, : Stanley Clarke.
During McCartney's early years with the Beatles, he primarily used a Höfner 500/1 bass, though in 1965 he began sporadically using a Rickenbacker 4001S for recording. While typically using Vox amplifiers, by 1967 he had also begun using a Fender Bassman for amplification.: Höfner 500/1, : Rickenbacker 4001, : Vox amplifiers; : Fender Bassman. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he used a Wal 5-String, which he said made him play more thick-sounding basslines, in contrast to the much lighter Höfner, which inspired him to play more sensitively, something he considers fundamental to his playing style. He changed back to the Höfner around 1990 for that reason. He uses Mesa Boogie bass amplifiers while performing live.
MacDonald identified "She's a Woman" as the point when McCartney's bass playing began to evolve dramatically, and Beatles biographer Chris Ingham singled out Rubber Soul as the moment when McCartney's playing exhibited significant progress, particularly on "The Word".: "She's a Woman"; : "began to come into its own". Bacon and Morgan agreed, calling McCartney's groove on the track "a high point in pop bass playing and ... the first proof on a recording of his serious technical ability on the instrument.": Rubber Soul as the starting point for McCartney's bass improvement, : "a high point in pop bass playing". MacDonald inferred the influence of James Brown's "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" and Pickett's "In the Midnight Hour", American soul tracks from which McCartney absorbed elements and drew inspiration as he "delivered his most spontaneous bass-part to date".
Bacon and Morgan described his bassline for the Beatles song "Rain" as "an astonishing piece of playing ... [McCartney] thinking in terms of both rhythm and 'lead bass' ... [choosing] the area of the neck ... he correctly perceives will give him clarity for melody without rendering his sound too thin for groove." MacDonald considered the track the Beatles' best B-side, stating that its "clangorously saturated texture resonates around McCartney's [bassline]", which MacDonald described as "so inventive that it threatens to overwhelm the track". MacDonald also indicated the influence of Indian classical music in "exotic melismas in the bass part".: "Rain". McCartney identified Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as containing his strongest and most inventive bass playing, particularly on "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".
=== Acoustic guitar ===
McCartney primarily flatpicks while playing acoustic guitar, though he also uses elements of fingerpicking. Examples of his acoustic guitar playing on Beatles tracks include "Yesterday", "I'm Looking Through You", "Michelle", "Blackbird", "I Will", "Mother Nature's Son" and "Rocky Raccoon".: "Yesterday", : "I'm Looking Through You", : "Michelle", : "Blackbird", : "Mother Nature's Son", : "Rocky Raccoon", : "I Will". McCartney singled out "Blackbird" as a personal favourite and described his technique for the guitar part in the following way: "I got my own little sort of cheating way of [fingerpicking] ... I'm actually sort of pulling two strings at a time ... I was trying to emulate those folk players." He employed a similar technique for "Jenny Wren". He played an Epiphone Texan on many of his acoustic recordings, but also used a Martin D-28.: Epiphone Texan; : Martin D-28.
=== Electric guitar ===
McCartney played lead electric guitar on several Beatles recordings, including what MacDonald described as a "fiercely angular slide guitar solo" on "Drive My Car", which McCartney played on an Epiphone Casino. McCartney said of the instrument, "if I had to pick one electric guitar it would be this.": "If I had to pick one electric guitar"; : "Drive My Car", "fiercely angular slide guitar solo". He contributed what MacDonald described as "a startling guitar solo" on the Harrison composition "Taxman" and the "shrieking" guitar on "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and "Helter Skelter". MacDonald also praised McCartney's "coruscating pseudo-Indian" guitar solo on "Good Morning Good Morning".: "Taxman", : "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", : "Good Morning Good Morning", : "Helter Skelter". On his "Taxman" solo, McCartney commented, "I was very inspired by Jimi Hendrix. It was really my first voyage into feedback." In 1990, when asked who his favourite guitar players were, he included Eddie Van Halen, Eric Clapton and David Gilmour, stating, "but I still like Hendrix the best." He has primarily used a Gibson Les Paul for electric work, particularly while performing live.
=== Vocals ===
McCartney's vocals cross several musical genres. On "Call Me Back Again", according to Benitez, "McCartney shines as a bluesy solo vocalist" while MacDonald called "I'm Down" "a rock-and-roll classic" that "illustrates McCartney's vocal and stylistic versatility".: "Call Me Back Again"; : "I'm Down". MacDonald described "Helter Skelter" as an early attempt at heavy metal, and "Hey Jude" as a "pop/rock hybrid", pointing out McCartney's "use of gospel-style melismas" in the song and his "pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade-out".: "Helter Skelter", : "Hey Jude". Benitez identified "Hope of Deliverance" and "Put It There" as examples of McCartney's folk music efforts while musicologist Walter Everett considered "When I'm Sixty-Four" and "Honey Pie" attempts at vaudeville.: "Put It There", : "Hope of Deliverance"; : "When I'm Sixty-Four", : "Honey Pie". MacDonald praised the "swinging beat" of the Beatles' twenty-four bar blues song, "She's a Woman" as "the most extreme sound they had manufactured to date", with McCartney's voice "at the edge, squeezed to the upper limit of his chest register and threatening to crack at any moment." MacDonald described "I've Got a Feeling" as a "raunchy, mid-tempo rocker" with a "robust and soulful" vocal performance" and "Back in the U.S.S.R." as "the last of [the Beatles'] up-tempo rockers", McCartney's "belting" vocals among his best since "Drive My Car", recorded three years earlier.: "Back in the U.S.S.R"., : "I've Got a Feeling", a "raunchy, mid-tempo rocker" with a "robust and soulful" performance.
=== Keyboards ===
McCartney played piano on several Beatles songs, including "Every Little Thing", "She's a Woman", "For No One", "A Day in the Life", "Hello, Goodbye", "Hey Jude", "Lady Madonna", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road".: "Every Little Thing", : "She's a Woman", : "For No One", : "A Day In The Life", : "Hello, Goodbye", : "Lady Madonna", : "Let It Be", : "The Long and Winding Road", : "Hey Jude". MacDonald considered the piano part in "Lady Madonna" as reminiscent of Fats Domino, and "Let It Be" as having a gospel rhythm.: "Lady Madonna", : "Let It Be". MacDonald called McCartney's Mellotron intro on "Strawberry Fields Forever" an integral feature of the song's character. McCartney played a Moog synthesizer on the Beatles song "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" and the Wings track "Loup (1st Indian on the Moon)".: "Maxwell's Silver Hammer"; : "Loup (1st Indian on the Moon)". Ingham described the Wings songs "With a Little Luck" and "London Town" as "full of the most sensitive pop synthesizer touches".: "the most sensitive pop synthesizer touches"; : McCartney playing keyboards on "London Town".
=== Drums ===
McCartney played drums on the Beatles songs "Back in the U.S.S.R.", "Dear Prudence", "Martha My Dear", "Wild Honey Pie" and "The Ballad of John and Yoko".: "Wild Honey Pie", : "Back In The USSR", : "Dear Prudence", : "Martha My Dear", : "The Ballad of John and Yoko". He also played all the drum parts on his first and second solo albums McCartney and McCartney II, as well as on the Wings album Band On The Run and most of the drums on his solo LP Chaos and Creation in the Backyard.: McCartney, : Band On The Run, : McCartney II; : he played most of the instrumentation himself.
=== Tape loops ===
In the mid-1960s, when visiting artist friend John Dunbar's flat in London, McCartney brought tapes he had compiled at then-girlfriend Jane Asher's home. They included mixes of various songs, musical pieces and comments made by McCartney that Dick James made into a demo for him. Heavily influenced by American avant-garde musician John Cage, McCartney made tape loops by recording voices, guitars and bongos on a Brenell tape recorder and splicing the various loops. He referred to the finished product as "electronic symphonies". He reversed the tapes, and speeded them up and slowed them down to create the effects he wanted, some of which were later used on the Beatles songs "Tomorrow Never Knows" and "The Fool on the Hill".: Tape loops used on "Tomorrow Never Knows"; : Tape loops used on "The Fool on the Hill".
=== Early influences ===
McCartney's earliest musical influences include Little Richard, Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Carl Perkins, and Chuck Berry.: Chuck Berry; : Buddy Holly, : Elvis Presley; : Carl Perkins and Little Richard; : Presley, : Holly, : Berry. When asked why Presley was not included on the Sgt. Pepper cover, McCartney replied, "Elvis was too important and too far above the rest even to mention ... so we didn't put him on the list because he was more than merely a ... pop singer, he was Elvis the King." McCartney stated that his bassline for "I Saw Her Standing There" was taken directly from Berry's "I'm Talking About You".: "According to McCartney, the bassline was taken from "...I'm Talking About You"; : McCartney: "I'm not gonna tell you I wrote the thing when Chuck Berry's bass player did; : McCartney: "I played exactly the same notes as he did and it fitted our number perfectly".
McCartney called Little Richard an idol, whose falsetto vocalizations inspired McCartney's own vocal technique. McCartney said he wrote "I'm Down" as a vehicle for his Little Richard impersonation.: (secondary source); : (primary source). In 1971, McCartney bought the publishing rights to Holly's catalogue, and in 1976, on the fortieth anniversary of Holly's birth, McCartney inaugurated the annual "Buddy Holly Week" in England. The festival has included guest performances by famous musicians, songwriting competitions, drawing contests and special events featuring performances by the Crickets.: "Buddy Holly Week" 1976–2001.
== Creative outlets ==
While at school during the 1950s, McCartney thrived at art assignments, often earning top academic accolades for his visual work. His lack of discipline prevented him from achieving the results necessary to earn admission to art college. During the 1960s, he delved into the visual arts, explored experimental cinema, and regularly attended film, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through artist John Dunbar, who introduced McCartney to art dealer Robert Fraser. At Fraser's flat he first learned about art appreciation, and during visits to Fraser's home, McCartney met Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton. McCartney later purchased works by Magritte, using his painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo. McCartney was involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London—where Lennon first met Yoko Ono. McCartney's involvement with the gallery brought him into contact with Barry Miles, whose underground newspaper, the International Times, McCartney helped to start. Miles later wrote McCartney's official biography, Many Years From Now (1997).
McCartney became interested in painting after watching artist Willem de Kooning work in de Kooning's Long Island studio. McCartney took up painting in 1983, and he first exhibited his work in Siegen, Germany, in 1999. The 70-painting show featured portraits of Lennon, Andy Warhol and David Bowie. Though initially reluctant to display his paintings publicly, McCartney chose the gallery because events organiser Wolfgang Suttner showed genuine interest in McCartney's art. In September 2000, the first UK exhibition of McCartney's paintings opened, featuring 500 canvases at the Arnolfini Gallery in Bristol, England. In October 2000, McCartney's art débuted in his hometown of Liverpool. McCartney said, "I've been offered an exhibition of my paintings at the Walker Art Gallery ... where John and I used to spend many a pleasant afternoon. So I'm really excited about it. I didn't tell anybody I painted for 15 years but now I'm out of the closet".; McCartney is lead patron of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, a school in the building formerly occupied by the Liverpool Institute for Boys.
When McCartney was a child, his mother read him poems and encouraged him to read books; his father was interested in crosswords and invited Paul and his brother Michael to solve them with him, so as to increase their "word power", as McCartney said.: "word power" (primary source); : "word power" (secondary source). In 2001, McCartney published Blackbird Singing, a volume of poems and lyrics to his songs for which he gave readings in Liverpool and New York City. In the foreword of the book, he explains: "When I was a teenager ... I had an overwhelming desire to have a poem published in the school magazine. I wrote something deep and meaningful—which was promptly rejected—and I suppose I have been trying to get my own back ever since". In 2005, he collaborated with author Philip Ardagh and animator Geoff Dunbar to write High in the Clouds: An Urban Furry Tail, which the Guardian labelled an "anti-capitalist children's book".
In 1981, McCartney asked Geoff Dunbar to direct a short animated film called Rupert and the Frog Song. McCartney was the writer and producer, and he also added some of the character voices. In 1992, he worked with Dunbar on an animated film about the work of French artist Honoré Daumier, which won them a BAFTA award. In 2004, they worked together on the animated short film Tropic Island Hum. The accompanying single, "Tropic Island Hum"/"We All Stand Together", reached number 21 in the UK. In 1995, he made a guest appearance on the Simpsons episode "Lisa the Vegetarian" and directed a short documentary about the Grateful Dead. McCartney also produced and hosted The Real Buddy Holly Story.
== Lifestyle ==
=== Drugs ===
McCartney first used drugs in the Beatles' Hamburg days, when they often used Preludin to maintain their energy while performing for long periods. Bob Dylan introduced them to marijuana in a New York hotel room in 1964; McCartney recalls getting "very high" and "giggling uncontrollably". His use of the drug soon became habitual, and according to Miles, the lyrics "another kind of mind" in "Got to Get You into My Life" were written specifically as a reference to cannabis.: Habitual marijuana use by McCartney and the Beatles; : Marijuana references in Beatles songs. During the filming of Help!, McCartney occasionally smoked a joint in the car on the way to the studio during filming, and often forgot his lines. Director Richard Lester overheard two physically attractive women trying to cajole McCartney into using heroin, but he refused. He was introduced to cocaine by Robert Fraser, and it was readily available during the recording of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. McCartney used the drug for about a year but stopped because of his dislike of the unpleasant melancholy he felt afterwards.
Initially reluctant to try LSD, McCartney eventually did so in late 1966, and took his second "acid trip" in March 1967, with Lennon, after a Sgt. Pepper studio session.: First LSD "trip", : Second LSD "trip". He later became the first Beatle to discuss the drug publicly, declaring, "It opened my eyes... [and] made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society." He made his attitude about cannabis public in 1967, when he, along with the other Beatles and Epstein, added his name to a July advertisement in The Times, which called for its legalisation, the release of those imprisoned for possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses.
In 1972, McCartney was fined £1,000 by a Swedish court for cannabis possession. Soon after, Scottish police found marijuana plants growing on his farm, leading to his 1973 conviction for illegal cultivation and a £100 fine. Due to his drug convictions, he was repeatedly denied a US visa until December 1973.: Drugs. He was again arrested for marijuana possession in 1975 in Los Angeles. Linda took the blame, and the charges were soon dismissed. In January 1980, when Wings flew to Tokyo for a tour of Japan, customs officials found approximately 8 ounces (200 g) of cannabis in his luggage, and he was arrested and taken to a local jail while the Japanese government decided what to do. After ten days, he was released without charge and deported. In 1984, while on holiday in Barbados, he was arrested for possession of marijuana and fined $200. Upon his return to England, he stated that "cannabis is ... less harmful than rum punch, whiskey, nicotine and glue, all of which are perfectly legal ... I don't think ... I was doing anyone any harm whatsoever." In 1997, he spoke out in support of decriminalisation of the drug: "People are smoking pot anyway and to make them criminals is wrong."
=== Activism ===
Paul and Linda were vegetarians for most of their 30-year marriage. They decided to stop eating meat after Paul saw lambs in a field as they were having a meal of lamb. Soon after, the couple became outspoken animal rights activists. In his first interview after Linda's death, he promised to continue working for animal rights, and in 1999 he spent £3,000,000 to ensure Linda McCartney Foods remained free of genetically engineered ingredients.For McCartney's pledge to continue Linda's animal rights work see: ; For McCartney ensuring that Linda McCartney Foods remained GMO free, see: 
Following McCartney's marriage to Mills, he joined her in a campaign against landmines, becoming a patron of Adopt-A-Minefield. He wore an anti-landmines T-shirt during some of the Back in the World tour shows.For McCartney becoming a patron of Adopt-A-Minefield see: ; For McCartney wearing an anti-landmines T-shirt during the Back in the World tour see: In 2006, the McCartneys travelled to Prince Edward Island to raise international awareness of seal hunting. The couple debated with Danny Williams, Newfoundland's then Premier, on Larry King Live, stating that fishermen should stop hunting seals and start seal-watching businesses instead. McCartney also supports the Make Poverty History campaign.
McCartney has been involved with several charity recordings and performances, such as the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Live Aid and the recording of "Ferry Cross the Mersey".: Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, 327–328: "Ferry Cross the Mersey", 514–515: Live Aid; : Band Aid & Band Aid 20, 187: Ferry Aid. In 2004, he donated a song to an album to aid the "US Campaign for Burma", in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi, and in 2008 he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD, which was organised as an effort to raise funds to assist with the recovery from devastation caused in Southeast Asia by the 2004 tsunami.For the "US Campaign for Burma" see: ; For the Aid Still Required CD see: 
In 2009, McCartney wrote to Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, asking him why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney explained, "He wrote back very kindly, saying, my doctors tell me that I must eat meat. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right ... I think he's now being told ... that he can get his protein somewhere else ... It just doesn't seem right – the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings ... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'"
=== Meditation ===
In August 1967, McCartney met the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton, and later went to Bangor in North Wales, to attend a weekend initiation conference, where he and the other Beatles learned the basics of Transcendental Meditation. He explained, "The whole meditation experience was very good and I still use the mantra ... I find it soothing". In 2009, McCartney and Starr headlined a benefit concert at Radio City Music Hall, raising three million dollars for the David Lynch Foundation to fund instruction in Transcendental Meditation for at-risk youth.
=== Football ===
McCartney is an avid fan of football, and has publicly professed support for Everton, and also shown favour for Liverpool.For McCartney's support of Everton, see: ; For McCartney's support of Liverpool, see: In 2008, he ended speculation about his allegiance when he said, "Here's the deal: my father was born in Everton, my family are officially Evertonians, so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two, I would have to support Everton. But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish, who had been to the gig and I thought 'You know what? I am just going to support them both because it's all Liverpool.'"
== Personal relationships ==
=== Girlfriends ===
==== Dot Rhone ====
McCartney's first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was Dot Rhone, whom he met at the Casbah club in 1959. According to Spitz, Rhone felt McCartney had a compulsion to control situations, choosing clothes and make-up for her, encouraging her to grow her hair out like Brigitte Bardot's and at least once insisting she have it re-styled, to disappointing effect. When McCartney first went to Hamburg with the Beatles, he wrote to Rhone regularly, and she accompanied Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when they played there again in 1962. The couple had a two-and-a-half-year relationship, and were due to marry until Rhone's miscarriage; according to Spitz, McCartney, now "free of obligation", ended the engagement.
==== Jane Asher ====
McCartney first met British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963, when a photographer asked them to pose at a Beatles performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The two began a relationship, and in November of that year he took up residence with Asher at her parents' home at 57 Wimpole Street, London. They lived there for more than two years before the couple moved to McCartney's own home in St. John's Wood, in March 1966.: Living at the Asher home, 254: McCartney's move to his home in St. John's Wood. He wrote several songs while at the Ashers', including "Yesterday", and several of them were inspired by Asher, among them "And I Love Her", "You Won't See Me" and "I'm Looking Through You". They had a five-year relationship and planned to marry, but Asher broke off the engagement after she discovered he had become involved with Francie Schwartz.: Jane Asher, : Francie Schwartz.
=== Wives ===
==== Linda Eastman ====
Linda Eastman was a music fan who once commented, "all my teen years were spent with an ear to the radio." At times, she skipped school to see artists such as Fabian, Bobby Darin and Chuck Berry. She became a popular photographer with several rock groups, including the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Grateful Dead, the Doors and the Beatles, whom she first met at Shea Stadium in 1966. She commented, "It was John who interested me at the start. He was my Beatle hero. But when I met him the fascination faded fast and I found it was Paul I liked." The pair first properly met in 1967 at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club, during her UK assignment to photograph rock musicians in London. As Paul remembers, "The night Linda and I met, I spotted her across a crowded club, and although I would normally have been nervous chatting her up, I realised I had to ... Pushiness worked for me that night!": Paul and Linda's first meeting, : "Pushiness worked for me that night!"; : Linda's UK assignment to photograph rock musicians in London. Linda said this about their meeting: "I was quite shameless really. I was with somebody else [that night] ... and I saw Paul at the other side of the room. He looked so beautiful that I made up my mind I would have to pick him up." The pair were married in 1969. About their relationship, Paul said, "We had a lot of fun together ... just the nature of how we are, our favourite thing really is to just hang, to have fun. And Linda's very big on just following the moment." He added, "We were crazy. We had a big argument the night before we got married and it was nearly called off ... [it's] miraculous that we made it. But we did."
The two collaborated musically after the Beatles' break-up, forming Wings in 1971. They faced derision from some fans and critics, who questioned her inclusion. She was nervous about performing with Paul, who explained, "she conquered those nerves, got on with it and was really gutsy." Paul defended her musical ability: "I taught Linda the basics of the keyboard ... She took a couple lessons and learned some bluesy things ... she did very well and made it look easier than it was ... The critics would say, 'She's not really playing' or 'Look at her—she's playing with one finger.' But what they didn't know is that sometimes she was playing a thing called a Minimoog, which could only be played with one finger. It was monophonic." He went on to say, "We thought we were in it for the fun ... it was just something we wanted to do, so if we got it wrong – big deal. We didn't have to justify ourselves." Former Wings guitarist McCullough said of collaborating with Linda, "trying to get things together with a learner in the group didn't work as far as I was concerned."
They had four children—Linda's daughter Heather (legally adopted by Paul), Mary, Stella and James—and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer in 1998. After her death, Paul stated in The Daily Mail, "I got a counsellor because I knew that I would need some help. He was great, particularly in helping me get rid of my guilt [about wishing I'd been] perfect all the time ... a real bugger. But then I thought, hang on a minute. We're just human. That was the beautiful thing about our marriage. We were just a boyfriend and girlfriend having babies."
==== Heather Mills ====
In 2002, McCartney married Heather Mills, a former model and anti-landmines campaigner. In 2003, the couple had a child, Beatrice Milly, who was named in honour of Mills' late mother, and one of McCartney's aunts. They separated in April 2006, and divorced acrimoniously in March 2008.: Separation, : Divorce. In 2004 he commented on media animosity toward his partners: "[the British public] didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher" ... "I married [Linda], a New York divorcee with a child, and at the time they didn't like that".
==== Nancy Shevell ====
McCartney married New Yorker Nancy Shevell, 51, in a civil ceremony at Old Marylebone Town Hall, London, on 9 October 2011. The wedding was a low-key affair attended by a group of about 30 relatives and friends. The couple had been dating since November 2007.
She is a member of the board of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority as well as vice president of a family-owned transportation conglomerate which owns New England Motor Freight.For Shevell and the New England Motor Freight company see: 
=== Beatles ===
==== John Lennon ====
McCartney had a strained relationship with Lennon; they briefly became close again in 1974, and played music together on two occasions, the only times since the Beatles' break-up in 1970. In later years, the two grew apart. While McCartney would often phone, he was apprehensive about the reception he would receive, as during one call when he was told, "You're all pizza and fairytales!" In an effort to avoid talking only about business, they often spoke of cats, babies or baking bread.
On 24 April 1976, the two were watching an episode of Saturday Night Live together at Lennon's home in New York City, during which Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer for the Beatles to reunite. While they seriously considered going to the SNL studio a few blocks away, they decided it was too late. This was their last time together.: On 24 April 1976, the two were watching Saturday Night Live, last time Lennon and McCartney spent time together; : Lennon: "We nearly got a cab, but we were actually too tired". This event was fictionalised in the 2000 television film Two of Us. His last telephone call to Lennon, days before Lennon and Ono released Double Fantasy, was friendly; he said this about the call: "[It is] a consoling factor for me, because I do feel it was sad that we never actually sat down and straightened our differences out. But fortunately for me, the last phone conversation I ever had with him was really great, and we didn't have any kind of blow-up."
===== Reaction to Lennon's murder =====
On 9 December 1980, McCartney awoke to the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night, his death creating a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band. That evening, as he was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio, he was surrounded by reporters who asked him for a reaction. He responded "It's a drag", and was criticised for what appeared to be a superficial response. He later explained, "When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said: 'What do you think about it?' I said, 'It's a dra-a-ag' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster. When you put that in print it says, 'McCartney in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said, "It's a drag".' It seemed a very flippant comment to make." He described his first exchange with Ono after the murder, and his last conversation with Lennon:
I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed and the first thing she said was, "John was really fond of you." The last telephone conversation I had with him we were still the best of mates. He was always a very warm guy, John. His bluff was all on the surface. He used to take his glasses down, those granny glasses, and say, "it's only me." They were like a wall, you know? A shield. Those are the moments I treasure.
In 1983, McCartney said, "I would not have been as typically human and standoffish as I was if I knew John was going to die. I would have made more of an effort to try and get behind his "mask" and have a better relationship with him." He said that he went home that night, watched the news on television with his children and cried most of the evening. In 1997, he admitted the ex-Beatles were nervous at the time that they might also be murdered. He told Mojo magazine in 2002 that Lennon was his greatest hero. In June 1981, six months after the murder, McCartney sang backup on Harrison's tribute to their ex-bandmate, "All Those Years Ago", which featured Starr on drums. McCartney released "Here Today" in 1982, a song Everett describes as "a haunting tribute" to McCartney's friendship with Lennon.
==== George Harrison ====
Discussing his relationship with McCartney, Harrison said, "Paul would always help along when you'd done his ten songs—then when he got 'round to doing one of my songs, he would help. It was silly. It was very selfish, actually ... There were a lot of tracks, though, where I played bass ... because what Paul would do—if he'd written a song, he'd learn all the parts for Paul and then come in the studio and say (sometimes he was very difficult): "Do this". He'd never give you the opportunity to come out with something."
After Harrison's death in November 2001, McCartney issued a statement outside his home in St. John's Wood, calling him "a lovely guy and a very brave man who had a wonderful sense of humour". He went on to say, "We grew up together and we just had so many beautiful times together – that's what I am going to remember. I'll always love him, he's my baby brother." On the first anniversary of his death, McCartney played Harrison's "Something" on a ukulele at the Concert for George. He also performed "For You Blue" and "All Things Must Pass", and played the piano on Eric Clapton's rendition of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps".
==== Ringo Starr ====
Starr once described McCartney as "pleasantly insincere", though the two generally enjoy each other's company, and at least once went on holiday together in Greece. Starr recalled, "We couldn't understand a word of the songs the hotel band were playing, so on the last night Paul and I did a few rockers like "What'd I Say". There was at times discord between them as well, particularly during sessions for the White Album. As Apple's Peter Brown recalled, "it was a poorly kept secret among Beatle intimates that after Ringo left the studio Paul would often dub in the drum tracks himself ... [Starr] would pretend not to notice". In August 1968, the two got into an argument over McCartney's critique of Starr's drum part for "Back in the U.S.S.R.", which contributed to Starr temporarily leaving the band.; : "Paul ticked Ringo off over a fluffed tom-tom fill. They had already argued about how the drum part should be played ... and Paul's criticisms finally brought matters to a head"; : "The ill-feeling ... finally erupted ... after an argument with McCartney over the drum part". He returned in September to find bouquets of flowers on his drum kit. Starr commented on working with McCartney: "Paul is the greatest bass player in the world. But he is also very determined ... [to] get his own way ... [thus] musical disagreements inevitably arose from time to time."
McCartney and Starr collaborated on several post-Beatles projects starting in 1973, when McCartney contributed instrumentation and backing vocals for "Six O'Clock", a song McCartney wrote for Starr's album Ringo. McCartney played a kazoo solo on another track from the album You're Sixteen. In 1976, McCartney sang backing vocals on another song he wrote for Starr, "Pure Gold", from Ringo's Rotogravure. In 1981, McCartney produced and performed on three songs from Starr's Stop and Smell the Roses, two of which McCartney composed. Starr played drums and sang backing vocals on a song from McCartney's 1997 album, Flaming Pie. The pair collaborated again in 1998, on Starr's Vertical Man, which featured McCartney's backing vocals on three songs, and instrumentation on one. In 2009, the pair performed "With a Little Help From My Friends" at a benefit concert for the David Lynch Foundation. They collaborated on Starr's album, Y Not, in 2010. McCartney played bass on a track, and sang a duet with Starr on another. On 7 July 2010, Starr was performing at Radio City Music Hall in New York. It was his seventieth birthday, and McCartney made a suprise, last minute appearance, coming out and launching into the Beatles' song "Birthday" backed by members of Starr's band.
== Recognition ==
=== Achievements ===
McCartney was described by Guinness World Records as "the Most Successful Composer and Recording Artist of All Time", with 60 gold discs and sales of 100 million albums, 100 million singles, and a writer's credit on forty-three songs that have sold over one million copies each. According to Guinness, he is "the most successful songwriter" in UK singles chart history and "the most successful musician of all time". He has written or co-written "188 charted records, of which 129 are different songs. Of these records, 91 reached the Top 10 and 33 made it to number 1. In total, the songs have spent 1,662 weeks in the charts (up to the beginning of 2007)."
In the US, McCartney was included on 32 number-one singles as a songwriter or co-writer on the Billboard Hot 100: twenty with the Beatles; nine solo and/or with Wings; one as a co-writer of "A World Without Love", a number-one single for Peter and Gordon; one as a co-writer on Elton John's cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"; and one as a co-writer with Jackson on "Say Say Say".For McCartney's number-one singles with the Beatles and Wings see: ; : "A World Without Love" performed by Peter and Gordon, : "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" performed by Elton John, : "Say Say Say" with Michael Jackson, : McCartney's thirty-two Billboard Hot 100 number-ones. , he has sold 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States.
McCartney has been involved in more number ones in the UK than any other artist under a variety of credits, totalling twenty-four singles: seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and one with "The Christians et al".: Band Aid & Band Aid; : the Beatles; : Ferry Aid; : Solo, Wings, Stevie Wonder and "The Christians et all". He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", the Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", the Beatles with Billy Preston) and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid).
"Yesterday" is the most covered song in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions, and according to the BBC, "the track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all-time list ... [and] is the most played song by a British writer [last] century in the US".For 2,200 recorded versions see: ; ; : "the most 'covered' song in history"; For "Yesterday" airing more than seven million times on American TV and radio see: His 1968 Beatles composition, "Hey Jude", is also a career highlight. It achieved the highest sales in the UK that year, and topped the US charts for nine weeks, longer than any other Beatles single. It was also the longest single released by the band, and at seven minutes eleven seconds, the longest ever number one to that point. "Hey Jude" is the best-selling Beatles single, achieving sales of over five million copies soon after its release.
In July 2005, he was involved with the fastest-released single in history, when his performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 at Live 8 was released within forty-five minutes of its recording. Within hours of release, it achieved number one on the UK Official Download Chart.
==== Awards ====
In 1990, the minor planet 4148 was named "McCartney" in his honour. In 2008, he received a BRIT award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, as well as an honorary Doctor of Music degree from Yale University.For the Brit Award, see: ; For the honorary degree from Yale, see: . In 2010, he was honoured by President Barack Obama with the Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music. He returned to the White House later that year as a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors. McCartney won two Grammy awards with Wings, and two as a solo artist.: Wings Grammy awards; For McCartney's solo Grammy awards see: . In 2012, he became the last Beatle to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
== Discography ==
;Solo
:: Rock, pop
* McCartney (1970)
* Ram (1971)(Paul & Linda McCartney)
* McCartney II (1980)
* Tug of War (1982)
* Pipes of Peace (1983)
* Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984)
* Press to Play (1986)
* Снова в СССР (1988)
* Flowers in the Dirt (1989)
* Off the Ground (1993)
* Flaming Pie (1997)
* Run Devil Run (1999)
* Driving Rain (2001)
* Chaos and Creation in the Backyard (2005)
* Memory Almost Full (2007)
* Kisses on the Bottom (2012)
::Classical
* The Family Way (1966)(film score with George Martin)
* Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio (1991)(with Carl Davis)
* Standing Stone (1997)
* Working Classical (1999)
* A Garland for Linda (2000)(Various Artists)''
* Ecce Cor Meum (2006)
* Ocean's Kingdom (2011)(dance score with Peter Martins)
::Electronica
* Thrillington (1977) (Percy "Thrills" Thrillington)''
* Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest (1993)(the Fireman)
* Rushes (1998)(the Fireman)
* Liverpool Sound Collage (2000)(re-mix album)
* Twin Freaks (2005) (with the Freelance Hellraiser)
* Electric Arguments (2008)(the Fireman)
;Wings, live, and compilations
:: Wings
* Wild Life (1971)
* Red Rose Speedway (1973)
* Band on the Run (1973)
* Venus and Mars (1975)
* Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976)
* London Town (1978)
* Back to the Egg (1979)
:: Live
* Wings over America (1976)
* Tripping the Live Fantastic (1990)
* Tripping the Live Fantastic: Highlights! (1990)
* Unplugged (The Official Bootleg) (1991)
* Paul Is Live (1993)
* Back in the U.S. (2002)
* Back in the World (2003)
* Good Evening New York City (2009)
:: Compilations
* Wings Greatest (1978)
* All the Best! (1987)
* Wingspan: Hits and History (2001)
== Tours ==
;Wings: Wings tours details; : Wings tours dates.
* Wings University Tour – 11 shows in the UK, 1972
* Wings Over Europe Tour – 25 shows, 1972
* Wings 1973 UK Tour – 21 shows, 1973
* Wings Over the World Tour – 66 shows, 1975–1976
* Wings UK Tour 1979 – 20 shows, 1979
;SoloFor solo tour details see: 
* The Paul McCartney World Tour – 104 shows, 1989–1990
* Unplugged Tour – 6 worldwide shows, 1992
* The New World Tour – 79 shows, 1993
* Driving World Tour – 55 shows, 2002
* Back in the World tour – 33 shows, 2003
* '04 Summer Tour – 14 shows worldwide, 2004
* The 'US' Tour – 37 shows, 2005
* Summer Live '09 – 10 shows in North America, 2009
* Good Evening Europe Tour – 8 shows, 2009
* Up and Coming Tour – 38 shows worldwide, 2010–2011
* On the Run Tour – 30 shows worldwide, 2011–2012
== Notes ==
== Citations ==
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== Further reading ==
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== External links ==
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* Paul McCartney's Animation Website
* 
 
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