Reformation

Id Protestant Reformation est id religieus movment quod, ye id XVIt secule, hat duct un part os Occidental Christiandem ad rejece id autoritat ios Papp ed ad conteste id ritual ed id dogmatique ios Roman Catholic Kyrk. 
==Id crise ios Roman Kyrk ye id fin os Mediev==
Unte hol Mediev, id europay Occident hat percept sien unitat per un commun dervia dia id Catholic Kyrk ed idsi chef, ei Papp. 
Structuren ed centralisen ye id tid os feudal dreupen, nerto dank id immense prestige quod idso spiritual rol ei valt ye un dwoifredo zaman kun religion begrundt vasya legitimitats, id Kyrk hat bihn unschi enorm temporal, yani politic, economic ed financial stieure, nespekent vasya risks involven ab to. Ye id end os Mediev, kathire leuds accuse id ob ses nederv dia id message ios Euanghelyios : denuncent id luxe ios pontifical curt, id slehmber ed id ignorance ios cler, id multiplication iom abusen. In tod sense, id humanisten wehrg ep id Scripture contribuet kyunggiawe id abveicen iom real conducts ios Kyrk ud id Christian ideal. Eiskwndi mae ir magh biht contesten, ies papps ios XVt secule hihoanent un profund ed necessaro reforme. 
 1526 portrait os Martin Luther ex id atelier os Lucas Cranach Senior.
==Luther==
In 1517, un deutsch munk, Martin Luther (1483-1546), indignat ob vidus id Kyrk pehrne im fiders sem "Indeulgens" - yani personal pardon iom synts quod is papp poitt ijabe -, plakat in Wittenberg (Saxen) 95 proposens qua denunce tod commerce. Excommunien ab Papp Leo X, is aydht in public id brev quod makhkoumeiht iom (1520). 
Tuntos, is radicaliset sien wekwos. Protegen ab iom herceg os Saxen, is refuset mutawehkwe ant Cesar Charles V in Worms (1521). Is enderghendt tun tarjmes id Bible do deutsch, kay cada fider ghehdt personal-ye gnohe id Scripture. Is challenget id magh ios papp ed iom episkeps, sigwrt od Furkan dependt id sinceritat os fid, ed ne ia ritual dyinsta, aunstehmt id cult ias Virgen ed im saints. 
Tetos prehpt un tawtayt religion, aun messe ni pryster - ies pastors sont tik mer ducs, aun supernatural maghs, ed poitte wehde. Monastic ordens bihnt aboliht. Id cult kyunggiawt id leisen ed id commente ios Bible, prehgen ed id comsehngven iom Psalmen. 
Id Lutheran Reformation hassilet un enorm success in Deutschland, ob conviction, betschi ob hissab, ar bihnd-ye Lutherans, ies peursti bifanghe ia wesus ios decheen Catholic Kyrk. In 1529, Cesar Charles V endemeurt i Lutherans ke fuschiount : ti proteste ob se aynt bona fide - tetos ir nam "Protestants" ed riposte med un complete presentation irs doctrine, id Augsburg Confession (1530).
 "Jean Calvin" est id refranceoisiht forme ios latin Calvinus, ex franceois "Jehan Cauvin".
==Calvin==
Id Lutheran Reformation spehrt do id Germanic Europe (Alemannisch Schweiz, Scandinavia) ed ids idees nake France. In 1534, Francesco Ist emt hostile meids qua dwinghe exile im prest franceois Protestants. Oin ex i, Iohannes Calvin (1509-1564), endergwohmto do Geneve, publiet ter in 1536 id Christianae Religionis Institutio. Parsehkwnd Luthers logique, is appareiht ka dar meis radical. 
Calvin keupt un bare cult, in temples aun Kwiters ni decoration. Antplehct eti un austere doctrine insistend id achizia'l mensc ed Divs omnipotence : so woid aiwois quel bihsiet salven we damnen. Elghi mensc est "predestinet", yed id gnohmen ios election est fid. Quel xeiht id, tel dehlct age un zakir gwit ed se behrge dayim ud tentation ed synt. 
I Genevers ralliend eys doctrine, id urbo biht, pos 1541, id centre os calviniste protestantisme quetos fortrehcent kjiauschis. Calvinisme hassilet multens tarafdars in France. Id pact darm-ye in Nederland ed biht, sub id nam os "Presbyterian Kyrk", Statsreligion in Alba (1560). 
 Portrait af Hans Holbein Junior os Henric VII (Englisch : Henry). Henric VII (1491-1547) buit Roy os England ex dien 21 Aprile 1509 tiel sieno mohrt. Henric buit is secondo Tudor monarch, succeddus sien pater, Henric VII.
Henric est besonters gnohn ob sien six wehdens ed sien efforts kay batalihes sien prest gham con Catherine os Aragon. Eys ikhtilaf binisbat iom Papp de to duxit iom ad aurghe id Englisch Reformation, separend id Kyrk os England ex pontifical waldh ed se taukilend iom Supreme Chef tos Kyrk. Quayque excommuniet, Henric remien fider iom magnen Catholic theologic lohrs.
==Id fall os England : anglicanisme ed puritanisme==
Ye ia XIVt ed XVt secules, England eet oino iom lands quer id demande uns reforme ios Kyrk hieb esen aksterst-ye swohrn. Roy Henric VIII Tudor brunct tod conjuncture : vanschend divorce, quo Rome refuset, is rumpt con iom Papp ed se proclamet in 1534, med id Act of Supremacy, saul chef ios Kyrk os England. 
Henric VIII ne druve-ye eiskwt un doctrinal rupture, yed ia calviniste idees penetrent eys roydem. Unte id regne os eys son Edward VI, anglicanisme biht sul-ye protestant in 1549 (suppression ios messe, gham iom prysters). Lakin, pos id mohrt ios yun roy, eysa swester, Maria Tudor, qua hat remanen derv dia Rome, tentet, med un cruoric persecution, un reiken os catholicisme (1553-1558). 
Ia yunsta dugter os Henric VIII, Elisabeth 1st (1558-1603), vicheust Reformation, bet sub id forme uns curieus compromiss quod weidt ia protestanta doctrinal novtats ed sammel conservet id hierarchia iom episkeps ed id catholic ceremonial. Tod ne satisfact i druv calvinistens os England : nieb id establien Anglican Kyrk wardht uno menghia om dissident Kyrks qua sammelnt i "puritans", rigoreus protestants id Cron vaht mox persecute. Tige sient slures id Englisch Revolution ye id XVIIt secule.
 1543 Portrait os Paul III ab Tiziano. Alessandro Farnese (1468-1549) buit, sub tod nam, is 220t papp ios Catholic Kyrk ex 1534 tiel sieno mohrt. In 1540, is autorisit id dehti ios Societat os Jesus sekwent id idee os Ignatius os Loyola ed convoquit id Trento Concil in 1545.
==Ia consequences os Reformation==
Id antagonisme inter catholics ed protestants concretasct, ye id wehnd ios XVIt secule, pre un catholic Contrareformation enplacen ab Pappo Paul III. Kneigvend ep nov militant religieus ordens, id principal esend id Societat os Jesus (iens Jesuits), sult in 1537 ab iom Espaniol Ignatius de Loyola ed alnos submiss ei pappdem, Paul III convoquet un general council quod vaht mutte ex 1545 do 1563 in Trento, Italia, ed adduce un redefinition ios catholic dogme aun concede ject ibs nov idees. Tod zaghyahsa siet wauste in meis quem oin secule om cruoric Religion Weirs. 
Lakin, exter sien religieus aspect, Reformation skeipt uno muhim historic wakya. Brehgend-ye id unitat os Christiandem, id acceleret id movment quod duct do id wardhen om dynastic Stats qua vahnt bihe national. Ed to dar meis in protestant lands idghi promotion iom bahn linguas ye id detriment os latin kyunggiawt ia sonterkweits. Itak Luther est ayn is aurgher ios deutsch identitat. 
Eti, insistend-ye ielganghens personal massoulia ant Div, Reformationo smyehrt id emergence os moderne Individualisme. Exaltend-ye ia virtuts om orbat ed economia, beuwend-ye kamyab dighomi ka un kwekmor os divin blaghen quod sint presayge Furkan, id hat sigwra agen un rol, kam hat kyunggiawt is sociolog M.Weber (1864-1920), in id genesis os Capitalisme.
Category:Historia
Category:Christianisme