Boyle's Law

Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law) is an experimental gas law which describes how the pressure of a gas tends to decrease as the volume of a gas increases. A modern statement of Boyle's law is:
The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system.
== Tossup Question ==
# The Carnot cycle is calculated using this law or modifications of it, and Daniel Bernoulli derived it with Newton's laws of motion. Independently discovered by Edme Mariotte, credit for it is most often given to the author of (*) The Skeptical Chymist. It is part of the combined gas law, with Gay-Lussac's Law and Charles' Law. For 10 points, identify this law that states that at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
# When an exponent often added to generalize it is equal to gamma, the specific heat ratio, it describes any isentropic process. Deviations from this law that occur above the inversion temperature are modeled by the Joule-Thomson effect, and its constant of proportionality has units of energy and is given by the product of particle number, temperature, and the ideal gas constant. Increasingly accurate for low gases as altitude increases, for 10 points, identify the gas law which describes an inverse relationship between pressure and volume at fixed temperatures.
# An associate of its namesake built a bone digester and conceived the idea of a piston and cylinder engine. That man, Denis Papin, inspired Thomas Savery to build a machine implementing this principle. It was also discovered by Edme Mariotte, and deviations from it are expressed as the compressibility factor. It is used to calculate changes in the two quantities it relates, which are related to temperature in Gay-Lussac and Charles' Laws. For 10 points, name this law stating that pressure and volume of a gas in a closed system are inversely proportional.
# This law exhibits deviations that can be modeled by the Joule-Thomson effect above a point at which expansion causes heating, the inversion temperature. Other deviations in it occur at high-pressure, low- temperature situations and can be described using the compressibility factor. This law, also named for Mariotte, has a namesake constant of proportionality that is the product of temperature, particle number, and the ideal gas constant. For 10 points, name this gas law that states that at constant temperature, pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional.