Library/Ultima Ratio

==Commerce research==
"The great end of all human industry, is the attainment of happiness." — David Hume
Commerce research will cost you Timber and Knowledge at the Library. When you complete Commerce research, your Commerce Cap goes up for all Resources you gather: Food, Timber, Metal, and Wealth. You can gather more of them only up to the Commerce Cap; surpass the cap and any excess is simply lost to you. Commerce research along with Civics research is also required to gain access to a variety of military units as well.
RESEARCH LEVEL	NAME 	GRANTS ACCESS TO
1 	Canal Networks 	
"Fortune brings in some boats that are not steered." —William Shakespeare, Cymbeline (Act 4 scene iii)
*Market
*Dockyard
*Public Buildings
*increased caravan limit
*increased commerce cap for all resources.
2 	Pacioli System 	
"Some falsified printed accounts, artfully cooked up, on purpose to mislead and deceive."—Tobias Smollett, 18th century Scottish author
*Trading resources at market
*increased caravan limit
*increased commerce cap for all resources.
3 	Economic Theory	
"A penny saved is a penny to squander."—Ambrose Bierce, 20th century American satirist
*increased caravan limit
*increased commerce cap for all resources
*access to the National Bank
4 	Steam Power 	
"When they touch, is it the water which hisses and roars, or is it the fire?"—Henri Barbusse, 20th century French author and soldier
*increased caravan limit
*increased commerce cap for all resources.
5 	Corporate Law 	
"The “holding system” not only serves enormously to increase the power of the monopolists; but also enables them to resort with impunity to all sorts of shady and dirty tricks." —Lenin
*increased caravan limit
*increased commerce cap for all resources
*trade with allies and non-belligerent factions
*Medium-level mercenary units from Outpost in [2], with Military Level 2 (Mercenaries) researched.
6 	Assembly Line 	
"Man is an automaton — well fed, well clad, but without any ultimate concern for that which is his peculiarly human quality and function."—Erich Fromm, 20th century Germano-American psychologist
*increased caravan limit
*increased commerce cap for all resources
7 	Protectionism 	
"In the restraints upon the importation of all foreign commodities, the interest of the home consumer is evidently sacrificed to that of the producer." —Adam Smith
*increased caravan limit
*increased commerce cap for all resources.
==Science research==
"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." — Arthur C Clarke
Science research increases line of sight for many of your units (including buildings), makes new Resource technologies available so you can increase gather rate, permits construction of new types of buildings, and decreases the cost of all other technology research incrementally.
RESEARCH LEVEL	NAME 	GRANTS ACCESS TO
1 	Archaeology 	
"If thou canst, seek an opening into the earth and bring them a sign!" —the Qur'an (6:35)
*Research cost cheaper and research speed improved by 10%
*Increased LOS
*Transport of land units by sea
*House of worship.
2 	Calculus 	
"I see nothing but scientific extravagance in all these calculations."—Frederick "Alte Fritz" II of Prussia, letter to Voltaire
*Research cost cheaper and research speed improved by 10%
*Increased LOS
3 	Thermodynamics 	
"Heat is not a substance."—James Clerk Maxwell, 19th century Scottish physicist
*Research cost cheaper and research speed improved by 10%
*Increased LOS
*Unlocks Foundry
4 	Positivism 	
"Man is conscious of himself. His ego is nearer to his heart than to his feet."—Al-Ghazali, mediaeval Iranian Muslim scholar and religious polemicist
*Research cost cheaper and research speed improved by 10%
*Increased LOS
5 	Evolutionary Theory	
"Once you were apes, yet even now man is more of an ape than any of the apes." —Nietzsche
*Research cost cheaper and research speed improved by 10%
*Increased LOS
6 	Physics 	
"To understand is hard. But once one understands, then action is easy."—Dr Sun Yat-Sen, first president of the Republic of China
*Access to oil well with Mechanisation
*Research cost cheaper and research speed improved by 10%
*Increased LOS
*High-level upgrades for granary, sawmill, and foundry
*Map fully explored.
7 	Electricity 	
"One can prophesy with a Daniel's confidence that skilled electricians will settle the battles of the near future." —Nikola Tesla
*Research cost cheaper and research speed improved by 10%
*Increased LOS.
*Access to the Military-Industrial Complex
==Civics research==
"My subjects are rats in a basket. If I do not keep shaking the basket, they will gnaw their way through."—Moulay Ismail the Warrior, 17th century sultan of Morocco
Civics research allows you to build one new city with each completed round, and increases your national borders. If your borders abut other nations' borders, then you'll gain strength in the pushing match. If you don't touch territories yet, the diameter of space around your Cities simply expands. Civics research is also vital for...
RESEARCH LEVEL	NAME 	GRANTS ACCESS TO
1 	Authority 	
"Look at me! I have 400 million people dependent on my judgment!" —Empress Dowager Cixi of China
*increased city limit
*increased borders
*access to the Palace Complex
2 	Political Parties	
"I decline utterly to be impartial as between the fire brigade and the fire." —Winston Churchill
*increased city limit
*increased borders
*low-level religious and taxation research at house of worship.
3 	Utilitarianism 	
"Ye seek for happiness—alas, the day!"—Percy Bysshe Shelley
*increased city limit
*increased borders
*Access to Mansabdar Divan, Granary and Sawmill
4 	Constitution 	
"How can you govern a country which has two hundred and forty-six varieties of cheese?" —Charles de Gaulle, 20th century French statesman
*increased city limit
*increased borders
*medium-level attrition research at Tower.
5 	Federalism 	
"We must, indeed, all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately." —Ben Franklin
*increased city limit
*increased borders
6 	Great Power 	
"Empire is the art of putting men in their place." —Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French statesman
*[5] mercenaries and militia
*high-level taxation research at house of worship?
*high-level atrition research at tower?
*increased city limit
*increased borders.
7 	Rights of Man 	
"The very first birthright of a people is national dignity." —Camilio Benso di Cavour, 19th century Italian statesman
*High-level religious research at house of worship
*increased city limit
*increased borders.
 	 	
==Military research==
"Ultima ratio regum." — Motto on French cannon cast by Louis XIV
Completing Military research increases your population cap and also allows you to start upgrading your units at your military structures. Additionally, the cost of units and unit upgrades is lowered with each successive level researched.
RESEARCH LEVEL	NAME 	GRANTS ACCESS TO	
1 	Supply Reform 	
"See to it that your walls are builded high, and your stores are stocked with rations." —Zhu Sheng, 14th century Chinese stateman
*Officers' Quarters
*required to erect Stockades,
*Required for Logistics	
2 	National Academy 	
"I must study politics and war, that our sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy."—John Adams, 18th century American statesman and revolutionary
*Most units in [2]	
3 	Signalatory Corps 	
"What guns, sir? Where and what to do?"—George Bingham, Lord of Lucan, at Balaclava
*siege workshop and [1] siege weapons
*Heavy cavalry units from stable
*Forts and castles.	
4 	Levee en Masse 	
"Dear to friends and food for powder / soldiers marching on to die." —Alfred Edward Housman, On the Idle hill of Summer
*Most units for [4]	
5 	National Defence 	
"It is a sweet and pleasant thing..." —Horace, Roman poet
*Access to the Military-Industrial Complex	
6 	Infiltration Assault Doctrine	
"March slowly, attack at dawn and eat up the red soldiers." —Cetshwayo kaMpande, Zulu king
*[3] light and heavy naval units
*Centralisation at Nobles' Court (for Caravela Redonda; Sao Gabriel-class carrack; [3] mainstream barracks and stable, excluding other UUs)
*All [3] unique units (mostly)	
7 	Deep Operations Theory 	
"We are not interested in the possibilities of defeat; they do not exist." —Queen Victoria
*Modern units - biplanes, tanks, armour	
Category:Game mechanics
Category:Ultima Ratio