Respublic

Etymologia: Ex latin res publica = "public re". 
Definition: Respublic kyeust un politic systeme keihnd ep id souverainitat im civs. 
 San Marino (official-ye in Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino = Serenissim Respublic San Marino) est un aukhayghian Stat alnos perambhen ab id Italian territorium. Est 61,19% plaut ed hat 33 328 weikers. Ids historic centre (photo ab M.Ryazanov : Monte Titano) est un UNESCO tienxia heritage site. Sekwent id legend, tod koim buit sult in 301, yed ids independence ka Respublic est schahidet yant 1296. In 1600 buit widt ids presto scriben Constitution. San Marino hat kwohnden tik tri bragv militar occupations. Yinjier, est id veutsto dar existend Respublic.
==Un diu impreciso lexis==
Sert gwohm respublic do kyuses un specific politic regime. Ex Antiquitato do ia Moderne Tids, id gwup un general maynen ois latin "statswaldh", quo buw id, instar ids hellen homologh πολιτεία, id synonym ios moderne Constitution. Tohrbit bihe intizarn tiel id XVIIIt secule kay respublic ghohld pro unsmee gouvernement quos wanaks sont elect pro un prebestohmen duren ed responsible ant ir electors. Id wardht yinjier eni id buhsa os souverainitat, tod emanend ex i civs in id fall uns respublic, menxu gwehmt daydey ex un divinum investiture in id fall unios monarchia. 
Tod sert acception expliet od ia respublics qua hant existen ant id XVIIt secule, quando hant usen id werd, hant id awien ka kyeusen ios Stat, ed ne ios regime (Venezia, Florence). Mathalan, id bragv Englisch respublic, quod durit ex 1649 do 1660, se kiel un Commonwealth (samwaldh).
 Imaginar bust os Lucius Iunius Brutus, (legendar ?) dehtor ios Roman Respublic in -509 ed oino iom prest consuls. Pluri rjienbwutsi eent mohmt ab i Romans kay illustre id swoleusia im defensors ios Respublic. Mathalan, unte eys consulat, buit aunstohct od eys son Tullius complotit con iom etrusk roy kay restablie id monarchia. Nespekent appells ad mildet, Brutus executih sien purt aun dakru. 
==Antique ed Medieval respublics==
Id existence om Stats quom wanaks bihnt kyust ep id base uns consensus iom civs est schahidet yant id Antiquitat. Id majoritat iom citads om Awo Hellad, ponnim Carthage ed Rome tiel id end ios 1stios secule pre JC sont respublics, sekwent id moderne maynen, men ir functionment modus permittent ghabe id diversitat iom respublican models. 
Seighi quanta postule collective vol ka sul ios souverainitat, rar sont qua ijabe ei hol popule id titule civ, gwayt quod seult Democratia. In pleist antique Respublics, tik un privileget respublic, kyust med gnahsa au bayga, brunct civil rects. Ta pleista Stats sont yinjier aristocratic respublics quer un elect ed massoul magh est id emanation uns restrict elite. Idschi Athenas, quod est yed un exceptional fall os democratic functionment, skeipt un -besonters-ye generous- forme os aristocratic respublic, hol categorias ios population esus exclus ex civstand (gwens, gospotis, sclavs). 
In Rome, id preeminence ios Senat, hereditarios representation iom megil Familias, limitet muhim-ye id rol iom popular assembleen (Comitia). Trans ia ambitionsconflicts, ia civil weirs ios 1stios secule pre JC, quos consequence est id institution ios Roman Imperium, meg-ye kwehkent kam classenjidals quer id "popules partise" combat id respublican dayi ka bringhend un oligarchic regime quod swekwehrt id preeminence iom senatorial gentis. Tod gjashels reprehpt unte id Mediev, in ia respublics qua wardhe ab id XIt secule in Italia (Venezia, Genua, Pisa, Florence). Quanta corresponde id domination iom diregend classen qua arke id pledveh we begrance ids interventionscamp do apparent au supostah xeimens, quo facileiht id division ios societatios do rigid ordens au professional communitats. Id sam ghehldt, in-kap ia Moderne Tids, eni ia Schweizer Cantons au id respublic iom Uniet Provincen. 
Id commun denominator vasyen respublican regimes remant id definition ed id separation iom maghs, dayim placen sub id control tim qui xeihnt id titule civ : loy emanet ex i, ed idso dostriction est betrusen uni gouvernement quos attributions sont bequadern ed quod im bayant sien action. 
Ia functionmentsmodalitats sont baygh variable. Also, id legislative wehrg poitt emane ex id general assemblee im civs (fall os Antique Athenas au om Schweizer Cantons) we bihe producen ab id samghat em elgen representers (fall iom territorial-ye plauter Stats). Id executive magh poitt bihe betrusen oini mensc (president elegen pro un amtswakt au jumiung, kam id doge os Venezia) we attribuen uni collegium au concil. Samt quodkwe chust model, un systeme om control ed limitation biht instituet kay vergihes cada drift kye dictature.
 Is Perodhsedd ios US Supreme Curt mussafahet con iom nov US President Donald Trump pos iom swehreihvs id oit, dien 20 Januar 2017. Id US Constitution keiht ep un strict separation inter ia judicial, legislative (Congress ed Senat) ed executive (President con els secretars) maghs. Sems mambhe ei amtirend President forwaldhe-se do Populisme, ed daume an ia institutions (dominen ab id Respublican Partise os D.Trump) ghehde kyimes eys deursias.
==Ia moderne democratic respublics==
Ia moderne democratic respublics gnahnt ex id reflexion ornuwen ab id philosophia iom Lumens ep id base ios Englisch politic men ios XVIIIt secule, con Hobbes ed Locke. Ids presto dostriction est id creation, in 1787, ios respublic iom Uniet Stats os America. In un land aun traditional social hierarchia, pregen ab id egalitarisme bohrn ab calviniste protestantisme, aun dynastic dwinegh chunke is se hat lurn ex id Britisch Cron, id Constitution iom Uniet Stats panct id dastur uns democratic Stat sulen ep id souverainitat uns popule om egal civs. Assocyend id representative reul (id Congress) ed id existence uns president samt extenden maghs, yed elegen pro quar yars ab un electorencollegium, instituet id model quod inspiret, penk yars serter, revolutionaro France pos id uperwaldhen ios constitutional monarchia. 
Lakin, neter id US Constitutiono ni ia respublican regimes ios Franceois Revolution (1792-1799) dostringe id universal suffrage. In ia USA, ia federata Stats instituent quodlibt systeme menxu id franceois Directoire (1795-1799) nud un censsuffrage. 
Ia respublics ios end ios XVIIIt secule sont yinjier ambigu : ir prabhil est kheptenn democratic bet iro praxis ne. Ter classenattitudes maghe bihe incriminen, id vote rect esend bohndt ad vetat; aundwoi tehrpt bihe vis ter un politic immaturitat ios folk bayeihnd id risk om demagogic drifts qua ruinient id respublican systeme. Tod paur ne est aun sabab : quando ies franceois respublicans os 1848 introduce id universal suffrage do id Constitution ios Dwot Respublic, un politic adventurer, prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, dank sieno namo, se elegeiht president ab id nowngminenpledveh ed uperwaldht id Respublic tri yars serter. 
Yed tod introduction ios universal suffrage sgillt id definitive union ios respublicanios model ed ios democratic dastur. Tod model sespohrit unte id XXt secule. Sei, in Europe, constitutional monarchias hant surviven (Uniet Roydem, Espania, Belgia...), est ob hant bihn de facto crypto-respublics quer, ep id base om tradition ed Historia, id royaltat bunct un puro representative rol, menxu el druv xihtor ios executive magh est el gouvernementschef, massoul con sienens ministers ant i representers ios popule.