Battery recycling

Battery recycling is a recycling activity that aims to reduce the number of batteries being disposed as municipal solid waste. It is widely promoted by environmentalists concerned about contamination, particularly of land and water, by the addition of heavy metals and other toxic chemicals from batteries, their dumping has raised concern over risks of soil contamination and water pollution.
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recycling one forklift battery (1 ton to 3 pound battery) could keep 1,300 pounds to 39/20 tons of out of landfills
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recycling one button cell battery could keep almost 25 mg’s of out of landfills
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recycling one car battery (360/13 pound battery) could keep 18 pounds of , 5 pounds of sulfuric acid out of landfills, 1/125 ounces of , and save a 27/100 cubic meter lake, 117/10,000 pounds of , 111/10,000 cubic yards of landfill space, almost 3 pounds of black gold, 8,661/1,000 kWh of energy, 411/400 gallons of oil, 147,000 Btu's of energy, 6/25 gallons of petroleum, enough energy to heat over 63/40,000 homes, a CFL for 6,119/13,309,556 years, a (9-18)/1,600 cubic meter tank of gasoline, enough oil to run the average car for 1,233/80 miles or circle the globe almost 5,754/5 times, a 30,825 cubic meter lake from being polluted, 1,233/3,200 tons of green house gases, 282,357/40,000,000 tons of , 3,490,383/116,800,000,000 metric tons or 8,661/2,500,000 tons of coal/, 2,997/200,000 tons of solid waste, 411/100 acres of soil from being polluted, 8,661/20,000 metric tons of limestone, 104,529,609/14,800,000,000 tons of air pollution per year, 8,661/31,250,000 tons of fly ash, 3,829/17,682,115 tons of steam, 2,887/13,000,000 metric tons of , 8,661/14,000,000 tons of , $10.80 in 
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recycling one average battery (350/13 pound battery) could keep 35/2 pounds of , and a 9/1,600 cubic meter container or 5 pounds of sulfuric acid out of landfills, 10 pounds of alkali, 100 tons of gypsum, 91/8,000 pounds of , 2,512/5 tons of calcium fluoride, 2 pounds of phosphoric acid
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recycling One cell phone battery could save about 2 ounces of coltan
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recycling one electric car battery could save 3-7 pounds of 
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recycling one Prius battery could save 2 pounds of , 22-33 pounds of 
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*One pound battery: 13/20 pounds of toxic lead, 1 pound of heavy metal
*One ton battery: 1,300 pounds of toxic lead, 1 ton of heavy metal
*One ounce battery: 13/320 pounds of toxic lead, 1 ounce of heavy metal
*One gram battery: 91π/200,000 pounds of toxic lead, 1 gram of heavy metal
*One kilogram battery: 91π/200,000,000 pounds of toxic lead, 1 kilogram of heavy metal
*One metric ton battery: 91π/200,000 pounds of toxic lead, 1 metric ton of heavy metal
== Categories of batteries ==
== Recycling technologies ==
* Hydrometallurgical processes
** Batteries concerned: Alkaline, Leclanché cells, 
** Could be in completed by other processes: Pyrometallurgical
* Pyrometallurgical processes
** Batteries concerned: , MH, Ni-Cd, Alkaline, Leclanché cells
* Thermical processes (pyrolyse)
** Batteries concerned: -, NiMH, Alkaline, Leclanché cells with 
** Could be in completed by other processes: Hydrometallurgical and Pyrometallurgical
* Chemical processes
** Batteries concerned: , 
===Battery composition by type===
Italics designates button cell types.
Bold designates secondary types.
All figures are percentages, on account of rounding they may not add up to exactly 100.
Type Battery Waste Management - 2006 DEFRA	Fe 	Mn 	Ni 	Zn 	Hg 	Li	Ag	Cd	Co	Al	Pb 	Other	KOH	Paper	Plastic	Alkali	C 	Acids	Water	Other
Alkaline 	24.8	22.3	0.5	14.9	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	1.3 	 	1 	2.2 	5.4 	3.7	 	10.1 	14
Zinc-carbon 	16.8	15 	 	19.4	 	 	 	 	 	 	0.1	0.8 	 	0.7 	4 	6 	9.2	 	12.3 	15.2
Lithium 	50 	19 	1 	 	 	2 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	7 	 	2 	 	 	19
Mercury-oxide 	37 	1 	1 	14 	31 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	2 	 	3 	 	1 	 	3 	7
Zinc-air 	42 	 	 	35 	1 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	4 	4 	1 	 	10 	3
Lithium 	60 	18 	1 	 	 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	3 	 	2 	 	 	13
Alkaline 	37 	23 	1 	11 	0.6	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	6 	2 	2 	 	6 	14
Silver oxide 	42 	2 	2 	9 	0.4	 	31	 	 	 	 	4 	 	 	2 	1 	0.5	 	2 	4
Nickel-cadmium 	35 	 	22 	 	 	 	 	15	 	 	 	 	 	 	10 	2 	 	 	5 	11
NiMH 	20 	1 	35 	1 	 	 	 	 	4 	 	 	10 	 	 	9 	4 	 	 	8 	8
Li-ion 	22 	 	 	 	 	3 	 	 	18	5 	 	11 	 	 	 	 	13 	 	 	28
Lead-acid 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	65 	4 	 	 	10 	 	 	16 	 	5
== Recycling processes ==
* There is a tax on the price of each battery. This money is used to fund the collects of batteries.
* The batteries are collected. There are 2 possible ways of doing this:
** By throwing the batteries in a special bin used for all-kind of recycling. The emptying of the bin is managed by the city (like ordinary waste).
** The consumer brings back the batteries to a specific area. It could be a shop or a box placed in a public location (school).
* Batteries are sorted by types.
* Batteries are sent to specialized firms. These firms will use a recycling technology to gather the composites of the battery.
* The results of the recycling are chemical elements that could be used again to make new batteries.
== Laws ==
In the United States, it is forbidden to throw out -Cd batteries in Florida, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey and Vermont.
In the European Union edicted 2 directives:
* 91/157 (18th march 1991)
* 98/101 (22th december 1998)
The European Union is working on a third directive to force the organization of separated collects of used batteries (rechargeable and non-rechargeable).
== Informations on battery recycling by country ==
List of organizations collecting batteries.
Canada: the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) (Created in 1994)
Belgium: BIBAT (Created in 1995)\
==See also==
*Rechargeable battery
*Recycling and Donating Old Electronics
==References==
==External Links==
Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant
Category:Recycling