Mathematique

Etymologia: Ex awo hellen μάθημα = "talim". 
Definition: Science quod oistudyet numers, menghias ed geometric figures per un deductive raisonen. 
Pon ia plormeiden proceddats nudt unte Antiquitat tiel ia muassir wehrgs de chaos, mathematiquers semper sesolvskweer particulara problemes, ed seskipskweer general theorias ex qua sems interroge id unitat ed idpet sul os mathematique. Ta dwo aspects sont ops inseparable in id wehrg al paursker; also, id traditional enderdeilen do quar branches (arithmetique, geometria, algebra, analyse) os mathematique ne tehrpt myehrsihes od id force tos ilm wehst in ia brigvs id ghehdt lyiges inter problemes os kwecto alnos different buhsa. 
 Pythagoras (bust ex circum 120 pos JC) gnahsit circum -570 ep Samos ed mohr pos -510 in Metapontum in Basilicata. Is buit un awo hellen (pre-Socratic) philosoph ed dehtor uns influent religieus-philosophic movment. Quargimat likw is sin hellen vatan ed emigrit do Sud Italia. Ter sul is un scol edschi buit politic-ye active. Nespekent intensive paursken bayght is dar nundiens i enigmaticst rjienbwutsen Antiquitats. Maungi men Historias conte iom bayna i pionniers os inkapend hellen philosophia, mathematique ed nature sciences, alyi de mayne is habiet khaliban au exclusive-ye lohrno Religion.
==Numers ed operations==
Ia prest gnohna mathematic wehrgs betrehve ia schriftproblemes iom integher numers, numeration ed id tyeicen simplen operations : addition, substraction, multiplication, division. Sont id wehrg iom awsten civilisations, kam Babylon au pharaohi Misr. Ia suedsa iom numers, ka solg, bihnt oistudyen bad in Awo Hellad ab id scol os Pythagoras. 
 Sculpen cap (ex id II secule) os Thales os Miletos (Θαλῆς ὁ Μιλήσιος), hellen philosoph ed alim (625 pre JC - 547 pre JC). Est oino iom Sept Hakimes Awios Hellad ed is presumpen dehtor ios milesyios scol. Philosoph os Nature, iswert habiet mukamen in Misr, quer is habiet esen inityen do ia babyloni ed misri sciences. Ei sont anadehna mult arithmetic exploits, kam id hissab ios hoge ios mier pyramide, au id prediction uns eclipse, tem quem plur theoremes. Buit autor multen mathematic paurskens, besonters in geometria. 
==Hellen geometria==
Geometria ghi gnahsiet in Hellad. Pon ia wehrgs os Thales tiel id synthese iom Στοιχεία os Euclid (circum 300 pre JC), ies hellen mathematiquers tetyicskweer un logic ed indiscussible hol om elementara resultats os geometria. Sammel inventent id mathemathic gwayt : admittend-ye tik dwo basic movs, seid ed circular, dwoghi privilegen alats, lineal ed circin, deducent - ab un reducen numer om definitions ed reuls (axiomes ed postulats) - theoremes qua affirment id hakikia precisen geometric proposens. 
Ia Στοιχεία os Euclid skeipe id vafatenst forme tos ambition. Comprindent ia classic resultats os plane geometria bohnden ei seid ed ei circule; terschi wehse elements os stereometria, besonters un studye iom regular polyeders. Tehrpt bihe citet khaliban "Conics" ab Apollonium (262-180 pre JC) ed ia hol wehrgs de hissabs om areas ed volumes ab Archimedes (287-212 pre JC). Smad primehlde od senter daht un baygh-ye gohd approximation os quo sessiet serter kalen π.
 Al-Khwarizmi (sovietsk postmark publiet in 1983) gnahsit circum 780 in Khiva (region Khwarezm, nundiens Usbeckistan) ed mohr in 850 in Bagdad.
==Gnahsa os algebra==
Esdi dahnt attention ad geomtria, ies Hellens pangent "newissab se" ia bases os algebra, id branche os mathematique quod oistudyet ia numers via abstract harifs : equation. Semghi problemes os hissab om areas ed volumes sont pior fastidieusa solwtu ye un pur geometric weidos. Punor, ghehdent bihe lyigen sub forme equationen - esdi i Hellens ne bad xeihnt un ijadh os symbolic notation. Id studye iom equations ka talg ed ir solution vahnt ses object in id druna iom secules uns lent evolution quod ducsiet ei emancipation iom numers ex geometria. 
Idghi arab civilisation ex id VIIim do id XVt secule, ab ia Hindi ed hellen gnohsas, skeipt algebra ka swobod ilm. Also, Al-Khwarizmi expont quo sessiet kalt id Hind-Arab rakemsysteme ed introduct id neud ios zero. Daht semschi classifications ed solutions iom general simple ed quadratic equations. Per ia ulterior latin tarjems, id nam Al-Khwarizmi hat tyict id werd "algorithme" ed id arab wehkwos الجبر is neudt ("reduction") hat dahn "algebra". 
Ies Italian algebristes os Renaissance, dind ies occidental mathematiquers iom XVIt ed XVIIt secules continuent id wehrg iom arab mualims. Hois, vi-solvent cubic ed quartic equations (Cardano); ciois, introducent un symbolsme quod automatiset ia hissabs med literal harifs (introduction iom alamats + ed -, om buksteivs kay skipes ia negnohn wirts...). 
Yeisend algebra tsay do ids origins, Descartes (1596-1650) neudt tod mathematic ilm kay classe ed solve geometric problemes. Est id gnahsa ios coordinaten geometria, sayctschi "analytic" wa "Cartesian geometria". Tod quantification os real est dehtu in sibia con id general trend os mathematisation quod kweit id scientific revolution ios XVIIt secule.
 Gerolamo Cardano (Pavia, 1501 - Rome, 1576) buit un italiano medic, mathematiquer, philosoph ed astrolog (in Latin : Hieronymus Cardanus). Recognihn ka principal dehtor ios probabilitaten hissab, ios binomial coefficient, ios binomial theoreme, ed ei sont part-ye dulct id invention ios sclud, ios cardanic suspension - quod permitt, mathalan, id leur mov iom nautic compassen ed est id base ios functionment iom gyroscopes - ed ios raunstehgen ios "cardanic apos".
==Analyse==
Newton (1642-1727) ed Leibniz (1646-1716) creent ye id fin ios XVIIt secule un nov orbatsxeimen pro mathematique quod integret algebric symbolisme ed id neud om aunfin wa infinitesimal processa. Tod infinitesimal hissabo permitt ithan habe algorithmes simple ad beorbate ed performant kay solve ia classic problemes de curves. Leit de un nov "analyse" iom problemes, quos success ne vaht slabasce sekwos to - besonters con Euler (1707-1783) au Gauss (1777-1855) -, esdi idsa theoric suls ne sont solid. Todghi nov analyse khact bihe justifien alnos kam hellen geometria; bet ia hassilet successa, khaliban ab Lagrange (1736-1813) au Laplace (1749-1827), ubbehrge id analyse med sien applications do mecanique. Ye id XIXt secule, un effort os rigor bezielt soliderihes ia bases os infinitesimal hissab : biht definihn precis-ye id menghia iom real numers, ed ia magn alats os analyse (limite, derivat, integral) bihnt construct. 
 Pierre-Simon Laplace (her in vehsmen os cancellar ios Senat ios Empire) gnahsit in 1749 in Beumont-en-Auge ed mohr in 1827 in Paris. Buit oino iom magn alims ios napoleonian periode. Isghi brigh fundamental contributions do different camps om mathematique, astronomia, ed ios theoria iom probabilitats. Buit oino iom influentst alims os sien tid, besonters ob sien affirmation ios determinisme. Is hat decisive-ye emergihno mathematic astronomia emend-ye tsay ed extendend-ye id wehrg sienen precursors in sien Traité de Mécanique Céleste (1799-1825). Tod major wehrg, in penk jasamats, hat transformen id geometric proschgumt os mecanique antplohcen ab Newton do id proschgumt keihnd ep mathematic analyse. In 1799, buit taukilen minister ios Interior sub id Consulat. Napoleon 1st promovit iom do graf in 1807. Is ielg id titule marquese in 1817, pos id restauration iom Bourbons.
==Id unitat os mathematique==
In id druna ios XIXt secule, id mathematic landspect buit profund-ye modifien. Id exspand om nov theorias gwehmt ex id antslehnken om problemes posen in physique, betschi ex inner motivations. Sei analyse naprogreddt, geometria buit kathalika udnot. Algebra muhim-ye antslehnct ye id end ios XIXt secule, med id gruppentheoria ed linear algebra. Nov branches prehpe, kam id probabilitaten hissab. 
Ye octent ios XXt secule biht forgen id theoria iom menghias, quod daht un commun lurhat ibs different xeimens os mathematique. Appareiht id dayi sekwent quod ia classic objects im mathematiquern sont minter important quem ia sibias ia hant inter se. Formalisme permitt se abstrage ud ia objects pro qua ghehlde ia theorias; iaghi structures ed ia sibias inter structures bihnt id orbat al mathematiquer. 
Speit tod XXt secule trend kyid oineihsa, etileikwt lakin od kun el bewaldhskwt un problem, unis mathematiquer wehrct eni un precis operational quader. Sei el bringht do luce nov alats au nov paurskvias, ta prehpent bad a posteriori. Also, id nundiens prispohcen plukwid, roibh ed baygh specialisen antslehnken os mathematique ghehdiet duce do un synthese effort in un prokwem future.