The Day of the Jackal

The Day of the Jackal is a 1973 political thriller film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Edward Fox and Michael Lonsdale. Based on the 1971 novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth, the film is about a professional assassin known only as the "Jackal" who is hired to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle in the summer of 1962.
The Day of the Jackal received positive reviews and went on to win the BAFTA Award for Best Editing (Ralph Kemplen), five additional BAFTA Award nominations, two Golden Globe Award nominations, and one Oscar nomination. The film grossed $16,056,255 at the box office, and earned an additional $8,525,000 in North American rentals. The British Film Institute ranked it the 74th greatest British film of the 20th century.British Film Institute - Top 100 British Films (1999). Retrieved 27 October 2017
==Plot==
On 22 August 1962, the militant underground organisation OAS, infuriated by the French government granting independence to Algeria, attempt to assassinate French President Charles de Gaulle. The assassination attempt fails, leaving de Gaulle and his entire entourage unharmed. Within six months, OAS leader Jean Bastien-Thiry and several other members are captured and Bastien-Thiry is executed.
The remaining OAS leaders, now hiding in Austria, plan another attempt, and hire a British assassin, who goes by the code name, "Jackal", for $500,000. The Jackal travels to Genoa and commissions a custom-made rifle from a gunsmith, and fake identity papers from a forger, whom the Jackal kills when the man tries blackmailing him. In Paris, the Jackal duplicates a key to a flat overlooking the Place du 18 juin 1940.
The OAS relocate to Rome. The French Action Service kidnap the OAS's chief clerk, Viktor Wolenski. Wolenski dies under interrogation, but not before the agents extract vital information about the plot, including the word "Jackal". The Interior Minister convenes a secret cabinet meeting of the heads of the French security forces. Police Commissioner Berthier recommends his deputy, Claude Lebel, to lead the investigation. Lebel is given special emergency powers, though de Gaulle's refusal to change his planned appearances complicates matters.
Colonel St. Clair, a personal military aide to de Gaulle and a cabinet member, carelessly discloses classified government information to his mistress, Denise, unaware she is an OAS agent. She passes this on to her contact, which, in turn, aids the Jackal. Meanwhile, Lebel determines that British suspect Charles Calthrop may be travelling under the name Paul Oliver Duggan, who died as a child, and has entered France.
Although the Jackal learns the authorities have uncovered the assassination plot, he decides to proceed. While at a hotel, the Jackal meets and seduces the aristocratic Colette de Montpellier. Warned by his contact, the Jackal leaves just before Lebel and his men arrive. After a nearly fatal vehicular accident, the Jackal steals a car and drives to Madame de Montpellier's country estate to hide out. He kills her after discovering the police have already spoken to her. Using a stolen passport, the Jackal then assumes the identity of a bespectacled Danish schoolteacher named Per Lundquist. After disposing of Duggan's belongings in a river, he catches a train for Paris.
Madame de Montpellier's body is discovered and her car is recovered at the railway station. Lebel, no longer hindered by secrecy restrictions, launches a public manhunt. The Jackal picks up a gay man at a Turkish bathhouse and stays at the man's flat. The Jackal kills him after the man sees a TV news broadcast that "Lundquist" is wanted for murder.
At a meeting with the Interior Minister's cabinet, Lebel says he believes the Jackal will attempt to shoot de Gaulle during the commemoration of the liberation of Paris during World War II, scheduled three days hence. Lebel plays a recording of a phone call in which St. Clair's mistress, Denise, is heard providing information to an OAS contact. St. Clair apologises for his indiscretion and immediately leaves. When asked how he knew St. Clair was the source of the leak, Lebel says he wiretapped every cabinet member's phone. Denise returns to St. Clair's apartment and discovers that he has committed suicide and finds the police are waiting for her.
On Liberation of Paris Day, the Jackal, disguised as an elderly veteran amputee on crutches, enters a building using the key he had earlier procured. In an upper apartment overlooking the ceremonial area, he assembles the rifle hidden within his crutch and waits by the window. When Lebel discovers that a policeman allowed a disabled man to pass through the security cordon, the two race to the building. As de Gaulle presents the first medal, the Jackal takes aim but as he shoots he narrowly misses when the president suddenly leans forward. As he reloads the rifle for another shot, Lebel and the policeman burst in. The Jackal shoots the policeman, but Lebel kills him using the cop's submachine gun.
The Jackal is buried in an unmarked grave, with Lebel as the only witness. While police are searching Charles Calthrop's flat, the real Calthrop suddenly arrives. He accompanies police to Scotland Yard and is later cleared. Inspector Thomas then asks who the Jackal really was.
==Cast==
* Edward Fox as the Jackal, also known as Paul Duggan & Per Lundquist
* Michel Lonsdale as Deputy Commissioner Claude Lebel
* Terence Alexander as Lloyd
* Michel Auclair as Colonel Rolland
* Alan Badel as the French Interior Minister
* Tony Britton as Superintendent Brian Thomas
* Derek Jacobi as Caron
* Denis Carey as Casson
* Cyril Cusack as the Gunsmith
* Maurice Denham as General Colbert
* Delphine Seyrig as Colette de Montpellier
* Jacques François as Pascal
* Olga Georges-Picot as Denise
* Raymond Gérôme as Flavigny
* Barrie Ingham as St. Clair
* Jean Martin as Victor Wolenski
* Ronald Pickup as the Forger
* Vernon Dobtcheff as the Interrogator
* Eric Porter as Col. Marc Rodin
* Anton Rodgers as Jules Bernard
* Donald Sinden as Assistant Commissioner Mallinson
* Jean Sorel as Jean Bastien-Thiry
* David Swift as Montclair
* Timothy West as Commissioner Berthier
* Bernard Archard as Inspector Hughes
* Philippe Léotard as Paris Gendarme
* Adrien Cayla-Legrand as President Charles de Gaulle
* Edward Hardwicke as Charles Calthrop (uncredited)
* Howard Vernon as Minister Levesque (uncredited)
* David Kernan as the real Per Lindquist (uncredited)
* Féodor Atkine as an OAS member (uncredited)
* Max Faulkner as a Special Branch Inspector (uncredited)
* Liliane Rovère as Hotel Chambermaid (uncredited)
==Production==
The Day of the Jackal was originally part of a two-picture deal between John Woolf and Fred Zinnemann, the other being an adaptation of the play Abelard and Heloise by Ronald Millar.
Universal Studios initially wanted to cast a major American actor as the Jackal, with Robert Redford and Jack Nicholson flown to Europe to audition. Although Universal favoured Nicholson, Zinnemann ultimately secured a production agreement stipulating that only European actors would be cast. Afterwards British actors David McCallum, Ian Richardson, and Michael York were considered before Zinnemann cast Edward Fox. Jacqueline Bisset was offered the role of Denise but had to decline due to scheduling conflicts.
Zinnemann wrote that Adrien Cayla-Legrand, the actor who played de Gaulle, was mistaken by several Parisians for the real de Gaulle during filming—though de Gaulle had been dead for two years prior to the film's release. The sequence was filmed during a real parade, leading to confusion; the crowd (many of whom were unaware that a film was being shot) mistook the actors portraying police officers for real officers, and many tried to help them arrest the "suspects" they were apprehending in the crowd.
thumb|Hotel Negresco in Nice where the Jackal learns his mission has been revealed.
The Day of the Jackal was filmed in studios and on location in France, Britain, Italy and Austria. Zinnemann was able to film in locations usually denied to filmmakers—such as inside the Ministry of the Interior—due in large part to French producer Julien Derode's skill in dealing with authorities. Nevertheless, the opening sequence was not shot in the Élysée courtyard but at the hôtel de Soubise, main office of the French National Archives. The two palaces were both built at the beginning of the 18th century, but the Hôtel de Soubise is more accessible and has less security than the Élysée.
During the massive annual 14 July parade down the Champs-Élysées, the company was allowed to film inside the police lines, capturing extraordinary closeup footage of the massing of troops, tanks, and artillery during the final Liberation Day sequence. During the weekend of 15 August, the Paris police cleared a very busy square of all traffic to film additional scenes.
Frederick Forsyth later wrote that for the film contract to buy rights for his novel, he was offered two options: £17,500 plus a small percentage of subsequent film profits, or £20,000 and no royalties. He took £20,000, noting that such a payment was already a massive sum to him, but due to his naivety about finances he waived rights to a small fortune in royalties given the film's enduring success.Forsyth, Frederick (2015). The Outsider: My Life in Intrigue. NY: Putnam
===List of locations===
Location 	Sequence
150 Rue de Rennes, Paris 6, France 	Assassination sequence
Archives nationales, Hôtel de Soubise, 60 rue des Francs-Bourgeois, Paris 3 	As the Élysée Palace
Boulevard de la Reine, Versailles, France 	Bank, as "Banque de Grenoble", in fact a savings bank
Boulevard des Batignolles, Paris 17 	OAS contacts Denise
British Museum, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London, England 	The Jackal reads Le Figaro
Champs-Élysées, Paris 8 	Military parade
Château du Saussay, Ballancourt-sur-Essonne, Essonne, France 	Madame Colette de Montpellier's chateau
Entrevaux, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France 	The Jackal drives by toward Paris
French Riviera, Alpes-Maritimes, France 	
Gare d'Austerlitz, Place Valhubert, Quai d'Austerlitz, Paris 13 	
Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London 	
Hôtel de Beauveau, Place Beauvau, Paris 8 	Ministry of Interior
Hotel Colombia, Genoa, Liguria, Italy 	
Hotel Negresco, 37 Promenade des Anglais, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France 	Jackal learns that his cover is blown
Imperia, Liguria, Italy 	
La Bastide de Tourtour, Tourtour, Var, France 	Hotel where the Jackal meets Colette
Limousin, France 	
Piazza San Silvestro, Rome 	Wolenski in the real central Post Office
Pinewood Studios, Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England 	Studio
Place Charles Michels, Paris 15 	Van attacked
Place du 18 juin 1940, Paris 6 	Final assassination sequence
Place Vauban, Paris 7 	Biker stops to place phone call
Prater Park, Vienna, Austria 	Rendezvous with OAS heads
Quai d'Austerlitz, Paris 13 	
Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, Paris 	Outside the Palais de l'Élysée
Scotland Yard, Whitehall, London 	UK police
Somerset House, Strand, London 	The Jackal obtains a birth certificate
St. James's Park, London 	
Studios de Boulogne, avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, Boulogne-Billancourt, France	Studio
Ventimiglia, Liguria, Italy 	Before crossing the border into France
Veynes, Hautes-Alpes, France 	Train station, as Tulle station
Via di Panico, Rome 	Kidnapping of Wolenski
Victoria Embankment, Westminster, London 	UK police
==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
The film received positive reviews, with a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 29 reviews. Among those who praised the film was Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, who gave it his highest rating of four stars, writing:
Ebert concluded, "Zinnemann has mastered every detail ... There are some words you hesitate to use in a review, because they sound so much like advertising copy, but in this case I can truthfully say that the movie is spellbinding." Ebert included the film at No. 7 on his list of the Top 10 films of the year for 1973.
===Box office===
The film grossed $16,056,255 at the box office earning North American rentals of $8,525,000. Zinnemann was pleased with the film's reception at the box office, telling an interviewer in 1993, "The idea that excited me was to make a suspense film where everybody knew the end - that de Gaulle was not killed. In spite of knowing the end, would the audience sit still? And it turned out that they did, just as the readers of the book did."
==Awards and nominations==
Award 	Category 	Nominee(s) 	Result
Academy Awards, 1974 	Best Film Editing 	Ralph Kemplen 	
BAFTA Awards, 1974 	Best Film Editing 	Ralph Kemplen 	
BAFTA Awards, 1974 	Best Film 	 	
BAFTA Awards, 1974 	Best Direction 	Fred Zinnemann 	
BAFTA Awards, 1974 	Best Screenplay 	Kenneth Ross 	
BAFTA Awards, 1974 	Best Sound Track 	Nicholas Stevenson, Bob Allen	
BAFTA Awards, 1974 	Best Supporting Actor 	Michael Lonsdale 	
BAFTA Awards, 1974 	Best Supporting Actress 	Delphine Seyrig 	
Golden Globe Awards, 1974	Best Director 	Fred Zinnemann 	
Golden Globe Awards, 1974	Best Motion Picture, Drama	 	
Golden Globe Awards, 1974	Best Screenplay 	Kenneth Ross 	
== Subsequent films ==
The film was the inspiration for the 1997 American film The Jackal, featuring Richard Gere, Bruce Willis, Sidney Poitier and Jack Black. The 1997 film is about an assassin nicknamed The Jackal who wants to assassinate a highly significant target, but other than that, it has little in common with the original story. Frederick Forsyth refused to allow his name to be used in connection with it, and director Fred Zinnemann fought with the studio to ensure that the new film did not share the first film's title.
In 1988, the same plot inspired the Malayalam movie August 1.
==See also==
* BFI Top 100 British films
== References ==
==External links==
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Category:1973 films
Category:1970s political thriller films
Category:1970s thriller drama films
Category:British political thriller films
Category:French thriller drama films
Category:Films scored by Georges Delerue
Category:Films about assassinations
Category:Films about contract killing
Category:Films based on British novels
Category:Films based on works by Frederick Forsyth
Category:Films directed by Fred Zinnemann
Category:Films set in 1962
Category:Films set in 1963
Category:Films set in France
Category:Films set in Paris
Category:Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Category:Political thriller films
Category:Universal Pictures films
Category:Films about secret societies
Category:Fiction about the Organisation armée secrète
Category:Cultural depictions of Charles de Gaulle
Category:Films shot in France
Category:Films shot in Italy
Category:Films shot in the United Kingdom
Category:Films shot in Austria
Category:Films set in London
Category:English-language French films
Category:1973 drama films
Category:Algerian War films
Category:Films set in Austria
Category:Films set in Genoa
Category:Films set in Rome
Category:Films shot in Vienna
Category:Films shot in Nice
Category:Films shot in Paris
Category:Films shot in Île-de-France
Category:Films shot at Boulogne Studios
Category:Films shot in London
Category:1970s English-language films
Category:1970s British films
Category:1970s French films
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