Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acids(DNA and RNA) and the amino acid sequence of proteins. It does this by carrying an amino acid to the protein synthetic machinery of a cell (ribosome) as directed by a three-nucleotide sequence (codon) in a messenger RNA (mRNA). As such, tRNAs are a necessary component of protein translation, the biological synthesis of new proteins according to the genetic code.
== Tossup Questions ==
# Different types of this molecule that perform the same function are called isoaccepting. This molecule contains inosine and reacts with a certain enzyme to undergo aminoacylation. This molecule assumes a cloverleaf-like structure containing D, T, and A arms needed to properly fit into the P and A sites of another molecule. Wobble base pairing was originally proposed to describe this molecule, which contains a three base region called an anticodon used during translation. For 10 points, name this form of RNA which directs an amino acid to a growing peptide chain and is synthesized in the ribosome from a corresponding mRNA strand.
# One enzyme critical for the function of these molecules has a monomeric and a dimeric class, the latter of which targets these molecules' adenosine 76. A CCA tail is added during processing to the 3' ("three prime") end of these structures, which pairs with its 5' ("five prime") end to form an acceptor stem. Their D arm functions as a recognition site for an (*) aminoacyl synthase key to their function. They can possess pseudouridine or inosine in their anticodons, which permits wobble pairing; the anticodon is located on one loop of these molecules' cloverleaf structure. For 10 points, name these molecules that bring amino acids to ribosomes to be added to a growing polypeptide chain during translation.
# These molecules contain such unique nucleotides as pseudouridine, hypoxanthine, and inosinic acid. It has a CCA tail at the 3-end of the molecule, which is important for recognition in translation. First hypothesized by Francis Crick, they can come in aminoacyl and peptidyl varieties, which can be attached to two different sites on ribosomes. They have a loop for the anticodon, which makes them look like clover leaves. For 10 points, identify these molecules that carry amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis, one of the three types of RNA.
# The aminoacylated form of this molecule complexes with EF1?-GTP, and it includes both the D loop and the T?CG loop. Another loop in this molecule contains inosine, which is largely responsible for the "wobble" that allows this molecule to base-pair with several different codons. This molecule binds to the A site of a ribosome, where its attached amino acid is incorporated into a nascent protein. For 10 points, name this type of RNA that base-pairs with mRNA.