Web

Id Web, ex Englisch World Wide Web ("tienxia webh") wa www (Sambahsa : WisWenWeb) dehlct ses enderkwiten ud Internet, esdi id web neudt internet ka un alat kay permitte connecte ia computers qua dadwnt mathmoun ibs computers qua id eiskwnt. Itak, est necessar explie quosmed internet wehrct. 
==Internets functionment==
Internet est un destructuren menghia om independent ed interconnex netwehrgs bohndta med commun protocols qua defineihnt quosmed ia different netwehrgs ed computers communient. Ielg netwehrg yunct ia schowbeys (computers, smartphones, etc..) inter mutu, kweter via Wi-Fi au id telephonic netwehrg, ed est ep sien roigo yugen ad alter netwehrgs dank un Internet access dadwer. 
Id information biht exchangen per ta netwehrgs sub id forme om datenpacks. Ia packs maghe ses om different formats yed vasya comprinde id adresse al yeiser ed tod al adresseit, sem information de idpet pack, kam ids longe, ed bad id information transportet ab id pack. Ia IP packs (pro "Internet Protocol") hant quanta id sam format. Ielg pack biht transmitten ex router do router, tiel sien final destination, sekwent un andwrnt quod ne est pagen in perodhia. Plur mecanismes sont necessara pro to. 
 Seddos ios ICANN in Playa Vista, Los Angeles, Uniet Stats os America. Est un aunlautel organisation responsible de coordine id manteinance ed ia proceddures pluren datenbasen dayir ia namrewsa ed digital rewsa ios Internet, swekwehrnd id stable ed wassic operation ios netwehrg. ICANN tyeict id technic manteinorbat kemti id Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functionscontract. Pon dien 1st October 2016, ICANN est leudher ud cada official uperwakht ab id US Gouvernement.
===Adresses===
Est preter necessar od cada schowbey behandt (computer, smartphone) ein wahid adresse. Leit de id IP adresse, un rakemsehkwo dadwno sekwent id IPv4 protocol (quart version ios Internet Protocol) au id IPv6 (6t version). Ia addresses ios IPv4 protocol, corter, buir parallodhen in September 2015, quo necessarihsit id uperleiten do id IPv6 protocol, quos adresses sont longer ed quod ananct sekwos-ye kafi possible combinations. Id ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) est maimour med assigne blocks om IP adresses ad cada netwehrg, quod allodht poskwo ad cada schowbeyum ein specific IP adresse.
===Xeitelnams===
Kay facilerihes id neud ios netwehrg, ia IP addresses ghehde bihe converten do xeitelnams. Un sonterprotocol kalen DNS pro Domain Name System est maimour med id conversion iom IP adressen do xeitelnams. Ia prestranga xeitelnams (mathalan.com, .eu) ghehde poskwo bihe declinet do xeitelnams inferiorios rang (mathalan : .eu maght bihe declinet do .curia.europa.eu)
===Protocols===
Ia protocols sont essential ei functionment os Internet. Garantient od vasya elements iom netwehrgs qua compone internet communient ye id sam weidos, prete ed beide mutu. Internet wehrct ep id base pluren superpost lyeghers om protocols. Ielg neudt ia functionalitats ios niter lyegher ed biht nuden ab tod uber. Dwo ei sont essential ed daughent ka sprijin ibs protocols iom uber lyeghers. 
====IP Protocol====
Id basic protocol est id "Internet Protocol" (IP) quod bestehmt kam ia datenpacks dehlge bihe format ed kam kwehlent. Id IP encapsulet do datenpacks ia communicationstrohms qua gwehme ex id niter lyegher, quod est id physic lyegher quer kwehlt id datenstrohm. Kam to buit sayct, ia packs comprinde semper id adresse al adresseit ed tod al yeiser, id information dayir idswo pack, kam ids longe au idso jumiung ("TTL" = Time to Live), ed fin-ye id information transportet in id pack. Ielg IP packo ghehdt transporte tiel 65 ko information. 
Id IP protocol se grancet ad chehxe an ia inkaps iom packs ne comprinde errors. Pro id reste, acti kemti id reul kalt best effort.
====TCP protocol====
Uper id IP protocol, id TCP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol) est, kam dict ab sieno nam, un transportprotocol quos rol est dahe wassika ei transmission. Med alya werds, id TCP protocol ananct un part iom garanties ne tect ab id IP protocol. Pro to, id TCP protocol sbehrdt ia strohms do TCP packs, kalen "segments", qua comprinde, ulter ia transportet data, un forme os ikrar tem quem id sequence adadh, yoitkwe el adresseit woidsiet in quod aurdhen ia data buir yist ed, sekwos to, kweter sems manke. El adresseit informet it el yeiser, segment pos segment, de id suapreimen au duspreimen ios segment. Id wassic transmission iom daten, aun leus ed in id aurdhen, biht ithan bilkull suaswekwohrn ab tod doublevia protocol.
====Protocol iom applicationslyeghers====
Uper id TCP protocol, different complexer protocols daughent pro id functionment om certain services behandet ep Internet. Leit mathalan de id SMTP protocol pro Simple Mail Transfer Protocol quod, kam dict ab sieno nam, est un communicationsprotocol quod permitt id transfer iom blixbrevs do ia servers os messaging. Maght kathalika lites de protocols permittend id smyehren om datias ex neuder do neuder (saygen "par ad par", peer-to-peer auti P2P). 
Leit, dar skauner, de id HTTP protocol pro "HyperTexte Transfer Protocol", nuden ab webbrowsers kay accedde ia servers mathmounend data. Id HTTP protocol buit concept ab Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 menxu is orbiet in id CERN, quo iom beuwt iom magn inventor ios Wiswenweb.
 https adresse tos web page
==Structure ios web==
===HTTP protocol===
Id HTTP protocol permitt encontanges un neuder, quel esti daydey un browser acceddskwnd un web page, ed id server quod xeiht ia data. Id HTTPS pro Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure est id securisen version via un authentificationscertificat ios HTTP protocol. 
Kay abvulbhes id fact od id HTTP protocol est aunmemoria - gweupt neid trace iom hajas em sienens neuders - ia consulten web pages ghehde yises ei browser un "coukie" quod tod vaht oistocke. Kun id browser reformulesiet id sam haja, id reyeissiet id coukie, permittend ei web page recognihes el internaut quel hat ja consulten id page, facileihnd id navigation ed permittend certain functionalitats. 
Id consulten web page ghehdt kathalika mathmoune elements, kam sem kwiters, qua gwehme ender alya web pages qua, sam-ye, yeissient ei browser ir coukie. Ia it yist coukies unte id consultation tom extos elements sont kalta "tert coukies". Id coukie est uno smulk passive textendatia. Ids neud eiskwt lakin werds dayir id respect os privatia idghi permitt besonters cree uno neuderprofile. Ob to tehrpt ids neud bihe xiseyno ye id nivell ios Europay Union.
===Id URL adresse===
Id URL adresse (pro Uniforme Ressurce Localisator) est essential pro id suawehrgen ios web. Alyum invention ab Tim Berners-Lee, id permitt identifie un web page sekwent idso suagnoht format .www, sohkwn ab id site nam. Nu-skaut id web browser in id adresse bar id adresse ios consulten web page. 
===Id HTML ed ia hyperlinks===
Id HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) est id format quod permitt scribe hypertexte ed dahe un forme ei mathmoun iom web pagen, besonters includend-ye tetro kwiters au alya ressurces. Ia hyperlinks, wa hypertexte links, qua permitte upersurfes ex un documento do alyo we ex un web page do alyo med oin click, sont construgen med id URL ios zielen ressurce.
===Ia browsers===
Fin-ye, id web khakiet ses tem simple neudtu aun ia browsers qua sont softwares qua permittent consulte ed prehpihes ia web pages. Id prest buit antplohct ab Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. Netscape Navigator, stars in 1994, buit id prest pledveh browser, sohkwt poskwo ab Internet Explorer, Chrome ed Firefox.
 Icon os Google Chrome, wa simple-ye "Chrome", uno multiplatforme browser antplohct ab Google. Buit in-kap lancen pro Microsoft Windows, ed serter adapten ad Linux, macOS, iOS ed Android. In Aprile 2019, StatCounter vehrt od Chrome hat un 70,05% tienxia browser mercatsmyehr ep traditional PCs, ed 63,16% smyehr unte vasya platformes.
==Id perwehghen iom daten==
Id datenkwehlen impliet id interaction pluren categorias em Internet actors. 
Leit preter de internet service dadwers (ISD au ISP pro Internet Service Provider) quom rol est permitte irims clients, internauts au dadwers om mathmouns ed applications, accedde internet via un pagosnetwehrg au uno mobil netwehrg. 
Leit dwot-ye de ia technic ambacts quom rol est facilihes id perwehghen iom daten. Entrent tod categoria divers types om actors : id host, quod exploitet datenbasen servers ed quod daydey schehnct kathalika connectivitat; id perwehgher, quod permitt id exchange os traffic con ia skeipnetwehrgs os internet; id content delivery network (CDN), quod exploitet servers sayct "os cache" in-ya ia frequentst-ye nudt mathmouns sont copien ed skladen prokwem i internauts kay bragvnes ed yinjier kayjine id perwehghen iom daten. 
Leit trit-ye dei actors qui dadwnt ep Internet sem mathmouns ed applications. Tod categoria comprindt companies om different meges, ops US pro ia importantsta kam Facebook au Google, qua dadwnt via id netwehrg ir mathmouns ed applications. Id comprindt kathalika i internauts qui produce ed enlignent mathmouns. 
Id quart categoria esti tod-on im internetneuders, wa internauts, qui use id netwehrgo kay accede ia mathmouns ed applications porgen ter we enligne ia mathmouns i hant creet. 
Iwert dadwers om mathmouns ed applications ed i internauts wehse in id "host-lyegher" os Internet, quod-on permitt id exchange om mathmouns, services ed applications, menxu alyi actors - besonters i internet service dadwers - interage in id "medyen lyegher" sekwent techniques ed reuls qua dehbhe ses presentet schematic-ye. 
 Logo os Google LLC pon 2015. Google LLC est un US multinational technologic compagnie specialisen in Internet services ed products, pati in-ligne reclamentechnologias, sokmotors, alveycomputing, software ed hardware. Est aynum oino iom Big Four technologia companies, con Amazon, Apple ed Facebook. Google buit sulen in 1998 ab Larry Page ed Sergey Brin kun eent Ph.D. studyents in Stanford Universitat, California. Google.com est tienxia visitetst website. Id hat bihn tem commun quem "gougle" maynt "paurske ep id www". 
===Ia solutions os perwehghen ios transit===
Ia magna solutions os perwehghen ios trafic sont dwo : transit ed paren, tehrpt-yibs bihe addihn id cache technique
====Id transit====
Id transit est id defaultmodus os perwehghen ios transit. Consist, pro un internet service dadwer au pro un dadwer mathmounen, recurrend ia payghservices uns tert, kaltios transit operator au transitar, quodswo est connecten diversims netwehrgs tienxia. Id transit operator dadwt it sienims clients, dadwers om service au mathmouns, un global connectivitat po remuneration. 
Ia compagnies Level 3 Communications, NTT Communications, Verizon, Orange au Tata wehse bayna ia tienxia importantsta transitars.
====Id paren====
Id paren (peering) est id operation quod consist, pro un Internet service dadwer ed pro un mathmoun dadwer, au pro dwo Internet service dadwers, se connecte direct-ye ad mutu, aun lites per un transit operator. Id interesse kay panges un parensdiemen exist kun ci bo actors exchange un importanto trafic, quo im dwinght kaupe ud un transit operator semtransitsdiemens. Kay niterihes ta connexionscosta, ir commun interesse esti tun connecte direct-ye ir netwehrgs aun lites per id transit operator. Ta playcts sont kalen "paren" ("inter pars") ar interessent daydey actors om comparable dimension au ahammiyat. 
Paren meinct id numer intermedyen responsible pro trafic management ed reduct lika id risk obstaclen au os nilenten ios trafic. Kayjint it id qualitat ios service pro el internaut. 
Bestohmen ad spare ad bo parties ira transit costa, ta paren playcts sont majoritat-ye gratis (ploisko ia pagoscosta os interconnexion pro ieter partie) ed concluden aun formalitat.
Ia playcts os payghparen existent lakin esdi remanent un extreme-ye rar gjashels, quod tyehct auter kun id trafic exchangen inter bo parties est distulet - id payghkweitu ios paren reflectend tun id dyssymmetria ios trafic -, we kun oiter iom dwo parties hat uno magh os economic negociation baygh superior tei alters, quoter est yed interessen ab id parensdiemen nespekent ids payghkweit.
Id paren ghehdt kathalika mutte in un sonterwugvt exchange point, wa IX, quer plur parties ghehde interconnecte se con mutu, ed payghe ia costa con mutu. Ia magn europay exchange points lyehge in Frankfurt (DE-CIX), Amsterdam (AMS-IX) ed London (LINX). 
Id interconnexionstype behanden ab ielg operator esti dependen ab sien classification do rangs (tiers) 1, 2 au 3. Ta os prest rang habent antplohcen un tienxia mege kafi pro ses interconnexa exclusive-ye via parensdiemens, aun naudhe id transit (transit free). Ye alter bors, ia smulksta (os trit rang) ne hant nact id mege kafi pro justifie od un parensplaycto con ia sia interessant : naudhent ghi exclusive-ye id transit (transit only). Inter bo, ia actors medyios mege (dwot rang) naudhe bo connexionsmethodes, paren inter ia pro local connexions ed transit pro tienxia connectivitat.
====Ia caches====
Aun skipes wisayct-ye interconnexion, id cachentechnique permitt kathalika kayjine id trafic. Consist, pro un operator, herbehrge in ids wi netwehrg un copie iom mathmouns demandetst ab i internauts, permittend it perwehghe ex minter dalg ta mathmouns ed reduce proportion-ye ia transportscosta iom daten. 
Dwo methods sont kwenchauim. In uter, un dadwer os internetservice ed uno mathmounendadwer maghe samstehme kay herbehrge eni preters netwehrg ia mathmouns os dwoter. In alter, id mathmounendadwer appellet un leverdadwer os mathmoun wa Content Delivery Network (CDN), kam ia compagnies Akamai au Limelight, quod managet commercial-ye servers ep-ya ia meist-ye demanden mathmouns sont oistocken ed qua sont placen eni id netwehrg uns dadwer os internetservice. In bo falls, id neud cachen permitt kayjine id service qualitat, ia mathmouns demandet ab el internaut wehsend minter dalg ud el ed tehrbend minter wakto kay arrive do el. 
Ta different perwehghenstechniques iom daten obedeihnt un certaino numer om reuls.
===Ia perwehghensreuls iom daten===
Ei traditional praxis os datenperwehghen, sayct best effort, hant-se addiht reuls applicable ibs managet services. 
====Id best effort reul====
Id sulreul ios perwehghen iom daten esti tod kemti-yod ia operators homologhent kwehre ir "gohdst effort" kay transporte ia demanden au yisen datenpacks. Leit de un taungmen os pites meis quem os kamyabe. Kay resume id bragv-ye, est possible sayge od hol biht enovern kay ia packs bihnt levert; neid yakinia, neid garantie bihnt dahna an sems nient bihe lusen untitner, an arrivesient in aurdhen we an sessient intact ye arriven. Id dayi est od sei talg esiet id fall, esiet kafi reformule id yeisensdemande iom packs qua ne hant correct-ye arriven do destination. 
Neidschi garantie biht dahto de id uperdehsa syrat iom packs. To expliet ia cache methodes heruper udwekwnt qua permittent limite id numer etapen ia datenpacks dehlge uperlites inter el yeiser ed el adresseit, bragvnes id agmo ia dehlge andhe kay, fin-ye, reduce id risk erroren in id transmission. 
Dwo magna dayis dehlge bihe mohmen de to. 
Preter est od Internets architecture buit concept yoitkwe id intelligence ios netwehrg - awien ka id "preten" iom daten qua kwehle unte id - wehst ye ids peripheria, ye ia borsa, quer-on sont ia schowbeys ios datenemissor ed ta es ciom adresseit. Tod dastur, sayct end-to-end, est kwekmor os Internet edschi expliet ids okutat. 
Eni id netwehrg, punor, ia basic schowbeys qua ia routers sont iti ne hant, prabhil-ye, gnohsa ios mathmoun iom kwehlend daten, ed sont mera kreiderstations quom rol se grancent ad sehkwihes datenpacks quom endadresseit ne sont.
Pro to, id router prest-ye chehxt id citel "glimen" ep id datenpack ep-yod wehst ids endsdestination (tod dehlct corresponde id tienxia systeme enplacet sekwent ia dwo versions ios IP protocol, id IPv4 quod neudt 32 bits adresses ed id IPv6 quod neudt 128 bits adresses) ed, poskwo, reyeist id kyid sehkwnd router, daydey kemti id reul First in First Out ed yunyun, ex router do router, tiel id arrivenspoint. Ielg router dayim exchanget information con ia prokwem routers kay bfuyi ubnuwnes ia informations behandet de id traficstand.
Dwoter dayi est od id agmo iom datenpacks ne est prebestohmen. Id datenpack, sei id dehlct ihes ex point A do point B ios netwehrg, ne woid in perodhia quod itner id dehlcsiet kwehre pro to. To orieti direct-ye ex id decentralisen structure ios netwehrg : neid central autoritato decidt in perodhia id itner quod sessiet kwohrn ab ia datenpacks ed neid communicationsligne ibs est preaffecten. 
Est punor zaruri ielgi router trehve, dynamic-ye ed sekwent ia informations id dact ed besonters ia behandet imkans, id optimal itner. Todghi maght varye, hatta eni oin sam communication. Ia different packs os oin sam communication, it perwohghen, bihnt fin-ye sammeln ab id schowbey al adresseit ios communication. 
Todsmee model est radical-ye different ud tod ios telephonic netwehrg, eni-yod cada conversation hat un itner quod ei biht pagen in perodhia. 
Tod robust ed simple reul ios best effort expliet id efficient functionment ios netwehrg. 
Id ghehdt lakin ses object om exceptions justifiena med id fact od certain communications tolere minter quem alya id transmissionschitay : est id fall, mathalan, os video au os voc ep IP. Technic-ye, estghi possible enplace praxis os hierarchisation au os priorisation inter ia data, qua neti bihnt beorbaten ye id sam weidos. 
Buit sayct prever od browsers sont supposen skwites tik id destinationscitel ios datenpack ed ignore hol ex id mathmoun ios message quod transmittent. To ne esti semper id fall : sems sont schowbeyna med ijadhs qua permitte ibs inspehce "deub do" id pack (Deep Packet Inspection = DPI). Ne esend, in tod fall, hakan blinda dia id communicationstype quosmed sont bekladen, ia browsers ghehdsient panges, sekwent id it inspohcen mathmoun, sem hierarchisation in id beorbaten iom packs ia dakent. Also, sei leit de video au de voc ep IP, pro-ya, iter, id fluiditat ed id qualitat ios transmission sont besonters important, id browser ghehdt decide neti respece id First in First Out reul in id beorbaten iom packs id dact, sontern hierarchise ed beorbate prioritat-ye ta packs, auter unte ia pics om traffic ed congestion ios netwehrg, au systematic-ye kay swekwehre kamkwe un gohder qualitat os service (QoS)
Todghi est essential uni gohd experience pro el neuder, ed, pro el dadwer om services au mathmouns, elsi economic performance. Id dependt mult factors : id bandewure, id transmissionsmukhla iom daten (kalto "latence"), id variation ios mukhla...
====Ia managet services====
Id "best effort" reul ne ghehldt pro ia services saygen "managet" qua, nekam id taungmen os pites ios "best effort", garantient al neuder un resultat, nu-un certain qualitat in id access do mathmouns. Maght lites de professional services kam ia virtual privat netwehrgs (VPN) qua ghehde permitte besonters ibs entreprises tyices dalgtos-ye sem securisen connexions inter collaborators, au services os linear television au os video-pos-demande propost ab un dadwer os Internet service edghi quod dehlcti diles id inter id general service os Internetaccess ed ia managet services.