Worship of angels

The term worship of angels primarily relates to either excessive honouring (or possibly invoking the names of) angels in Judaism and Christianity.
==In Judaism==
The Jewish Bible strictly prohibits worship of any other than God. For this reason actual "worship" of angels is not documented in Judaism beyond the following:
 
* In pre-exilic Judaism the term the Host of Heaven has primarily pagan associations, the stars, or gods of the zodiac, unconnected with angels, as illustrated by the prohibition in Deuteronomy 4:19, later broken by kings Ahab and Manasseh in worshipping the Host of Heaven, documented in 2 Kings 17:16 and 21:3 respectively. This is consistent with rabbinical era teaching.e.g. The Jerusalem Targum to Exodus 20:20 records that "He who slaughters an animal in the name of sun, moon, stars, and planets, or in the name of Michael, the great captain of the heavenly hosts, renders the same an offering to dead idols" In post-exilic Judaism, the Host of Heaven are possibly re-classed as angels, cf. Nehemiah 9:6 "the host of heaven worships you", but worship of the Host of Heaven has ceased.
* In Intertestamental Judaism, worship of angels is not found, but a developed angelology, angelic hierarchies, and the invocation of angels is found. For example, the Maccabean fighters invoked the unnamed angel that earlier in the days of Hezekiah had destroyed the army of Sennacherib.See I Macc. 7:41, II. Macc. 15:22; Syriac Baruch 43:7; Jubilees 17:11, 27:21, etc.Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews
* The Talmud knew of angelic apparitions, but not of the conjuration of angels, which must be distinguished from the conjuration of demons."Angels", in Jewish Encyclopedia, 1914
* In Gaonic Mysticism, the Book of Raziel gives directions for invoking angels, that change according to the date and purpose, such as prophecy. After this the Cabala takes the same position re conjuration found concerning the conjuration and abjuration of demons in magical works such as the Testament of Solomon.
* Rabbi Ishmael, in a Midrash of time of Hadrian (Mek.Yitro 10) prohibits worship of the likeness of angels of the ofanim and cherubim.
==In the New Testament==
Stephen, in Acts 7:42, comments on Old Testament worship of the Host of Heaven without making any connection to angels.
The primary contact point in the New Testament is the condemnation of the “worship of angels” in Colossians: 
:"Let no one disqualify you, insisting on asceticism and worship of angels, going on in detail about visions, puffed up without reason by his sensuous mind" (Colossians 2:18)
There is however a question as to whether the word used here in fact means "worship". The word used is simply the common word for "religion" (θρησκεία thrēskeia, Acts 26:5, James 1:26,27) not the word "worship" (λατρεία latreia, cf. verb form in Acts 7:42) used of God or pagan deities. This leaves open the possibility that what Paul meant was not actually Christians who bowed down and literally worshipped angels, but a wider range of uses perhaps including:Barth, Markus, Colossians, Anchor Bible Commentaries, 1995
* invocation of angels
* excessive interest in angelic hierarchies c.f. entry 3. in Liddle Scott Lexicon for θρησκεία : θρησκεία βιωτική vulgar superstition, Sor.1.4. 1stC.
* conception of angels as mediators
and so on.
In the Latin Vulgate this had been rendered et religione angelorum, and this was rendered "religioun of aungelis" by Wycliffe.
==In Greek and Roman religion==
Angels are primarily a concept of Judaism, though the Greek word aggelos ("messenger") does have some use in Greek religion relating to divine messengers.AGGELOS "4. in later philosophy, semi-divine being, “ἡλιακοὶ ἄ.” Jul.Or.4.141b, cf. Iambic Mysteries 2.6, Procl. in R.2.243 K.; “ἄ. καὶ ἀρχάγγελοι” Theol.Ar.43.10, cf. Dam.Pr.183, al.: also in mystical and magical writings, Herm. ap. Stob.1.49.45, PMag.Lond.46.121, etc." in Liddell, H.G. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. 
In 1981 A.R.R. Sheppard published an inscription (from near Kotiaion) related to Holiness and Justice, personifications honoured, or worshipped, in areas of Phrygia and Lydia A.R.R. Sheppard ”Pagan Cults of Angels in Roman Asia Minor,” Talanta 12-13 [1980-81]: 77-101 = SEG 31 1130) The significant discovery in the inscription was Sheppard's reading: ΦΙΛΑΝΓΕΛΩΝ (”Friends-of-angels”) an apparent evidence of pagan reverence of angels:
: “Aur(elius) … the Association of Friends of the Angels (made) a vow to Holiness and Justice”.
In 1996 Clinton Arnold, based on Sheppard's inscription, advanced the theory of a pagan, not Jewish, background to Colossians 2:8-23. Arnold argued for the general importance of angels in Asia Minor as a common folk practice in this region. He suggested that pagans were invoking the names of angels for protection following Jewish influences.Clinton Arnold, The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996
However, in 2005 Hasan Malay revisted the inscription and argues that Sheppard likely misread a phi Π as a gamma Γ, and the inscription should read ΦΙΛΑΝΠΙΛΟΙ, “Friends-of-the-vine” or “Vine-lovers”, with no angels. Malay also published a second inscription, dated 161 CE, confirming the existence of associations devoted to the vine from nearby Katakekaumene in Cappadocia, now in the Manisa Museum.Hasan Malay, “ΦΙΛΑΝΠΙΛΟΙ in Phrygia and Lydia,” Epigraphica Anatolica 38 (2005) 42–44. Hence the Kotiaion inscription should read:
: “Aur(elius) … the Association of Friends of the Vine (made) a vow to Holiness and Justice”.
==Gnosticism==
While falling short of actual worship of angels 3rd Century Gnosticism developed heavily ideas concerning the archons. Celsus repeats the charge of worship of angels against AristidesCelsus, Apology 14:4; see Origen 1:26, 5:6-34,41
==Angelici==
The Angelici were a heretical sect of the 3rd century. Augustine supposes them thus called from their yielding an extravagant worship of angels. However Augustine provides no evidence for this charge and Epiphanius derives their name from the belief that God created the world through the angels.
==References==
Category:Angels
Category:Judaism
Category:New Testament
Category:Gnosticism