Science

Idpet werd science endut un particular autoritat, quod secules hant tadrijan kardwnt med aunstehgens ed id creation noven ilms. 
Tod werd gwehmt ex latin scire = "woide". Aristoteles definihsit id ka quo concernt id necessar ed id abadic. Tod definition habiet eti ghohden dehbhe metaphysique. Science ghehdt kathalika bihe definiht, in uno meis pragmatic acception, ka id hol iom methods, bemohnen gnohsas qua permitte apprehende ia verificil loys qua rege id real. 
Science est corresponden ab uno methode. Id scientific gwayt hat diu remant basen ep observation. Tadrijan, abstraction hat gwohmen ad prolonge analyse. Id iterative deductionsimkan ios scientific gwayt keknigvit lyt ed lyt ep technique, med stets-ye staurer observationsalats servicend ia verificationsorbats. 
Id neud os technique hat bihn stets naturaler, wawod id permiss uno muhim kayjin ios gwitsqualitat, per ia idafi comfort ed protection id ananct. Trans id magh os explie, technique hat daht ad science id magh os age plen-ye transformend-ye ids ambient ed neudend-ye id kay nake objectives per technologia. 
Idghi gham om technique ed science se incarnet in technologia, quod ghehdt ses definihn ka id hol iom proceddats bezielend finalise technique kay plehe prebestohmen objectives, mathalan id functionment iom mecanismen om production, consumm, information, communication, farakhat...
 Id mecanisme os Antikythera est un assemblage om metallic axen ed engrenagen monten ambh un central axe. Tarikhend ex id 1sto secule pos JC, buit bohrct in 1900 apo Antikythera (holmo lyehgend 40 km dalg ud Peloponnese). Is US mualim Derek Price chohx id inter 1950 ed 1970 ed revelit od eet un "planetarium" sulrn ep id geocentric systeme, id saul admiss in Awo Hellado.
==Quosmed hat science antslohnct ?==
Science est synonym om Progress, maestria, comfort, betschi om stieure, destruction. Preter marken ab id influence os Religion, quod hiebit besonters instituet ia prest universitats ye id XIIIt secule, id scientific gwayt ed id dayi progress hant tadrijan secularascen yant id Renaissance. 
Idghi enderkweiten inter science ed religion hat diu kwohct artificial. Ia prest scientific orbats kwohrna pre Mediev bohr id influence os philosophia au religion. Ia sibias inter science ed Metaphysique eent besonters angh. 
Punor, moderne scientific paursken, pon Renaissance, seskiepit ta influences, per un crehscend neud om technique ed un druv scientific experimentation. Men lelurit-se ud id intellectual waldh ios Kyrk, religion esend relegen do id privat sphere, ed raisono neihndo ia scientific paurskens. Science hat bihn un nov ideologia quod hat exclaret id mund, kwahn ka quantificable ed explicable. Ab ia orbats os Ptolemayum, experimental gwayt bispandt : hypotheses bihnt formulet, dind verifiet ab formaliset experiments. Galileo, Coppernic, Giordano Bruno sessient bayna iens prestens quoy opponsient scientific resultats ibs religieus convictions, riskend destabilise id magh ios Kyrk. Eti Galileo ed Bruno sessient sudyet ob heresie. 
Liberalisme hat poskwo plaut-ye hamrahn id scientific progress, favorisend-ye id diffusion informationen. Ex id XVIt do id XVIIIt secule, Europe biht id magno scene os scientific meno. Ab id XVIIIt secule, med ia Industrial Revolutions, id numer iom scientific aunstehgens ed iren technologic applications hat explos, tiel id informationsrevolutions quod gnohms taiper med Internet. Ia progressa os mecanique, steum, dind ia communicationszariyas (telephone, radio), id recorden om kwiter ed swon (phonograph, cinema, Photographia), automobils, plavs, plastic materias ed artificial fibers hant taraghen nies cadadien. 
Id politic contexte hat eti favorisen tod scientific antslehnken chunke republicanisme ed Humanisme encourage individual initiative, id paursken os progress, os kayjin, id bungos iom rects ed lures. Id XIXt secule vidt emerge un philosophic theoria os progress, positivisme, formulen ab Auguste Comte, qui sigwrt od id universe est alnos ghabim per science ed od ia transcendant, besonters-ye religieus, explications hant biht inutil. 
Unghi druv cult om progress ed scientific magh prehpt. Oins kun id universe biht skwit, ielg menscendifficultat proe-biht corresponden ab ein universal loy. Tod cult est correspons af heroys, adulen rjienbwutsens qui sessient i alims ios fin ios XIXt secule, kam Pasteur, betschi manifestations, kam ia international expositions (om 1878 ed 1900) ed uno moralisme, id justification os Colonisation keihnd part-ye ep ia brineghs os science qua alya lands ghehdient brunges. Ant ia perodhias iom sciencen, is franceoiso chemiste Marcellin Berthelot hieb exclamet : Est neid probleme quod science khact resolve.
Id traditional-ye udwehkwnen contrapart tos cult os progress, quod eti est minter consensual nundiens, wehst in ids blindses, quod pussiret ad aunstehge aun kehnse tamhide-ye ia risks id aunstehgen ghehdiet skipes. Atomic energia est un ubfallend exempel.
 In L'image du monde (1246), is lothring Gossouin (au "Walter") de Metz kipihsit un rundo Terra, ed ka prest hypothesit od sei dwo anghens gwahient witerom mutu, vighatient mutu. Id texte hernieb sayct : "Meis clar-ye suaghaptum id ject, vos maghte eme alyum exempel : Sei terra esiet baurt seid medsu se ed sei vidiems id waurn ender nos, ed sei esiet xubht intro un petra au un baygh-ye gwaurod komor, quando gwehmiet medsu terra, stahiet still cer yod netereti ghehdiet nisturdes, ni stighes ubtro; esdi pehdiet tem hogtos, ei dahiet ids vyige neid magh, mae pehdiet deuber. Sontern reikiet ub, tem quem esiet retro medsu terra. Naiwo moviet cetos,".
==Quod est id relation im Individus ad science ?==
Id explicative stieure os science hat slurn un druv "desenchantement ios mund" (M. Gauchet), idnu promotion os science do wirt. Pon ia Lumens, science hat est object uns crehscend credit, hina slures un relative scientisme, yani id trend os buwes id empiric ed experimental science id absolut os gnohsa. Id XVIIIt secule hat vis "id mohrt os Div" : science hat-se tadrijan imposen ka surce os druve edghi os magh. 
Technic progress ed ia successa os paursken hat daht ei scientif logos un intrinsec legitimitat. In noster societats, science incarnet natural-ye progress. Progress biht ops kwaht ka un kayjin os nies comfort, bohnden ei antslehnken ios consummsocietat ed iom industrial wassilas. Lakin, science biht kathalika kwahn ka destructor employen (ob ia technologic aunstehgens, mathalan id mecanisation ios production), augend inegalitats, creend un idafi subordination. Science ghi alienet tant el individu quem leurt el. 
Also, dwois de id necessar-ye sislew, positive buhsa os progress ed recent interrogations dayir ia consequences iom genetic aunstehgens hant question id autoritat os science ye id brungos uns udnoven ios religious. Id "fid" in science ed progress est yinjier rencausen. 
Id positive vision iom sciencen keiht besonters ep id positiviste doctrine os Auguste Comte. Menxu id lexis positivisme ja existit pre Comte, senter hat spohrn ids neud in philosophia. Auguste Comte dehskwit fin ad metaphysique seulend-ye science ka sufficient condition os gnohsa, quod dehlct kihes, sekwent iom, ep id observation ios realitat midt ye un scientific weidos ed ne med postulats. Positivisme ghi skeipt un systematisation os rationalisme, kardwnen ab un absolute trust ios explicative imkan os science. 
Ye id zaman kun science ed rationalisme kwehke penetrevs wiswa ilms, pati id "social", est interessant constate od irrationalitat, hatta fid in "magia, ne hat mohrt. id fact od un verslyning kam Bernard Madoff hat ghohdt nihes do id leus om 50 milliards dollaren ob fraud promittend-ye a priori incredible cinsa, est in complete contradiction con financial rationalitat, in qua mathematique occupet un preponderant part. Hat lakin ghohdto drughes pelu specialistens, hatta klutstens. Quosmed explie tod constate aun recognihes od, in cid fall, rationalitat hat ultim-ye bihn vicen ab id meist bochengli sogno piwt ab lasni ? 
Sam-ye ia long debats ios mahel ios financial saudagher Jérôme Kerviel, quod hat sohkwn prever scandals suwt ab alyens saudaghers, deict kam artificial-ye weur est id distance inter ia ciffers, ir manipulation ed realitat. Dematerialisation desincarnet id real, ids human consequences. Ielg mov, kamkwe conscient id est, bihtghi part-ye "soitoswent", "magic".
 Science tem besweurght quem el person "foll mualim" hat biht commun in horror films, hatta ia khaksta. Her, Bela Lugosi in The Bride of the Monster, 1955, ab Ed Wood. 
==Qua sont ia sibias inter science ed politique ?==
Id Stat hat ops-ye buden science, per experts, ad justifie we legitime certain politic meids. Mathalan, id recurs os expertise, dayir epidemias, hat permitten justifie id, yando akster-ye impopular - public action : mathalan, id gvehnen churden unte id crise ios "foll gwowen siuge" au ia restrictions impost ad leudher kwehlen kay jidale contra avenflu. Est kathalika mohmen id appell kay experts tenteer rassure id population dayir id spehren uper Europe ios radioactive nebh ois id explosion ios nuclearios reactor in Chernobyl... Bad, iaschi totalitaira regimes hant dahskwn un scientific, rational fundament irims siyassas omextermination au territorial expansion. 
Ia investions kwohrta do id sector os paursken sont tem mier quem direct-ye interessent ia Stats, besonters pr ia militar lobbys. Id National Defense financet dar majoritar-ye id sector ios paursken, besonters in ia Uniet Stats os America. Id amplor tom investions suppont un cheus om certaina moinsa tem quem un stets netter enderkweiten inter fundamental ed applien paursken. Also, kathire sont ia sectors in qua ia concentrations om zariyas sont necessar (pharmaceutic industrie, electronique, informatique...). Itak hant ia laboratoria esen object om massenjamiyens yant id XVIIIt seculer. Pre to, ia megil scientific aunstehgens gwohm khaliban ex isolet individus. 
Id XVIIIt secule vidt eti science hassile un important audience per ids institutionalisation (mathalan creation iom scientific museien) ed id vulgarisation iom gnohsas. Dind, lyt ed lyt, ia laboratoria se multiplient in ia universitats, pre antslehnke, ye id fin ios XIXt secule, independent paurskeninstitutions. Senters vahnt eme un stets importanter place in ia statal paurskensprogrammes, besonters dayir sanitat ed defense. Paursken ghi vaht bihe un akster politic ed diplomatic pand. 
 Science skeipt kathalika un interessant topic pro bo laab ed culture. Her, is US scriptor Scott Viguié alias "Doctor Geek" in eys fantasia laboratorium pro un "Science Fair".
==Quosmed meis-ye suaresponsiblihes scientific paursken ?==
Plur categorias os control ghehde ses kwenchaunt. Un control maght preter-ye betrehve id orbat im paurskern. Senters ghi hant un scientific responsibilitat quod tehrpsiet ses precis dik-ye chunke ia laboratoria ops gnohnt, bariem part-ye, ia potential implications iom aunstehgens qua sont realisatil. Un ethique os gnohsa dehlct schowi bihe wohngen in id paursken tem quem in id diffusion iom aunstehgens. Eti, id formalisen deontologia om certain professions (mathalan id Hippocrates oit pro lieks) dehlgiet bihe adapten poskwo generalisen; ia recursconditions iom moratoria (rlinji suspension iom paurskens kay meis-ye suakwahe ia implications iom aunstehgens) dehlgient kathalika bihe preciden. 
Id origin ed id neud iom funds bestohmen pro paursken dehlge bihe control ab ia public autoritats. Independent, bilkull international, institutions dehlgient bihe enplacen. Est ver od est difficil kupes tod type os control ab Stats qua financent ja large-ye paursken, besonters per ia militar lobbys. Eti, taiptro, id influence iom Stats ep id neud iom scientific aunstehgens hat remanen muzlim, besonters ob mank em qualifiet experts binisbat id syrat iom scientific perodhias. 
Stats bihnt it "udperodht" ab science. Tant-ye, khact bihe kwenchaunen tyehgve id scientific control chunke Menscenrects sont concernt. Itak, ipet civs wehkwntu. Plur evolutions permittient meis-ye sua-integre senters do ia ethic debats gohnt ab science : un importanter vulgarisation iom scientific gnohsas (samt un revision iom scolprogrammes bespehcend ia ethic aspects iom science), uno multiplication iom exchange instancen (samt mathalan id creation om commissions em scientific experts integrend kathalika profanens members chust in id population), un augen ios numer om communicationsinitiatives (mathalan per ghyanendwer diens, expositions) ed un dar meis akster mediatic keulen im major scientific rjienbwutsen qui vansche ornuwes debats de id ethique os paursken. 
Id pand ios vetat iom aunstehgens est kathalika fundamental. Id resultat om certain paurskens dehlgiet skipes un commun wesu os Menscgenos ed ne sempet senibrugos isworo pro oin au plur entreprises. Ta problematiques sont besonters sensible in pharmacorm lands. Ghehdt lakin bihe kaut od sem interessant initiatives om public-privat partnerspects hant wardhen : mathalan, dien 1st marto 2007, id Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative hat lancet, in partnerspecto con un privat laboratorium (Sanofi-Aventis), un aunpatent ed ieftin ilaj contra malaria (ein dollar pro adult ed minter quem 50tia om cents pro magv).
Category:Science