Ringed kingfisher

The ringed kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata) is a large, conspicuous and noisy kingfisher bird commonly found along the lower Rio Grande valley in southeasternmost Texas in the United States through Central America to Tierra del Fuego in South America.
== Description ==
The ringed kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata) is a Neotropical kingfisher that lives in habitats ranging between the US and Mexico. In 1888, the species was first discovered in the US, while the first ringed kingfisher nest was found in 1970. They are commonly seen along the Rio Grande and in water bodies in southern Texas. Their distribution is increasing and expanding upwards.
=== Measurement ===
The wings of adult males range between , which on average measures .  Their tail range between , and the bill measures . Female wings range 185.0-210.1 mm, as the tail measures and possess a bill measuring .Oberholser, H. C. (1974). The bird life of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. Individuals can weigh between .Sick, H. (1993). Birds in Brazil: a natural history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. Such measurements prove that the species do not differ sexually in terms of size.
thumb|left|Closer look at the head of a male ringed kingfisher
=== Identification ===
Ringed kingfishers have a dark-brown iris that is constant amongst all age groups. They possess a straight bill that is longer than its head, along with a curved culmen and tomial serrations.Hamas, M.J. (1994). "Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon)." In The birds of North America, no. 84., edited by A. Poole and F. Gill. Washington, D.C: Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, PA, and Am. Ornithol. Union. The lower mandible appears to have some yellowish colorations. They possess syndactil feet with olive-green or yellowish toes and black claws. A large crest appears to be between the base of the bill and neck. Several individuals have a white collar located around the neck.
=== Plumage ===
Each ringed kingfisher possesses 10 primaries, 15 secondaries, 3 tertials and 12 rectrices. Wings are rounded, and tail is squared. Subspecies can be found in Texas, Mexico, Central America and South America, due to slight plumage differences. Individuals themselves vary slightly as a result of variable environmental constraints and day-length regimes.
=== Sexual dimorphism ===
Ringed kingfishers can be identified by sex due to differences in coloration. The males possess rusty-brown underparts with white undertail coverts and a white throat. Females have a bluish-gray band seen on upper breast and a whitish band.
=== Eggs ===
A ringed kingfisher's clutch size is approximated to be 3-6 eggs, which are incubated for about 22 days.Skutch, A.F. (1972). "Studies of tropical American birds". Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club. no. 10.
== Taxonomy ==
The ringed kingfisher is from the family Alcedinidae in the order Coraciiformes.Sibley, C.G. and J.E. Ahlquist (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds: a study in molecular evolution. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. The ringed kingfisher is related to the belted kingfisher.Moyle, R.G. (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history". Auk no. 123 (2):487-499. Overall, the species appears much larger than its counterpart, while possessing a rufous belly, a massive bill and a blue back.Ridgway, R. (1914b). "The birds of North and Middle America". Pt. 6. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. no. 50.
thumb|left|292x292px|Male Kingfisher perching over river to capture its prey
=== Subspecies ===
Three subspecies are identified by its size, color as well as location.
*M. t. torquata - Found in regions of southern Texas and southern Sinaloa, Central America to South America and throughout the Amazon basin, Argentina and Uruguay, as well Isla Margarita in Venezuela. Undertail coverts are either fully white or spotted lightly with unmarked white underwing coverts for males and brown for females, and with a bill measuring more than .Remsen, Jr., J. V. (1991). "Community ecology of Neo-tropical kingfishers". Univ. of Calif. Publ. Zool. no. 124.
*M. t. stictipennis - Found in Lesser Antilles, Dominica, and Martinique. Individuals have secondary feathers with white spots that reach outer part of the feathers. The dorsum appears to be darker blue or gray.
* M. t. stellate - Breeding ranges and wintering grounds are located between Chile and Southern parts of Argentina. Undertail coverts are spotted heavily with dark-blue or gray coloration, with spotted or dusky underwing coverts, dorm appears to be dark blue to gray, and the outer webs of their secondary wings do not appear to have white spots. Their bills measure less than 69 mm.
== Habitat and distribution ==
=== Habitat ===
Ringed kingfishers are seen in freshwater habitats, tropical and temperate marine shorelines as well as several islands, such as Coiba Island.Ridgely, R.S. and J. Gwynne (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Panama, with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. Breeding occurs in aquatic regions with support of aquatic animals, including fish populated areas for nesting burrows. Nests can be found farther away from the waters.Bendire, C. (1895). "Life histories of North American birds, from the parrots to the grackles, with special reference to their breeding habits and eggs". U.S. Natl. Mus. Spec. Bull. no. 3. Habitats are near waterbodies that include streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, estuaries and marine habitats. Habitats with clear water and less vegetation are preferred to easily access its prey.
=== Distribution ===
Ringed kingfishers are found in broad areas between Texas, USA and South America. The ranges of ringed and belted kingfishers overlap from Central America and above for 6–8 months. Ringed kingfishers also have ranges that overlap with other kingfisher species in Central and South America. Breeding ranges of ringed kingfishers vary in the Neotropics in Mexico, the Caribbean and South America. Their preference for mangrove habitats has been observed in the tropics. Foraging occurs offshore as far as 1 km (.7 mi).Fry, C. H. and K. Fry (1992). Kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers: A Handbook. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Overwintering areas are indifferent to breeding ranges, but are able to forage farther than during their breeding periods. Large irrigation canals in Rio Grande, Texas have been used as wintering grounds by such species. They are usually found in areas with high fish densities during the dry season.
== Behavior ==
=== Locomotion ===
The anatomy of ringed kingfisher's prevent efficient terrestrial movements. Individuals shuffle into and out of nesting burrows. Therefore, displacing between branches is difficult for this species. They possess strong wings that beat very slow as a result of its size. They are able to fly over land for long periods of time in comparison to other species of kingfishers.Ridgely, R.S. and P.J. Greenfield (2001). The birds of Ecuador, Vol. 2: Field guide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
=== Breeding ===
==== Mating ritual ====
A mating ritual involves the male ringed kingfisher offering fish to the female before copulation. Richmond further explains that the pair perform where the male create calls while circling above the waters, while dropping into the water. This process last for a short period of time.Richmond, C.W. (1893). "Notes on a collection of Birds from Eastern Nicaragua and the Rio Frio, Costa Rica, with notes, and a description of a supposed new Trogon". P. U.S. Mus. no. XVI:479-532.
==== Parental behavior ====
Female and male ringed kingfishers incubate their eggs while performing other duties equally. Short foraging breaks are taken during late afternoon since incubation periods are long. Each individual take turns during the morning. Incubating birds are capable of finding prey by regurgitating its undigested food to attract flies in its burrow.
=== Vocalization ===
Ringed kingfishers have louder and lower-pitched calls compared to belted kingfisher.Howell, S. N. G. and S. Webb (1995). A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. New York: Oxford University Press. Captured Juveniles have been heard to scream, giving a klek or kek call. The same call is heard during human intervention or other disturbances. A softer klek is produced by the adult to signal its incubating partner. Its common vocalizations are described as rattles.
=== Foraging behavior ===
Ringed kingfishers can perch for several hours on trees while watching for prey in the freshwater. Belted kingfishers perch for only a few moments. Ringed kingfishers have also been observed to forage in marine water. They catch their prey by diving from a perch.
== Diet ==
Ringed kingfisher's diet is largely dependent on fish, while sometimes targeting invertebrates, crabs and crustaceans.Jackson, D. (2006). "Aegla Leach (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the diet of the ringed kingfisher, Ceryle torquata (Linné) (Alcedinidae)". Boletín Chileno de Ornitología. no. 12:26-27. Fish consumed include several species from the families Characidae and Cichlidae.Willard, D.E. (1985). "Comparative feeding ecology of twenty-two tropical piscivores". Ornithol. Monog. no. 36.
== Threats ==
=== Diseases ===
A study has examined a parasitic infection caused by Pulchrosopa pulchrosopa, a type of flatworm that causes internal damages in the respiratory system of ringed kingfishers. The four infected individuals were examined, with the species being found in their lungs, trachea and coelomic cavity. The parasite migrates to the lungs as the host experiences stressful or immunosuppressive periods. The parasite also causes significant damage to tissues due to its migration to the lungs.Merino, S. Javier Martínez, J. Alcántara, G. and Navarro, M. (2003). Pulchrosopa pulchrosoma (Trematoda: Cathaemasiidae) in Ringed kingfishers (Megaceryle torquata torquata) from Iquitos, Peru: with inferences on life-cycle features. Avian Pathology. 32(4):351-354.
=== Predation ===
Predators of ringed kingfishers include the white-tailed hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, bald eagle, golden eagle and peregrine falcon.
== Conservation status ==
The IUCN considers the ringed kingfisher to be of “Least Concern”. Increasing population trends indicate that the species are not vulnerable as they are widespread and have a large habitat distribution and breeding ranges.
== References ==
ringed kingfisher
Category:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys
Category:Birds of Central America
Category:Birds of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Category:Birds of the Caribbean
Category:Birds of South America
ringed kingfisher
ringed kingfisher