Ieus

Etymologia : ex id sam oraryo raudh quem "yuneg", ob ieus est quo "yunct", quo behndt. Id sam pro "ieun". 
Definition : ieus est id corpus reulen ed normen quod se impont im members os un societat. Est kathalika id universitar ilm quod oistudyet ta reuls. Loy (ex "loyal", franceois werd) kyeust id positive ieus. Id Sambahsa prefixe diks- gwehmt ex "deik", ob ieus "deict" quo poittmos kwehre. Un rect (ex "reg-") est quo anghen poitt kwehre kemti ieus. 
==Positive & Natural ieusa==
Positive ieus est id menghia iom reuls in gwis moment-on-ye in un Stat (au in un institution : mathalan, id inner kwizei ios "Sambahsa Werdcreation Grupp" ep Facebook). Estghi un variable sonterieus, quod dostriction est waktlimitet ed loclimitet : ta reuls ghehldent tik eni id waldh quod edicit ia ed ia poitte bihe reformen we abolihn, we evolve wakt-ye. 
Natural ieus est id menghia iom reuls qua(wert) orient ex menscbuhsa. Estghi un tienxia ed ideal ieus quod, in theoria, ghehldt quantloc ed semper. Articles 1, 2 & 4 ios Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen os 1789 udwekwne yinjier "natural rects" qua hant ka sonterkweit ses "imprescriptible" ed inalienable. Yed, de facto, tod natural ieus ne biht dostrigen quantloc. Id ne correspondt id positive ieus quod ne bayad sehkwt id, ed fin-ye, ne est opposable ad senter.
 Cone os Uru-KA-gina relatend (in schoumri) ia reformes tos peurst contra ia abuses iom "awen diens" (-2350; Musée du Louvre). Uru-Ka-Gina eet is wanak ios civtat Lagasch in Mesopotamia. Is est khaliban-ye gnoht ob sien efforts kay combate corruption, sont-ya semquando citet ka id prest legislation in niscriben historia. Quayque id tienjien texte ne hat esen aunstohgen, id major part idsios mathmoun ghehdt bihe tarken ex alya trohft references.
==Prabhils os diksphilosophia==
Ex tod enderkweiten inter positive ed natural ieusa, oriet od quod id loy sayct iti maght ses "aunieust". Antigones pamrlan, in Sophokleusios piece (Vt secule pre JC), est un maschour illustration os to : contra ia edicts os sien oncle Creon qui ay bant sepules ays brater, ia mehmeiht : οὐ γάρ τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε, οὐδ᾽ἡ ξύνοικος τῶν κάτω θεῶν Δίκη τοιούσδ᾽ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν ὥρισεν νόμους. οὐδὲ σθένειν τοσοῦτον ᾠόμην τὰ σὰ κηρύγμαθ, ὥστ᾽ἄγραπτα κἀσφαλῆ θεῶν νόμιμα δύνασθαι θνητὸν ὄνθ᾽ὑπερδραμεῖν. οὐ γάρ τι νῦν γε κἀχθές, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεί ποτε ζῇ ταῦτα, κοὐδεὶς οἶδεν ἐξ ὅτου᾽φάνη. Antigone it se refert uni superior diksurce contra un aunieust loy. 
Kam Sophokleus in eys tragedia Αντιγόνη, ies Sophistes separeer dwo dasturs unte hellen antiquitat : id Nature (φύσις), quodmen est intangible ed universal, ud id loy (νομος) quod de est particular ed variable. Yed, est kwecto abusive bahe de natural ieus in Antiquitat, notion quod biht druve-ye definihn bad ye id Muassir zaman. Ies espaniol theologs ios Salamanca scol ye id XVIt secule retolke ia wehrgs os Thomas os Aquin (1225-1274) besonters kay pones od id dikssurce est neter swohd ni religieus textes sontern id nature. Eni id context ios prest europay expansion ye id XVIt secule, natural ieus est also bertor uns forme os universalisme, quodschi vaht daughe kay justifie ids ops-ye brutal dostriction ibs krictims territoria. Id notion os natural ieus gnoht nov antslehnkens med tod os social contracto quod oppont besonters Hobbes (1588-1679) ed Rousseau (1712-1778). Pro preter, el mensc hat natural rects, bayna qua tod-on os preserve sien gwit. Bet tod natural rect valt neid sei ne biht transformet do positive recto quod ei daht un realitat. Mensci vahnt ithan tyehgve oin part iren natural rects ye id brungos os un social contracto con id Stat quod im swekwehrt salvtat. Id loy al souverain est ieust ob id protect id gwit im civs. Esdi Rousseau joint Hobbes de id naudh ios social contract ed ios positive rect, is oppont lakin ei Englisch philosoph od dikssurce khact ses gvalt. Tod khact kwehre ieus idghi semper ghehdt azwle ob sem staurer gvalt. Gvalt se dwinght tik med nyuti ed ne med consens; api, kay ses ieust, diksreuls dehlgent ses leudher-ye consent.
==Ia conceptions dayir id rol os ieus==
Dat ieus est tik oino iom elements ios social aurdhen, hat neter id samo mathmoun, ni id sam schaecheing sekwent id rol quod ei est tribuen.
Menxu in Occident, ieuso skeipt id major element ios organisation os societat ed brunct ex tod fact un grand prestige, leit als in alya ieusa : in Downgjien ed in un part os Africa, ieus ne skeipt traditional-ye id major social dwinegh. 
Traditional societats (pati id Occidental) anadehnt ad ieus un function os conservation ios social aurdhen, ops-ye justifiet ab Religion. Bilax, ia moderne societats (besonters in Occident) dahnt stets meis ad ieus un function os transformation os societat, kweter tod transformation consist simple kayjins we un profundo change os societat.
==Id structure iom diksreuls==
Wawod ia ieusa neude sulnotions (mathalan : id notion trust ne hat equivalent ep id europay dayluk) ed specific raisonensmodus, besonters pro id redaction iom legs ed fayssals, skeipent logic systemes meis au minter compatible inter mutu. Ia dwo magna raisonensmodus qua oppone ia dikssystemes sont id syllogism, process consistend sbringhes un concret reul ab un preexistanto general reul (deductive raisonen), ed analogia consistend applie un existant concret reul ad falls prokwem ta pro-ya cid reul ja ghehldt (inductive raisonen).
Api, ta sulnotions ed raisonensmodus, qua prehpent besonters in legs ed fayssals, sont khaliban id product os Historia ed id elaborationsprocess os ieus in id prev. To expliet id opposition, eni ia ieusa om Europe ed America, inter iamen Roman-Germanic ieusa influen ab id universitar talim os roman ieus ed id preponderance os legislation ed daydeyer os oiscript ieus, ed id de common law, pregen ab id exclusive-ye professional formation im juristen ed id preponderance al judce in id elaboration os ieus, qua kwiteer diu ia Englisch ed US ieusa.
 Tienxia map om dikssystemes. Hatta tod map ne mathmount vasya detayls : mathalan, sem elements os Deutsch ieus ghehlde in ia tri Nord-Eust Franceois departments Moselle, Bas-Rhin & Haut-Rhin. 
==Ia Occidental ieusa==
Smad enderkwites inter ia historic dikssystemes qua dar hant influence nundiens ed ia dwo magna moderne systemes qua sont Civil Ieus ed Commun Loy (Englisch : Common Law).
===Ia "historic systemes"===
====Swohdic ieus====
Besonters ob ia Folkenmigrations ed dind Feudalisme, id norder deil os Europe nud (ed oik smulker territoria dar neude ia) swohdic systemes, ois tradition, bet qua vibihr niscriben in id druna iom secules ed quaghi influer ia ieusa iom moderne Stats quer prevst gohldeer. Smad udwekwne : 
- La Coutume de Paris : Eet un general swohd, quo buit prest codifien in 1510. Id ghohld prest pro Paris ed Île-de-France ed compris 562 articles. Hat maung influet id Franceois Code Civil os 1804 tem quem ia ieusa ios US Stat Louisiana ed ios Canadian Province os Québec. 
- id Sachsenspiegel : Eet un diksbuk, scriben inter 1220 ed 1235 ed oiter iom veutsten deutschen diksbuks. Ob id deutsch expansion in Eust Europe influit id in-kap ia urbieusa in ta lands.
 In 528, is Rhomay cesar Justinian kyeuct un commission diregen ab Tribonian, quos orbat waust do id Codex Iustinianus in 529 dind in 534 ye id waurmen uns dwoter edition incorporend Νεαραὶ διατάξεις. Tod nov code comprindt 12 buks ed inter 4600 ed 4700 legs, sems tarikhend tsay do Hadrian. In 533 bihnt publien ia Pandectes, qua simplifient, adaptent ed rationalisent antique ieus ed bilhassa idso jurisprudence.
====Roman Ieus====
Tod wekwos kyeust wiswa norms qua skip id roman diksaurdhen unte circa tridem secules, ex id legendar tarikhe ios dehti os Rome (- 753) tiel id fin ios regne os Justinian (565 nosters era). Id historic importance prehpt dar nundiens in id pohltos om lati diksformules. In druve, pos id dissolution id Occident Roman Imperium, id Justinian Code buit promulgen in id Rhomay Imperium. Tod buk buit raunstohgen in West Europe ye id XIt secule, ed buit oistudyet in maung universitats, besonters in id Saint Empire Deutschios Nation.
 Id actual Code os Canonic Ieus (Latin : Codex Iuris Canonici) est id normative loybuk ios Catholic Kyrk os latin rite. Buit promulget ab Papp Iohannes-Paul II in 1983. 
====Canonic Ieus====
Id Canonic Ieus comprindt wiswa diksnormes ios Catholic Kyrkios qua reule id activitat im dyindars ed iom kyrkstructures tem quem ia relations inter id Kyrk ed id scheigjian. Id dar ghehldt ka ieus wi ei Vatican; exter id, Stats daydey ne ei dahnt dikswirt, tik religieus reul. Lakin, tod ieus significant-ye influit in id prev id familia ieus.
===Ia moderne occidental Statal systemes===
Ulter ia ieusa ghehldend pro Europe ed America, ta ieusa sont appliet inschi alya mundsparts : major part os Subsahrawi Africa, parts os Asia (Tyrkia, Lubnan, Israel, Japan ed part-ye Hind ed China), Australia ed Nov Zeland. 
Ta quant ieusa keihnt ep un sam conception ios social aurdhen : individualisme, quo duct ad recognihes al individu id imkan os xihes subjective rects; secularisme, quo duct ad substrage ieus ud id influence iom religieus autoritats; ed liberalisme, quo duct ad organise un diksmaund im individus contra id Stat. 
Ye divers maschtabs, ia Stats om Europe ed America sont Rectstats sulen ep id separation iom maghs (edghi besonters ep id independence iom judicial organs) ed ep id submission ios Stat ad ieus (edghi besonters ei judicial control iom administrative organs ed ei judicial monopol pro id repression iom delicts). 
Ia ieusa om Europe ed America dahnt un important place ei parlementar leg ed ei jurisprudence om tribunals independent ud id religieus magh ed ud id politic waldh.
Id summa divisio est inter Common Law (yando, grosso modo, "anglicisant ieus") ed Roman-Germanic ieus (wa Civil ieus : tod imprecis wekwos permitt include "Nordic ieus", biht-yod yando ne ayn ka Roman-Germanic). 
Nundiens, bo diksfamilias gwehme tadrijan proscher mutu. 
Dayir ia dikssurces, iamen Roman-Germanic ieusa ijabe un stets plauter place ad - besonters constitutional, yed kathalika civil ed administrative - jurisprudence. Id de common law neudent stets meis id script ieus : legislation, yando hatta sub un codifiet forme (besonters in ia Uniet Stats os America, ed script constitution (ploisko id Uniet Roydem). 
Dayir diksmerit, id antslehnken os international ieus ed, pro id Uniet Roydem ed Erin, ios ieus ios Europay Union, duct ei irruption iom Roman-Germanic notions ob EU ieus est akster-ye influen ab ia franceois ed deutsch ieusa. Bilax, ob Globalisation, un part ios economic ieus iom Roman-Germanic lands subeiht id influence ios ieus ios US economic augos (ieus iom contracts, companies, concurrence). 
Eti, sem ieusa om Europe ed America proe-sont mixt ieusa, yani launend ir Techniques auter ex Roman-Germanic, au ex common law ieusa. Also, Alba hat conserven sem elements ios Roman-Germanic ieus quod eet idso pre ids union con England; Québec ed Louisiana hant Roman-Germanic ieusa qua hant subiht un akster influence ex id common law applien in alter Stats qua bayghe id sam federation. 
Fin-ye, sem lands om Africa ed Asia trende comlaune un part iren institutions ed reuls ex bo id Roman-Germanic ieus ed id common law.
===Ia Roman-Germanic Ieusa===
Sont khaliban ia ieusa om Europe ed Latin America. Lakin ir techniques bihnt stets meis widen ab Asia lands kam Japan ed China. Baygh profund influen ab id universitar talim os roman ieus yant Mediev, dind ab id scol os natural ieus ed serter ab id codification, ta ieusa kweite med id neud abstracten notions ed id formulation om general reuls, id preeminence iom scriben texten (legs ed constitutions) ed id separation iom meritsreuls ud ia procedure reuls.
 Danske Lov ("Dansk Loy") est un loybuk ex 1683, sul ios mierer deil ios dansk legislation. Oika idsen bewehkwens dar ghehlde, quo beuwt tod code id veutsto dar in gwis in uno moderne dikssysteme.
====Ia Nordic ieusa====
Ta ieusa (Danmark, Norge, Sveden, Suomi ed Island) hant subihno minter akster-ye id influence ios roman ieus ed iom Roman-Germanic dikstheorias quem id reste ios europay dayluk; lakin, ir intellectual structures sont ta iom Roman-Germanic ieusen.
====Roman-Hollands Ieus====
(Nederlands: Rooms-Hollands recht, Afrikaans: Romeins-Hollands reg). Id est un dikssysteme basen ep Roman ieus adapten ibs Uniet Provinces iom XVIIt ed XVIIIt secules, ed un varietat os Roman-Germanic ieus. Menxu tod ieus buit tayn in Nederland in 1809 ab id franceois Code Napoléon, biht dar nundiens appliet ab ia tribunals om Sud Africa (ed iom nieberlands Lesotho, Swaziland ed Namibia), Zimbabwe, Guyana, Indonesia ed Sri Lanka. Id hat habt semschi minor impact ep ia legs ios US Stat New York, besonters introducend-ye id office es Fiscal (Nederlands : Schout-fiscaal / Englisch : Prosecutor)
 Le Code Civil , ops kalt Code Napoleon in lands qua ne hant id ka positive ieus, buit promulgen in 1804 ab Napoleon. Samt multiple ed different modifications, id dar ghehldt in France, Belgia ed Luxembourg. 
====Franceoiso Ieus====
In France, id reception ios Roman Ieus tyohc minter werumenos-ye quem in id Saint Empire Deutschios Nation ob is roy os France ne volit recognihes ia mutalbas tos Cesar de bihe cesar os hol Europe, quo is habiet implicit-ye admitten sei Roman Ieus, ieus ios Imperium, habiet direct-ye ghohldt in France. In fact, id reception os Roman Ieus tyohc tik in Sud France. In Nord France, Roman Ieus buit albatta doct in universitats (ploisko Paris), bet id naiwo buit ayt positive ieus ed buit applicable tik baygh subsidiar-ye. In druve id influence os Roman Ieus buit bilhassa khissen med id intellectual formation daht ibs franceois juristes, quo expliet od ia swohds redagen ye id XVIt secule buit meg plaut-ye romanisen, besonters pro id ieus iom res ed iom obligations. Eti, France buit id prest moderne land quod kamyieb id plen codification siens ieus dank un synthese iom Roman ieus, natural ieus ed ios nov ieus bright ab id Franceois Revolution. Tod synthese tyicen ab id Code Napoleon (1804) hat maung-ye contribuen id diffusion os Franceois Privat Ieus.
Franceois administrative ieus, nekam ids constitutional ieus, est baygh influent, ne tik in prever franceois colonias in Africa, bet inschi proceddure ieus ios Europay Union eti tod ios modernest version os Canonic Ieus. Dwo revolutionar textes hant bant im civil judces gnohe ia acts ios administrations. Tod est id dastur ios separation iom administrative ed judicial autoritats pact ab id leg iom 16 ed 24 August 1790 ed id decret ios 16 Fructidor Anno III. Prevst-yejudcet ab iom minister (systeme saycto "ios protiedart Justice"), ia hajas adversus ia acts ios administration buir stets meis oistudyen ab un specialiset organisme agend id rol os "diksradh", id Conseil d'Etat. Nundiens, id jurisdictional control ios administration est prabhil-ye swekwohrn ab el administrative judce (administrative tribunals in prest instance), ed tik exception-ye ab el judicial (privatieusem) judce.
====Chilene Ieus====
Wehrg ios juriste Andrés Bello, id Civil Code ios Respublic Chile entrit gwis dien 1sto Januar 1857. Tod Còdigo de Bello hieb megil influence ep id civil codification in Latin America. Hat biht copiet quasi integral-ye ab Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Colombia ed Panama.
====Deutsch Ieus====
Tod ieus hat meg influen ieusa tienxia : privat ieusa khaliban pos id megil codification os civil ieus in gwis dien 1sto Januar 1900, ed ia public ieusa pon id instauration ios Rectstat in 1949. Id technic perfection ios Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ei hat valen in kharij un grand prestige ed in Deutschland uno megil stabilitat (tik ia ieusa de familia ed obligations buir modifiet pon 1950). Id hat daughen ka principal inspiration ei Japanese Civil Code. 
Id Deutsch "Sulleg" (Grundgesetz) os 1949 ne se limitet ad describe ia structures ed bungsa ios statal organisation, sontern daftart fauran dostrictible sulrects, quom prest est id menscdecos : id est bfuschinghayim ed quodkwe statswaldh skeult respecte ed protege id. Tod importance ios constitutional justice est un reaction contra id prever "Weimarer" constitution, dank-yod A. Hitler hieb kamyaben gwehme legal-ye do magh ed institue sien dictature.
====Schweizer Ieus====
Id Schweizer Civil Code (Deutsch : Zivilgesetzbuch, Franceois : Code Civil, Italian : Codice Civile, Rumantsch : Cudesch Civil) entrit gwis in 1912 ed buit hatta introducen do Tyrkia in 1926.
 The Commentaries on the Laws of England sont un influent 18t-secule tractato de Englands common law ab Sir William Blackstone, tienjien-ye publien in 1765-1769. Ta Commentaries buir diu ayn ka id magnum opus de id antslehnken os Englisch Ieus ed ieg un rol in id antslehnken ios US dikssysteme. Buir in druve id prest methodic tractato de common law ghabim ab non-specialiste leisers pon minst-ye Mediev. 
===Id Common Law===
Tod diksfamilia samghat khaliban ia ieusa ios Uniet Roydem, iom Uniet Stats, om Canada, Australia ed Nov Zeland. Sulen essential-ye ep ia reuls elaboren ab ia Englisch tribunals in id druna iom prev secules ed pau influencen ab ia roman ed natural ieusa ni ab codification, ta ieusa kweite med id secundar place ios leg, id neud om minter-ye abstract notions, id predominance om casuistic reuls ed id implohca iom reuls om merit ed proceddure. Ta ieusa sont khaliban ta iom anglicisant lands, tantghi difficil ad tarjmes do alyo bahsa quem Englisch sont ia nudta dikslexis. 
Ia reuls commun ad England ed alya anglicisant lands concerne bilhassa id proceddure ed judicial organisation, ia sulnotions (maschourst esend tod os trust), id diksraisonen (besonters id interpretation iom existant reuls), id meticulous weidos os redage legs, chunke ta deroge ia sulreuls ios common law. 
====Englisch Ieus====
Pon 1189, Englisch Ieus hat esen un "commun ieus", ne un civil ieus systeme; med alya werds, neid complete dikscodification hat mutten ed ia judicial preceddents sont behndend, ed ne tik "inspirative" au "complementar". Ob Colonisation, England hat exportet tod dikssysteme do quo skeipt nundiens id tridel os tienxia population. Daydey, ta lands auter antplohc ir wi common law yant bihr independent ud id Uniet Roydem, we auser, weidus-ye un "receptionsleg" (mathalan, id Eust-Canadian province Nov Brunswick hat 1660 ka receptionstarikhe). 
Id Uniet Roydem est nundiens oino iom pauk lands (con Nov Zeland ed Israel) qua ne hant constitution. Lakin, id empiric ed pragmatic formation ios Englisch dind Britisch politic systeme (vide : Englisch Revolutions) hat maung influen politic science tienxia. Oistudyend-ye id Britisch politic systeme, Montesquieu ghohd ithan sbringhes id dastur ios separation iom maghs in L'Esprit des Lois.
====US Ieus====
Ploisko in Louisiana, ia US Stats hant gwupen un common law systeme. Ob id politic ed economic augos iom USA, tem quem ob ir cultural influence (besonters in films), ir dikssysteme est gnohto tienxia. Major difference ud id Uniet Roydem, ia USA hant un Constitution (in gwis pon 1789), hatta id veutst nundiens. Tod hat est baygh influent ob ir federal systeme ed dar meis ob idso systeme os constitutional justice med un Supreme Curt. In re Marbury vs. Madison (1803), id US Supreme Curt fayssiel de id superioritat ios Constitution uper simple legs ed ceter legal normes.
====Canadian Ieus====
Canada hat ka sonterkweit coexistihes un scriben constitution ed id common law ploisko pro id province os Québec quod hat un Roman-Germanic systeme pro civil ieus. Id prest part ios 1982 Canadian Constitutionalios Leg est id Canadian Charta iom Rects ed Lures (Englisch : Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Franceois : Charte Canadienne des Droits et Libertés), quod est comparable ei Europay Convention om Menscenrects ios Concil os Europe, hat-yod id wirt uns international traiteit, ed quodswo habiet poskwo influen plur alya Constitutions, besonters tod os Sud Africa
==Muslim ieus==
Muslim ieus est un religieuso ieus; ids reuls gwehme ex id Coran ed ia traditions dayir id gwit ios Prophet, kam ia buir oisbrighen ab iens doctors os Islam unte ia tri presta secules pos id Hijra (ex id VIIim do id Xt secule ios Christian era)
Ex tod fact, id bezielt ghehlde tik pro id umma im muaminen; est formulen exclusive-ye ab id islami doctrine, skapend ithan dalgtos ia politic autoritats; fin-ye, id trendt kye sem immobilisme (place ias gwen in societat, ban ios cinsenlayn), idghi islami doctrine ne deurst dislites ud ia conceptions qua domineer unte id Xt secule. 
Ia methodes sont khaliban ia analogic ed casuistic raisonens : ia diksnotions sont vagh ed dusadaptet ei deductive raisonen. Neid prabhil rect, mathalan, id formation ios contract au quasi-skult.