Papal conclave, 1304–1305

The papal conclave from July 10 (or 17), 1304 to June 5, 1305, held in Perugia, was the protracted papal conclave that elected non-cardinal Raymond Bertrand de Got as Pope Clement V and immediately preceded the beginning of the Avignon Papacy. 
==Cardinal electors==
Of the nineteen living cardinals, only fifteen were present in the conclave. Exactly ten of these, constituting the minimum two-thirds necessary, voted for Bertrand de Got, who became Clement V. Two other cardinals, Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (uncle and nephew), had been deposed by Pope Boniface VIII and were thus ineligible to participate in the election; their cardinalates were subsequently restored by Clement V.Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "Papal elections of the XIV Century (1303-1394)".
Elector 	Nationality	Cardinalatial order and title 	Elevated 	Elevator 	Other ecclesiestical titles 	Notes
Giovanni Boccamazza 	Rome 	Cardinal-bishop of Frascati 	1285, December 22 	Honorius IV 	Dean of the College of Cardinals 	Cardinal-nephew
Teodorico Ranieri 	Orvieto 	Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 	1298, December 4 	Boniface VIII	Camerlengo 	
Leonardo Patrasso 	Guarcino 	Cardinal-bishop of Albano 	1300, March 2 	Boniface VIII	 	Cardinal nephew
Pedro Rodríguez 	Spanish 	Cardinal-bishop of Sabina 	1302, December 15 	Boniface VIII	Legate in Sabina 	
Giovanni Minio da Morrovalle, O.F.M.	Marche 	Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina 	1302, December 15 	Boniface VIII	 	Former minister general of the Order of Franciscans (1296-1304)
Niccolò Alberti, O.P. 	Prato 	Cardinal-bishop of Ostia e Velletri 	1303, December 18 	Benedict XI 	 	
Robert de Pontigny, O.Cist. 	French 	Cardinal-priest of S. Pudenziana 	1294, September 18	Celestine V 	Protopriest; Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals	Former Superior General of the Cistercian Order (1294)
Gentile Partino, O.F.M. 	Guarcino 	Cardinal-priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti	1300, March 2 	Boniface VIII	Grand penitentiary 	Cardinal-nephew
Walter Winterburn, O.P. 	English 	Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 	1304, February 19 	Benedict XI 	 	
Napoleone Orsini Frangipani 	Rome 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Adriano 	1288, May 16 	Nicholas IV 	Archpriest of the Liberian Basilica 	Nephew of Pope Nicholas III
Landolfo Brancaccio 	Neapolitan 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria 	1294, September 18	Celestine V 	 	
Guglielmo de Longhi 	Bergamo 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano 	1294, September 18	Celestine V 	 	Former Chancellor to Charles II of Naples
Francesco Napoleone Orsini 	Rome 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Lucia in Orthea (Silice) 	1295, December 17 	Boniface VIII	 	
Francesco Caetani 	Anagni 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin 	1295, December 17 	Boniface VIII	 	Cardinal-nephew
Luc Fieschi 	Genoese 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 	1300, March 2 	Boniface VIII	 	Nephew of Adrian V and grand-nephew of Innocent IV
===Absentee cardinals===
All four cardinals left early as a result of illness.
Elector 	Nationality	Cardinalatial order and title 	Elevated 	Elevator 	Other ecclesiestical titles 	Notes
Jean Le Moine 	French 	Cardinal-priest of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro	1294, September 18	Celestine V 	 	
Matteo Orsini Rosso 	Rome 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico 	1262, May 22 	Urban IV 	Protodeacon; archpriest of the Vatican Basilica;Cardinal-protector of the Order of Franciscans	Nephew of Pope Nicholas III
Giacomo Caetani Stefaneschi	Rome 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro 	1295, December 17 	Boniface VIII	 	Cardinal-nephew
Riccardo Petroni 	Siena 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio 	1298, December 4 	Boniface VIII	 	
==Procedure==
The Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into two factions: pro-French and anti-French ("Bonifacians"). The smaller, pro-French party counted six cardinals under the leadership of cardinals Napoleone Orsini Frangipani and Niccolò Alberti. They looked for the reconciliation with France and Colonna. The larger party, anti-French, led by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso and Francesco Caetani, cardinal-nephew of Boniface VIII, demanded atonement for the outrage committed on the person of Boniface VIII by French Chancellor Nogaret at Anagni, and rejected any concessions towards Philip IV of France. It counted ten electors.G. Mollat, p. 3; K. Dopierała, p. 233. It is worth to adnote that two cardinals Orsini, in spite of their familiar relations, led the opposite factions. At the beginning of the conclave the cardinals arbitrarly decided to annule the most restrictive rules of the Constitution Ubi periculum about the conclave, which made it possible to prolong the proceedings.A. Piazzoni, p. 205 During the first months of the conclave both parties voted mainly for their leaders: Matteo Orsini and Napoleone Orsini.K. Dopierała, p. 233 But old Matteo Orsini (aged 74) fell ill and couldn't have taken any active part in the conclave. Lack of effective leadership eventually led to division in the anti-French party. Some of its members, looking for a compromise, proposed archbishop Bertrand de Got of Bordeaux. Napoleone Orsini initially was sceptical about this candidatureG. Mollat, p. 3 but finally he had accepted it. His opinion was decisive for the result,The Catholic Encyclopedia: Orsini because an alliance of pro-French party with the "Bonifacian dissidents" gave exactly the required majority of two thirds. On June 5, 1305, after eleven months of deliberations, Bertrand de Got was elected to the Papacy.
At the time of his election de Got was Archbishop of Bordeaux, and thus a subject of Edward I, King of England (who had recently conquered Normandy), although he was a childhood friend of Philip IV of France ("the Fair").
==Sources==
One eye-witness to the conclave was Florentine historian Giovanni Villani (Hist. Florent., VIII, 80, in Muratori, SS. RR. Ital., XIII, 417; cf. Raynald, Ann. Eccl., 1305, 2-4).
==Aftermath==
The cardinals besought de Got upon his election to join them in Perugia and thereafter to travel to Rome for his papal coronation; however, he ordered them to travel to Lyon for his coronation on November 4, 1305, at which Philip IV of France ("the Fair") was present. During the ensuing public procession a collapsing wall knocked Clement V from his horse (resulting in the loss of a carbuncle from the Papal Tiara) and killed both the brother of Clement V and the aged Matteo Orsini Rosso (a participant in twelve conclaves). The next day, another brother of Clement V was killed in a dispute between his servants and the retainers of the College of Cardinals.
Philip IV immediately demanded of Clement V that the memory of Pope Boniface VIII be condemned, that his name be stricken from the list of popes, that his bones be disinterred and burned, that his ashes be scattered to the wind, and that he be declared a heretic, blasphemer, and immoral priest. Clement V delayed such an action without explicitly refusing it and in the meantime made several important concessions to Philip IV: he extended the absolution granted by Benedict XI, created nine French cardinals (a mix of crown-cardinals and cardinal-nephews), restored the cardinalates of Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (which had been deprived by Boniface VIII), gave Philip IV a five-year title to a variety of church property, withdrew the papal bull Clericis laicos (1296) and limited the bull Unam sanctam (1302, both of Boniface VIII), granted some church revenues to Charles of Valois, pretender to the Byzantine throne, made concessions weakening the Knights Templar. However, Philip IV wanted to a see a process similar to the Cadaver Synod initiated against Boniface VIII, which Clement V seemingly yielded to, setting a date of February 2, 1309; however, as this process proved to be dilatory and likely favorable to the deceased pontiff, Philip IV moved to cancel it in February 1311; by the time the Council of Vienne (which ultimately sided with Boniface VIII) had been called, Philip IV demanded only that he be absolved of responsibility for the various processes against Boniface VIII, which he was.
Between 1305 and 1309, Clement V moved from Bordeaux to Poitiers to Toulouse before taking up residence as a guest in the Dominican monastery of Avignon (at a time, a fief of Naples, and part of the Comtat Venaissin, a territory directly subject to the Holy See since 1228). Clement V's decision to relocate the papacy to France was one of the most contested issues in the papal conclave, 1314–1316 following his death, during which the minority of Italian cardinals were unable to engineer the return of the papacy to Rome. Avignon remained a territory of Naples until Pope Clement VI purchased it from Joan I of Naples for 80,000 gold gulden in 1348.
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
*G. Mollat. 1963. The Popes at Avignon 1305-1378. London.
* K. Dopierała. 1996. Księga papieży. Pallotinum, Poznań. 
* A. Piazzoni. 2003. Historia wyboru papieży. Wyd. M, Kraków
Category:1304 elections
Category:1305 elections
Category:Avignon Papacy
1305-1305
Category:14th-century Roman Catholicism
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