Shanghai Pudong International Airport

Shanghai Pudong International Airport (IATA: PVG, ICAO: ZSPD) is the main international airport serving Shanghai, the largest city by population in China, and a major aviation hub of East Asia.
Pudong Airport serves both international flights and a smaller number of domestic flights, while the city's other major airport, Shanghai–Hongqiao, mainly serves domestic and regional flights in East Asia. Located about 30 km (19 mi) east of the city center, Pudong Airport occupies a 40-square-kilometre (10,000-acre) site adjacent to the coastline in eastern Pudong. The airport is operated by Shanghai Airport Authority.
The airport is the main hub for China Eastern Airlines and Shanghai Airlines, and a major international hub for Air China, as well as a secondary hub for China Southern Airlines. It is also the hub for privately owned Juneyao Air and Spring Airlines, and an Asia-Pacific cargo hub for FedEx, UPS and DHL. The DHL hub, opened in July 2012, is reportedly the largest express hub in Asia.
Pudong Airport had two main passenger terminals, flanked on both sides by four operational parallel runways. A third passenger terminal was opened in 2021, in addition to a satellite terminal and two additional runways, which will raise its annual capacity from 60 million passengers to 80 million, along with the ability to handle six million tons of freight.
Pudong Airport is a fast-growing hub for both passenger and cargo traffic. With 3,440,084 metric tons handled in 2024, the airport is the world's third-busiest airport by cargo traffic. Pudong Airport also served a total of 54,476,397 passengers in 2023, making it the second-busiest airport in China after Guangzhou Baiyun Airport, sixth-busiest in Asia, and the twenty-first-busiest in the world. It is also the busiest international gateway of mainland China, with 35.25 million international passengers. By the end of 2016, Pudong Airport hosted 104 airlines serving more than 210 destinations.
Shanghai Pudong is the busiest international hub in China, and about half of its total passenger traffic is international. Pudong Airport is connected to Shanghai Hongqiao Airport by Shanghai Metro Line 2 and the Shanghai Maglev Train via Pudong International Airport Station. There are also airport buses connecting it with the rest of the city.
== History ==
=== Early development ===
Prior to the establishment of Pudong International Airport, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport was the only primary airport of Shanghai. During the 1990s, the expansion of Hongqiao Airport to meet growing demand became impossible as the surrounding urban area was developing significantly, and an alternative to assume all international flights had to be sought. [citation needed]
After deliberation, the municipal government decided to adopt the suggestion from Professor Chen Jiyu of East China Normal University, who wrote a letter to the Mayor of Shanghai Xu Kuangdi [citation needed] suggesting that the new airport should be constructed on the tidal flats of the south bank of the Yangtze River estuary, on the coast of the Pudong development zone to the east of Shanghai.
Construction of the first phase of the new Shanghai Pudong International Airport began in October 1997, took two years to build at a cost of RMB 12 billion (US$1.67 billion), and was completed on 16 September 1999.[citation needed] It covers an area of 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) and is 30 kilometres (19 mi) from downtown Shanghai. The first phase of the airport has one 4E category runway (4,000 by 60 metres [13,123 ft × 197 ft]) along with two parallel taxiways, an 800,000-square-metre (8,600,000 sq ft) apron, seventy-six aircraft positions and a 50,000-square-metre (540,000 sq ft) cargo warehouse. [citation needed]
Shanghai Pudong International Airport was opened to public and officially opened on 1 October 1999.
A second runway was opened on 17 March 2005,[citation needed] and construction of phase two (including a second terminal, a third runway and a cargo terminal) began in December 2005 and started operation on 26 March 2008, in time for the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics.
In November 2011, Pudong Airport received approval from the national government for a new round of expansion which includes two runways. The 3,800-metre (12,467 ft) fourth runway, along with an auxiliary taxiway and traffic control facilities, is projected to cost 2.58 billion yuan (US$403 million). The 3,400-foot (1,036 m) fifth runway, along with a new traffic tower, will cost 4.65 billion yuan (US$726.6 million). Construction was completed in 2015 and has doubled the capacity of the airport.
=== Ongoing expansion ===
Pudong International Airport officially started the third phase of the Pudong International Airport expansion with the construction on a new south satellite terminal on 29 December 2015. The new satellite terminal will be the world's largest single satellite terminal with a total construction area of 622,000 square metres (6,700,000 sq ft), which is larger than the Pudong International Airport T2 terminal building (485,500 square metres [5,226,000 sq ft]). The satellite terminal is composed of two halls, S1 and S2, forming an H-shaped structure. It will have an annual design capacity of 38 million passengers, The total cost of the project is estimated to be about 20.6 billion yuan. Halls S1 and S2 will have 83 gates. A high capacity people mover connecting T1 to S1 and T2 to S2 will be constructed. After the completion of the satellite terminal in 2019, Pudong International Airport will have an annual passenger capacity of 80 million passengers, ranking among the top ten airports in the world by capacity.
As of October 2019, the satellite terminal is in operation and connected by people movers to the main Terminals 1 and 2.
By 6 January 2021, work on Pudong Airport T3 began on the south side of the airfield. The new terminal is anticipated to serve 50 million annual passengers when it opens according to city officials, while the entire airport is expected to have 130 million passengers by 2030. Several public transport lines will be extended to T3.
== Facilities ==
The airport has 162 boarding bridges (T1-31 T2-41 Satellite terminal-90) along with 189 remote gates. Four runways are parallel to the terminals (four operational): one 4,000-metre (13,000 ft) runway with 4E rating (capable of accommodating aircraft up to Boeing 747-400), two 3,800-metre (12,500 ft) runways with 4F rating (capable of accommodating aircraft up to Airbus A380, Boeing 747-8, and Antonov An-225), and two 3,400-metre (11,200 ft) runways with 4F rating .
Pudong airport currently has four runways. Rwy 35L/17R and Rwy 34R/16L are mostly used for landing while Rwy 35R/17L and Rwy 34L/16R are mostly used for takeoff. Runway 15/33 is not in operation.
=== Terminal 1 ===
Terminal 1 was opened to public and officially opened on 1 October 1999 along with a 4000-metre runway and a cargo hub. It was built to handle the demand for traffic and to relieve Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport's traffic. The exterior of Terminal 1 is shaped like a seagull, and has 28 gates, 13 of which are double-decker gates. The capacity of Terminal 1 is 20 million passengers. It currently has 204 check-in counters, thirteen luggage conveying belts and covers an area of 280,000 square metres.[citation needed]
The gates for Terminal 1 is 1–12, 14–32 (linked with jetway), while the remote gates are 200–203, 251–258 (Domestic), 208–212, 213–216 (International).
=== Terminal 2 ===
Terminal 2 was officially opened to the public on 26 March 2008 along with the third runway, making the entire airport capable of handling 60 million passengers and 4.2 million tons of cargo annually. Terminal 2 is shaped like Terminal 1, although it more closely resembles a wave, and is slightly larger than Terminal 1. Terminal 2 also has more floor areas than Terminal 1. Terminal 2 is primarily used by Air China and other Star Alliance members.
The gates for Terminal 2 are 50–65, 67–79, 80–98 (Note that gates 58–90 are used by both the C gates (used for domestic flights) and the D gates (used for international flights). The gates between gates 65–79 are only odd numbered (65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79). Gates 50–57 and gates 92–98 are used for C gates only. The remote gates for Terminal 2 are C219-C224 for domestic and D228-D232 for international.
=== Satellite concourses ===
Construction on an additional satellite concourse facility that could accommodate further gates and terminal space started on 29 December 2015 and officially opened in September 2019. It is the largest stand-alone satellite airport terminal buildings in the world at 622,000 square meters. This project will support 38 million passengers annually through 90 departure gates across two S1 and S2 concourses. Gates for domestic flights are labelled H in both S1 and S2 terminal, while G is labelled for flights and flights to HongKong, Macau, and Taiwan' gates in both S1 and S2 terminal.
=== Automatic People Mover ===
Both S1 and S2 are connected together and are since the opening in September 2019 connected by an 7.8-kilometre (5 mi) underground Shanghai Pudong Airport APM to the current T1 and T2 terminals operated by Shanghai Keolis for 20 years, including the East Line and the West Line. The operating section of the East Line is 1.65 kilometres (1 mi) long, connecting Terminal 2 and Satellite 2, and the operating section of the West Line is 1.86 kilometres (1 mi) long, connecting Terminal 1 and Satellite 1.
=== A380/B747-8 stands ===
Gates that can accommodate the A380/B747-8 are 24 (T1) 71,75 (T2) 119,121 (S1) 504-507 (remote stands near S1, on taxiway L02, between taxiway P3 and south of P2) 168, 170, 173 (S2)
=== A-CDM implementation ===
The airport has been using the Airport Collaborative Decision Making system (A-CDM) developed by the aviation data service company VariFlight since January 2017. The system is aimed to improve on-time performance and safety of the airport's operations. By June 2017, Shanghai Pudong airport recorded 62.7% punctuality rate, which was a 15% increase compared to the same period previous year.
== Airlines and destinations ==
=== Passenger ===
Pudong Airport mainly serves international flights along with flights to Baotou, Changchun, Dalian, Zhangjiajie and some smaller cities while most domestic flights are operating at Hongqiao Airport. However, some domestic flights operating at Hongqiao Airport only may move to Pudong Airport operating only at Pudong Airport instead of both.
Airlines 	Destinations
Air Canada 	Vancouver
Air France 	Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air New Zealand 	Auckland
American Airlines 	Dallas/Fort Worth
Austrian Airlines 	Vienna
British Airways 	London–Heathrow
Delta Air Lines 	Detroit, Seattle/Tacoma
Egyptair 	Cairo
Emirates 	Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines 	Addis Ababa
Etihad Airways 	Abu Dhabi
Finnair 	Helsinki
Gulf Air 	Bahrain
Hainan Airlines 	Beijing–Capital, Changsha, Chengdu–Tianfu, Chongqing, Dalian, Guangzhou, Haikou, Weifang, Xi'an, Zhuhai
Juneyao Air 	Altay, Bayannur, Beihai, Changbaishan, Changchun, Changsha, Changzhi, Chenzhou, Chongqing, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guilin, Guiyang, Guyuan, Haikou, Hailar, Hanzhong, Harbin, Hohhot, Huizhou, Jinchang, Kunming, Lanzhou, Lijiang, Linfen, London Heathrow (To be announced), Longnan, Longyan, Manchester, Nanning, Qingdao, Sanming, Sanya, Shaoguan, Shenyang, Shuozhou, Songyuan, Taiyuan, Tianjin, Tongren, Ürümqi, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xishuangbanna, Yinchuan, Yueyang, Zhangjiajie, Zhangye, Zhengzhou, Zhongwei, Zhuhai
KLM 	Amsterdam
Lufthansa 	Frankfurt, Munich
Malaysia Airlines 	Kuala Lumpur–International
Philippine Airlines 	Manila
Qatar Airways 	Doha
Scandinavian Airlines 	Copenhagen
Singapore Airlines 	Singapore
Swiss International Air Lines	Zürich
Thai Airways International 	Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Turkish Airlines 	Istanbul
=== Cargo ===
Airlines 	Destinations
ASL Airlines Belgium 	Chongqing, Liège, Singapore
Cargolux 	Luxembourg
China Cargo Airlines 	Amsterdam, Anchorage, Atlanta, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Chengdu–Shuangliu, Chicago–O'Hare, Chongqing, Dallas/Fort Worth, Dhaka, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Milan–Malpensa, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Seoul–Incheon, Shenzhen, Singapore, St. Louis, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tianjin, Tokyo–Narita, Zaragoza
CMA CGM Air Cargo 	Paris-Charles de Gaulle
DHL Aviation operated by Air Hong Kong 	Hong Kong
DHL Aviation operated by AeroLogic 	Leipzig/Halle
DHL Aviation operated by Atlas Air 	Anchorage, Baku, Dubai–International, Zhengzhou
DHL Aviation operated by Kalitta Air 	Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare
DHL Aviation operated by Polar Air Cargo	Anchorage, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, Nagoya–Centrair, Seoul–Incheon, Tokyo–Narita
DHL Aviation operated by Southern Air 	Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare
Emirates SkyCargo 	Dubai–Al Maktoum, Mumbai
FedEx Express 	Anchorage, Beijing–Capital, Delhi, Dubai–International, Guangzhou, Manila, Memphis, Oakland, Osaka–Kansai, Tokyo–Narita
Lufthansa Cargo 	Frankfurt, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Seoul–Incheon
Nippon Cargo Airlines 	Tokyo–Narita
Qantas Freight 	Anchorage, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Chicago–O'Hare, Chongqing, New York–JFK, Sydney
== Ground transportation ==
=== Highway ===
* North: S1 Yingbin Expressway and Huaxia Elevated Road
* South: Shanghai–Jiaxing–Huzhou Expressway and G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway
=== Maglev train ===
* Starting service on 29 January 2004, as the first commercial high-speed maglev railway in the world, Shanghai Maglev Train links Pudong International Airport with Longyang Road Metro Station, where transfer to Line 2, Line 7, Line 16 and Line 18 is possible. The 30 km (19 mi) ride from Longyang Road Metro station to Pudong International Airport typically takes around eight minutes, with the maximum speed reaching 431 km/h (268 mph). Trains operate every 15 minutes; therefore passengers can expect to arrive in less than 25 minutes, waiting time included.
All cars are equipped with racks and space designated for luggage.
=== Shanghai Metro Line 2 ===
* Shanghai Metro Line 2 also provides service between Pudong International Airport and Longyang Road, Lujiazui, People's Square, and Hongqiao International Airport, Shanghai's primary domestic airport as well as Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station. Line 2 is part of the Shanghai Metro system; therefore unlike the Maglev, free in-system transfer to other lines are possible.
Prices and speeds are substantially lower than the Maglev. A casual ride to People's Square, the city center, typically takes just over one hour, while a trip to Hongqiao International Airport takes about 1.5 hour.
The east extension of Line 2 used to run in an independent pattern between Guanglan Road and Pudong Airport, in which the train would not run west of Guanglan Road and passengers had to transfer at this station. The regular service between East Xujing and Pudong Airport started in April 2019, allowing passengers to access the city center without the extra transfer. The regular service completely replaced the independent east extension service in October of the same year when the four-carriage trainsets special for the service started to be transformed into eight-carriage trainsets for the regular service.
=== Future plan ===
The plan for building a new commuter railway line connecting the airport with Hongqiao Airport, Airport Link line, has been formally established in 2015 and approved in December 2018 by National Development and Reform Commission. The line is under construction since 28 June 2019 and is expected to be put in operation by the end of 2024. This 68.6-kilometre (43 mi) railway starts from Shanghai East railway station under planning, via Zhangjiang and Sanlin in Pudong, Huajing in Xuhui and Qibao in Minhang. It will use the unused area in Hongqiao Railway Station originally for Maglev for its station at Hongqiao Transportation Hub.
Metro Line 21 Phase II east extension will connect the airport with the under construction adjacent Shanghai East railway station and the eastside of Pudong.
=== Airport buses ===
Eight airport bus lines serve the airport, providing rapid links to various destinations.
* Airport Bus Route 1: To Shanghai Hongqiao railway station via Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport
* Airport Bus Route 2: To Jing'an Temple (City Terminal Hub)
* Airport Bus Route 4: To Hongkou Stadium Hub (Huayuan Road), via Deping Road at Pudong Avenue, Wujiaochang and Dabaishu
* Airport Bus Route 5: To Shanghai railway station, via Longyang Road Metro Station, Century Avenue at South Pudong Road (Lujiazui) and East Yan'an Road at Middle Zhejiang Road (People's Square)
* Airport Bus Route 7: To Shanghai South railway station, via West Huaxia Road at Shangnan Road and East Huaxia Road at Chuansha Road (Chuansha)
* Airport Bus Route 8: To Nanhui Coach and Bus Station
* Airport Bus Route 9: To Xinzhuang Metro Station
* Airport Bus Ring Route 1: To Hangchengyuan (Shiwan), via stops in Airport Workplace
== Accidents and incidents ==
* On 28 November 2009, an Avient Aviation McDonnell Douglas MD-11F cargo plane registered to Zimbabwe (registration: Z-BAV) departing for Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan crashed into a warehouse near the runway of the airport due to a tailstrike that caught fire during takeoff and broke into several pieces with seven people on board. Three people died and four were injured.
* On 9 August 2012, a ground collision occurred between a China Eastern Airlines Airbus A340-600 and a Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200ER, which left the 777 with a broken wingtip. The 777, registered as 9M-MRO, went missing 2 years later whilst operating Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.
* On 22 July 2020, an Ethiopian Airlines Cargo Boeing 777 freighter aircraft caught fire while parked at Pudong International Airport as it prepared for a trip to São Paulo, Brazil and to Santiago, Chile via Addis Ababa, shortly after landing from Brussels, Belgium. No injuries were reported.
== References ==
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# ^ Shanghai Airport reports profit growth, despite big investments in massive new facilities at Pudong – China Airlines, Airports and Aviation News Archived 15 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Chinaaviation.aero (2008-03-11). Retrieved on 2011-01-22.
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# ^ Dermot Davitt Shanghai Pudong International Airport begins new era with opening of Terminal Two 26/03/08, Source: The Moodie Report
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# ^ 吉祥航空上海直飞槟城 杨顺兴：531启航 中国报，11 March 2024
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# ^ Map of scheduled flights on the CMA CGM website https://www.cma-cgm.com/products-services/air-cargo
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# ^ New routes for Line 2 following upgrades
# ^ Farewell to four-carriage trains
# ^ Speed and convenience: Metro combines best of both worlds
# ^ Cargo plane crashes at Shanghai airport – Xinhua. Reuters. Retrieved on 2011-01-22.
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# ^ "Ethiopian 777F suffers major fire in Shanghai".