Puppet

A puppets are real object, often resembling some type of human, animal or mythical figure, that is animated or manipulated by a human called a puppeteer. The puppeteer uses movements of her hands, arms, or control devices such as rods or strings to move the body, head, limbs, and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet. The puppeteer often speaks in the voice of the character of the puppet, and then synchronizes the movements of the puppet's mouth with this spoken part. The actions, gestures and spoken parts acted out by the puppeteer with the puppet are typically used in storytelling. Puppetry is a very ancient form of theatre which dates back to the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece. There are many different varieties of puppets, and they are made of a wide range of materials, depending on their form and intended use. They range from very simple in their construction and operation to very complex.
Two simple types of puppets are finger puppets, which are tiny puppets that fit onto a single finger, and sock puppets, which are formed from a sock and operated by inserting one's hand inside the sock, with the opening and closing of the hand simulating the movement of the puppet's "mouth". A hand puppet is controlled by one hand which occupies the interior of the puppet and moves the puppet around (Punch and Judy puppets are familiar examples of hand puppets). A "live-hand puppet" is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers for each puppet. Marionettes are a much more complicated type of puppet; they are suspended and controlled by a number of strings connected to the head, back and limbs, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above by the puppeteer. 
A rod puppet is constructed around a central rod secured to the head. A shadow puppet is a cut-out figure held between a source of light and a translucent screen. Bunraku puppets are a type of Japanese wood-carved puppet. A ventriloquist's dummy is a human-shaped puppet operated by a ventriloquist performer's hand; the performer produces the puppets voice with little or no movement of her mouth, which creates the illusion that the puppet is alive. Carnival puppets are large puppets, typically bigger than a human, designed to be part of a large spectacle or parade.
==Origins==
Puppetry was practiced in Ancient Greece and the oldest written records of puppetry can be found in the works of Herodotus and Xenophon, dating from the 5th century BC.Herodotus, The Histories, 2.48, on PerseusXenophon, Symposium, 4.55, on Perseus The Greek word translated as "puppet" is "νευρόσπαστος" (nevrospastos), which literally means "drawn by strings, string-pulling",νευρόσπαστος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus from "νεῦρον" (nevron), meaning either "sinew, tendon, muscle, string", or "wire",νεῦρον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus and "σπάω" (spaō), meaning "draw, pull".σπάω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on PerseusList of Ancient Greek words related to puppetry, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
Aristotle (384–322 BC) discusses puppets in his work On the Motion of Animals.
The movements of animals may be compared with those of automatic puppets, which are set going on the occasion of a tiny movement; the levers are released, and strike the twisted strings against one another.Aristotle, On the Motion of Animals, 350 BC.<nowiki></nowiki>
In India, puppetry was practiced from ancient times and is known by different names in different parts of the country. Excavation of clay dolls from Indus valley sites serve as an indication. The art of puppetry called Bommalattam is mentioned in Tamil literature Silappadikaram, which is written around 2nd century B.C.
==Types==
Puppetry by its nature is a flexible and inventive medium and many puppet companies work with combinations of puppet forms and incorporate real objects into their performances. They might, for example, incorporate performing objects such as torn paper for snow, or a sign board with word as narrative devices within a production. The following are, alphabetically, the basic and conventional forms of puppet:
===Black light puppet===
The black light puppet is a form of puppetry where the puppets are operated on a stage lit only with ultraviolet lighting, which hides the puppeteer and accentuates the colours of the puppets, which are normally designed using colours that respond to UV light by glowing brightly. The puppeteers perform dressed in black against a black background, with the background and puppeteer's costume normally made of black velvet. The puppeteers manipulate the puppets under the light, while they position themselves unseen against the black unlit background. Puppets of many sizes and types may be used. The original concept of this form of puppetry can be traced to Bunraku puppetry.
===Bunraku puppet===
The bunraku puppets are a type of wood-carved puppet originally made to stand out through torch illumination. Developed in Japan over a thousand years ago and formalised and combined with shamisen music at the end of the 16th century, the puppeteers dress to remain neutral against a black background, although their presence as kind of 'shadow' figures adds a mysterious power to the puppet. Bunraku traditionally uses three puppeteers to operate a puppet that varies from 1/3 to 1/2 life size.Adachi, Barbara C., Backstage at Bunraku, Weatherhill, 1985 . ISBN 0-8348-0199-X
===Cantastoria===
This is a form of visual storytelling, for a puppet, illustration, painting, and, or other visual media, accompanied by rhythmical speech, or song. A cantastoria describes the events, and, or reenacts events, to tell the story.
===Carnival or body puppet===
Carnival puppets (AKA body puppets) are usually designed to be part of a large spectacle. These are often used in parades (such as the Mayday parade in Minneapolis, United States) and demonstrations, and are at least the size of a human and often much larger. One or more performers are required to move the body and limbs. In parades, the appearance and personality of the person inside is not relevant to the spectator. These puppets are particularly associated with large scale entertainment, such as the nightly parades at various Disney complexes around the world. Similar puppets were designed by Julie Taymor for The Lion King.
The Jim Henson Company also has their version of these puppets called full-bodied puppets.
Image:May Day Parade -1-Minneapolis-2007-05-06.jpg|Carnival Puppet featuring two puppeteers - Minneapolis, USA: May Day Parade
Image:Hugo Chavez Homage by David Shankbone.jpg|Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez - human carnival puppet
===Finger puppet===
The finger puppet is a simple puppet variant which fits onto a single finger. Finger puppets normally have no moving parts, and consist primarily of a hollow cylinder shape to cover the finger. Finger puppets are often decorated with eyes and mouths made out of fabric or other materials. This form of puppet has limited application, and is used mainly in pre-schools or kindergartens for storytelling with young children.
Image:Finger puppet 001.jpg|Finger puppets
Image:Finger puppets.JPG|Finger puppets
===Sock puppet===
The sock puppet is a puppet formed from a sock and operated by inserting a hand inside the sock. The hand is opened and closed to give the impression of speaking. Sometimes eyes and other facial features are added to the sock in order to make the puppet more realistic. Sock puppets are also popular in many puppet performances, as they are simple to make and easy to use. They are mostly used in satirical or children's works.
===Hand puppet or glove puppet===
The hand puppet (or glove puppet) are puppets controlled by one hand which occupies the interior of the puppet. The Punch and Judy puppets are familiar examples of hand puppets. Larger varieties of hand puppets place the puppeteer's hand in just the puppet's head, controlling the mouth and head, and the puppet's body then hangs over the entire arm. Other parts of the puppet (mainly arms, but special variants exist with eyelids which can be manipulated; the mouth may also open and close) are usually not much larger than the hand itself. A sock puppet is a particularly simple type of hand puppet made from a sock.Currell, David, Introduction to Puppets and Puppet making, p.7
Image:Swanage Punch & Judy.JPG|British traditional hand or glove puppets, Punch and Judy
Image:Sockenpuppentanz2.jpg|Simple sock puppets
Image:Hand puppet laudi.jpg|Hand or glove puppet dog
Image:MiniKenAndFleshThing.jpg|A bespoke hand puppet and Christmas gift
===Human-arm puppet===
Also called a "two-man puppet" or a "live-hand puppet", the human-arm puppet it is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers. One puppeteer places a hand inside the puppet's head and operates its head and mouth while putting her other arm into a glove and special sleeve attached to the puppet (the right arm if they are left handed and left arm if they are right handed). The second puppeteer puts her arm into a glove and special sleeve attached to the puppet in order to operate the other arm. This way, the puppet can perform hand gestures. This is a form of glove or hand puppetry and rod puppetry.
Image:Briegelderbusch-puppenspieler.jpg|"Briegel der Busch" puppet and puppeteer Jan Mixsa, autographing at "Erstes Fantreffen von Bernd das Brot"
Image:Chilidasschaf-krappweis-haffner.jpg|"Chili das Schaf" puppet and creators Tommy Krappweis and Erik Haffner, taken at "Erstes Fantreffen von Bernd das Brot"
File:Spokoinoi Nochi, Malyshi.jpg|Three "Two-hand Puppets" are very popular in Russia even after the end of The Cold War. 
===Light curtain puppet===
The light curtain puppet presentations use light to highlight small areas of a performance area, allowing the puppet to be seen while the manipulators remain invisible. The puppets stand on a stage divided into an unlit background and a well-lit foreground, meeting to form a "curtain" of light. The puppeteer dresses in black and remains hidden in the unlit background of the stage while the puppet is held across the light curtain in the lit foreground of the stage. "Light curtain puppet" is an umbrella term, and any puppet which is extended into a well-lit area where its handler remains separated from the puppet by a division of light may be called a light curtain puppet.
===Marionette===
Marionettes, or "string puppets," are suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above by the puppeteer. The control bar can be either a horizontal or vertical one. Basic strings for operation are usually attached to the head, back, hands (to control the arms) and just above the knee (to control the legs).Robinson, Patricia and Stuart, Exploring Puppetry, p.64 This form of puppetry is complex and sophisticated to operate, requiring greater manipulative control than a finger, glove or rod puppet. The puppet play performed by the Von Trapp children with Maria in The Sound of Music is a marionette show.
Image:Seattle Center puppeteer.jpg|A puppeteer manipulating a marionette
Image: Close-Up Puppets 3.JPG|Marionettes from the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre, New York, USA production of "Cinderella Samba"
Image:Prague-Marionette.jpg|A puppeteer manipulating a marionette in Prague, Czech Republic
Image:nola_puppet-productions.JPG|Puppeteer performing in New Orleans, Louisiana
File:"The Giglet Sisters".jpg|"The Giglet Sisters" posed on puppet theatre stage
File:"Uncle Rastus".jpg|"Uncle Rastus" an elderly man playing a banjo
File:"Mrs Garbage" and " Mrs Guppy".jpg|"Mrs Garbage" and " Mrs Guppy", charwomen
Prominent Marionette Theaters operating today include: Salzberg Marionette Theater, Bob Baker Marionette Theater, Center for Puppetry Arts, Melchior Marionette Theater, The Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater in Central Park, Le Theatre de Marionette.
===Marotte===
The marotte is a simplified rod puppet that is just a head and/or body on a stick. It was used by jesters in renaissance times. In a marotte à main prenante, the puppeteer's other arm emerges from the body (which is just a cloth drape) to act as the puppet's arm. Some marottes have a small string running through the stick attached to a handle at the bottom. When the handle is squeezed, the mouth opens.
===Pull string puppet===
A pull string puppet is a puppet consisting of a cloth body where in the puppeteer puts his/her arm into a slot in the back and pulls rings on strings that do certain movements such as waving the arms or moving the mouth.
===Push puppet===
A push puppet consists of a segmented character on a base which is kept under tension until the button on the bottom is pressed. The puppet wiggles, slumps and then collapses, and is usually used as a novelty toy, rather than as a part of professional puppet theatre.
===Toy theatre===
The toy theatre is a puppet cut out of paper and stuck onto card. It is fixed at its base to a stick and operated by pushing it in from the side of the puppet theatre. Sheets were produced for puppets and scenery from the 19th century for children's use.
===Rod puppet===
A rod puppet is a puppet constructed around a central rod secured to the head. A large glove covers the rod and is attached to the neck of the puppet. A rod puppet is controlled by the puppeteer moving the metal rods attached to the hands of the puppet (or any other limbs) and by turning the central rod secured to the head.
Image:Sibiu puppeteer.jpg|Preparing a rod puppet for a performance of Town Musicians of Bremen, Sibiu, Romania, 2002.
Image:Rod puppets peasants.jpg|Rod puppets from the Horse and Bamboo Theatre production 'Harvest of Ghosts' 1997
File:Puppet Bleeckie and an owl.jpg|Rod puppet "Bleeckie", meeting an owl, 2011.
===Shadow puppet===
A shadow puppet is a cut-out figure held between a source of light and a translucent screen. Shadow puppets can form solid silhouettes or be decorated with various amounts of cut-out details. Colour can be introduced into the cut-out shapes to provide a different dimension and different effects can be achieved by moving the puppet (or light source) out of focus. Javanese shadow puppets known as Wayang Kulit are the classic example of this.Currell, David, An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking', p.7 In China, it became popular from Song Dynasty.
Image:Shadow_puppets.jpg|Shadow Puppets, Jakarta, Indonesia
===Supermarionation===
Supermarionation is a method invented by Gerry Anderson which he used in his television shows Stingray and Thunderbirds. The puppets were marionettes with electronically moving mouths to allow for lip-synchronised speech. The marionettes were still controlled by human manipulators with darkened strings.
===Ticklebug===
A Ticklebug is a type of hand puppet created from a human hand to have four legs, where the puppet features are drawn on the hand itself. The middle finger is lifted as a head, and the thumb and forefinger serve as a first set of two legs on one side, while the ring finger and little finger serve as a second set of two legs on the opposite side.
===Table top puppet===
A table top puppet is a puppet usually operated by rod or direct contact from behind, on a surface similar to a table top (hence the name). Shares many characteristics with Bunraku.
===Ventriloquism dummy===
The Ventriloquist's Dummy is a puppet shaped like a small human which is operated by a ventriloquist performer to focus the audience's attention from the performer's activities and heighten the illusion that the dummy is speaking. They are called dummies because they do not speak on their own. The ventriloquist dummy is controlled by the one hand of the ventriloquist. Ventriloquism acts are not always performed with a traditional dummy; occasionally other forms of puppetry are used.
File:EdgarBergenandCharlieMcCarthyStageDoorCanteen1.jpg|Edgar Bergen, seen with Charlie McCarthy, is one of America's best known puppeteers.
Image:RamdasPadhye.jpg|Ventriloquist Ramdas Padhye has been performing in India for over 40 years.
File:Mallory Lewis and Lamb Chop.jpg|After popular American performer Shari Lewis died, daughter Mallory continued performing Lamb Chop.
File:Jeff Dunham and Achmed.JPG|Performers like Jeff Dunham, here with Achmed the Dead Terrorist, have revived interest in North America.
File:Jörg Jará DSCF4264.jpg|German Jörg Jará's puppet, Olga.
===Water puppet===
thumb|Vietnamese water puppets
A water puppet is a Vietnamese puppet form, the "Múa rối nước". Múa rối nước literally means "puppets that dance on water", an ancient tradition that dates back to the 10th century. The puppets are built out of wood and the shows are performed in a waist-deep pool. A large rod supports the puppet under the water and is used by the puppeteers to control them. The appearance is of the puppets moving over the water. When the rice fields would flood, the villagers would entertain each other using this puppet form.
The water also provides the good setting for the puppeteers' theme: day-to-day village life. Water puppets bring wry humor to scenes of farming, fishing, festival events such as buffalo fights, and children's games of marbles and coin-toss. Fishing turns into a game of wits between the fisherman and his prey, with the fisherman getting the short end (often capturing his surprised neighbor by mistake). Besides village life, scenes include legends and national history. Lion dogs romp like puppies while dragons exhale smoke and shoot sprays of water at the audience. Performances of up to 18 short scenes are usually introduced by a pig-tailed bumpkin known as Teu, and accompanied by a small folk orchestra.
===Object puppet===
thumb|Object Puppet of Nikolai Zykov Theatre, Russia.
Not all forms of puppetry need specially created items to puppet. Object puppets can be created with found everyday objects either assembled in advance or during performance. Señor Wences was a Spanish ventriloquist who became popular through his appearances on the American program The Ed Sullivan Show. His characters included Johnny (a face drawn on his hand) and Pedro (a gruff head in a box) who would talk when Wences opened the box. Similarly, chinface puppetry involves puppet features drawn or attached onto an upside-down chin.
===Motekar puppet===
A Motekar puppet or Wayang Motekar is a kind of shadow puppet theater in Sundanese, Javanese, and Indonesia known as 'wayang (kulit),' (leather) puppet. While most shadow puppets use the silhouette of the black color, Motekar Puppet use a new technique so that the shadow of puppets can be performed with full color. That is because Motekar Puppet use plastic materials, transparent dyes, a special light system and a special screen.
The Motekar Puppet show uses puppets and light highlighted as wayang kulit. The play is performed by one or several puppeteers, and it usually features music, singer, and a series of dances.
==Idioms and cultural expressions==
The word puppet can mean a political leader installed, supported and controlled by powerful external forces, without legitimacy in the country itself. In modern times, this usually implies no democratic mandate from the country's electorate; in earlier times, it could have meant a monarch imposed from outside, who was not a member of a country's established ruling dynasty, and/or unrecognised by its nobility. "Puppet government", "puppet regime" and "puppet state" are derogatory terms for a government which is in charge of a region or country, but only through being installed, supported and controlled by a more powerful outside government (see Quisling, a Norwegian fascist leader during WW II who collaborated with the Nazis and led a puppet government).
In a more general sense, a puppet is any person who is controlled by another by reasons of (for instance) undue influence, intellectual deficiency, or lack of character or charisma. Science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein's novel The Puppet Masters depicts alien parasites who attach themselves to human beings and control their actions.
Poppet, a word that sounds similar, is sometimes a term of endearment, similar to "love", "pet", "doll" or "dear". It alludes to folk-magic and witchcraft, where a poppet is a special doll created to represent a person for the purpose of casting healing, fertility, or binding spells.
==See also==
* Animation or digital puppet. Animation is a related but essentially different process from puppetry. Animating puppets in time-based media such as film or video is a simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames, whereas puppetry is the live manipulation of figures. Puppet animation, or "puppetoon", can refer either to stop motion filming, where the movements of the puppets are created frame-by-frame; or Supermarionation (see above)
* Karakuri ningyō - Mechanized puppets or automata from Japan.
* Kenya Institute of Puppet Theatre (KIPT)
* The Yakshagana Puppets an Indian Documentary on Yakshagana Puppets
* Lübeck Museum of Theatre Puppets
* Pelham puppets - A type of factory-made puppet created by Bob Pelham famous for making mainly string puppets (Marionettes) In the UK from 1947 to 1993. In 2008 the Pelham Puppet company was revived by a former employee of the original factory and now produces a new line of Pelham Puppets some echoing former styles.
* Persian theatre
* Punch and Judy
* Puppetry - for the cultural and theatrical history of puppet theatre
* Rajasthani Puppet - String marionettes originating from the state of Rajasthan in India
* Das Spielhaus, East German television variety show
* The Muppets, a cast of puppets conceptualized by Jim Henson, notable for the being the first form of televised puppetry to not include a physical proscenium arch within which the characters are presented, but rather the inherent four-sided frame of the viewer's television set.
==References==
* Ghosh, S. and Banerjee, Utpal Kumar, Indian Puppets, Abhinav Publications, 2006. ISBN 81-7017-435-X.
* Bell, John, Strings, Hands, Shadows: A Modern Puppet History, Wayne State University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-89558-156-6.
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