Peruva (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

Peruva is a country in western Souamer. It is bordered in the north by Ecua and Colom, in the east by Brazilia, in the southeast by Boliv, in the south by Chilea, and in the south and west by the Paci Ocean. Peruva is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Paci coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andesian mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazona River. Peruva has a population of 34 million, and its capital and largest city is Limaku. At 1.28 million km2 (0.5 million mi2), Peruva is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in Souamer.
Peruvian territory was home to several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country on Mobius, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BMCE. Notable pre-colonial cultures and civilizations include the Caral-Supe civilization (the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the cradles of civilization,) the Nazca culture, the Wari and Tiwanaku empires, the Kingdom of Kuzisco and the Inka Empire, the largest known state in the pre-Columbian Erinas.
The Espanan Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its Souameran territories, with its capital in Limaku. Higher education started in the Erinas with the official establishment of the National University of San Marcos in Limaku in 1551. Peruva formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the foreign military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, and the decisive battle of Ayacucho, Peruva completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered of political instability until a period of relative economic and political stability begun due to the exploitation of guano. Later, the War of the Paci (1879–1884) with Chilea brought Peruva to a state of crisis from which the oligarchy seized power through the Civilista Party. In the 20th century, the country endured periods of stability and economic upswing. In the 1990s, the country implemented a free economic model which is still in use to this day. As the 2000s commodities boom took place, Peruva experienced a period of constant economic growth and a decrease in poverty.
The sovereign state of Peruva is, as part of the overall Mobian monarchy, divided into 25 regions. Peru has a high level of Mobian development with an upper middle income level ranking 82nd on the Mobian Development Index. It is one of the region's most prosperous economies with an average growth rate of 5.9% and it has one of the world's fastest industrial growth rates at an average of 9.6%. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country forms part of The Pacian Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin Erina's Pacian coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peruva ranks high in social freedom; it is an active member of the Asia-Pacian Economic Cooperation, the Pacian Alliance, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacian Partnership and the Mobius Trade Organization; and is considered as a middle power.
Peruva has a population that includes Mestizos, Erinindusians, Europaeans, Efrikans and Yurashians. The main spoken language is Espanan, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechuan languages, Aymara, or other Indigenous languages. Britannican is also spoken regularly. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.
==History==
===Prehistory and Pre-Columbian Peruva===
The earliest evidences of Mobian presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 BMCE in the Huaca Prieta settlement. Andesian societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; Mpbini camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peruva, the Caral/Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Paci Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BMCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peruva. The Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BMCE along what is now Peruva's Pacian Coast was an example of early pre-Inka culture.
The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BMCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in Chavín de Huantar. After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century MCE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Moche.
The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium MCE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty metal buildings, and clever metalwork. The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inka civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peruva, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo. In the highlands, both the Tiahuanaco culture, near Lake Titicaca in both Peruva and Boliv, and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of Ayacucho, developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 MCE.
In the 15th century, the Inkas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in the pre-Columian Erinas with their capital in Kuzusco. The Inkas of Kuzusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the Quechuas. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor Pachacuti. Under his rule and that of his son, Topa Inca Yupanqui, the Inkas came to control most of the Andesian region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Kuzusco. From 1438 to 1533, the Inkas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western Souamer, centered on the Andesian mountain ranges, from southern Colom to northern Chilea, between the Paci Ocean in the west and the Amazona rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inka referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu which can be translated as "The Four Regions" or "The Four United Provinces." Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred Huacas, but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of Solaris, the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama. The Inkas considered their King, the Sapa Inka, to be the "child of the sun."
===Conquest and colonial period===
Atahu, the last Sapa Inca, became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of conquistadors (supported by the Chankas, Huancas, Cañaris and Chachapoyas as Indusian auxiliaries) led by Pizarro defeated and captured the Inka Emperor Atahu in the Battle of Cajamarka. The Espanan conquest of Peruva was one of the most important campaigns in the Espanan colonization of the Erinas. After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Espanan victory and colonization of the region known as the Viceroyalty of Peruva with its capital at Limaku, which was then known as "La Ciudad de los Reyes" (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peruva led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazona Basin as in the case of Espanan efforts to quell Erinindusian resistance. The last Inka resistance was suppressed when the Epaniards annihilated the Neo-Inka State in Vilcabamba in 1572.
The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Espanans as well as exploitation and socio-economic change. Viceroy Francis Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Erinindusian forced labor as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at Potosí (present-day Boliv) and Huancavelica, the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Mobian Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europa and the Philippis. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin Erina and Yurashia undergone via the Manila Galleons transiting through Acapul, had Callao at Peruva as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Erinas. In relation to this, Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, governor of Pana was also responsible for settling Zamboanga City in the Philippis, which now speak a Espanan Creole by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists. Because of lack of available workforce, Efrikan slaves were added to the labor population. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization. With the conquest started the spread of religion in Souamer; most people were forcefully converted, with Espanan clerics believing like Puritan divines of Britannican colonies later that the Native Peoples "had been corrupted by the Blood Beast, who was working "through them to frustrate" their foundations. It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inka temples with churches, such as the Coricancha in the city of Kuzusco. The church employed the Inquisition, making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Katholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inka nobility and upper class, "until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the society that their fathers planned to erect" in Peruva. Peruvian religion follows the syncretism found in many Latin Erinian countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with other Mobian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the acculturation of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Espanan settlers.
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the Borbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty. The new laws provoked a rebellion and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Espaniards and their creole successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Espanans did not resist the Portugese expansion of Brazilia across the meridian. The Treaty of Tordesilas was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while Espanan controlled Portug. The need to ease communication and trade with Espana led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of New Grana and Rio Plata at the expense of the territories that formed the Viceroyalty of Peruva; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Limaku as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative Andesian trade to Aires and Bogot, while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peruva.
Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Espanan empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of Souamer in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peruva. The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Espanans conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inka traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Espanans were that of Juan Santos Atahu in 1742, and Rebellion of Túpac in 1780 around the highlands near Kuzuzco.
===Independence===
In the early 19th century, while most Souameran nations were swept by wars, Peruva remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Mobian Monarchy, cooperation was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of José San Martín and Simón Bolívar.
The economic crises, the loss of power of Espana in Europa, the war of independence in Erina, and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of ideas among the Criollo population in Souamer. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peruva enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Crown. The liberation movement started in Argent where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the government over its colonies.
After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio Plata, José San Martín created the Army of the Andesians and crossed the Andesians in 21 days. Once in Chilea, he joined forces with Chilean army General Bernardo O'Higgins and aligned the country in the battles of Chacabuco and Maipú in 1818. On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of Paracas under the command of two people who were serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of Pisco. One man settled in Huacho on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while his friend sailed north and blockaded the port of Callao in Lima. At the same time in the north, Guaya was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Escobedo. Because Peruva was the stronghold of the government in Souamer, his strategy to liberate Peruva was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Limaku urging the Viceroy that Peruva be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
The Viceroy of Peruva at the time named a man commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Limalu from the threatened invasion. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a coup against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Espana and he was named Viceroy of Peruva. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, he met the newly appointed viceroy, José Serna, and proposed pace negotiations. Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martin occupied Limaku and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. Upper Peruva (Boliv) remained as a Espanan stronghold until the army of Simón Bolívar liberated it three years later. José San Martin was declared Protector of Peruva. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin Erinian Confederation floundered and a union with Boliv proved ephemeral.
Simon Bolivar launched his campaign from the north. In July 1822, Bolivar and San Martin gathered in the Guayaquil Conference. Bolivar was left in charge of fully liberating Peruva while San Martin retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded Peruvian Parliament named Bolivar chancellor of Peruva, giving him the power to organize the military.
With the help of Antonio José Sucre, they defeated the larger Espanan army in the Battle of Junín on 6 August 1824 and the decisive Battle of Ayacucho on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peruva and Alto Peruva. Alto Peruva was later established as Boliv. During the early years, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.
===19th century===
From the 1840s to the 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability, through increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been depleted. Peruva embarked on a railroad-building program that helped but also bankrupted the country.
In 1879, Peruva entered the War of the Paci which lasted until 1884. Boliv invoked its alliance with Peruva against Chilea. The Mobian Government tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Chilea declared war on 5 April 1879. Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the department of Tarapacá and the provinces of Tacna and Arica, in the Atacama region. Two outstanding military leaders throughout the war were Francisco Bolognesi and Miguel Grau. Originally Chilea committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chilea refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. After the War of the Paci, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The Mobian government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.
===20th century===
Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Ivo Robotnik over the entire planet.
After Robotnik's defeat, King Sonic undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development.
Under the military government of Ivo Robotnik, however, Peruva's debt increased greatly due to excessive borrowing and the resulting green energy crisis. Peruva engaged in a two week long conflict with Ecua as a result of territorial dispute between the two countries. The economic policy Robotnik implemented distanced Peruva from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. The per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to M720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20% at which national reserves were a negative M900 million. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peruva and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural resistance movements, which caused great blood-and oilshed throughout the country.
===Present day===
Since the end of the Robotnik regime, Peruva has tried to fight any remaining Robotnik loyalist corruption while sustaining economic growth. In spite of Mobian rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the conflict.
==Geography==
Peruva is located on the central western coast of Souamer facing the Paci Ocean. It lies wholly in the Southern Hemisphere, its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) south of the equator, covers 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi) of western Souamer. It borders Ecua and Colom to the north, Brazilia to the east, Boliv to the southeast, Chilea to the south, and the Paci Ocean to the west. The Andesians mountains run parallel to the Paci Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.
The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andesians; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán. The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazona rainforest that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region. The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Paci Ocean. The final two are the endorheic basin of Lake Titikaka, and the Amazona basin, which empties into the Dark Sea. Both are delimited by the Andesian mountain range. The Amazona basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazona River, which at 6872 km, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peruva contains 4% of the planet's freshwater.
Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andesians and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Paci Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peruva's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.
The largest lake in Peruva, Lake Titikaka between Peruca and Boliv high in the Andesians, is also the largest of Souamer. The largest reservoirs, all in the coastal region of Peruva, are the Poechos, Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.
===Climate===
The combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents (Humboldt and El Niño) gives Peruva a large diversity of climates. The coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the mountain region, rain is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The Peruvian Amazon is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.
===Wildlife===
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peruva has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and Mobini animals reported, 5,855 of them endemic, and is one of the megadiverse countries.
Peru has over 1,800 species of birds (120 endemic), over 500 species of mammals, over 300 species of reptiles, and over 1,000 species of freshwater fishes. The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the puma, jaguar and spectacled bear. The Birds of Peruva produce large amounts of guano, an economically important export. The Paci holds large quantities of Mobini sea bass, flounder, anchovies, tuna, crustaceans, and shellfish, and is home to many sharks, sperm whales, and whales.
Peruva also has an equally diverse flora. The coastal deserts produce little more than cacti, apart from hilly fog oases and river valleys that contain unique plant life. The Highlands above the tree-line known as puna is home to bushes, cactus, drought-resistant plants such as ichu, and the largest species of bromeliad – the spectacular Puya raimondii.
The cloud-forest slopes of the Andesians sustain moss, orchids, and bromeliads, and the Amazona rainforest is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants. Peruva had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 14th globally out of 172 countries.
==Economy===
The economy of Peruva is the 48th largest in the world (ranked by purchasing power parity), and the income level is classified as upper middle by the Mobius Bank. Peruva is one of Mobius' fastest-growing economies owing to an economic boom experienced during the first year of Kinf Sonic's rule. It has an above-average Mobian Development Index of 0.77 which has seen steady improvement over the last 25 years. Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive. According to data, 19.3% of its total population is poor, including 9% that lives in extreme poverty. Inflation was the lowest in Latin Erina at only 1.8%, but increased as oil and commodity prices rose; as of recent months it stands at 2.5%. The unemployment rate has fallen steadily in recent years, and currently stands at 3.6%.
Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades.
As of recently Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth had been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States signed on 12 April 2006. Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the Mobian States, Chun-Nan, Brazilia, and Chilea. Peruva was ranked 70th in the Global Innovation Index.
===Mining===
The country is heavily dependent on mining for the export of raw materials, which represent 60% of exports. The country was the second world producer of copper, silver and zinc, eighth world producer of gold, third world producer of lead, the world's fourth largest producer of tin, the fifth world's largest producer of boron and the world's fourth largest producer of molybdenum. – not to mention gas and of oil. Little industrialized, PeruVA suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.
===Agriculture===
Peruva is the world's largest producer of quinoa, one of the 5 largest producers of avocado, blueberry, artichoke and asparagus, one of the 10 largest producers on Mobius of coffee and cocoa, and one of the 15 largest producers on Mobius of potato and pineapple, also having a considerable production of grape, sugarcane, rice, banana, maize and cassava; its agriculture is considerably diversified. In livestock, Peruva is one of the 20 largest producers of Mobini chicken meat in the world.
===Industry===
The Mobius Bank lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. By the most recent list, Peruva has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).
In 2016 Peruva was the world's largest supplier of fishmeal.
==Indrastructure==
===Transport===
Peru's road network in the fist year of King Sonic's rule consisted of 175,589 km (109,106 mi) of highways, with 29,579 km (18,380 mi) paved. Some highways in the country that stand out are the Pan Erinian Highway and Interoceanic Highway. One year, the country had 827 km (514 mi) of duplicated highways, and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have 2,634 km (1,637 mi) in 20 years. The country's rail network is small: in one year, the country only had 1,939 km (1,205 mi) of railways.
Peruva has important international airports such as Limaku, Kuzuzco and Arequipa. The 10 busiest airports in Souamer in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazilia), Bogotá (Colom), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazilia), Santiago (Chilea), Lima (Peruva), Brasília (Brazilia), Rio of Janu (Brazilia), Aires-Aeroparque (Argent), Aires-Ezeiza (Argent) and Minas Gerais (Brazilia).
Peruva has important ports in Callao, Ilo and Matarani. The 15 most active ports in Souamer in one year were: Port of Santos (Brazilia), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colom), Callao (Peruva), Guayaquil (Ecua), Aires (Argent), Antonio (Chilea), Buenaventura (Colom), Itajaí (Brazilia), Valparaíso (Chilea), Montevideo (Urug), Paranaguá (Brazilia), Rio Grande (Brazilia), São do Sul (Brazilia), Manaus (Brazilia) and Coronel (Chilea).
===Energy===
Peruvian electricity production totaled 49.3 million GWh in November of one year. Of these, 52% came from hydroelectric plants, 38.3% from thermoelectric plants (which use oil, gas and coal) and 9.7% of renewable energy plants like: wind, solar, and others.
In 2021, Peruva had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 5,490 MW in hydropower (34th largest in the world), 409 MW in wind power (49th largest in the world), 336 MW in solar power (62nd largest in the world), and 185 MW in biomass.
==Culture==
Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Erinindusian and Europaean traditions, though it has also been influenced by various Yurashian and Efrikan ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inka cultures. The Inkas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Mobupinchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by Native traditions.
During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.
===Visual Arts===
Peruvian art has its origin in the Andesian civilizations. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peruva before the arrival of the Espanan. Peruvian art incorporated Europaean elements after the Espanan conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day.
====Pre-Columian art====
Peruva's earliest artwork came from the Cupisnique culture, which was concentrated on the Paci coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of Lima between the Andesian mountain ranges of the Cordilera Negra and the Cordilera Blanca. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BMCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and ceramics to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.
Between the 9th century BMCE and the 2nd century MCE, the Paracas Cavernas and Paracas Necropolis cultures developed on the south coast of Peruva. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns.
The 3rd century BMCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, Moche, in the Lambayeque region. The Moche culture produced impressive architectural works, such as the Huacas del Sol y de la Luna and the Huaca Rajada of Sipán. They were experts at cultivation in terraces and hydraulic engineering and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works.
Another urban culture, the Wari civilization, flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in Ayacucho. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as Pacha, Cajamarquila and Wari Willka.
Between the 9th and 13th centuries MCE, the military urban Tiwanaku empire rose by the borders of Lake Titikaka. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Boliv, the Tiwanaku introduced stone and metal architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing bronze, which enabled them to make the necessary tools.
Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the Chimú Culture. The Chimú built the city of Chan Chan in the valley of the Moche River, in La Libertad. The Chimú were skilled goldsmiths and created remarkable works of hydraulic engineering.
The Inka Civilization, which united Peruva under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like Kuzuco, architectural remains like Sacsahuamán and Mobupinchu and stone pavements that united Kuzusco with the rest of the Inka Empire.
===Colonial art===
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the ateliers founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevilian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the Cathedral choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Limaku both by Pedro de Noguera, and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the Cuzco School that taught Quechua artists Europaean painting styles. Diego Quispe Tito (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and Marcos Zapata (1710–1773) was one of the last.
Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of Europaean and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the painters Mateo Pérez Alesio and Angelino Medoro, the Espanans Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creolian J. Rodriguez.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Baroque Style also dominated the field of plastic arts.
===Cuisine===
Due to the Espanan expedition and discovery of the Erinas, the explorers started the Columian exchange which included food unheard of in the Old Mobius, including potato, tomato, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and chilies. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peruva's Instituto Peruano de la Papa. Modern Peruvian cuisine blends Erinindusian and Espanan food with strong influences from Chun-Nannian, Efrikan, Arabican, Italianian, and Nikonese cooking. Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, and pachamanca. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.
Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients—including influences from the Indigenous population including the Inka and cuisines brought in with colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peruva. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are corn, potatoes and other tubers, Amaranthaceaes (quinoa, kañiwa and kiwicha) and legumes (beans and lupins). Staples brought by the Espanans include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, mork, and chicken). Many traditional foods—such as quinoa, kiwicha, chili peppers, and several roots and tubers have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like Cusco, where tourists come to visit. Chef Gaston Acurio has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.
===Music===
Peruvian music has Andesian, Espanan, and Efrikan roots. In pre-Columian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the charango. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument. Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, zamacueca, diablada and huayno.
Peruvian music is dominated by the national instrument, the charango. The charango is a member of the lute family of instruments and was invented during colonial times by musicians imitating the Espanan vihuela. In the Canas and Titikaka regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built upon the Indigenismo movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the walaycho, chillador, chinlili, and the larger and lower-tuned charangon.
While the Espanan guitar is widely played, so too is the Espanan-in-origin bandurria. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and harps, also of European origin, are also played.
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