Technique

Etymologia: Ex id hellen adjective τεχνικός, ex τέχνη = "handugia". 
Definition: Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC) defineiht technique ka "id productionsmenos samt exact reul" (ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια). Technique diweidt Moralitat, quod ne kwenchaut id action tik-ye ka un "production" (in hellen : ποιησις), yani ka un hol om util wassilas po quodgvonc fin, sontern ka unpet "fin" (in hellen πραξις = "opos, kamyab, action"). Id diweidt kathalika Science, quos ambition ne est tik gnohe id ver sub id forme uns "exact reul", sontern demonstre id ab yakin dasturs. 
==Id neutralitat os technique==
Kun technique prehpt sub id forme ios "quaylibt-ye possible", behandet pro uno neud quod ghehdt ses sell au khiter, idpet ghehdt bihe kwit neter sell ni khiter. Tod neutralitat os technique est id traditional these os philosophia dia id, these sulen ep tri pressupposens : id enderkweiten inter weida ed sagven, quod permitt vergihes cada confusion inter technique ed science; id enderkweiten inter wassilas ed fins, quod permitt vergihes cada confusion inter technique ed moralitat; id samkweitu ios technic object in Historia (kweter tod object sia alat, instrument au machine, ed kam complexe id sia) quo permitt identifie technique ei "util". 
In idsmee nam os utilitato deict Descartes (1596-1650) in sien Discours de la Méthode (1637) od ia dasturs ios nov science ghehde "nos buwes ka maysters ed aygwers ios Nature" (VI). Wey smos, prabh-ye sayct, neter maysters ni aygwers ios nature, yed ghehdmos age kamsei esiemos, regend-ye ids forces kye effects qua ia habient ghohden tyices : chunke hol est mecanisme in id nature, chunke exhausmos ids essence aunstehgend-ye kam id wehrct, neid scrupule dehlct nos oistambht tyices tod diswehrten quod nel-ye modifiet id, eger id brungmos. 
Id diemen inter "technique" ed "quaytlibt-ye possible" est affirmet expressis verbis ab Kant (1724-1804) in eys Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785). Ter kweit is ka "technic" ia dasturs qua reule nies conduct imponend-ye nos filan zariya po sem possible fin. Tibs dasturs, qua is kathalika kalt "handugia dasturs", is oppont qua bestehme id action po nies real ed effective fin, noroc. Bet sei preters nos permitte woide samt scientific precision kam age po sem fin, aun woide kweter tod fin stahalt bihe hassilet, dwoters hant id invers default : suawoidam od eiskwmos ses noroct, bet ne woidam quosmed bihe it. Niesghi condition esiet aunspeh sei gnohiemos tik ta dwo gensa desturen, qua hant in commun od sont "hypothetic", yani aynt action ka un zariya po un fin. Quo nos salvt ex desperation, est id existence uns dastur uns trit genos, id moral dastur, quod est categoric, ed quod poreunct mutlak id action. 
Marx (1818-1883) retrehft ye sien weidos id traditional these ios neutralitat os technique, kun is anadeht ad Capitalisme ia agsa os machinisme. To sigwrt is, in Misère de la Philosophie (1847), contra Proudhon (1809-1865) ed eys conception uns "dialectique ios machine". To emt is tsay in das Kapital (1867), demonstrend-ye od id capitaliste employ om machines est un "particular methode kay makhe relative capitalgain" (XV). Id brungos, i capitalistes khakent hassile ex id longereihsa ios orbatsdien, id hassilent dank machines med id augen os productivitat, quod permitt bragvnes id necessar orbatsduren, ed longerihes (nisbatan) id wakt os uperorbat. 
thumb|center|335 px 
==Technologic spand ed critiques os technique==
Id XXt seculen meno reject id dayi unios neutralitat os technique, auter kay sigwre id naiwo buit neutral, we kay affirme id neti est id. Historia ghi deict od pos un long prist unte quod ia mecanic inventions habent antslohnken exter science, dind un corter prist consecret, conform-ye ad quo Descartes mohld, ibs "applications" os science, noster zaman kweit med "technoscience" : technique result taiptos science, kwecto beprabhend id intuition os Vico (1668-1744) sekwent quod el menscis ghehdt druve-ye gnohe tik-ye quo elswo kwehrt. Tyeicend-ye atomic phenomens, intervenend-ye do id process os gwit, biht Progress in Physique au genetique. 
Tod technoscience est oino iom symptoms ios nov spirit os technique : dalg ud ses submitten uni utilitat quod ei daht idso sense, kam Descartes credih, id hat biht sibswo sien wi norme, sekwent id prabhil formulet ab Bacon (1561-1626) in New Atlantis : id plauterascen iom limites os menscwaldh quantims jects possible.
Sekwent Heidegger (1889-1976), id essence os technique rect secret-ye, ye noster zaman, id weidos ye quod vasya jects nos prehpe in druve : idghi wedsrovgehno dehn do id Rhen "exbehrct" tod, revelend quo id est ka fluv, yani un hissabim Energiareserve. Tod aysa os technique ka "isnahsa" uni "tajhisat" (Gestell) est besonters perilohct in un 1953 conference intitulen "Die Frage nach der Technik".
Id endo tos conference assocyet id essence os technique uni danger, ne pro el mensc, sontern pro idswo technique : id spectacular frenitis od ids installation risct perbehrge ids bungos om exbehrgen ed vertat. Menscaction khact, saul, arke tod danger, ar technique est neid instrument ad mayster. Furkan ghehdt gwehme tik ex un reiteret meditation de id τέχνη in ids hellen maynen (sammel "production" ed "exbehrgen"), ed de alter possibilitato diken ab tod werd : id "art" (ex latin ars), ne id technique. 
Punor biht technique analysen ka uno major danger pro el mensc in id pior misgnoht wehrg os Ellul (Le système technicien, 1977). Proclamend-ye od quant est possible, ed od id hol possible dehlct bihe tyict, modern technique aboleiht ia dehtorenderkweitens iom wirts : enderkweiten inter sense ed non-sense, inter ver ed ghaw, inter sell ed khiter. Traitend-ye lurhat ka un signensysteme, id destruct ids mediationsbungos. Nihiliste per essence, id est grund-ye incompatible con id democratic dayi uns public discussionsrewos de prabh ed neprabh. Id maght tik favorise totalitarismes, au, bariem, id centralisme ed id autoritarisme ios Stat tem quem id submission os ieus ibs dasturs ios administration. Id nact sien absoluto triumph kun vasyi "serieusi" spirits declare od neti sont politic, moral, philosophic problemes, sontern tik sem technic problemes. 
thumb|center|335 px
==Technique ed ethique==
In sien wehrg Das Prinzip Verantwortung (1979), vidt is deutsch philosoph Hans Jonas in id "irreversibilitat" os moderne technique ids magno danger : ob id commandet un collective ed cumulative action, id gehnt ye longo meiwrnt, yando ye meg longo meiwrnt, un future mundo different ud id presento mund. Id these ios wehrg est od smos taiptos massoul dayir tod futur mund. Meis chiowdeo, nies massoulia est depens ab kem exist, serter, uno menscgenos. Idghi technologic civilisation placet nos in un radical-ye nov ethic situation : tod uns dohlg dia quo ne bad exist, uns rect ios future adversus id present. 
In tod philosophia wehrg - quod buit id pohrntst ios XXt secule - kyunggiawt H.Jonas id necessar bespehcen os technique in id studye os ethique : Id deilen inter prokwtat ed simultanitat est wayt, forsnahn ab id rewosplauterascen ed id diuturnitat iom yinkwas, qua id technic praxis, hatta entrepriden po prokwem fins, aurght. Ids irreversibilitat, yuct idsi total megerang, introduct un idafi novgenos factor do id moral equation. Tetos ids cumulative kweit : ids effects addeihnt-se, yoitkwe id lyohga pro ulterior agen ed ses netiest id sam quem pro el auwal actor, sontern aug-ye different ud id ed semper meis un resultat os quo buit ja kwohrno. Constatend od id maxime proposen ab Kant est incomplete face id danger quod is aunmeid neud os technique ghehdt skipes, Jonas rescript id dastur katha : Handle so, dass die Wirkungen deiner Handlung verträglich sind mit der Permanenz echten menschlichen Leben auf Erden = Ag yoitkwe ia effects os tien action saint compatible con id permanence os druv menscgwit ep Terra, autah : Gefährde nicht die Bedingungen für den indefiniten Fortbestand der Menschheit auf Erden. = Mae endanger ia conditions pro id aunfino na-existence ios menscgenos ep Terra.
Tod lyohga ne tik addeiht un nov mathmoun ad ethique, sontern alnos taraght idso structure : beuwend-ye id existence ios futur menscgenos un supreme wirt, id aboleiht id traditional opposition inter id ses ed id dehlge-estum; introducend-ye id tienderkweiten inter quo ja exist ed quo ne bad exist, id destruct id classic dayi uns reciprocitat inter rects ed dohlgs. 
Ob technique est nihiliste, id nos massouleiht de existence; ob est frenetic-ye cumulative, id nos massouleiht de future; bad ob deshumaniset el mensc, id nos massouleiht de id possibilitat uns druv humanitat.