American Revolution

Sont kyust ka American Revolution ia wakyas qua, ex 1774 do 1787, duce ei independence iom Britisch colonias os Nord America, dind ei creation ios Respublic iom Uniet Stats os America. 
 Gnaht in uno modeste milieu, George Washington (1732-1799) heritet ud sien samgwelbho brater id xeimen Mount Vernon, ed biht ithan uno notable in Virginia. Unte id Septwetsen Weir, biht taukilen sirdar iom trupps os Virginia, qua is duct do sigh (1755-1758). Wehdus un riche vidvu, Washington se consecret sieni xeimen; nespekent siena moderat mayns, biht scandalisen, bilhassa ab 1765 (Stamp Act) ab id siyassa agen ab id Uniet Roydem dia ia colonias. Yisen ab id Virginia Convention do ia 1st ed 2nd Philadelphia Congressa (sept.-oct. 1774 & 1775), is representet id meist avancet trend, tod iom "Leudhertat Sunus", in quos nam is emt stand pro independence, proclamen dien 4 Jul 1776. Taukilet sirdar ios US Armee (1775), is reorganiset ia trupps, tun consistend aundiscipline voluntars. Meis quem dank eys qualitats os strateg, i US Americans sient hassile independence dank eys energia, patriotisme ed endurance. Is chasset i Britisch ex Boston (Mart 1776) bet subeiht multa zwaujeces ed defendt id prabhil uns alliance con France, bad concluden dien 6 Februar 1778. In 1781, is organiset con Rochambeau id expedition do Virginia, quod waust in id capitulation os Cornwallis in Yorktown (19 October 1781) ed bringht id fin ios Independence Weir.
In pace, Washington, politic-ye swoleus, sgwehmt do sien xeimen. Delegeit os Virginia unte id Philadelphia Convention (1787), is biht elegen perodhsedd ios Assemblee ed favoriset id compromiss quod permit id vote ios Constitution iom Uniet Stats. Elect President ios Federation (4 Mart 1789), is inauguret sien preter amtstido dien 30 Aprile 1789 in New York, ed biht reelect in 1792. Unte id conflicto quod oppont ia dwo meger politic trends tos zaman, i Federalistens, representen ab A.Hamilton, Khasnah Secretar, ed i Respublican-Democrats, partisans iom rects iom Stats, niht ab Th. Jefferson, Statsecretar, Washington stehmt Hamilton, quos siyassa bezielt kardwne id federal magh tem quem swekwehre id financial independence iom Uniet Stats, besonters med id institution uns toll tariff (Tariff Act) ed med id creation unios national Statsbank. Dayir gospoti siyassa, is refuset smyehre ia europaya weirs ed proclamet id neutralitat iom Uniet Stats (1793). Face ia critiques em sien samzamans, is ne eiskwt un trit amtstid ka President ed gwirlayt do Mount Vernon, quer is mehrt in 1799. 
==Id rebellion iom Britisch colonias os America==
Ex 1620 do 1732, tridem colonias buir creen ab i Englisch ep id atlantic caust os Nord America, ex Massachusetts do Georgia. Id Nord (kalen "Nov England"), befolct ab puritan protestantens dissidents, hat antplohcen un economia os europay type wohrten kye mar ed torg. Id Sud, meis typic-ye colonial, est uno mund om latifundia suters quoy keuleihnt aydokwens sclavens ir xeimens. Quanti sont subjects ios Britisch cron. 
Unte dwoter dwidel ios XVIIIt secule, ia relations inter ia colonias ed id materlando malasce. I colons sont exasperat ob dehlgent - kemti ia economic theorias tos zaman - torgue exclusive-ye per Britisch compagnies qua impone ir tariffs. Tehlent stets minter bihe gouvernen ab London ed bihe submiss ad taxes quom naudh ne ghabent. Itak dehlgent, pos 1763, payghe idafi imposta kay remburses id dulg ios Uniet Roydem kowpen ye id termin uns costeus europay conflict (ios Septwetsen Weir, 1756-1763). Incidents udbrehgus in id port os Boston ye endo 1773, id Britisch gouvernement permeidt repressive-ye contra id colonia Massachusetts. Alter colonias tun se declarent solidar ed yeise delegeits uni Continental Congress quod samghat in Philadelphia, in September 1774. 
London ripostet spehdeihnd-ye trupps. Dien 19 Aprile 1775, un cruoric algara inter Americanens milicionaires ed Britisch soldats in Lexington (Massachusetts) duct do rupture. Menxu is roy os Englando Georgo III declaret ia colonias in stand os rebellion ed poreunct ir navalo blockade, id Continental Congress respondt leivend-ye un armee quos ammer est betrusen uni planter ex Virginia, George Washington.
 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) buit un US dehtor-pater qui buit is principal autor ios Declaration os Independence dind serter amtirit ka Trit President iom Uniet Stats ex 1801 do 1809. Prever hieb is est elect ka is dwot Vice-President iom Uniet Stats, sub John Adams ex 1797 do 1801. Partisan om democratia, respublicanisme ed individual rects motivend i American colons ad secedde ex Grand Britain ed forme un nov nation, is produxit importanta documents ed decisions ye bo stat ed national nivells. Is eet araszi suter ed farmer.
==Un revolutionar gwayt==
Menxu leit in-kap tik uns conflict inter colonias ed materland, id ubstand biht revolution in 1776. Id rebellion biht tun ducen ab un remarkable elite, majoritar-ye Virginian. Piwt ab id men iom philosophs os ir secule, Britisch kam Franceois, ops bohndt ab un commun bayghen ios frankmassonrie, toy liders (Jefferson, Madison, Franklin, Adams, Hamilton ed, weidwos, Washington) vole ne tik secedde ex Britain, sontern yaschi construge un Stat unios nov type, conform ibs politic ed ethic ideals iom Lumens. 
Neid suadeict to meis quem id Declaration of Independence ios 4 Jul 1776, redagen ab Thomas Jefferson, qui sigwrt sules id futur US respublic ep ia inalienable rects al ensan ad gwit, lure, ed ei sok po noroc. Ye id prest ker uperleit id men iom philosophs ex projecto do realitat, quo expliet id udclangh ios Philadelphia proclamation eni id europay intellectual elite, pati in id Uniet Roydem. Tridem yars pre id Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen in France, id US Declaration of Independence enuncet ia dasturs ep-ya keihsiet occidental democratia.
 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) buit oino iom Dehtor Paters iom Uniet Stats. Franklin buit un klut pelu-eucer ed uno magn autor, drucker, politic theoretic, politician, frankmasson, postmayster, mualim, inventor, civic activiste, statswir ed diplomat. Ka mualim, is buit uno majoro rjienbwuts iom American Lumens ed in id historia os physique ob sien aunstehgens ed theorias de electricitat. Ka inventor, est gnoht pro id voltage-tuler, bifocals ed id "Franklin vatra", bayna alya. Is antplohc maung public institutions, pati id prest khaterbania department os Philadelphia ed id Universitat os Pennsylvania.
==Id Independence Weir (1776-1783)==
Id en masse yeisen iom Britisch marine ed trupps do America convinct jaldi i insurgents od khakent uperwehnde sauli. Api, brungent in Europe un akster sympathia trend, besonters in France, saul naval stieure quod ghehdt contre id jabbaro Britisch flotte : yant endo 1776, id Congress yeist Benjamin Franklin ad negocye in France menxu, spontan-ye, is yuno marquese de La Fayette gwehmt ad serve ad Washington. In Versailles, nespekent ia financial difficultats, Ludvic XVI se sint bihe convict od un intervention pro i Americans permittiet ad France regaines mari id vantage lust face id Uniet Roydem unte id Septwetsen Weir quod hieb ei dwighen linkwes sien colonias in Hind ed Canada. Un sigh im Americans (Saratoga, October 1777) persuadt iom Roy : France alliet-se, in 1778, ibs yunims Uniet Stats os America ed bikorelt protiev id Uniet Roydem. 
Id franceois hehlp est decisive. Id franceois marine brehct id Britisch blockade ed permitt yises uno militar stehmen, dind id expeditionar kor os General de Rochambeau. Id US-franceois coalition kernt ia Britisch forces in Yorktown, Virginia, quer capitulent in October 1781. Id pace biht pagen in Versailles in Januar 1783 : id Uniet Roydem recogneiht id independence iom Uniet Stats. 
 Gilbert du Motier, marquese os La Fayette (1757-1834; scripsit-yos sieno nam ka "Lafayette" pos id 1789 Revolution) buit un franceois noble os liberal orientation, officier ed politic. Takilet general ab George Washington, Lafayette ieg un decisive rol ep ia gons im Americans unte ir independence weir contra id Britisch colonial magh, besonters unte id sigh in Yorktown in 1781. Lafayette hat yaschi wohrgen pro id emergence in France unios moderne royal magh, pre bihe un rjienbwuts ios Franceois Revolution tiel sien emigration, arrest ed penkyar karcerbehnden ab 1792. Lafayette buit unschi major politic actor ye id inkapem ios regne os Louis-Philippe (Ludvic-Philip). Lakaben is "heroy om bo munds", est oin im oct "honor civs" iom USA.
==Id prest moderne democratia==
Etileikwt construge id respublic exsohgnet in 1776. Unte id weir, ia tridem Stats hant-se confederen, bet id union est fragil : ne exist un druv central magh, ia local interesses diverge ed ia dislocationsrisks sont real. Eti, id financial situation est desastreus ed id inflation extercontrol : in 1784 ed 1786, troubles udbrehge ed aunpaygh trupps marche ep Philadelphia. 
Kay vergihes id civil weir, biht tun proposen samghate un Convention om 55 delegeits maimour med dahe ei Union un Constitution. Ex Mai do September 1787, tod assemblee iom "Dehtor Paters" - quer wehst id elite quod hieb wanaken id land unte id Independence Weir - redact id Constitution iom Uniet Stats, skaun synthese inter ia dastur iom Lumens ed politic pragmatisme, quod hat remanen tiel nundiens id grundloy ios Union. Instituet id presto democratic Stat os moderne Historia, sult ep id election ed id souverainitat leudhern civs, wanact ne ab un hereditar souverain, sontern un elect President. Ein pos ein, ia Stats ratifient id. Prest President sessiet, in 1789, Washington. 
Meg preciser quem id Englisch Bill of Rights os 1689, id Constitution iom Uniet Stats biht id model tos solenn texte, garant iom institutions, in-yod ies philosophs ios XVIIIt secule hieb viden id dehtor-act ios Rectstat. 
Albatta, id enthusiasme im partisans iom nov ideen, in Europe, trendsiet idealise id US Respublic. Bihsiet ghi beswight od id ne instituet universal suffrage, auti od id toleret id sclaverie im Aydokwen. Sessiet yaschi myohrsen od tod land eet aun prev ed, unte ta conditions, besonters apt ad construge jadide. Id US exempel remansiet lakin essential kay comprehende iom franceois deputeits ios National Assemblee, se declarend gwaukan de dahe un Constitution ad France.
Category:Historia
Category:USA