Physique

Etymologia: Ex hellen φυσικά = "naturala"
Definition: Physique est id Science quod oistudyet ia suedsa om materia, rewos ed wakt. 
==Id pre-Historia os physique==
Mimehne de id mund perambh nos, de idso druv material buhsa, est tem awo quem philosophia ed tarikhet tsay do id pre-Socratic tid ye id XIto secule pre JC. Yonani philosophs paurske ye tod zaman ia elementara bricks qua skeipent ia jects : also sigwrt Thales od "hol est aqua". Serter, iesmen atomistes, Leukip, Demokrit, Epikwros (Vt-IVt secules pre JC) stehme od materia est composen ab indivisible elements, ed postule id existence os kenos. Id de pythagorei scol vidt in ia numers id cleich os cosmos ed aunstehct mathematic proportions in ia sibias inter ia swons ed ia longes iom stigas iom barbith. 
Esdi ta theorias gwohmeer meis ender pur men quem ender science, iaghi ne respecteer ia naudhcriteria qua demandems nundiens ex un science sayct "exact" (experimental probation iom idees, mathematisation...), id hellen classic science nos hat dahn dwo incontestable loikwns : astronomia, parakapt ab Ptolemayo ye id IIt secule pos JC, ed id mecanique os Archimedes tarikhend ex id IIIt secule pre JC - qui descript besonters id influence os vyige uper pressem. Daydey, ies hellen alims ed philosophs hant construct un global vision os cosmos quod paursct harmonia inter jects ed in quod Terra occupet un centralo place. Tod vision vaht bihe swaurs ab id scientific revolution ios XVIIt secule in quos druna wardht id moderne dayi os physique.
 Johannes Kepler (1571-1630; her, portrait ex 1610) buit ex 1594 do 1600 plormeider in Graz, yani Mathematiquer ios Land Steiermark. In Praha buit is poskwo assistant os Tycho Brahe (1600-1601) dind imperial mathematiquer sub Rudolf II. Is finih ka astrologic radher os General Wallenstein. Kepler aunstohg ia loys (Keplersk loys) sekwent qua ia planetes wehrte ambh Sowel. Is buw optique un object os scientific sok ed confirmit ia aunstehgens kwohrn ab sien samzaman Galileo med eys telescope.
==Id scientific revolution ios XVIIt secule==
Id lexis "revolution" dehlct ses awiet ye sien akster sense : leit de un radical rencausen ios traditional conception os Nature eti iospet dayi science. 
In cosmologia, con Coppernic (1473-1543), Kepler ed Galileo, est dissolution os cosmos ed uperleiten ex un clus mund do un aunfin universe. Biht likwt cada globalisant ed a priori posen conception : exmohnta dayis bihnt tayt ab experimentation, analyse ed mathematic abstraction. 
In mecanique, Galileo, qui formulet id prest mathematic loy (id corpsen pehden), druve-ye aurght id moderne physique; tod yunct tuntos id experimental dayi - instauret un dialogos inter theoria ed experiment - ed id mathematic dayi - mehne est sammel mides ed uperwehrte sien resultats sub forme equationen. To permitt un precis analyse iom phenomens ed id elaboration om demonstrative theorias comparable ibs mathematic theorias, yani deducen ex suldasturs sekwent un rigoreus raisonen. 
Ad Newton (1642-1727) sessiet zaruri tyices id synthese inter ta dwo xeimens, deikend-ye od id sam loy expliet ia agma iom planetes ed id phenomen ios pehden iom corpsen.
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, her portrait ex 1636) buit un Italian astronom, physiste, ingenieur, philosoph ed mathematiquer. Eys contributions pro observational astronomia include id telescopic confirmation iom phasen os Venus, id aunstehgen iom quar mierer satellites os Jupiter (namt Galilean meuns in eys honor), ed id observation ed analyse iom solglois. Galileo wohrg inschi appliet science ed technologia, inventend un kayjinen militar compass ed alya instruments. Galileos combat pro heliocentrisme buit controverten unte eyso jumiung, quando pleisti subscripseer auter geocentrisme au id Tychonic systeme. Is buit diwiden ab astronoms, quoy bedwoieer heliocentrisme ob id absence uns observet stellar parallaxe. Tod re buit soct ab id Roman Inquisition in 1615, quod conclus od heliocentrisme eet "stupid ed absurd in philosophia, ed formal-ye heretic chunke id contradict explicit-ye in multa stets id sense ios Saint Scripture." Galileo serter defensit sien vids in Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, quod kwohk attaque Papp Urban VIII ed it alienit iom ed iens Jesuits, quoy bo hieb stohmt Galileo tuntro. Is buit judcet ab id Inquisition, kohnst "vehement-ye suspect ob heresie", ed ei buit dwighen nege sien prever mayns. Is passit hembohnden id reste os sien gwit. Tun scripsit is oin om siena maschourst wehrgs, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche Intorno a Due Nuove Scienze, in quod is resumit id orbat is hieb kwohrn unte ia quargim akhir yars de ia dwo sciences nun kalen kinematique ed mecanic resistence. 
==Moderne chemia==
Ye id end ios XVIIIt secule biht id science iom alchemisten sokend po philosophen petra ed dalgayu alixire, profund-ye pregen ab mystique ed magia, tayt ab moderne chemia dank id impulsion ios franceois Lavoisier. Ei summ om experimental resultats hassilen prever, so bringht aurdhen ed clartat. Is systematiset id neud ios dastur os conservation ios masse - id total masse iom reagents egalasct tei iom creen composits -, aurght physiologia med sien studyes de ia combustion phenomens - qua bayght respiration -, bestehmt id composition om air ed aqua, ed clarifiet ia notions om element ed composit. Dalg ud ia quar elements ios hellen tradition (dighom, piurn, air ed aqua), vasya materia constituants sont gohnen ab id combination ios lytil numer "sulbricken" qua sont ia chemic elements. To sehndt id atomiste theoria, creen ab J.Dalton in-kap id XIXt secule ed antplohcen ab Wurtz. Id enderkweiten inter atoms ed molecules biht pagen ab Avogadro (1776-1856) ed Ampère (1775-1836). Kun id numer om identifien elements biht kafi - 57 in 1850, ex ia 92 natural elements -, ies chemistes kaunt analogia inter sems om ia. Mendeleyev (1834-1907) propont un periodic classification iom gnoht elements, ne keungend linkwes sem vacant places in sien tabell previdend-ye ia physic-chemic suedsa iom mankend elements qua sessient effective-ye aunstohct serter. Tod classification, meis quem un simple catalog iom gnohn elements, prehpt it kam id surce om nov gnohsas. Ye id end ios XIXt secule, id existence ios atom est yinjier swekwohrt kun ids indestructibilitat biht renquestionen ab id aunstehgen, in 1896, os natural radioactivitat ab Becquerel. Ex id stets-yev teuner exploration ios microscopic xeimen vahnt gnahe, yant in-kap id XXt secule, nov theorias, ops meg piern ud commun intuition.
 Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) buit un franceois physiste qui ielgv id dwidel ios Physique Nobelpris in 1903 (dilen con Marie Curie ed ays mann Pierre Curie). 
==Thermodynamique==
Thermodynamique gnaht samt id inkapem ios industrial era, circum 1820. Mayer, Carnot, Clausius ed sir Thomson antplehce tod science quod yunct ia thermic ed dynamic phenomens, pro kayjine id efficience iom motors ed iom steummachines. Ia loys os thermodynamique bihnt jaldi nuden do alya xeimens os physique bi-sabab ir universalitat. Oin ex ia, namen "dwoto dastur os thermodynamique", pregensiet id historia iom science : introduct, ye id prest ker, uno meiwrntisu do physic sciences - un isolet systeme ghehdt evolve tik med inner transformations samt un augen sienios entropia. Ob id exspand iom gnohsas de id structure os materia biht iskwn id werd ios interpretation ye microscopic maschtab tom loys. Ia suedsa iom studyen complexen systemes, comprindend uno mier numer om elementar constituants, naudhe id instehlen om statistic methods, antplohcen besonters ab Maxwell, Boltzmann ed Gibbs ye id end ios XIXt secule.
 Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851) buit un dansk physiste, chemiste ed pharmaceut. Is construxit un piezometer ed aunstohg id chemic element aluminium. Is eet yaschi interesset ab linguistique ed inventit plur nov dansk werds, bayna qua "ilt" = "oxygen", ed "brint" = "hydrogen". 
==Electromagnetisme==
Electrostatique, science iom interactions inter electriset corpsa, antslehnct ye id XVIIIt secule. Electricitat est, ye tod zaman, alnos enderkwit ud magnetisme, gnohn yant id fin os Mediev quando spehrt id neud os compass unte hol Europe. 
In 1820, Ørsted observet, kjiawxieng, id effect os un srov dia uno magnetiset jien. Ia experiments de ia reciproc effects iom magnets dia ia srovs, dind de ia srovs inter se, se multiplient. Ampère, unte oika diens, script ia bases os un theoria sekwent quod magnetic ed electric phenomens sont dwo manifestations os un generaler realitat : electromagnetisme. 
Faraday (1791-1867) aunstehct id induction phenomen. Id machine os Gramme, atav iom dynamos ed synchronmotors, gehnsiet un kyudost antslehnken os electric industrie. Ab 1855, Maxwell enplacet mathematic formalisme assocyet ei theoria os electromagnetisme : ghehdt ses ayn id prest oineihnd theoria ios historia iom physic sciencen.
 Albert Einstein (1879, Ulm, Deutschland - 1955, Princeton, Uniet Stats os America) buit un theoretic physiste. Eys paurskens de material, rewos ed wakto tem quem ios essence os gravitation changeer significant-ye id vision os physique. Itak is ghehldt ka oin im importantst physisten quanten aiwen. Id magno wehrg os Einstein, id theoria os relavitat, iom buwit tienxia maschour. In 1905 parihsit eys orbat namen Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, quos mathmoun est kwit nundiens ka "special relativitat. In 1915 publicit is id theoria os general relativitat. Eischi theoria iom quanten diedw is substantial contributions. "Pro eysa stahals in theoric physique, besonters pro eys aunstehgen iom loys ios photoelectric effect" ielgv is un Nobelpris in 1921. Eysa theoric orbats ieg - witerom commun opinion - tik un indirect rol pro id construction ios atomic bombe ed id antplehncen os nuclear Energia. Einstein gehldt ka quintessence ios paursker ed ios genie. Is dieugh sien extraordinar maschouria yaschi exter id milieu iom physic sciencen intervenend-ye pro prientia inter ia folks ed pace. Isghi se iey ka pacifiste, socialiste ed zionim. In id druna siens gwit buit Einstein statan pluren lands : Gnahsa-ye buit is Württemberger. Ex 1896 do 1901 buit is apatrid, ex 1901 do sieno mohrt Schweizer, 1911-1912 Osterreicher, ex 1914 do 1933 iter Deutsch. Kun Hitler gwohm do waldh, Einstein tyohgv definitive-ye sien deutsch passport ed buit in 1934 decheet ex sien deutsch nationalitat ar yudi. In 1940 bihsit is US civ. 
Tod photo dik Einstein ye sien 72t gnahdien (1951) seddend inter un couple prienten ye id caud uns auto belaghert ab paparazzi : ka glewos, Einstein salgih sien dingvo face iom US photograph Arthur Sasse.
==Relativitat==
In 1905, Einstein publiet penk articles dehtor os moderne physique. In oin ex ia, is elaboret id theoria os special relativitat : Ia loys, sekwent qua change ia stands iom physic systemes, sont independent ud ad quoter ex dwo coordinatensystemes in constanto translationsmov binisbat mutu ta standchanges refere-se. Id equivalence inter dwo observers movend binisbat mutu impliet est neid absolut rewos ed od ieter observer xeiht sien wi waktmaschtab. Rewos ed wakt neti sont ayt independent notions. Is physiste tehrpsiet lakin mult yars kay formalise id theoria ios general relativitat, quod keiht besonters ep id complexe dayi od ielg massic object modifiet ia geometric suedsa ios rewos-wakt. Ex to resultet, mathalan, un kehmb iom luce bams pri un aster os importanto masse. It, unte id 1919 eclipse, buit realiset id prest experimental confirmation tos theoria : buit observet id luce ex un star lyehgend apter Sowel, quod niek Terra sehkwnd-ye un kehmb agmo. 
 Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) buit un Nov-Zeland-gnaht Britisch physiste gnoht ka is pater os nuclear physique. In sien aus wehrgs, is aunstohg id concept os pwolgwit, pruv od radioactivitat involvit id nuclearo transmutation ex oin chemic element do alyo, ed ithan differencit ed niem ia alpha ed beta radiations. Tod orbat buit tyict in McGill Universitat, in Canada. Ob to ielgv is id Chemia Nobelpris "pro eys soks de id disintegration iom elements, ed id chemia iom radioactive substance", ed bihsit ithan is prest Canadian ed Oceanian gawoun unios Nobelpris.
==Id structure os materia==
In 1911, Rutherford enevidencet id existence ios atomic eten ed seuwt, in 1919, id prest nuclearo reaction samt un transmutation os nitrogen do oxygen. In 1934, id aunstehgen os artificial radioactivitat ab id couple Joliot-Curie est consequence os un suwt nuclearo reaction. Id prest fission - yani id separation uns parent-atom do dwo magv-toms - biht tyict in 1938, id possibilitat om reactionkittars demonstret in 1939, id prest atomic pile construct in 1942 ab Fermi. Id prest atomic bombe buit muken, ab ia USA, uper Hiroshima in 1945. 
 Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) buit un Italian physiste ed is creator os tienxia prest atomic reactor, id "Chicago Pile-1". Is buit kalt is "architecte ios nuclear aiwios" wa "ios atomic bombe". Buit oin im pauk physisten os historia qui excellit bo theoric-ye ed experimental-ye. Fermi xih plur patents de id neud os nuclear energia, ed ielgv id 1938 Physique Nobelpris pro sien wehrg dayir radioactivitat induct ab uno neutronen bombardement ed id aunstehgen om transuranic elements.
==Quantic mecanique==
Quantic mecanique biht sult, unte ia 1920tias, ab Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac, Schrödinger ed De Broglie. In id microscopic mund, un wakya khact bihe observet aun bihe influet : mathalan, id saul zariya kay observe un electron est "antskandihes" protiev id un photon au alyum electron, yani un objecto quod ei est amalan equivalent edghi perturbet id observen electron. Ex to resultet id impossibilitat os mides sammel, ed samt aunlimite precision, sema meges. Est id Heisenbergsk nebestohmenkweitsrelation (1932). Talg est besonters id fall iom components ios position ed ios syrat uns object ep un sam coordinatenaxe. To dreibht id impossibilitat os bestehme un agmo, ye id sense os classic mecanique. Id notion agmo biht tayt ab id notion os presence probabilitat. Ielgi corpuscule est assocyen un wand, descript ab un wandbungos quos amplitude in oin point est bohnden ei probabilitat os trehve id particule in tod point. Tod probabiliste science keihnd ep id notion ios dualitat wand-corpuscule est yinjier baygh piern ud commun intuition, quod swehdt id bestohmenkweit os classic mecanique. 
Oino iom kweitus os muassir physique est, nespekent id multiplication iom aunstehgens ed iom tracten topics, un evolution kyuno smulk numer loyen dank ia unitar theorias quom ziel est ambghehrde vasya interactions, ed vasya particules, ayt ka ia yanas iom interactions : mathalan, id photon est id yana os electromagnetic interaction. 
Also, tiel ia 1970tias, i physistes enderkwit quar interactions : gravitational, electromagnetic, nert - quod combehndt ia constituants ios eten - ed slab - massoul pro radioactivitat - interactions. Unte oika yars, id electroslab theoria hat antslohnken, oineihndo ia electromagnetic ed slab interactions. Dind id "standard model" hat entriht nert interaction tod conceptual quader. Punor, id senst etape, id oineihsa ios standard model con general relativitat, dar skeipt oino iom ambitions os muassir theoric physique.
Category:Science