List of Scottish monarchs

The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. According to tradition, Kenneth I MacAlpin () was the founder and first King of the Kingdom of Scotland (although he never held the title historically, being King of the Picts instead).
The Kingdom of the Picts just became known as the Kingdom of Alba in Scottish Gaelic, which later became known in Scots and English as Scotland; the terms are retained in both languages to this day. By the late 11th century at the very latest, Scottish kings were using the term , or King of Scots, to refer to themselves in Latin. The Kingdom of Scotland was merged with the Kingdom of England to form a single Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Thus, Queen Anne became the last monarch of the ancient kingdoms of Scotland and England and the first of Great Britain, although the kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603 (see Union of the Crowns). Her uncle Charles II was the last monarch to be crowned in Scotland, at Scone in 1651. He had a second coronation in England ten years later.
==Heraldry==
File:Royal Standard of Scotland.svg|Royal Standard of the King of Scots
File:Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|William I – James VI
File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1603-1649).svg|James VI – James VII
File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1689-1694).svg|William II and Mary II
File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1694-1702).svg|William II
File:Coat of Arms of Great Britain in Scotland (1707-1714).svg|Anne
==List of monarchs of Scotland==
===House of Alpin (848–1034)===
The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin, an entirely modern concept. The descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin were divided into two branches; the crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a pretender from the other. Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld.
Modern English nameReign 	Epithet 	Title	Dynastic status
Kenneth I MacAlpinProperly speaking, Coinneach should actually be Cionaodh, since Coinneach is historically a separate name. However, in the modern language, both names have converged.843/848 – 13 February 858 	An Ferbasach, 	 	son of Alpin, king of Dál Riata
Donald I858 – 13 April 862 	 	 	son of Alpin, king of Dál Riata, and brother of Kenneth I
Constantine I862–877 	An Finn-Shoichleach,	 	Son of Kenneth I
Áed877–878 	 	 	Son of Kenneth I
Giric878–889 	Mac Rath, 	 	Son of Donald I?
Eochaid878–889?* 	 	 	grandson of Kenneth I*
Donald II889–900 	Dásachtach, 	 	Son of Constantine I
Constantine II900–943 	An Midhaise, 	 	Son of Áed
Malcolm I943–954 	An Bodhbhdercc, 	 	Son of Donald II
IndulfHis name is a Gaelicisation of the Norse name Hildufr (or perhaps English Eadulf); it occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as Iondolbh, found in the Duan Albanach; Ildulb is used by some historians because it correctly represents the name Hildulfr in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form. The name "Indulf" is a spelling produced by later medieval French influence; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p, 89.954–962	An Ionsaighthigh, 	 	Son of Constantine II
Dub / Dubh or Duff962–967 	Dén, 	 	Son of Malcolm I
Cuilén967–971 	An Fionn, 	 	Son of Indulf
Amlaíb973–977¤ 	 	 	Son of Indulf
Kenneth II971–995 	An Fionnghalach, 	 	Son of Malcolm I
Constantine III995–997 	 	 	Son of Cuilén
Kenneth III997 – 25 March 1005 	An Donn, 	 	Son of Dub
Malcolm II1005–1034 	Forranach, 	 	Son of Kenneth II
*Eochiad was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde, but his mother was a daughter of Kenneth I. Evidence of his reign is unclear. He may have never actually been king and if he was, he was co-king with Giric.
¤Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972–973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977.
===House of Dunkeld (1034–1040)===
Duncan succeeded to the throne as the maternal grandson of Malcolm II. The House of Dunkeld was therefore closely related to the House of Alpin. Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, another maternal grandson of Malcolm II.
Modern English nameReign	Epithet 	Title	Marriage(s) 	Dynastic status
Duncan I1034–1040 	Skene, Chronicles, p. 101.	 	Suthenat least two sons	Grandson of Malcolm II (son of eldest daughter)
===House of Moray (1040–1058)===
Macbeth came to power in 1040 after killing Duncan I in battle and had a long and relatively successful reign. Macbeth was a cousin of Duncan and was a maternal grandson of Malcolm II. In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach and became the king, thereby passing the throne back to the House of Dunkeld. 
Modern English nameReign	Epithet 	Title	Marriage(s) 	Dynastic status
Macbeth1040–1057 	Rí DeirccSkene, Chronicles, p. 102. 	 	Gruoch of Scotlandno children	Son of Mormaer Findláech
Grandson of Malcolm II (son of second daughter)
Cousin of Duncan I
Lulach1057–1058 	Tairbith-FatuusAnderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 603.	 	Unknowntwo children 	Son of Gille Coemgáin, Mormaer of Moray and Gruoch of Scotland Step-son of Macbeth Great-grandson of Kenneth II or Kenneth III through his mother
===House of Dunkeld (restored) (1058–1286)===
In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach, claiming the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm III's death in battle, his brother Donald III, known as "Bán", claimed the throne, expelling Malcolm III's sons from Scotland. A civil war in the family ensued, with Donald III (later supported by Malcolm III's son Edmund) opposed by Malcolm III's other sons, led first by Duncan II and then by Edgar and backed by the Kingdom of England. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries. After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture, moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother. Alexander III was the last ruler from the house of Dunkeld, and having no sons, the throne was inherited by his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway.
Modern English nameReign	Epithet 	Title	Marriage(s) 	Dynastic status
Malcolm III1058–1093 	Cenn Mór This name was probably only originally applied to Mael Coluim IV, Mael Coluim III's grandson, and then later confused; see Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, David I, p. 17, note 1. Cenn Mór certainly means "great chief" rather than "big head", as sometimes thought.	 	Ingibiorg Finnsdottirthree sonsMargaret of Wessex1070eight children 	Son of Duncan I
Donald III1093–1097 	Bán, 	 	Unknownat least one daughter 	Son of Duncan I
Duncan II1094 	 	 	Ethelreda of Northumbriaone son 	Son of Malcolm III
Edgar1097–1107 	Probus, 	 	None 	Son of Malcolm III
Alexander I1107–1124 	This nickname however is not attested for another three centuries, in the work of Andrew of Wyntoun. 	 	Sybilla of Normandyno children 	Son of Malcolm III
David I1124–1153 	Later nickname. Latin Sanctus also means simply "Holy". David was never canonised. 	 	Maud, Countess of Huntingdon1113four children 	Son of Malcolm III
Malcolm IV1153–1165 	Virgo-Cenn Mór, 	 	None 	Grandson of David I
William I1165–1214 	"the Lion"-Garbh, Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10. 	 	Ermengarde de BeaumontWoodstock Palace, Oxford, England5 September 1186four children 	Grandson of David I
Alexander II1214–1249 	 	 	Joan of EnglandYork Minster, England21 June 1221no childrenMarie de CoucyRoxburgh15 May 1239one son 	Son of William I
Alexander III1249–1286 	 	 	Margaret of EnglandYork Minster, England25 December 1251three childrenYolande de DreuxJedburgh Abbey15 October 1285no children	Son of Alexander II
===House of Sverre (1286–1290)===
Margaret, Maid of Norway inherited the throne in 1286, but died in 1290 in Orkney on her way to be crowned. During her absence, Scotland was ruled by a set of guardians. After her death, Scotland entered a period of interregnum, where 13 contenders fought for the throne and ultimately, John Balliol succeeded.
The status of Margaret, as a Scottish monarch is debated by historians. She was never crowned, and her contemporaries in Scotland described her as "queen" very rarely, referring to her instead as Scotland's "lady", "heir", or "lady and heir". On the other hand, documents issued from late 1286 no longer refer to the "king whosoever he may be", indicating that the throne may have been regarded as already occupied by Margaret. In modern historiography she is nearly unanimously called "queen", and reference books give 19 March 1286, the date of Alexander III's death, as the start of her reign.
Name 	Birth 	Death 	Dynastic status
Margaretthe Maid of Norway1286–1290	Tønsberg, Norwaydaughter of Eric II of Norway and Margaret of Scotland	September/October 1290St Margaret's Hope, Orkneyaged 7	Granddaughter of Alexander III through his daughter
=== First Interregnum (1286–1292) ===
The First Interregnum began upon the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286. Alexander's only surviving descendant was his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, a young child, who inherited the throne in 1286. A set of guardians were appointed to rule Scotland in her absence since she was living in Norway where her father Eric II was king. She was finally sent to Scotland in 1290 but died before arriving in Scotland. The next king of Scots was not determined until completion of an arbitration in 1292.
===House of Balliol (1292–1296)===
The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I became extinct and there was no obvious heir. Thirteen candidates presented themselves; the most prominent were John Balliol, great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, grandson of David of Huntingdon. The Scottish magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims. He did so but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John Balliol should become king. He proved weak and incapable and, in 1296, was forced to abdicate by Edward I who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England.
Name 	Portrait	Birth	Marriage(s) 	Death	Dynastic status
John BalliolToom Tabard ("Empty Cloak")1292–1296	 	 	Isabella de Warenne9 February 1281at least one son	
Picardy, France	great-great-great-grandson of King David I(election)
===Second Interregnum (1296–1306)===
John Balliol abdicated in March 1296. That same month Edward I invaded Scotland. The second set of guardians were appointed under Edward I who ruled from 1296 to 1306, until the election of Robert the Bruce as the king of Scotland.
===House of Bruce (1306–1371)===
For ten years, Scotland had no king. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule. First William Wallace and Andrew Moray, then John Comyn, and finally Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale who in turn was the grandson of David of Huntingdon, younger brother of William I) fought against the English. Bruce and his supporters had murdered their rival to the throne of Scotland, John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries. Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. Robert Bruce was then hunted down for his crime of murder, and subsequently, he escaped to the outskirt islands, leaving the country completely leaderless, and the English invaded once again. Bruce returned a year later and gained support for his cause. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II in 1307, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule. At the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1328 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's son, David, acceded to the throne as a child. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the kingdom by Edward Balliol, son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned (1332–1356) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in prison in England. He was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.
Name 	Portrait	Birth 	Marriage(s) 	Death 	Dynastic status
Robert Ithe Bruce1306–1329	 	11 July 1274Turnberry Castleson of Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and Marjorie, Countess of CarrickRasmusen, Barbara Mure (1996). Robert The Bruce. Publisher: Heinemann. .	Isabella of Mar1295one daughterElizabeth de BurghWrittle, Essex, England1302four children 	7 June 1329Manor of Cardrossaged 54 	great-great-great-great-grandson of King David I(election)
David II1329–1371 	 	5 March 1324Dunfermline Abbeyson of Robert I and Elizabeth de Burgh 	Joan of EnglandBerwick-upon-Tweed17 July 1328no childrenMargaret DrummondInchmurdach, Fife20 February 1364no children	22 February 1371Edinburgh Castleaged 46	son of Robert I (primogeniture)
===House of Balliol (Disputed claimant) (1332–1356)===
Edward Balliol was the son of King John Balliol, who had himself ruled for four years following his election in the Great Cause. Following his abdication, John Balliol lived out his life in obscurity in Picardy, France. During the minority of David II, Edward Balliol seized the opportunity to assert his claim to the throne, and backed by the English, he defeated the forces of David's regency and was himself crowned king at Scone in 1332. He was quickly defeated by loyalist forces and sent back to England. With English support, he would mount two more attempts to seize the throne again, in 1333 and 1335, each time his actual control of the throne was brief before being sent back to England, for the last time in 1336. When David returned from exile in 1341 to rule in his own right, Edward lost most of his support. When David II was captured in battle in 1346, Edward made one last attempt to seize the throne for himself but had little support and the campaign fizzled before it gained much traction. In 1356 he renounced all claims to the throne.
Name 	Portrait	Birth 	Marriage(s)	Death 	Claim
Edward Balliol1332–1356	 	1283 Son of John Balliol and Isabella de Warenne	None 	1367Doncaster, Englandaged 83–84	Son of John Balliol, candidate of the English to replace the exiled David II
===House of Stewart/Stuart (1371–1651)===
Robert the Stewart was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II. Consequently, he was at his accession a middle-aged man, already 55, and unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who also ascended in middle age at 53 in 1390, and suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding five boy kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from the crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable. James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination. James III was killed in a civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his son. When James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's wife, Mary of Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering the noble factions, distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I, the daughter of James V, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favored Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism. She was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was imprisoned in various castles and manor houses for eighteen years and finally executed for treason against the English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by Henry, Lord Darnley, a junior member of the Stewart family, became King as James VI.
James VI became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603 when his cousin Elizabeth I died. Thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England. Charles I, James's son, found himself faced with the Civil War. The resultant conflict lasted eight years and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end. The Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England and declared that Charles II, son, and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651 when the armies of Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and drove him into exile.
Name 	Portrait	Birth 	Marriage(s) 	Death 	Dynastic status
Robert IIthe Stewart1371–1390 	 	2 March 1316Paisley Abbeyson of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland and Marjorie Bruce 	Elizabeth Mure1336 (uncertain canonicity)1349 (with Papal dispensation)ten childrenEuphemia de Ross2 May 1355four children 	19 April 1390Dundonald Castleaged 74 	grandson of Robert I through his daughter(primogeniture)
Robert III(born John Stewart)the Lame King1390–1406	 	unknownson of Robert II and Elizabeth Mure 	Anabella Drummond1367seven children 	4 April 1406Rothesay Castleaged about 69 	son of Robert II (primogeniture)
James I1406–1437 	 	late July 1394Dunfermline Abbeyson of Robert III and Anabella Drummond 	Joan BeaufortSouthwark Cathedral2 February 1424eight children 	21 February 1437Church of the Friars Preachers of Blessed Virgin and Saint Dominic at Perthaged about 42 (assassinated)	son of Robert III (primogeniture)
James IIFiery Face1437–1460 	 	16 October 1430Holyrood Abbeyson of James I and Joan Beaufort 	Mary of GueldersHolyrood Abbey3 July 1449seven children 	3 August 1460Roxburgh Castleaged 29 	son of James I (primogeniture)
James III1460–1488 	 	10 July 1451Stirling Castle or St Andrews Castleson of James II and Mary of Guelders 	Margaret of DenmarkHolyrood Abbey13 July 1469three children 	11 June 1488Sauchie Burnaged 36 	son of James II (primogeniture)
James IV1488–1513 	 	17 March 1473Stirling Castleson of James III and Margaret of Denmark 	Margaret TudorHolyrood Abbey8 August 1503six children 	9 September 1513Flodden Field, Northumberland, Englandaged 40 	son of James III (primogeniture)
James V1513–1542 	 	15 April 1512Linlithgow Palaceson of James IV and Margaret Tudor 	Madeleine of ValoisNotre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France1 January 1537no childrenMary of GuiseNotre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France18 May 1538three children 	14 December 1542Falkland Palaceaged 30 	son of James IV (primogeniture)
Mary I1542–1567 	 	8 December 1542Linlithgow Palacedaughter of James V and Mary of Guise 	François II, King of France24 April 1558no childrenHenry Stuart, Lord DarnleyPalace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh9 July 1565one childJames Hepburn, 4th Earl of BothwellPalace of Holyroodhouse15 May 1567no children	8 February 1587Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, Englandaged 44 (executed) 	daughter of James V (cognatic primogeniture)
James VI1567–1625 	 	19 June 1566Edinburgh Castleson of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Mary I 	Anne of DenmarkOld Bishop's Palace, Oslo, Norway23 November 1589seven children 	27 March 1625Theobalds House, Hertfordshire, Englandaged 58 	son of Mary I (primogeniture)
Charles I1625–1649 	 	19 November 1600Dunfermline Palaceson of James VI and Anne of Denmark 	Henrietta Maria of FranceSt Augustine's Church, Canterbury, England13 June 1625nine children 	30 January 1649Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, Englandaged 48 (executed) 	son of James VI (primogeniture)
Charles II1649–1651 	 	29 May 1630St James's Palace, Westminster, Englandson of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	Catherine of BraganzaPortsmouth, England14 May 1662no children 	6 February 1685Palace of Whitehallaged 54 	son of Charles I (primogeniture)
===Third Interregnum (1651–1660)===
===House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)===
With the Scottish Restoration, the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more but Scotland's rights were not respected. During the reign of Charles II, the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James II himself became James VII in 1685. His Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic. The two were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament and ruled together as William II and Mary II.
An attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire through the Darien Scheme, in rivalry to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish nobles who financed the venture for their profit bankrupt. This coincided with the accession of Queen Anne, daughter of James VII. Anne had multiple children but none of these survived her, leaving as her heir her half-brother, James, then living in exile in France. The English favored the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir. Many Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve the union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain, ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and some subterfuge as a total majority of signatories were needed to ratify the Scottish parliament's assent, bribes, and payments. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as monarchs of Great Britain, and from 1801 of the United Kingdom.
Name 	Portrait	Birth 	Marriage(s) 	Death 	Claim
Charles II1660–1685	 	29 May 1630St James's PalaceSon of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France 	Catherine of BraganzaPortsmouth, England14 May 1662No children 	6 February 1685Palace of WhitehallAged 54 	Son of Charles I (primogeniture)
James VII1685–1688 	 	14 October 1633St James's PalaceSon of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France 	Anne HydeThe Strand, London, England3 September 1660Eight childrenMary of ModenaDover, England21 November 1673Seven children	16 September 1701Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceAged 67	Son of Charles I (primogeniture)
Mary II1689–1694 	 	30 April 1662St James's Palace, EnglandDaughter of James VII (II of England) and Anne Hyde 	St James's Palace4 November 1677No children. A miscarriage may have rendered Mary infertile 	28 December 1694Kensington Palace, EnglandAged 32 	Daughter of James VII (offered the crown by the Parliament)
William II1689–1702	 	4 November 1650Binnenhof, The Hague, Republic of the Seven United NetherlandsSon of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal	St James's Palace4 November 1677No children. A miscarriage may have rendered Mary infertile 	8 March 1702Kensington PalaceAged 51 	Grandson of Charles I (offered the crown by the Parliament)
Anne1702–1707( 	 	6 February 1665St James's PalaceDaughter of James VII and Anne Hyde 	George of DenmarkSt James's Palace28 July 16835 children, none of whom survived childhood; 12 miscarriages and still-births 	1 August 1714Kensington PalaceAged 49 	Daughter of James VII (primogeniture)Bill of Rights 1689
==Acts of Union==
The Acts of Union were twin Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, agreed on 22 July 1706, following prolonged negotiation between Queen Anne's Commissioners representing both parliaments. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a united Kingdom of Great Britain.Welcome parliament.uk, accessed 7 October 2008
Scotland and England had shared a common monarch since the Union of the Crowns in 1603 when the Scottish king James VI succeeded to the English throne. Although described as a Union of Crowns, before the Acts of Union of 1707, the crowns of the two separate kingdoms had rested on the same head. Three unsuccessful attempts (in 1606, 1667, and 1689) were made to unite the two kingdoms by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments to succeed, thereby bringing the two separate states together under a single parliament as well as a single monarch.
==Later claimants==
James VII continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. When he died in 1701, his son James inherited his father's claims and called himself James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland. He would continue to do so all his life, even after the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were ended by their merging as the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1715, a year after the death of his half-sister, Queen Anne, and the accession of their cousin George of Hanover, James landed in Scotland and attempted to claim the throne. He failed and was forced to flee back to the Continent. A second attempt by his son Charles, on behalf of his father, in 1745–6, also failed. Both James's children died without legitimate issue, bringing the Stuart family to an end.
*"James VIII", also known as The Old Pretender, son of James VII, was claimant from 1701 until he died in 1766.
*"Charles III", also known as The Young Pretender and often called Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James VIII, was claimant from his father's death until his death in 1788 without legitimate issue.
*"Henry I", brother of Charles III and youngest son of James VIII. Died unmarried in 1807.
After 1807, the Jacobite claims passed first to the House of Savoy (1807–1840), then to the Modenese branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1840–1919), and finally to the House of Wittelsbach (since 1919). The current heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria. Neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim.
In 1971, Ugandan President Idi Amin proclaimed himself to be the uncrowned king of Scotland, although this claim gained no international recognition.
==Timeline of Scottish monarchs==
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 from: 843 till: 1034 color: al text:[[House of Alpin|Alpin]]
 from: 1034 till: 1286 color: du text:[[House of Dunkeld|Dunkeld]]
 from: 1286 till: 1290 color: fa text:[[House of Fairhair|Fairhair]]
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 from: 1306 till: 1371 color: br text:[[House of Bruce|Bruce]]
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 from: 1567 till: 1651 color: su text:[[House of Stuart|Stuart]]
 from: 1651 till: 1660 color: cw text:[[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]
 from: 1660 till: 1707 color: su text:[[House of Stuart|Stuart]] (restored)
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 from: 843 till: 858 color:al text:[[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth I]]
 from: 858 till: 862 color:al text:[[Donald I of Scotland|Donald I]]
 from: 862 till: 877 color:al text:[[Constantine I of Scotland|Constantine I]]
 from: 877 till: 878 color:al text:[[Áed of Scotland|Áed]]
 from: 878 till: 889 color:al text:[[Giric of Scotland|Giric]]
 from: 878 till: 889 color:al text:[[Eochaid of Scotland|Eochaid]]
 from: 889 till: 900 color:al text:[[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]]
 from: 900 till: 943 color:al text:[[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]]
 from: 943 till: 954 color:al text:[[Malcolm I of Scotland|Malcolm I]]
 from: 954 till: 962 color:al text:[[Indulf of Scotland|Indulf]]
 from: 962 till: 967 color:al text:[[Dub of Scotland|Dub]]
 from: 967 till: 971 color:al text:[[Cuilén of Scotland|Cuilén]]
 from: 973 till: 977 color:al text:[[Amlaíb of Scotland|Amlaíb]]
 from: 977 till: 995 color:al text:[[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]]
 from: 995 till: 997 color:al text:[[Constantine III of Scotland|Constantine III]]
 from: 997 till: 1005 color:al text:[[Kenneth III of Scotland|Kenneth III]]
 from: 1005 till: 1034 color:al text:[[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]]
 from: 1034 till: 1040 color:du text:[[Duncan I of Scotland|Duncan I]]
 from: 1040 till: 1057 color:du text:[[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]]
 from: 1057 till: 1058 color:du text:[[Lulach of Scotland|Lulach]]
 from: 1058 till: 1093 color:du text:[[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]]
 from: 1093 till: 1097 color:du text:[[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]]
 from: 1094 till: 1094 color:du text:[[Duncan II of Scotland|Duncan II]]
 from: 1097 till: 1107 color:du text:[[Edgar of Scotland|Edgar]]
 from: 1107 till: 1124 color:du text:[[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]]
 from: 1124 till: 1153 color:du text:[[David I of Scotland|David I]]
 from: 1153 till: 1165 color:du text:[[Malcolm IV of Scotland|Malcolm IV]]
 from: 1165 till: 1214 color:du text:[[William I of Scotland|William I]]
 from: 1214 till: 1249 color:du text:[[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]]
 from: 1249 till: 1286 color:du text:[[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]]
 from: 1286 till: 1290 color:fa text:[[Margaret, Maid of Norway]]
 from: 1292 till: 1296 color:ba text:[[John Balliol]]
 from: 1306 till: 1329 color:br text:[[Robert I of Scotland|Robert I]]
 from: 1329 till: 1371 color:br text:[[David II of Scotland|David II]]
 from: 1371 till: 1390 color:sw text:[[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]]
 from: 1390 till: 1406 color:sw text:[[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]]
 from: 1406 till: 1437 color:sw text:[[James I of Scotland|James I]]
 from: 1437 till: 1460 color:sw text:[[James II of Scotland|James II]]
 from: 1460 till: 1488 color:sw text:[[James III of Scotland|James III]]
 from: 1488 till: 1513 color:sw text:[[James IV of Scotland|James IV]]
 from: 1513 till: 1542 color:sw text:[[James V of Scotland|James V]]
 from: 1542 till: 1567 color:sw text:[[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary I]]
 from: 1567 till: 1625 color:su text:[[James VI and I|James VI]]
 from: 1625 till: 1649 color:su text:[[Charles I of England|Charles I]]
 from: 1649 till: 1651 color:su text:[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]
 from: 1653 till: 1658 color:cw text:[[Oliver Cromwell]]
 from: 1658 till: 1659 color:cw text:[[Richard Cromwell]]
 from: 1660 till: 1685 color:su text:[[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (restored)
 from: 1685 till: 1689 color:su text:[[James II of England|James VII]]
 from: 1689 till: 1694 color:su text:[[Mary II of England|Mary II]]
 from: 1689 till: 1702 color:su text:[[William III of England|William II]]
 from: 1702 till: 1707 color:su text:[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]
 barset:skip
==Coronation oath==
The Scottish coronation oath sworn by James VI, Charles I, and Charles II and approved by the Parliament of Scotland in 1567:
I, N.N., promise faithfully, in the presence of the eternal, my God, that I, enduring the whole Course of my Life, shall serve the same Eternal, my God, to the utmost of my Power, accordingly as he required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and Old Testament; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Jesus Christ, the preaching of his Holy Word, and due and right administration of his Sacraments, now received and practised within this Realm; and shall abolish and oppose all false Religion contrary to the same; and shall rule the People committed to my Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his foresaid Word, and according to the lovable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, in no way repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal, my God; and shall procure to my utmost to the Kirk of God and whole Christian people true and perfect Peace in all times coming; the Rights and Rents, with all just privileges of the Crown of Scotland, I shall preserve and keep inviolate, neither shall I transfer nor alienate the same; I shall forbid and repress in all Estates and all Degrees theft, Oppression and all kind of Wrong; in all Judgements, I shall command and procure that Justice and Equity be kept to all creatures without exception, as he be merciful to me and you that is the Lord and Father of all Mercies; and out of all my lands and empire I shall be careful to root out all Heresy and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God of the foresaid Crimes; and these Things above-written I faithfully affirm by my solemn Oath.
The coronation oath sworn by William II, Mary II and Anne was approved by the Parliament of Scotland on 18 April 1689.Scottish Parliament Project. The oath was as follows:
WE William and Mary, King and Queen of Scotland, faithfully promise and swear, by this our solemn Oath, in presence of the Eternal God, that during the whole Course of our Life we will serve the same Eternal God, to the uttermost of our Power, according as he has required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and Old Testament; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Christ Jesus, the preaching of his Holy Word, and the due and right Ministration of the Sacraments, now received and preached within the Realm of Scotland; and shall abolish and gainstand all false Religion contrary to the same, and shall rule the People committed to our Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his aforesaid Word, and according to the laudable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, no ways repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal God; and shall procure, to the utmost of our power, to the Kirk of God, and whole Christian People, true and perfect Peace in all time coming. That we shall preserve and keep inviolated the Rights and Rents, with all just Privileges of the Crown of Scotland, neither shall we transfer nor alienate the same; that we shall forbid and repress in all Estates and Degrees, Reif, Oppression and all kind of Wrong. And we shall command and procure, that Justice and Equity in all Judgments be kept to all Persons without exception, us the Lord and Father of all Mercies shall be merciful to us. And we shall be careful to root out all Heretics and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God, of the aforesaid Crimes, out of our Lands and Empire of Scotland. And we faithfully affirm the Things above-written by our solemn Oath.
==See also==
*Scottish monarchs' family tree
*Palace of Holyroodhouse – The principal residence of the King of Scots.
*Duke of Rothesay – The title of the heir apparent to the Scottish throne.
*His Grace – The style of address used by the King of Scots.
*List of Scottish consorts
*Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland
*Lists of monarchs in the British Isles
*List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death
*Burial places of British royalty
==Notes==
==References==
==Bibliography==
*Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols (Edinburgh, 1922).
*
* 
*Hudson, Benjamin T., Kings of Celtic Scotland (Westport, 1994).
* 
* 
*Skene, W. F. (ed.), Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots and other Early Memorials of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1867)
==External links==
*Scottish Monarchs
*British Royal Family History – Kings and Queens of Scotland
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