Uniet Nations

Id Uniet Nations Organisation wa UNO (official-ye, Arab : منظمة منظمة الأمم المتحدة , Chinese : 联合国, Englisch : Organisation of the United Nations, Espaniol : Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Franceois : Organisation des Nations Unies, Rusk : Организация Объединённых Наций) est un intergouvernemental organisation pro international cooperation. Tayvs id inefficient Liga iom Nations, tod organisation buit establieto dien 24 October 1945 pos Mund Weir Dwo kay prevene alyo talgo conflict. Ye sien seulen, id UNO hieb 51 memberstats, sont nun 193. Id UNO chefquartier staht in Manhattan, New York City, ed brunct extraterritorialitat. Alya magn offices wehse in Geneve, Nairobi ed Vienna. Id organisation est financet med pagen we voluntar contributions om siena memberstats. Ids objectives include international sulkhbania ed securitat, promove ia menscenrects, foster social ed economic antslehnken, protege ambient ed dadwe humanitar imdadh in fall om famine, natural disaster ed armen conflict. 
 Id flag iom Uniet Nations buit widen dien 7a December 1946. Est blou (contrar os rudh, color om weir ed cruor) ed keipt un rund map ios mund vis nordtos samt un zeytouncron.
==Id mission ios UNO==
Id UNO Charta, elaboren ab i victors os Mund Weir Dwo, previs quar objectives : 
- 1) Id mantein om international pace ed securitat, comprindend id prevention iom menacen contra pace, id repression iom acts os aggression ed id paneg med pacific zariyas iom international differenden; 
- 2) Id antplehcen om sibias inter ia folks; 
- 3) International cooperation;
- 4) Id mission os buwes id UNO id "centre quer se harmonise ia effort iom nations kye ta commun ziels."
Na ta objectives, id UNO hat parkwohrt un immense wehrg in id xeimen os international public ieus. Id hat it permitten id elaboration uns diplomatic ieus, unios marieus, om conventions xiseynd space, sexen egalitat, jidal protie droghentrafique ed international terrorisme, id prevention os transnational criminalitat... Id UNO hat etignahihn organismes quom action tente kayjine menscencondition : est id fallios Hogios Commissariat pro Refugeits, ios Mund Khassiat Programme, ios International Penal Curt au idsen specialiset institutions kam ios Mund Sanitatsorganisation, ios UNESCO, ios Mund Orbatsorganisation...
Pro sulkhbania, ia prabhils udwekwnt in id Charta iom Uniet Nations dar obkwehke actual quayque id weidos os nake ir ziels ed objectives hat changet. 
 Id UNO Majlis, in New York, Uniet Stats os America.
==Ia UNO Memberstats ed id General Assemblee==
Ielg Memberstat poitt kyuses i delegeits qui represente i bi ia diplomatic organs quer id xeiht un sedd. Id identitat ielgs delegeit est recogniht ab id formalitat ios verification iom maghs. Yed, in 1974, id General Assemblee hat refuset it ei delegeit os Sud Africa id rect os sedde (reaction contra Apartheid). 
Kun uno Memberstat biht affect ab un revolution, est admiss od id nov gouvernement poitt taye med quilibt delegeits ti qui hieb est kyust ab ids predecessor. 
Kun id prever gouvernement conservet id control uns part ios Stat, quo buit id fall pro China (gouvernement os Formosa in Taywan), eiskwt, sammel quem id nov gouvernement, kyuses i Statsrepresenters; id organisation dehlct tun fayssale. Tiel 1971, id gouvernement os Formosa representit China; pon tod tarikhe, est id (communiste) gouvernement os Peking. Id sam problem hat tyohcen pro Kampuchea quod buit represented in id UNO tiel 1991 ab id delegation ios democratic Kampuchea menxu ee-amtireneut pon 1979 id gouvernement ios Popules Respublic Kampuchea. 
Voluntar sgumto ne est previden ab id Charta, bet ne est bant ed Indonesia hat also sgwohmt ex id UNO in 1965 bet hat emto tsay ter sien place in 1966. 
Exclusion est un denda swohrto protie members qua infrange persistent-ye ia Charta obligations. Kyimt ab id vetorect, est difficil ad enover (deuysen, in October 1974, uns tentative exclusion os Sud Africa ob apartheid). 
Uno member poitt also bihe suspenden ex id bungos om sien quant rects, sekwent id sam proceddure, sei commit un aggression. 
Habend un general vocation ad maimourasce med vasya questions de ia ziels ios Charta, id General Assemblee bunct de sulkhbania functions analog tibs ios Securitatsconcil samt un double reserve : 
- a) Hat neid decisionsmagh edghi ne poitt impones sem dwineghsaction. 
- b) Ne poitt emitte recommandations de un re quosmed id Securitatsconcil est maimour. 
 UNO Hindi sulkhbans in id Democratic Respublic ios Congo. Id UNO Sulkhbanaskar, popular-ye gnohn ka "blou helms" ob id color ios kufya tim askaris, sont militar corpsa maimour med retulges ed mantines pace in conflict zones, med uperwakhe ed observe pace processa ed bringhes assistence in id dostriction om pace traiteits. Agent sub direct mandat ios UNO Securitatsconcil ed gwehment ex ia armees ed polices iom Memberstats, id UNO ne xeihnd solg wi forces.
==Id Securitatsconcil ed sulkhbania==
Nibo rikes anarchia, tehrpt bihe proclamen od : 
- id ban os silahneud ab ia Stats est un ius cogens dastur; 
- id monopol os silahneud bayght id Mundorganisation, preciser-ye id Securitatsconcil. Bunct id pro id defense iom prabhils ios Charta, auter direct-ye we legitimend-ye med un express mandat un individual au collective statal action; 
- id naudhwardrect ne poitt bihe extens ad preventive ni dar minter ad preemptive defense. 
Id Securitatsconcil est id saul UNO organ quod poitt eme wajib decisions ghehldmon pro ia Memberstats, eni id quader os sulkhbania; bet id act opser-ye med recommandations. 
Est un restrict organ quod comprindt 15 members, qua sont : 
- Penk permanent members kyusen ab id Charta, qua sont China, France, id USSR, id Uniet Roydem ed ia Uniet Stats. 
Pos id fin ios USSR, id sedd hat bihn xihn ab Russia. 
- Dec non-permanent members elect pro dwo yars ab id General Assemblee, pwoludnoven ielg yar. Dehlgent ses chusen yeji un politic-geographic daysa quod deught ielg yar sem difficultats. Tod numer om dec resultet ex un amendement ei Charta in gwis pon dien 31 August 1965; prever, eent six. 
Id vote proceddure : 
- Deliberations de proceddure questions, minst important, sont hassilet med un 9 stehmen majoritat (7 pre id 1965 reforme)
- Pro alter questions, meist important, deliberations sont hassilet med un affirmative 9 stehmen vote samt vasya stehms iom permanent members. 
Id vetorect permit ielgi permanent member blocke id vote mecanisme. Buit extenden do id bestehmen iom proceddure questions ed buit nuden eni id quader ios Srig Weir, besonters tem ab id USSR quem id hat paralysen id Securitatsconcil in vasya xeimens. Buit restrict meis au minter legal-ye : 
- Idpet Charta prescript od ia stehms iom parties uni dawa endersoct ab id Securitatsconcil ne dehlgent conte. 
- Abstehmen est ayt ne skeipend veto. 
- Buit ayt sam-ye id absence al representer uns permanent member. 
- "Union pro Pace" Resolution 337 hat transfert ei General Assemblee ia bungsa ios Securitatsconcil de sulkhbania in fall os blockade med veto. 
Id vetorecto tyehct ex id dayi od ia decisions de qua ia megil stieures hant samstohmen ghehldsient facil-ye pro id hol mund. Id fin ios confrontation inter ia blocks alnos actualeiht tod dayi. Ia penk permanent members gwehme do discutte ed wides inter ia id prabhil resolutionen qua ia poskwo accepteihnt ia non-permanent members. Id oistambht mae sem decision bihe emen protie ia interesses unios megil stieure quod zowngschie ne bespehciet id. Samt id fin ios Srig Weir, id neud ios vetorect hat biht rarer, bet ne hat disprohpt ed id menace os bunges id ab Russia hat isnaht ia Uniet Stats ad ornuwes militar actions contra Irak in December 1998, contra id prever Yugoslavia (Kosovo) in Mart 1999, ed bilhassa, dieno 19 Marto 2003, iter contra Irak, exter id UNO quader. 
Kay responde ad grave Menaces contra pace, UNO police forces (blou helms) buir creet : in Misr in 1956, in Congo in 1960, in Cypros in 1964, in Mediorient in 1978, in Lubnan in 1978, in Yugoslavia in 1992, etc. Ta forces, skipen via recommandations, oppst-ye ios Securitatsconcil bet yando ios General Assemblee, sont baygh different ud qua eent previden ab Capitel VII ios Charta. 
Ir rol est se interpones inter duschman forces ed ne intervene contra un aggressor. Hant also prispohct passive-ye id tyrk aggression in Cypros in 1974 ed id Israeli aggression in Lubnan in 1982. Id fin ios Srig Weir hat amplifiet id rol tom operations qua ghehdent dadwe sem humanitar assistence. 
Ir skeipen est voluntar, sont formet med contingents leur-ye dadwt ab Stats non-involven in id conflict ed bihnt yist epstet tik samt id samstehmen ios territorial Stat : itak dohlg ia bihe stract ex Misro sekwent id beuden ios misri gouvernement in Mai 1967. 
Ir financen buit swekwohrn, auter ab wajib contributions iom Stats eni id quader ios budget ios organisation, quo buit contesten ab sems ex ia, qua ne hant payght ir skolt - quo hat dribhen un financial crise ios Organisation - au ab voluntar contributions. Eti, observationsmissions, samt meis-ye limitet effectives, bihnt yando creet kay uperwakhe id dostriction om cessetpiurn playcts (mathalan in Kashmir in 1949 ed 1965, in Lubnan in 1958, inter Irak ed Iran in 1988...). 
Ed, kay vergihes od sia zaruri id samstehmen iom members ios Securitatsconcil au ios General Assemblee, multinational interpositionsforces buir creen exter id UNO; tod ios Sinay est enplaceneut pon 1982; dwo alya hant wohrct in Lubnan, preter ex Augusto do September 1982, dwoter ex September 1982 do Marto 1984. 
Submiss ei preponderant influence iom megil stieures nam-ye kyust ab id Charta bayna i victors os Mund Weir Dwo, id Securitatsconcil neti est representative dayir id nundiens mund. Id question ios reforme ios Securitatsconcil surfacet; biht discuttneut pon 2004; leitiet de megerihes id numer em permanent representers do ia magnest contributors ei budget ios organisation (Japan, Deutschland...), ibs meist befolken Stats (Hind, Brasilu...), ibs representers os Africa (Sud Africa, Nigeria, Misr...). Bet id reforme suppont un Charta revision, idghi samstehmen iom actual permanent members; also, hatta imaginend-ye ke ta nov permanent members ne behandient vetorect, id ne hat, taiptro, ghohdt bihe riawdalsen. 
 António Guterres (gnahn in 1949) est un prever Premier Minister os Portugal qui est is nevt UNO Secretar-General ab dien 1sto Januar 2017.
==Id UNO Secretariat==
Est un administrative organ skipt ab un personel em international kwehrants quim chef est un secretar-general. 
El Secretar-General est taukilet ab id General Assemblee, sekwent recommandation ios Securitatsconcil, pro penk udnovim yars. Els bungsa sont administrative ed politic : 
- Est el hogstis kwehrant ios organisation, chef ios secretariat quos personelum el taukilet. 
- Els politic rolo limiten ab id Charta ei magh os refere ei Securitatsconcil cada re compromittend pace hat crohsct muhim-ye pon el buit maimour med diplomatic missions ed id direction ios UNO askar. Successive titulars : Trygve Lie, Dag Hammarskjöld, U Thant, Kurt Waldheim, Javier Perez de Cuellar, Boutros Boutros Ghali, Kofi Annan, Ban Ki-Moon. 
Id personel est taukilet ab el Secretar-General sekwent presentation iren respective gouvernements, international kwehrants ne dehlgent bereulens ex ta; ir independence est consecren ab immunitats. Brungend id protection ios organisation contra ia damna qua ghehdient im inflige ia Stats, sont protegen contra ia maghexcessa ios organisation ab id UNO administrative tribunal. 
 Un UNO plav landt kay bringhes imdadh do Sud Sudan; id secession tos land ex Sudan buit recogniht ab senter ka in gwis yant dien 9 Jul 2011, ed bihsit id 193t UNO Memberstato dien 14 Jul 2011. Remant lakin plagen ab civil weir.
==Id ECOSOC==
Id UNO Economic ed Social Concil (ECOSOC) est un organ om "initiative ed coordination" tem maimour med refugeits, natural ressurces, id promotion om crosct ed posdaril antslehnken, scientific ed technic matiers quem regional cooperation. Un project exist kay transforme id do un plenar organ ob id crehscend complexitat idsen tasken. Samghatend ye tri yarsessions in New York ed Geneve, id ECOSOC hat creet in conformitat con Article 68 ios Charta mult subsidiar organs ed permanent commissions. Coordinet id action iom specialisen institutions ed tod iom NGOs. Id orbat ios Concil unte id yar biht act ab ids organs - commissions ed comitees - qua samghate ye regular tempsa ed bayane ei Concil. 
Id ECOSOC comprindt 54 members elect ab id General Assemblee pro 3 yars samt udnoven uns tridel ielg yar. Ia Penkwe Megils sont de facto sonst de jure semper reelect. Id votet recommandations med simple majoritat. 
 Ia representer ios UNO Secretar-General inauguret un Cultural Centre quod hat bihn renoven ab id Operation iom Uniet Nations in Côte d'Ivoire (ONUCI). In 2011, ex-president Laurent Gbagbo, marloubiht ab Alassane Ouattara unte ia presidential elections uperwakhen ab id UNO, refusit accepte id resultat ios vote neudend-ye violence. Is buit arresten ab UNO ed Franceois soldats ed pro-Outtara forces, ed buit judcet, dind innocentiht ab id International Penal Curt. Côte d'Ivoire hat retrohven taiper economic crosct.
==Ia challenges ios credibilitat ios UNO==
Id rol ios UNO kay jidale protie plagas heihnda menscgenos est baygh-ye controvers. Ia Uniet Stats promovskwnt id dayir menscenrects - George W; Bush in September 2004 hieb vanschen id creation uns Fund pro - au kay kardwne id regime os non-proliferation om nuclear armes au pro id jidal contra terrorisme bet, eti, marginalisent id UNO in alya xeimens kam id defense os ambient. Also, id credibilitat ios UNO, quod siet depende ids actionsimkan in ta important questions, remant ad demonstre. Bi tod sabab kardwnt id UNO sien diemens ye regional nivell kam deict id Nov Partnerspect pro Africas antslehnken instituen in 2002. 
Cada modification ios Charta suppont id majoritat iom dwo tridels iom UNO Memberstats ed id unanimitat iom penkwe Stats permanent members ios Securitatsconcil. Tik oik nisbatan-ye minora reformes buir yinjier parkwohrt nespekent id skepticitat oitern ed id resistence altern, besonters iom Uniet Stats. Also, is prever Secretar-General Kofi Annan hat favoriset id entren ommeis quem 2000 Non-gouvernemental organisations - ex qua sems sont eti baygh-ye contestet; hat lancen projects de ia meger social challenges; hat kathalika concluden un contracto con ia meger entreprises dayir id programme "Global Compact", bet id essential remant kwehrtu. Ia proposens os modifie ia UNO management proceddures ed structures mathmounen in 2006 in diversa reports tun kwiten historic hant adducen neid.
Category:Politique