Sambahsa

Sambahsa wa Sambahsa-Mundialect est un international hehlpplanbahsa invent ab iom franceois linguiste Olivier Simon. Bayna ta planbahsas, id est categoriset ka "tienxiaplanbahsa". Keiht ep id oraryo bahsa ed hat uno nisbatan complexe grammatic. Hat un plaut werdskaut ed pelu talim ed reference documents.
Preter men part ios nam ios bahsa, "Sambahsa", component dwo werds ex todpet bahsa, "sam" ed "bahsa", "sam" maynend her "commun", "pro quantens". "Mundialect" de est un fusion om "mundial" ed "dialect".
Sambahsa peit preserve bilkull id tienjien script forme iom werds ed to complexifiet ids orthographia, quayque id remant regular. Sont quar declinationsfalls : nominative, accusative, dative ed genitive.
Sambahsa, quayque id keiht ep oraryo, launt un wassime proportion siens werdskaut ex bahsas kam Arab, Chinese, Indonesian, Swahili ed Tyrk, bayghent-ya divers alya linguistic familias.
== Ia prabhils os Sambahsa ==
Maung « auxlangers » (yani creators om planbahsas bestohmt pro international communication) se focuse extreme-ye ep simplicitat quando concepent ir bahsas. Planent ir bahsas khaliban pro basic situations, kam, mathalan, quando semanghen safert in kharij ed sprehct de id itner kyid airport, we kaupskwt cadadien items bei local dukan. Ye O.Simons mayn, quayque un planbahsa ghehdt ses mukhsen in un tolg situation, tod naudh est nundiens ja pleht ab lyt Englisch au ab pauk gnohsas de id local bahsa. Daydey, sei smos parat ad hehlpe un gospoti forgwaht in nies land, ne blamems el sei els grammatic au lexical gnohsa est imperfect. 
Formeller matiers naudhe un perfect au quasi perfect ilm ios nudt bahsa. In talga xeimens, sessiet semper un difference (ed, schowi, un discrimination) inter i materbahtors, qui pancsient ia reuls kay kehnse cada « dohbro usage » irs bahsa, ed alters. Ka recent exempel, id Tarjem Section ios EU Commission hat tohrpt mehmihes sien personel od documents oiscript in Englisch sont bestohmt pro leuds in id Uniet Roydem (pre id Brexit...) ed Erin, ed ne pro id interne folossien im EU kwehrants, ob senters hieb antplohcen ir wi version os Englisch, quod viduxit do mispretens con « realens leuds », yani i EU civs qui sont materbahtors os Englisch.
Samt solga conditions, un plen-ye antplohct planbahsa ghehdt ses un solution, ob id ne creet difference inter materbahtors ed ne-materbahtors. Ka artificial bahsa, id est maflouk ud ia idiomes qua remane complexe hatta pro unem ne-materbahtor samt un kemall-ye gohd gnohnivell. 
Proghi Sambahsa, simplicitat est tik oin objective bayna naturalitat (quod impliet internationalitat), briegve ed precision.
=== Naturalitat ===
Sambahsa keiht ep preexistend bahsas retohxt bilkull logic-ye. 
Sontghi maung lexical camps ghyant ad interbahsa exchange. Mathalan, id technic ed scientific werdskaut maungen bahsas gwehmt ex Latin au Hellen. It, id meist facil ed practic pro un planbahsa est simple-ye ghende tod vocabular. Bet quod de ia meist basic components, grammatical au lexical, qua cada bahsa mathmount ? Sambahsas dayi esti sume Orhindeuropay (oraryo), un reconstruct lingua quod buit baht meis quem 5000 yars prever in Sudrussia. Oraryios descendants (pati Englisch) sont baht nundiens ab id dwidel os menscgenos. Anghen ghehdiet argue od alter dwidel est desvantaget, bet un talg vid est prabh tik unte uno meg limiten meid. Maung bahtors nearyen bahsas euce un aryo bahsa bi quodgvonc sabab unte ir jumiung; un aryo “logic” bahsa sollt ses im minter onost quem un aryo natural bahsa. Ed moderne arya bahsas ghehde abvices drastic-ye ud oraryum in maunga xeimens. Id men cheus oraryios hat est khaliban-ye motivet ab id nieudhe os dadwe ad Sambahsa un stable base ep quod id ghehdiet confident-ye se nastruge; ne lit de oiscrisces un aysaiwo bahsa quod khakiet satisface ia keupens om auser zamans. Id reconstrugen aysaiwo vocabular est weidwos rhayr kafi, ed her alya moderner bahsas dehlge bihe recurs. 
Oin solution habiet ghohden ses eme id demographic importance iom moderne bahsas, ed nudes ta procentages kay hissabe id smyehr ielgios in id vocabular ios planbahsa. Okwivid-ye ta hoydic procentages differnt significant-ye ud ta ios (mathalan) XIX secule. Id solution hat esto chehxe ia launwerds trohft in variat bahsas ob sont minter changil, chunke id international position os uno “mundlingua” ghehdt bihe alteren dramatic-ye af historic wakyas. Mathalan, Parsi dieughit ka lingua franca in pleisto Sudasia, hin ids prestige sohnk ob id decline ios Ottoman Empire ed id Britisch krig os Hind. Quayque Englisch ghehdt ses meis util quem Parsi pro semanghen safernd in pleista Sudasiat lands nundiens, id awo vyige os Parsi ghehdt dar ses midt med id quantitat om Parsi launwerds in ia linguas baht in ta regions. Iaghi launwerds ex Englisch do ta bahsas maghe ses restrict ad meg specialiset topics, kam sports ed computer programmation, au gouvernemental res in prever Britisch colonias. Resultat-ye, Sambahsa dar includt uno majoritat “Europayen” werds bet ghyant sien dwers alyims continents, besonters ad Arab-Parsi isoglosses quom tienxia impact hat esen pior frequent-ye misvohrten ab auxlangers. Fulan tolkmon in plur major bahsas ghehdt desciffer Sambahsa.
=== Briegve ===
O.Simon regret od hoydic major planbahsas trende habe forlonct werds, samt empedisant endens au affixes. Ya, grammatical marken ed composen hant ir vantages, bet ir forneuden creet formes qua tehrbe wakto kay bihe analysen, ed id holo lexical construct maght ya vicollabe ed lipses sien final objective os clartat. Smad chehxe Englisch : ne-materbahtors ghehdent daydey tekhnasse med ids basicst werds ed kheissent yower dia ids cort synthetic werds quem dia meis-ye transparent bet longer constructs trohft in alya natural au artificial bahsas. Tant subjective quem to maght kwehke, “cort” tengiesiet semper meis facil ed ghesorim quem un composit kam “ne-longe-went”. Id resultat est od Englisch, speit sien quant idiosyncrasias, kwehct meis practic ka mundlingua quem hoydic maschourst planbahsas. Pro Sambahsa, buit piten trehve un tula inter analytic ed synthetic formes. Pro id scriben bahmen, oino iom surcen os inspiration hat esen Arab. In id moderne standardo tos bahsa, sem declinational endens sont optional, nudt bi-sabab euphonia au poesis. To est id itner sohkwt pro Sambahsa. 
=== Precision ===
Id hat esen ye alter bors ios waga quan id ed simplicitat buir comvyict. Kay dahe just un general exempel, Sambahsa wehrct med quar declinational falls, menxu oraryo hieb sept. Buit gwupt quar preters (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive) ob sont intensive-ye nudt, menxu tri alters ghehde ses tayt med prepositions (kamghi sont in maunga moderne bahsas). Oraryo hieb declinational endens, bet nia articles. Punor, Sambahsa hat neid ijbaric declination pro nomens ed adjectives ob solg endens trendent dleghihes werds, klombhihes iro recognibilitat, ed ob alya wassilas (kam declinen compact articles, werdaurdhen) dadwnt meis precision, briegve ed/au simplicitat. Id neud om monosyllabic compact pronomens samt parallel declinations sammel bragvent Sambahsa jumlas ed deict kweiter-ye id syntactic rol ielgs iren components. Kathalika, Orarya verbal kweits hant est gwupt quan ia brigh meis briegve ed/au precision. Itak id medio-passive, mathalan, hat esen arken. 
Dyeite ia sehkwnda mustras : (Oraryo) *ghwent H3egwim / (Sambahsa) gvehnt iom ogvi / (Englisch) he slays the serpent. 
Englisch est longer bet bringht un precision de id genos ios “gvehner”. Sambahsa “iom” deict od is Ogvi est ner, ed est is object ios action, menxu Englisch “the” kwehrt neuter. 
(Oraryo) H3egwis ghuno / (Sambahsa) Is ogvi biht gvohnt / (Englisch) The serpent gets slain. 
Sei Sambahsa habiet un synthetic forme kam oraryo *ghuno, tod ne esiet corter quem biht gvohnt, ni meis facil ni preciser. Itak Sambahsa sehkwt her id analytic via. 
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== Werdskaut ==
Ob ids werdskaut anter large pro un auxlang (taiper in 2024, ia Sambahsa dictionars do [bariem] Franceois ed Portughesche mathmoune meis quem 20 000 lignes), moliet vehrte id smyehr ielgs bahsa do Sambahsas eclectic vocabular. Lakin, ia magna schikhts sont (kweter reconstrugen we extrapolen) id Oraryo Werdskaut, id Hellen-Roman scientific ed technic werdskaut (quod niet bihe chohxt herender) ed multiple surces oistrehcend ex Westeurope tiel Downgjien.
=== Oraryo werdskaut ===
Id eten os Sambahsa werdskaut est indenegable-ye Oraryios origin. Tik pauk Sambahsa werds orgwehme ex pre-Orarya tids (kam "kamwns", cf. Euskal : ahuntz). Maung basic Sambahsa werds sont schowi samlik irims reconstrugen Oraryims contraparts : vidte (Sambahsa/oraryo): eghi/H₁eghis, ghelgh/ghelghe- , pehk/pek, skand/skand, peungst/pn̥kʷsti-, wobhel/wobhel- , gwah/gweH₂ , tox/tòksom ("eiv" in oraryo), treb/trêbs, oit/H₁òitos, poti/potis. Bet semschi mins attestet orarya werds sonti trehvim in Sambahsa : mathalan "anghen" ex - maghses - oraryo ?*H₂enH₁ǵh, tik visible in Awo Armene "anjn" ed Awo Norren "angi" ("odor"), menxu "motic" est possible-ye gendel con Englisch "mattock" (sligon).
=== Na-antslehnken ab id oraryo keihmen ===
Esdi Sambahsa, kam ceter conlangs, hat derivationsreuls, id yando neudt retroformation yaschi. Mathalan, Id sibia inter Lietuvan "bendras" ("commun"), Awo Hellen "pentheros" ("swoker") ed Sanskrit "bandhu-" ("sokwi") est rhayr-yakin; lakin Sambahsa "reconstructi" tod raudh do "behndwr" ex id verbo "behnd". Oraryo hat "dhéǵhom" ed "dhinéǵh-" tem quem Sambahsa hat dighom/dinegh, senter ka reference ad yug/yuneg, bo ex oraryo "yugom/yuneg".
Sambahsa hat "kersnit" ex "kersen", idpet ex Awo Norren "hjarn", Lietuvan "šarma" (frost) ed Rusk "serën". Id suffixe -it buit extragen ex orarya werds kam "sepit" ed "H₂elbit" (albit).
=== Werds commun ad different linguistic familias ===
Un kweit os Sambahsa est include werds trohven in different linguistic familias, menxu ia maschourst hehlpbahsas trende se limite uni compilation os romanc werdskaut samt oik launwerds ex ia germanic linguas. Mathalan :
* "Schkaf" hat cognats in bo Germanic ed Slav bahsas : Rusk шкаф, Polec szafa, Ukrainsk шафа, Dansk skab, Islensk skápur, Frankisch dialect schaaf ed Svensko skåp.
* "Graf" est un deutsch werd ex Hellen grapheùs quod hat est launto do maung linguas pati Aserbayjani qraf, Bulgar граф, Chekh hrabě, Dansko greve, Eestla krahv, Horvat grof, Magyaro gróf, Suomen kreivi, Lietuvan grafas, Islensk greifi ed Rusko граф.
* "Bicair" est gendel ad deutsch Becher ed maungims alyims germanic bahsas. Gwehmt ex niterlatin bicarium ed ex id orienti Magyar pohár, Italian bicchiere ed Romune pahar, quanta maynend 'glas'.
* "Saray" gwehmt ex Parsi ed wehse in maung bahsas, pati Tyrk edschi Rusk (in senter lingua, maynt "horgno").
=== Id Balkan Sprachbund ===
Quayque bayghent different linguistic familias, ia linguas bahn in Sudeust Europe smyehrnt uno numer om commun grammatical kwekmors ed om launwerds due ir historic aptergrund. Itak Sambahsa includt werds ex tod iklime.
* "Schut" correspondt Romune șut, Bulgar/Serb-Horvat šut ed Schkip shut.
* "Potire" gwehmt ex Awo Hellen ποτήρ, lkam Serb-Horvat путир, Rusk потир, Romune ed Schkip potir.
* "Keramide" gwehmt ex Hellen κεραμίδα, hat-yod dahn, inter alya, Romune cărămidă ('brick, istia') ed Arab قرميدة qirmîda(t) "tegule".
=== Werds ex Arab ed Parsi ===
Un significant part os Sambahsas werdskaut gwehmt ex Arab ed Parsi. Bo bahsas hant muhim-ye dadwt launwerds uni lexical continuum strehcend ex id Atlantic Ocean tiel Indonesia ob, respective-ye, id expansion os Islam ed id brilliance ios prever Parsi civilisation. Sambahsa eucmaterials yando name tod strate "Muslim".
* "Amlak" gwehmt ex Arab أملاك ed wehst in Tyrk emlak ('vetat') ed Parsi املاک.
* "Zina" gwehmt ex Arab زنا ed wehst in Parsi ed maung alya linguas bahn ab uno majoritat em Muslims.
* "Adarb" gwehmt ex Espaniol adarve ed Portughesche adarve fex Arab درب ed auwal-ye Parsi در hat-yod sien originum in oraryo *dʰwer-kam Sambahsa "dwer".
=== Sinitic werdskaut ===
Classic Chinese hat enorm-ye influencet id werdskaut om jawarbahsas, khaliban Japanese, Korean ed Vietnamese. Ka resultat, Sambahsa incorporet sem Sinitic vocabular, bet ia phonetic differences inter ta variat linguas ghehde ses hog.
* "Kjingyow"correspondt 金魚, est-yod lisen jīnyú in Mandarin Pinyin ed kingyo in Japanese.
* "Geong" correspondt id khanji 城 lisen chéng in Mandarin Pinyin, jō in Japanese Go-on leisen, seong in Korean, ed thành in Vietnamese. "Rjienrlwey" est un tentative compromiss inter Mandarin rénlèi, Japanese jinrui, Korean illyu, ed alya uperwehrtens om 人類. Tod werd kwecto schuifant id kmehwent peiten ios bahsa os samswehne sammel kam vasya ziellinguas.
Ne vasya Sambahsa Sinitic werds gwehme ex Classic Chinese. Id Min Nan bahsa os Sud China hat dadwn launwerds ad sem Sudeust-Asiat linguas, maghent-ya bihe retrohven in Sambahsa.
* Sambahsa pangsit est un Indonesian werd ex Min Nan pian sit, menxu Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin) hat húndùn.
* Sam-ye, Sambahsa loteng gwehmt ex Min Nan lauteng per id Indonesian loteng.
== Literar wehrgs tarjen do Sambahsa ==
* Ia Songvs as Bilitis
* Demian
* Is Gospoti
* Is Lytil Prince
* Id Euanghelio sekwent Matyah
* Ia Aventures as Alice in Daumsenland and Through the Looking-Glass
* Id Stragno Fall om Doctor Jekyll ed Poti Hyde
* Un simple kerd
* Id Tor ios Elephant, Id Scarlato Citadell, Diabel ex Sider, Gnahsiet un Yasa, Ia Dents os Gwahlur, Zamboulas Anthropophags
* Un Scandal in Chekhia
* Kal os Cthulhu, Luna-moor
== Films samt Sambahsa subtitules ==
* Revelations
* Sayd po Gollum
* Gnaht Speh
* Ghom
* Kaydara
Category:Hehlpplanbahsas
Category:Sambahsa