English - Korean

==SBS Artech's Claim==
According to SBS Artech at the VOCALOID3 introduction, SeeU's Korean voicebank could recreate English. However, this has proven to be just a quasi equivalent of English, just as how SONiKA can recreate 90% of the Chinese language using an English voicebank. Without subtitles, some English speakers were strained to understand SeeU's "English" in her first demo song "Run!". Overall, this claim has proven to be plausible to a varying degree and the Korean engine is able to create enough "English" to be understandable and is able to more closely recreate English then Japanese. However, despite being relatively clear, the engine naturally does not produce smooth singing results without some attention and users need to take note of how Korean Vocaloids work to fix this issue.
==Language Differences==
==English to Korean==
===Techniques===
====Palatalization====
Due the Korean post-alveolar phonemes are more palatalized than their respective English semi-equivalents, it may be required add a [i:] or its respective glide counterpart [j] for achieve a closer pronunciation. The idea is adjust the note lenght, and the VEL (Velocity) to make the eeh-sound barely audible.
Alternatively, if the user is working on VOCALOID3, it can use a devoiced vowel like [i:_0] or [I_0] to achieve the same effect.
This technique also can be used for the [h] to achieve the palatal fricative, the allophone of the Korean [h] when is followed by a close front vowel like [i].
====Flap====
On intervowel context the phoneme usually is a alveolar flap, which is the similar to the flapped T/D found in the American English. It's possible achieve a similar sound combining a [r] with a D phoneme like [d], [dh] or [D]. Usually [dh] work at best, [d] usually overpowers the [r] making noticeable the D sound, while [D] usually is too weak. However as the results varies per voicebank used, the range and nearby phonemes, the best is test which combination works better.
===Conversion List===
Korean Sample in Hangul\Revised Romanization	Korean Symbol	IPA for Korean Symbol 	Equivalent / Quasiequivalent English Symbol	IPA for English Symbol
ㅏ (a) 	[a] 	[ɐ] near-open central vowel 	
[V]
[{] 	
[ʌ]
[æ]
ㅑ (ya) 	[ia] 	[jɐ] 	
[j V]
[j {] 	
[jʌ]
[jæ]
ㅓ (eo) 	[7] 	[ɤ] close-mid back unrounded vowel	
[V]
[O:] 	
[ʌ]
[ɔ:]
ㅕ (yeo) 	[i7] 	[jɤ] 	
[j V]
[j O:] 	
[jʌ]
[jɔ]
ㅐ (ae) ㅔ (e) 	[e] 	[e] mid front unrounded vowel 	[e] 	
ㅒ (yae) ㅖ (ye) 	[ie] 	[je] 	[j e] 	[je]
ㅗ (o) 	[o] 	[o] mid back rounded vowel 	
[O:]
[u:] 	
[ɔ:]
[u:]
ㅘ (wa) 	[oa] 	[wɐ] 	
[w V]
[w {] 	
[wʌ]
[wæ]
ㅙ (wae) 	[oe] 	[we] 	[w e] 	[we]
ㅚ (oe) 	[oi] 	[we] 	[w e] 	[w e]
ㅛ (yo) 	[io] 	[jo] 	
[j O:]
[j u:] 	
[jɔ:]
[ju:]
ㅜ (u) 	[u] 	[u] close back rounded vowel 	[u:] 	[u:]
ㅝ (weo) 	[u7] 	[wɤ] 	
[wV]
[wO:] 	
[wʌ]
[wɔ:]
ㅞ (we) 	[ue] 	[we] 	[w e] 	[we]
ㅟ (wi) 	[ui] 	[wi] 	[w i:] 	[wi]
ㅠ (yu) 	[iu] 	[ju] 	[j u:] 	[ju:]
ㅡ (eu) 	[M] 	[ɯ] 	[U] 	[ʊ]
ㅢ (eui) 	[Mi] 	[ɰi] 	[U i:] 	[ʊi:]
l (i) 	[i] 	[i] 	[i:] 	[i:]
ㄱ (g) 	[g] 	[g] voiced velar plosive 	
[g]
[gh] 	
[g]
[gʱ]
ㄲ (gg) 	[g'] 	[k] unvoiced velar plosive 	[k] 	[k]
ㄴ (n) 	[n] 	[n] alveolar nasal 	[n] 	[n]
ㄷ (d) 	[d] 	[d] voiced alveolar plosive 	
[d]
[dh] 	
[d]
[dʱ]
ㄸ (dd) 	[d'] 	[t] unvoiced alveolar plosive 	[t] 	[t]
ㄹ (r) 	[r] 	
[ɺ] lateral alveolar flap
[ɾ] alveolar flap
[ɽ] retroflex flap	
[l0]
[r]
[r dh] 	
[l]
[ɹ]
[ɹd]
[d]
ㄹ (l) 	[l] 	[ɭ] 	[l0] 	[l]
ㅁ (m) 	[m] 	[m] 	[m] 	[m]
ㅂ (b) 	[b] 	[b] 	
[b]
[bh] 	
[b]
[bʱ]
ㅃ (bb) 	[b'] 	[p] 	[p] 	[p]
ㅅ (s) 	[s] 	[s] 	[s] 	[s]
ㅅ (s) 	[sh] 	[ɕ] 	
[S j] or [S i:] 	
[ʃj] or [ʃi:]
ㅆ (ss) 	[s'] 	[s:] 	[s] 	[s]
ㅆ (ss) 	[sh'] 	[ɕ:] 	
[S j] or [S i:] 	
[ʃj] or [ʃi:]
ㅈ (j) 	[c] 	
[ɖʐ]
[dz] 	
[d z`]
[d z] 	
[dʐ]
[dz]
ㅉ (jj) 	[c'] 	
[ʈʂ]
[ts] 	
[t s`]
[t s] 	
[tʂ]
[ts]
ㅊ (ch) 	[ch] 	
[ʈʂʰ]
[tsʰ] 	
[t s`]
[t s] 	
[t ʂ]
[t s]
ㅋ (k) 	[k] 	[kʰ] 	[kh] 	[kʰ]
ㅌ (t) 	[t] 	[tʰ] 	[th] 	[tʰ]
ㅍ (p) 	[p] 	[pʰ] 	[ph] 	[pʰ]
ㅎ (h) 	[h] 	
[h] or [ɦ]
[ç]
[ɸ]
[x] 	
[h]
[h j] or [h i:]
[f h] or [f ph]
[kh]	
[h] or [ɦ]
[hj] or [hi:]
[fh]
[kʰ]
ㄱㄲㅋ (k) 	[gp] 	[k̚] 	[k] 	[k]
ㄴ (n) 	[np] 	[n] 	[n] 	[n]
ㄷㅅㅆㅈㅊㅌ (t) 	[dp] 	[t̚] 	[t] 	[t]
ㄹ(l) 	[rp] 	[ɭ] 	
[l0]
[@r] 	
[l]
[ɚ]
ㅁ (m) 	[mp] 	[m] 	[m] 	[m]
ㅂㅍ (p) 	[bp] 	[p̚] 	[p] 	[p]
ㅇ (ng) 	[Np] 	[ŋ] 	[N] 	[ŋ]
==Korean to English==
===Techniques===
====Consonant Clusters====
====Realization of Diphones====
A great percent of diphone vowels in English end with either [I] or [U] while these sound does not exist in Korean their equivalents are [i] or [e] and [u] or [o]. These sounds are pronounced more closed in Korean than they are in English, thus for that reason many listeners might find that pronunciation of the word "I" [aI] sounds awkward when inputted as [a i], due to the [i] phoneme being pronounced further back than the [I] phoneme actually is in English. For more casual, less stressed sounding pronunciation on diphones users might find that using [e] for [I] and [o] for [U] is more effective.
===Conversion List===
English Sample () 	English Symbol	IPA for English Symbol 	Equivalent / Quasiequivalent Korean Symbol	IPA for Korean Symbol	Notes
aware, synthesis, harmony, the	@ 	ə schwa 	
[7]
[M] 	
ɤ
ɯ 	
strut, unclean, cut,duck 	V 	ʌ open-mid back unrounded vowel 	
[7] 	
ɤ 	
them, egg 	e 	e close-mid front unrounded vowel 	[e] 	e̝ 	
kit, it, synthesis 	I 	ɪ near-close near-front unrounded vowel 	
[e]
[i] 	
e̝
i 	
beef, eat, harmony 	i: 	iː close front unrounded vowel 	[i] 	i̟ 	pronounced more in the front in Korean
trap, axe 	{ 	æ near-open front unrounded vowel 	
[e] 	e 	
taught, ought, ball 	O: 	ɔː open-mid back rounded vowel 	[7] 	ɤ 	
lot, off 	Q 	ɒ open back rounded vowel 	
[7]
[a] 	
ɤ
a 	
put, look 	U 	ʊ near-close near-back rounded vowel 	
[M]
[o] 	
ɯ
o 	
boot, view 	u: 	uː close back rounded vowel 	[u] 	u̝ 	
urge, bird, marker 	@r 	ɚ r-colored schwa 	
[7][@r] (brief [7]) 	ɤɚ 	
pay, age, date 	eI 	eɪ 	
[e i]
[e] 	
ei
e 	
buy, eye, died 	aI 	aɪ 	
[a i]
[a e] 	
ai
ae 	
boy, oil, choice 	OI 	ɔɪ 	
[7 i]
[7 e]
[o i]
[o e] 	
ɤi
ɤe
oi
oe 	
oat, soak, show 	@U 	əʊ 	
[7 u]
[7 o] 	
ɤu
ɤo 	
loud, out, cow 	aU 	aʊ 	
[a u]
[a o] 	
au
ao 	
beer, ear 	I@ 	ɪə 	
[i @r] 	
iɚ 	
bear, air, aware 	e@ 	ɛə 	[e @r] 	eɚ 	
poor, surely 	U@ 	ʊə 	
[u @r] 	uɚ 	
pour, sort, pour 	O@ 	ɔə 	
[7 @r]
[o @r] 	
ɤɚ
oɚ 	
star, are, harmony 	Q@ 	ɒə 	
[a @r] 	
aɚ 	
way 	w 	w labio-velar approximant 	
[oa]
[u7]
[ue]
[ui] 	
wa
wɤ
we
wi 	
yellow 	j 	j palatal approximant 	
[ja]
[j7]
[je]
[jo]
[ju] 	
ja
jɤ
je
jo
ju 	
cab 	b 	b voiced bilabial plosive 	
[b] (intervocalic)
[bp] (terminal) 	
p̚ 	
big 	bh 	bʱ 	[b] 	 	
bad 	d 	d voiced alveolar plosive 	
[d] (intervocalic)
[dp] (terminal) 	
t̚ 	
dog 	dh 	dʱ 	[d] 	 	
bag 	g 	g voiced velar plosive 	
[g] (intervocalic)
[gp] (terminal) 	
k̚ 	
god 	gh 	gʱ 	[g] 	 	
jeans 	dZ 	ʤ voiced postalveolar affricate 	[c] 	 	
vote 	v 	v voiced labiodental fricative 	
[v] 	 	
their 	D 	ð voiced dental fricative 	
[z]
[d] 	 	
resort 	z 	z voiced alveolar fricative 	
[z] 	 	
Asia 	Z 	ʒ voiced postalveolar fricative 	
[c]
[sh] 	 	
mind 	m 	m bilabial nasal 	
[m] (initial)
[mp] (terminal) 	 	
night 	n 	n alveolar nasal 	
[n] (initial)
[np] (terminal) 	 	
long 	N 	ŋ velar nasal 	[Np] (terminal) 	 	
red 	r 	ɹ alveolar approximant 	
[r oa]
[r u7]
[r ue]
[r ui] 	
ɽwa
ɽwɤ
ɽwe
ɽwi 	
feel 	l 	ɫ velarized alveolar lateral approximant	
[7] 	ɤ 	
list 	l0 	l alveolar lateral approximant 	[l] 	 	
dip 	p 	p voiced bilabial plosive 	
[b'] (intervocalic)
[bp] (terminal) 	
p̚ 	
peace 	ph 	pʰ 	[p] 	
pʰ 	
sit 	t 	t voiceless alveolar plosive 	
[d'] (intervocalic)
[dp] (terminal) 	
t̚ 	
top 	th 	tʰ 	[t] 	tʰ 	
rock 	k 	k voiceless velar plosive 	
[g'] (intervocalic)
[gp] (terminal) 	
k̚ 	
kiss 	kh 	kʰ 	[k] 	kʰ 	
touch 	tS 	ʧ voiceless postalveolar affricate 	
[ch]
[c'] 	
tɕʰ 	
feel 	f 	f voiceless labiodental fricative 	
[f] 	 	
think 	T 	θ voiceless dental fricative 	
[s']
[s] 	
s: 	
sea 	s 	s voiceless alveolar fricative 	
[s]
[C] (before i)
[s'] 	
s: 	
share 	S 	ʃ voiceless postalveolar fricative 	
[sh]
[sh'] 	
ɕ: 	
hat 	h 	h voiceless glottal fricative 	[h] 	 	
===Notes===
==Tutorials==
*Using SeeU to create Konglish
==Examples==
===English to Korean===
=== Korean to English ===
====Calalini====
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ZqWrjlUqFM8/default.jpg	
Cover work by AmikuGusta
Originally sung by Kaai Yuuki, Cover by SeeU
*Youtube Broadcast
====Reflection====
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/CmV-RaoUBH0/default.jpg	
Cover work by vocaloidfan301
Originally sung by Christina Aguilera, Cover by SeeU
*Youtube Broadcast
==References==
==External links==
*The Korean Learner of English: English-Korean Cross-Linguistic Challenges
==Navigation==
Category:Tutorials
Category:Conversion List