Economic systemes

Sont kyusen ka economic systemes ia structuret ed functional menghias om technic wassilas, om diksinstitutions ed social institutions, eventual-ye om theoric tolks qua bayane id management iom opost forcen in un organiset societat. 
 Bust (circum -380) os Xenophon (hellen : Ξενοφῶν, gnahn inter -430 ed -425, ed mohrn circum -355). Kwecto ex noble origin, is buit disciple os Socrates. Quayque is gnahsit ka Athenay civ, is semper preferit Sparta ed oligarchia ad Athenas ed democratia.
==Agrent preponderance==
Id archayicst, mer-ye predator, modus os economic systeme est id direct reuyden ios natural milieu (yaghen) quod kweit quasi integral-ye Prehistoria. Ye id neolithique, id domestication em Animal ed id inkapem os Agriculture induce ia prest genuin-ye economic, yani productor enderghendens. Ab tod moment ed unte meis quem dec millennia, id production om agrent anons mobiliset id major part os menscopos, id rol os wodstu limitend-se ei dadwen iom khassiat proteins ed ei enplacen uns orbatsforce lasim, inter alya, pro agherorbat.
Multiple economic systemes hant wardht ep ta bases. Sont enderkwit, schematic-ye, pastoral demseconomia, id awsto, quer wodstu, ops vagder, est predominant ed quer prehpt id inkapem uns orbatsdivision, poskwo, oins kun wikpaneg hat creet nov socio-politic structures, id agrent xeimenseconomia. Tod, product uns araszi bifanghen ab ia dominant social categorias, appellet id formation unios mandover in situation os dependence, hatta os persclaven. In tod ja elaboren economic systeme, id makhen om fabricats biht un swobod opos, in ia ghesors uns artisanat quod orbat indifferent-ye eni cada latifundium au in ia prest urban concentrations. 
Unte hellen ed roman Antiquitat, id economia keihnd ep sclaverie descript ab iens awens agronomens (Xenophon, Varro, Columella) gwehmt ender tod model : est ja deughtil kafi exceddents kay pinwes torgdrunas ed un kowp os bfufawngdiaschau opnos schahidet ab id generalisen neud os Monete (yant id VIIt secule pre JC), dind id prehpen uns proto-Capitalisme in id Hellenistic mund ed id aus Roman Imperium. 
Agrent xeimeneconomia remant id prabhil unte id Europay Uber Mediev, bet id general regression sekwos ia Folkenmigrations, id collapse iom commercial circuits ed id schrehnken os monetar kwehlen id weikbehndent do autarcic functionments nu-ya quasi bringhe tsay protohistoria : in tod context gnaht feudalisme. Punor, exter Occident, ia antique structures persiste in id Rhomay Imperium ed in id arab-muslim mund, menxu id generalisation os irriget risbeuwen duct ei apparition, in mussim Asia, om meg performant ed meg elaboret economic systemes.
Pos anno mil, ed aun od agrent preponderance sia rencauset, id xeimensysteme in Occident trendt do fragmentation. Nespekent id nidehnia iom makhsouls ed id fragilitat iom khassiaten tulas, id europay medieval agriculture est kabil os oistehme un regular demographic progression, weitwodden ab id restart iom exchangen ed id antslehnken om urbs quer tanct daberopos. 
 Statue ep id Plaza de los Flores os eyso gnahsa urb Càdiz (Espania) ios roman autor Lucius I.M.Columella (1sto secule pos JC) qui scripsit, bayna alya, De Arboribus ed un stichenbuk Rei rusticae quod tractet de gardens.
==Commercial Capitalisme==
Menxu ia economic systemes elaboret unte Antiquitat au Mediev kjiengowasce eni vasya major cultural areas, defineihnd quo Historian Braudel (1902-1985) kalt autonom "economiamunds", id europay Occident est excepen ed gnoht oku changes. Sekwos id era iom geographic aunstehgens ios end ios XVt secule, id rewos ghyanen ibs activitats im Europays pfwehnct brusk-ye do Terras dimensions. Id Colonisation ios Nov Mund, id massenadstrohm wausken taraghe ia economic conditions. Ei traditional preponderance im araszi-sutern se juxtapont id nov stieure iom tajirs ed denar-managers. Ia lands os Europes atlantic fassade prispehce id oku promotion uns entrepreneur burgesia, quos ascension coincidt con id teulgen iom dynastias ed id darmascen iom Stats.
In id quader antslehnct id inkapsversion os occidental capitalisme, khaliban commercial, ed biprehpt, informal-ye, id economic systeme serter namen "mercantilisme" quos apogee tyehct ye id XVIIt secule. Mercantilisme behndt angh-ye id neihsa ios verslyn tei ios Stat. Bezielend senters richerascen, sib daht ka objective promove wauskenkowp med id antplehcen om agrent opos ed fabricature, ed eiskwt exporte ia menxu id peit limite ia imports, cause os rawajleck. 
Kam to, tod systeme est id origin ios dynamisme os crosct in Occident, ab id Renaissance, ed ios sok po innovation. Contribuet id nov definition os Progress quod, zakwahn ka moral tawrlienen, se identifiet ei kayjin ios dighomi condition al mensc. Bet pior integren ei antslehnken os Absolutisme, mercantilisme impliet un permanent intervention ios Stat quod bequadert ia oposforces ed xiseyt un economia ducen ed orienten ab id politic magh : ids vafatenst forme est id "colbertisme" ios France os Ludvic XIV - ex id nam ios minister Colbert (1619-1683).
 Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) buit un Englisch philosoph, juriste ed social reformer ayn is dehtor os moderne utilitarisme.
==Liberal capitalisme==
Yant id end ios XVIIt secule, in id England os Locke ed ios 1688 Klewost Revolution, economistes ed verslynings conteste mercantiliste dirigisme ed ei oppone un philosophia os leudher enderghenden, limiten tik ab concurrence ed justifiet ab id dayi sekwent yod id general interesse est id product ios sum iom particular interessen. 
It gnaht id liberal men, theoriset in id druna ios XVIIIt secule ed quod se confundt con id demande po lure antplohcen ab id philosophia iom Lumens. Ambhrissen in France ab i physiocrats (Quesnay), qui credeihnt od lure se identifiet ei respect ios natural aurdhen, id viwardht inter 1770 ed 1820 in Grand Britain in id wehrg om A.Smith, autor os An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Malthus, Bentham ed Ricardo. Tod elaboration coincidt con id gnahsa ed id affirmation ios Industrial Revolution, tem quem id enorm supeihsa wirten skipt ab id Franceois Revolution. 
Con liberalism triumpht id Mercat, supreme regulator quod supodeht sienims loys wiswa opsa. Menxu Occident gnoht un stauneihnd voln om technic innovations ed un aunpreceddent economic croscto quod placet id in hegemonic position binisbat ceter cultural systemes, id capitalisme, ex commercial, biht industrial ed financial. Rejecend ia statal dwineghs ed doanbarriers, id construcskwt uno netwehrg ye tienxia maschtab ep id base os leudher torg, sekwent id maschour formule : "sines kwehre, sines passe". 
Lakin, id regulation generalisen ab mercat ed concurrence, id nirrangen os quant - pati menscorbat - do wesnible tovar hant grave social consequences. Menxu Occident global-ye richerasct, id degradation ios orbatercondition provoquet sweurgh ed indignation : id success os liberal capitalisme biht payghen med id nestehmim proletariano misere. Id refuse tos fatios duct ei elaboration os socialisme. 
 David Ricardo (1772-1823) eet un Britisch politic economiste
==Id socialiste alternative==
Menxu vasya economic systemes hant wardhen spontan-ye ed buir theorisen a posteriori, id originalitat os socialisme est ses un rational construction, elaboret a priori ep id base uns encausen iom capitaliste functionments ed in vid uns voluntariste realisation. 
Ia different propost projects hant quanta in commun dwo dasturs : hois, id taysa ios vetat iom productionzariyas med un collective proprietat, id saul idon, sekwent i socialistens, ad restablie social justice; ciois, un rational organisation os economiaquod gwehmt ad se substitue ei regulation per id saul mercatsloy, tod om offerte ed demande. Udconcepend ia models samt utopic kweitu os preter dwidel ios XXt secule, Marx (1818-1883), kneigvend ep un critique os liberal capitalisme, seulskwt ep scientific bases un socialisme quod eys philosophia os historia concept ka id logic riawdals os civilisation.
Lakin zaruri est kaue od tod kayjinen intervent ye id moment kun id importance ios opos kowpt ab capitaliste crosct facilereiht un inkapem os renehmen. Nerto dank ta successa, id europay social-democratia, in-kap id XXt secule, orientet-se tadrijan kyun compromiss acceptend tant mercatseconomia wawod tod, tyehgvend id "sines kwehre", impliet id politic enover uns regular ed global progression ios gwitstandard ios population. In tod prospect, id democratic Stat, retrehvend un interventionsimkan, biht maimour med id regulationsmagh. Id violent structural crise, quod kyunggiawt, unte ia 1930tias, ia insufficiences os liberalisme, auct id credibilitat tos option ed trehft un brilliant theoretic in iom Britisch J.M.Keynes. 
Yed, ye id sam moment, un radicaler socialiste experimento tyehct in Russia, quer Lenin ed id bolschevik partise, dar amend id collectiviste project, hant lambht id magh in 1917. Nespekent totalitair methodes qua maungs ayskwnt ka uno nevergible transitionsphase, Sovietsk communisme posdart tiel ia 1970tias id illusion uns original ed promissor experiment. Ids economic fiasco ed ids inner myehrken demonstrent final-ye od id hieb esen tik un Statscapitalisme, ed neid collectiviste socialisme. 
 John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes (1883-1946) buit un Britisch economist quom dayis sul-ye changeer ia theoria ed praxis os macroeconomia ed iom economic siyassas om gouvernements. Is antplohc ed meg relevanterih prever wehrg de ia causes om economic cycles, ed est plaut-ye ayn oin im influentst economisten ios XXt secule ed is dehtor ios moderne macroeconomic theoria ed unios mixt economic systeme kalt social capitalisme. Eys dayis sont id base ios menscol gnoht ka os Keynesian economia, om social capitalisme, social mercatseconomia ed idsen divers urads.
==Qualg economic systeme pro cras ?==
Id pehden os sovietsk communisme, in 1991, intervent menxu id enplacen ios Trit "Industrial Revolution" ed id Globalisation iom exchangen quod hamraht id taraghe ia economic structures ed kowpe ia social problemes. Id collapse os communisme ed id discredit quod plact, per contracutt, id socialiste alternative dahnt ye tod moment id bell rol pro i tarafdars uns auncondition reiken iom mecanismen os pur liberalisme. 
Esiet lakin vanschim, sekwos id grave structural crise ghyant in 2008, od id tienxia economic systeme quod est enplacend-se ye noster secule se establiet ep intermedya positions, gweupend id efficience ios mercatseconomia ed leudher enderghenden, bet bespehcend social dasturs. Rhayr-zaruri est myehrse id tacit reul quod hat enderkiht vasya economic systemes : id ziel os cada economic gwayt est neid blind profitenkowp, sontern id kayjin ios menscencondition.