Jungian archetypes

Carl Gustav Jung developed an understanding of archetypes as being “ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious”.Fiest J, Friest G, Theories of Personality (2009), New York New York; McGraw-Hill The archetypes are also referred to as innate universal psychic dispositions which form the substrate from which the basic symbols or representations of unconscious experience emerge. These are different from instincts, as Jung understood instincts as being “an unconscious physical impulse toward actions and the archetype as the psychic counterpart”.Fiest J, Friest G, (2009) Theories of Personality, New York New York; McGraw-Hill There are many different archetypes and Jung has stated they are limitless in amount, but to simplify many have broken it down into a few main ones. These include the persona, the shadow, the anima, the animus, the great mother, the wise old man, the hero, and the self.Fiest J, Friest G, (2009) Theories of Personality, New York New York; McGraw-Hill The great mother, wise old man and the hero tend to be considered add on from the basic as in Jung’s map of the soul everything is covered, but those. The archetypes can be used for a sense of understanding as well as for a state of treatmentFiest J, Friest G, (2009) Theories of Personality, New York New York; McGraw-HillJung, C. G. (1964), Man and His Symbols, Del Publishing, a division of Random House Inc.Jung’s Map of the Soul an Introduction, Peru Illinois: Carus Publishing CompanyAion Researches into the phenomenology of the self Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press "The archetype is a tendency to form such representations of a motif - representations that can vary a great deal in detail without losing their basic pattern ... They are indeed an instinctive trend".C. G. Jung, "Approaching the Unconscious" in C. G. Jung ed., Man and his Symbols (London 1978) p. 58 Thus, for example, "the archetype of initiation is strongly activated to provide a meaningful transition ... with a 'rite of passage' from one stage of life to the next":Rancour, P. (2008). Using archetypes and transitions theory to help patients move from active treatment to survivorship. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 12(6), 935-940. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. 	 Joseph Henderson, "Ancient Myths and Modern Man", in Jung ed., Symbols p. 123 such stages may include being parented, initiation, courtship, marriage and preparation for death.Stevens, Anthony in "The Archetypes" (Chapter 3). Papadopoulos, Renos ed. (2006). The Handbook of Jungian Psychology.
== Introduction ==
Virtually alone among the depth psychologists of the 20th century, Jung rejected the tabula rasa theory of human psychological development, believing instead that evolutionary pressures have individual predestinations manifested in archetypes. For Jung, "the archetype is the introspectively recognizable form of a priori psychic orderedness".C. G. Jung, Synchronicity (London 1985) p. 140 These images must be thought of as lacking in solid content, hence as unconscious. They only acquire solidity, influence, and eventual consciousness in the encounter with empirical facts."Jung 1928:Par. 300
The archetypes form a dynamic substratum common to all humanity, upon the foundation of which each individual builds his own experience of life, developing a unique array of psychological characteristics. Thus, while archetypes themselves may be conceived as a relative few innate nebulous forms, from these may arise innumerable images, symbols and patterns of behavior. While the emerging images and forms are apprehended consciously, the archetypes which inform them are elementary structures which are unconscious and impossible to apprehend. Being unconscious, the existence of archetypes can only be deduced indirectly by examining behavior, images, art, myths, and religions etc. They are inherited potentials which are actualized when they enter consciousness as images or manifest in behavior on interaction with the outside world.
== Chronology==
The intuition that there was more to the psyche than individual experience possibly began in Jung's childhood. The very first dream he could remember was that of an underground phallic god. His researches in schizophrenia later supported his early intuition that universal psychic structures exist which underlie all human experience and behavior. Jung first referred to these as "primordial images" — a term he borrowed from Jacob Burckhardt. Later in 1917 Jung called them "dominants of the collective unconscious." It was not until 1919 that he first used the term "archetypes" in an essay titled "Instinct and the Unconscious". A main part of the chronology of Jung's discovery of the archetypes is found in the Redbook which documented Jung being in touch with the archetypes and collective unconsciousness which was released much after his death.Shamdasani, S., & Beebe, J. (2010). Jung Becomes Jung: A Dialogue on Liber Novus (The Red Book). Psychological Perspectives, 53(4), 410-436. doi:10.1080/00332925.2010.524110 Throughout Jung's life examination into the archetypes increased, and this was noticeable throughout the changes within his style of writing in his books.
== Origins==
Jung being in touch with his unconscious during his middle age and discovered the archetypes when he began to see the figures in his dreams and see the figures within his daily life. It was not until his later life though when he became to understand these actually meant and begin to piece them together through archetypes.Theories of Personality Fiest Jes, Fiest Gregory These times were covered within the Red Book,2 Shamdasani, S., & Beebe, J. (2010). Jung Becomes Jung: A Dialogue on Liber Novus (The Red Book). Psychological Perspectives, 53(4), 410-436. doi:10.1080/00332925.2010.524110 and the symbols that the archetypes represented and their origins in detail could be found within a Man and His Symbols. In here he stated that the achetypes have always existed and will always exist and part of the collective unconscious Man and His Symbols Jung Carl It is sometimes assumed that people are creating new archetypes, but they are not actually being created but discovered, and the number of archetypes in the world are limitless. Archetypes are found within dreams, and it is found within life itself. Finding new archetypes is a matter of searching deep within one's self to discover them. The origins of the archetypal hypothesis date back as far as Plato. Jung himself compared archetypes to Platonic εἶδος (eidos). Plato's ideas were pure mental forms, that were imprinted in the soul before it was born into the world. They were collective in the sense that they embodied the fundamental characteristics of a thing rather than its specific peculiarities.
In fact many of Jung's ideas were prevalent in Athenian philosophy. The archetype theory can be seen as a psychological equivalent to the philosophical idea of forms and particulars
== Examples and conceptual difficulties ==
An archetype is a well recognized idea in psychology and many outside of psychology know the term was well, but many people find the topic or the idea behind the archetypes confusing. The confusion about the archetypes can partly be attributed to Jung's own evolving ideas about them in his writings and his interchangeable use of the term "archetype" and "primordial image"; it may also be attributed to the fact that, given his belief that "archetypal symbols ... are spontaneous and autonomous products of the unconscious", Jung was always intent "not to weaken the specific individual and cultural values of archetypes by leveling them out - i.e., by giving them a stereotyped, intellectually formulated meaning".M.-L. von Franz, "Science and the unconscious", in Jung ed., Symbols p. 386 and p. 377
Strictly speaking, archetypal figures such as the hero, the goddess and the wise man are not archetypes, but archetypal images which have crystallized out of the archetypes-as-such: as Jung put it, "definite mythological images of motifs ... are nothing more than conscious representations; it would be absurd to assume that such variable representations could be inherited", as opposed to their deeper, instinctual sources - "the 'archaic remnants', which I call 'archetypes' or 'primordial images'".Jung, "Approaching the Unconscious" in Jung ed., Symbols p. 57
Jung described archetypal events: birth, death, separation from parents, initiation, marriage, the union of opposites etc.; archetypal figures: great mother, father, child, devil, God, wise old man, wise old woman, Apollo, trickster,den Uijl, S. (2010). The Trickster “Archetype” in the Shahnama. Iranian Studies, 43(1), 71-90. doi:10.1080/00210860903451220 hero - not to mention "Oedipus ... the first archetype Freud discovered"Richard I. Evans, Jung on Elementary Psychology (London 1979) p. 52 or "number ... an archetype of order";Jung, Synchronicity p. 58 and archetypal motifs: the Apocalypse, the Deluge, the Creation, etc. Although the number of archetypes is limitless, there are a few particularly notable, recurring archetypal images, "the chief among them being" (according to Jung) "the shadow, the Wise Old Man, the child (including the child hero), the mother ... and her counterpart, the maiden, and lastly the anima in man and the animus in woman".Jung, quoted in J. Jacobi, Complex, Archetype, Symbol (London 1959) p. 114 Alternately he would speak of "the emergence of certain definite archetypes ... the shadow, the animal, the wise old man, the anima, the animus, the mother, the child".C. G. Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (London 1953) p. 108 There were five main archetypes that were discussed in Jung's writing, though there are many others. The following are the five most common archetypes. Jung's Map of the Soul, Stein Muray. 
Five main archetypes are sometimes enumerated:Jung's Map of the Soul by Murray Stein. 
*The Self is the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation - the representative of "that wholeness which the introspective philosophy of all times and climes has characterized with an inexhaustible variety of symbols, names and concepts".C. G. Jung, Alchemical Studies (London 1978) p. 180-1 It represents all that is unique within a human being. Although a person is a collection of all the archetypes and what they learn from the collective unconscious, the self is what makes that person an I. The self can not exist without the other archetypes and the other archetypes can not exist without the self; Jung makes this very clear. The self is also the part that heavily grows and changes as a person goes throughout life. Jung's Map of the Soul, Stein Muray. The self can be simply summed up as the ideal form a person wishes to be. Aion Researches into the phenomenology of the self, Jung Carl 
*The Shadow represents the traits that lie deep within ourselves. The traits that are hidden from day-to-day life and are in some cases the opposite of the self is a simple way to state these traits. The shadow is a very important trait because for one to truly know themselves, they must know all their traits, including those that lie beneath the common,e.i., the shadow. If one chooses to know the shadow there is a chance they give into its motivation.Theories of Personality, Fiest Jess, and Feist Gregory.
*The Anima is seen by some as the feminine side or form of a man, but Jung did not fully intend this to be viewed in this way. The Anima is beyond generalization of society's views and stereotypes. Anima represents what femininity truly represents it in all its mysteries. It is what allows a man to be in touch with a woman. Jung's Map of the Soul, Stein Muray. The anima is commonly represented within dreams as a method to communicate with a person. Man and His symbols. Jung. Carl. It contains all of female encounters with men to help the relationship between the to improve better.
*The Animus is similar to the anima except for the fact the animus allows a female to understand and communicate with a man. Just like the anima, it is commonly represented in dreams of a woman to help them understand themselves and relationships with menMan and his Symbols, C.G. Jung. It can be known as part of the collective unconscious' connection with all of the encounters of males with females, like the anima, to improve relationship with males and females.
*The Persona is to Jung a mere "functional complex ... by no means identical to the individuality",[15] the way we present to the world - a mask which protects the Ego from negative images, and which by post-Jungians is sometimes considered an "archetype ... as a dynamic/structural component of the psyche".[16] Some view this is as the opposite of the shadow which is not entirely true this is just the face that is put on for the world not our deepest internal secrets and desires, that is the self.
However the precise relationships between images such as, for example, "the fish" and its archetype were not adequately explained by Jung. Here the image of the fish is not strictly speaking an archetype. However the "archetype of the fish" points to the ubiquitous existence of an innate "fish archetype" which gives rise to the fish image. In clarifying the contentious statement that fish archetypes are universal, Anthony Stevens explains that the archetype-as-such is at once an innate predisposition to form such an image and a preparation to encounter and respond appropriately to the creature per se. This would explain the existence of snake and spider phobias, for example, in people living in urban environments where they have never encountered either creature.Stevens, Anthony in "The archetypes" (Chapter 3.) Ed. Papadopoulos, Renos. The Handbook of Jungian Psychology (2006) There are many examples such as the fish covered in Man and His Symbols and how they tend to relate to people through measures such as dreams and little life instances. These archetypal figures can also be represented from the main archetypes such as the anima and the animus or archetypal thoughts such as the resurrection of a savior. figuresMan and His symbols. Jung. Carl. For example almost every culture has a savior that has came back from heaven or the dead, or reincarnation being a main point of the belief. Jesus for example in the Christian texts and Buddhists and Hindus have reincarnation as a principle part of their religion. These being principle parts of the religion, in which many religions
Although archetypes can take on innumerable forms, there are a few particularly notable, recurring archetypal images:
*The Child
*The Hero
*The Great Mother
*The Wise old man or Sage
*The Wise Old Woman/Man, archetypes of the collective unconscious
*The Damsel in distress
*The Trickster or Fox
*The Devil or Satan
*The Scarecrow
*The Mentor
*Rebirth
Jung also outlined what he called archetypes of transformation, which are situations, places, ways, and means that symbolize the transformation in question. These archetypes exist primarily as energy and are useful in organizational development, personal and organizational change management, and extensively used in place branding.
== Actualization and complexes ==
Archetypes seek actualization within the context of an individual's environment and determine the degree of individuation. Jung also used the terms "evocation" and "constellation" to explain the process of actualization. Thus for example, the mother archetype is actualized in the mind of the child by the evoking of innate anticipations of the maternal archetype when the child is in the proximity of a maternal figure who corresponds closely enough to its archetypal template. This mother archetype is built into the personal unconscious of the child as a mother complex. Complexes are functional units of the personal unconscious, in the same way that archetypes are units for the collective unconscious.
== Psychoid archetype ==
Jung proposed that the archetype had a dual nature: it exists both in the psyche and in the world at large. He called this non-psychic aspect of the archetype the "psychoid" archetype. He illustrated this by drawing on the analogy of the electromagnetic spectrum. The part of the spectrum which is visible to us corresponds to the conscious aspects of the archetype. The invisible infra-red end of the spectrum corresponds to the unconscious biological aspects of the archetype that merges with its chemical and physical conditions.Jung, C.G. (1947/1954) par. 420 Collected Works. He suggested that not only do the archetypal structures govern the behavior of all living organisms, but that they were contiguous with structures controlling the behavior of inorganic matter as well. The archetype was not merely a psychic entity, but more fundamentally, a bridge to matter in general.Jung, C.G. (1947/1954) par. 420 Collected Works Jung used the term unus mundus to describe the unitary reality which he believed underlay all manifest phenomena. He conceived archetypes to be the mediators of the unus mundus, organizing not only ideas in the psyche, but also the fundamental principles of matter and energy in the physical world.
It was this psychoid aspect of the archetype that so impressed Nobel laureate physicist Wolfgang Pauli. Embracing Jung's concept, Pauli believed that the archetype provided a link between physical events and the mind of the scientist who studied them. In doing so he echoed the position adopted by German astronomer Johannes Kepler. Thus the archetypes which ordered our perceptions and ideas are themselves the product of an objective order which transcends both the human mind and the external world.
== Parallels and developments ==
Although the term "archetype" did not originate with Jung, its current use has largely been influenced by his conception of it. The idea of innate psychic structures, at one time a relative novelty in the humanities and sciences has now been widely adopted.
=== General developments ===
Related concepts arguably include the work of Claude Lévi-Strauss, an advocate of structuralism in anthropology, the concept of "social instincts" proposed by Charles Darwin, the "faculties" of Henri Bergson and the isomorphs of gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler. In 1965 Noam Chomsky's ideas of human language acquisition being based on an "innate acquisition device" became known to the world.
Melanie Klein's idea of unconscious phantasy is closely related to Jung's archetype, as both are composed of image and affect and are a priori patternings of psyche whose contents are built from experience.
=== Archetypal pedagogy ===
Archetypal pedagogy was developed by Clifford Mayes. Mayes' work also aims at promoting what he calls archetypal reflectivity in teachers; this is a means of encouraging teachers to examine and work with psychodynamic issues, images, and assumptions as those factors affect their pedagogical practices.
=== Archetypes and psychology ===
Archetypal psychology was developed by James Hillman in the second half of the 20th century. Hillman trained at the Jung Institute and was its Director after graduation. Archetypal psychology is in the Jungian tradition and most directly related to analytical psychology and psychodynamic theory, yet departs radically. Archetypal psychology relativizes and deliteralizes the ego and focuses on the psyche, or soul, itself and the archai, the deepest patterns of psychic functioning, "the fundamental fantasies that animate all life".Moore, in Hillman, 1991 Archetypal psychology is a polytheistic psychology, in that it attempts to recognize the myriad fantasies and myths gods, goddesses, demigods, mortals and animals—that shape and are shaped by our psychological lives. The ego is but one psychological fantasy within an assemblage of fantasies.
The main influence on the development of archetypal psychology is Jung's analytical psychology. It is strongly influenced by Classical Greek, Renaissance, and Romantic ideas and thought. Influential artists, poets, philosophers, alchemists, and psychologists include: Nietzsche, Henry Corbin, Keats, Shelley, Petrarch, and Paracelsus. Though all different in their theories and psychologies, they appear to be unified by their common concern for the psyche—the soul.
Many archetypes have been used in treatment of psychological illnesses. Jung's first research was done with schizophrenics. A current example is teaching young men or boys archetypes through using picture books to help with the development. Zambo, D. (2007). Using Picture Books to Provide Archetypes to Young Boys: Extending the Ideas of William Brozo. Reading Teacher, 61(2), 124. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.t. In addition nurses treat patients through the use of archetypes. Rancour, P. (2008). Using archetypes and transitions theory to help patients move from active treatment to survivorship. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 12(6), 935-940. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Archetype therapy offers a wide range of uses if applied correctly, and it is still being expanded in Jungian schools today. With the list of archetypes being endless the healing possibilities are vast.
==Criticism of Jungian understandings==
Lacan, in his "return to Freud", took issue with that aspect of "the thought of Jung, where the relation between the psychical world of the subject and reality are embodied under the term archetype".Jacques Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis (London 1994) p. 152-3 He argued that "Jungianism - in so far as it makes of the primitive modes of articulating the world something that survives, the kernel, he says, of the psyche itself - is necessarily accompanied by a repudiation of the term libido".Lacan, Four p. 153 Freud himself however had been well prepared to accept the existence of "a primitive kind of mental activity ... [on] the single analogy - and it is an excellent one - of the far-reaching instinctive knowledge of animals";Sigmund Freud, Case Histories II (London 1991) p. 364 and it was indeed on the basis of "what Freud called 'archaic remnants' - mental forms whose presence cannot be explained by anything in the individual's own life ... inherited shapes of the human mind" that Jung had explicitly built his theory of archetypes. His specific and contrasting claim was that they were "not in any sense lifeless or meaningless 'remnants'. They still function, and they are especially valuable ... just because of their 'historical' nature".Jung, "Approaching the Unconscious" in Jung ed., Symbols p. 32
More general criticism of the concept of archetypes can perhaps be placed in two broad categories. There are those who deny any possibility of inherited ideas as unscientific - a point met (at least to some degree) by Jung when he insisted that it was instead the inherited propensity to generate representations that made the archetypes "the unconscious organizers of our ideas"C. G. Jung, Aion (London 1959) p. 179 (see above).
But those who could accept such inherited propensities still found "a basic ambiguity in Jung's various descriptions of the collective unconscious. Sometimes he seems to regard the predisposition to experience certain images as understandable in terms of some genetic model ... about the way human beings experience the world. But he is also at pains to emphasize the numinous quality of these experience and there can be no doubt that he was attracted to the idea that the archetypes afford evidence of communion with some divine or world mind".David Cook, "Jung", in Richard Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (Oxford 1987) p. 405 Jung's last statements on that subject remained however firmly agnostic. "Many people would agree with me if I stated flatly that such ideas are probably illusions ... [but] the denial is as impossible to 'prove' as the assertion".Jung, "Approaching the Unconscious" in Jung ed., Symbols p. 76
A more technical objection derives from therapeutic practice, with the possibility arising that "an explanation of the archetypal situation ... may lead to inflation, if it is not linked to specific and personal emotional experiences".Mario Jacoby, The Analytic Encounter (Canada 1984) p. 83 Some would go further, arguing that because "in Jungian theory, the psychologist's task is to lead others to see the timeless archetypal reality behind their personal psychological experiences ... using abstract, archetypal forces to explain human psychology", the result must inevitably be "a psychology which downplays the significance of human relationships".Naomi R. Goldbenberg, Resurrecting the Body (New York 1993) pp. 72, 130, and 98 The patient is thus brought to realise that "what I did then, what I felt then, is only the reflection of that great archetypal dream, or epic story ... free of the individual pain of it", but at the price of individuality and human relationship, sacrificed for an unwillingness to "leave the safety of myth".Doris Lessing, The Golden Notebook (Herts 1973) p. 457-8
==See also==
*Archetypal psychology
==References==
==Further reading==
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