Humanistic Buddhism

Humanistic Buddhism () is a modern Buddhist philosophy practiced mostly by Mahayana Buddhists. It is the integration of people's spiritual practice into all aspects of their daily lives. Buddhist monastics such as Taixu, Yinshun and Hsing Yun pioneered the start of the propagation of Humanistic Buddhism.
Humanistic Buddhism claims to encompass all of the Buddhist teachings from the time of Gautama Buddha to the present. Its goal is to live the bodhisattva way, which means to be an energetic, enlightened, and endearing person who strives to help all sentient beings liberate themselves. It focuses on issues of the world rather than on how to leave the world behind; on caring for the living, rather than the dead; on benefiting others, rather than benefiting oneself and on universal salvation, rather than cultivation for only oneself.
==Nomenclature==
Taixu, a reformist pioneer in early 20th century Chinese Buddhism, was one of the first to popularize the term "Buddhism for Human Life" (), though may not have been the inventor of this term. The first two characters, "human" and "life", indicating his criticism of several aspects of late Ming dynasty and early Republican Chinese Buddhism that he wished to correct, namely, an emphasis on spirits and ghosts (viz "human"), and funeral services and rites (viz "life"). His disciples continued this emphasis.
Taixu also used the term "Buddhism for the Human World", or popularly "Humanistic Buddhism" (). It appears that at first the two terms were largely interchangeable. One of Taixu's disciples, Yin Shun, used the term "Humanistic Buddhism" to indicate a criticism against the "deification" of Buddhism, which was another common feature of much of Chinese Buddhism, in his articles and books. It was Yinshun, and other disciples of Taixu, who brought both of these two terms to Taiwan in the wake of the Republican's defeat during the civil war against the Chinese Communist Party. It was in Taiwan that the term "Humanistic Buddhism" became the most commonly used term, particularly amongst the religious leaders who originally hailed from the Mainland.
The term 人間佛教 () has also been translated as "Engaged Buddhism" or "Socially Engaged Buddhism," attributed mainly to Thich Nhat Hanh and his rendering of the Chinese into Vietnamese as Nhân gian phật giáo. Both share historical and structural features in emphasizing the relief of suffering in the here and now. An international conference on "Humanistic and Engaged Buddhism - Patterns and Prospects" was held May 18-24, 2009 at Foguang University in Ilan, Taiwan to reflect on the history, teachings, practices, and future of these movements.http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/crs/cshb/conference/09-3-home.htm
==Pure Land in the Human World==
The proponents of this reformation was not seen as a rejection of other forms of Buddhism, but a reinterpretation. One classic example, is the idea of "creating a Pure Land in the human world" (), which can be seen as a new interpretation to the Pure Land form of Chinese Buddhism. This latter school, of course, being one of the most popular forms of Chinese Buddhism for over 1000 years, particularly amongst the laity. Many of the forms and practices are maintained, however, the aim is redirected - rather than practicing in the hope (or vow) of rebirth in Amitabha Buddha's Pure Land, the practitioner seeks to better themselves and society, to create a Pure Land here on earth. This interpretation is also quite well justified in many Mahayana scriptures, which indicate that the bodhisattva (Mahayana practitioner) "travels from Pure Land to Pure Land, learning from the Buddhas and bodhisattvas", before creating their own one, as an expedient means to liberate sentient beings.
==Six Characteristics==
According to Venerable Master Hsing Yun, Humanistic Buddhism has the following six characteristics:
;Humanism
:The Buddha was neither a spirit--coming and going without leaving a trace-- nor a figment of one’s imagination. The Buddha was a living human being. Just like the rest of us, he had parents, a family, and he lived a life. It was through his human existence that he showed his supreme wisdom of compassion, ethical responsibility, and prajna-wisdom. Thus, he is a Buddha who was also (in the past) a human being.
;Emphasis on Daily Life
:In his teachings, the Buddha placed great importance on daily life as spiritual practice. He provided guidance on everything, from how to eat, dress, work, and live, to how to walk, stand, sit, and sleep. He gave clear directions on every aspect of life, from relations among family members and between friends to how we should conduct ourselves in the social and political arenas.
;Altruism
:The Buddha was born into this world to teach, to provide an example, and to bring joy to all beings. He nurtured all beings, for he always had the best interests of others in his mind and heart. In short, his every thought, word, and action arose from a heart filled with deep care and concern for others.
;Joyfulness
:The Buddhist teachings give people joy. Through the limitless compassion of his heart, the Buddha aimed to relieve the suffering of all beings and to give them joy.
;Timeliness
:The Buddha was born for a great reason: to build a special relationship with all of us who live in this world. Although the Buddha lived some 2,500 years ago and has already entered nirvana, he left the seed of liberation for all subsequent generations. Even today, the Buddha’s ideals and teachings serve as timely, relevant guides for us all.
;Universality
:The entire life of the Buddha can be characterized by the Buddha’s spirit of wanting to liberate all beings, without exclusion. [The Buddha loved beings of all forms, whether they were animals or humans, male or female, young or old, Buddhist or not Buddhist, etc.]
==Humanistic Buddhism vs Rational Humanism==
When we consider the social context in which both Taixu and Yinshun used the terms "human life" (人生) and "human world"/"humanistic" (人間), we may note that this has a fairly different emphasis to the use of the term humanism in the Western philosophical sense. It was a reform against funeral services, including burning of objects of wealth made of paper, etc. which are an aspect of traditional Chinese funerals, and also the idea of practicing Buddhism to attain liberation in some "other" world (e.g. certain forms of Pure Land or tantric practice), as opposed to Buddhism focusing on the needs and lives of living individuals and their active role in society. Note that the formation period of this movement is in the middle of the great social changes that China as a whole was undergoing on all levels of society. 
Rather than a purely rational approach, and rejection of religious scripture, both Taixu and Yinshun, as well as modern interpreters thereof, all uphold what they consider to be "orthodox (Chinese) Mahayana Buddhism". Yinshun in particular was renowned as a scriptural specialist and scholar. Although they certainly downplay the role of non-human and supra-mundane aspects of Buddhism, they would certainly not reject these in toto at all. Lack of understanding of this context has often puzzled western Buddhists, who either reject the term "humanistic" as entirely superfluous, or misunderstand it as a form of (western style) humanism.
==Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwan==
Yinshun was the key figure in the doctrinal exposition of Buddhism, and thus Humanistic Buddhism, in Taiwan. However, he was not particularly active in the social or policital spheres of life. This was to be carried out by a younger generation: Hsing Yun, Sheng-yen, Wei Chueh and Cheng Yen. These four figures, collectively known as the "Four Heavenly Kings of Taiwanese Buddhism", head the "Four Great Mountains", or monasteries, of modern Taiwanese Buddhism: Fo Guang Shan, Dharma Drum Mountain, Chung Tai Shan, and Tsu Chi.
== References ==
==See also==
*
*Religious humanism
*Engaged Buddhism
*Fo Guang Shan Buddhist Order
*Tzu Chi Foundation
*Hsi Lai Temple
*Buddha's Light Publishing
*Buddha's Light International Association
*University of the West
*Booklets - Hsing Yün 
Category:Buddhism in China
Category:Fo Guang Shan
Category:New religious movements
Category:Mahayana Buddhism
Category:Non-traditional Buddhism
no:Buddhistisk humanisme
zh:人間佛教