Common Tongue

The Common Tongue, or simply Common, is a language spoken natively throughout the Seven Kingdoms, and in Essos as a trade language.
==History==
As the Andals spread across the continent of Westeros they imposed their language upon their conquests, so that the Andals' language gradually replaced the "Old Tongue" spoken by the First Men. Even in the North, where the First Men had held off the Andal invaders, due to cultural contact and emulation the Northerners gradually adopted the language of their Andal neighbors to the south. Thus for thousands of years, there has been one "common" language throughout all of the Seven Kingdoms. The unification of the Seven Kingdoms in Aegon's Conquest three hundred years ago served to strengthen this linguistic uniformity even further.
==Range==
In the present day, the Common Tongue is ubiquitous throughout the Seven Kingdoms. Even the hill tribes who live in the Mountains of the Moon, who have rarely had regular contact with outsiders for centuries (beyond raiding and pillaging), can still recognizably speak the Common Tongue (with only some slight, unrefined regional variation)."The Pointy End"
Through trade contact (and raiding), many of the wildlings who live beyond the Wall also know how to speak the Common Tongue. Only those wildlings who live further away from the Wall still speak the Old Tongue of the First Men. Some who live furthest away from the Wall, such as the Thenn people and the giants, don't know how to speak the Common Tongue at all, and exclusively speak the Old Tongue. A few of the main leaders among the Thenn, such as Styr, have also learned how to speak the Common Tongue to communicate with other major tribes."Two Swords"
Over the centuries the Common Tongue of Westeros has also spread through much of the rest of the world along trade routes, and thus many people in the Free Cities do know how to speak the Common Tongue, while still primarily using their own local languages. Through trade and shipping, the Common Tongue is even spoken as far east as Qarth. In contrast to the mercantile Free Cities, the Dothraki horse raiders do not engage in trade with Westeros, therefore few of them know the Common Tongue."Winter Is Coming"
==Regional accents==
The Common Tongue is surprisingly uniform in the Seven Kingdoms - no doubt aided by three centuries of unification under the Targaryen kings - and there are no major separate dialects. From Last Hearth in the North to Salt Shore in Dorne, from the royal court at King's Landing to common Ironborn fishermen at Pyke, everyone speaks the same language with little difference in meaning. There are some regional accents, but nothing that would interfere with comprehension.
:In the TV series, both the Northerners such as the Starks and the wildlings living beyond the Wall speak with a Northern England accent. Even actors who do not naturally speak with a Northern England accent adopt one when playing characters from these regions, i.e. Rose Leslie who plays Ygritte. One of the reasons Leslie was actually cast as Ygritte is because she had previously given a strong performance on Downton Abbey while affecting a convincing Northern English accent.
:Author George R.R. Martin has stated that Westeros is loosely inspired by Britain, super-sized into an entire continent roughly the size of South America. Both Northern England and Winterfell are located in northern regions and near a large, ancient fortification (Hadrian's Wall) separating them from the lands beyond, so a Northern accent fits the Starks. Also, within the fictional universe, both the Northerners and the wildlings are descended from the First Men (loosely analogous to the Celts), so logically, their notable accent may be a result of lingering influence of the Old Tongue.
Dorne is ethnically distinct from the rest of the Seven Kingdoms, due to the Rhoynar migration, and it was also politically independent for many generations. It is also geographically very isolated, located in the extreme south of the continent and separate from the rest of it by mountains and harsh deserts. After the Rhoynar migration their descendants did learn to speak the Common Tongue, but with a pronounced Rhoynish accent - a local distinction which was reinforced due to centuries of geographical, cultural, and political isolation. Dorne was the only region to successfully resist invasion by the Targaryens, using guerrilla warfare, and only united with the realm one century ago through peaceful marriage-alliance. Due to their unique origins and isolation, modern Dornishmen speak with a very distinctive accent, differing from "standard" Common Tongue pronunciation even more than the "First Men accent" used by the Northmen and wildlings. Accents are all relative, of course, and Dornishmen such as Oberyn Martell have remarked that the "accent" that everyone in the rest of Westeros speaks with sounds strange to them."Mockingbird"
:The Dornish accent used in the TV series is based on a Hispanic accent, because Dorne is heavily inspired by medieval Spain. The novels state that the Dornish have a very distinctive accent, known as a "Dornish drawl", but the TV series had to develop what exactly it sounded like. For how it was developed for the TV series, see "Behind the scenes: Regional and class accents" below.
==Class accents==
While the Common Tongue is geographically quite uniform, the biggest internal distinction is between the upper and lower classes. Noble-borns, as well as other upper class people such as wealthy merchants, tend to speak a more refined and "proper" form of the language, because they can afford a better education. Learned people such as the clergy of the Faith of the Seven or the Order of Maesters also speak with a refined accent which is close to the idealized "official" version of the Common Tongue.
In contrast, commoners cannot afford an education, and tend to slur their language as a result. A specific difference pointed out by Tywin Lannister to Arya Stark is that commoners say "m'lord" almost as one word, while educated noble-born people will typically say "my lord" as two distinct words."A Man Without Honor" Lowborn speech also often features grammar errors that "proper" speech avoids. For example, Davos Seaworth (a former lowborn smuggler) jokes to Lord Stannis Baratheon that he doesn't mind so much that he had the four fingertips on his right hand cut off as punishment for his former smuggling career, because he now has "four less fingernails to clean". Stannis then points out that the correct grammar is "four fewer fingernails"."Garden of Bones" On the eve of the Battle of the Blackwater, Tyrion Lannister comments to Bronn that just because he pays Bronn for his services doesn't diminish their friendship, to which Bronn responds, "enhances it, really". Tyrion is surprised that Bronn used the word "enhances", as it sounds like the vocabulary of an upper-class person, but is a "fancy" word for a common sellsword to use. Bronn explains, "[I've] been spending time with fancy folks"."Blackwater"
==In the books==
The Common Tongue is virtually the only language spoken throughout the entire continent of Westeros. It is stated that about half of the wildlings can only speak the Old Tongue, generally those that live farther away from the Wall or isolated in the mountains. As for the other half of the wildlings, it isn't clear what proportion are bilingual, or perhaps only know the Common Tongue. For that matter, it isn't clear for what proportion the Common Tongue is their primary or secondary language. Nonetheless, the Night's Watch usually doesn't encounter a language barrier with the wildlings that they encounter in their rangings, still relatively close to the Wall.
==Behind the scenes==
===The Common Tongue and English===
The "Common Tongue" of the Andals is, of course, the English language which book readers and TV viewers observe. Author George R.R. Martin has stated that he is not a linguist like J.R.R. Tolkien was, and thus he never thought out all of the languages in his fantasy world to the extent Tolkien did. Infamously, Tolkien made it a point that characters in his books actually do not speak in English: The Lord of the Rings is presented as if it were a "lost Anglo-Saxon saga" that was rotting in a library until Tolkien "rediscovered it" (much as the actual Anglo-Saxon saga Beowulf was lost for centuries and then rediscovered). Tolkien worked under the conceit that the "Common Speech" (or "Westron") which the major characters in his works speak isn't really English, he just "translated" it into English. For example, "Frodo Baggins" is just a translation of the real Westron name, "Maura Labingi", and "Hobbit" is a translation of the real Westron term, "Kuduk". This extends to the point that certain significant names, puns, or allusions would only fully make sense in "real Westron", and not in English.
Martin has made no such comments about the "Common Tongue" in his fantasy world, and while Tolkien's Middle-Earth was intended to indeed be our world in a lost prehistoric age, Martin has stated that the fantasy world of A Song of Ice and Fire is truly an alternate world with no connection to our own. Thus, it would seem that the English used in it doesn't "represent" the "real Common Tongue" through universal translation for the sake of the reader (and TV viewer). The Common Tongue just happens to be exactly like English - though confusingly, this also means that at times it uses English loanwords which obviously originated in other languages (such as "castrati") without explanation, and certain other words that would not have sensibly developed in an alternate world (such as "romantic", in a world without a "Rome").
Note that, from examples of writing from both the books and the TV series, "the Common Tongue" is specifically American English, and thus follows American English grammar rules and spelling standards (though admittedly, sometimes grammar and word choice can be intentionally archaized to make it sound pseudo-medieval).
===Regional and class accents===
George R.R. Martin has admitted that logically, the different constituent kingdoms of Westeros probably have their own distinctive accents, but given that he is not a trained linguist or philologist, he has made little or no attempt to represent this in his writing.
Martin has briefly acknowledged within the novels that regional accents do exist: Pypar, who was in the same batch of Night's Watch recruits as Jon Snow and Samwell Tarly, traveled across the Seven Kingdoms as a singer in a mummer's troupe, and as a result claimed that he could tell where anyone was from in Westeros based on their accent. Highborn accents are distinct enough that they can be recognized in commands shouted out during the heat of battle. Samwell Tarly is noted to have a highborn accent, and apparently so does Jon Snow, from growing up in Ned Stark's own household at Winterfell. In the fifth novel, as Tyrion Lannister flees through the Free Cities, in his inner thought monologue he acknowledges that he "knew he sounded like a westerman, and a highborn westerman at that", which will make hiding his identity difficult - thus acknowledging that there is such a thing as a "westerlands accent" relative to a "riverlands accent" or "Vale accent". Apparently this is comparable to the slight difference between New York and Los Angeles accent relative to heavily Spanish-accented English (or London and Bristol accents, compared to something radically different like a Scottich Gaelic accent).
Apart from the Northern English/"First Men accent" used for the Northerners and wildlings in the TV series, the only other major ethno-linguistic group to have arrived in Westeros are the Rhoynar, ancestors of the modern Dornishmen. The Rhoynar originally had their own language but gradually abandoned it to take up the language of their Andal neighbors - much as the independent First Men in the North gradually adopted the Andal language as well. Dorne was also politically independent far longer than the North ever was: the Targaryens conquered six of the seven kingdoms in Aegon's Conquest three hundred years ago, but Dorne successfully repelled their invasions using guerrilla warfare, and was only brought under the control of the Iron Throne one century ago through peaceful marriage alliance. Probably due to this drastically different ethnic and historical background, the novels state that there is a distinctive Dornish accent, more distinct than any other regional accents (people who don't consider Ned Stark's Northern accent different enough from "standard" Common Tongue to comment on it do comment on how different the Dornish accent is). The World of Ice and Fire sourcebook (2014) specifically mentioned that the accent is due to their speech being influenced by the original language of the Rhoynar - not merely due to their geographical and political isolation in Westeros, though this isolation helped keep the Rhoynish/Dornish accent distinct over the centuries. There are no clear examples of what it is supposed to sound like, but the text consistently describes it as a "Dornish drawl".
At first it was somewhat curious that the original Rhoynar language didn't survive in Dorne: the Old Tongue of the First Men was displaced because the Andals conquered them, but the Rhoynar conquered Dorne (by unifying with the local power of House Martell), and indeed the Dornish were never conquered by any outside force. Even when the Andal conquered the First Men, it may have taken many centuries for the Old Tongue to completely die out in southern Westeros, but that conquest occurred 6,000 years ago - compared to the only 1,000 years ago that the Rhoynar migrated to Dorne. Yet the World of Ice and Fire also provided a direct answer to this: when the Rhoynar first migrated to Westeros they were fleeing the Valyrians who had conquered their homeland, and their warrior-queen Nymeria wanted to convince the faint of heart among her people that there was no going back (their wanderings as a refugee fleet were so desperate that some actually did try to return, only to be captured by the Valyrians). Nymeria's most famous and direct action to prevent any of her people trying to flee back was to burn all of her ships after they landed at Dorne. Nymeria didn't even want her people longing for their old lives in their old homes, however, but to focus on building a future in Dorne, so she encouraged the Rhoynar to actively switch to using the Common Tongue used in Westeros (similarly, the Rhoynar converted en masse to the Faith of the Seven, abandoning their original worship of the river-goddess of the Rhoyne). Nymeria married Mors Martell and her descendants in House Martell ruled over all of Dorne: it is said that the three successors of Nymeria's grandson outright outlawed speaking the original Rhoynar language at all. This is specifically why the original Rhoynar language died out in Dorne in only a century or two, despite the Rhoynar in Dorne never being conquered by any outside force. The original Rhoynar language, however, still ended up influencing how Dornishmen speak Common Tongue with a notable accent.
Linguist David J. Peterson, who designed the Dothraki language, went so far as to work out what Dothraki-accented Common Tongue would sound like, and gave out instructions to the actors who play Dothraki characters who have lines in Common Tongue/English (Rakharo, Irri, etc.). Given this attention to detail, and that Dornish characters such as Oberyn Martell would start appearing in Season 4, Peterson was asked if he had worked out what a "Dornish drawl" is supposed to sound like, perhaps by actually constructing an extinct Rhoynar language and then working backwards. Peterson responded that he would have been happy to develop a "Dornish drawl" accent, but the TV producers never asked him to. Thus any accents used by Dornish characters are inventions of the actors and/or directors, not rationally thought out the way the Dothraki accents were.David J. Peterson's blog
As the first major Dornish character cast for the TV series, the accent that actor Pedro Pascal came up with for Oberyn Martell loosely set the standard for other actors playing Dornish characters to follow. Pascal himself noted that the book chapters described the Dornish as speaking with a distinct accent, and that the Dornish should logically speak differently because they are isolated from the rest of Westeros (far to the south, separated by mountains and deserts):
:"The way he sounds and composes himself is just something I went with on instinct from reading the scenes from the show, and I used an accent in my first audition tape because I figured he seemed like a different character from everyone else we've come to know on the show, and that it would be valuable for him not just to look different, but sound different."The Daily Beast interview with Pedro Pascal
There were some fears before Season 4 aired that the Dornish accent used in the TV series would just be a loosely made-up stereotype of a "Hispanic accent", given that Dorne is heavily inspired by medieval Spain. Pascal, however, explained that he actually based Oberyn's Dornish accent on his own father's real-life Chilean-Spanish accent:
:"I remember I had this strange instinct that Oberyn Martell sounded like my Dad. I don't know what that says about my Dad. So my Dad had a somewhat thick accent, my family is Chilean as some people know, and when I was very very young coming to the states, Spanish is my first language because that is what we spoke at home. Unfortunately I don't practice it as much as I should, I can always improve my Spanish, but my parents spoke perfect English but Spanish-accented English."Pascal Reddit AMA
When Alexander Siddig was cast as Doran Martell for Season 5, he based his character's accent on what Pedro Pascal used for his younger brother Oberyn. When Siddig came in to audition he saw Pascal doing scenes for Season 4. In Season 5 the producers advised him to base his accent on what Indira Varma was doing for Ellaria Sand, but they were unaware that he was already using Pascal's Oberyn as his template.
===In non-English dubs===
In the German dub, no attempt is made to distinguish the "First Men accent" of the Northmen and wildlings (which sounds like a northern England accent), from the standard "Andal accent" of southern Westeros (including the Iron Islands). This is in part because there are not simply local "accents" of German, but regional "dialects": not as subtle as the difference between northern England (seen as a bit more rough and working-class) and southern England (considered refined, "standard" English). "High German" is the standardized version for governmental and public use, so it doesn't quite have regional "accents". Showing the Northmen and wildlings as speaking a different and perhaps difficult to understand dialect would be too drastic of a change.
Due to this difference, the subtle point is lost in Season 2, when Theon Greyjoy returns to the Iron Islands, and he has been living with the Starks at Winterfell for so many years that he picked up the Northern accent. When he returns to Pyke and meets with his father and sister, they do not have the same accent, adding a layer of detail about how different he is from them now (and they accuse him of not really being an Ironborn anymore). Similarly, Euron Greyjoy's actor in the English version uses his natural Danish accent - which makes sense, given that like Theon he has been living away for years, in foreign continents speaking foreign languages, so he logically picked up an odd mixture of an accent. The German version also makes no attempt to represent Euron speaking differently.
Instead, for the wildlings, it's presented as more of a class accent then a regional accent: the wildlings don't speak like refined upper-class people because they have no aristocracy. They use High German slang terms a little more, to be less formal; Ygritte and Gilly mumble on purpose, while Mance Rayder and Tormund have a rougher intonation.
As for lower class and upper class accents, there is some attempt to portray a refined Received Pronunciation equivalent for particularly educated (or snobbish) people like Joffrey, Tywin, Tyrion, and Cersei. Lower class people (such as Bronn, Gendry, Davos Seaworth, and Hot Pie) don't have an "accent" so much as they speak more loosely and use more High German slang terms (the continuum between Received Pronunciation English and working-class Cockney/Estuary English, etc. doesn't have a one for one comparison in German).
Similar to the original English version, a Dornish accent (Rhoynar accent) sounds like Spanish-accented German, and Syrio Forel speaks in Greek-accented German (because Braavos and the Free Cities are loosely like the medieval Italian city-states in the Mediterranean). Similarly, educated characters from beyond Westeros who don't have an English accent don't have one in the German version either (i.e. Tycho Nestoris).
No attempt is made to re-dub lines in Dothraki or Valyrian, the German dub simply re-uses the original actors' audio. For some characters who have few lines in Common Tongue, such as Drogo, the effect is minimal. Daenerys, however, switches between all three languages frequently: in Season 1, this meant that the audio would switch from the German dub actress (Gabrielle Pietermann) speaking in "Common", to Emilia Clarke's original audio speaking in Dothraki. This was somewhat jarring, because Pietermann has a much higher voice than Clarke, so by Season 2, Pietermann started delivering the Dothraki lines herself (and later, Valyrian liens starting in Season 3).
A few characters whose actors kept their original accents in the English version, because they play characters from beyond Westeros, don't have accents in the German version, such as Melisandre (who has a faint Dutch accent but speaks crisp English). Sibel Kekilli is ethnically Turkish but living in Germany, and speaks Turkish. In the English version, both Shae and Jaqen H'ghar have German accents (because their actors do), and are said to be from Lorath. Kekilli dubs her own role as Shae in the German version, using Turkish-accented German: she can speak unaccented German, but intentionally used a Turkish accent to make Shae sound foreign. Jaqen, however, doesn't have an identifiable accent in the German version, his speech pattern is unique to begin with, though it's generally a smooth and ominous voice.
The Brazilian Portuguese dub makes no attempt to distinguish between any of the three major regional accents in Westeros: characters from both Winterfell and Dorne speak with the same accent that people in King's Landing do, losing this story nuance. Brazil has numerous accents and regional dialects, but as is common practice for Brazilian television, the dub staff use the standard São Paulo / Rio de Janeiro accent. The upper-class/lower-class divide is easier to show and present in the Portuguese dub: as with other dubs, the upper-class characters speak more formally (sometimes arrogantly like Tywin), while working-class commoners speak more loosely, with more slang and grammar errors, etc. Most characters from beyond Westeros who have an accent in the English version don't have one in the Portuguese dub (Shae, Jaqen, etc.), though Syrio Forel again speaks with a Greek accent (Greek-accented Portuguese).
==References==
==External links==
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Category:Languages
de:Gemeine Zunge
fr:Langue Commune
pt-br:Língua Comum
ru:Общий язык