Papal conclave, 1471

The papal conclave from August 6-9, 1471 elected Pope Sixtus IV following the death of Pope Paul II. With the exception of the conclaves of the Western Schism, this conclave was the first since 1305 to feature a working, two-thirds majority of Italians within the College of Cardinals, in no small part because of the absence of six non-Italian cardinals.Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Sixtus IV (1471)". This was in part due to the unexpectedness of the death of Paul II. Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. p. 156.
==The election==
The two main factions were those of d'Estouteville and Orsini, the latter of whom secured a major pre-conclave victory in managing to persuade the rest of the College to exclude the cardinals created by Paul II in pectore, in explicit defiance of the last will and testament of the previous pontiff. Such creatures would be allowed to participate, for example, in the papal conclave, 1492. Paul II had created at least eight cardinals in secret, at least five of whom were alive at the time of the conclave: Pedro Ferriz, Pietro Foscari, Giovanni Battista Savelli, Ferry de Clugny, and Jan Vitez.
A conclave capitulation was drawn up at the beginning of the conclave, but unusually it contained no explicit limitations on papal power, except to continue the Crusading war against the Turks. The aforementioned factions can more specifically be referred to as the "Pieschi" (primarily the creations of Pius II) and the "Paoleschi" (primarily the creations of Paul II).
As in the immediately previous conclaves, Bessarion emerged as an early favorite, with six votes on the second day, those of: d'Estouteville, Calandrini, Capranica, Ammanati-Piccolomini, Caraffa, and Barbo; d'Estouteville trailed with the votes of Bessarion, Gonzaga, and Monferrato as did Forteguerri with the votes of Orsini, Eruli, and Agnifilo; Orsini got nods from della Rovere and Michiel; Roverella from Borgia and Zeno; Eruli from Forteguerri; and Calandrini from Roverella. The old arguments against Bessarion, namely that he was a non-Italian, who in addition would be unacceptable to the princes of France, again prevailed.Creighton, Mandell. 1887. A history of the papacy during the period of the Reformation. p. 56.
The voting tallies are known with specificity because of the notes of Nicodemo de Pontremoli, sent to Duke of Milan Galeazzo Maria Sforza, currently residing in the State Archives of Milan. Notable favorites in the ensuing scrutinies are (chronologically): Calandrini, Forteguerri, and Roverella.
Of the favored candidates of Sforza, della Rovere was the most electable, so Gonzaga and Borja lobbied for him behind the scenes, all the while disguising their intentions by voting for others until the morning of August 9th, when along with d'Estouteville and Barbo they changed their votes to della Rovere in the accessus, giving him a total of 13 votes. The cardinals voting for della Rovere in the scrutiny were: Monferrato, Zeno, Michiel, Agnifilo, Roverella,Forteguerri, Bessarion, Calandrini, and Orsini. Contrary to the perennial tradition, the five remaining cardinals did not change their votes to della Rovere in the accessus to make the election "unanimous".
==Cardinal electors==
Elector 	Nationality	Order 	Title 	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Guillaume d'Estouteville, O.S.B.Clun.	French 	Cardinal-bishop	Bishop of Ostia e Velletri, archbishop of Rouen 	 	 	Dean of the College of Cardinals
Basilios Bessarion 	Greek 	Cardinal-bishop	Bishop of Sabina 	 	 	
Latino Orsini 	Roman 	Cardinal-bishop	Bishop of Frascati 	 	 	
Filippo Calandrini 	 	Cardinal-bishop	Bishop of Albano and Bologna 	 	 	Cardinal-nephew
Angelo Capranica 	 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme 	 	 	
Berardo Eroli 	 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Sabina, bishop of Spoleto 	 	 	
Niccolò Fortiguerra 	 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Cecilia, bishop of Teano 	 	 	
Bartolomeo Roverella 	 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Clemente, archbishop of Ravenna 	 	 	
Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati 	 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Crisogono, bishop of Pavia 	 	 	Arrived on August 7
Oliviero Carafa 	Neapolitan 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Eusebio, archbishop of Naples 	 	 	
Amico Agnifilo 	 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Maria in Trastevere 	 	 	
Marco Barbo 	Venetian 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Marco, patriarch of Aquileia 	 	 	Cardinal-nephew
Francesco della Rovere, O.F.M.Conv. 	 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Pietro in Vincoli 	 	 	Elected Pope Sixtus IV
Rodrigo Borja 	Spanish 	Cardinal-deacon	Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano, administrator of Valencia	 	 	Future Pope Alexander VI; cardinal-nephew
Francesco Gonzaga 	 	Cardinal-deacon	Deacon of S. Maria Nuova 	 	 	
Teodoro Paleologo di Monteferrato 	 	Cardinal-deacon	Deacon of S. Teodoro 	 	 	
Giovanni Battista Zeno 	Venetian 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Anastasia 	 	 	Cardinal-nephew
Giovanni Michiel 	 	Cardinal-deacon	Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria 	 	 	Cardinal-nephew
===Absentee cardinals===
Elector 	Nationality	Order 	Title 	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Alain de Coëtivy 	French 	Cardinal-bishop	Bishop of Palestrina 	 	 	
Jean Rolin 	French 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, bishop of Autun 	 	 	
Luis Juan del Milà 	Spanish 	Cardinal-priest	Title of Ss. IV Coronati, bishop of Lérida 	 	 	
Jean Jouffroy, O.S.B.Clun. 	French 	Cardinal-priest	Title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, bishop of Albi	 	 	
Thomas Bourchier 	English 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Ciriaco, archbishop of Canterbury 	 	 	
Jean Balue 	French 	Cardinal-priest	Title of S. Susanna, bishop of Angers 	 	 	
Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini	Sienese 	Cardinal-deacon	Deacon of S. Eustachio, bishop of Siena 	 	 	Future Pope Pius III
==Notes==
Category:Papal conclaves
Category:1471