Religion

Religion est un dimension ios spiritual gwit al Individu, quod concernt id sibia al mensc dia id divin au un transcendant realitat, sulen ep un cred. Fid se manifestet trans un communitar systeme compost ex creds ed ritual ed moral dyinsta in quod tod sibia est oistructuret. Consist aye un ject ver independent-ye ud ia eventual pruvs os ids existence. 
Plura criteria skeipe id existence uns religion, qua id franceoiso scol os sociologia synthetisit kam sehkwt : communitat smyehrnd un pietatsdiemen iom rites, mythsa (yani narns enscenend id origin al mensc ed ios mund), samt separation om saker ed profane. Id lexis religion hat lakin daken un tadrijan larger sense, incluend cada spiritual cred, cada sentiment os pietat, sonter id existence os un systeme organisen ambh un dogme ed representative institutions. 
Id etymologie ios werdios "religion" hat gohnen debats. Estu dart, bayna ia spohrnst hypotheses, od religion gwehmiet ex id latin verbo religere (anamnese, respecte) autah ex ia verbs ligare ed religare (behnde/yunges). Religion skeipiet it un diemen sammel con un transcendant entitat ed id diemen uniend i menscens. Se enderkweit ud magia ar senter est un occult praxis intervenibund do id druna iom wakyas au id sulouk es alyanghen. Religiono manifestet kathalika un desire os transcendance, un wan os dahe plus sense ibs wakyas ed sieni gwit, un cheus os refere-se ad absolut wirts. 
Id diemen implicit-ye mathmounen in id notion religion wehst besonters trans id rol tribuet ad religion in id construction iom national identitats. Menxu men religion betrehft id intimitat iom convictions, id de hat act ed id naact un fundamental rol ka politic magh, dasturic moralisator, stieure os social organisation betschi cultural phenomen. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, in sien wehrg Sens et Non-Sens (1948) kieusit od Religion est part os culture, neter ka dogme ni ka cred, sontern ka crie. Id providt un creator, transformator, altruiste energia, betschi quod ghehdt eme un destructor, fanatic, reactionair aspect. 
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==Quod biht iskwt per religion ?==
Fid, ed globaler-ye ia religieus movments, permittiet al mensci nake un transcendant entitat, udlites sien wi nafsani limites kay nake un divin entitat quos imkans sont aunfin. Pascal kieu, in sien Brens, od Div est aunfin (Div est un aunfin sphere, quos centre est quantloc ed quos circumference est neidloc) menxu el menscis kwehndt sien limites (Quod est el mensc in id nature ? Un nischto dia id aunfin, un hol dia id nischt, un medium inter neid ed hol). 
Tod paursken uns divin entitat leit per id paursken uns pruv os ids existence. Mult philosophs hant anacen theorias de to. Mathalan, Pascal men demonstrit od id rhayr-imkan al mensc os pruves Divs existence est un argument quod pleidt paradoxal-ye pro tod existence : el mensc habiet interesse in vate ep Divs existence todghi cheus bringhiet el ad "rules" sien gwit consequence-ye, yani positive-ye. Spinoza de hat basen sien philosophic systeme ep id existence uns div. Descartes bad prufskwit Divs existence per id fact od el individu xeiht in se "Divs dayi", quod, sekwent iom, dehlct necessar-ye habe un cause (iaghi qualitats ios effectios dehlgent ses present ka act in id cause). 
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==Quod est id moral influence os religion ?==
Id absolut sohkwo po divtat ab el menscem richasct med un akster moral contexte : religion est it un wassila pro el individu kay antplehce siena moral references, ab ia universal wirts qua senter wehght. Iaghi wirten systemes varyent relative-ye pau ex un religion do alyo (respect om orbat ed effort, ban os klehpt, promotion os charitat...). Id respect iom rites, yando baygh dwinghend, comprindt eti sem part om discipline ed abnegation. 
Id transcendence present in cada religion influencet id spiritual gwit al individu bet kathalika trans to els gwitcheusa, trehpend-ye un different luce kya societal problematiques quibs el est confronten ka social actor, civ, orbater, kerab...
To ghehldt besonters pro id influence iom tri magnen religionen qua sont christianisme, Yahadut ed Islam. Ta religions vahnt instaure suloukprabhils enderkweitskwnd Sellt ud Khitert, per un pedagogic prabhilproschgumt (neud om symbols, kwiters, parabels...), kay permitte irims fiders interage bilkull con alter members irs communitat. Ta precepts sont dar meis akster obghi hant est formaliset : biht eti tolcto de "Buksreligions" chunke ein Buk (Bible, Torah, Coran) sammelt ta reuls.
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==Qua evolutions hat subihn id religieus ?==
Est difficil nege un profund rencausen uns traditional conception os religion, slaberiht, instar alya traditional institutions, per id staurerascen os individualisme. Moralitat hat bihn secularisen, scientific progress ed id instauration, bariem zanchey, os un "science wirt", hant reduct id influence os religion. Cartesianisme, rationalisme dind id liberal influence iom Lumens hant tadrijan schrinct id intellectual magisterium ios Kyrk. Bayle, Fontenelle, Voltaire, ed daydey id hol ios XVIIIt secule philosophia ischi denunce ia limites os religion in ids imkan dayir bewaldhe violences ed justifie sien stands. 
Bad, id scientisme ios XIXt secule, yani id absolut fid in ia imkans os science kem expliet quant edghi "organiset scientific-ye menscgenos" (Ernest Renan), hat impacto kathalika religion. Christianisme, dominant religion in Occident, buit encausen ab pelu philosophs ye tod zaman. In Also sprach Zarathustra, Nietzsche mehldt "Divs mohrt". Karl Marx in sien Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechts-Philosophie ayt religion id illusor noroc ios popule, id opium ios popule, inventen kay console id ud idsum social misere ed kay reduce ia pamrlanriska. Bad, Freud ayt religion ex id vidpoint iom inconscient brungsen id bringht im menscims ed script in Die Zukunft einer Illusion od religion est id mierst neurose os menscgenos. 
Ia technic progressa iom industrial revolutions ed id antslehnken ios consummsocietat hant kathalika ros id influence os religion. Marcel Gauchet, in id Désenchantement du Monde (1985), kyeusit eti od ia seculariste ed secularisen societats hant majoritar-ye salgen id "religieus aurdhen", med alya werds un social organisation basen ep id influence im divs au magia. Lakin, id paursken po id Saker ne hat tant-ye sliten, meg punor. Kwehct regnahe sub different forms. Itak dehlct bihe kaun id spand ios evangelical movment in ia Uniet Stats os America, in Latin America, bet kathalika in Africa. Ia syncretismes sont kathalika staur, signe uns Globalisation quodschi influet religions. Id penkwostiste movmento kneigvt also ep sien Africana magic raudhs per sien references ad magia (pietat ed prehgen dreibhend, sekwent ta creds, schifa). 
Eti, un assimilation om philosophia, religion, walses, harmonia con sien ambient biht ops constaten, samt un stets akster trend kye syncretisme. Ia "quant in oin" products sont privilegen. Biht kaut un staurer reiken iom holisten dyinsten ed iom Asiat philosophias. El individu abpaursct un nov spiritualitat, compatible con un gwitweidos basen ep materialisme, id pohltos informationen, id naudh os ses efficient, id porositat iom grancen inter public ed privat spaces, privat ed professional gwits. 
Id isereihsa em icons per ia media, rjienbwutsen om TV, cinema au sport, hat kathalika diluven un part ios religieus. Id wahid religion, in quod id spiritual homologhia est durable ed total, kwecto neti est kafi. Un isert ed uno mystique à la carte esient prefert, samt applietu "recepts" pro cada gwitsmoment.
Modernitat hat gohnen contradictor sulouks. Extremisme kwecto reject besonters ia wirts os modernitat: id muslim integrisme ne est id saul symptom tos process, chunke in ia Uniet Stats id creationiste theoria doct im magvims od id origin im menscen gwehmt ex Adam ed Eve, ed od Darwins Theoria os evolution est tik oin hypothese bayna alya. Biht kathalika kaun un staurerascen terroristen junds quom agos keiht ep un reference ad Islam. Gilles Kepel in La revanche de Dieu (1991) hieb identifien id emergence uns triple movment om "remuslimeihsa, reyudisation ed rechristianisation" gwehmend sammel ex individus ed ouvert-ye theocratic Stats. 
Religion biht kathalika kyuken kay plehe un identitar kenos in ia suburbs, incarne social problematiques (in Nord Erino mathalan samt id opposition inter catholics ed protestants). Nabiht ghi instrumentalisen ed cristalliset ops wiswa frustrations betschi sem spehs. 
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==Qua sont ia prospects ios religieus ye id XXIsto secule ?==
Ia debats de id reference ei religieus identitat in id project os Europay Constitution, de id adhesion ios muslim Tyrkia do id Europay Union, de id creation uns franceois Concil ios Muslim Cult, de ia reforme projects ios franceois layicitatsleg os 1905, de id Anglican Kyrk in id Uniet Roydem, tanta topics qua deike od id sibia dia is Saker remant structurant. 
Dayir id Commission pro id redaction uns Europay Constitution, perodhsedden ab Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, papp Iohannes-Paul II hieb intervenen express-ye kay id futur Constitution se referiet ibs Christian wirts in Europe. Id constitutionsbild udwekwnit neter Div ni id Christian religion sontern iaschi "cultural, religieus ed humaniste heritages os Europe, quom wirts sont dar present in ids mirath" ed hant gohnen "id central rol al ensan ed els inviolable ed inalienable rects, tem quem id respect os ieus". De facto, tik uno minoritat landen se refert ad Div in ir constitutional texte (Polska, Deutschland, Erin ed Hellad). 
Malta hat christianisme ka Statsreligion. Sem Stats referent-se uni specific religieus heritage au ei existence uns dominant religion (Polska, Chesko, Slovakia).
Id reference ei religieus pregent baygha conflicts bet kathalika politic debats. Ia terroriste agsa, id antslehnken ios influence iom secten ed os ir skehthimkan, ia conflicts in Mediorient, betschi certain religions, kam Islam, kwehke in plen spandphase, besonters dank un active demographia iom concernen populations ed un progressive remuslimeihsa om traditional-ye islami societats. 
Yahadut kwehct kathalika gnohe sem attractivitatsregain, edsi tod est shayad bohnden in major part ei wehkwos os un stehmen ei yudi communitat, quod kheisst menacen ab divers elements : antslehnken iom communitarismen, reiken os antischemisme, rencausen ios inconditional stehmen pro Israel... Terschi est kautu od sei ia drames kam najissens au dirabs desnen bihnt large-ye reporten ab ia media ed attrage id empathia ios public opinion, i muslims, victims talgen exactions, stets meis trende recurred ia sam influence zariyas kay dapihes id public sem attention ed beschahide ia autoritats. 
Parallel-ye, un dechristianisation iom occidental societats antslehnct, illustret ab un crise ios numer om hirotonias, un sehnken ios regular dyin, un rencausen iom dogmen. Id Catholic Kyrk yed contet meis quem oino milliard em cruzens; sam-ye, ia major sacrements kam wehden, daunos, baptisme kwehke minter hihn ed id success om certaina manifestations kam ia Tienxia Iuwent Diens prevue id gwis os catholicisme, besonters pro ia yuner generations. 
Olivier Roy, in sien wehrg La Sainte Ignorance - le temps de la religion sans culture, expliet od Globalisation hat creet uno mercat ios religieus. Nundiens, ia religieus products kwehle ed religions neti stope ant grances. Resultat : menxu traditional-ye ia religions hant-se connex ibs cultures, ed hatta hant creet sem cultural, disbihnt ud ir tienjien territoria ed culture. (...). Bet, kay un product biht accessible quantloc ed ei mierst numer, id tehrpt ses oistandardisen. Sei est pior identificable ad unpet culture, ne bihsiet pohrnt exter tod culture. Quetos id phenomen deculturation. Id connexion inter cultural ed religieus nischans biht leikend, instable. (...). Meg territorialiset religions ne kamyabe se globalise ni se exporte; est id fall os rusk orthodoxia, mathalan, quod est connecten uni culture, uni nation. Semquayt, est idschi fall ios Catholic Kyrk, quod hat kaurto de se territorialise (cult em local saints) ed se ambintres do id kerd iom concret cultures. I Orient Christians sont in crise irghi Kyrks keihnt ep un communitarisme os ethnic type, menxu vidmos, ep ta sama muslim lands, id antslehnken uns evangelical protestantisme edghi id apparition em nov Orient Christians. (...). In christianisme, vasya evangelical formes meist-ye se suaadapte tei nov realitat; penkwostisme est ids pursto product. In islam, est id famm os salafia. Protestants ed salafis sont baygh yowi dayir deterritorialisation idghi desno ter hat neid importance. Pro i protestants, quo uperghehldt est id "iser ansu" quod, essence-ye, annemt querlibt.
Sekwent Olivier Roy, ne facems un "reiken ios religieus": ia religions qua trehve successum sont recent formes om ja establiena movments. Mathalan, bi Islam, salafia gwehmt ex id wahhabia ios fin ios XVIIIt secule.
Category:Philosophia
Category:Religion