Europay Integration

Id Europay Integration est id concept uns "stets angher union iom europay folks" (1st haythiya ios Preambule ios Traiteitios de Functionment ios Europay Union). Official-ye buit tod concept nudt ye id prest ker in 1954 unte id dehti ios Westeuropay Union. Med id creation ios Europay Union (EU) ab id 1992 Maastricht Traiteit uperlit "id europay integration un nov etape" (1st haythiya ios Preambule ios Maastricht Traiteit); id 2007 Lisboa Traiteito skeipt id actual stando tos antslehnken.
Europay historia structuret-se ambh dwo poles : tod os profunderascen siens politic construction ed tod siens plauterascen. Bo elements alterne aun od oiter tom dwo sia privileget binisbat alter.
Vidte : Europay Dayi
==Ia posweir jamiyas==
Id project uns economic communitat uniend ia europay nations qua hieb just wight protie mutu unte Mund Weir Dwo prehpt clar-ye formulet in id logos ios 9 mai 1950 os Robert Schuman (1886-1963), franceois minister iom Gospoti Res, swohrt eni id quader uns initiative os Jean Monnet (1889-1979), Plan Commissar. Propont place id franceois-deutsch production om ghiul ed stal sub un commun Hog autoritat eni un organisation ghyant altrims lands Europes. Id chusen xeimen est baygh limiten bet, concernend dwo raumaterias lasim pro weir, skeipt un baygh akster reconciliationsymbol.
Tetos salct, pos oino yar, id creation ios Europay Communitat om Ghiul ed Stal (ECGS), quod smyehrnt France, West-Deutschland, Italia, Belgia, Nederland ed Luxemburg.
In un contexte os Srig Weir, menxu id posweir ganeisen est dalg ud bihe hassilen, id creation ios ECGS marct id inkapem ios europay integration.
Ta inkapems sont lakin difficil : encouraget ab id kamyab ios ECGS, ids promotors, is franceois Robert Schuman, is Italian Alcide de Gasperi ed is deutsch Konrad Adenauer mehnent maghe uperlites fauran do id politic nivell. Proponent id Europay Defense Communitat (EDC) ed un project os Europay Politic Communitat (EPC). Id EDC bezielit bringhes un solution ei deutsch rearmament, ed uperlites un decisive etape ios Europay unification. Id EDC traiteit, signet dien 27 mai 1952 inter ia Six, placit id futur armee sub id autoritat institutionen samlik tibs ios ECGS. Id project os Europay Politic Communitat bezielit kufye id europay armee med un europay gouvernement quod croniet id unification iom Six. Un project os traiteit, elaboren ab id EPC assemblee kyuct per anticipation (ad hoc assemblee) previs un complete hol om federal institutions.
Bet id reject ios EDC traiteit ab France (August 1954) dribh con se id tyehgven ios project os Europay Politic Communitat.
Monument in Scy-Chazelles (nieb Metz, N-E France) dedien ibs "dehtorpaters Europes" : Alcide de Gasperi (Italia, 1881-1954), Robert Schuman (France, 1886-1963), Jean Monnet (France, 1888-1979), Konard Adenauer (Deutschland, 1876-1967)
==Id creation ios Europay Economic Communitat (EEC)==
Ies Ministers iom Six samghat in Messina in Juno 1955 decide persehkwe id wehrg os europay unification integrend-ye nov structures.
Ia Rome Traiteits (25 mart 1957) creend id Communo Mercat ed Euratom, sont id vafat tos vol (in gwis pon dien 14 Januar 1958). Objective ios EEC traiteit est establie tadrijan, in vasya sectors economias, preter id tollunion, quod impliet id suppression iom tolls ed taxen os equivalent effect inter ia members ed id establiement uns commun extro tariff, dind id economic union, quod impliet id leudher kwehlen im orbatern, servicen ed capitals, id respect iom concurrence reuls ed id weiden om commun siyassas in different xeimens, besonters in id agrent sector. Objective ios EURATOM traiteit est elabore, in id xeimen iom pacific neuds os nuclear energia, un commun siyassa garantiend id securitat iom betyeicens, id diffusion iom gnohsas, ed id securitat iom installations.
Ia meg positive resultats ios economic union, favoriset ab id crosct conjuncture iom 1960tias, vahnt convinces alya nations ke se integre ei Communitat. In 1973, id Uniet Roydem, Erin ed Danmark joine id; in 1981, France favoriset Hellads entren; in 1986, Espania ed Portugal, qua hant rebihn democratias, bihnt admitten ep ir roig. Id Europe iom Six hat bihn id Europe iom Dwodem.
Entrim, dwo conventions hant angherihn ia diemens inter Memberstats : ia Schengen playcts (1985) organisend id leudher kwehlen im anghens in id Communitat ed ponend ia admissionsreuls im gospotis, ed id Europay Wahid Act (1986), quod plautereiht ia EEC competences ed concreteiht un economic rewos aun inner grances.
Parallel-ye id Communitat se hat beghapto tadrijan-ye med institutions. Sei id magh os propones remant apanage ios representation iom smyehrnd gouvernements ed folks (Europay Concil, Radh im Ministern ios Communitat, Europay Parlament in Strasbourg), id decision ed id dostriction sont tact in ia ghesors ios Commission iom Europay Communitats in Bruxelles, organisme os technocratic buhsa quos president prehpt libter ei opinion ka el prest im europay wanaks.
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== Id deuysen ios Fouchet plan ==
Kun is gwehmt do magh in 1958, General de Gaulle ne rencauset ia Rome traiteits qua hant entret gwiso six munts prever. Bet is mehldt is promovskwt un nov politic cooperationo meis muadeb dia ia souverainitats iom Stats ed quod ghehdt buwes Europe un influence pole independent face ia dwo superaugsa.
Skipt ep id initiative os France, un intergouvernemental commission, perodhsess ab Christian Fouchet, weidt dien 19 October 1961 un plan previdend id pangen, med un nov traiteit os un "Statenunion" beghapt samt wi commun institutions (un Concil iom raysen ed waldhions quod emt sien decisions med unanimitat, uno Ministernconcil, etc) ed competent in xeimens netegen ab id EEC traiteit (gospoti siyassa, science ed culture, defense).
Tod plan biht fauran critiquen ab ia partners os France qui ter vide sem distancen ud id NATO ed un intergouvernemental entutelen iom Europay Communitats. Id novo version ios Fouchet planios anacen dien 17 Januar 1962 bringht neid antwehrdo tibs sweurghs. Eti, sem lands (bayna qua ta ios Benelux) aynt id entren ios Uniet Roydem do ia Communitats un precondition pro id conclusion uns playctios de id politic union. Id deuysen iom tolks de id politic Union biht constaten dien 17 Aprile 1962.
Symbol ios Europe iom Nations, id Fouchet Plan hat ops malo kleumen. In druve, eet ep maung points premonitor : ids proposen os Unionsconcil compost ab raysens ed waldions anticipit id creation in 1974 ios Europay Concil; id extension iom europay competencen do xeimens kam gospoti siyassa, defense, science au culture bihsiet tyict bad maung serter ab id Wahid Act au ia Masstricht ed Nice Traiteits. Invers-ye, maght bihe maynt od supervis ab un Statenunion wehrgend med unanimitat, id EU systeme ne habiet gnohn id sam dynamisme (communo mercat, euro...)
 Is franceoiso Statswir Jacques Delors (gnahn in 1925 in Paris) buit President ios Europay Commission ex 1985 do 1995.
== Id relancen ios Europay economic integration ab id Wahid Act ==
Id Wahid Act os Februar 1986 pancti ka objective id realisation dien 31sto December 1992 uns inner mercat. Kay uranderihes id enoverprocess, id Wahid Act extendt id qualifieno majoritat ei weiden iom meids necessar ei establiement ed ei functionment ios inner mercat (ploisko ia xeimens os fiscalitat ed ios leudher kwehlen im persons qua remane submitten ad unanimitat).
Id Wahid Act suwit un intense normative activitat. Dien 1sto Januar 1993, 90% iom meids previs ab id albho buko kay harmonise ia legislations ed suppremes ia obstacles ibs exchanges hieb est widt. Ia doancontrols buir suppresst. Ia capitalmovments buir liberaliset. Id process om harmonisation ed mutual recognition iom normes buit relancet med id consecration unios "nov proschgumt" ab id Concil. Id liberalisation iom mercats buit tadrijan extens ibs netwehrg industries (energia, transports, telecommunications). Tik id proschbrinegh iom fiscalitats hat-se forstiupen speit oika tyict progressa.
 Id handdehrjen inter iom Franceois President François Mitterrand ed iom Deutsch Cancellar Helmut Kohl ant id osterngrabh Douaumont, nieb Verdun, dien 22 September 1984, symbolisit id reconciliation inter France ed Deutschland.
==Id Maastricht Traiteit==
Id pehden ios Berliner Mur in November 1989 ed id reoinascen process os Deutschlando duce iom franceois president François Mitterrand ed iom deutsch cancellar Helmut Kohl ad relance id europay project. Dien 7 februar 1992, id Maastricht Traiteit substituet id Europay Union ei Communitat ed pont ia bases uns rawajunion. Tri nov Stats integrent tun id Union : Sveden, Osterreich ed Suomi. Dien 1sto Januar 1999, id euro biht creen ed 11 members ex 15 weide id, skeipend id "Eurozone": France, Deutschland, Osterreich, Belgia, Espania, Suomi, Erin, Nederland, Italia, Portugal ed Luxembourg, qua joint Hellad in 2001. Dien 1sto Januar 2002, id euro tayt ia national rawaja in id Eurozone.
Pon id Maastricht Traiteit, id Europay Union kekwohrit un athime itner quod, in certain regards, hat tyicen un integration superior tei om sem federal Stats. Id meg meis akster involvment ios Europay Parlamentios do wiswa concernen siyassas est aweis positive.
==Preter plauterascen==
Face ia EU adhesioneiskwens ab nov lands khaliban ois id dissolution ios prever sovietsk block, id Nice Traiteit in Februar 2001 modifiet ia votereuls in ia Europay Commission, Parlament ed Concil. To est sohkwt ab un preter plauterascen quod, integrend-ye Lietuva, Latvia, Eesti, Polska, Chesko, Slovakia, Magyaria, Slovenia ed ia insules Malta ed Cypros, auct id EU do 25 members. Penk tom members (Slovenia, Cypros, Malta, Slovakia, Eesti) joinsient id Eurozone inter 2007 ed 2011.
In gwis pon dien 1st Februar 2003, id Nice Traiteito geghyienit id dwer ei plauterascen ios Europay Union do ia lands os medyo, eust, mediomar ed baltic Europe. Hat quantenprest permiss adapte ia institutions uni plauterascus Europe reequilibernd-ye id bepehnden iom stehms in id Concil ed kardwnend-ye id rol os colegislator ios EU Parlament. Kay vergihes id sromia ios Union, ed limite ia falls quer uno Memberstat poitt impones un veto, hat extenden id qualifieno majoritat vote do certain bewehkwens tuntos regen ab unanimitat. Resultat uns difficil compromiss, id Nice Traiteit buit critiquet ob sien complexitat ed sieno mank os ambition in social ed economic gouvernance xeimens.
== Id Nice Traiteit : uno minimal reforme iom institutions ==
In Juno 1999, id Cologne Europay Concil convoquet un intergouvernemental conference focusen ep ia tri questions qua ne hieb ghohdt ses pact in Amsterdam. Id intergouvernemental conference inkapt sien orbats dien 14 Februar 2000. Ye id hassile sakhten tolks, un playct wardht unte id Nice Europay Concil (11 December 2000). Id traiteit biht signet in Nice dien 26 Februar 2001.
Focust ep manghpands (id place iom Stats eni ia institutions, id formation ios qualifiet majoritat), ia tolks hant fodden un grov inter "meger" ed "lyter" Stats. France ed Deutschland, qua diwid mutu de ira respective vyiges in id Concil, ne dahr-pet sem impulse kam unte ia prever intergouvernemental conferences. Id Nice Traiteit biht reject ab id eirean folk unte id referendum ios 7 Jun 2001. Id Seville Europay Concil (Jun 2002) weidt tun dwo declarations raffirmend id absence os homologhia os mutual defense in id traiteit ed id neutralitat os Erin. Oins kun ta "resigwrens" hant esen obtenen, dwoter referendum biht organisen in Erin dien 19 October 2002 ed id "ya" vinct plaut-ye. Id Nice Traiteit entret gwis dien 1st Februar 2003.
"Existential meis quem essential", id megil merit ios Nice Traiteit est introduce ia institutional adaptations necessar ei entren do id Union om dwodem nov members yed po sem pau satisfacend compromissa. Also, id Traiteit reequilibert id bepehnden iom stehms in id Concil ye id brungos iom meger Stats yed auct id stehmensoyl ios qualifienios majoritat. Id traiteit consecret, ab dien 1sto Januar 2005, id dastur eins commissar pro Memberstat, ia "meger" Stats tyehgvus ir dwoter commissar. Id extendt un pichen id neud ios qualifiet majoritat yed conservet unanimitat pro fiscalitat ed social siyassa (id Convention de Europes Future niet kwehre meis !)
== Id Convention de Europes Future (Februar 2002 - Jul 2003) ==
Eet plaut-ye khisst id naudh os resules id Union ep nov bases. Sub id preimen ios Europay Parlament, ia Stats decident convoque, unte id Laeken Europay Concil os December 2001, un Convention kay prepare id niebst revision iom traiteits. Id recurs tos nov negociationsmethode se hat dwight ibs Memberstats ob ia tolks iom intergouvernemental conferencen om Nice ed Amsterdam hieb enlucen id mank os efficience ios diplomatic negociationsmethode (pau transparent orbats, paralysis ab unanimitat, wesneihsa logique). We cannot go on working like that exbohrwert Tony Blair ye prue menxu hieb ens ia tolks ios Nice Traiteit. Eti, id kamyaben experience ios Convention elaborevs id EU Charta iom Sulrects dik eet possible orbate als.
Id Laeken Europay Concil panct id composition ios Convention de Europes Future : 15 representers iom Stats (ein pro Memberstat), 30 national parlamentars (dwin pro Memberstat), 16 EU parlamentars ed dwo representers ios Commission. Ids perodhseddia biht tribuet ad Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Ia candidatlands sont admiss ad smyehre ia orbats ios Convention bet khake stambhes un possible consensus inter Memberstats. Ia competences iom Stats de revision sont preserven chunke tik id intergouvernemental conference poittsiet panges ia modifications bringhtu ibs traiteits. Id mandat ios Convention est definiht ouvert-ye : id Convention dehlct elabore un "document" comprindend auter simple "options", au "recommandations" daughend ka "startpoints" pro ia tolks ios Intergouvernemental Conference.
Tod comkamyaben dehlct lakin bihe nuancet. Id Conventiono ne proe-permiss revide ni ubnuwnes ia bewehkwens iom traiteits de ia commun siyassas quaghi hant, sub reserve formalen adaptations, remanen nechangen. Eti, sei ia media hant regular-ye reportet de ia orbats ios Convention, ne buit movment os popular interesse ambh ia elaborationsorbats ios nov traiteit. Fin-ye, id constitutional reference hat obkwohct ses un kapan quod hat contribuen id reject ios traiteit. Mehghend-ye constitutionalkweitu tei traiteit, id Convention hieb kyunggiawskwt idso double sonterkweit : id fact od id se contentet med modifie ia prever traiteits we od abroget ed tayt ia; ids hog ambitionsdegree chunke id tyeict un druv redinghen ios institutional ed diksorganisation ios Union. Lakin, tod double reference est contradictor in sien principe chunke, per definition, un traiteit ne est un constitution. Ieus-ye, id texte widen ab id Convention eet un traiteito chunke, widen unanim-ye ab un intergouvernemental conference ed signen ab i raysens ed waldhions, id poiss entre gwis bad pos sien ratification ab vasya signatar Stats. I partisans ios "no" ne hant myohrsen exploite tod ambiguitat : sei id nov traiteit est druve-ye un Constitution, ne habiet id dohlct bihe elaboren ab un constituant assemblee elegen pro to - quo id Conventiono ne eet ? Ne dehlgiet id, kam cada constitution, se limite ad describe id institutional diksorganisation - menxu, emend-ye tsay ia bewehkwens iom prever traiteits, id project os constitutional traiteit mathmounit precis prescriptions de id inhalt iom commun siyassas ? Ed kam admitte od id EU Parlament ne hat id initiative iom legs au od id dastur os maghseparationo ne biht consecret kam in cada democratic regime ?
==Dwoter plauterascen==
Ta nov conditions duce ad kwenchaue pro id EU un Constitution permittend clarifie ia institutions ed prepare un futuro process os politic union. Redact in 2004, biht reject per referendum in France ed Nederland. Tod deuysen sessiet part-ye compenset ab id signature, in December 2007, ios Lisboa Traiteit, rlinji solution quod preludt id adhesion om Romuneia ed Bulgaria. Id EU-entren in 2013 os Horvatska auct id numer iom Memberstats do 28. Id EU jamiyet tun id meger part os geographic Europe, ed Stats lyehgend ye id leizdo ios continent we esus part ios Union iom Sovietsken Socialiste Respublics (USSR) se declare candidats. Dia ta lands, reserves prehpe, tant in id opinion quem bi pelu politics. Esdi exist un incontestable cultural kerabat, id prever Russian empire hat sien specificitat, quei se necte Ukraine, Belaruss au ia Cavcase respublics. Id sam ghehldt pro Tyrkia, quos territorium lyehct khaliban in Asia, ed quos historic prev wehst in alyo Cultural area.
== Futur plauterascens ? ==
Akhir plauterascen hat jinkdoun unte dohbra conditions, esdi id dehlct bihe consoliden. Leitti de swekwehre, med ia futur plauterascens, kem id Europay Union ghehdsiet wehrge effective-ye ed de profunderihes id EU project.
In 2016, ia lands candidat pro accession (Tyrkia, Schkiperia, Montenegro, Serbia, Nordmakedonia) sont electible ibs penk points ios Imdadhinstrument os Preadhesion (IIP) ed ia potential candidatslands sont electible tik ad dwo preters. Island hat oistract sien candidature.
Id IIP stehmt ia candidatures. Samt 11,7 milliards om euros pro id 2014-2020 prist, id IAP intervent ep penk points : id imdadh ei transition ed ei kardwnen iom institutions; transgrance cooperation (con ia EU Memberstats ed alter lands electible ei IIP); regional antslehnken (transports, ambient ed economic antslehnken); menscenressurces (kardwnen ios menscencapital ed jidal protiev exclusion) ed id rural antslehnken.
== Id Lisboa Traiteit ==
Id men Lisboa Traiteit modifiend id Traiteito de Europay Union ed id Traiteit instituend id Europay Communitat signet dien 13 December 2007 ed entret gwis dien 1sto December 2009 ne mehght nov exclusive competences ei Union (quod, beghaben samt dikspersonalitat, tayti kongcio ia dwo existend communitats), nov de smyohrt competences bihnt consecret (space, energia) tem quem nov stehmencompetences (civil protection, intellectual vetat, administrative cooperation).
Id Lisboa Traiteit modifiet id structure iom traiteits ed kiheihti tuntos id Europay Union ep dwo traiteits : id Traiteito de Europay Union (TEU) ed id Traiteito de Functionment ios Europay Union (TFEU), id Euratom Traiteit remanend swobod.
Article 1st ios TEU precidt od id TEU ed id TFEU hant id sam dikswirt, refusend it panges un hierarchia inter ia EU constitutive traiteits. Maghmos lakin aum-ye kehnse od, id TEU udwekwnend ia sulprabhils ios functionment ios Union, id daughsiet ka reference texte ye-yos kloder sessient, casu quo, interpretet ia stipulations ios TFEU, in id kilvater ios fall ios CJEC ios 23 Februar 1988, Uniet Roydem adv. Concil per-yod id Curt hat sbright, eni ia-pet traiteits, un hierarchia inter ia liminara articles, qua endunt un sonterahammiyat, ed alters.
Eti, id Lisboa Traiteit introduct, endo ia normes weidil ab id Union, un hierarchia, manifestend it id pregnance ios kelsensk conception ios structure ios diksaurdhen. Article 289§3 ios TFEU stipulet iti, per un novo formule, od "ia diksacts widen per legislative proceddure skeipe legislative acts". Un enderkweiten inter legislative acts ed dostrictionsacts, quod covehrt, mutatis mutandis, id enderkweiten inter legs ed reglaments in innerstat ieus, biht yinjier introduct formell-ye do EU ieus (id CJEU hieb hierarchiset ia meids os general schaecheing ed ta os dostriction in sien fall ios 17 December 1970, Köster). Dwo types om dostrictionsacts iom legislative acts sont previden. Article 290 TFEU udwekwnt ia "non-legislative acts os general schaecheing qua complete we modifient sema non-essential elements ios legislative act" ed qua poitte bihe widen ab id Commission kemti un delegation tyicen ab id concernen legislative act. Id de article 291 TFEU concernt ia "dostrictionsacts" qua maghe bihe widt ab id Commission "kun uniforme dostrictionsconditions iom diksdwinghend acts ios Union sont necessar".
Id Lisboa Traiteit modifiet eti radical-ye id diksquader ios Gospoti Siyassa ed os Commun Securitat suppremend-ye id pillarenstructure enplacen ab Maastricht ed fundend-ye ia dikspersonalitats ios Communitat ed ios EU do oin sam dikspersonalitat, quo dohlg simplifie ids participation ad international organisations ed playcts.
Binisbat id constitutional traiteit, id Lisboa traiteit comprindt oik nov elements : ia maghs iom national parlaments hant est kardwnt; id application ios nov reul os formation ios qualifienios majoritat biht hoanen ex 2009 do 2014; un protocol de ia services os general interesse biht introducen; sekwent Frances vansch, id reference ei "leudher ed ne dusagen concurrence" biht suppresst ex id definition iom objectives ios Union; respondend uni britisch mutalba, id article ios constitutional traiteit consecrend id dastur os primatia ios EU ieus ne biht emto tsay; fin-ye, id Lisboa traiteit mehght ad sema Memberstats (Uniet Roydem, Erin, Polska) idafi derogations.
== Id Eurozone ==
Yant 1972, un Economic ed Monetar Union (EMU) biht kwenchaun. Bet, ab 1972, id mund est praedd unios mier monetar instabilitat. Id Europay Monetar Union biht hoanen ed id "monetar serpent" biht cren kay fluctuationsmarges inter ia europay rawaja.
Id Europay Monetar Systeme (EMS) in 1979 gwehmt ad tawrliene tod systeme. Id ecu, virtual reference monete, biht concept. Ielg rawaj dehlcti limite sien fluctuations binisbat id ecu.
Id EMS suawehrct bet kwehct rhayr-kafi de id leudher kwehlen iom capitals, quart lure ios wahid mercat. In 1989, un report os Jacques Delors advoquet id realisation ios EMU unte tri phases. Tod objective est inscript in id Maastricht Traiteit (1992). Id prest phase kardwnt id monetar cooperation. Id dwot kyunggiawt id convergence iom rawajen ed enplacet ia institutions ed xiseys. Id Madrid Europay Concil, in 1995, weidt id nam "euro" pro id wahid rawaj, un simple lexis symbolisend Europe.
Nevdem EU Stats bayghe, in 2020, id eurozone : Deutschland, Osterreich, Belgia, Espania, Suomi, France, Erin, Italia, Luxembourg, Nederland, Portugal (quanta pon 1999), Hellad (2001), Slovenia (2007), Cypros & Malta (2008), Slovakia (2009), Eesti (2011), Latvia (2014) ed Lietuva (2015). Id euro biht kathalika nuden ab quar europay micri Stats : id copeurstdem Andorra, id peurstdem Monaco, id Respublic San Marino ed id Vatican. Prever ghi nud ielg tom micri Stats id rawaj oins tom lands acceddus id eurozone.
Un land poitt wides id euro tik sei id respect ia penk sehkwnd criteria :
1) Un inflationo ne udmikdarnd unte 1,5 point id mutawassit inflation iom tri performantst lands ios eurozone in giokien os prisenstabilitat;
2) Un public deficit inferior ad 3% BIP;
3) Un public dulg inferior ad 60% BIP;
4) Id monetar stabilitat : entren ios rawaj ios concernen landios do un europay changenmecanisme (ECM), toleret-yod unte 2 yars un limitet variation tos rawaj binisbat id euro;
5) Longmeiwrnta cinsa ne udmikdarnd unte meis quem 2% id mutawassit iom cinsen iom tri lands quom inflation est muzlimst.
Zinhaar : id senst criterium maght kwehke meis "hermetic" quem quar preters. Hat lakin sien importance idghi drangh iom cinsen esiet un wassila kay obtene artificial-ye gohd resultats ep quar preter criteria.
 Traficznaycs ye id Eirean gon ios landgrance inter id Respublic Erin ed id Uniet Roydem (Nord Erin / Ulster). Tik id neud ios gaelic bahsa ed ios metric systeme marke un enderkweiten inter bo territoria. Pos id Britisch Parlament votit kay linkwes id Europay Union, vasya parties sieyg od vergihskweer un kardu grance in Erin due besonters id historic-ye sensitive buhsa tos hadh. Sekwos id Brexit dien 31 Januar 2020, tod grance hat biht un hadh inter id EU ed un exterland. Id Brexit Sgumtsplayct homologheiht id Uniet Roydem mantines un ghyant grance in Erin, kay - in plura regards - tik id Mar Erins esiet id de facto hadh inter bo insules. Bet ia negociations obkwehkent kaurd.
== Id Brexit ==
Compangen iom lexis "Britain" ed "exit", id Brexit kyeust id exeihsa ios Uniet Roydem (UR) ex id Europay Union. Ja, in 1975, un referendum hieb est organiset ed id manteino hieb triumphen med meis quem 67% iom votes. Sekwos un Jun 2016 referendum, unte-yod 52% voteer pro linkwes ed 48% voteer pro mane, id UR Gouvernemental formal-ye mohld id sgumt ios land in Marto 2017, inkapend it id Brexit process. Id sgumt buit chitayt ab impasses in id UR Parlament. Sekwos un general election, id parlament ratificit id sgumtplayct, ed id UR likw id EU ye 11 saat vesper GMT. To inkiep un transitionsperiode quod dehlgiet ende dien 31 December 2020, unte-yod id UR ed id EU sient negocye ir futuro relation. ID UR remant submiss ad EU ieus ed part ios EU tollunion ed wahid mercat unte id transition, bet neti est part iom EU organs ed institutions.
I Britisch hant expressen id vol os linkwes id Europay Union unte id referendum ios 23 Junios 2016. Albatta, in id regard ios britisch leg, tod referendum est wahid-ye consultative : hat neid dwinghend wirt ed id popular vol dehlct bihe emto tsay ab id Parlamentars. Ige hant dahn ei Premier Minister id autorisation ed id magh os notifie ibs EU autoritats ir decision de linkwes id. Pos id mehlden iom resultats, sem members ios Britisch Majlis im Communes hieb inviten ir colleghs ad mae respecte id popules vote quod est nel-ye dwinghend, ed petitions samghatend plur millions em signatars hieb demanden alyo consultation. Kwecto lakin molicit age ithan tantghi bodereihndo habiet est id alian im Pro-Brexits. Premier Minister Theresa May, qua hieb succedden iom Premier Minister David Cameron qui hieb suwt id referendum, hat istifet dien 24 Mai 2019 face ia difficultats os enover ios Brexit.
Id Lisboa Traiteit in gwis pon 2009 defineiht id sgumtsproceddure uns EU Memberstat. Article 50 sigwrt preter id lure unios Memberstat os oisgwehme souverain-ye ex id Union. Id linkwskwndo Memberstat dehlct preter notifie sien sgumtsdecision ei Europay Concil (id Uniet Roydem kwohr id dien 29 Marto 2017). Sekwos to, id linkwskwndo Stat orneuwti tolks con id Europay Union kay trehve un playcto de ia sgumtsmodalitats tem quem de id quader sienen futura relations con id Union. Ex id gon ios Union, tod playct bihti discuss ab id Concil ios Europay Union ye id luce iom orientations ios Europay Concil. Bet i representers ios oisgwehmtur Memberstat sient participe neter ia deliberations ni ia decisions ios Europay Concil ed ios Ministernconcil qua concerne i. Id it udtolken playct biht widt ab id EU Concil ye qualifieno majoritat pro approbation ios EU Parlament. Per derogation ei prabhil, id qualifieno majoritat esti definiht ka egal ad minst-ye 72% iom participant members (vice 55%) samghatend minst-ye 65% ios population tom Stats.
In December 2017, un prabhilsplayct intervenit inter ia 27 ed id Uniet Roydem de ia sgumtsmodalitats. Buit dohbht od i statans iom Dwogim-Sept wehsend taiper ep id britisch soyl ed i Britisch residend in oin altern Memberstats ios Union sient conserve ira rects pos id Brexit (rect ad familial jamiya, status es permanent resident...). Iamen Dwogim-Sept hant accepten od dawas dayir EU civs wehsend in id Uniet Roydem gwehme ender ia britisch jurisdictions samt yed id possibilitat od senters, unte oct yars, yeise un prefayssal question ei Curt os Justice. Id de britisch gouvernement hat acceptet vehrse ia summs correspondend ia financial homologhias emen pro ia yars 2019 ed 2020 (yani inter 45 ed 50 milliards em euros). De id difficil question os Nord Erin, id britisch gouvernement hat sponden mae enplace doancontrols ye ia grances con Erin aun accepte, lakin, od Nord Erin baygha id tollunion. Un definitive solution est yinjier-ye trehftu de to.
In October 2019, id UR Parlament widit id Early Parliamentary General Election Act quod gir id Fixed-Term Parliament Act 2011 ed kyuk un general election pro 12 December. In id election, Boris Johnsons campagne buit focust ep Get Brexit done ("parkwehre id Brexit") ed id Conservative Partise gaiss un 80 sedden majoritat in id parlament. Subsequent-ye, id gouvernement introduxit un legbild kay ratifie id sgumtplayct. Id passit in dwoter leisen in id Majlis im Communes med un 358-234 vote dien 20 December ed bihsit leg dien 23 Januar ka European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020. Id sgumtplaycto diek id stehmen ios constitutional comitee in id EU Parlament, exspecteihnd od id hol parlament approbiet id serter. Ye id sehkwndo dien, Ursula von der Leyen ed Charles Michel signeer id sgumtplayct in Bruxelles, ed id buit yisen do London quer Boris Johnson signit id. Id EU Parlamento dahsit sien consens ei ratification dien 29 Januar med 621 stehms contra 49. Fauran pos id vote, members ios EU Parlament ghenseer mutus hands ed sohngv Auld Lang Syne. 
Maung effects ios Brexit dependsient kam prokwem id UR remansiet id EU, we an id transitionsperiode endsiet aunboidos. Id plaut consensus bayna economistens est od Brexit mukhtmel-ye harmsiet id economia ios UR ed reducsiet ids real revenue pro cap ye longo meiwrnt, ed od id idswo referendum hat sauct ids economia. Id Brexit shayad reducsiet immigration ex lands ios Europay Economic Rewos do id UR, ed ponti challenges pro UR hoger talim, academic paursken ed securitat. Sekwos id Brexit, EU ieus ed id EU Curt os Justice neti hant suprematia uper id UR ieus ni idso Supreme Curt, ploisko ye un zanchey extense. Id European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 gweupt relevant EU ieus ka innerstat ieus, poitt-yod id UR amende we abroge.
Pos id Brexit referendum, id Alban Gouvernement - ducen ab id Partise ios Nation Alba - mohld od sarkaris eent planend alyum independence referendum ob Alba votit pro mane in id EU menxu England ed Cumri voteer pro linkwes. Ia Premier Minister os Alba, Nicola Sturgeon, iskw un referendum pre id sgumt ios Uniet Roydem ex id EU, bet ia Britisch Premier Minister rejexit tod calendar. Id Parlament os Alba votit pro muttihes alyum independence referendum, Sturgeon planend id pro 2021. Unte id akhir referendum in 2014, 55% im voters hieb decis mane in id UR.
Category:Historia