Tolstoi

Ex id veut araszinoblesse, leusus sienu mater dwoat ed sien pater nevat, alt ab un tante poskwo un swester, is Graf Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi (rusk : Лев Николаевич Толстой, 1828, Yasnaya-Polyana - 1910, Astapovo station) immatriculet-se in 1844 in id universitat os Kazan kay studye ter ia oriental bahsas, dind ieus. Bet, yant 1847, is prefert se consecre ei vast familial xeimen os Yasnaya-Polyana ed act unte sem wakt in Moskva un aylako gwit pre enliste in id armee (1851-1856). Tun, unte un garnison in Cavcase, publiet isge sien prest novella : Детство (1852), wehrg blandend autobiographia ad fiction, tem quem Отрочество (1854) ed Юность (1857). Mox, is hassilet literar notoritat med id parution, in id journal Современник, siens personal vision ios Kirime weir (1855). Tsay ex tod militar experience, smyehrsiet sien gwit inter safers do kharij ed mukams in Yasnaya-Poljana, quer is ghyant un scol, tentend tuntos kayjine id nowngmincondition (1859). 
 
1908 color photographia os Tolstoi
Eys prest narns : Метель (1856), Два гусара (1856), sont id skizze uns wehrg quod periwardhsiet bad pos eys wehden, in 1862, con Sofya Andreievna Bers, inkapem uns tem outurnt quem ganaben gwit. Главная цель искусства, если есть искусство и есть у него цель, та, чтобы проявить, высказать правду о душе человека, высказать такие тайны, которые нельзя высказать простым словом. От этого и искусство. Искусство есть микроскоп, который наводит художник на тайны своей души и показывает эти общие всем тайны людям. Tod sok po psychologic vertat, id depiction os un certain societat quod est pro iom "id nischto", id bogaturic ed enpace Russia tem quem id kaurd nowngminrealitat, sont tant inspirationsurces pro un wehrg de liubh ed mohrt quod affirmet-se mox med id novella Казаки(1863) ed bilhassa med id megil epic affresco Война и мир (1864-1869) quod gnoht un immense success.
 Illustration ab L.Pasternak pro Война и мир : "Napoleon ed Lavruschka ep id itner inter Vyazma ed Tsarev-Zaymischtch". Publiet in feuyltons in 1865 ed 1869 in Русскій Вѣстникъ, tod buk (franceois titule sekwent Tolstoi, ob sem dialogsa sont script in tod bahsa : la Guerre et la Paix) narret Russias historia ye id zaman os Napoleon 1st, besonters id 1812 Russia champagne. Lev Tolstoi antplehct ter un fataliste theoria os historia, quer leudher vol hat tik uno minor ahammiyat ed vasya wakyas obedeihnt un ineluctable historic determinisme.
Yant sien publication, Война и мир buit un immense success. Yed, Tolstoi confidit bi sien prient Afanassiy Fet od is exspectit od tod wehrg bihiet petis nedyohrcen. Id opnos ed id realisme iom detayls tem quem ids mult psychologic descriptions id ops ayeihnt uno major roman os literatures historia. Id hat gohnt un nov jor os fiction, ed hat brohcto tant codes ios roman sienios zaman quem mult rescensors tos tid ne iey id ka talg.
Bet literar klewos, instet sutes iom, duct iom uni mentdehrndi reiken do seswo : drame os un sensualitat quod est pro iom surce os angsto meis quem os plaisure, religieus, hatta mystic obsession, sentiment os responsibilitat quod incumbht quantims qui sont maimour med id meinyun im paupers... Menxu is preparet Анна Каренина (1873-1875), Tolstoi volct kyid orthodoxo christianisme kay retrehve eni id Kyrk un pace quod esiet smyohrt ab ceter Christians. Lyt ed lyt, is evolvsiet kyun alnos personal religion, sammel kemaller ed universaler. Tod inner evolution descript is in Исповедь (bant in Russia, publiet in Geneve in 1884). 
Menxu Война и мир ed Анна Каренина nischane id consecration os Tolstois romanesk genie - tom ghehdend reenacte ter uno mund, dahe id pondos iom multiplicitats iom passions ed iom menscwehrgs -, Исповедь kwehct kam uno mentinventar, un implacable aunstehmen os eys prev gwit, ed deict un wehnd in Tolstois men. Ter enquestiont is id general attitude os conscience ant ia problemes os sien tid : politic problemes wi ad Russia, betschi generaler daumens de id place al mensces in id citad; inner problemes qua ghyahnt kyid universe os sexualitat, kyid essence os art, kyid relation al mensces con Div. Quoghi, circum 1880, besweurght Tolstoi est ghehde do un euanghelic ijmal ios mund, quod maghiet ses un rallieloc inter quant agamas ed quant ideologias. Is peighert vehement-ye protie vetat, protiev id burgese moralitat... Tod longo meditation, piwt ab multiple intim difficultats, adduct uni genis interiorisation iom themes. Ed ia ulterior narns kwecto sont pregen ab un tragic lyrisme quer Dostoyevskiys kohlen influence ghehdt bihe discernen. Id megsto daumen remant id presence os khitert in elswo mensc ed in els relations con alyanghen. Sehkwnt oik essais qua se strehnge ad kernes tod nov horizont, inter alya В чем моя вера (1884), ed bilhassa Что такое искусство? (1898). 
Bet tod reflexion de id menscconditiono ne gweupt iom scriptor apo eys romanesk vocation. In Смерть Ивана Ильича (1886), drame ios citadin societat, is chehxt id sok po identitat. Prophetic narn quod mehldt Joyce, edschi Freud, ed quod un stragn-ye mystic luce madht. Id gvolic dialogos al mensces con sensualitat inspiret Крейцерова соната (1891) ed Дьявол (script in 1890, publiet bad in 1911). Gwehmt poskwo, in plen crise os protest contra id establiet aurdhen ed os genereuso jidal pro i nidehns, Воскресение (1900), long roman in tri parts, bekladen med moralisator intentions.
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Dind Tolstoi elaboret Хаджи-Мурат (parscript in 1904, publiet in 1912), historic novella uns extraordinar densitat, consecren uni skarp analyse ios corruption al mensc ab waldh. Id art os narrationo nact ter sien megst efficience, ed id style kwecto prefiguret id cinematographic scriben : id historia tos weir quei dwo cavcasesk korions levernt-se est lohct sekwent quo Tolstoi kalt id "stereoscopic" weidos, per un succession om cort, gvalt-ye contrastet scenes. Ye id sam zaman, is dar-ye script longa novellas (Отец Сергий , 1899; Фальшивый купон, 1911)
Tolstois influence sessiet muhim yant ia 1880tias, tant in Russia quem in kharij. Is appareiht ka is prophet unios nov euanghelisme, ed "tolstoyisme" biht un sesweidos, un menweidos. Yed id multiplicitat eysen disciplen dohlg dadwe ei scriptor un idafi surce os angst. Promotor om charitat ed paupertat, symbol ios asadheihsa iom maals ed sensen, is kwehndt stets meis-ye ob ses un riche klewosto zamindar. Eys gwit ei kwehct tun ka un contradictionenkenten; seuwt eysa scrupules face id misere, id injustice ed id gvalt qua regne in eys land, ed id epilogos tos mentdehren est idpet mohrt os Tolstoi, pos un tragic fug. Uperkwohlmt ab strieke, is dehlct oistope in un smulk station ios dem os Ryasan, quer eys gwit mox endt.