Flag of Brazil

The flag of Brazil (), known in Portuguese as A Auriverde (The yellow-and-green one), is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto "Ordem e Progresso" ("Order and Progress"), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. Brazil officially adopted this design for its national flag on November 19, 1889 — four days after the Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares. The Brazilian flag is regarded as one of the most beautiful national flags as it stands out due to its uniqueness in colour and design.
The green field and the yellow rhombus from the previous imperial flag, though slightly modified in hue and shape, were preserved — the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow represented the House of Habsburg of his wife, Empress Maria Leopoldina.The World Factbook: Brazil – Flag description CIA. Retrieved on 8 October 2010. A blue circle with white five-pointed stars replaced the arms of the Empire of Brazil — its position in the flag reflects the sky over the city of Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889. The motto Ordem e Progresso is inspired by Auguste Comte's motto of positivism: "L'amour pour principe et l'ordre pour base; le progrès pour but" ("Love as a principle and order as the basis; progress as the goal").Bandeiras e significados Historianet. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. . 
Each star corresponds to a Brazilian Federative Unit and, according to Brazilian Law, the flag must be updated in case of creation or extinction of a state. At the time the flag was first adopted in 1889, it held 21 stars. Then it received one more star in 1960 (representing the city-state of Guanabara), then another in 1968 (representing Acre), and finally four more stars in 1992 (representing Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia and Tocantins), totalling 27 stars in its current version.
==History==
===Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)===
The Portuguese territories in the Americas, corresponding roughly to what is now Brazil, never had their own official flag, since Portuguese tradition encouraged hoisting the flag of the Kingdom of Portugal in all territories of the Portuguese Crown.
The first Brazilian vexillological symbols were private maritime flags used by Portuguese merchant ships that sailed to Brazil. A flag with green and white stripes was used until 1692.Bandeiras navais Portuguesas Associação Nacional de Cruzeiros. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. . The green and white colors represented the House of Braganza and the national colours of Portugal. In 1692, that flag was no longer used by ships that sailed to Brazil and became the flag of the merchant vessels in coastal Portugal. In 1692, a new flag was introduced for merchant vessels sailing to Brazil. The new flag had a white field with a golden armillary sphere. The armillary sphere had served as the personal emblem of King Manuel I of Portugal (reigned 1494-1521). During his reign Portuguese ships used it widely, and eventually it became a national emblem of Portugal and, more specifically, of the Portuguese empire. A similar flag was introduced for the Portuguese ships that sailed to India, but with a red armillary sphere. Despite representing the entire Portuguese empire, the armillary sphere began to be used more extensively in Brazil — the largest and most developed colony at the time — not only in maritime flags, but also on coins and other media. It eventually became the unofficial ensign of Brazil.
===United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves (1815–1822)===
In 1815, Brazil was elevated to the rank of kingdom, and the kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves were united as a single state--the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The Charter Act of 1816 established the insignia of the new kingdom.Carta de Lei de 13 de Maio de 1816 John Carter Brown Library. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. It specified that the arms of the Kingdom of Brazil was to be composed of a gold armillary sphere on a blue field. During this time, the flag of Brazil was the flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.
===Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)===
The imperial flag of Brazil was designed by Jean-Baptiste Debret as the Royal Standard of the Prince Royal of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, Pedro I.
After the Brazilian Declaration of Independence, and with the coronation of Pedro I as Emperor of Brazil, the Royal Standard was modified to become the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The new flag featured the imperial coat of arms within a yellow rhombus, on a green field.Decreto de D. Pedro I de 18 de setembro de 1822 Wikisource. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. . The green and yellow colors represented the dynastic houses of Pedro I and his consort Maria Leopoldina of Austria.
The imperial flag was slightly modified during the reign of Pedro II, when an extra star was added to the imperial arms to conform to the new territorial organization of the country.
===Republic of Brazil (1889–present)===
Upon the proclamation of the Republic, one of the civilian leaders of the movement, the lawyer Ruy Barbosa, proposed a design for the nation's new flag strongly inspired by the flag of the United States. It was flown from 15 November 1889, until 19 November 1889, when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca (acting as provisional president of Brazil) vetoed the design, citing concerns that it looked too similar to the flag of another state.Um estudo histórico perceptual: A Bandeira Brasileira sem Brasil Seysell, Ricardo. Universidade Estadual Paulista), 2006. Retrieved on 10 October 2010. .
Fonseca suggested that the flag of the new republic should resemble the old imperial flag. This was intended to underscore continuity of national unity during the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic. Raimundo Teixeira Mendes presented a project in which the imperial coat of arms was replaced by a blue celestial globe and the positivist motto. It was presented to Fonseca, who promptly accepted. The flag was designed by a group formed by Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares.Designers of the Flag Flags of the World. Retrieved on 8 October 2010. It was officially adopted on 19 November 1889.Símbolos Nacionais Exército Brasileiro. Retrieved on 8 October 2010. .
The flag has been modified on three occasions to add additional stars intended to reflect newly created states: 1960 (22 stars), 1968 (23 stars) and 1992 (27 stars). In contrast to many other national flags with elements representing political subdivisions, modifications to the flag of Brazil were not always made promptly upon political reorganisation, resulting in multi-year periods of history where there was a mismatch between the number of stars and the number of states and federal districts.Brazil: Evolution of the Modern National Flag Flags of the World. Retrieved on 11 July 2015. The most recent modification was made on 12 May 1992, with the addition of four stars to the celestial globe (representing states created between 1982 and 1991), and a slight change in the stars' positions was made to match the astronomical coordinates correctly.
==Design==
The decree no. 4, issued on 19 November 1889, legally replaced the flag used under the constitutional monarchy with the new national flag.Símbolos e Hinos: Bandeira Nacional Brasil.gov.br. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. . On 11 May 1992, the law no. 8,421, altered the celestial globe with the addition of six stars.
===Construction===
The precise positions of the 27 stars on the globe make the Brazilian flag one of the most complicated national flags to construct. The official design is defined by law no. 5,700, issued on 1 September 1971.Law on the National Flag: details of construction Flags of the World. Retrieved on 8 October 2010. The flag's length is twenty modules and the width, fourteen, translating into an aspect ratio of 10:7. The distance of the vertices of the yellow rhombus to the outer frame is a module and seven-tenths (1.7m). The blue circle in the middle of the yellow rhombus has a radius of three and a half modules (3.5m). The center of the arcs of the white band is two modules (2m) to the left of the meeting point of the extended vertical diameter of the circle with the base of the outer frame. The radius of the lower arc of the white band is eight modules (8m) and the radius of the upper arc of the white band is eight and a half modules (8.5m). The width of the white band is a half of a module (0.5m).
The caption "Ordem e Progresso" is written in green letters. The letter P lies on the vertical diameter of the circle. The letters of the word "Ordem" and the word "Progresso" are a third of a module (0.33m) tall. The width of these letters are three-tenths of a module (0.30m). The conjunction E has a height of three-tenths of a module (0.30m) and a width of a quarter of a module (0.25m).
The stars are of five different sizes: first, second, third, fourth and fifth magnitudes. They are drawn within circles whose diameters are: three-tenths of a module (0.30m) for the first magnitude, a quarter of a module (0.25 m) for the second magnitude; a fifth of a module (0.20m) for the third magnitude, a seventh of a module (0.14m) for the fourth magnitude, and a tenth of a module (0.10m) for the fifth magnitude.
====Stars====
Professor Paulo Araújo Duarte of the Federal University of Santa Catarina bears this out, saying "In truth, the creators of our republican flag intended to represent the stars in the sky at Rio de Janeiro at 8:30 in the morning on 15 November 1889, the moment at which the constellation of the Southern Cross was on the meridian of Rio de Janeiro and the longer arm [of the cross] was vertical." Another article, citing "O Céu da Bandeira (The Sky of the Flag)", by J.R.V. Costa, says the exact time was actually 08:37. This last article includes the designer of the flag's explanation of his intentions regarding the stars.
According to Brazil's national act number 5,700 of 1 September 1971, the flag portrays the stars as they would be seen by an imaginary observer an infinite distance above Rio de Janeiro standing outside the firmament in which the stars are meant to be placed (i.e. as found on a celestial globe). Thus Beta Crucis appears to the right of the constellation and Delta Crucis to the left, in mirror image of the way they actually appear in the sky (and, coincidentally, the way they appear on the Brazilian coat of arms).
The star Spica is the only one above of the white band; it symbolises part of Brazilian territory in the northern hemisphere (and the State of Pará).
The Sigma Octantis (south pole star) is small, but all the other stars turn around it. Its unique position in the sky of south hemisphere represents the stability of the Federal District in the Brazilian union.
The shining star in constellation represent the size of territory of the state in the Brazilian region (constellation).
The flag of Brazil contains 27 stars, representing the Brazilian states and the Federal District. The constellation of the Southern Cross is on the meridian (indicated by the number 6 in the diagram). To the south of it is Polaris Australis (Sigma Octantis, numbered 7), representing the Federal District. The motto appears on a band roughly coincident with the ecliptic. A single star lies above the band, representing the large northern state of Pará, which straddles the Equator.
A list of constellations and stars on the map:
# Procyon (α Canis Minoris).
# Canis Major: five stars, the largest depicting Sirius.
# Canopus (α Carinae).
# Spica (α Virginis).
# Hydra: two stars, the largest depicting Alphard.
# Crux Australis: five stars, the largest depicting Alpha Crucis.
# Sigma Octantis (σ Octantis, south pole star).
# Triangulum Australe: three stars of similar size.
# Scorpius: eight stars, the largest depicting Antares.
==== Stars and States ====
The stars depicted on the flag and the states they represent are:
State 	Star 	Constellation 	Size	State made	Star added
Amazonas 	Alpha Canis Minoris (Procyon) 	Canis Minor, the Little Dog 	1 	1889 	1889
Mato Grosso 	Alpha Canis Majoris (Sirius) 	Canis Major, the Great Dog 	1 	1889 	1889
Amapá 	Beta Canis Majoris (Mirzam) 	Canis Major, the Great Dog 	2 	1991 	1992
Rondônia 	Gamma Canis Majoris (Muliphen) 	Canis Major, the Great Dog 	4 	1982 	1992
Roraima 	Delta Canis Majoris (Wezen) 	Canis Major, the Great Dog 	2 	1991 	1992
Tocantins 	Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara) 	Canis Major, the Great Dog 	3 	1989 	1992
Pará 	Alpha Virginis (Spica) 	Virgo, the Virgin 	1 	1889 	1889
Piauí 	Alpha Scorpii (Antares) 	Scorpius, the Scorpion 	1 	1889 	1889
Maranhão 	Beta Scorpii (Graffias) 	Scorpius, the Scorpion 	3 	1889 	1889
Ceará 	Epsilon Scorpii 	Scorpius, the Scorpion 	2 	1889 	1889
Alagoas 	Theta Scorpii (Sargas) 	Scorpius, the Scorpion 	2 	1889 	1889
Sergipe 	Iota Scorpii 	Scorpius, the Scorpion 	3 	1889 	1889
Paraíba 	Kappa Scorpii 	Scorpius, the Scorpion 	3 	1889 	1889
Rio Grande do Norte	Lambda Scorpii (Shaula) 	Scorpius, the Scorpion 	2 	1889 	1889
Pernambuco 	Mu Scorpii 	Scorpius, the Scorpion 	3 	1889 	1889
Mato Grosso do Sul 	Alpha Hydrae (Alphard) 	Hydra, the Water Serpent 	2 	1979 	1960
Acre 	Gamma Hydrae 	Hydra, the Water Serpent 	3 	1962 	1968
São Paulo 	Alpha Crucis (Estrela de Magalhães)	Crux, the Southern Cross 	1 	1889 	1889
Rio de Janeiro 	Beta Crucis (Mimosa) 	Crux, the Southern Cross 	2 	1889 	1889
Bahia 	Gamma Crucis (Rubídea) 	Crux, the Southern Cross 	2 	1889 	1889
Minas Gerais 	Delta Crucis (Pálida) 	Crux, the Southern Cross 	3 	1889 	1889
Espírito Santo 	Epsilon Crucis 	Crux, the Southern Cross 	4 	1889 	1889
Rio Grande do Sul 	Alpha Trianguli Australis 	Triangulum Australe, the Southern Triangle	2 	1889 	1889
Santa Catarina 	Beta Trianguli Australis 	Triangulum Australe, the Southern Triangle	3 	1889 	1889
Paraná 	Gamma Trianguli Australis 	Triangulum Australe, the Southern Triangle	3 	1889 	1889
Goiás 	Alpha Carinae (Canopus) 	Carina, the Keel of Argo 	1 	1889 	1889
Distrito Federal 	Sigma Octantis (Polaris Australis) 	Octans, the Octant 	5 	1889 	1889
* Brazil's original Federal District was created in 1889 from the former neutral municipality covering the then-capital city of Rio de Janeiro, and represented on the flag by the star Sigma Octantis (Polaris Australis). In 1960, to correspond with the creation of the new capital, Brasília, the Federal District was reconstituted on new territory carved out of the state of Goiás; it continued to be represented on by the flag by Sigma Octantis. The former Federal District became the new state of Guanabara and a new star, Alphard, was added to the flag to represent it. Guanabara was eliminated as a separate state in 1975; however, Alphard was not removed from the flag and from 1975 to 1979 it represented no state. When the new state of Mato Grosso do Sul was created in 1979, it was assigned Alphard.
====Colours====
The flag's colours are not accurately specified in any legal document. Approximate colours are listed below:
 	Green 	Yellow 	Blue 	White
RGB 	0/156/59 	255/223/0 	0/39/118 	255/255/255
Hexadecimal	#009c3b 	#ffdf00 	#002776 	#ffffff
CMYK 	100/0/100/0	0/13/100/0	100/67/0/54	0/0/0/0
==Flag protocol==
The federal law no. 5,700, issued on 1 September 1971, defines the flag protocol in Brazil.Uso da Bandeira Nacional Brasil República. Retrieved on 15 June 2009. .Lei no. 5,700 de 1 de Setembro de 1971 Presidência da República. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. . The flag must be permanently hoisted at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília. The flag must be raised and lowered daily at the presidential palaces (Palácio do Planalto and Palácio da Alvorada); ministries; National Congress; Supreme Federal Tribunal; Supreme Court of Justice; seats of the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches; diplomatic missions; Federal, state and local institutions; and merchant navy units. When a flag is no longer fit to use, it must be delivered to a military facility to be burned during a special ceremony on 19 November ("Flag Day").
The flag must be flown at half-staff when the President decrees official mourning. In addition, state and local governments may decree official mourning with the death of a mayor or governor. When the flag is displayed at half-staff, prior to raising or lowering it, the flag must be raised to the top of the flagpole and then lowered to the halfway mark. When the flag is being carried in procession, a black crape ribbon must be tied to the top of the mast.
A foreign flag may only be flown with a Brazilian Flag along its right side. The only exceptions are when the foreign flag is displayed in an embassy or consulate and in prize-giving ceremonies of sport competitions won by foreign athletes. When multiple flags are raised or lowered simultaneously, the Brazilian Flag must be the first to reach the top of the flagpole and the last to reach the bottom.
===Folding===
Stage 	Description 	Example
First 	The upper half of the flag's height is folded into the reverse side. 	
Second	The folding proceeds by folding the flag's lower half into the reverse side until most of the blue disc and the motto face up. 	
Third 	The flag is then folded into three parts along the width axis, with the fly and hoist folded into the reverse side, leaving the blue disc and motto facing up.	
===Flag anthem===
The Brazilian Flag Anthem (Hino à Bandeira Nacional) is a song dedicated to the country's flag. It is performed on 19 November (Flag Day). The Portuguese lyrics were written by poet Olavo Bilac, and the music composed by Francisco Braga.Hino à Bandeira Nacional Exército Brasileiro. Retrieved on 10 October 2010. .
Portuguese lyrics	English translation
 	1. Hail, precious banner of hope!Hail, August symbol of peace!Thy noble presence to our mindsThe greatness of our motherland does bring.ChorusTake the affection enclosedIn our youthful chest,Dear symbol of the land,Of the beloved land of Brazil!2. In thy beauteous bosom thou portrayestThis sky of purest blue,The peerless greenness of these forests,And the splendor of the Southern Cross.(Chorus)3. Beholding thy sacred shadow,We understand our duty,And Brazil, loved by its children,Powerful and happy shall be!(Chorus)4. Over the immense Brazilian Nation,In times of happiness or grief,Hover always, o sacred flag,Pavilion of justice and love!(Chorus)
==Other flags==
===Governmental flags===
The president and vice president are also represented by their own flag.President and Vice President (Brazil) Flags of the World. Retrieved on 9 October 2010. The Presidential Standard is a dark green rectangle (ratio 2:3) holding the national coat of arms on its center. It is usually hoisted at the President's official residence, the Palácio da Alvorada, and at the President's workplace, the Palácio do Planalto. It is also displayed on the presidential car, as small-sized flags. The Vice Presidential Standard is a yellow rectangle (ratio 2:3) with twenty-three blue stars disposed in a cross dividing the flag into four equal quadrants, with the coat of arms in the middle of the upper left quadrant.
File:Flag President of Brazil.svg|Presidential Standard
File:Flag of the Vice President of Brazil.svg|Vice Presidential Standard
File:Flag of Minister of State (Brazil).svg|Flag of the Minister of Defense
====Military flags====
Some of the branches of the Brazilian military also have their own flags.
File:Flag of the Brazilian Army.png|The flag of the Brazilian Army
File:Flag of the Brazilian Navy.png|The flag of the Brazilian Navy
File:Flag of a Brazilian Navy admiral.png|The flag of a Brazilian naval admiral
File:Emcfa.gif|Flag-insignia of the chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Brazilian Armed Forces.
=====Naval jack=====
The Brazilian naval jack (jaque) is a rectangular flag (ratio 3:4) bearing 21 white stars on a dark blue field – a horizontal row of 13 and a vertical column of 9, orthogonally displayed.Cerimonial da Marinha Marinha do Brasil. Retrieved on 2010-10-09. 
Naval Jack of Brazil.svg|Naval jack.
===Previous flags===
The list below identifies previous flags used in Brazil.
File:OrderOfCristCross.svg|Flag of the Military Order of Christ (1332–1651)
File:Flag Portugal sea (1500).svg|Flag of the Royal Family (1500–1521)
File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|Flag of John III (1521–1616)
File:Flag Portugal (1616).svg|Flag of the Iberian Union (1616–1640)
File:Flag John IV of Portugal (alternative).svg|Flag of the Restoration (1640–1683)
File:Flag Princes of Brazil.svg|Flag of the Principality of Brazil (1645–1816)
File:Flag Peter II of Portugal.svg|Flag of Peter II (1683–1706)
File:Flag John V of Portugal.svg|Flag of John V (1707–1750)
File:Flag John V of Portugal with Order of Christ.svg|Flag of the Royal family (1600–1700)
File:Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.svg|Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1816–1821)
File:Bandeira Reino Brasil azul.svg|Flag of the Kingdom of Brazil (1815–1822; putative)This flag was never actually used, its design being deducted from the flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
File:Flag Regent Prince of Brazil.svg|Flag of the Brazilian Kingdom (18 September – 1 December 1822)
File:Flag of Empire of Brazil (1822-1870).svg|Flag of the Empire of Brazil, first version (1 December 1822–c.1870)
File:Flag of Empire of Brazil (1870-1889).svg|Flag of the Empire of Brazil, second version (c.1870 – 15 November 1889)
File:Flag of Brazil 15-19 November.svg|Provisional Flag of Republic of the United States of Brazil (15-19 November 1889)
File:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|First Flag of the United States of Brazil (19 November 1889 – 14 April 1960)
File:Flag of Brazil (1960-1968).svg|Second Flag of the United States of Brazil (14 April 1960 – 28 May 1968)
File:Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg|First Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil (28 May 1968 – 11 May 1992)
File:Flag of Brazil.svg|Second Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil (11 May 1992–present)
===Previous governmental flags===
File:Presidential Standard of Brazil (1907-1947).svg|Presidential Standard of the United States of Brazil (1907–1947)
File:Presidential Standard of Brazil (1947-1968).svg|Presidential Standard of the United States of Brazil (1947–1968)
File:Presidential Standard of Brazil (1968-1971).svg|Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil (1968–1971)
File:Presidential Standard of Brazil (1971-1992).svg|Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil (1971–1992)
File:Flag of the Vice President of Brazil (1971-1992).svg|Vice Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil (1971–1992)
===Rejected flags===
The best-known rejected flags are listed below.Projetos de mudança da Bandeira Nacional Brasileira BrasilRepública. Retrieved on 2010-10-08. . Several projects were heavily inspired by the green-yellow Imperial Flag, while a black-white-red pattern was also proposed. Those colours would represent the major groups of Brazilian population, red being the native Indians, white the European settlers and immigrants and black the Africans.MARTIUS, p. 381
File:Flag of Brazil (Ribeiro project).svg|Project of Júlio Ribeiro, 1888. Eventually became the flag of the State of São Paulo with the addition of Acre on the Map
File:Flag of Brazil (Jardim project).svg|Project of Antônio da Silva Jardim, 1890
File:Flag of Brazil (Paranhos project).svg|Project of José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Jr., 1890
File:Flag of Brazil (Valadão project).svg|Project of Oliveira Valadão, 1892
File:Flag of Brazil (Góis project).svg|Project of Eurico de Góis, 1908
File:Flag of Brazil (Escobar project).svg|Project of Wenceslau Escobar, 1908
File:Flag of Brazil (Góis project, 1933).svg|Second projet of Eurico de Góis, 1933
== Notes ==
== See also ==
* List of Brazilian flags
== References ==
== External links ==
* 
* http://www.flagscorner.com/brazilian-flag/
 
Brazil
Category:National symbols of Brazil
Category:Southern Cross flags