Philadelphia Orchestra

The Philadelphia Orchestra is a symphony orchestra based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. One of the "Big Five" American orchestras, it was founded in 1900. The orchestra's home is the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, where it performs its subscription concerts, numbering over 130, in Verizon Hall.
From 1900 to 2001, the Philadelphia Orchestra gave its concerts at the Academy of Music. The orchestra continues to own the Academy, and returns there one week per year that includes the Academy of Music's annual gala concert and concerts for school children. The Philadelphia Orchestra's summer home is the Mann Center for the Performing Arts. It also has summer residencies at the Saratoga Performing Arts Center, and since July 2007 at the Bravo! Vail Valley Festival in Vail, Colorado. The orchestra also performs an annual series of concerts at Carnegie Hall.
Since 2008, the orchestra's Chief Conductor has been Charles Dutoit. Wolfgang Sawallisch, music director from 1993 to 2003, is the orchestra's Conductor Laureate. Yannick Nézet-Séguin is the orchestra's Music Director Designate, as of June 2010, and is scheduled to become the orchestra's eighth Music Director with the 2012–2013 season.
==History==
===Leadership===
The orchestra was founded in 1900 by Fritz Scheel, who also acted as its first conductor. The orchestra had its beginnings with a small group of musicians led by the pianist F. Cresson Schell (1857–1942)."Etude Magazine", March, 1921.
In February 1907, Leandro Campanari took over and served as interim conductor for a short time during Scheel's illness and after his death.New York Times(Feb.18, 1907) "Campanari at Rehearsal" A flautist in the orchestra, August Rodemann, had stood in before Campanari's arrival. He started sabotaging the performances and Campanari was obliged to remove himself from a bad situation.Daniel Grotta-Kurska (2008) "Music: Is There a Maestro in the Wings?"
In 1907, Karl Pohlig became music director; he served until 1912. New music he programmed was unpopular with audiences, and revelations that he had an extra-marital affair with his secretary caused outrage. The orchestra cancelled his contract, giving him a year's salary ($12,000) in severance to avoid a suit from Pohlig alleging a conspiracy to oust him.
In 1912 Leopold Stokowski became music director, and brought the orchestra to national prominence. Under him, the orchestra gained a reputation for virtuosity, and developed what is known as the "Philadelphia Sound." Stokowski left the orchestra in 1941, and did not return as a guest conductor for nearly 20 years.
In 1936 Eugene Ormandy joined the organization, and jointly held the post of principal conductor with Stokowski until 1938 when he took over the role full-time. He remained with the orchestra for a total of 44 years, after which he became Conductor Laureate. Ormandy conducted many of the orchestra's best-known recordings. He took the orchestra on its historic 1973 tour of the People's Republic of China, where they were the first Western orchestra to visit that country in many decades. They were highly popular in China, and have since returned for three more successful tours.
Riccardo Muti became principal guest conductor of the orchestra in the 1970s, and took over from Ormandy as Music Director in 1980, serving through 1992. His recordings with the orchestra included the symphonies of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and Alexander Scriabin, for the EMI and Philips labels.
Wolfgang Sawallisch succeeded Muti as Music Director from 1993 to 2003. He made a number of recordings with the orchestra of music of Robert Schumann, Richard Strauss and Richard Wagner, among other composers, for the EMI label. However, the orchestra lost its recording contract with EMI during this time, which led to the orchestra going on strike for 64 days in 1996. Toward the end of Sawallisch's tenure, the orchestra released a self-produced set of recordings of the Schumann symphonies with Sawallisch conducting. In 2003, Sawallisch was named Conductor Laureate of the orchestra.
In 2003, Christoph Eschenbach became music director. This appointment was controversial because Eschenbach had not conducted the orchestra in over four years and there was a perceived lack of personal chemistry between him and the musicians prior to the appointment.Peter Dobrin, "Orchestra has some lessons to consider". Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 October 2006. At least one early report tried to downplay this concern. The orchestra returned to commercial recordings with Eschenbach, on the Ondine label. However, in October 2006, Eschenbach and the orchestra announced the conclusion of his tenure as music director in 2008, for a total of five years, the shortest tenure as music director in the history of the Philadelphia Orchestra, along with Pohlig.
In February 2007, the orchestra named Charles Dutoit to the newly created posts of chief conductor and artistic adviser for four seasons, starting in the fall of 2008 and running through the 2011–2012 season.Tom Di Nardo, "Charles Dutoit to head orchestra". Philadelphia Daily News, 23 February 2007.Peter Dobrin, "Orchestra's interim pick: Dutoit". Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 February 2007. This move was made to provide an "artistic bridge" while the orchestra searched for its eighth music director.Peter Dobrin, "Which Dutoit will show up?" Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 February 2007.Peter Dobrin, "Positivity on the podium". Philadelphia Inquirer, 3 March 2007. According to news articles from August 2007, the orchestra had now devised a search process in which each musician in the orchestra would have a say in the choice of the next Music Director.
In December 2008, at the invitation of Dutoit, Yannick Nézet-Séguin made his first guest-conducting appearance with the orchestra. He returned for a second series of concerts in December 2009. In June 2010, Nézet-Séguin was named the eighth Music Director of the orchestra, effective with the 2012–2013 season. He immediately assumed the title of Music Director Designate, with a scheduled duration under that title from 2010 to 2012, with 2 weeks of scheduled appearances in the 2010–2011 season, and 5 weeks of scheduled appearances in the 2011–2012 season. His initial contract as music director is for 5 seasons, with 7 weeks of scheduled concerts in the 2012–2012 season, 15 weeks in the next 2 seasons, and 16 weeks in the subsequent 2 seasons of his Philadelphia contract.
The Philadelphia Orchestra's current concertmaster is David Kim.Tom Di Nardo, "Orchestra's concertmaster holds a key job". Philadelphia Daily News, 2 February 2007. Past concertmasters have included Norman Carol and Erez Ofer. Since 2000, the Associate Conductor of the orchestra is Rossen Milanov, who is scheduled to conclude his tenure in Philadelphia after the 2010–2011 season. Past Associate Conductors of the orchestra have included William Smith and Luis Biava. The resident chorus of the orchestra is the Philadelphia Singers.
===Recent events===
On April 16, 2011, the Philadelphia Orchestra's board of directors voted to file for Chapter 11 reorganization due to the organization's large operational deficit. This is the first time that a major U.S. orchestra has filed for bankruptcy Philadelphia Orchestra's board votes to file for bankruptcy, Peter Dobrin, The Philadelphia Inquirer, 17 April 2011Philadelphia Orchestra board OKs Chapter 11 filing, AP, Bloomberg Businessweek, 17 April 2011. Amid mounting dissent from the musicians, the incoming music director, Nézet-Séguin, offered in August 2011 to work a week without pay in a gesture to help relieve the financial crisis http://www.artsjournal.com/slippeddisc/2011/08/conductor-gives-extra-week-for-free-to-help-foundering-orchestra.html.
===Firsts===
The Philadelphia Orchestra boasts a number of significant media firsts. It was the first symphony orchestra to make electrical recordings (in 1925). It was the first orchestra to make a commercially sponsored radio broadcast (on NBC in 1929) and the first to appear on a national television broadcast (on CBS in 1948). The Philadelphia was the first American orchestra to make a digital recording of the complete Beethoven symphonies on compact disc (in 1988), and the first major orchestra to give a live cybercast of a concert on the internet (in 1997). In 2006 the orchestra was the first to offer downloads of music from their own website without a distributor.David Patrick Stearns, "Philadelphia Orchestra enters the ear-bud age". The Philadelphia Inquirer, 21 September 2006.
In other firsts, the Orchestra made diplomatic history in 1973 when it became the first American orchestra to tour the People's Republic of China, performing in Beijing's Great Hall of the People. In 1999, under Wolfgang Sawallisch, it became the first American orchestra to visit Vietnam. More recently, the orchestra appointed Carol Jantsch principal tuba as of 2006–2007.Peter Dobrin, "Breaking the brass ceiling."Philadelphia Inquirer, 26 February 2006. According to the announcement, she is likely the first full-time female principal tuba player in an American orchestra.
==Recordings==
The Orchestra's first recordings were made in Camden, New Jersey, in 1917, when Leopold Stokowski conducted performances of two of Brahms's Hungarian Dances for the Victor Talking Machine Company. The historic first electrical recordings were also made in Camden, in April 1925, beginning with Saint-Saëns' Danse macabre. Then, in 1926, Victor began recording the Orchestra in the Academy of Music. Stokowski led them in experimental long-playing, high-fidelity, and even stereophonic sessions in the early 1930s for RCA Victor and Bell Laboratories. They recorded the soundtrack for Walt Disney's Fantasia in multi-track stereophonic sound in 1939.
Arturo Toscanini made a series of recordings with the orchestra in 1941 and 1942. Due to technical problems with the masters, the recordings were never issued on 78-rpm discs. Years later, after extensive electronic editing, all of the recordings were issued by RCA Victor on LP and CD.
The Orchestra remained with RCA Victor through 1942. Following a settlement of a recording ban imposed by the American Federation of Musicians, the Orchestra switched to Columbia Records in 1944, recording some of the dances from Borodin's Prince Igor. They returned to RCA Victor in 1968 and made their first digital recording, Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra, in 1979. The Orchestra has also recorded for EMI and Teldec.
In May 2005, The Philadelphia Orchestra announced a three-year recording partnership with the Finnish label Ondine, the Orchestra's first recording contract in 10 years. The resumption of a regular recording program was one of Christoph Eschenbach's stated priorities as music director. A number of recordings have been released since November 2005, to international acclaim.
On September 21, 2006 the Philadelphia Orchestra became the first major United States orchestra to sell downloads of their performances directly from the orchestra's website. While other American orchestras had downloads of their music on the internet, the Philadelphia Orchestra said it was the first to offer the downloads without a distributor. In 2010 this practice was abandoned, and the orchestra formed a partnership with IODA, a digital distribution company with downloads available through a variety of online retailers, including iTunes, Amazon.com, Rhapsody, and eMusic."The Philadelphia Orchestra – Recordings" at philorch.org. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
In other media, musicians from the orchestra were featured in a documentary film by Daniel Anker, Music from the Inside Out, which received theatrical release and television airings. The film has received both positive and negative criticism.David Patrick Stearns, "The orchestra with no discord". Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 April 2005.
==Music Directors==
*1900–1907 Fritz Scheel
*1908–1912 Karl Pohlig
*1912–1938 Leopold Stokowski
*1936–1980 Eugene Ormandy
*1980–1992 Riccardo Muti	
*1993–2003 Wolfgang Sawallisch
*2003–2008 Christoph Eschenbach
*2008–present Charles Dutoit (Chief Conductor)
*2010–present Yannick Nézet-Séguin (Music Director Designate)†
:†Scheduled to assume the post of Music Director in September 2012.
==Performance venues==
File:Phila AcademyofMusicl03.JPG|Academy of Music, the orchestra's home, 1900–2001.
File:MannCenter01.jpg|Mann Center for the Performing Arts, the orchestra's summer home since 1976.
File:Kimmel center interior.JPG|Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts (opened 2001), Verizon Hall is the orchestra's current home.
==Further reading==
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==External links==
*Philadelphia Orchestra Official website
*The Philadelphia Singers Official website
*The Philadelphia Orchestra at the Ondine label
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*Philadelphia Orchestra at Art of the States
*Beethoven's Nine, The Philadelphia Orchestra performs all nine of Beethoven symphonies for NPR's Performance Today
==References==
Category:American orchestras
Category:Musical groups established in 1900
Category:Musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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pt:Orquestra de Filadélfia
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