List Of Portmanteaus

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* (Top)
* Animals Toggle Animals subsection 
** Hybrids
*** Cats
***
** Mixed breeds 
*** Dogs
***
** Fictional
**
* Art, literature and entertainment Toggle Art, literature and entertainment subsection 
** Fashion and apparel
**
* Cuisine Toggle Cuisine subsection 
** Hybrids
**
* General
*
* Internet and computing
*
* Organizations and companies
*
* Places
*
* Politics Toggle Politics subsection 
** Economics
**
** Movements
**
* Sciences
*
* Sports and fitness
*
* See also
*
* Notes
*
* External links
*
* References
*
List of portmanteaus
3 languages
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This is a selection of portmanteau words.
Wiktionary has a category on English blends.
Animals
* Hvaldimir, from Norwegian hval (whale) and Russian President Vladimir Putin
* lorikeet, from lory and parakeet[1]
Hybrids
* cattalo, from cattle and buffalo[2]
* donkra, from donkey and zebra (progeny of donkey stallion and zebra mare) cf. zedonk below
* llamanaco, from llama and guanaco[3]
* wholphin, from whale and dolphin[2]
* zorse, from zebra and horse (progeny of zebra stallion and horse mare) cf. hebra above[2]
Cats
* leopon, from leopard and lion[2]
* liger, from lion and tiger (progeny of male lion and tigress) cf. tiglon/tigon below[2]
* tigon, from tiger and lion (progeny of male tiger and lioness) cf. liger above[2]
Mixed breeds
Dogs
Main article: List of dog crossbreeds
* cockapoo, from cocker spaniel and poodle[2] (with influence from cockatoo)
* goldendoodle, from golden retriever and poodle ("doodle" in reference to the Labradoodle)
* Labradoodle, from Labrador retriever and poodle
Fictional
* crocoduck, from crocodile and duck[4]
Art, literature and entertainment
* animanga, from anime and manga[a]
* disasterpiece, from disaster and masterpiece[6]
* mockumentary, from mock and documentary[2]
* newscast, from news and broadcast[7]
* nonebrity, from nonentity and celebrity[8]
* reprography, from reproduce and photography[2]
* sitcom, from situational comedy[7]
* Spraycation, from vacation and spraypainting coined by the anonymous English Street artist Banksy for the title of his summer 2021 series of works "A Great British Spraycation"[9]
Fashion and apparel
* crossplay, from crossdressing and cosplay[10]
* jeggings, from jeans and leggings[2]
Cuisine
* brunch, from breakfast and lunch[7]
* Buffaranch, from Buffalo sauce and ranch dressing[11]
* cronut, from croissant and donut
* glutose, from glucose and fructose[2]
* gooducken, from goose, duck, and chicken
* Hanch, from hot sauce and ranch dressing[12]
* Honeyracha, from honey and sriracha[13]
* Ketchili, from ketchup and sweet chili sauce[11]
* Kranch, from ketchup and ranch dressing[14]
* Lymon, from lime and lemon[15]
* Mayocue, from mayonnaise and barbecue[16][17][18]
* Mayomust, from mayonnaise and mustard[16][17][18]
* Mayoracha, from mayonnaise and sriracha[19]
* sconut, from scone and donut
* Tarchup, from tartar sauce and ketchup[12]
* tofurkey, from tofu and turkey
* turducken, from turkey, duck, and chicken
* Wasabioli, from wasabi and aioli[12]
Hybrids
* broccoflower, from broccoli and cauliflower
* Brusselkale, from Brussels sprouts and kale
* caulini, from cauliflower and broccolini
* celtuce, from celery and lettuce
* citrange, from citron and orange[2]
* citrangequat, from citrange and kumquat
* citrumelo, from citrus and pommelo
* garlion, from garlic and onion[2]
* Grāpple, from grape and apple
* Kinnow, from 'King' (Citrus nobilis) and 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa)
* lemonquat, from lemon and kumquat
* limequat, from Key lime and kumquat
* mandelo, from mandarin orange and pommelo
* orangequat, from orange and kumquat
* parsnip, from Pastinaca and turnip[20][21][22][23][24] (though often confused with parsley root leftover after the leaves and stems have been snipped)
* peacherine, from peach and nectarine
* peacotum, from peach, apricot and plum
* pineberry, from pineapple and strawberry
* pluot, from plum and apricot
* pomato, from potato and tomato
* procimequat, from primitive Hong Kong kumquat and limequat
* sunchoke, from sunflower and artichoke
* tangelo, from tangerine and pomelo
* tomacco, from tomato and tobacco, coined on The Simpsons, "E-i-e-i-(Annoyed Grunt)"
* topepo, from tomato and sweet pepper
* triticale, from Triticum (wheat) and Secale (rye)
* yuzuquat, from yuzu and kumquat
General
* advergame, from advertising and game[2]
* baffound, from baffle and confound[2]
* balloonacy, from balloon and lunacy[2]
* blizzaster, from blizzard and disaster[2]
* boldacious, from bold and audacious[2]
* brainiac, from brain and maniac[7]
* burble, from bubble and gurgle[25][26]
* cablegram, from cable and telegram[2]
* carbage, from car and garbage[2]
* Chinarello, from China and Pinarello (used to describe a counterfeit Pinarello racing bike)[27]
* chuggers, from charity and muggers[2]
* complisult, from compliment and insult[2]
* cosplay, from costume and play[7]
* disastrophe, from disaster and catastrophe[2]
* drunkorexia, from drunk and anorexia
* dumbfound, from dumb and confound[28]
* electrocute, from electric and execute[7]
* Farmageddon, from farm and Armageddon[2]
* flimmer, from flicker and glimmer[2]
* flounder, from flounce and founder[29] or founder and blunder[30]
* fluff, from flue and puff[31][32]
* foolosophy, from fool and philosophy[2]
* glamping, from glamour and camping[2]
* glasphalt, from glass and asphalt[2]
* globesity, from global and obesity[2]
* Japanglish, Japanese and English mixed up to humorous effect (cf. Chinglish, Spanglish, Franglais)[33][34]
* mangina, from man and vagina[35]
* motel, from motor and hotel[7]
* Movember, from moustache and November[2]
* needcessity, from need and necessity[2]
* prissy, from prim and fussy (or sissy)[36]
* scribacious, from scribe and loquacious[2]
* sexcellent, from sex and excellent[37]
* sexting, from sex and texting[2]
* shamateur, from sham and amateur[2]
* shiksappeal, from shiksa and appeal
* simulcasting, from simultaneous broadcasting[2]
* slimsy, from slim and flimsy[38]
* slithy, from slimy and lithe (coined by Lewis Carroll)[2]
* smog, from smoke and fog[2]
* smothercate, from smother and suffocate[2]
* Snowmageddon, from snow and Armageddon[2]
* solemncholy, from solemn and melancholy[2]
* splatter, from splash and spatter[7]
* squarson, from squire and parson[2]
* squirl, from squiggle and twirl or whirl[2]
* stash, from store or stow and cache[7]
* staycation, from stay and vacation[2]
* telethon, from television and marathon[7]
* transbian, from transgender and lesbian[39]
* twirl, from twist and whirl[40][41]
* twunk, from twink and hunk[42][43]
Internet and computing
* brogrammer, from bro and programmer[44]
* listicle, from list and article[7]
* machinima, from machine and cinema[45]
* Pokémon, from pocket and monster[7]
* textonym, from text and synonym[2]
* vortal, from vertical and portal[2]
* Microsoft, from microcomputer and software[46]
* upsert, from insert and update[47]
Organizations and companies
* Alstom, from Alsace and Thompson-Houston[b]
* Amtrak, from American and track
* Bapes, from bathing and ape
* Calutron, from California University Cyclotron
* Citizendium, from Citizens' Compendium
* Conservapedia, from conservative and Wikipedia
* Dash (cryptocurrency), from Digital and Cash
* Ecosia, from ecology and Acacia
* Edexcel, from educational and excellence
* Emergen-C, from emergency and vitamin C
* Extell, from excellence and intelligence
* Froogle, from frugal and Google
* Fruitopia, from fruit and utopia
* Fudgsicle, from fudge and popsicle
* Funimation, from fun and animation
* Garmin, from Gary Burrell and Min Kao
* Googleplex, from Google and complex (meaning a complex of buildings)[c]
* Groupon, from group and coupon
* Ideanomics, from idea and economics
* Imagineering, from Imagine (or Imagination) and Engineering
* LATAM, from Lan Airlines and TAM Airlines
* Lenovo, from Legend and "novo" (Latin ablative for "new")
* Medi-Cal, California's name for their Medicaid program, from medical and California
* Medicaid, from medicine/medical and aid
* Medicare, from medicine/medical and care
* Netflix, from internet and flicks (slang for movie)
* Nikon, from Nippon Kōgaku and Ikon
* Pinterest, from pin and interest
* Poo-Pourri, from poo and potpourri
* Popsicle, from lollipop and icicle[7]
* Qualcomm, from Quality and Communications
* RuPay, from rupee and payment
* Rustoleum, from rust and linoleum
* Spotify, from spot and identify
* Teletoon, from television and cartoon
* Toonami, from cartoon and tsunami
* Toshiba, from Shibaura Seisaku-sho and Tokyo Denki[d]
* Travelocity, from travel and velocity
* Triscuit, from electricity and biscuit
* Venezuelanalysis, from Venezuela and analysis
* Verizon, from veritas (Latin for truth) and horizon
* Victorinox, from Victoria (the company founder's mother) and inox (stainless steel)
* Unilever, from Margarine Unie and Lever Brothers
* Wikimedia, from Wikipedia and media
* Wikipedia, from wiki and encyclopedia
* Yelp, from yellow pages and help
* Yosicle, from yogurt and popsicle
Places
Main article: List of geographic portmanteaus
* AfPak, from Afghanistan and Pakistan
* Afrabia, from Africa and Arabia
* Afro-Eurasia, from Africa, Europe, and Asia
* Arlandria, from Arlington, VA and Alexandria, VA
* Australasia, from Australia and Asia
* Autopia, attraction in Disneyland, from automobile and utopia
* Benelux, from Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
* Birome, from Bickham and Jerome Cartwright, landowners
* BosWash, from Boston and Washington, D.C.
* Brockton, from Brant, Greenock and Walkerton
* Calexico, from California and Mexico
* Calistoga, from California and Saratoga
* Canwood, from Canadian woodlands
* Chambana, from Champaign and Urbana
* Chiberia, from Chicago and Siberia
* Chindia, from China and India
* Chiraq, from Chicago and Iraq
* Chimerica, from China and America
* Clerval, from claire vallée, French for "clear valley"
* Cotai, from Coloane and Taipa
* Czechoslovakia, from Czechia and Slovakia
* Dalworthington Gardens, a city in north Texas, from Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington
* Delmarva, from Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia
* Delran Township, from the Delaware River and Rancocas Creek
* Donbas, from Donets coal basin
* Eurabia, from Europe and Arabia
* Eurasia, from Europe and Asia
* Fairborn, from Fairfield and Osborn
* Gerbangkertosusila, from Gresik, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Surabaya, Sidoarjo and Lamongan
* Glenbard, from Glen Ellyn and Lombard
* Harvey Cedars, from harvest and cedars
* Hillcrest, from Country Club Hills and Hazel Crest
* Hollansburg, from Hollaman and Harland, landowners
* Hotlanta, from hot and Atlanta
* Illiana, from Illinois and Indiana
* Indialantic, from Indian River Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean
* Irrigon, from irrigation and Oregon
* Jabodetabek, from Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi[e]
* Jardee, from Jardanup and Deeside
* Kanorado, from Kansas And Colorado
* Kanwaka Township and Kanwaka, from the Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers
* Kentuckiana, from Kentucky and Indiana
* Kormak, from Charles Korpela and Oscar Maki, settlers
* Manchattan, from Manchester and Manhattan[49]
* Mexicali, from Mexico and California
* Michiana, from Michigan and Indiana
* Mimaropa, from Mindoro (Mindoro Occidental and Mindoro Oriental), Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan
* Navelencia, from navel and Valencia oranges
* NyLon (the concept, not the plastic), from New York City and London
* Nylonkong, from New York City, London, and Hong Kong
* Ohaton, from the Osler, Hammond and Nanton company
* Pennsyltucky, from Pennsylvania and Kentucky
* Poictesme, from the two French towns Poitiers and Angoulême, used in a number of novels by James Branch Cabell
* Sauk Prairie, from Sauk City and Prairie du Sac
* Scarberia, from Scarborough and Siberia
* SeaTac and Sea-Tac Airport, from Seattle and Tacoma
* Senegambia, from Senegal and Gambia
* Soccsksargen from South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, General Santos
* Stravenue, from street and avenue
* Tamiami, from Tampa and Miami
* Tanzania, from Tanganyika and Zanzibar
* Taxachusetts, from taxation and Massachusetts
* Texarkana, from Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana
* Texoma, from Texas and Oklahoma
* The Tridge, from Tri-Cities and bridge
* Valsetz, from the Valley and Siletz Railroad, now a ghost town
* Vansterdam, from Vancouver and Amsterdam
* WaKeeney, from Warren, Keeney, & Co.
* Willowick, from Willoughby and Wickliffe, OH
* Woolaroc, from woods, lakes and rocks
Politics
* agitprop, from agitation and propaganda
* beurgeois, from beur and bourgeois
* Cocacolonization, from Coca-Cola and colonization[2]
* copaganda, from cop and propaganda
* Demoncrat, from demon and Democrat
* Eracism, from erase and racism
* feminazi, from feminist and Nazi
* Gerrymander, from Elbridge Gerry and salamander[50][2]
* kayaktivism, from kayaks and activism
* lawfare, from law and warfare
* Merkozy, from Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy
* Obamacare, from Barack Obama and healthcare
* Obamney, from Barack Obama and Mitt Romney
* precariat, from precarious and proletariat
* Putler, from Vladimir Putin and Adolf Hitler[51]
* Rashism, from Russia and fascism
* Republicant, from Republican and can't
* Ruthanasia, from Ruth Richardson and euthanasia
* squirearchy, from squire and hierarchy[2]
* Trumponomics, from Donald Trump and economics (see Reaganomics)
* Trumpster diving, from Donald Trump and dumpster diving
* Trumpster fire, from Donald Trump and dumpster fire
* warphans from war and orphans
* wikiality, from Wikipedia and reality
* Zupta, from Jacob Zuma and Gupta
Economics
* Abenomics, from Shinzō Abe and economics
* Bidenomics, from Joe Biden and economics
* Clintonomics, from Bill Clinton and economics
* Freakonomics, from freak and economics
* Moneygeddon, from money and Armageddon (permanent scare of financial crises)[2]
* precariat, from precarious and proletariat
* Reaganomics, from Ronald Reagan and economics
* Rogernomics, from Roger Douglas and economics
* Rubinomics, from Robert Rubin and economics
* shrinkflation, from shrink and inflation
* stagflation, from stagnation and inflation[2]
* tipflation, from tipping and inflation
* tokenomics, from token and economics
* Trussonomics, from Liz Truss and economics
* Volfefe index, from volatility and covfefe
* Orbanomics, from Viktor Orbán and economics
Movements
* agrihood, from agriculture and neighborhood
* Berniecrat, from Bernie Sanders and Democrat
* Blexit, from black and exit
* Brexit, from Britain and exit (with regards to leaving the EU)
* Calexit, from California and exit
* Chrislam, from Christianity and Islam
* Czexit, from Czech Republic and exit
* Danexit, from Dane and exit
* Dixiecrat, from Dixie and Democrat
* Fixit, from Finland and exit (with regards to leaving the EU)
* Frexit, from France and exit
* Grexit, from Greece and exit
* Huxit, from Hungary and exit
* Lexit, from left and Brexit
* Nexit, from Netherlands and exit
* Polexit, from Poland and exit
* Qultists, from QAnon and cultists
* regrexit, from regret and Brexit
* Roexit, from Romania and exit
* Texit, from Texas and exit
* thinspiration, from thin and inspiration
* Trumpanzees, from Donald Trump and chimpanzees
Sciences
* abzyme, from antibody and enzyme
* alkyd, from alkyl (alcohol) and id (acid or anhydride)
* ampacity, from ampere and capacity
* aquaponics, from aquaculture and hydroponics
* atomaniac, from atom and maniac
* biomarker, from biological and marker
* bionics, from biology and electronics
* botox, from botulism and toxin[7]
* brinicle, from brine and icicle
* caplet, from capsule and tablet[52]
* carborundum, from carbon and corundum
* cermet, from ceramic and metal
* chemokine, from chemotactic and cytokine
* clopen set, from closed-open set
* contrail, from condensation and trail
* cryptochrome, from cryptogam and chromatic[53]
* cultivar, from cultivated and variety
* cyborg, from cybernetic and organism
* diabesity, from diabetes and obesity
* digipeater, from digital and repeater
* electret, from electricity and magnet[2]
* endorphin, from endogenous and morphine
* fogponics, from fog and aeroponics
* genome, from gene and chromosome[54][55][56][57]
* geofact, from geological and artifact
* gleeking, from sublingual gland and leaking
* glocalization, from globalization and local[2]
* glymphatic system, from glial and lymphatic
* grism, from grating and prism
* guesstimate, from guess and estimate
* Henipavirus, from Hendra virus and Nipah virus
* hermaphrodite, from Hermes and Aphrodite
* lavacicle, from lava and icicle
* lidar, from light and radar
* mafic, from magnesium and ferric
* melatonin, from melanin and serotonin
* memristor, from memory and transistor
* mesohigh, from mesoscale and high-pressure area
* mesolow, from mesoscale and low-pressure area
* mesonet, from mesoscale and network
* Nastronaut, from NASA and astronaut
* nutraceutical, from nutrition and pharmaceutical
* parsec, from parallax and arcsecond
* pellistor, from pellet and resistor
* permaculture, from permanent and agriculture or culture
* petrochemical, from petroleum and chemical
* posistor, from positive and thermistor
* positron, from positive and electron
* prion, from protein and infection[58][59]
* proteome, from proteins and genome
* pulsar, from pulsating and quasar
* purine, from pure and urine
* quoats, from quality and oats
* radome, from radar and dome
* redox, from reduction and oxidation
* resorcin, from resin and orcin
* rusticle, from rust and icicle
* sedge, from saw-like and edge[60]
* Snuppy, from SNU and puppy
* spintronic, from spin and electronics
* sporabola, from spore and parabola
* stiction, from static and friction
* surfactant, from surface active agent
* synzyme, from synthetic and enzyme
* telematics, from telecommunications and informatics
* thermistor, from thermal and resistor
* tripledemic, from triple and pandemic
* trivection, from triple and convection
* twindemic, from twin and pandemic
* urinalysis, from urine and analysis
* vitamer, from vitamin and isomer
* vitamin, from vita and amine
* warfarin, from WARF (Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation) and coumarin
* wavicle, from wave and particle
Sports and fitness
* athleisure, from athletic and leisure
* boxercise, from boxing and exercise
* dancercise, from dancing and exercise
* Deaflympics, from deaf and Olympics
* exercycle, from exercise and bicycle
* flymph, from fly (fishing) and nymph
* gun fu, from gun and kung fu
* gymcel, from gym and incel
* Gymkata, from gymnastics and karate
* Gymkhana, from gymnasium and Jama'at Khana
* heelies, from heel and wheelie
* heliskiing, from helicopter and skiing
* Jazzercise, from jazz and exercise
* Mobot, from Mo (Farah) and robot
* Motocross, from motorcycle and cross country
* Monzanapolis, from Monza and Indianapolis
* Paralympics, from parallel (originally paraplegic) and Olympics
* parasailing, from parachute and sailing
* plogging, from “plocka” (Swedish “pick up”) and jogging
* Prancercise, from prance and exercise
* scorigami, from score and origami[61]
* SerAndy, from Serena Williams and Sir Andy Murray[62]
* slurve, from slider and curve (baseball pitches)
* snuba, from snorkel and scuba
* squipper, from survival, equipment, and fitter
* TaeBo, from Taekwondo and boxing
* twi-night, from twilight and night
* wallyball, from wall and volleyball
See also
* List of acronyms
* List of lishes
* Syllabic abbreviation
Notes
# Animanga term refers to Japanese anime and manga, originally a trademark of Viz Media became genericized trademark after expired on October 28, 2016.[5]
# Originally spelled "Alsthom", the "h" was removed in 2008 (the company was named GEC-Alsthom at the time).
# Influence from googolplex.
# Through the merger of Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K.
# Sometimes Cianjur also included, became Jabodetabekjur or Jabodetabekpunjur.[48]
External links
* Wiktionary - English blends
References
# "lorikeet". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
# Olga Kornienko, Grinin L, Ilyin I, Herrmann P, Korotayev A (2016). "Social and Economic Background of Blending" (PDF). Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. pp. 220–225. ISBN 978-5-7057-5026-9.
# Lescrauwaet Vandenabiile; Anne-Cathèrine Marie Marc (1 Oct 1997). "Primera cruza interespecífica de Llama (Lama glama) y Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) como opción innovadora en la ganadería productiva de la Región de Magallanes, Chile". Observatorio para la Innovación Silvoagropecuaria y la Cadena Agroalimentaria. Retrieved 18 Nov 2021.
# Philip Nel; Lissa Paul; Nina Christensen, eds. (2021-01-12). Keywords for Children's Literature, Second Edition. New York University Press. p. 100. doi:10.18574/nyu/9781479885435.001.0001. ISBN 9781479885435. S2CID 250103127.
# "ANI-MANGA". OpenCorporates. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
# "11 Portmanteaus To Use In Your Day To Day". BuzzFeed. October 24, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
# Jones, Meghan (27 May 2022). "18 Portmanteau Words You Never Thought Of". Pleasantville NY: Reader's Digest. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
# Ian MacKenzie (2011-11-15). "Lexical innovation: cromulently embiggening a language". Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses (27): 91–105. doi:10.14198/raei.2014.27.06. hdl:10045/46815.
# "Banksy-style pieces appear in Gorleston, Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft". BBC News. 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
# Baker-Whitelaw, Gavia (January 16, 2017). "What is crossplay?". The Daily Dot. Complex Media, Inc. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
# Pomranz, Mike (2021-03-29). "Buffaranch and Sweet Ketchili Are Heinz's Latest Condiment Mashups to Hit U.S. Shelves". Food & Wine. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
# Pomranz, Mike (2021-03-19). "Heinz Unveils 'Tarchup,' 'Wasabioli,' and 'Hanch' in Canada". Food & Wine. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
# Salaky, Kristin (2020-01-08). "Exclusive: HoneyRacha Is The Heinz Condiment Mash-Up We've Been Waiting For". Delish.com. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
# Martin, Rachel (5 April 2019). "Heinz Launches 'Kranch'". NPR. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
# Bing, Jonathan (June 12, 2006). "Subliminal ads with a twist of lymon". Variety. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
# Meyer, Zlati (26 March 2019). "Where's the best place to hit the Heinz? 7 fun facts as ketchup maker turns 150 this year". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
# Tyeson, Cam (3 June 2019). "America Spits In Face Of Sauce Gods By Inventing "Mayocue" & "Mayomust"". Pedestrian TV. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
# Meyer, Zlati (26 March 2019). "Heinz turns 150: Some fun facts about the iconic ketchup maker". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
# Morillo, Alexis (2020-02-25). "Heinz Is Reportedly Releasing A Mayoracha Sauce This Year That Combines Mayonnaise And Sriracha In One Handy Bottle". Delish.com. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
# "parsnip". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
# "parsnip". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
# "parsnip". Lexico Dictionaries (Powered by Oxford). Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
# "parsnip". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
# Harper, Douglas. "parsnip". Online Etymology Dictionary.
# Carroll, Lewis (2009) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass "Explanatory notes"; Editor: Hunt, Peter. OUP Oxford. p. 283. ISBN 0-19-955829-9 References the Oxford English Dictionary (1530).
# Lewis Carroll, Letter to Maud Standen, December 1877
# "When is a Pinarello not a Pinarello? When it is a Chinarello | Bicycle Business | BikeBiz". www.bikebiz.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-21.
# "dumbfound". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
# "flounder". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
# "flounder". Lexico Dictionaries (Powered by Oxford). Archived from the original on 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
# "fluff". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
# "fluff". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
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