Ingrid Newkirk

Ingrid Newkirk (born June 11, 1949) is an English-born British American animal rights activist and the president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, also known as PETA, which is the world's largest animal rights organization."Ingrid Newkirk: Animal Rights Crusader", Encyclopaedia Britannica's Advocacy for Animals, April 30, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2010. She is the author of several books, including Making Kind Choices (2005) and The PETA Practical Guide to Animal Rights - Simple Acts of Kindness to Help Animals in Trouble (2009).
Newkirk has worked for the animal protection movement since 1972. Under her leadership in the 1970s as the District of Columbia's first female poundmaster, legislation was passed to create the first spay/neuter clinic in Washington, D.C., as well as an adoption program and the public funding of veterinary services, leading her to be among those chosen in 1980 as Washingtonians of the Year.For Newkirk's background, see Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business. National Press Books, 1993, pp. 34-37.
*For a list of Washingtonians, see "Past Washingtonians of the Year", The Washingtonian. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Newkirk founded PETA in March 1980 with fellow animal rights activist Alex Pacheco. They came to public attention in 1981, during what became known as the Silver Spring monkeys case, when Pacheco photographed 17 macaque monkeys being experimented on inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. The case led to the first police raid in the United States on an animal research laboratory and an amendment in 1985 to the Animal Welfare Act. Since then, Newkirk has led campaigns to stop the use of animals in crash tests, has convinced companies to stop testing cosmetics on animals and to press for higher welfare standards from the meat industry, and has organized undercover investigations that have led to government sanctions against companies, universities, and entertainers who use animals.For the Safeway story, see "After losing 'Shameway' label, Safeway now praised by PETA", Business Times, February 22, 2008.
*Examples of the undercover investigations:
*For University of Pennsylvania, see Carbone, Larry. What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 90.
*Rudacille, Deborah. The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict between Animal Research and Animal Protection. University of California Press 2000, pp. 145–147.
*For Bobby Berosini, see Hearne, Vicki. Can an ape tell a joke?, Harpers, November 1, 1993.
*"High court throws out $4.2 million judgment animal trainer won in libel, privacy suit", The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, February 22, 1994, accessed June 26, 2010, and "PETA v. Bobby Berosini", Supreme Court of Nevada, May 22, 1995, accessed June 28, 2010.
*For Belcross Farm, see "PETA probe spurs indictment of three for cruelty to pigs", Associated Press, July 9, 1999. She is known in particular for the media stunts she organizes to draw attention to animal protection issues. In her will, for example, she has asked that her skin be turned into wallets, her feet into umbrella stands, and her flesh into "Newkirk Nuggets," then grilled on a barbecue.Millard, Rosie. "A human carrot in bright orange felt walks in, announcing itself as "Chris P Carrot'", New Statesman, October 6, 2003. "We are complete press sluts," she told The New Yorker in 2003. "It is our obligation."Specter, Michael. "The Extremist: The woman behind the most successful radical group in America", The New Yorker, April 14, 2003.
Although PETA takes a gradualist approach to improving animal welfare, Newkirk remains committed to ending animal use, and the idea that, as PETA's slogan says, "animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, or use for entertainment." Some animal rights abolitionists, most notably Gary Francione, have criticized PETA for this position, calling them the "new welfarists."Francione, G. L. Rain without thunder: The ideology of the animal rights movement. Temple University Press, 1996. Newkirk has also been criticized for her support of actions carried out in the name of the Animal Liberation Front. Her position is that the animal rights movement is a revolutionary one, and that "[t]hinkers may prepare revolutions, but bandits must carry them out."Newkirk, Ingrid. "The ALF: Who, Why, and What?", Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals. Best, Steven & Nocella, Anthony J (eds). Lantern 2004, p. 341./
==Background==
===Early life===
Newkirk was born in Britain where she lived in the Orkney Islands and in Ware, Hertfordshire. Her father was a navigational engineer, and the family moved to New Delhi, India, when she was seven, where her father worked for the government, while her mother volunteered for Mother Teresa in a leper colony and a home for unwed mothers. Newkirk attended a convent boarding school in the Himalayas for well-to-do Indian nationals and non-natives. "It was the done thing for a British girl in India," she told Michael Specter for The New Yorker. "But I was the only British girl in this school. I was hit constantly by nuns, starved by nuns. The whole God thing was shoved right down my throat."
Newkirk helped her mother out in the leper colony—packing pills and rolling bandages, stuffing toys for orphans, and feeding strays—and says that this informed her view that anyone in need, including animals, was worthy of concern, along with her mother's advice that it doesn’t matter who suffers, but how.Redwood, Daniel. "Making Kind Choices", healthy.net, p. 1. Retrieved July 1, 2010. She tells the story of an early experience of trying to rescue an animal, when she heard laughter in the alleyway behind the family home in New Delhi. A group of people had bound a dog's legs, muzzled him, then lowered him into a muddy ditch, laughing as they watched him try to escape. Newkirk asked her servant to bring the dog to her, and tried to get him to drink some water, but someone had packed his throat with mud, and he died in her arms. She told the Financial Times that it was a turning point.For what happened to the dog, see Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business. National Press Books, 1993, pp. 34-37.
*For her comment to the Financial Times, see Glass, Suzanne. "The Peta principal", Financial Times, November 7, 2008 . Retrieved July 1, 2010.
When she was eighteen, her father joined the United States Air Force and the family moved to Florida, where he worked on designing bombing systems. It was there that she met her husband, Steve Newkirk; the couple divorced in 1980. He introduced her to Formula One racing, which—along with sumo wrestling—remains one of her great passions, according to The New Yorker: "It's sex. The first time you hear them rev their engines, my God! That noise goes straight up my spine."
===Introduction to animal protection===
Until she was 22, Newkirk had given no thought to animals rights or even vegetarianism. She and her husband had moved to Poolesville, Maryland, in 1970, where was studying to become a stockbroker, when a neighbour abandoned some kittens, and Newkirk decided to take them to an animal shelter. She told Michael Specter:
Newkirk took a job in the kennels, witnessing the mistreatment of the animals, including physical abuse. Kathy Snow Guillermo writes that Newkirk disinfected kennels by day, and by night studied animal care, animal behavior, and animal-cruelty investigations. 
She blew the whistle on the shelter and became an animal-protection officer, first for Montgomery County, Maryland, then for the District of Columbia. She became D.C.'s first female poundmaster, persuading the city to fund veterinary services and to set up an adoption program, an investigations department, and a pet sterilization program.Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business. National Press Books, 1993, pp. 34–37. By 1976, she was head of the animal-disease-control division of the District of Columbia Commission on Public Health.
==Newkirk's work with PETA==
===Founding of PETA===
 
In 1980, Newkirk met Alex Pacheco in a D.C. shelter where he was working as a volunteer. She had by then become a vegetarian, despite her great love of eating meat. She told Specter: "I loved meat, liver above all ... My God, I would eat it tomorrow. Now. I would eat roadkill if I could." 
It was Pacheco who introduced Newkirk to the concept of animal rights. Pacheco presented her with a copy of Peter Singer's Animal Liberation (1975). She has said that Singer had put into words what she had felt intuitively for a long time. She called Pacheco "Alex the Abdul," a name given to messengers in Muslim stories. 
The concept of animal rights was at that time almost unheard of in the United States. The modern animal rights movement had started in England eight years earlier, in 1972, when a group of Oxford University scholars, particularly philosophers, had formed the "Oxford group" to promote the idea that discrimination against individuals on the basis of their species is as irrational as discrimination on the basis of race or sex.Ryder, Richard. Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. Basil Blackwell, 1989; this edition Berg, 2000, p. 5. In March 1980, Newkirk and Pacheco decided to form a group to educate the American public about these ideas, at first consisting of what Newkirk called "five people in a basement."Schwartz, Jeffrey and Begley, Sharon. The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. HarperCollins, 2002 p. 161. The couple also fell in love and began living together, though they were very different. Newkirk was older, practical, very organized, whereas Pacheco spent his time in white painter's overalls eating vegetarian hot dogs straight from the can.Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business. National Press Books, 1993, p. 18.
===Silver Spring monkeys===
 
The case of the Silver Spring monkeys, an animal-research controversy that lasted ten years, transformed PETA from just Newkirk, Pacheco, and a small group of friends into an international movement.
In the summer of 1981, Pacheco took a job as a volunteer inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland, so that he and Newkirk would have some firsthand knowledge on which to base their campaigns. Edward Taub, a psychologist, was working there on 17 monkeys. He had cut sensory ganglia that supplied nerves to their arms and legs, then used physical restraint, electric shock, and withholding of food to force them to use the limbs. The idea was to see whether monkeys could be induced to use limbs they could not feel.Johnson, David. Review of The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force, curledup.com; see also Doidge, Norman. The Brain That Changes Itself. Viking Penguin 2007, p. 141.
Pacheco repeatedly went into the lab at night to take photographs, and to escort scientists, including veterinarians and a primatologist, through it to secure their testimony.Carlson, Peter. "The Great Silver Spring Monkey Debate," The Washington Post Magazine, February 24, 1991. Newkirk lay crouched on the back seat of a car outside, hidden under a large cardboard box with holes for her eyes, using a walkie-talkie from a toy store to alert Pacheco if anyone else entered the building.Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business. National Press Books, 1993, p. 25. The monkeys' living conditions documented by Pacheco were graphically disturbing. Having collected the evidence, Newkirk and Pacheco alerted the police, who raided the lab, removed the monkeys, and charged Taub with 113 counts of animal cruelty and six counts of failing to provide adequate veterinary care. Taub maintained that he had been set up by Newkirk and Pacheco while he was on vacation, and that several of the photographs had been staged. The judge found Taub guilty of six counts of cruelty to animals for failing to provide adequate veterinary care and fined him $3,000. A later jury trial saw five of these counts dismissed, and the sixth was overturned on appeal due to a technicality.For Taub's position, see 
*For the six counts and for Taub's view, see Carlson, Peter. "The Great Silver Spring Monkey Debate," The Washington Post Magazine, February 24, 1991.
*Also see Taub v. State, 296, Md 439 (1983). The National Institutes of Health, which had funded Taub's research, was among the scientists and other professionals who criticized the conditions in which Taub had kept the monkeys, though the NIH later reversed its decision when the charges against Taub were overturned.Pacheco, Alex and Francione, Anna. "The Silver Spring Monkeys" in Singer, Peter. In Defense of Animals. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp. 135-147.
*Also see Boffey, Philip M. "Animals in the lab: Protests accelerate, but use is dropping", The New York Times, October 27, 1981.
*Raub, William and Held, Joe. Neuroscience Newsletter, April 1983, cited in Schwartz, Jeffrey and Begley, Sharon. The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. HarperCollins, 2002 p. 149.
*Dajer, T. "Monkeying with the Brain," Discover, January 1992, pp. 70-71.
Newkirk and Pacheco found themselves thrust overnight into the public eye. The images of the restrained animals became iconic after the Washington Post published one of them on its front page.Carbone, Larry. '"What Animal Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 76, see figure 4.2. It was the first police raid on an animal-research facility in the United States and the first conviction (subsequently overturned) of an animal researcher. The controversy led to an amendment to the 1985 Animal Welfare Act, became the first animal-rights case to be heard before the United States Supreme Court, and established PETA as an internationally known animal-rights group, with Newkirk as its outspoken president.
===Attitude toward the ALF===
Newkirk has been criticized for publicizing actions carried out in the name of the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). She supports the goals of the ALF, arguing that "Not until black demonstrators resorted to violence did the national government work seriously for civil rights legislation ... In 1850 white abolitionists, having given up on peaceful means, began to encourage and engage in actions that disrupted plantation operations and liberated slaves. Was that all wrong?" She has said that she understands, but shrinks from, actions that involve arson:
I do support getting animals out in the same way I would have supported getting human slaves out, child labor, sex slaves, the whole lot. But I don’t support burning. I don’t support arson. I would rather that these buildings weren’t standing, so on some level I understand. I just don’t like the idea of that. Maybe that is wishy-washy of me, because I don’t want those buildings standing if they are going to hurt anyone. And the ALF has never hurt mice nor mare.Interview with Ingrid Newkirk, David Shankbone, Wikinews, November 20, 2007.
She has been accused of having had advance knowledge of one ALF action. During the 1995 trial of Rod Coronado, in connection with an arson attack at Michigan State University (MSU), U.S. Attorney Michael Dettmer alleged that Newkirk had arranged, in advance of the attack, to have Coronado send her stolen documents from the university and a videotape of the action.Government sentencing memorandum of U.S. Attorney Michael Dettmer in USA v. Rodney Coronado, July 31, 1995, pp. 8-10.
===Public image===
Newkirk and her cause provoke strong feelings. Specter writes that she has the popular image of a monster, becoming more disliked with every PETA stunt, unable even to walk through an airport without accosting every woman wearing fur. She told him that she has had to stop vacationing in tropical or poor countries like Mexico, because she spends the entire time rescuing animals from what she calls their "horrid owners." 
She was criticized in 2003 when she wrote to Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat to protest the use of a donkey as a suicide bomber, triggering the criticism that she was prioritizing animal over human life. "We are named People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals," she told Specter. "There are plenty of other groups that worry about the humans."
In this business I am very easy to cubby hole. As someone said to me the other day—they had seen the HBO special—and they said, "Are you really a sad obsessed person?" And I thought, No, I’m not really a sad person, except when I lie awake at night in winter thinking about all the animals out without shelter, and then I’m sad! Who wouldn’t be? Wouldn’t anybody be sad if they have a heart? It’s just that I’ve seen so much.
Newkirk has been accused of employing a double standard for her organization's practice of euthanizing animals for which it has neither the space nor resources to shelter. Debra Saunders, a critic of Newkirk, argues that "PETA assails other parties for killing animals for food or research. Then it kills animals – but for really important reasons, such as running out of room."Saunders, Debra J. "Better dead than fed, PETA says", San Francisco Chronicle, June 23, 2005. PETA believes that euthanasia is the most humane method of dealing with animals forced to spend a long time in cages in shelters or who have certain kinds of illnesses.PETA Media Center - Factsheets - Euthanasia: The Compassionate Option. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Newkirk and PETA both oppose animal testing out of principle as well as on practical grounds. Specter asked whether she would be opposed to experiments on five thousand rats, or even chimpanzees, if it was needed to cure AIDS. She replied: "Would you be opposed to experiments on your daughter if you knew it would save fifty million people?"
The Peace Abbey, in Sherborn, MA, awarded her with the Courage of Conscience award on March 20, 1995.The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Recipients List
==Works==
*The PETA Practical Guide to Animal Rights - Simple Acts of Kindness to Help Animals in Trouble. St. Martin's Griffin, May 2009, ISBN 978-0-312-55994-6
*One Can Make a Difference: Original stories by the Dalai Lama, Paul McCartney, Willie Nelson, Dennis Kucinich, Russell Simmons, Bridgitte Bardot…. co-author Jane Ratcliffe, Adams Media (September 17, 2008)ISBN 1-59869-629-7
*Let's Have a Dog Party!: 20 Tail-wagging Celebrations to Share With Your Best Friend. Adams Media Corporation, October 2007. ISBN 1-59869-149-X
*50 Awesome Ways Kids Can Help Animals. Warner Books, November 1, 2006. ISBN 0-446-69828-8
*Making Kind Choices : Everyday Ways to Enhance Your Life Through Earth- and Animal-Friendly Living. St. Martin's Griffin, January 1, 2005. ISBN 0-312-32993-8
*Peta 2005 Shopping Guide For Caring Consumers: A Guide To Products That Are Not Tested On Animals. Book Publishing Company (TN), October 30, 2004. ISBN 1-57067-166-4
*Speaking Up For the Animals. DVD, PETA, June 1, 2004.
*Animal Rights Weekend Warrior. Lantern Books, March 1, 2003. ISBN 1-59056-048-5
*Free the Animals: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front. Lantern Books, 2000, ISBN 1-930051-22-0
*You Can Save the Animals : 251 Simple Ways to Stop Thoughtless Cruelty. Prima Lifestyles (January 27, 1999) ISBN 0-7615-1673-5
*250 Things You Can Do to Make Your Cat Adore You. Fireside, May 15, 1998. ISBN 0-684-83648-3
*Compassionate Cook : Please don't Eat the Animals. Warner Books, July 1, 1993. ISBN 0-446-39492-0
*Kids Can Save the Animals : 101 Easy Things to Do. Warner Books, August 1, 1991. ISBN 0-446-39271-5
*A chapter of Lisa Kemmerer's anthology Sister Species: Women, Animals, and Social Justice, May 23, 2011. ISBN 978-0-252-07811-8 Foreword by Carol J. Adams
==See also==
*Women and animal advocacy
==References==
==Further reading==
*Trione, Debra. A Perfect World: Words and Paintings from Over 50 of America's Most Powerful People, Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7407-2726-5
==External links==
*Ingrid Newkirk's website
*Galkin, Matthew (director) "I Am an Animal: The Story of Ingrid Newkirk and PETA", a television production for HBO, November 2007.
*Fowler, Hayden. "Interview with Ingrid Newkirk about the HBO documentary, YouTube, retrieved February 24, 2008.
*Interview with Ingrid Newkirk in Imagineer Magazine
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Category:People from Ware, Hertfordshire
Category:American activists
Category:American vegans
Category:American atheists
Category:British emigrants to the United States
Category:English activists
Category:English vegans
Category:English atheists
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:Animal rights advocates