International marperigumts

Mar skeipt un prestnivell perigumt pro international commerce. Sekwent id adagio "Quel controlt mar, tel controlt mund", ies Britisch yant id XVIIt secule hant biemen control om tienxia strategic points, Gibraltar, Suways, Hormose, Malacca auti id Cap os Sell Speh. Dind, unte id XXt secule, ia Uniet Stats os America hant succedden id Uniet Roydem pro marwaldh. 
 Id Malacca strett est 800 km long, inter 50 ed 320 km weur. Ia navigationsconditions sont difficil ter ob id stieure iom khayrlious, id akster temos, chunke ia navs fanzownt unte pau populen causta om Indonesia ed Malaysia. Id long duren os noct - sam tei os dien - ed quod gwehmt aus (chunke id equator tehrt id strett) est un idafi nyuti pro i fanzowrjiens. 
Ielg yar, 50 000 navs gwahnt unte id Malacca Strett. Cadadien, 15 millions om naftbarels transeihnt tod marperigumt, dwis id mikdar iom cadadien imports iom USA. 
Unte ia 1970tias, Indonesia hieb elaboren un project os nationalisation ios strett, quod habiet esto tun oismyohrt con Malaysia ed Singapura. Nundiens, Jakarta tentet meis-ye xiseye id kwehlen.
==Ia Asiat routes : Malacca ed ia Indonesian stretts==
Ia Indonesian stretts (Malacca, Karimata, Sunda, Lombok ed Makassar) permitte communication inter bo Hindi ed Pacific Oceans. Ir ahammiyat est tienxia esdi markwehlen tanct khaliban do Malaccas perigumt. Tod strett permitt betyices Asia med energia (meis besonters China, Japan ed Taywan) ed skeipt un vital torgaulice. Ia ciffers bahnt pro se chunke id quadel om Chinas exports transeihnt Malacca. Ed 75% om Chinas naftimports gwehme kathalika unte tod strett. 
Ia stretts om Malacca ed Singapura hant id status om international stretts, menxu alter perigumts unte id Indonesian archipelegv sont sub id jurisdiction Indonesias. Fanzow unte Malacca remant limiten ob ids plieske (23m). Adghi sem weghiters est dwighen gwahe unte alter stretts om Sunda au Lombok. Id Sunda strett remant pior plask pro skipes un druv alternative ad Malacca. Tik id Lombok strett, dank sien dube permitt id kwehlen quoskwe weghiter, besonters iom askari flottes. Bet meis excentren, ta dwo perigumts sont minter andhen. Pro un agmum inter Japan ed id Gulf os Pars, gwahe unte Lombok beuwt id andwrntswakt quar diens longer. Ia stretts om Sunda ed Lombok sont transihn ab tik id penkdel os quo gwaht unte Malacca. 
Indonesia hat plurs piten extende sien souverainitat uper ta perigumts. Japan ed daydeyer i Occidentals hant sagvt prevene tod menace. Inghi id druna iom decennia, id commercial imdadh mohghen ad Indonesia kam ia industrial investions hant buwtum tod lando dependend ids clients. Japan est also id trito dadwer ed id prest client os Indonesia (kaupend-ye id tridel idsen exports). Jakarta dadwt takriban 7% iom gas imports os Japan. Sam-ye, ob iro presence in id iklime (flotte in Singapura, base os Diego Garcia in id Hindi Ocean ed in Australia), ia Uniet Stats ghehde casu quo intervene unte kemall mukhlas ed restablie id leudher torgkwehlen. 
Lakin, id zone tom stretts kwehct besonters instable ob id recrosct iom criminal agsen. Marpiratia hat bihnum in tod iklime Asias un druv plaga, dwinghend ops im sicurance miyanchims auge ira prisa. Id topographia ios region se porct aisic-ye tei type om criminal activitats. Indonesia contet 17 000 insules bayna qua uno mier numer ne prehpt ep maps, ed est baygh difficil wakhe uper ia tusents cricken. Id presence holmen proe-beuwt fanzowo perileus ed navs oiskeulend gwahe perodh ye muzlim syrat bihnt un ideal tarja pro i pirates qui neude smulk okunauks. Eti id collapse ios central magh pon Suhartos uperwaldhen in 1998 dedahsit un aunkwoinia khisses im criminals. Id Indonesiano marine behandt tik derisor wassilas, un part od ids flotte consist weghiters kaupt ud Eust Deutschland in 1990 unte id reoinascen. Bilhassa hat Jakarta alya sweurghs quem katue protie marpiratia quod ei beirt neid direct vierd. Ielg tienxia penkto marpiratiagos biht forfacen in id territorial wedor Indonesias. Lakin, ta quayque dramatic criminal skeulsa ne-pet sromeihnt durable-ye ia international commercial exchanges, chunke tik 0,01% iom navs tehrnd id strett os Malacca bihnt victims uns piratiagos. Punor Islami terrorisme est kongcio un prestnivell menace. Id multiplication iom attentats (in October 2002 contra id Franceois nafttanker Limburg apo Yemen, dind contra touristic resorts perikwohlt ab Occidentals in Bali) hat kardwnen ia baysas de gibakus protie naftvecels.
 Synthetic kwiter ios relief ios Bosphor
==Ia stretts os Tyrkia==
Tyrkias bo stretts, id Bosphor (quod tehrt id urb Istanbul) ed ia Dardanelles wehse bayna tienxia begwahnsta torgroutes. Id nerce iom marstrohms kam id muzlim visibilitat ed id absence om navsenitners beuwnt markwehlen meg perileus unte id Bosphor. Pon 1960 ubgwohmeer meis quem 700 grave accidents (collision, stranden...) au avarias. Id strett Bosphor est un vital maritim route pro Ukraine ed Russia ibs permittend exporte ghiul ed hydrocarbons ye vasya yartids. Iaghi magna ports os Russia kam Murmansk au Vladivostok sont auter pior piern ud i europayens clients, auglehdjblocken unte un part os ghim. Id Bosphoro transeihnt ielg yar 5500 nafttankers yani 10% os tienxia maritime hydrocarbonen torg. Id status om bo tyrka stretts remant rect ab id Montreux Convention (1936) quod internationaliset ta marperigumts. Tod multilateralo playct autoriset id leudher kwehlen om torgnavs unte ia stretts diens kam nocts.
 Gibraltar est un Britisch Ultramar Territorium ye id sudbors ios Iberic Peninsule. Hat un nordgrance con Espania, ed uno margrance con Marok. Id landspect est uperkiht ab id Rock os Gibraltar, pod-yod un dens-ye populet urban area strehct. 
In 1714, Englisch-Nederlands forces lambh Gibraltar ex Espania, ed tod territorium buit perpetual-ye perpact ad Grand Britain kemti id 1713 Utrecht Traiteit. Unte Mund Weir Dwo id buit un important base pro id Royal Naval dat id controlit access ex ed do id Mediomar. Remant strategic-ye important, ob id dwidel os tienxia marwohght torg gwaht unte id strett. Nundiens, Gibraltars econolia large-ye keiht ep tourisme, Internet kumar, financial services ed id refieullen om cargonavs.
Id souverainitat uper Gibraltar est un dawa point in Englisch-Espaniol relations ob Espania mutalbet tod territorium. I weikers os Gibraltar rejexeer proposens os Espaniol souverainitat per referendum in 1967 ed, in 2002, rejexeer idschi dayi uns oismyohrt souverainitat.
==Gibraltar==
Id strett os Gibraltar separet Espania ud Marok, unte inter 13km ed 39km wure. Id kwehlen per tod international transportsroute est dens. Id strett est kathalika un perigumt pro illegal immigration ex Africa. Quayque Gibraltar est un international strett, id Uniet Roydem tyeict un angh uperwakht ios zone, dank siena militar infrastructures installen in tod territorium sub ids waldh pon 1713. Espania keupt id redahsa tos 594ha plautios territorium populen ab 30 000 weikers. Madrid ne kung inter 1969 ed 1985 comape id landgrance con Gibraltar, paradoxal sulouk chunke id waldht dwo enclaves in Marok, Ceuta ed Melilla, qua id ne redahskwt.
 Id Suways Canal (in Arab : قناة السويس‎‎), est un 193,3km long, inter 280 ed 345m weur ed 22,5m deub canal, lyehgend in Misr, quod yunct, via tri natural lacs, Port-Sayid ana id Mediomar ed Suways and id Rudh Mar. Med id augen ios markwehlen, id canal hat bihn id trit surce os valuta pro Misr. Un blockade ios canal dreibhiet circa 7 milliards om US$ leusen cadadien. In 2015, 17483 navs wehghend 999 millions tonnen waren hant fanzowen unte id, yani 8% os tienxia maritim commerce.
Dien 6 Augusto 2015, is Misri President as-Sissi inauguret id "Nov Suways Canal" permittend, pos oino yar orbaten, double id perigumtimkan. Ia orbats hant consisten weurerihes id existend canal ed sammel auge idso dube unte 35 km, ed double id canal unte 37km in ids eustdeil. Id canal est vetat ios Suez Canal Authority/هيئة قناة السويس, quodschi est massoul de ids administration ed management. 
==Id strett os Bab el Mandeb ed id Suways Canal==
Id Suways canal, struct in Misro sekwent ia plans os ingenieur Louis Linant de Bellefonds ed os diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps, buit inauguren in 1869. Id permitt yunges id Mediomar ei Rudh Mar vergeihnd-ye fanzowe engwn id hol African khayghian. Id Suways canal skeipt uter iom dwo dakhels ios Rudh Mar con id strett os Bab el Mandeb, separend Djibouti ed Yemen ed ghyanend access do id Hindi Ocean. Id Suways canal biht transihn ab un important part ios commerce inter Asia ed Occident, ed besonters ia hydrocarbons ex Mediorient bestohmen ad Europe. Id alliance inter ia Uniet Stats ed Misro kam id presence om franceois forces in Djibouti permitte un angh uperwakht tos vulnerable iklime.
 Bab el Mandeb (in Arab : باب المندب, yani "id Dwor iom Rioudas") est id strett separend Djibouti ed Yemen, id arabo peninsula ed Africa ed quod yunct id Rudh Mar ei Gulf os Aden, in id Hindi Ocean. Est sammel un important strategic tolp ed oin om tienxia gwahtst fanzowdikhliz. Ies Britisch in Yemen ed ies Franceois in Djibouti wiekh diu uper tod strett. Meis nuper, id hat regaissen interesse quan i US-Americans ghyien uno militar base in Djibouti in 2002, prokwem ia franceois militar installations nedalg ud id Ambouli international airport ed eni id quader ios katu protie piratia apo id Horn os Africa. In 2017, sekwos un playcto concluden in 2015, id Popules Respublic China installet kathalika in Djibouti uno militar base, id prest exter sien grances.
==Id Kaapstad route==
Id maritim route engwn Sud Africas causta est, pon ids aunstehgen ab Portughesche navigators ye id XVt secule, uno major perigumt pro ia international exchanges. Id Cap os Sell Speh (it namdeht ab royo Iohannes II os Portugal, menxu ies prest portughesche navigators id kyus ka id Stormencap) ne skeipt id sudbors ios African continent, wehst-yod ye Cap Agulhas, 70 km euster quem id Cap os Sell Speh. Cap Agulhas est official nischan kay marke id upergumt inter ia Atlantic ed Hindi Oceans. Id route ios Cap os Sell Speh hat remanto strategic speit id inauguration ios Suways canal in 1869. Nundiens, 10% os tienxia marwohght naft gwaht unte tod perigumt, khaliban westtos-eusttro (pro 70% iom weghiters). Tod naft extract ex id gulf os Guinea au ex Latin America biht klas do naftvecels namdeht Very Large Crude Carrier ed pro ia gwaurers Ultra Large Crude Carrier qua trehce kye Asia. Sems tom weghiters ghehde udlonge 400m. Ye id witeritner, ia naftvecels fortrehcus ex id Arabo peninsule fanzownt kye Uniet Stats. 
Tod maritim route bebihsit essential pon decen yaren pro China ed Hind, chunke transeiht apo Sud Africas causta un significant part om ir naftimports, ta ex West Africa ed Venezuela. Ed ia hydrocarbonvolumes sollient naauge unte ia niebst yars. Pos id Weiro iom Six Yawms (1967) id Suways canal quos installations hieb esto sauct remien clus unte oct yars. Id rhayr-yakin politic evolution os Misro kathalika bayeiht an leudher kwehlen neti biht iter swekwohrt unte id canal. Id Kaapstad route remant strategic, ed unte id gwahnt khaliban weghiters transportend raumaterias (kam ruyds ed hydrocarbons), ed quom mege (saygen capesize) ibs interdeht fanzowe per is Suways canal. Id strategic position os Sud Africa bringht id ad bunges un attentive wakht uper markwehlen inter ia Hindi ed Atlantic oceans. Ibs weghiters fanzownd unte id Kaapstad route est dwighen gwahe engwn Sud Africas causta kay vergihes ia gvaltic winds ex id Antarctid. Id samghat ios Agulhas nrerliou (quod oistrehmt engwn Sud Africa eusttos westtro) ed ios Benguela khanrliou (quod oistrehmt ub ex id Cap os Sell Speh kye Angolas causta) seuwt deub weterperturbations, kam dewers mari ed favoriset id wardhen om meg hog oceanic volns, kwiten tanninvolns. Kaapstad lyehct ye id 33t sudparallel ana id part ios Atlantic quer ia navigationsconditions obkwehke besonters perileus. Tod wedor ye id 40t parallel buit lakaben ab fanzowrjiens ia Baubend Quargimtias poskwo trans ta ia Furieus Penkgimtias. Id base os Silwermyn struct in 1973 prokwem Simon's Town (un urb 20km norder quem id Cap os Sell Speh) ananct dank sien electronic wassilas un privileget observationswals tos marrewos. Silwermyn est id prest naval base ios land.
 Id Cap os Sell Speh (Afrikaans : Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Englisch : Cape of Good Hope) est traditional-ye ayt id upergumtspoint inter ia Atlantic ed Hindi Oceans, esdi technic-ye lyehct id separation inter bo oceans eustwortser ye Cap Agulhas, quodschi est id sudbors os Africa. Id nature reserve her ananct kathalika un schungjin natural skau.
==Id canal os Panama==
Id 80km longo canal os Panama yunct ia Pacific ed Atlantic Ocean. Id canal os Panama buit construgen ye id end ios XIXt secule sub id direction os Ferdinand os Lesseps, ed pos plur peripetias buit inauguret in 1914. Management rhalts hant dribhen id concors ios Compagnie ios Canal os Panama, maimour med ia orbats. Id US gouvernement hat tun kaupen ub id Compagnie ed akapen id construction ios over. Id canal remien tiel dien 31 December 1999 id vetat iom USA, hina buit redahn ei Stat Panama. Id US Secession Weir (1861-1865) dind id weir contra Espania convic iens US-Americans ad skave un canal in id centramerican barzakh. Dank id construction ios over, navs fanzownd inter New York ed San Francisco neti dehlge begires Sud America unte Cap Horn ed reduce id distance irs itner unte takriban oin dwidel.
Id canal facileiht commerce inter ia dwo fassades iom Uniet Stats. Panama dank id tollfredo zone os Colon quer sont installet important importances os stocken, est kathalika un area os prestnivell commercial transit. Id ware levert do Asia biht prest perwohghto do Panama, dind klas ep containernavs sekwent sien endsdestination. Id tollfredo zone ananct infrastructures os stocken aunegal in id iklime. Circa 13 000 navs uperfanzownt ielg yar id canal os Panama besonters Asia, uter caust iom USA ed Europe. 
Bet nundiens, id canal os Panama est neti adaptet ibs naudhs os international commerce. Gwaurtonnage navs, ia supertankers hant un pior plaut gabarit pro ghehde fanzowe unte id canal. Ia Chinese naftnavs fortrehcend ex Venezuela skeule yando gwahe unte id Kaapstad route anter quem there id Pacific. In October 2006, per referendum, i Panamenyi hant wohkwn pro id weurereihsa ios canal. Ia orbats buir akapt in 2016.
==Conclusion==
Ye id XXt secule hat international commerce subiht un profundo mutation. Id creation ios GATT poskwo ios Muntorganisation hant permiss id leureihsa iom international exchangen ed favorise economic interdependence ed id internationalisation iom entreprisen. 
Kad vaht id geographia os commerce gnohe un aunsam evolution unte id XXIsto secule, med id ghyahsa unios nov maritim route namdeht id Dalgnordo Route. Id warmen ios planete dreibht tadrijan id tahsa ios glehdjbenk, ed permittsiet pos oik decennia id navkwehlen engwn ia causta om Russia ed Canada. Ex Rotterdam do Tokyo, id andhtu distance per id Dalgnordo Route sessiet unte oin tridel quem per id nundiens itner (Suways canal, Bab el Mandeb, dind Malacca)