Great Northern Railway (U.S.)

This article is about the US railway. For other railways with the same name, see Great Northern Railway.
thumb|260x260px|The Empire Builder traveling through Glacier Park Montana. (1940)
The Great Northern Railway (Reporting Mark: GN) was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, it was the creation of 19th-century railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill and was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad. The Great Northern's route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the U.S.
In 1970, the Great Northern Railway merged with three other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which merged in 1996 with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.
==History==
thumb|William Crooks in 1939 with the Great Northern logo above the drivers|307x307pxThe Great Northern was built in stages, slowly creating profitable lines, before extending the road further into undeveloped Western territories. In a series of the earliest public relations campaigns, contests were held to promote interest in the railroad and the ranchlands along its route. Fred J. Adams used promotional incentives such as feed and seed donations to farmers getting started along the line.  Contests were all-inclusive, from the largest farm animals to the largest freight carload capacity, and were promoted heavily to immigrants and newcomers from the East.
The very first predecessor railroad to the company was the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad owned by William Crooks. He had gone bankrupt running a small line between St. Paul and Minneapolis. He named the locomotive he ran for himself and the William Crooks would be the first locomotive of the Great Northern Railway. J.J. Hill convinced New York banker John S. Kennedy, Norman Kittson (a wealthy fur trader friend), Donald Smith (a Hudson's Bay Company executive), George Stephen (Smith's cousin and president of the Bank of Montreal), and others to invest $5.5 million in purchasing the railroad. On March 13, 1878, the road's creditors formally signed an agreement transferring their bonds and control of the railroad to J.J. Hill's investment group. On September 18, 1889, Hill changed the name of the Minneapolis and St. Cloud Railway (a railroad which existed primarily on paper, but which held very extensive land grants throughout the Midwest and Pacific Northwest) to the Great Northern Railway. On February 1, 1890, he consolidated his ownership of the StPM&M, Montana Central Railway, and other rail lines to the Great Northern.
The Great Northern had branches that ran north to the Canada–US border in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana. It also had branches that ran to Superior, Wisconsin, and Butte, Montana, connecting with the iron range of Minnesota and copper mines of Montana. In 1898 Hill purchased control of large parts of the Messabe Iron Range in Minnesota and its rail lines. The Great Northern began large-scale shipment of ore to the steel mills of the Midwest.
The railroad's best-known engineer was John Frank Stevens, who served from 1889 to 1903. Stevens was acclaimed for his 1889 exploration of Marias Pass in Montana and determined its practicability for a railroad. Stevens was an efficient administrator with remarkable technical skills and imagination. He discovered Stevens Pass through the Cascade Mountains, set railroad construction standards in the Mesabi Range, and supervised the construction of the Oregon Trunk Line. He then became the chief engineer of the Panama Canal.
The logo of the railroad, a Rocky Mountain goat, was based on a goat William Kenney, one of the railroad's presidents, had used to haul newspapers as a boy.
===Mainline===
left|thumb|305x305px|Great Northern boxcabs exiting the Cascade Tunnel.thumb|Great Northern brakeman checks train from caboose.The mainline began at Saint Paul, Minnesota, heading west along the Mississippi River bluffs, crossing the river to Minneapolis on a massive multi-piered stone arch bridge just below the Saint Anthony Falls. The bridge ceased to be used as a railroad bridge in 1978 and is now used as a pedestrian river crossing with excellent views of the falls and of the lock system. The mainline headed northwest from the Twin Cities, across North Dakota and eastern Montana. The line then crossed the Rocky Mountains at Marias Pass. It then followed the Flathead River and then Kootenai River to Bonners Ferry, Idaho, south to Sandpoint, Idaho, west to Newport, Washington, and then to Spokane, Washington. The company town and extensive railroad facility of Hillyard, Washington was named after James J. Hill and briefly manufactured the R Class 2-8-8-2 around 1927 which was the largest steam locomotive in the world at the time. From there the mainline crossed the Cascade Mountains through the Cascade Tunnel under Stevens Pass, reaching Seattle, Washington, in 1893, with the driving of the last spike at Scenic, Washington, on January 6, 1893. The Great Northern electrified Steven's Pass and briefly owned the electric Spokane and Inland Empire Railway. The deadliest avalanche in US history swept two Great Northern trains off the tracks at Wellington, Wa. by the Cascade Tunnel killing 96 people.
The mainline west of Marias Pass has been relocated twice. The original route over Haskell Pass, via Kalispell and Marion, Montana, was replaced in 1904 by a more circuitous but flatter route via Whitefish and Eureka, joining the Kootenai River at Rexford, Montana. A further reroute was necessitated by the construction of the Libby Dam on the Kootenai River in the late 1960s. The United States Army Corps of Engineers built a new route through the Salish Mountains, including the 7-mile-long (11 km) Flathead Tunnel, second-longest in the United States, to relocate the tracks away from the Kootenai River. This route opened in 1970. The surviving portions of the older routes (from Columbia Falls to Kalispell and Stryker to Eureka), are now operated by Watco as the Mission Mountain Railroad.
The Great Northern mainline crossed the continental divide through Marias Pass, the lowest crossing of the Rockies south of the Canada–US border. Here, the mainline forms the southern border of Glacier National Park, which the GN promoted heavily as a tourist attraction. GN constructed stations at East Glacier and West Glacier entries to the park, stone and timber lodges at the entries, and other inns and lodges throughout the Park. Many of the structures have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to unique construction, location, and the beauty of the surrounding regions.
In 1931, the GN also developed the "Inside Gateway", a route to California that rivaled the Southern Pacific Railroad's route between Oregon and California. The GN route was further inland than the SP route and ran south from the Columbia River in Oregon. The GN connected with the Western Pacific at Bieber, California; the Western Pacific connected with the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe in Stockton, California, and together the three railroads (GN, WP, and ATSF) competed with Southern Pacific for traffic between California and the Pacific Northwest. With a terminus at Superior, Wisconsin, the Great Northern was able to provide transportation from the Pacific to the Atlantic by taking advantage of the shorter distance to Duluth from the ocean, as compared to Chicago.
===Settlements===
The Great Northern energetically promoted settlement along its lines in North Dakota and Montana, especially by Germans and Scandinavians from Europe. The Great Northern bought its lands from the federal government it received no land grants and resold them to farmers one by one. It operated agencies in Germany and Scandinavia that promoted its lands, and brought families over at low cost, building special colonist cars to transport immigrant families. The rapidly increasing settlement in North Dakota's Red River Valley along the Minnesota border between 1871 and 1890 was a major example of large-scale "bonanza" farming.
===Later history===
left|thumb|227x227px|The Big Sky Blue Empire Builder with an SDP45 in the lead. (1970)During World War II, the Army moved its Military Railway Service (MRS) headquarters to Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The MRS worked collaboratively with commercial railroading in the U.S. The Great Northern sponsored the 704th Grand Railroad Division. It was the second Grand Division that the Army stood up. The Great Northern also sponsored the 732nd Railroad Operating Battalion (ROB). They were one of two spearhead ROBs. The 732nd operated in support of the Patton's 3rd Armored Division crossing into Germany with them. The Officers of the 732nd were all previous employees of the Great Northern.
On March 2, 1970, the Great Northern, together with the Northern Pacific Railway, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad and the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway, merged to form the Burlington Northern Railroad. The BN operated until 1996 when it merged with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.
==Passenger service==
GN operated various passenger trains, but the Empire Builder was their premier passenger train. It was named in honor of James J. Hill, known as the "Empire Builder." Amtrak still operates the Empire Builder today, running it over the old Great Northern's Northern Transcon north of St. Paul.
===Named trains===
*Alexandrian: St. Paul–Fargo
*Badger Express: St. Paul-Superior/Duluth (later renamed Badger)
*Cascadian: Seattle–Spokane (1909-1959)
*Dakotan: St. Paul-Minot
*Eastern Express: Seattle-St. Paul (1903–1906) (replaced by Fast Mail in 1906)
*Empire Builder: Chicago-Seattle/Portland (1929–present)
*Fast Mail No. 27: St. Paul–Seattle (1906–1910) (renamed The Oregonian in 1910)
*Glacier Park Limited: St. Paul–Seattle (1915-1929) (replaced by Empire Builder in 1929)
*Gopher: St. Paul-Superior/Duluth
*Great Northern Express: (1909–1918) Kansas City-Seattle
*International: Seattle-Vancouver, B.C.
*Oregonian : St. Paul–Seattle (1910–1915) (replaced by Glacier Park Limited in 1915)
*Oriental Limited : Chicago-St. Paul-Seattle (replaced by Western Star in 1951)
*Puget Sound Express: St. Paul-Seattle (1903–1906) (replaced by Fast Mail in 1906)
*Red River Limited: Grand Forks-St. Paul (later renamed Red River)
*Seattle Express
*Southeast Express: (1909–1918) Seattle-Kansas City
*Western Star : Chicago-St. Paul-Seattle-Portland
*Winnipeg Limited: St. Paul-Winnipeg
==Rolling stock==
In 1951 the company owned 844 locomotives, including 568 steam, 261 diesel-electric and 15 all-electric, as well 822 passenger-train cars and 43.897 freight-train cars.
==Paint Schemes==
The Great Northern had numerous paint scheme variations and color changes over the years, but Rocky the goat was consistently featured.
==In popular culture==
Appearances in popular culture:
*The Great Northern Railway is considered to have inspired (in broad outline, not in specific details) the Taggart Transcontinental railroad in Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged.
==See also==
*Great Northern Roster
*Great Northern Railway: Mansfield Branch (1909-1985)
*W-1 GN's largest electric locomotive
*Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad interurban electric railway purchased by G.N. in 1929.
*Western Fruit Express
*Snow Dozer - A snowplow design unique to the Great Northern.
*List of preserved locomotives.
==Locomotives==
===Steam Locomotives===
File:GreatNorthern2031.jpg|Great Northern #2031 being photographed
File:3391.JPG
File:Gn 2584 01.jpg|Great Northern No. 2584
File:ImagesZPVRS60I.jpg|Great Northern No. 2507
File:Spp101.jpg|Saint Paul and Pacific No. 1 William Crooks
Great Northern locomotive 1355 2.JPG
===Electric Locomotives===
File:9130d635750fdf103c032cd5ad716c9a.png|GNR W-1, a 4-8-8-4 (2-D+D-2) Electric Locomotive that got scrapped after the GNR had shut down their electrified lines.
D326770E-8FB2-4DAF-880D-19CBDB068330.jpeg
File:Great Northern electric locomotive Y-1 1927.JPG|Great Northern Y-1/Pennsylvania Railroad Class FF2
==Gallery==
File:9639c2bb8176eeb51effe5fd67ee7aa3.jpg
== References ==
*Hofsommer, Don L. "Rivals for California: The Great Northern and the Southern Pacific, 1905-1931." Montana: The Magazine of Western History 38.2 (1988): 58-67.
==Further reading==
*Pyle, Joseph G. "James J. Hill." Minnesota History Bulletin 2#5 1918, pp. 295–323. online
==External links==
*Lively World of Great Northern (Around 1960)
*Fort Langley
*Great Northern Railway Company Records, Minnesota Historical Society.
*Great Northern Railway Historical Society
*The Great Northern Empire — Then and Now
*The Great Northern Railway
*Great Northern Railway Page
*Great Northern Railway Post Office Car No. 42 — photographs and short history of one of six streamlined baggage-mail cars built for the Great Northern by the American Car and Foundry Company in 1950.
*Great Northern Railway route map (1920)
*Dutiful Son: Louis W. Hill Sr. Book, Book about Louis W. Hill Sr., son and successor of empire builder James J. Hill at Ramsey County Historical Society.
*"The Egotistigraphy", by John Sanford Barnes. An autobiography, including his role in the early financing of the Great Northern Railway and the career of James J. Hill, privately printed 1910. Internet edition edited by Susan Bainbridge Hay 2012
Category:Class I Railroads
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Category:Great Northern (US) locomotives