Prostration (Buddhism)

In Buddhism, a prostration (Pali: panipāta, Skt.: namas-kara, Ch.: li-pai, Jp.: raihai) is used to show reverence to the Triple Gem (comprising the Buddha, his teachings, and the spiritual community) and other objects of veneration.
In Buddhism, prostrating has multiple and overlapping benefits for practitioners including:
*an experience of giving or veneration
*an act to purify defilements, especially conceit
*a preparatory act for meditation
*an act that accumulates merit (see also karma)
In contemporary Western Buddhism, some teachers use prostrations as a practice unto itself,See, for instance, Tromge (1995), pp. 87-96. while other teachers relegate prostrations to customary liturgical ritual, ancillary to meditation.See, for example, Aitken (1982), pp. 29-31, where he discusses such rituals as having a twofold purpose: "First, ritual helps to deepen our religious spirit and to extend its vigor to our lives. Second, ritual is an opening for the experience of forgetting the self as the words or the actions become one with you, and there is nothing else." (p. 29).
'Prostrations' may also be subsumed within sadhana repetitions of various vinyasa forms of yogic discipline, such as Trul Khor, e.g. Importantly, vinyasa forms were directly influenced from Buddhist 'impermanence' (anitya) as was the language of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras informed by Buddhist discourse.
==Theravada Buddhism==
In the Pali canon, laypersons prostrating before the then-living Buddha is mentioned in several suttas.Khantipalo (1982). In addition to making this general statement, Khantipalo quotes an example of lay people prostrating before the Buddha from the Kalama Sutta (AN 3.65). In Theravada Buddhism, as part of daily practice, one typically prostrates before and after chanting and meditation. On these occasions, one does typically prostrates three times: once to the Buddha, once to the Dhamma, and once to the Sangha. More generally, one can also prostrate before "any sacred object of veneration."Indaratana (2002), p. v.
Theravada Buddhists execute a type of prostration that is known as "five-point veneration" (Pali: patitthitapanca) or the "five-limbed prostration" (Pali: pañc'anga-vandana) where the two palms and elbows, two sets of toes and knees, and the forehead are placed on the floor.Indaratana (2002), p. v. Khantipalo (1982). More specifically:
In Thailand, traditionally, each of the three aforementioned prostrations are accompanied by the following Pali verses:
First Prostration
Araham samma-sambuddho bhagavaBuddham bhagavantam abhivademi.
The Noble One, the fully Enlightened One, the Exalted One,I bow low before the Exalted Buddha.
Second Prostration
Svakkhato bhagavata dhammoDhammam namassami.
The Exalted One's well-expounded DhammaI bow low before the Dhamma.
Third Prostration
Supatipanno bhagavato savakasanghosangham namami.
The Exalted One's Sangha of well-practiced disciples
I bow low before the Sangha.
In Theravadin countries such as Sri Lanka, when one goes before one's teacher, in order to "open one's mind up to receive instructions," one bows and recites the phrase, "Okāsa ahaṃ bhante vandāmi" ("I pay homage to you venerable sir").Bhikkhu Bodhi (2006), Sn 2.9 Kiṃsīla Sutta — Right Conduct (lecture) at time 25:20, available as "Sn032" (mp3) from "Bodhi Monastery" at http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio/903-audio/84-sutta-nipata.html. Before a nun (as opposed to a monk), one would presumably use ayye instead of bhante.
==Mahayana Buddhism==
In Zen Buddhism, both half- and full-prostrations are used. Zen master Robert Aitken writes:
Roshi Philip Kapleau writes:
Ninth-century Zen master Huang Po is said to have done prostrations so intensely that he wore a permanent red mark on his forehead.Kapleau (1989b), p. 192.
An American in Dokusan
Zen master Phillip Kapleau recounts his first stay in "a real Zen monastery":
==Vajrayana Buddhism==
thumb|280px|Pilgrims prostrating at the Jokhang, Lhasa
In Vajrayana Buddhism, prostrations are often performed before meditation or teachings, but can form a separate practice by itself. Prostrations are seen as a means of purifying ones body, speech and mind of karmic defilements, especially pride.Tromge (1995), p. 87. Prostrations are used in tandem with visualization and can be used to express reverence to Guru RinpocheTromge (1995), pp. 88-9. and others.
For example, in the context of offering homage to Guru Rinpoche, prostrations are to be performed as follows:
This type of prostration is often done 3, 7, 21, or 108 times. A prostration mala can be used to facilitate counting.Tromge (1995), p. 95. 
This form of prostration is used with enlightened beings other than Guru Rinpoche as well.
Prostrations done in large numbers (like 100,000) can be part of the preliminary practices to the practice of tantra. Other practices like this can be reciting the Refuge prayer, mandala offerings, Vajrasattva mantras and other practices called ngöndro.
==See also==
*Householder (Buddhism)
*Puja (Buddhism)
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
*Aitken, Robert (1982). Taking the Path of Zen. NY:North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-080-4.
*Aitken, Robert (2002). "Formal Practice: Buddhist or Christian" in Buddhist-Christian Studies (2002), Vol. 22, pp. 63-76. Available on-line at: http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Miscellaneous/FormalPractice.htm
*Indaratana Maha Thera, Elgiriye (2002). Vandana: The Album of Pali Devotional Chanting and Hymns. Penang, Malaysia:Mahindarama Dhamma Publication. Available on-line at: http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/vandana02.pdf.
*Kapleau, Phillip (1989a). The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice and Enlightenment. NY: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-26093-8.
*Kapleau, Philip (1989b). Zen: Merging of East and West. NY:Anchor Book. ISBN 0-385-26104-7.
*Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1982). Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence (The Wheel No. 206/207). Kandy, Sri Lanka:Buddhist Publication Society. Also transcribed (1995) and available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html.
*Tromge, Jane (1995). Ngondro Commentary: Instructions for the Concise Preliminary Practices of the New Treasure of Dudjom / compiled from the teachings of His Eminence Chagdud Tulku. Junction City, CA:Padma Publishing. ISBN 1-881847-06-3.
==External links==
*A Holy Quest in Tibet: Prostrate, and Miles to Go
*Buddhist Bowing as Comtemplation
*Buddhism: Prostrations (video) Buddhism: Prostrations Part II (video) by Ven Thubten Chodron
*Prostrating from Tibet to India
*Prostrations: A Buddhist Exercise Program
*Tibetan Prostration (animation)
Category:Buddhist practices
Category:Tibetan Buddhist practices
Category:Vajrayana Buddhism
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