Earth 93 - Spellcasting

Learned magic, more than any other, involves spellcasting. A spell is any specific words or series of words that, when combined with magical energy result in some specific result. In general, the spells work best when the incantation (the words of the spell) is in a language the enchanter is not fluent in, to prevent word connotations from adding any unnecessary emotion into the spell (which would make the spell more powerful, but harder to control). There are various subtypes including: 
* Summoning spells- spells used to summon various creatures. These work by a combination of an invocation of the true name of the person you want to summon and a binding circle (basically a circle drawn on the ground imbued with magical energy to function as a sort of trap. This works for most immortals, but beware: The more powerful the being you are trying to summon is, the more energy it takes to effectively bind them. 
* Necromancy- spells to raise the dead. Illegal under the Edictorum Arcani for at least a thousand years, but that doesn't stop some dark wizards from trying. Requires a magical focus to keep the reanimated animated and under the control of the Necromancer. If the Necromancer loses the focus to someone else, that person gains control of the zombies, and if the focus is destroyed, the zombies die again. 
* Evocation- spells that give the user powers over the traditional "elements" (earth, wind, fire, water, lightning, etc.) 
* Illusions/Glamours- spells that make others see things that are not there or see things differently than how they really are. 
* Transmogrification- spells that transform things into other things. 
* Psychomancy- spells involving mind control of others. Also Illegal under the Edictorum Arcani for a millienium, but some evil wizards do it anyway. 
* Kinetomancy- spells that give the user the power to move things with their mind. One of the most common spell types. 
* Chronomancy- spells that manipulate time itself. One of the most advanced and dangerous forms of magic. Is not directly banned by the Edictorum Arcani, but texts on this subject are kept under strict lock and key in the vaults of Avalon.