M6 motorway

The M6 motorway runs from junction 19 of the M1 at the Catthorpe Interchange, near Rugby, Coventry via Birmingham then heads north, passing Stoke-on-Trent, Liverpool, Manchester, Preston, Lancaster, Carlisle and terminating at the Gretna junction (J45). Here, just short of the Scottish border it becomes the A74(M) which continues to Glasgow as the M74.
As of 2016, the M6, as well as combining with the length of the A14 from Brampton (Cambridgeshire) from junction with A1(M), the A74(M) and M74 to the junction with the M8 in Glasgow, forms the longest non-stop motorway in the United Kingdom and one of the busiest. It incorporated the Preston By-pass, the first length of motorway opened in the UK and forms part of a motorway "Backbone of Britain", running north−south between London and Glasgow via the industrial North of England. It is also part of the east−west route between the Midlands and the east-coast ports. The section from the M1 to the M6 Toll split near Birmingham forms part of the unsigned E-road E24 and the section from the M6 Toll and the M42 forms part of E&05.
==Route==
The M6 motorway runs from junction 19 of the M1 and from the beginning of A14 in Catthorpe near Rugby in central England, passes between Coventry, Bedworth and Nuneaton, through Birmingham, Walsall and Stafford and near the smaller cities of Wolverhampton and Stoke-on-Trent. The motorway has major junctions with the M55 at Junction 32, north of Preston ending just before Blackpool, the M65 at Junction 29, south of Preston, towards Blackburn and then Burnley, the M56 and M62 at Warrington, giving access to Chester, Manchester and Liverpool. The M6 then heads north past Wigan, Preston and Lancaster. After the latter two cities it passes through Cumbria with some parts very close to the edge of the Lake District with a short stretch within the national park boundaries and then passes Carlisle on its way to Gretna, before the motorway becomes the A74(M) a few hundred metres (yards) short of the Scottish border.
==History==
===Planning and construction===
The first section of the motorway and the first motorway in the country was the Preston By-pass. It was built by Tarmac Construction and opened by the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 5 December 1958. In January 1959 the Preston by-pass was closed because of rapid surface deterioration over a stretch of 100 yards (91 m) "due to water freezing and then thawing". Motorists were diverted to the old road while the UK road research laboratory at Harmondsworth pondered the importance of surface water drainage.
Later, other sections of the motorway were constructed, and finally it was all linked together, giving an uninterrupted motorway length of 230 miles (370 km).
The second phase of construction was completed in 1960, forming the Lancaster by-pass. Some100 miles (160 km) south, the Stafford by-pass was completed in 1962. By 1965, the remaining sections of motorway Stafford–Preston and Preston–Lancaster had been completed. 1968 saw the completion of the Walsall to Stafford link as well as the Penrith by-pass some 150 miles (240 km) north in Cumberland. In 1970, the Lancaster–Penrith link was completed, along with a short section of motorway by-passing the south of Walsall. The most northerly section of the motorway also opened in 1970, running to the designated terminus north of Carlisle. By 1971, the full route was completed between the junction with the M1 motorway at Rugby and the A38 road several miles north-east of Birmingham city centre, including Bromford Viaduct between Castle Bromwich (J5) and Gravelly Hill (J6), which at 3½ miles is the longest viaduct in Great Britain.
Junction 6 in Birmingham is widely known as Spaghetti Junction because of its complexity and round and curvy like design. On the elevated ground between Shap and Tebay, the north and south-bound carriages split apart. At this point a local road (to Scout Green) runs between the two carriageways without a link to the motorway.
The section of the M6 that runs over Shap Fell in Cumbria is 1,036 ft (316 m) above sea level, one of the highest points on any motorway in the UK (junction 22 of the M62 on Saddleworth Moor is higher). The motorway engineers here chose to follow the route of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway engineered by Joseph Locke (now part of the West Coast Main Line) where the motorway runs in a split-level cutting above the railway in the descent from Shap Fell through the Lune Gorge into southern Cumbria.
The northbound entry slip road at Lancaster (junction 34) was unusually short, presenting problems for traffic joining the motorway. The M6 crosses the River Lune at this point and unless the bridge had been made wider, there was no space to build a longer slip road. This junction was upgraded from an earlier emergency-vehicles-only access point, which explains the substandard design. The construction of the Heysham to M6 Link Road (The Bay Gateway) has completely re-modelled this junction with a wide additional bridge over the River Lune and other works repositioning slip roads with new acceleration lanes to modern standards.
The route was originally intended to replace the old A6, which it does along the northern section starting with the Preston Bypass. However, a much closer approximation to the overall actual route of the M6 (heading north from its southern terminus) is provided by following the A45, A34, A50, A49, then the A6. South of Preston, the A6 route is instead supplemented by the M61 as far as Manchester, with the M60 acting as a bypass around the city. South of Manchester, there is no true motorway replacement for the old road. The M1 acts as a bypass for long-distance traffic in the south, from the Kegworth junction near Nottingham, to Luton and St. Albans near London; but, it is not an alternative for local traffic as the routes diverge by more than 15 miles while passing through Northamptonshire. Across the Pennines, the old road remains the main local through-route, and long-distance fast traffic between Derby and Manchester must instead take either the A50 and M6, or M1 and M62.
===Operational===
In July 1972 the UK Minister for Transport Industries announced that 86 miles (138 km) of UK motorway particularly prone to fog would benefit from lighting in a project which "should be" completed by 1973. Sections to be illuminated included the M6 between junctions 10 and 11, and between junctions 20 and 27.
In March 2006, after 15 years of debate, the government authorised the construction of a 6-mile (9.7 km) extension of the M6 from its then northern terminus near Carlisle to the Anglo-Scottish border at Gretna (the so-called "Cumberland Gap"), where it links into the existing A74(M). The road opened on 5 December 2008, the 50th anniversary of the M6 Preston By-pass. The project, which was a mixture of new road and upgrade of the existing A74, crosses the West Coast Main Line and had an estimated costs of £174 million. It completed an uninterrupted motorway from just south of Dunblane (via the M9, the recently opened M80 section near Cumbernauld and the M73) in the north to Exeter (via the M5) and to London (via both the M42/M40 and the M1) in the south.
The M6 Toll, Britain's first toll motorway, which bypasses the West Midlands conurbation to the east and north of Birmingham and Walsall and was built to alleviate congestion through the West Midlands, and opened in December 2003. Before the opening of the toll motorway, this section of the M6 carried 180,000 vehicles per day at its busiest point near Wolverhampton (between the junctions with the M54 and M5 motorways), compared with a design capacity of only 72,000 vehicles. Usage, at about 50,000 vehicles, was lower than expected and traffic levels on the M6 were only slightly reduced as a result. The high toll prices, which were set by the operating company and over which the UK government has no influence until 2054, were blamed for the low usage. Much traffic continues to use the M6 or the continued on the M1 and took the A50 or A52. As of July 2012 the road between Junctions 3A and 11A now carries 120,000 motor vehicles every day.
A proposed extension to the M6 Toll known as the 'M6 Expressway', which would have continued from the M6 Toll as far as Knutsford, at which point much of the existing M6 traffic leaves the M6 for Manchester, was abandoned in 2006 due to excessive costs, anticipated construction problems and disappointing levels of use of the M6 Toll.
In October 2007, following a successful trial on the M42 in the West Midlands, the UK government announced that two stretches of the M6 would be upgraded to allow the hard shoulder to be used as a normal running lane during busy conditions under a scheme called active traffic management. The two stretches, between junctions 4 and 5 and between junctions 10a and 8, are two of the busiest sections on the entire motorway. It was then proposed that the system could be extended onto other stretches of the M6 while the government undertook a feasibility study to determine other likely locations for this technology to be used. The stretch between junctions 4 and 5 was completed during December 2009 while the stretch between junctions 10a and 8 was completed during March 2011.
==Current developments==
===Managed motorway J13 to 15 and J16 to 19===
The government wishes to improve reliability and capacity between Junctions 11 by Cannock and Junction 19 near Knutsford. In 2004, it favoured a new motorway, 'The Expressway' following a roughly parallel course to the existing M6. In July 2006, the government announced its decision to abandon the Expressway proposal, and favoured widening accompanied by demand-management measures, and have launched a study to consider options for providing additional capacity. The current proposal is in introduce managed motorway between Junction 13 and 19. It was later divided into two separate stretches, between junctions 16 and 19 and junctions 13 and 15. The stretch between junctions 16 and 19 started construction in December 2015 while construction on the stretch between junctions 13 and 15 commenced in March 2018.
==Junctions==
Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. Where a junction spans several hundred metres (yards) and the start and end distances are known, both distances are shown.
M6 motorway junctions	M6 motorway junctions	M6 motorway junctions 	M6 motorway junctions	M6 motorway junctions
mile 	km 	Northbound exits (A carriageway) 	Junction 	Southbound exits (B carriageway)
 	 	Motorway continues as A74(M) towards Glasgow 	 	Start of motorway
313.2 	504.3 	Gretna B7076, Longtown A6071 	J45 	No access (on-slip only)
 	 	River Esk 	River Esk 	River Esk
309.6309.2 	498.2497.5 	Todhills Rest Area 	Services 	Todhills Rest Area
307.6307.3 	495.1 494.6 	Carlisle (North), Galashiels A7 	J44 	Carlisle A7, Workington A689
 	 	River Eden 	River Eden 	River Eden
303.8303.5 	488.9 488.4 	Carlisle, Hexham, Newcastle A69 	J43 	Carlisle, Hexham, Newcastle A69
301.1300.7 	484.6 484.0 	Carlisle (South) A6 	J42 	Carlisle A6
 	 	Southwaite services 	Services 	Southwaite services
288.7288.4 	464.6 464.1 	Wigton B5305 	J41 	Wigton B5305
285.5 285.2 	459.5 459.0 	Penrith, Workington, Brough A66 	J40 	Penrith, Keswick, Brough A66
274.4274.0 	441.6 441.0 	Shap (A6) 	J39 	Shap, Kendal (A6)
 	 	Tebay services 	Services 	Tebay services
 	 	River Lune 	River Lune 	River Lune
268.9268.5 	432.7 432.1 	Brough A685, Appleby B6260 	J38 	Kendal, Brough A685
260.3260.0 	418.9 418.4 	Kendal, Sedbergh A684 	J37 	Kendal, Sedbergh A684
 	 	No access 	Services 	Killington Lake services
252.7252.3 	406.7 406.0 	Barrow, Kendal A590 (A591), Kirkby Lonsdale A65 	J36 	Skipton, Kirkby Lonsdale A65, Barrow A590
 	 	Burton-in-Kendal services 	Services 	No access
 	 	Entering Cumbria 	 	Entering Lancashire
245.1244.6 	394.4 393.6 	Carnforth, Morecambe A601(M) (A6) 	J35 	Carnforth, Morecambe A601(M) (A6)
240.8240.6 	387.6 387.2 	Kirkby Lonsdale, Heysham, Morecambe, Heysham A683, Lancaster A589 	J34 	Lancaster, Morecambe A683
234.6234.3 	377.6 377.1 	Lancaster (South) A6 	J33 	Garstang, Fleetwood A6
 	 	Lancaster (Forton) services 	Services 	Lancaster (Forton) services
 	 	River Wyre 	River Wyre 	River Wyre
221.5221.0 	356.5 355.7 	Blackpool, Fleetwood M55Preston (N) (A6) 	J32 	Blackpool, Preston (N) (A6) M55
219.5219.3 	353.2 352.9 	Preston (E), Longridge B6242 	J31A 	No access (on-slip only)
 	 	River Ribble 	J31 	Preston, Clitheroe A59
 	 	Preston (C), Blackburn (N), Clitheroe A59 	J31 	River Ribble
215.4214.9 	346.6 345.9 	No access (on-slip only) 	J30 	Manchester, Bolton M61, Leeds (M62), Blackburn (M65)
213.9213.5 	344.3 343.6 	Burnley, Blackburn, Preston (S) M65 	J29 	Burnley, Blackburn M65
212.3211.9 	341.6 341.0 	Leyland B5256 (A49) 	J28 	Leyland B5256
 	 	Charnock Richard services 	Services 	Charnock Richard services
204.8 	329.6 	Entering Lancashire 	J27 	Wigan, Parbold A5209
204.4 	329.0 	Parbold, Standish, Chorley A5209 	J27 	Entering Greater Manchester
200.8200.5 	323.1 322.6 	Skelmersdale, Liverpool, Southport M58 	J26 	Skelmersdale, Liverpool, Southport M58
198.0197.8 	318.7 318.3 	Wigan A49 	J25 	No access (on-slip only)
196.9196.5 	316.9 316.3 	No access (on-slip only) 	J24 	St Helens, Ashton A58
 	 	Entering Greater Manchester 	 	Entering Merseyside
195.6195.2 	314.8 314.1 	St Helens, Liverpool, Southport A580 	J23 	Manchester, Liverpool, Newton A580
192.4 	309.6 	Entering Merseyside 	J22 	Warrington (North) A49
192.1 	309.1 	Newton A49, Leigh A579 	J22 	Entering Cheshire
191.0190.5 	307.4 306.5 	Leeds, Bolton, Manchester (N) M62 	J21A 	Manchester, Bolton, Leeds M62
191.0190.5 	307.4 306.5 	Liverpool, Warrington (N), Southport (M57) M62 	J21A 	Liverpool M62
188.3188.0 	303.0 302.5 	Warrington (Ctr & East), Irlam A57 	J21 	Warrington (Central), Irlam A57
 	 	Thelwall Viaduct 	Thelwall Viaduct 	Thelwall Viaduct
185.6 	298.7 	NORTH WALES, Chester, Runcorn M56Warrington (South), Lymm A50Lymm Truck Stop 	J20Services 	Macclesfield, Warrington (S) A50, Lymm B5158Lymm Truck Stop
185.3184.5 	298.2 296.9 	NORTH WALES, Chester, Runcorn M56Warrington (South), Lymm A50Lymm Truck Stop 	J20Services 	NORTH WALES, Chester, Runcorn, Manchester (S & ) M56
180.3179.9 	290.2 289.5 	Manchester, Manchester (M56) A556 	J19 	Northwich, Macclesfield, Knutsford, Winsford A556
 	 	Knutsford services 	Services 	Knutsford services
172.2171.9 	277.2 276.7 	Northwich, Chester, Middlewich, Holmes Chapel, Winsford A54 	J18 	Northwich, Chester, Middlewich, Holmes Chapel, Winsford A54
168.9168.3 	271.3 270.8 	Sandbach, Congleton A534 	J17 	Congleton, Sandbach A534
 	 	Sandbach services 	Services 	Sandbach services
162.6 	261.7 	Entering Cheshire 	J16 	Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stoke-on-Trent (North), Crewe, Nantwich A500
162.3 	261.2 	Nantwich, Crewe A500 	J16 	Entering Staffordshire
 	 	Keele services 	Services 	Keele services
153.1152.9 	246.4 246.1 	Stoke-on-Trent, Newcastle-under-Lyme A500 	J15 	Stoke-on-Trent, Stone A500, Derby (A50)
 	 	Stafford services (northbound) 	Services 	No access
 	 	No access 	Services 	Stafford services (southbound)
142.0141.8 	228.6 228.2 	Stone, Stafford (N) A34 	J14 	Stafford (N) A34
 	 	End of variable speed limit 	J13 	Start of variable speed limit
136.8136.5 	220.1 219.6 	Stafford (S & C) A449 	J13 	Stafford (S) A449
131.6131.2 	211.8 211.1 	Telford (M54) A5 	J12 	NORTH WALES, Telford (M54), Wolverhampton, Cannock A5
 	 	No access (on-slip only) 	J11A( SB) 	The SOUTH M6 Toll
128.7128.4 	207.2 206.7 	(M6 Toll), Cannock A460 	J11 	Wolverhampton, Cannock A460
 	 	Hilton Park services 	Services 	Hilton Park services
127.0126.7 	204.4 203.9 	NORTH & MID WALES, Telford, Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury (A5) M54 	J10A 	No access (on-slip only)
 	 	 	 	Entering West Midlands
 	 	Entering Staffordshire 	 	
123.3122.9 	198.4 197.8 	Walsall, Wolverhampton (C & E) A454 	J10 	Wolverhampton (C & E), Walsall A454
121.7121.5 	195.8 195.6 	Wednesbury A461 	J9 	Wednesbury A461
119.9 	193.0 	The SOUTH WEST, Birmingham (W & S), West Bromwich M5 	J8 	The SOUTH WEST, Birmingham (W & S), West Bromwich M5
118.4118.1 	190.6 190.1 	Birmingham (N), Walsall A34 	J7 	Birmingham (N) A34
114.2113.9 	183.8 183.3 	Birmingham (C) A38(M) Birmingham (NE) A38 	J6 	Birmingham (NE), Lichfield A38Birmingham (E & C) A38(M)
 	 	Bromford Viaduct 	Bromford Viaduct 	Bromford Viaduct
110.9110.8 	178.5 178.3 	Birmingham (E), Sutton Coldfield A452 	J5 	No access (on-slip only)
 	 	 	 	Entering Warwickshire
108.8108.6 	175.1 174.8 	No access (on-slip only) 	J4A 	The NORTH EAST (M1), The NORTH WEST (M6 Toll) , Tamworth M42(N)The SOUTH WEST (M5), London (S & W) (M40), Birmingham (S), Birmingham International , Birmingham , N.E.C. M42(S)
 	 	Entering West Midlands 	 	
106.0 	170.6 	Start of variable speed limit 	J4 	Coventry (S & W), Birmingham (E), N.E.C., Birmingham International , Birmingham A446
105.7 	170.1 	Coleshill A446The SOUTH WEST (M5), Birmingham (S), Solihull, N.E.C., Birmingham M42	J4 	End of variable speed limit
 	 	The NORTH WEST M6 Toll, Tamworth M42(N) 	J3A( NB) 	No access (on-slip only)
 	 	Corley services 	Services 	Corley services
96.996.4 	155.9 155.2 	Coventry (North), Nuneaton, Bedworth A444 	J3 	Coventry (N), Nuneaton A444, Bedworth B4113
 	 	Entering Warwickshire 	 	Entering West Midlands
 	 	Entering West Midlands 	 	Entering Warwickshire
93.793.3 	150.8 150.1 	Coventry (E) A46, Leicester M69 	J2 	(M1(N)), Leicester M69, Coventry (E) A46
85.685.2 	137.8 137.1 	Rugby A426 	J1 	Rugby, Lutterworth A426
 	 	Entering Warwickshire 	 	Entering Leicestershire
85.2 	137.1 	Start of motorway 	M1 J19 	The SOUTH, London, Northampton M1
 	 	The NORTH, Leicester M1(N) 	M1 J19 	End of motorway Road continues as A14 towards Kettering
==Legislation==
Each motorway in England requires that a legal document called a Statutory Instrument is published, detailing the route of the road, before it can be built. The dates given on these Statutory Instruments relate to when the document was published, and not when the road was built. Provided below is an incomplete list of the Statutory Instruments relating to the route of the M6.
* Statutory Instrument 1987 No. 252: County Council of West Midlands (M6 Motorway Junction 10) (Connecting Road) Scheme 1985 Confirmation Instrument 1987
* Statutory Instrument 1987 No. 2254: M6 Motorway (Catthorpe Interchange) Connecting Roads Scheme 1987
* Statutory Instrument 1990 No. 2659: M6 Motorway: Widening between Junctions 20 and 21A (Thelwall Viaduct) and Connecting Roads Scheme 1990
* Statutory Instrument 1991 No. 1873: M6 Motorway (Widening and Improvements Between Junctions 30 and 32) and Connecting Roads Scheme 1991
* Statutory Instrument 1993 No. 1370: Lancashire County Council (Proposed Connecting Roads to M6 Motorway at Haighton) Special Roads Scheme 1992 Confirmation Instrument 1993
* Statutory Instrument 1997 No. 1292: M6 Birmingham to Carlisle Motorway (At Haighton) Connecting Roads Scheme 1997
* Statutory Instrument 1997 No. 1293: M6 Birmingham To Carlisle Motorway (at Haighton) Special Roads Scheme 1997 Transfer Order 1997
* Statutory Instrument 1998 No. 125: The M6 Motorway (Saredon and Packington Diversions) Scheme 1998
==See also==
* List of motorways in the United Kingdom
* :Category:M6 motorway service stations
==External links==
* CBRD
** Motorway database – M6
** Histories – opening booklets, including M6 Preston Bypass
** Bad Junctions
*** M6/A683
*** M6/M58
*** M6/A34
* Lancashire Historic Highways – a page supplied by Lancashire County Council detailing the history of the M6 in North West England, and the construction of Preston Bypass, the UK's first motorway.
* Route 6
* The Motorway Archive
** Junctions 1 to 13
** Junctions 13 to 16
** Junctions 16 to 20
** Junctions 20 to 29
** Junctions 29 to 32
** Junctions 33 to 35
** Junctions 35 to 40
** Junctions 40 to 41
** Junctions 41 to 44
 
Category:Motorways in England
Category:Proposed roads in the United Kingdom
Category:Roads in Cheshire
Category:Roads in Cumbria
Category:Roads in Greater Manchester
Category:Roads in the West Midlands (county)
Category:Transport in Birmingham, West Midlands
Category:Roads in Lancashire
Category:Transport in Staffordshire
Category:Roads in Warwickshire
Category:Recipients of Civic Trust Awards