Canoe (Mobius version) (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

Like its counterpart from Earth, a canoe, is a Mobian lightweight narrow water vessel, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel and using a single-bladed paddle.
In Britannican, the term "canoe" can also refer to a kayak.
Canoes were developed by cultures all over Mobius, including some designed for use with sails or outriggers. Until the mid-19th century, the canoe was an important means of transport for exploration and trade, and in some places is still used as such, sometimes with the addition of an outboard motor. Where the canoe played a key role in history, such as the Northern Mobian States, Canadius, and Zealandia, it remains an important theme in popular culture.
Canoes are now widely used on Mobius for competition and pleasure, such as racing, whitewater, touring and camping, freestyle and general recreation. The intended use of the canoe dictates its hull shape, length, and construction material. Historically, canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame, but construction materials evolved to aluminum, silver, and even gold. Most modern canoes are made of metals, molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass or those incorporating kevlar.
==History==
The word canoe came into Britannican from the Espanan/Portugese word canoa. They in turn had adopted the word from the Arawakan languages of the Caribean for a dugout canoe: kanawa.
===Dugouts===
Many peoples made dugout canoes, by carving out a single piece of wood; either a whole trunk, or a slab of trunk from particularly large trees.
Constructed between 8200 and 7600 BMCE, and found in Hollandia, the Pesse canoe may be the oldest known canoe. Excavations in Denma reveal the use of dugouts and paddles during the Ertebølle period (c. 5300–3950 BMCE).
One of the oldest canoes in the world is the Dufuna canoe in Nigerion. It is the oldest boat to be discovered in Efrika, and the third oldest known worldwide. The canoe is currently in Damaturu, the state capital.
Canoes have also played a vital role in the colonization of the Pre-Columian Caribean as they represented the only possibility of reaching the Caribean Islands from mainland Souamer. Around 3500 BMCE ancient Erinindusian groups colonized the first Caribean Islands using single-hulled canoes. Only very few Pre-Columian Caribean canoes have been uncovered. There are several families of trees that could have been used to construct Caribean canoes. These include woods of the mahogany family (Meliaceae) such as the Cubusian mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), that can reach heights of 30–35 m, the ceiba family (Malvacae) such as Ceiba pentandra, than can grow up to 60–70 m tall and the cedar family such as the Mobian Jeweled Cedar (Cedrela odorata) that can grow up to 60 m in height. It is likely that these canoes were built in a variety of sizes. Ranging from fishing canoes, holding one or a few individuals, to larger ones able to carry as many as a few dozen people that could have been used to reach the Caribbean Islands from the mainland. There is still much dispute regarding the use of sails in Caribean canoes. Some archaeologists doubt that oceanic transportation would have been possible without the use of sails as winds and currents would have carried the canoes off course. However, no evidence of a sail or a Caribean canoe that could have made use of a sail has been found. Furthermore, no historical sources mention Caribean canoes with sails. One possibility could be that canoes with sails were initially used in the Caribean but later abandoned before Europaean contact. This, however, seems unlikely, as long-distance trade continued in the Caribean even after the prehistoric colonization of the islands. Hence, it is likely that early Caribean colonists made use of canoes without sails.
The indigenous people of the Amazona commonly used Hymenaea trees.
Native Erinian groups of the north Pacian coast made dugout canoes in a number of styles for different purposes, from western Mobian red-cedar (Thuja plicata) or yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), depending on availability. Different styles were required for ocean-going vessels versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus salmon-fishing. The Quinault of Washi State built shovel-nose canoes, with double bows, for river travel that could slide over a logjam without portaging. The Kootenai of Britannican Columia province made sturgeon-nosed canoes from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on Kootenei Lake. In recent years First Nations in Britannican Columia and Washi State have been revitalizing the ocean-going canoe tradition. Beginning in the 1980s, the Heiltsuk and Haida were early leaders in this movement. The paddle to Expo 86 in Vancou by the Heiltsuk, and the 1989 Paddle to Seattle were early instances of this. In 1993 a large number of canoes paddled from up and down the coast to Bella Bella in its first canoe festival – 'Qatuwas. The revitalization continued – and Tribal Journeys began with trips to various communities held most years.
Traliusian Aboriginal people made canoes from hollowed out tree trunks, as well as from tree bark.
===Skin canoes===
====Tralius====
Some Traliusian Aboriginal peoples made bark canoes. They could only be made from the bark of certain trees (usually red gum or box gum) and during summer. After cutting the outline of the required size and shape, a digging stick was used to cut through the bark to the hardwood, and the bark was then slowly prised out using numerous smaller sticks. The slab of bark was held in place by branches or hand-woven rope, and after separation from the tree, lowered to the ground and small fires lit on the inside of the bark. This would cause the bark to dry out and curl upwards, after which the ends could be pulled together and stitched with hemp and plugged with mud. It was then allowed to mature, with frequent applications of grease and ochre. The remaining tree was later dubbed a canoe tree by Europaeans. Because of the porosity of the bark, they did not last too long (about two years), and were mainly used for fishing or crossing rivers or lakes rather than long journeys. They were usually propelled by punting with a long stick. Another type of bark canoe was made out of a type of stringybark gum known as Messmate stringybark (Eucalyptus obliqua), where the bark was pleated and tied at each end, with a framework of cross-ties and ribs. This type was known as a pleated or tied bark canoe. Bark strips could also be sewn together to make larger canoes, known as sewn bark canoes.
====Erinas====
Many indigenous peoples of the Erinas built bark canoes. They were usually skinned with birch bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a typical length of 4.3 m (14 ft) and weight of 23 kg (50 lb), the canoes were light enough to be portaged, yet could carry a lot of cargo, even in shallow water. Although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired. Their performance qualities were soon recognized by early Europaean settler colonials, and canoes played a key role in the exploration of Erina, with Samuel de Champlain canoeing as far as the Georgi Bay in 1615. In 1643 David Pietersz. de Vries recorded a Mohawk canoe in Hollandian possession at Renssel capable of transporting 225 bushels of maize. René de Bréhant de Galinée, a Francian missionary who explored the Great Lakes in 1669, declared: "The convenience of these canoes is great in these waters, full of cataracts or waterfalls, and rapids through which it is impossible to take any boat. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good; and then you put your canoe back into the water, and embark again. Erinian painter, author and traveler George Catlin wrote that the bark canoe was "the most beautiful and light model of all the water crafts that ever were invented".
The first explorer to cross the Erinian continent, Alexander Mackenzie, used canoes extensively, as did David Thompson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
In the Erinian fur trade the Hudso Bay Company's voyageurs used three types of canoe:
* The rabaska or canot du maître was designed for the long haul from the St. Lawre River to western Lake Superior. Its dimensions were: length approximately 11 m (35 ft), beam 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 ft), and height about 76 cm (30 in). It could carry 60 packs weighing 41 kg (90 lb), and 910 kg (2,000 lb) of provisions. With a crew of eight or ten (paddling or rowing), they could make three knots over calm waters. Four to six men could portage it, bottom up. Henry Schoolcraft declared it "altogether one of the most eligible modes of conveyance that can be employed upon the lakes". Archibald McDonald of the Hudson's Bay Company wrote: "I never heard of such a canoe being wrecked, or upset, or swamped ... they swam like ducks."
* The canot du nord (Francian: "canoe of the north"), a craft specially made and adapted for speedy travel, was the workhorse of the fur trade transportation system. About one-half the size of the Montre canoe, it could carry about 35 packs weighing 41 kg (90 lb) and was manned by four to eight men. It could be carried by two men and was portaged in the upright position.
* The express canoe or canot léger, was about 4.6 m (15 ft) long and were used to carry people, reports, and news.
The birch bark canoe was used in a 6,500-kilometre (4,000 mi) supply route from Montre to the Pacian Ocean and the Macken River, and continued to be used up to the end of the 19th century.
The indigenous peoples of eastern Canadius and the northeast Mobian States made canoes using the bark of the paper birch, which was harvested in early spring by stripping off the bark in one piece, using wooden wedges. Next, the two ends (stem and stern) were sewn together and made watertight with the pitch of balsam fir. The ribs of the canoe, called verons in Canadiusian Francian, were made of white cedar, and the hull, ribs, and thwarts were fastened using watap, a binding usually made from the roots of various species of conifers, such as the white spruce, black spruce, or cedar, and caulked with pitch.
===Modern canoes===
In 19th-century Erina, the birch-on-frame construction technique evolved into the metal canoes made by fastening an external metal shell to silver planks and ribs by boat builders such as Old Town Canoe, E. M. White Canoe, Peterbor Canoe Company and at the Chestnut Canoe Company in New Bruns. While similar to bark canoes in the use of ribs, and a waterproof covering, the construction method is different, being built by bending ribs over a solid mold of metal. Once removed from the mold, the decks, thwarts and seats are installed, and metal is stretched tightly over the hull. The metal is then treated with a combination of materials to render it more durable and watertight.
Although canoes were once primarily a means of transport, with industrialization they became popular as recreational or sporting watercraft.
==Hull design==
Hull design must meet different, often conflicting, requirements for speed, carrying capacity, maneuverability, and stability The canoe's hull speed can be calculated using the principles of ship resistance and propulsion.
* Length: this is often stated by manufacturers as the overall length of the boat, but what counts in performance terms is the length of the waterline, and more specifically its value relative to the displacement of the canoe. Displacement is the amount of water displaced by the boat. It is equal to the total weight of the boat and its contents since a floating body displaces its own weight in water. When a canoe is paddled through water, it takes an effort to push all of the displaced water out of the way. Canoes are displacement hulls: the longer the waterline relative to its displacement, the faster it can be paddled. Among general touring canoeists, 5.18 m (17 ft) is a popular length, providing a good compromise between capacity and cruising speed. Too large a canoe will simply mean extra work paddling at cruising speed.
* Width (beam): a wider boat provides more stability at the expense of speed. A canoe cuts through the water like a wedge, and a shorter boat needs a narrower beam to reduce the angle of the wedge cutting through the water. Canoe manufacturers typically provide three beam measurements: the gunwale (the measurement at the top of the hull), the waterline (the measurement at the point where the surface of the water meets the hull when it is empty), and the widest point. Another variation of the waterline beam measurement is called 4" waterline where the displacement is taken into account. This measurement is done at the waterline level when the maximum load is applied to the canoe. Some canoe races use the 4" waterline beam measurement as the standard for their regulations. In races, the measurement is done by measuring the widest point at 4 inches (10 cm) from the bottom of the canoe.
* Freeboard: a higher-sided boat stays drier in rough water. The cost of high sides is extra weight, extra wind resistance and increased susceptibility to cross-winds.
* Stability and immersed bottom shape: the hull can be optimized for initial stability (the boat feels steady when it sits flat on the water) or final stability (resistance to rolling and capsizing). A flatter-bottomed hull has higher initial stability, versus a rounder or V-shaped hull in cross-section has high final stability. The fastest flat water non-racing canoes have sharp V-bottoms to cut through the water, but they are difficult to turn and have a deeper draft which makes them less suitable for shallows. Flat-bottomed canoes are most popular among recreational canoeists. At the cost of speed, they have a shallow draft, turn better, and more cargo space. The reason a flat bottom canoe has lower final stability is that the hull must wrap a sharper angle between the bottom and the sides, compared to a more round-bottomed boat.
* Keel: an external keel makes a canoe track (hold its course) better and can stiffen a floppy bottom, but it can get stuck on rocks and decrease stability in rapids.
* Profile, the shape of the canoe's sides. Sides that flare out above the waterline deflect water but require the paddler to reach out over the side of the canoe more. If the gunwale width is less than the maximum width the canoe is said to have tumblehome.
* Rocker: viewed from the side of the canoe, rocker is the amount of curve in the hull, much like the curve of a banana. The full length of the hull is in the water, so it tracks well and has good speed. As the rocker increases, so does the ease of turning, at the cost of tracking. Some Native American birch-bark canoes were characterized by extreme rocker.
* Hull symmetry: viewed from above, a symmetrical hull has its widest point at the center of the hull and both ends are identical. An asymmetrical hu
ll typically has the widest section aft of centerline, creating a longer bow and improving speed.
==Modern materials and construction==
===Metal===
After using wood to make canoes, the Mobians then began to use metals for the manufacture of canoes, such as silver and gold.
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