Syndication

Syndication is the occurrence of third-party national, local and/or foreign television stationsMeaning that broadcasters owned by the conglomerate that had actually produced the show in question, but which are airing the production nonetheless, are not considered part of the syndication phenomenon – even if they are required to pay broadcast rights to said conglomerate. In Star Treks case this concerned conglomerate-owned broadcasters like , UPN or Paramount Network which had aired several Star Trek productions since their acquirement/establishment by Paramount Pictures from 1990 onward. purchasing broadcast rights of individual television shows outside the context of the original broadcasting network for whom said television shows had been produced to air in the first place. Depending on the contracts signed, broadcast rights can be for one-time-only airings or for multiple airings. While it is the production company that usually negotiates the syndication, it is commonplace that the original broadcaster as co-owner of the respective television show it paid for, also retains a cut from the syndication revenues, either indefinitely (which is the case for NBC in regard to ) or for a pre-negotiated period of time, again depending on the contracts signed.
The phenomenon was quickly expanded to include television broadcast rights for theatrical motion pictures as well. The only difference was that there were usually no original broadcasters in play with whom syndication revenues had to be shared, with the exception of the so-called directly for television made "TV films".
Some stations carry network programming at peak hours, such as prime-time and weekends, and air syndicated series at other times. Others thrive solely on syndicated shows. and were both syndicated, and actually the first Star Trek shows to be released directly through syndication, instead of premiering on one of the three national broadcasters, constituting an innovative industry novelty at the time when The Next Generation was launched. (William Shatner Presents: Chaos on the Bridge)
==Early Star Trek syndication==
Earliest known trade journal Star Trek studio syndication advertisements	Earliest known trade journal Star Trek studio syndication advertisements
 	
Broadcasting, 24 March 1969 	Broadcasting, 4 August 1969
 	
Broadcasting, 2 February 1970 	Broadcasting, 16 February 1970
 was aired on NBC, one of the three traditional national broadcasters, where it was cancelled after only three seasons, following the overturning of the earlier cancellation after the famed letter-writing campaign led by Bjo Trimble that saved the series for a third season. When original production company Desilu Studios was sold on , its new owner Paramount Pictures did not want the Star Trek property because, "(...)it was losing too much money each week and didn't have enough episodes to syndicate successfully. That was a wise business decision at the time," as former Desilu, but now Paramount executive Herb Solow had put it, and a widely held belief by the three broadcasters at the time. Nonetheless, Desilu owner Lucille Ball insisted on selling her company as an intact entity – excepting her own hugely popular Here's Lucy show – which forced a reluctant Paramount to also accept the legal and financial liabilities for the unwanted property. (NBC: America's Network, p. 218)
Despite Paramount's reservations though, the show was already sold in syndication for the first time while the third season was still being aired on NBC, and which coincidentally and ironically added just enough episodes for a syndication to become potentially viable, as then believed. Herb Solow has identified , operating a small chain of local television stations along the West and East Coast, as the first-time buyer, which immediately started to broadcast Star Trek on a daily basis directly after the last episode had aired on NBC. Much to the delight of owner Henry J. Kaiser, a steep rise in viewership and ratings – and thus television advertisement revenues – was observed, the ratings later identified in Star Trek lore as the reason why the Original Series had been cancelled by NBC in the first place. Incidentally, Kaiser had four years later hoped for a repeat performance of the twin sibling franchise Mission: Impossible, which had sufficient episodes to syndicate after its full seven-season run, but much to his dismay Mission: Impossible actually bombed in syndication, having to wait for three decades for its resurgence as a franchise. (Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, 1997, pp. 417-418) 
Apparently, Solow proceeded from the most common understanding of syndication when he made the observation in his book, namely after-the-fact broadcast rights sales (meaning, after the original broadcaster had completed the initial run on television and also referred to as "second-run syndication"), but had overlooked the fact that the series had already been sold to two foreign broadcasters previously; Canadian broadcaster CTV started to air the Original Series on (in effect beating NBC to the punch by two days and therefore constituting the actual world premiere of Star Trek), whereas Japanese broadcaster Nippon Television Network Corporation started to air the series on , over a month before the series ended its original NBC run on 3 June. For all intents and purposes, these constituted the actual first two airings in ("International") syndication – as well as the only known instances of the Original Series being aired beyond NBC while it was still in production.
The phenomenon experienced by Kaiser Broadcasting was not lost on other (local) television stations, and were queuing up to buy Star Trek for their own stations as well. Thus the spectacular resurgence of Star Trek in syndication started, when the show experienced a strong revival in the 1970s after it became aired locally across America, including on local "UHF" channels in addition to being shown (again) on major networks. 
In syndication, Star Trek was often aired late at night (after 9 or 10PM) or on weekends. Due to the different time allotments for syndicated programs, nearly all Star Trek episodes were cut of certain scenes to allow for running in their syndicated forms. This led to a popularity in "uncut" episodes which were available on VHS tapes (and later DVDs) or shown in their entirety as part of special programing, such as the 20th anniversary of Star Trek in 1987. Quickly expanding to other foreign markets as well, the Original Series became continuously aired on television for the better part of the next four decades – if not in the USA, then somewhere else in the world, in the process making Star Trek the world-wide phenomenon it eventually became. According to a feature-length article, published in Playboy magazine, the Original Series was by the time premiered, aired domestically 308 times a week on 134 US stations, whereas it had been translated in 47 languages (dubbed and subtitled) and sold in syndication to 131 international markets. (Playboy, January 1980, p.142)
The importance of syndication for Star Trek – a failed television show as universally believed by the industry, only to be relegated to oblivion as a minor footnote in television history, if even that – can not be overstated enough, as it essentially brought Star Trek back from the grave as the first of its kind, providing the cornerstone on which everything Star Trek that came after, aka "The [Star Trek] Franchise", was built. And it is this in particular, even more so than Trimble's third season saving letter campaign, that media scholars have recognized Star Trek for making television history, instead of becoming a footnote of it – a fate that actually befell younger franchise sibling Mannix. (Star Trek and American Television, Chapter 1)
Syndicated Star Trek programing continued well into the 1990s and early 2000s; however, some later showings presented the episodes in their entire form, without cuts, or cut the episodes in different ways. This was most evident on the Sci-Fi Channel, which began showing its Sci-Fi Channel Star Trek Special Edition in the late 1990s, which either cut additional scenes from those in syndication or showed the episodes in their entire form.
Early syndicating of Star Trek has not been limited to the Original and, later on, alone, the latter actually commissioned because of the success the original enjoyed in syndication, and thus becoming the first franchise building block added on the cornerstone provided by syndication. When the franchise was created with The Motion Picture, broadcast rights for three airings were already sold while it was still in production in the autumn of 1978 to broadcaster ABC (one of the other two national broadcasters) for US$15 million – or $10 million, according to performer Walter Koenig – before the film had even premiered a year later. (, issue 32, p. 58) Syndicating the subsequent films to broadcasters worldwide has become a Star Trek syndication staple as well. Incidentally, when first-time aired on , a re-edited with twelve minutes extended longer version was shown, later known as the "Special Longer Version". Only released on VHS, VHD and LaserDisc as such, these have become collector items onto their own, as this version has seen no other home video formats afterwards – until September 2022 that is, when it became released in the 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray format as part of the set. ABC repeated this for the first-time television airing of the follow-up on . This time around however, the aberrant version of the film was not immediately released on a home video format afterwards, but has seen later and wider releases as the 2002 DVD and the 2016 Blu-ray, though some clippings included in the aired version were not included on the home video releases, and vice versa.
With the rise of digital streaming (see below), syndicated Star Trek episodes, saved on such media formats as VHS, have become a rarity and are even sought out for their uniqueness as collector's items.
==Later Star Trek syndication==
The producers of Star Trek: The Next Generation originally sought a lower-pressure environment than syndication through traditional means, when President Paramount Network Television CEO John S. Pike approached the three national networks in his 1986 search for an outlet for the new show, but failed to engender network interest for it, including the at the time by Brandon Tartikoff headed NBC, which had originally aired the Original and Animated Series. For the briefest of times it appeared that the new Star Trek television series had died before it even had been born, when Pike was approached by his colleague, Paramount Domestic Television President Lucie Salhany. Salhany convinced Pike to produce the new series for direct syndication, an entirely novel idea at the time, assuring him she could sell a full season of twenty-six episodes. Taking her cue from the syndication history of the Original Series, Salhany reasoned that even if the new series did not turn in a profit in first syndication run, also referred to as "", the studio should still take its losses on this occasion, as subsequent runs would, not to mention the future revenues from associated sales, such as merchandise, home video formats, foreign sales, and the like. Even more novel was Salhany's idea to offer the first syndication run of The Next Generation for free, in exchange for control over the seven-minute advertisement blocks. In order to manage financial risk, the studio green-lit a half season run of thirteen episodes packaged with Original Series episodes (which were to be paid for by networks). These were proposed to see if interest in the new series would materialize, especially from the side of advertisers, to continue production if it did. (William Shatner Presents: Chaos on the Bridge; Star Trek: The Next Generation - The Continuing Mission, pp. 5-7, 11).
In service of this goal, Paramount Television head Mel Harris, Pike's and Salhany's superior and the studio executive who had initiated the development of The Next Generation in the first place, stepped in and spoke in early August 1987 via satellite with the initial 170 television stations (covering 94 percent of American television households), that would premiere The Next Generation in first-run syndication. In a slick presentation, featuring footage and production scenes from the yet unfinished pilot, , praising the business opportunities the new series entailed to commercial ends – to wit, television adds revenues – for those savvy enough to grasp. (; ) Subsequent events proved Salhany's hunch correct, with The Next Generation going on to arguably become the most successful outing in the television franchise. In having done so, Star Trek had again made television history.
Brandon Tartikoff incidentally, made good on his error in judgement later on when he, now as Paramount head, became responsible for the inception of both the Next Generation and Deep Space Nine, which he, somewhat ironically, ordained to premiere in syndication as well. (Star Trek: The Next Generation - The Continuing Mission, pp. 154-157)
The next two Star Trek series, and , did not premiere in syndication. When Star Trek owner Paramount launched its own network, UPN in 1995, Voyager was the flagship series. UPN was intended as a de facto fifth national broadcaster, after NBC, ABC, CBS and the relative newcomer Fox Television, which was founded around the time when Pike was making his rounds for The Next Generation, and as newcomer had actually shown interest, but under conditions that were hugely disadvantageous for Paramount under the old system. (Star Trek: The Next Generation - The Continuing Mission, p. 6) Voyager ended in 2001 and was immediately replaced with Enterprise, which was cancelled after only four seasons as UPN attempted to change its image. Like the original Trek, Enterprise was nearly cancelled a year earlier than it was, but was spared and moved to Friday night instead, where its ratings fell, leading to cancellation. In 2007, Sci-Fi acquired the first-time rights to re-air Enterprise in syndication, starting on alongside its own series many felt was in large part responsible for its demise, Ronald D. Moore's Battlestar Galactica. 
From September 2006-September 2009, Star Trek Remastered was broadcast in syndication. Concurrently, was broadcast in syndication on weekdays, in essence repeating its original syndication run when it was packaged with the old version of the Original Series. 
==Demise of classic Star Trek syndication==
From the mid-2000s onward, classic syndication rapidly started to lose relevance as an increasingly outdated format with the industry-changing advent of the digital streaming services such as Netflix, Prime Video or , almost all of them streaming one or more Star Trek productions, and which the traditional networks also started to use – if not establishing their own streaming service for that matter, as had been the case with CBS All Access/Paramount+ for example, where premiered in streaming on – almost to the day fifty-one years after the Original Series premiered on NBC on – , in and beyond followed by the other Kurtzman-era Star Trek productions, , , and . As such, these services can be considered the successor, replacement, or modernized version, of syndication. Because of the nation-wide coverage of such services, still existing local television stations rarely buy, if at all, Star Trek television series – or any other science fiction television show for that matter – broadcast rights anymore, nor do national and foreign television stations for pretty much the same reasons. That being said however, classic syndication in itself is still very much alive for television shows with a more universal appeal, for sitcoms (The Big Bang Theory being a prime example), hospital, and crime shows in particular.
Classic Star Trek syndication is not entirely dead though, as it continues to exist for the films (including the alternate reality ones), particularly for foreign broadcastersExamples include, among many others, the Australian , , the Belgian , the Dutch Veronica and SBS 9, as well as the Dutch RTL 7 commercial broadcasters, the latter three concentrating on the last two alternate reality films in recent years, after the airings of the first eleven films had been usurped by Paramount Network Netherlands from December 2020 onward., co-existing side-by-side with the streaming format.
It was in effect the foreign market that gave classic Star Trek television show syndication its last "hurrah", courtesy the European Union who provided the franchise with a veritable latter-day syndication bonanza. From the early-1990s onward, the Union had ordained its member states to liberalize their television broadcast landscape – radio had already preceded television. Up until then, almost all European countries traditionally had their respective governments exercise control over the airwaves in closed systems where access was mostly restricted to public – not necessarily state-owned in many cases – broadcasters only, but the member states had now committed themselves to allow commercial broadcasters unrestricted access to the airwaves as well, partly motivated by the desire to combat the increasing number of illegal "pirate" broadcasters. This sparked a boom in the number of channels all over the Union – and the successful removal of pirate broadcasters from the airwaves. However, there was in most countries a proviso: in order to retain their broadcast license, a newcomer committed itself to broadcast a daily minimum number of hours. As virtually none of these newcomers had their own production companies yet in place to fill their assigned time slots, a veritable scramble for 1980s-1990s television productions ensued, Hollywood being the most obvious provider of these.
With its impressive, at the time still growing (both Deep Space Nine and Voyager were still in production, soon to be followed by Enterprise), backlog catalog, Star Trek fitted the initial need for these newcomers perfectly – as did contemporary franchise rivals Babylon 5 and for that matter. As a result, the European airwaves were for nearly a decade flooded with Star Trek and its kin, in most cases airing on a daily basis. In a country like the Netherlands for example (one of the countries where public broadcasters were not state-owned, save one), which had only aired part of the Original Series in the early 1970s up until then, all spin-off series were now aired on daily basis, sometimes concurrently on different channels. This was at the time a somewhat unusual situation, as all these series had already been made available to the Dutch public through both the rental circuit as well as the home video format market. The minimum broadcast hours proviso has sometimes also led to odd situations; at one point commercial broadcaster Veronica (which had actually started out life as a pirate broadcaster before becoming legitimate) had to air Enterprise in the dead of night, when the country was sound asleep, to not lose its license. 
For the most part this situation applied to the other EU member states as well, especially in Germany and Italy, where the deluge of daily aired Star Trek actually caused a Star Trek print franchise revival at a time when that franchise element was at an all time low in the home market. (see: Demise of "The Franchise" in the prime universe)
A similar situation arose a short time later in the former Eastern Bloc countries in the 1990s after the , which had included East-Germany but which was already reunified with West-Germany by then. After the downfall of Communism in these countries – many of them joining the EU at later points in time – the local media markets were liberalized, and privately owned, commercial television channels appeared, rivaling the traditional state-owned broadcasters. This created the need for an increased number of televised content, just like it had shortly before in Western Europe. While Star Trek has never or seldomly been shown in these countries up until that point in time, it appeared frequently on the airwaves between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s, belatedly introducing the Star Trek phenomenon to that hitherto closed part of the world as well.
However, by 2007-2008, the new situation on the entire European broadcast landscape had settled, with production companies in full swing, providing the commercial broadcasters with their own productions. As a result, the after-market demand by broadcasters for Star Trek, the films excepted, has dropped sharply since then with the television series having all but disappeared from the airwaves, becoming streamed instead – as they are almost anywhere else in the world nowadays. The penultimate known Star Trek series to have been aired in (second-run) syndication, albeit on a limited scale, has been remastered The Next Generation in a few EU countries such as Belgium (only partially in 2013-2014 on a weekly basis) and Germany (2012-2017 on a daily basis ). Actually, the mere fact that the remastered series was now predominantly sold to the relatively few streaming services instead of being traditionally syndicated on a wider scale to the far more ubiquitous – and thus more profitable – broadcasters as was once commonplace for Star Trek, became a contributing factor for the expensive, 2012-2014 remastering project of The Next Generation eventually becoming a commercial flop for the franchise after all, despite being critically acclaimed.
The as of 2020 very last known instance of classic Star Trek (first-run) syndication, occurred when Canadian broadcaster and its French-language sister aired Discoverys first season from through , after which owner decided to move all Kurtzman-era Star Trek productions (including the entirety of Discovery) to its own streaming service CraveTV, already home to the prior Star Trek incarnations, just like anywhere else in the world.
In a sense it was fitting that Space/Z became the last known broadcasters where Star Trek was aired in syndication, as it was sister channel CTV (which, incidentally, simulcasted the Discovery premiere episode for free, alongside its pay-cable sisters), from which Space had been spun off, which had been the very first.
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