List of mammals of Canada

This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Canada. There are approximately 200 mammal species in Canada. Its large territorial size consist of fifteen terrestrial and five marine ecozones, ranging from oceanic coasts, to mountains to plains to urban housing, mean that Canada can harbour a great variety of species, including nearly half of the known cetaceans. The largest marine ecozone is the Arctic Archipelago whereas the terrestrial ecozone is the Boreal Shield. The most well represented order is that of the rodents, and the smallest that of the Didelphimorphia (common opossums).
Studies of mammals in Canada hearken back to the 1795 northern explorations of Samuel Hearne, whose account is considered surprisingly accurate. The first seminal work on Canadian mammals, however, was John Richardson's 1829 Fauna Boreali-Americana. Joseph Burr Tyrrell was the first to attempt to produce, in 1888, a comprehensive list of Canadian mammalian species. Ernest Thompson Seton and Charles-Eusèbe Dionne's work were also important. Modern Canadian publications with interest in mammalogy include The Canadian Field-Naturalist, the Canadian Journal of Zoology and the French-language Le Naturaliste Canadien.
Several species of mammal have particular symbolism. The Canadian horse and North American beaver are official symbols of Canada, and several provinces have designated native species as symbols.
Conservation status - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:
: - Extinct, - Extinct in the Wild
: - Critically Endangered, - Endangered, - Vulnerable
: - Near Threatened, - Least Concern
: - Data Deficient, - Not Evaluated
:(v. 2013.2, the data is current as of March 5, 2014)
== Native mammals ==
=== Bats ===
Bats most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.
Common name
(French name) 	Species
(authority) 	Preferred habitat 	Native range 	Status
Family Vespertilionidae: Vesper bats	Family Vespertilionidae: Vesper bats 	Family Vespertilionidae: Vesper bats	Family Vespertilionidae: Vesper bats 	Family Vespertilionidae: Vesper bats
Pallid bat
(Chauve-souris blonde) 	Antrozous pallidus (LeConte, 1856) 	Dry plains 	British Columbia 	
Townsend's big-eared bat
(Oreillard de Townsend)	Corynorhinus townsendii (Cooper, 1837) 	Open woodlands 	Southern British Columbia 	
Big brown bat
(Grande chauve-souris brune)	Eptesicus fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796) 	Varied, including cities 	British Columbia to southern Quebec and New Brunswick 	
Spotted bat
(Oreillard maculé) 	Euderma maculatum (J. A. Allen, 1891) 	Near waterways 	Inner British Columbia 	
Silver-haired bat
(Chauve-souris argentée)	Lasionycteris noctivagans (La Conte, 1831) 	Deciduous forest lakes 	All of southern Canada except Gaspesia and northern Maritimes	
Western red bat
(Chauve-souris rousse de l'Ouest)	Lasiurus blossevilliiThis species is often treated as a subspecies of L. borealis (Lesson and Garnot, 1826)	Open spaces and cities 	Southwestern British Columbia 	
Eastern red bat
(Chauve-souris rousse de l'Est)	Lasiurus borealis (Müller, 1776) 	Open spaces and cities 	Alberta to southern Maritimes 	
Hoary bat
(Chauve-souris cendré) 	Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796) 	Forests 	British Columbia to northern Hudson Bay and Maritimes 	
California myotis
(Chauve-souris de Californie)	Myotis californicus (Audubon & Bachman, 1842) 	West Coast forest 	West Coast and Okanagan Valley 	
Western small-footed myotis
(Chauve-souris pygmée de l'Ouest)	Myotis ciliolabrum (Merriam, 1886) 	Dry areas 	Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan 	
Long-eared myotis
(Chauve-souris à longues oreilles)	Myotis evotisSometimes considered a subspecies of M. leibii (H. Allen, 1864) 	Varied 	Southern British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan 	
Keen's myotis
(Chauve-souris de Keen)	Myotis keenii (Merriam, 1895) 	Forests 	West Coast 	
Eastern small-footed myotis
(Chauve-souris pygmée de l'Est)	Myotis leibii (Audubon & Bachman, 1842) 	Montane forest 	Southern and south-central Ontario, southwestern Quebec 	
Little brown bat
(Petite chauve-souris brune)	Myotis lucifugus (La Conte, 1831) 	Varied, including cities 	Yukon to Atlantic Canada 	
Northern long-eared myotis
(Vespertilion nordique or Chauve-souris nordique)	Myotis septentrionalisSometimes considered a subspecies of M. keenii (Trouessart, 1897) 	Forests 	Central to Eastern Canada 	
Fringed myotis
(Chauve-souris à queue frangée)	Myotis thysanodes (Miller, 1897) 	White pine forest 	Southcentral British Columbia 	
Long-legged myotis
(Chauve-souris à longues pattes)	Myotis volans (H. Allen, 1866) 	Varied 	British Columbia and Alberta 	
Yuma myotis
(Chauve-souris de Yuma) 	Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen, 1864) 	Open areas 	West Coast and Okanagan Valley 	
Tri-colored bat formerly eastern pipistrelle
(Pipistrelle de l'Est)	Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832) 	Forest, fields and waterways 	Southern Ontario, Quebec and Maritimes 	
=== Carnivorans ===
Carnivorans include over 260 species, the majority of which eat meat as their primary dietary item. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.
Common name(French name) 	Species(authority) 	Preferred habitat 	Native range 	Status
Family Felidae: Felines 	Family Felidae: Felines 	Family Felidae: Felines 	Family Felidae: Felines 	Family Felidae: Felines
Canada lynx
(Lynx du Canada)Formerly Loup-cervier 	Lynx canadensis(Kerr, 1792) 	Forests 	Most of Canada 	
Bobcat
(Lynx roux) 	Lynx rufus(Schreber, 1777) 	Varied 	Southern Canada 	
Cougar
(Puma) 	Puma concolor(Linnaeus, 1771) 	Mountain, marshes, dense forest 	Mountainous regions of Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon 	
Family Canidae: Canines 	Family Canidae: Canines 	Family Canidae: Canines 	Family Canidae: Canines 	Family Canidae: Canines
Coyote
(Coyote) 	Canis latrans(Say, 1823) 	Varied 	Rocky Mountains, southern Prairies, southern Ontario, Quebec, and Maritime provinces 	
Gray wolf
(Loup)"Loup gris" is used when contrast with C. l. rufus ("Loup rouge") is needed	Canis lupus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Varied 	All of Canada, except Anticosti and Prince Edward Island. Extirpated in several areas. Population of the Arctic subspecies resides in Northern Canada. 	
*I: Least Concern
*CA: C. l. lycaon subspecies designated Special Concern
Arctic fox
(Renard arctique or polaire)"Renard polaire" is preferred in Europe, while "renard arctique" is more common in Quebec.	Vulpes lagopus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Tundra 	Northern CanadaThe species is occasionally reported as far south as Central Ontario and Cape Breton Island, and is known to travel south on floes. 	
Swift fox
(Renard véloce) 	Vulpes velox(Say, 1823) 	Desert and dry prairie 	Southern Prairie Provinces 	
Red fox
(Renard roux) 	Vulpes vulpes(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Varied 	All of Canada except part of the Arctic Islands and West Coast 	
Family Ursidae: Bears 	Family Ursidae: Bears 	Family Ursidae: Bears 	Family Ursidae: Bears 	Family Ursidae: Bears
Black bear
(Ours noir) 	Ursus americanus(Pallas, 1780) 	Varied, mostly forested areas 	Most of Canada except Arctic and Prince Edward Island 	
Grizzly bear
(Ours brun) 	Ursus arctos horriblis(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Open spaces, mostly alpine and Arctic tundra	Yukon, most of British Columbia except Vancouver Island ,Rocky Mountains, mainland Northwest Territory and NunavutThe Prairies population has been extirpated as has the population in central British Columbia and the lower mainland.	
Polar bear
(Ours blanc or polaire) 	Ursus maritimus(Phipps, 1774) 	Edge of ice fields 	Arctic Sea and coasts 	
Family Procyonidae: Raccoons and allies 	Family Procyonidae: Raccoons and allies 	Family Procyonidae: Raccoons and allies 	Family Procyonidae: Raccoons and allies 	Family Procyonidae: Raccoons and allies
Raccoon
(Raton laveur)If distinction from other Procyon species is needed, "raton laveur commun" is used.	Procyon lotor(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Riparian forest 	Southern Canada except Rockies 	
Family Mustelidae: Mustelids 	Family Mustelidae: Mustelids 	Family Mustelidae: Mustelids 	Family Mustelidae: Mustelids 	Family Mustelidae: Mustelids
Sea otter
(Loutre de mer) 	Enhydra lutris(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Sea and coast 	Vancouver and Goose Island coast 	
Northern river otter
(Loutre de rivière) 	Lontra canadensis(Schreber, 1777) 	Rivers, lakes and swamps 	Most of Canada except part of the Arctic and southern Prairies 	
Wolverine
(Carcajou) 	Gulo gulo(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Boreal forest, Arctic tundra 	Largely extinct in southern Canada west of the Rockies - found in much of continental Canada and the Arctic islands 	
American marten
(Martre d'Amérique) 	Martes americana(Turton, 1806) 	Coniferous and mixed forests 	Rockies to Labrador and Newfoundland, except Prairies - extinct in several parts of Eastern Canada 	
Pacific marten
(Martre du Pacifique) 	Martes caurina
(Merriam, 1890) 	Coniferous and mixed forests 	West coast up to Yukon down to British Columbia and the Rockies 	
* I: Not evaluated
Beringian ermine
(Hermine béringienne) 	Mustela erminea(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Boreal forest, Arctic tundra 	Most of Arctic Canada aside from parts of eastern Nunavut and Baffin Island 	
Haida ermine
(Hermine Haïda) 	Mustela haidarum(Preble, 1898) 	Temperate rainforest 	Haida Gwaii archipelago 	
Black-footed ferret
(Putois à pieds noirs) 	Mustela nigripes(Audubon and Bachman, 1851) 	Prairies and grasslands 	Extirpated; once inhabited southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan 	
Least weasel
(Belette pygmée)Frequently just "belette", or "belette d'Europe" if distinction from other Mustela species is needed.	Mustela nivalis(Linnaeus, 1766) 	Varied 	Yukon to Labrador, except southern Quebec and Ontario 	
American ermine
(Hermine américaine) 	Mustela richardsonii(Bonaparte, 1838) 	Varied 	Almost all of Canada south of the Arctic, except part of southern Prairies and Anticosti Island. 	
Long-tailed weasel
(Belette à longue queue) 	Neogale frenata(Lichtenstein, 1831) 	Open areas 	Southern Rockies to western Ontario, southern Ontario to western Nova Scotia 	
Mink
(Vison d'Amérique) 	Neogale vison(Schreber, 1777) 	Wetlands and rivers 	Most of Canada, except the Arctic, part of the Prairies and Anticosti Island - introduced to Newfoundland 	
Fisher
(Pékan) 	Pekania pennanti(Erxleben, 1777) 	Coniferous and mixed forests near rivers 	British Columbia to central Quebec, reintroduced in parts of the Maritimes 	
Badger
(Blaireau d'Amérique) 	Taxidea taxus(Schreber, 1777) 	Fields 	Southern Prairies, south-central British Columbia and southernmost Ontario 	
Family Mephitidae: Skunks 	Family Mephitidae: Skunks 	Family Mephitidae: Skunks 	Family Mephitidae: Skunks 	Family Mephitidae: Skunks
Striped skunk
(Moufette rayée) 	Mephitis mephitis(Schreber, 1776) 	Forests, cultivated areas, valleys 	Rockies to the Maritimes - introduced in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia in the 19th century 	
Western spotted skunk(Moufette tachetée occidentale)	Spilogale gracilis(Merriam, 1890)This species is often considered a subspecies of the eastern spotted skunk, S. putorius, which is otherwise not found in Canada.	Thickets and bushes 	Southwestern British Columbia 	
Superfamily Pinnipedia: Pinnipeds 	Superfamily Pinnipedia: Pinnipeds 	Superfamily Pinnipedia: Pinnipeds 	Superfamily Pinnipedia: Pinnipeds 	Superfamily Pinnipedia: Pinnipeds
Family Otariidae: Eared seals 	Family Otariidae: Eared seals 	Family Otariidae: Eared seals 	Family Otariidae: Eared seals 	Family Otariidae: Eared seals
Northern fur seal
(Otarie à fourrure)If distinction is needed with Arctocephalus fosteri, the southern or New Zealand fur seal, "otarie à fourrure du Nord" is used.	Callorhinus ursinus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Sea 	Off the coast of British Columbia; appreciates rocky outcrops - occasionally reported from the Arctic 	
Steller sea lion
(Otarie de Steller)Also "lion de mer de Steller"	Eumetopias jubatus(Schreber, 1776) 	Coast waters 	British Columbia; appreciates rocky outcrops 	
Walrus
(Morse) 	Odobenus rosmarus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Arctic shallows 	James Bay to Greenland - extinct in the Western Arctic and the Magdalen Islands 	
California sea lion
(Otarie de Californie) 	Zalophus californianus((Lesson, 1828)) 	Coast waters 	Near Vancouver Island 	
Family Phocidae: Earless seals 	Family Phocidae: Earless seals 	Family Phocidae: Earless seals 	Family Phocidae: Earless seals 	Family Phocidae: Earless seals
Hooded seal
(Phoque à capuchon) 	Cystophora cristata(Erxleben, 1777) 	Sea 	Atlantic from Gulf of the Saint Lawrence to northern Baffin Island 	
Bearded seal
(Phoque barbu) 	Erignathus barbatus(Erxleben, 1777) 	Sea 	Arctic Ocean 	
Grey seal
(Phoque gris) 	Halichoerus grypus(Erxleben, 1777) 	Sea rocks, and reefs 	East Coast 	
Northern elephant seal
(Éléphant de mer du Nord) 	Mirounga angustirostris(Gill, 1866) 	Tropical and temperate sea waters 	Occasional in British Columbia 	
Harp seal
(Phoque du Groenland) 	Phoca groenlandica(Erxleben, 1777)Sources conflict as to whether classify this species with Phoca or Pagophilus. 	Cold waters 	Gulf of Saint Lawrence to James Bay and Greenland 	
Harbour seal
(Phoque commun) 	Phoca vitulina(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Coast waters and some interior lakes 	Most Canadian coasts except the colder part of the Arctic 	
Ringed seal
(Phoque annelé) 	Pusa hispida(Schreber, 1775) 	Arctic waters and ice-floes 	Arctic Ocean 	
=== Cetaceans ===
Cetaceans includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater.
Common name
(French name) 	Species
(authority) 	Preferred habitat 	Native range 	Status
Family Balaenidae: Right Whales 	Family Balaenidae: Right Whales 	Family Balaenidae: Right Whales 	Family Balaenidae: Right Whales 	Family Balaenidae: Right Whales
Bowhead whale
(Baleine boréale)IUCN records this species as Baleine du Groenland.	Balaena mysticetus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Polar ice shelf in winter, coastal waters in the summer	Arctic Ocean 	
North Atlantic right whale
(Baleine franche)Also Baleine noire. The recognition of Eubalaena japonica as a separate species has not yet effected common French names.	Eubalaena glacialis(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Temperate coast waters 	North Atlantic 	
North Pacific right whale
(Baleine franche)	Eubalaena japonica(Lacépède, 1818) 	 	North Pacific 	
Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals 	Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals 	Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals 	Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals 	Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
Northern minke whale
(Petit rorqual) 	Balaenoptera acutorostrata(Lacépède, 1804) 	Temperate or polar seas 	Northern Atlantic and Pacific 	
Sei whale
(Rorqual boréal) 	Balaenoptera borealis(Lesson, 1828) 	Temperate seas 	Atlantic and Pacific oceans 	
Blue whale
(Rorqual bleu) 	Balaenoptera musculus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Temperate and polar waters 	Atlantic and Pacific oceans 	
Fin whale
(Rorqual commun) 	Balaenoptera physalus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Pelagic, coastal 	Atlantic and Pacific oceans 	
Humpback whale
(Baleine à bosse) 	Megaptera novaeangliae(Borowski, 1781) 	Coastal waters, often penetrates estuaries 	Atlantic and Pacific oceans 	
Family Eschrichtiidae: Grey Whale 	Family Eschrichtiidae: Grey Whale 	Family Eschrichtiidae: Grey Whale 	Family Eschrichtiidae: Grey Whale 	Family Eschrichtiidae: Grey Whale
Grey whale
(Baleine grise) 	Eschrichtius robustus(Lilljebor, 1861) 	Temperate continental shelf waters 	Pacific Coast 	
Family Monodontidae: Narwhal and Beluga	Family Monodontidae: Narwhal and Beluga 	Family Monodontidae: Narwhal and Beluga 	Family Monodontidae: Narwhal and Beluga 	Family Monodontidae: Narwhal and Beluga
Narwhal
(Narval) 	Monodon monoceros(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Edge of Arctic ice sheet 	Eastern Arctic Ocean 	
Beluga
(Bélouga) 	Delphinapterus leucas(Pallas, 1776) 	Arctic coast waters - often swim deep up rivers 	Eastern and Western Arctic Ocean 	
Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises 	Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises 	Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises 	Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises 	Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
Harbour porpoise
(Marsouin commun)Sometimes simply "Marsouin"	Phocoena phocoena(Linnaeus, 1758) 	 	East and West Coast 	
Dall's porpoise
100px|Phocoenoides dalli
(Marsouin de Dall)	Phocoenoides dalli(True, 1885) 	Continental shelf 	North Pacific 	
Family Physeteridae: Sperm Whale 	Family Physeteridae: Sperm Whale 	Family Physeteridae: Sperm Whale 	Family Physeteridae: Sperm Whale 	Family Physeteridae: Sperm Whale
Sperm whale
(Cachalot) 	Physeter macrocephalus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Very deep waters 	Pacific and Atlantic Oceans - only migrating males are found in Canadian waters	
Family Ziphidae: Beaked Whales 	Family Ziphidae: Beaked Whales 	Family Ziphidae: Beaked Whales 	Family Ziphidae: Beaked Whales 	Family Ziphidae: Beaked Whales
Cuvier's beaked whale
(Baleine à bec de Cuvier)	Ziphius cavirostris(G. Cuvier, 1823) 	Uncertain 	North Pacific and Atlantic 	
Baird's beaked whale
(Grande baleine à bec)	Berardius bairdii(Stejneger, 1883) 	Near continental shelf cliffs 	North Pacific 	
Northern bottlenose whale
(Baleine à bec commune)	Hyperoodon ampullatus(Forster, 1770) 	Subarctic waters 	North Atlantic and part of Arctic 	
Sowerby's beaked whale
(Baleine à bec de Sowerby)	Mesoplodon bidens(Sowerby, 1804) 	Deep ocean 	Temperate North Atlantic 	
Hubbs' beaked whale
(Baleine à bec de Moore)	Mesoplodon carlhubbsiMight be a subspecies of M. bowdoini(Moore, 1963)	Temperate waters 	North Pacific 	
Stejneger's beaked whale
(Baleine à bec de Stejneger)	Mesoplodon stejnegeri(True, 1885) 	Cold, high sea 	North Pacific 	
Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins 	Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins 	Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins 	Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins 	Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins
White-beaked dolphin
(Dauphin à bec blanc)	Lagenorhynchus albirostris(Gray, 1846) 	High, cold sea 	North Atlantic 	
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
(Dauphin à flancs blancs)	Leucopleurus acutus(Gray, 1828) 	Temperate high sea 	North Atlantic 	
Common bottlenose dolphin
(Grand dauphin)	Tursiops truncatus(Montagu, 1821) 	Coastal waters 	Occasional in the Maritimes 	
Short-beaked common dolphin
(Dauphin commun à bec court)	Delphinus delphis(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Temperate high sea 	Atlantic and Pacific Continental shelves 	
Pacific white-sided dolphin
(Dauphin à flancs blancs du pacifique)	Sagmatias obliquidens(Gill, 1865) 	Temperate and subarctic seas 	North Pacific 	
Orca
(Épaulard or orque) 	Orcinus orca(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Prefers coastal waters 	Atlantic, Pacific and parts of the Arctic 	
Short-finned pilot whale
(Globicéphale du Pacifique)	Globicephala macrorhynchus(Gray, 1846) 	Varied 	Pacific Ocean 	
Long-finned pilot whale
(Globicéphale de l'Atlantique)	Globicephala melas(Traill, 1809) 	Varied 	North Atlantic 	
=== Even-toed ungulates ===
The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species worldwide, including many that are of great economic importance.
Common name(French name) 	Species(authority) 	Preferred habitat 	Native range 	Status
Family Cervidae: Deer 	Family Cervidae: Deer 	Family Cervidae: Deer 	Family Cervidae: Deer 	Family Cervidae: Deer
Moose
() 	Alces alces(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Subarctic and open forests 	Yukon to New Brunswick - introduced in Newfoundland, Cape Breton and Anticosti Islands 	
Elk
100px|Cervus canadensis
(Wapiti)	Cervus canadensis(Linnaeus, 1758)Some debate remains as to whether consider this species the same or not as Red Deer, C. elaphus.	Varied, prefers open areas 	Southern Rockies and part of the Prairies, reintroduced in several part of its former range. 	
Mule deer
(Cerf mulet) 	Odocoileus hemionus(Rafinesque, 1817) 	Subarctic and open forests 	West Coast to Prairies 	
White-tailed deer
(Cerf de Virginie)The name "chevreuil" is frequent in Quebec, but considered improper, as it normally applies to the European roe deer, Capreolus capreolus.	Odocoileus virginianus(Zimmerman, 1780) 	Glens, rivers, marshes, forest edges	Southern Rockies and Prairie Provinces to coast of Labrador and Maritimes - introduced to the Anticosti Islands	
Caribou
(Caribou) 	Rangifer tarandus(Zimmerman, 1780) 	Tundra, Taiga and boreal forest 	Boreal forest across Canada, and parts of the Arctic and Rockies 	
Family Antilocapridae: The Pronghorn	Family Antilocapridae: The Pronghorn 	Family Antilocapridae: The Pronghorn	Family Antilocapridae: The Pronghorn 	Family Antilocapridae: The Pronghorn
Pronghorn
(Antilope d'Amérique or pronghorn)	Antilocapra americana(Ord, 1815) 	Prairies and plains 	Southern Saskatchewan and Alberta 	
Family Bovidae: Bovids 	Family Bovidae: Bovids 	Family Bovidae: Bovids 	Family Bovidae: Bovids 	Family Bovidae: Bovids
American bison
(Bison)If distinction is needed with B. bonasus, "bison d'Amérique" is used.	Bison bison(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Varied 	South of the Great Slaves Lake - small reintroduced population found in several parts of its former range 	
Mountain goat
(Chèvre de montagne) 	Oreamnos americanus(Blainville, 1816) 	Mountains 	Various parts of the Western Cordillera 	
Muskox
(Boeuf musqué) 	Ovibos moschatus(Zimmermann, 1780) 	Arctic tundra 	Canadian Arctic 	
Bighorn sheep
100px|Ovis canadensis
(Mouflon d'Amérique)	Ovis canadensis(Shaw, 1804) 	Alpine prairies 	South and southeastern Rockies 	
Dall sheep
(Mouflon de Dall) 	Ovis dalli(Nelson, 1884) 	Alpine tundra 	Yukon and northern British Columbia 	
=== Marsupials ===
Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat, with a long snout and prehensile tail.
Common name(French name) 	Species(authority) 	Preferred habitat 	Native range 	Status
Family Didelphidae: New World opossums	Family Didelphidae: New World opossums	Family Didelphidae: New World opossums	Family Didelphidae: New World opossums 	Family Didelphidae: New World opossums
Virginia opossum
(Opossum d'Amérique or de Virginie)	Didelphis virginiana(Kerr, 1792) 	Humid lowland forest 	Southwestern Ontario, introduced in British Columbia	
=== Rabbits, hares, and pikas ===
The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). They can resemble rodents, but differ in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.
Common name
(French name) 	Species
(authority) 	Preferred habitat 	Native range 	Status
Family Ochotonidae: Pikas 	Family Ochotonidae: Pikas 	Family Ochotonidae: Pikas 	Family Ochotonidae: Pikas 	Family Ochotonidae: Pikas
Collared pika
(Pica à collier) 	Ochotona collaris(Nelson, 1893) 	Mountains above the tree line 	Rockies of the Yukon 	
American pika
100px|Ochotona princeps
(Pica d'Amérique)	Ochotona princeps(Richardson, 1828) 	Mountains near the tree line 	Southern British Columbia and Alberta 	
Family Leporidae: Rabbits and hares	Family Leporidae: Rabbits and hares 	Family Leporidae: Rabbits and hares	Family Leporidae: Rabbits and hares 	Family Leporidae: Rabbits and hares
Snowshoe hare
(Lièvre d'Amérique) 	Lepus americanus(Erxleben, 1777) 	Forests 	Much of mainland Canada except southernmost Ontario 	
Arctic hare
(Lièvre arctique) 	Lepus arcticus(Ross, 1819) 	Tundra 	Canadian Arctic (including Arctic Archipelago), Labrador, Newfoundland	
White-tailed jackrabbit
(Lièvre de Townsend)	Lepus townsendii(Bachman, 1839) 	Fields 	Southern Prairies, Okanagan Valley 	
Eastern cottontail
(Lapin à queue blanche)	Sylvilagus floridanus(J. A. Allen, 1890)	Open woodlands 	Southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan Ontario and Quebec 	
Mountain cottontail
(Lapin de Nuttall)	Sylvilagus nuttallii(J. A. Allen, 1890) 	Dry plains 	Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Okanagan and Similkameen valleys 	
New England cottontail
(Lapin de Nouvelle-Angleterre)	Sylvilagus transitionalis
(Bangs, 1895) 	High elevation forests 	Presence uncertain in Quebec, possibly extant 	
=== Rodents ===
Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara, a rodent native to South America, can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb).
Common name
(French name) 	Species
(authority) 	Preferred habitat 	Native range 	Status
*I: International - ises IUCN where available
*CA: Canadian status, if any
**Provincial statuses, if any and different from federal status
Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines	Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines 	Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines 	Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines 	Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines
North American porcupine
(Porc-épic d'Amérique)	Erethizon dorsatum(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Forests south of the tree line 	All of Canada except Arctic 	
Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver 	Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver 	Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver 	Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver 	Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
Mountain beaver
(Castor de montagne) 	Aplodontia rufa(Rafinesque, 1817) 	Montane forest 	Southern British Columbia 	
Family Castoridae: Beavers 	Family Castoridae: Beavers 	Family Castoridae: Beavers 	Family Castoridae: Beavers 	Family Castoridae: Beavers
North American beaver
(Castor) 	Castor canadensis(Kuhl, 1820) 	Humid areas of forests 	All of Canada below the tree line except drier parts of the Prairies 	
Family Sciuridae: Squirrels 	Family Sciuridae: Squirrels 	Family Sciuridae: Squirrels 	Family Sciuridae: Squirrels 	Family Sciuridae: Squirrels
Eastern grey squirrel
(Écureuil gris) 	Sciurus carolinensis(Gmelin, 1788) 	Prefers deep forest, but frequent in urban areas	Southern Manitoba and northwestern Ontario, southern Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick 	
Eastern fox squirrel
(Écureuil fauve) 	Sciurus (Linnaeus, 1758) 	Edges of forests and groves 	Southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan, British Columbia and Pelee Island 	
Douglas squirrel
(Écureuil de Douglas) 	Tamiasciurus douglasii(Bachman, 1839) 	Coniferous forest 	Southwestern British Columbia 	
American red squirrel
(Écureuil roux)This species and the European Sciurus vulgaris both share the same French name.	Tamiasciurus hudsonicus(Erxleben, 1839) 	Forests 	Mainland Canada south of the tree line, except the southern Prairies and southwestern British Columbia; Vancouver Island	
Humboldt's flying squirrel 	Glaucomys oregonensis(Bachman, 1839) 	Boreal forest 	Southern British Columbia continuing south through the US border 	
Northern flying squirrel
(Grand polatouche)	Glaucomys sabrinus(Shaw, 1801) 	Boreal forest 	Mainland Canada south of the tree line except the southern Prairies 	
Southern flying squirrel
(Petit polatouche)	Glaucomys volans(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Deciduous forest 	Southern Ontario, part of Quebec, southern Nova Scotia 	
Black-tailed prairie dog
(Chien de prairie à queue noire)	Cynomys ludovicianus(Ord, 1815) 	Dry prairies 	Small part of southern Saskatchewan 	
Hoary marmot
(Marmotte des Rocheuses) 	Marmota caligata(Eschscholtz, 1829) 	Alpine tundra 	Rockies, Columbia, and Coast Mountains 	
Yellow-bellied marmot
(Marmotte à ventre jaune)	Marmota flaviventris(Audubon and Bachman, 1841) 	Mountains 	Central British Columbia and southernmost Alberta 	
Groundhog
(Marmotte commune, siffleux) 	Marmota monax(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Broken ground 	Much of mainland Canada east of the Rockies, inland valleys and part of western Yukon 	
Vancouver Island marmot
(Marmotte de Vancouver)	Marmota vancouverensis(Swarth, 1911) 	Near the mountain tree line 	Endemic to Vancouver Island 	
Golden-mantled ground squirrel
(Spermophile à mante dorée)	Callospermophilus lateralis(Say, 1823) 	Montane coniferous forest 	Southeastern Rockies 	
Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel
(Spermophile à mante dorée des Cascades)	Callospermophilus saturatus(Rhoads, 1895) 	Southern British Columbia Cascade Range 	British Columbia 	
Franklin's ground squirrel
(Écureuil terrestre de Franklin)	Poliocitellus franklinii(Sabine, 1822) 	Parklands 	Northwestern Ontario and southern Prairies except short-grass prairies 	
*I: Least Concern
Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
(Spermophile rayé)	Ictidomys tridecemlineatus(Mitchill, 1821) 	Groves, swamps, uncultivated land 	Southern Prairie Provinces 	
Columbian ground squirrel
(Spermophile du Columbia)	Urocitellus columbianus(Ord, 1815) 	Montane open areas 	Southern Rocky mountains 	
Arctic ground squirrel
(Spermophile arctique)	Urocitellus parryii(Richardson, 1825) 	Tundra without permafrost 	Mainland Arctic 	
Richardson's ground squirrel
(Spermophile de Richardson)	Urocitellus richardsonii(Sabine, 1822) 	Prairies 	South of the Prairie provinces 	
Yellow-pine chipmunk
(Tamia amène) 	Tamias amoenus(Allen, 1821) 	Dry montane forest 	Southern and central British Columbia and Alberta 	
Least chipmunk
(Tamia mineur) 	Tamias minimus(Bachman, 1839) 	Edges of forests, groves, but also open spaces 	Western Quebec to Yukon 	
Red-tailed chipmunk
(Tamia à queue rousse)	Tamias ruficaudus(A. H. Howell, 1839) 	High altitude forest and valley pine groves 	Southern British Columbia and Alberta 	
Eastern chipmunk
(Tamia rayé, Petit suisse)	Tamias striatus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Deciduous forest 	Maritime provinces, and the southern half of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba 	
Townsend's chipmunk
(Tamia de Townsend) 	Tamias townsendii(Bachman, 1839) 	Western Coast lowland and montane tsuga forests 	Southwestern British Columbia 	
Family Geomyidae: Pocket gophers 	Family Geomyidae: Pocket gophers 	Family Geomyidae: Pocket gophers 	Family Geomyidae: Pocket gophers 	Family Geomyidae: Pocket gophers
Plains pocket gopher
(Gaufre brun) 	Geomys bursarius(Shaw, 1800) 	Fields and banks 	Southern Manitoba 	
Northern pocket gopher
(Gaufre gris) 	Thomomys talpoides(Richardson, 1828) 	Open areas 	Southern Prairie Provinces and British Columbia 	
Family Heteromyidae: Heteromyids 	Family Heteromyidae: Heteromyids 	Family Heteromyidae: Heteromyids 	Family Heteromyidae: Heteromyids 	Family Heteromyidae: Heteromyids
Ord's kangaroo rat
(Rat-kangourou d'Ord) 	Dipodomys ordii(Woodhouse, 1853) 	Semi-deserctic areas 	Great Sand Hills area 	
Olive-backed pocket mouse
(Souris à abajoues des plaines)	Perognathus fasciatus(Wied-Neuwied, 1839) 	Dry plains 	Southern Prairies 	
Great Basin pocket mouse
(Souris à abajoues des pinèdes)	Perognathus parvus(Peale, 1848) 	Dry plains 	Great Basin 	
Family Dipodidae: Jerboas 	Family Dipodidae: Jerboas 	Family Dipodidae: Jerboas 	Family Dipodidae: Jerboas 	Family Dipodidae: Jerboas
Woodland jumping mouse
(Souris sauteuse des bois)	Napaeozapus insignis(Miller, 1891) 	Forest streams 	Eastern Canada 	
Meadow jumping mouse
(Souris sauteuse des champs)	Zapus hudsonius(Zimmermann, 1780) 	Wet fields 	Eastern Canada (except Anticosti island and Newfoundland) to Yukon 	
Western jumping mouse
(Souris sauteuse de l'ouest)	Zapus princeps(Allen, 1893) 	Prairies 	Rockies and Prairies 	
Pacific jumping mouse
(Souris sauteuse du Pacifique)	Zapus trinotatus(Rhoads, 1893) 	Montane prairies 	Southwestern British Columbia 	
Family Cricetidae: Cricetids 	Family Cricetidae: Cricetids 	Family Cricetidae: Cricetids 	Family Cricetidae: Cricetids 	Family Cricetidae: Cricetids
Southern red-backed vole
(Campagnol à dos roux de Gapper)	Myodes gapperiMyodes, MSW3(Vigors), 1830 	Forests 	Most of the provinces, except Newfoundland and Vancouver Island 	
Northern red-backed vole
(Campagnol à dos roux boréal)	Myodes rutilus(Pallas, 1779) 	Shrubby tundra 	Mainland Arctic 	
Northern collared lemming
(Lemming variable or lemming à collerette)The name was originally applied to D. torquatus, of which D. groenlandicus was originally considered to be a subspecies.	Dicrostonyx groenlandicus(Traill, 1823) 	Tundra 	Northern Arctic islands 	
Ungava collared lemming
(Lemming d'Ungava) 	Dicrostonyx hudsonius(Pallas, 1778) 	Tundra 	Northern Quebec 	
Victoria collared lemming
(Lemming à collerette)	Dicrostonyx kilangmiutakWhether or not this species is a subspecies of D. groenlandicus is unclear.(Anderson & Rand, 1945) 	Tundra 	Mainland Arctic, Banks, Victoria and King Williams Islands 	
Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming
(—)	Dicrostonyx nunatakensis(Youngman, 1967) 	Montane tundra 	Ogilvie Mountains 	
Richardson's collared lemming
(—) 	Dicrostonyx richardsoni(Merriam, 1900) 	Tundra 	Arctic, roughly south of the Thelon River Basin 	
Sagebrush vole
(Campagnol des sauges) 	Lemmiscus curtatus(Cope, 1868) 	Sagebrush steppes 	Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan 	
North American brown lemming
(Lemming brun)	Lemmus trimucronatus(Richardson, 1825) 	 	Tundra of Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon, also west coast of British Columbia almost south to Vancouver Island	
Rock vole
(Campagnol des rochers) 	Microtus chrotorrhinus(Miller, 1894) 	Rocky areas 	Boreal Ontario and Quebec; southernmost Labrador; Gaspesia and northern New Brunswick 	
Long-tailed vole
(Campagnol longicaude) 	Microtus longicaudus(Miller, 1894) 	Varied 	Western Cordillera 	
Singing vole
(Campagnol chanteur) 	Microtus miurus(Osgood, 1901) 	Alpine tundra 	Yukon and neighbouring Northwest Territory 	
Montane vole
(Campagnol montagnard) 	Microtus montanus(Peale, 1848) 	Shortgrass alpine prairies 	Central south British Columbia 	
Prairie vole
(Campagnol des prairies) 	Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842) 	Prairies 	Prairie provinces 	
Tundra vole
(Campagnol nordique) 	Microtus oeconomus(Pallas, 1776) 	Wet tundra 	Western Arctic 	
Creeping vole
(Campagnol de l'oregon) 	Microtus oregoni(Bachman, 1839) 	Humid coniferous forest 	Southern British Columbia 	
Meadow vole
(Campagnol des champs) 	Microtus pennsylvanicus(Ord, 1815) 	Wet fields 	All of Canada except Arctic and westernmost ranges 	
Woodland vole
(Campagnol sylvestre) 	Microtus pinetorum(Le Conte, 1830) 	Deciduous forest 	Southernmost Ontario and Quebec 	
Water vole
(Campagnol de Richardson) 	Microtus richardsoni(De Kay, 1842) 	Alpine prairies and streams 	Cascades and southern Rockies 	
Townsend's vole
(Campagnol de Townsend) 	Microtus townsendii(Bachman, 1839) 	Saline marshes and fields 	Vancouver Island, nearby islands and Fraser River delta 	
Taiga vole
(Campagnol à joues jaunes) 	Microtus xanthognathus(Leach, 1815) 	Forest streams 	From southwestern Hudson Bay through northern Prairies and Yukon 	
Muskrat
(Rat musqué) 	Ondatra zibethicus(Linnaeus, 1766) 	Wetlands 	Most of Canada outside the Arctic and southwestern British Columbia 	
Western heather vole
(Campagnol des bruyères)	Phenacomys intermedius(Merriam, 1889) 	Varied 	British Columbia 	
Eastern heather vole
(Phénacomys d'Ungava) 	Phenacomys ungava(Merriam, 1889) 	Varied 	Quebec, Ontario and Labrador to southern Yukon 	
Northern bog lemming
(Campagnol-lemming boréal)	Synaptomys borealis(Richardson, 1828) 	Peatlands 	Labrador to Alaska; Gaspesia and northern New Brunswick 	
Southern bog lemming
(Campagnol-lemming de Cooper)	Synaptomys cooperi(Baird, 1857) 	Peatlands 	Western Manitoba, central and southern Ontario and Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia 	
Bushy-tailed woodrat
(Rat à queue touffue)	Neotoma cinerea(Ord, 1815) 	Mountains 	Western Cordillera 	
Yukon deer mouse
(Souris de yukon) 	Peromyscus arcticus
(Wagner, 1845) 	Forest, mountains 	Yukon 	
Northwestern deer mouse
(Souris de keen) 	Peromyscus keeniThis species is now considered to include P. sitkensis and P. oreas, as well as several subspecies of P. maniculatus(Rhoades, 1894)	Mild and rainy forest 	West of the Coastal Mountains 	
White-footed mouse
(Souris à pattes blanches)	Peromyscus leucopus(Rafinesque, 1818) 	Deciduous forest 	Southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia 	
Eastern deer mouse
(Souris sylvestre) 	Peromyscus maniculatus(Wagner, 1845) 	Anywhere except wetlands 	Easternmost Saskatchewan to most of eastern Canada aside from northern Quebec and Newfoundland 	
Western deer mouse
(Souris sylvestre) 	Peromyscus sonoriensis
(Wagner, 1845) 	Anywhere except wetlands 	Saskatchewan west to British Columbia, north to the southern Northwest Territories and eastern Yukon 	
Western harvest mouse
(Souris-moissonneuse occidentale)	Reithrodontomys megalotis(Baird, 1858) 	Prairies 	Okanagan Valley (ssp. dychei), south of Alberta and Saskatchewann (ssp. megalotis) 	
Northern grasshopper mouse
(Souris à sauterelles)	Onychomys leucogaster(Wied-Neuwied, 1841) 	Southern Prairies 	Prairies 	
=== Shrews and moles ===
Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers.
Common name
(French name) 	Species
(authority) 	Preferred habitat 	Native range 	Status
Family Soricidae: Shrews 	Family Soricidae: Shrews 	Family Soricidae: Shrews 	Family Soricidae: Shrews 	Family Soricidae: Shrews
Northern short-tailed shrew
(Grande musaraigne)	Blarina brevicauda(Say, 1823) 	Deciduous forest 	Eastern Saskatchewan to Maritime provinces 	
North American least shrew
(Petite musaraigne)	Cryptotis parva(Say, 1823) 	Fields, clearings and salt marshes	Long point, Ontario 	
Arctic shrew
(Musaraigne arctique) 	Sorex arcticus(Kerr, 1792) 	Peatlands and marshes 	From the Northwest Territory to central Quebec 	
Maritime shrew
(Musaraigne des Maritimes)	Sorex maritimensis(Smith, 1939) 	Peatlands and marshes 	New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 	
Marsh shrew
(Musaraigne de Bendire) 	Sorex bendirii(Smith, 1939) 	Coniferous forest 	Fraser Valley 	
Masked shrew
(Musaraigne cendrée) 	Sorex cinereus(Smith, 1939) 	Varied 	Most of Mainland Canada except northernmost Quebec; Prince Edward and Cape Breton islands 	
Long-tailed shrew
(Musaraigne longicaude)	Sorex disparThe available evidence indicates that S. gaspensis is a junior synonym for S. dispar but regulatory regimes have not yet fully incorporated that finding.(Batchelder, 1911)	Wet banks 	New Brunswick 	
Smoky shrew
(Musaraigne fuligineuse) 	Sorex fumeus(Miller, 1895) 	Deciduous forest 	Great lakes to Maritimes 	
Gaspé shrew
(Musaraigne de Gaspé) 	Sorex gaspensis(Anthony & Goodwin, 1924) 	Near forest streams 	Gaspesia and northern New Brunswick; Cape Breton Island 	
Prairie shrew
(Musaraigne des steppes)	Sorex haydeni(Baird, 1857) 	Grassland 	Southern Prairies 	
American pygmy shrew
(Musaraigne pygmée)	Sorex hoyi(Baird, 1857) 	Forest clearings 	Yukon and eastern Cordillera to Labrador and Maritimes 	
Merriam's shrew
(Musaraigne de Merriam)	Sorex merriami(Dobson, 1890) 	Grasslands 	Extreme southern British Columbia 	
Montane shrew
(Musaraigne sombre) 	Sorex monticolusAlso Sorex obscurus in older sources.(Merriam, 1890) 	Montane streams and marshes 	Western Cordillera 	
American water shrew
(Musaraigne palustre)	Sorex palustris(Richardson, 1828) 	Lakes and marshes 	Western Cordillera to Labrador and Maritimes except southern Prairies and southernmost Ontario	
Preble's shrew
(Musaraigne de Preble) 	Sorex preblei(Jackson,1922) 	Montane streams and marshes 	Southcentral British Columbia 	
Trowbridge's shrew
(Musaraigne de Trowbridge)	Sorex trowbridgii(Baird, 1857) 	Coniferous forest 	Lower Fraser Valley 	
Tundra shrew
(—) 	Sorex tundrensis(Merriam, 1900) 	Tundra 	Yukon and Northwest territory 	
Barren ground shrew
(—) 	Sorex ugyunak(Anderson & Rand, 1945) 	Tundra 	Mainland Arctic 	
Vagrant shrew
(Musaraigne errante) 	Sorex vagrans(Baird, 1857) 	Montane streams 	Southern Cordillera 	
Family Talpidae: Moles 	Family Talpidae: Moles 	Family Talpidae: Moles 	Family Talpidae: Moles 	Family Talpidae: Moles
Star-nosed mole
(Condylure étoilé) 	Condylura cristata(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Wet forest 	Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 	
Coast mole
(Taupe du Pacifique) 	Scapanus orarius(True, 1896) 	Alpine coniferous forest 	Southwestern British Columbia 	
Townsend's mole
(Taupe de Townsend) 	Scapanus townsendii(Bachman, 1839) 	Fields 	Southwestern British Columbia 	
Shrew-mole
(Taupe de Townsend) 	Neurotrichus gibbsii(Baird, 1858) 	Banks 	Southwestern British Columbia 	
Eastern mole
(Taupe à queue glabre) 	Scalopus aquaticus(Linnaeus, 1758) 	Open woodlands 	Point Pelee area 	
Hairy-tailed mole(Taupe à queue velue)	Parascalops breweri(Bachman, 1842) 	Dry loose soils 	Southern Quebec and Ontario 	
==Introduced or accidental species==
A number of wild mammals may be found in Canadian territory without being confirmed natives. Some were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced. These include the house mouse (Mus musculus), and brown and black rats (respectively Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus). Other include escaped animals: the coypu (Myocastor coypus), European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and European hare (Lepus europaeus).Some authorities consider L. europaeus and L. capensis (Cape hare) to be the same species. Both the European fallow deer (Dama dama) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were introduced for hunting.
Finally, other species are encountered only accidentally, or so rarely in Canadian territory that it is impossible to tell whether they are permanent residents. Most of these species are cetaceans, some generally poorly known: Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), the dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia sima and K. breviceps), Blainville's and True's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris and M. mirus), the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), and the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). The big free-tailed and evening bats (respectively Nyctinomops macrotis and Nycticeius humeralis), as well as the New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) are found mostly in areas south of the U.S.-Canada frontier, and occasionally in Canada.
=== Extinct, extirpated or reintroduced species===
Out of three species that have been extirpated in Canada in written history, two have since been reintroduced.
The sea mink (Neogale macrodon) formerly lived in the Maritime Provinces, but became extinct following overhunting and habitat destruction. The only Canadian (and also last known) specimen was captured on Campobello Island, New Brunswick in 1894.
The eastern elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis), a subspecies of the elk or wapiti, was also formerly found in Quebec and Ontario, but was made extinct for much the same reasons as the sea mink.
Eastern cougars (Puma concolor couguar) were also found in the eastern provinces, but became extinct soon after populations in the United States were eradicated.
The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) became extirpated in Canada in 1937. Between the 1950s and 1981, it was suspected to be entirely extinct until a wild population was discovered in 1981 in Wyoming. Subsequent reintroductions into Canada have failed.
The swift fox (Vulpes velox) and sea otter (Enhydra lutris) both were extirpated in Canada in the 1930s, but were successfully reintroduced in the beginning of the 1970s.
==Notes==
*A Banfield, Mammals of Canada, pp. xiv-xv.
*B National Symbol of Canada Act 1985 R.S.C., c. N-17: "the Beaver (Castor canadensis) is a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada". National Horse of Canada Act 2002 S.C. 2002, c. 11.
==See also==
*Fauna of Canada
*Lists of mammals by region
*List of prehistoric mammals
== References==
==Sources==
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==Further reading==
* 
==External links==
*Databases: Division of Mammals: Department of Vertebrate Zoology: NMNH - i.e. printable Field Guide to mammals of North America
*Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition (MSW3) - database of mammalian taxonomy
*IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Mammals
 
Canada
Canada