Trente Glorieuses

In id Historia ios XXt secule, id wekwos Trente Glorieuses (ex franceois : "Trigim Klewosta", SPT approximative franceois pronunciation {tra~t gloryÖz}) kyeust id periode os akster economic spand ed os augen ios gwitstandard quod oistrehct ex id fin os Mund Weir Dwo tiel id prest 1973 naftcrise. Id formule, quod tarikhet ex 1979, est due iom franceois economistem J.Fourastié. 
 Plakat pro id Marshall Plan. Tod plan (official-ye in US Englisch : European Recovery Program) eet un US initiative kay imdadhe West Europe, quosmed ia Uniet Stats os America dahr meis quem 12 milliards om US dollars os economic assistance kay hehlpe ad restruge ia Economias tom lands pos id weir. Tod plan wohrg unte 4 yars ab dien 3 Aprile 1948. Ia US ziels eent restruge ia harpt regions, strage ia torgbarriers, modernise id industrie, kayjine Europes prosperitat ed oistambhes ad communisme spehre. 
==Un ryowkhowo conjuncture==
Pos Mund Weir Dwo, in 1945, Europe est harpt, Japan kharab. Tik ia Uniet Stats, quom territorium hat remant bohrct ud ia katus ed quom weireffort hat definitive-ye nehsiht ex ia sekways ios 1929 Economic crise, conserve important financial zariyas ed un solid Monete. Yant 1944, id Bretton Woods conference hat consecret id rol ios US dollar, conversible do gold, ka international reserve rawaj. 
Id presto dastur est reconstruction. In Aprile 1948, id US Congress approbet id planum anact ab Statsecretar George Marshall, quod previdt id mehghen sub forme os don uns global modulen credit om 12 milliards om US dollars (takriban 100 milliards om US dollars ye ir 2016 wirt) ibs prever mutaharib lands qua ei beudsient. Yugen ei ghem pris os Energia, subsequent ei aunstehgen ed reuyden iom naftlyogsen os Mediorient, id Marshall Plan vaht dope id ganeisen om Europe ed Japan ed ghyane un periode om spand ed prosperitat quom oino iom consequencen sessiet id emergence iom consummsocietats. 
Maung factors converge : un staur industrial spand sulen ep un akster demande ed id kayjin os productivitat, technologic Innovations, edschi demographic dynamisme quos kweit est un crehscend gnahratio (id baby-boum) tem quem un optimisme gohnen ab id rehmen de salgus ia sombre wetsa ed ab id trusto dia future. Ia models ios megil Britisch economiste Keynes (1883-1946) bihnt dostrict : rol ios Stat, sammel orientator ed actor os economia, leudher enderghenden bet bequader ios Mercat, salarial siyassa os kaupmagh quod oistimulet innerconsumm, securisanta meids os social solidaritat (Walfert-Stat). 
Id yarcrosctratio in Europe udmikdart quasi quantloc 5%; nact hatta 10% in Japan. Plenorbatia est general ed salairs auge frequent-ye. To biht sohkwt in vasya concernen lands un oku crosct ios gwitstandard iom popular classen.
 Sekwent sien wi description, id Club os Rome est un organisation em Individus qui smyehrnt un commun kaur de id future os Menscgenos ed se strehnge ad kwehre un difference. Ids mission est promove id ghaben iom global challengen qua menscgenos facet ed propones solutions med scientific analyse, communication ed advocations. Ep sien dakhelpage, id website ios Club os Rome enstart id "Tienxia Etireuyden Dien", un hissab de kam maung exhausmos ia ressurces ed id absorptionsimkan neoters planete. Hoyar (2018), buit dien 1st August, quo maynt wanmos 1,7 Terra kay stehme nies actual gwitstandard.
==Id fin iom Trente Glorieuses==
In-kap iom 1970tias, economic forsyrat menacet, un pior oku ed mussalsal crosct rikeiht inflation. In 1972, un grupp economisten samghaten eni id Club os Rome publiet un report The Limits to Growth quer id denuncet id impossibilitat uns aunfin crosct ed udwekwnt ye id prest ker ia ecologic Riska. 
Ye id sam moment, in ia Uniet Stats, President Richard Nixon sweurght de id massen om dollars in kwehlen, quom eventual conversibilitato do gold sekwent ia Bretton Woods playcts (gold standard) biht impossible ad garantie, areti id Vietnam Weir cost stets-ye dorgver ed favoriset inflation in eys land. Dien 15 August 1971, is mehldt unilateral-ye id fin ios gold standard. Id dollar sammel conservet de facto sien tienxia hegemonic status ed biht un normal rawajo submiss ad change variations. Obligend ad radjustens in cascade, tod meido deught un profund international disaurdhen. 
Dwo yars serter, sekwos un nov Israeli-arab conflict in October 1973 (weiro ios Yawn Kippur), ia Arab lands members ios Organisation om Naftexportend Lands (ONEL) decide uno naftembargo contra ia Stats qua stehme Israel - yani i Occidentals. Meincent unte 5% iro production ed augent prisa unte 70%. Unte oino yar, id pris ios naftbarel steight ex 3 do 14 dollars, deughend un brutal crise in ia industrielands, id pehden ios Production, id augen os beghsOrbatia ed, sekwos inflation, id augen iom consummprisen quod schinghayt id gwitstandard. Menxu un difficil radjusten start, id 1979 revolution in Iran, dind id Iran-Irak weir (ab 1980) deughe un dwoter naftcrise, id barelprise bihndo multipliet unte 2,7 inter 1978 ed 1981. Ta wakyas marke id fin ios mussalsal spand iom Trente Glorieuses. Ia gouvernements, diu convict od prosperitat vahsit gwehme tsay, eme intizar pwolmeids.