Russian revolution

Id Russian revolution kyeust ia wakyas ubgwohmen in Russia ex 1917 do 1921. Dehbht ses enderkwiten id Februar Revolution, in Mart 1917 - I Russians ee-usent tun id Julian calendar, samt dwodem diens chitay binisbat id Gregorian -, ud id October Revolution (November). Preter men bezielt institute un pluraliste democratia os occidental type, dwoter de tyices socialisme, dind communisme. 
==Tsarisme : un srom regime==
Id Russian revolution buit oino iom major wakyas ios Historia ios XXt secule, tant ob sien repercussions quem per id final deuysen ios project id bohr. 
Quan id udbrehct, in 1917, appareiht maungims observators ed politologs ka un previsible consequence. Ultim absolut monarchia os Europe, id Russian imperial regime (tsarisme) eet in crise pon meis quem oin pwolsecule. Id hieb ja est prokwem sehnken unte ia 1905 troubles ed tik id energia magnen ministern (Witte, Stolypin) hieb ghohdt compense id mediocritat os Tsar Nicolaus II, qui nel-ye comprehens od reformes eent lasim. Tod crise hieb ducen do ende formal-ye id autocratia, bet, ex 1906 do 1912, id application ab Nicolaus II ios nov constitutional systeme hieb wohrten do caricature. 
Api, id extraordinar economic crosct ios land ed idsa demographic, social ed cultural taraghens lasimihr ed urgentihr id modernisation ios Stat. Instet ornuwes id, Nicolaus II preferit incurre, in 1914, id risk uns europay weir, convicen od un conflict ei permittiet retrehve eys hol autoritat.
 Nicolaus II (Никола́й II Алекса́ндрович, 1868-1918) bihsit cesar in 1894. Is favorisit id industrialisation ios land, kardwnit id Franceois-Russian alliance ed ieurgh sien empire do un desastreus weir contra Japan in 1904. Pos id 1905 revolution, ei buit dwighto kyukes un legislative assemble, id Statsduma, yed is refusit institue un druv constitutional monarchia. Ia militar marloubias unte Mund Weir Oin ed id crehscend influence as eys esor Alexandra Federovna ed ios intrigant Rasputin descreditise id imperial familia. Nicolaus II abdiet in Mart 1917, pos id Petrograd insurrection ed, exilen do Sibiria, biht executen con sien familia ab iens Bolscheviks sixdem munts serter.
==Id Februar Revolution==
Idghi Russian Empire khiek tehle un long weir : id kowpen iom marloubias ed id gwieure iom menscenleusen provoque, in Februar 1917, un popular agitation in id nagor tos zaman, Petrograd (Saint Petersburg nundiens). Id conjunction om militar mutynries uperwaldht tun unte oika diens id regime : Nicolaus II abdiet (dien 15 Mart) ed un grupp om members ios Duma (ios Russian parlament) skeipt un rlinji gouvernement quod mox proclamet id Respublic. Ies nov wanaks vansche institue un democratia kam in Occident. Bet est to possible in tod gigantesk ed pluriethnic land quer ia cultural disparitats sont enorm ? Eti, ye id militar nivell, id situation est inextricable : Russias Franceois ed Britisch allieits urge id ke naweight ye cada cost contra ia Deutsch ed Osterreichisch-Magyar Empires, esdi soldats desertire en masse ed quayque id armee myehrct. Sammel quantloc unte id land se multiplient soviets om orbaters ed soldats - qua ja existeer in 1905 - ed skeipe un parallel magh sonter id gouvernement; ruri deile inter se i nowngmins ia latifundia ed bifanghe araszi. Disaurdhen biht general. 
In id nagor, ia extreme-levter parties neude ia soviets kay conteste id action ios gouvernement ed kupes id social revolution. In Aprile, Lenin, lider ios Bolschevik partise, ios radicalstios flyghel ios marxiste movment, hat koimriken ex sien schweizer exile, i Deutschens facileihvs eys vatansafer wehlpend-ye auge id confusion. Biht joint ab alyo radical marxiste, Leon Trotski. Id bolschevik partise folossiet ka siena ia popular demandes (araszi, pace) aun kyunggiawe sien doctrinal dasturs, ed biht unte oik munts uno mahibe oppositionsforce.
 Organisator ios revolution os October 1917, Lenin (lakab os Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов, 1870-1924) est un brillianto marxiste theoretic. Eys conception uns disciplinen parties keihnd ep "professional revolutionars" sehlt id majoritat unte id IIt Congress ios Social-Democrat Orbaterpartise os Russia in 1903. Lenin biht tun lider ios bolschevik fraction, quod diweidt i menscheviks qui advoque un ouvert ed liberal movment. Pos id 1905 "deuysus revolution", fortrehct do exile ed seult id journal Pravda. Reikus Petrograd in 1917, is oisleurt id October Revolution. Pos sien sigh, is impont id "dictature ios proletariat", instauret id "weir communisme" ex 1918 do 1921 ed creet id IIIt Internationale. Pos id civil weir, wideiht id Nov Economic Siyassa, quod inauguret un detente periode, tem quem id Constitution ios Soviet Union. In sien "testament", gwupen secreto tiel 1956, Lenin recommandet id eviction os Stalin. Eys embalsen nayv est exposen in un mausoleium ep id Rudh Place, in Moskva (photo).
==Id October Revolution==
Lenin ed Trotski sont convicen od un revolution udbrehgend in Russia ed quos objective est id realisation os socialisme dreibhsiet id ubstand os Europes popules, exhaust ab tri yars weir : id hor ios general proletarios revolutionios mohldt ab Marx (1818-1883) hat gwohmt. 
Brungend id samghat in Petrogard uns Congress iom Soviets quom votes maghient legitime ir action, yakin od ia orbatermilices ed ies nauts ios Baltic flotte sient oistehme i, i bolschevik liders uperwaldhe med silah id rlinji gouvernement (7-8 November 1917) ed mehlde id instauration os un soviet respublic. 
Unte oik munts, i Bolscheviks negocyent seni con i Deutschens ed Osterreich-Magyars ed conclude id pace; recogneihnt id vetat os araszi im nowngmins, tribuent tod iom fabrics im orbaters, aboleihnt ia social structures ios prever regime, nationalise banks ed commerce, separe id Kyrk ud id Stat. Bet diaspehrnt kathalika i legal-ye elect members ios Constituant Assemblee (Januar 1918) ed, pretendend institute id "dictature ios proletariat", bane tadrijan ceter politic partises. Id Federative Socialiste Respublic Russia biht instauren. 
Id bolschevik magho controlt ne meis quem ia citads ed un restrigen part ios territorium. Id rlinji gouvernement conservet partisans, uno monarchiste moveina screhsct ed ielg tom factions biht rallien ab unitats ios armee. Ye id fin ios weir ios Europe, ta moveinas bihnt eti stohmen ab ia occidental stieures hostile dia id bolschevik programme. Ex 1918 do 1920 rarzt id civil weir bet id Rudh Armee, organisen ab Trotski, brunct ia divisions em sien duschmans kay bate i seni. 
Id bolschevik magh enderghendt enplace fauran id communisme : torgsibias bihnt abolihn, Monete suppressen. Id production som collapt, i nowngmins refuse lever ir opsens. I bolscheviks riposte med un zalim terror, ed oin consequence tos est id fug iom elites kyust ka "classenpeinds". Lakin, id wohlpen proletaro revolution ne mutt in Europe : isolen, Russia sehnct do chaos. In 1921, un famine, sohkwn ab epidemias, neict millions leuden. Excess ab id dictature ios bolschevik parties quod pretendt age in id nam ios proletariat, ies nauts ios Baltic, vanguardia iom revolutionar milicen in 1917, pamrlane, demandend "ia soviets aun i communistens" (Mart 1921). Trotski niwaurct id mytinrie, yed Lenin dehlct admitte is hat rhalt.
 Theoretic os "tienxia permanent revolution", bolt ed intransagent, Trotski (in Rusk : Лев Дави́дович Тро́цький, gnaht ka לייבל ברוינשטיין in Yanovka, nundiens Ukraine, 1879 / mohrt in Coyacàn, Mexico, in 1940) est oin im dehtos ios Soviet Union. Member ios menschevik fraction ios Russian Social-Democrat Orbaterpartise in 1903, is perodhseddt id Saint Petersburg soviet unte id 1905 Revolution. Koimricto do Russia in Mai 1917 pos sien exile in Vienna, ralliet i bolscheviks ed, con Lenin, est is magno frontascho ios revolution. Popules Commissaro pro Militara Res ex 1918 do 1925, is creet id Rudh Armee, quod is duct unte id Civil Weir. Pos id mohrt os Lenin, is diweidt Stalin ed critiquet id "construction os socialisme in oin land". Arct ud ia responsabilitats ed accuset ob khianat, biht exclus ex id Partise in 1927, dind expuls dwo yars serter. Endergwohmto do Mexico, is seult id IVt Internationale. Biht victim uns assassinat quos stiftor est Stalin.
==Id enplacen ios sovietsk regime==
Un double readjustemento tyehct tun. Ye id economic nivell, liberalisationsmeids dehnt un end ei deursia os instaure un communiste societat, un nov rawaj biht creen, Russia hatta ghyaht ad gospoti capitals : est id Nov Economic Siyassa ("NEP" = Новая экономическая политика). 
Ye id politic nivell, witerom, ia centraliset structures ios parties darmerasce : ye id Xto Congress os 1921, fractionisme - yani id organisation om moveinas eni id partise - biht banen menxu un epuration sayvt. Oino yar serter, menxu id communiste magh reconstituet id Russian imperial territorium sub id forme uns Union Sovietsken Socialisten Respublic (USSR = Союз Советских Социалистических Республик), Lenin hassilet id creation, kay administre id wahid partise, uns wals es secretar-general, pro yod is propont un tuntos destull discret rjienbwuts : Stalin. 
Id NEP bringht un rehmen ed might ses ayn id fin ios druve-ye revolutionarios prist ios historia os Sovietsk communisme. Ab wer 1922, Lenin, victim os un serie insulten, zaact id principal rol; mehrt in Januar 1924. 
Ia sehkwnd yars bihnt sroht ab ia isgur jidals eni id direction ios partise kay lambhnes ids control. Eliminend mahir-ye sien quant concurrents, bayna qui Trotski, Stalin sib viswekwehrt, in 1924, un total hegemonia quod vaht transforme id dictature ios wahid partise do un druv personal waldh. Tyehgvend tun ia tienxia objectives ios October Revolution, is mehldt is eiskwt "construge socialisme in oin land" : id USSR.