How to create a language

Heavy Work in Progress
The Idea of this article is to provide helpful tips that will make your constructed language or "conlang" appear more realistic, have greater internal consistency, and have a superior aesthetic appearance as to provide an all-around better language to use when world building. So that it doesn't seem like you are pulling names out of your ass because they sound outer-spacy and let's be honest we've all done that a thousand times.
This page article does not have to be used to construct a fully functional language and is more purposed towards allowing you to name numerous places and objects that all feel like they are derived from a language
== Step 1: Phonetics ==
When constructing a language it is vital to know which Phonemes, a fancy word for sounds, will be used and more importantly which will not: Phonemes are the most elementary parts of speech within a given language. 
Below is a list of phonemes I believe is at least familiar to most English speakers. Two qualities distinguish distinct phonemes within a language from Allophones. First a Phoneme proper is the smallest variant that can take place between a pair of words for instance; Pan & Ban the difference in sound between P and B making these two sounds as distinct Phonemes in English as the difference can be used to distinguish words also... Bat and Bet the difference between the A and the O marking different words mark these two sounds as distinct phonemes in English. However if I rolled my R in "Prop", It would not create a new word and their is no word in English where if I tap or Roll my R it would distinguish between words as such these variants of R are Allophones within English.
The other quality of Phonemes and Allophones is that they can be substituted and still be recognizable. So If I used the Velar Nasal ŋ in place of the Glottal Fricative H in the word Help, no one would no what Ñelp meant however if I replaced the H with a ʔ people might still recognize help but ʔ and H are still distinct phonemes as the distinguish Mmhmm from Mm-mm and Uhuh from U-uh.
I suppose I should make a third condition that a syllable must be confined to an individual section of a syllable or you could make stress an additional phoneme in English as it is used to distinguish the words Insight from Incite. And Prèsent from Presènt however you could argue further that the e in the second word is really pronounced as the central vowel "ə"
Placement →
Manner ↓	Bilabial
(Lips)	Dental-Labial
(Teeth-Lips)	Dental
(Teeth)	Alveolar
(Ridge) 	Post Alveolar 	Palatal - Velar	Uvular 	Glottal
Unvoiced Plosive 	P 	P 	T 	T 	T 	C / K 	Q 	- / ` /ʔ
Voiced Plosive 	B 	B 	D 	D 	D 	G 	 	
Unvoiced Affricate	Pf	Pf	Ts 	Ts 	Ch / Tsh / Tch 	 	 	
Voiced Affricate 	Bv	Bv	Dz 	Dz 	J / Dge 	 	 	
Unvoiced Fricative	Ph	F 	Th 	S / C (Soft) 	Sh 	Ch (Scottish) 	 	H
Voiced Fricative 	Bh	V 	Th / Dh 	Z 	Zh / Si / J (French)	 	 	
Nasal 	M 	M 	N 	N 	N 	N (French) / Ñ 	N (French) / Ñ 	
Rhotic 	 	 	 	R- / Rh (Tap) / Rr (Trill)	-R (Soft) 	 	R (French) Rr (Growl)	
Laterals 	 	 	L (Hard)	L (Hard) 	L (Hard) 	L (Soft) 	 	
Semi-Vowels 	 	 	 	 	 	Y / W 	 	
====== Stops (Plosives) ======
The first category on this chart from top to bottom are called Plosives, which is a fancy word for hard consonants or Stops, you know: P, T, K, B, D & G-. The first thing you should notice is that their are two categories Voiced and Unvoiced. Voicing is the only thing that separates S (unvoiced) from Z (voiced), P (unvoiced) from B (voiced). These consonants are straight forward and I would recommend choosing all of them as they are very common unless of course you alien physiology would prevent one such as having no lips which would prevent P and B altogether.
English also has an infrequent seventh Plosive called the "Glottal Stop" it is the "-" in "Uh-Oh". Also the T in the British pronunciation of "Butter" think "Bu'er". Interesting note the glottalization of words makes your voice sound like a chicken. Q also represents an additional unvoiced fricative pronounced using the dorsal of your tongue and the Uvular.
====== Affricates & Fricatives ======
The second category on this chart is Affricates but we are going to discuss Fricatives first as it is crucial to understand fricatives to know Affricates. Now a fricative is our soft vowels, sounds that can easily be added and subtracted to consonant clusters in common English they are F, Th, S, Sh, V, Th & Z. Note despite the fact that the dental fricatives Th (as in Thin) & Th (as in The) are common in English they are much rarer worldwide and do not appear in most languages however F, S, V, and Z (or variants of them) are almost universal.
Once again English has an additional Fricative formed in the Glottis but this one is much more common it is simply H. We also have a ninth voiced "Sh" sound but it only comes up rarely such as the S in "Asia" and "Fission"
Now that Fricatives are out of the way Affricates are simple, they are a cross between a hard Plosive and a soft Fricative. Such as T and S pronounced together in Tsunami or Cats. The common affricates in English are Ch & J. Where as the Ch phoneme is the most common way to represent the Unvoiced Postalveolar Affricate T as in Train, T as in Future are also cleverly disguised affricates.
The first three groups we have gone through Plosives (Stops), Affricates, and Fricatives are collectively called Obstruents
====== Nasals ======
As the very name suggests Nasals are consonants made with your nose, Common English has three M, N & N. However the third N is an accident and is simply an accented way of pronouncing Ns that come before Ks & Gs notice the tip of your tongue is not used for the N in Tank this is a distinct Nasal sound from the common form of the letter N. All three of these are common to most languages even though the third one is not supposed to be in English
====== Approximates & Liquids ======
The remaining categories of Rhotics & Laterals, collectively called Liquids or Approximates, as well as Semi-Vowels, also called Glides, are sometimes referred to together as Sonorants (Nasals are usually included in the Sonorant category as well). Sonorants (including nasals) can on occasion take the place of a vowel as the nucleus of a syllable, such as in the word "Bottle" pronounced Baut-L, with no vowel in the second syllable. English has five Approximates R, L, L, W & Y. These are common in most languages, although R and sometimes L frequently have Allophones, which is a fancy word for variant.
=== Consonant Selection ===
So now that you know some of the basics I guess it's time to jump into Consonant Selection... One things to note for beginners and also two tips
# If you select a voiced Plosive, Affricate, or Fricative, Such as "D" or "Z" or "J" (dge) it is very rare to have one without it's voiceless counterpart. So if I have "D" I should also have "T", If "Z" also "S" or If I have "J" I should have "Ch" (tsh)... and so on. Unless you specifically have a ban on voiced or unvoiced Consonants or the consonant is more difficult to pronounce than it is not implausible to just have the unvoiced phoneme without it's voiced counterpart (English examples are Q with no GW type sound or Ch as in Loch without a gargling type sound).
# Less is more, always try to cut consonants over adding them, restrict your language in at least one area... Check out Toki Pona for a masterpiece in simplicity
# Try to stick with sounds that you are comfortable with and that you have a reasonable expectation your reader can understand. For normal projects I'd try to have no more than two exotic Phonemes. Not every language needs a trilled-"R", Dental fricatives, clicks, and the lateral fricative that gives Sid the Sloth his unique "S's
Assuming your Alien species has lips, a tongue, and a harder and softer palate, a voice-box, and a nose, it should be able to make any sound a human can. But see how much fun a language becomes when you take one of these away. Imagine no Hard palate or teeth forcing a species to only P, B, F, V, K, G, -L, -R, -Rr (trilled), Y, W, & H. Or if it is like my Alkerre species with no voicing, forcing it to abandon B, D, G, V, Z, and J. Try it and have fun, just remember to be consistent.
=== Vowels ===
The List below includes most English monothongs (Specifically the ones I could easily distinguish)
Backness →	 	 	
Height ↓ 	Front 	Central 	Back
Closed 	Ee [I] (Beak)	Uh (Book)	Oo (Boot)
Mid-Closed	Ih (Bit) 	 	
Mid 	Ae [E} (Bake)	uh (Buck)	Oe [O] (Boat)
Mid-Open 	Eh (Bet) 	 	
Open 	Ah [A} (Back)	Au (Bock)	Aw (Bought)
==== Backness, Height, and Roundness ====
==== Length, Tenseness, and Coloring ====
==== Dipthongs and Tripthongs ====
== Syllables ==
A syllable is made of two distinct sections the Onset and the Rhyme (Also spelled Rime), The Rhyme is further broken down into two different parts the Nucleus and the Coda. The Nucleus is the loudest part of any syllable by default or in technical terms the Nucleus is the most Sonorant. Now all phonemes have Sonority as all phonemes make noise and so naturally some are louder than others, the phonemes with the least sonority are the Obstruents