Esperanto

Esperanto esti tienxia bahtst hehlpplanbahsa. Creet ab iom Varschavan ophthalmolog L.L. Zamenhof in 1887, id eet iskwn ses un tienxia second lingua pro international communication, wa "id international bahsa" ("La lingvo internacia"). Zamenhof preter descripsit id lingua in Международный языкъ, предисловіе и полный учебникъ ("International bahsa, preface ed complete eucbuk"), publicit-yod sub id pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto". Auwal tarafdars ios lingua kiem id nam Esperanto ed mox nud id kay describe tod bahsa. Id nomen "Esperanto" maynt "spehnd" in Sambahsa. 
 
L.Zamenhof (1859 Białystok - 1917 Varschava), in Rusk Лейзер Заменгов, buit is inventor ios planbahsa ed ob to quardems propost pro id Pace Nobelpris. 
== Fundamento de Esperanto ==
Id Fundamento ("sul") skeipt un intangible quader widt unte id Prest Esperanto Tienxia Congress in 1905 in Boulogne sur Mer ed comprindt besonters ia 16 sulreuls ios esperanto grammatic, resumen herender. 
# Esperanto hat tik oin definiht article la, quod est invariable, ed neid indefiniht article
# Nomens hant id enden -o; id plural addeiht -j. Id bahsa hat dwo falls : nominative & accusative. Senter biht marct med id gwunten os -n. 
# Adjectives hant id enden -n, ed ia sam plural ed accusative endens quem ia nomens. Id comparative est pli... ol = "meis... quem" ed id superlative plej... el = "meist... ex"
# Ia cardinal numers sont invariable : unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naux, dek..., cent,... mil. Decens ed centens bihnt obtent samghatend-ye ta presta dwodem elements. Mathalan : dudek unu = "dwogim oin" Ia ordinals gwunte -a ibs cardinals : oka = "octim" Multiplicatives gwunte -obl : triobla = "triple" Fractions gwunte -on : kvarono = "quardel" Collectives gwunte -op : duopo = "pair, couple" Distributives dehnt po pre id numer : po tri = "trin" Numerals poitte bihe nuden ka nomens ed adverbs : unuo = "oinkweit", sepe = "septim-ye" 
# Ia zamihrs sont mi = "ego", vi = "tu, yu" (ci pro "tu" hat biht literar), li = "is", sxi = "ia", gxi = "id", si = "se", oni = "anghen" (impersonal zamihr), ni = "wey", ili = "i". Zamihrs poitte behre id accusative enden. Id possessive adjective biht obtenent gwuntend-ye -a ei correspondanti zamihr, ed sehkwt ia reuls om derivation ed declination. 
# Verbs ne se conjuge pro persono ni number. Ia endens sont : i = infinitive, as = present, is = prev, os = future, us = conditional, u = volitive (imperative-subjunctive). Ep ia voyels a = present, i = prev, o = future, se gwuntent ia endens pro id active participe : -nt-, ed id passive participe -t-. Tik oin hehlpverb : esti = "ses" "ab" (pro id passive) esti de. 
# Adverbs neude id enden -e 
# Prepositions bihnt sohkwn ab id nominative. 
# Ielg werd biht pronuncen kam biht scriben. Daydey, id Esperanto orthographia correspondt id Sambahsa Phonetic Transcription, bet id neudt sem diacritics qua ne existe ep pleist claviatures. Itak, un nov usage hat prohpen, quod consist addihes un x pos id buksteiv quod habiet dohlct behre id diacritic. Tun : c = {ts}, cx = {tc}, gx = {dj}, hx = {q}, j = {y}, jx = {j}, sx = {c}, ux = {w}. 
# Id accentuation heiht semper id pre-senst voyel
# Id composition sehkwt id sam aurdhen quem in Sambahsa. Lakin, ia affixes poitte wehrge ka independent werds
# Kam in Sambahsa, tik oino negation in id jumla
# Id destination uns trehc behrt id accusative. Mathalan : Mi iras Parizon = "Gwahm Paris" 
# Ielg preposition hat ein-ono maynen. In fall os dwoi, poitt bihe nudt je (quod samkwehct Sambahsa "ye") au id accusative. 
# Launwerds dehlge nudes id orthographia ed id grammatic Esperantos
# Final -o ed id a os la poitte bihe tayt med un apostrophe.
== Id analyse os Esperanto ab iom inventor os Sambahsa ==
O.Simon maynt od, in-kap, L.Zamenhof petis creeskwit un "philosophic" wa a priori bahsa, quo est baygh visible in id structure os Esperanto grammatic. Is buit okwivid-ye influencet ab id Langue Nouvelle propost in id Grande Encyclopédie (vidte id article Encyclopedia). Alyum influence buit Lietuvan (un Lietuvano minoritat gwivit in Zamenhofs weik), un bahsa quod gwunt endens ad sien quanta nomens. Id difference con un "druvo" philosophic planbahsa est od L.Zamenhof nud khaliban werdskaut ex Franceois ed Latin, samt oik Germanic additions. L.Zamenhof eet un druv sampurna polyglot pro sien zaman (Yiddisch, Rusk, Polec, Franceois, etc...) ed, sei is habiet druve-ye creeskwn un hakan international naturaliste planbahsa, is habiet tyicen un gohder werdenselection. 
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Category:Hehlpplanbahsas