Primal Fear

Primal Fear is a 1996 American legal mystery thriller film directed by Gregory Hoblit, based on the 1993 novel of the same name by William Diehl, and written by Steve Shagan and Ann Biderman. It stars Richard Gere, Laura Linney, John Mahoney, Alfre Woodard, Frances McDormand, Andre Braugher, Maura Tierney, and Edward Norton in his film debut. The film follows a Chicago defense attorney who believes that his altar boy client is not guilty of murdering a Catholic archbishop.
The film was a box office success and received positive reviews, with Norton's performance earning critical praise. Norton won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.
==Plot==
Martin Vail is an arrogant Chicago defense attorney, known for his undesirable but high-profile clients, including mob boss Joey Piñero. Fond of the spotlight, Vail is profiled for a magazine cover story, and tries to rekindle a casual relationship with his former colleague, prosecutor Janet Venable.
Beloved Archbishop Rushman is savagely killed in his bedroom and his body mutilated. Aaron Stampler, a 19-year-old altar boy from Kentucky, is caught fleeing the scene covered in blood and charged with murder. Vail offers to defend him pro bono, and the meek, stuttering Aaron claims he is innocent but is prone to amnesia. Vail believes Aaron, while the state's attorney, John Shaughnessy, assigns Venable to prosecute the case and pursue the death penalty.
At Aaron's apartment, Vail's investigator Tommy Goodman is attacked by another altar boy, Alex, who flees. Neuropsychologist Dr. Molly Arrington interviews Aaron for hours about his difficult childhood, his memory lapses, and his missing girlfriend Linda. With help from Piñero, Vail discovers that powerful civic leaders, including Shaughnessy, lost millions in real estate investments due to Rushman's decision not to develop church-owned land. In court, a message carved into Rushman's chest is linked to a passage from The Scarlet Letter, denouncing the archbishop as "two-faced".
Vail and Goodman track down Alex, who was searching for an incriminating VHS cassette. Stealing the tape from the archbishop's closet, Vail and his team discover footage of one of many encounters filmed by the archbishop forcing Aaron, Linda, and Alex to engage in sexual acts. Vail confronts Aaron, who suddenly becomes a violent sociopath without a stutter who identifies himself as "Roy". The aggressive Roy admits to killing the archbishop, but threatens Vail not to introduce the tape at trial, before becoming shy, passive Aaron again, with no recollection of his change in personality.
Dr. Arrington concludes that Aaron has dissociative identity disorder caused by years of abuse at the hands of his father and, later, Rushman. Conflicted, Vail knows that he could acquit his client via an insanity defense, but cannot change his strategy mid-trial. He delivers the evidence anonymously to Venable, forcing her to use the tape as proof of Aaron's motive, at the risk of tarnishing the archbishop and generating sympathy for Aaron. Shaughnessy commands her to destroy the evidence, but she refuses and introduces it in court.
Piñero is discovered murdered, and Vail surprises the court by calling Shaughnessy as a witness. Vail suggests Shaughnessy resented the archbishop for stopping the $60 million land development, and accuses him of concealing previous evidence of the archbishop's sexual predation, and for being complicit in Piñero's death. Judge Shoat intervenes, striking the line of questioning from the record and fining Vail for using the courtroom as a stage for his own vendettas.
Dr. Arrington's testimony that Aaron's "body could be present at a homicide and yet his mind would be unable to recall it" is dismissed by the judge as too close to an insanity plea. Vail calls Aaron to the stand, intentionally triggering his memories of his father's abuse. Venable begins a challenging cross-examination, in which Aaron suddenly becomes Roy, screaming obscenities and choking Venable before he is subdued. The judge dismisses the jury in favor of a bench trial to declare Aaron not guilty by reason of insanity.
A shaken Venable rejects Vail's advances, and Vail informs Aaron that he will be remanded to a psychiatric hospital for treatment with a strong possibility of release. A grateful Aaron asks him to apologize to Venable, and Vail confronts him for being able to remember the attack. No longer stuttering, Aaron brags about faking his multiple personalities, and having murdered Linda and Rushman without remorse. Vail realizes, "There never was a Roy", but the murderer corrects him: "There never was an Aaron." Stunned and disillusioned, Vail leaves the courthouse.
==Cast==
* Richard Gere as defense attorney Martin Vail
* Edward Norton as defendant Aaron Stampler / Roy
* Laura Linney as prosecutor Janet Venable
* John Mahoney as state's attorney John Shaughnessy
* Alfre Woodard as Judge Miriam Shoat
* Frances McDormand as Dr Molly Arrington
* Terry O'Quinn as Yancy
* Andre Braugher as Vail's investigator Tommy Goodman
* Steven Bauer as Joey Pinero, a local crime boss and Vail's client
* Joe Spano as Stenner
* Tony Plana as Martinez
* Azalea Davila as victim Linda
* Stanley Anderson as Archbishop Rushman
* Maura Tierney as Vail's assistant Naomi
* Jon Seda as former altar boy Alex
* Reg Rogers as Jack Connerman
Several Chicago television news personalities made cameos as themselves as they deliver reports about the case, including WLS's Diann Burns and Linda Yu, WBBM-TV's Mary Ann Childers, Lester Holt and Jon Duncanson, and WGN-TV's Bob Jordan and Randy Salerno.
==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack includes the Portuguese fado song "Canção do Mar" sung by Dulce Pontes.
==Release==
The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 15, 1996.
==Reception==
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 77% based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Primal Fear is a straightforward, yet entertaining thriller elevated by a crackerjack performance from Edward Norton." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, lists the film with a weighted average score of 46/100 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore awarded the film an average grade of B+ on an A+-to-F scale.
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film has a "good deal of surface charm" but "the story relies on an overload of tangential subplots to keep it looking busy." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded Primal Fear three and a half stars, writing that "the plot is as good as crime procedurals get, but the movie is really better than its plot because of the three-dimensional characters." Ebert described Gere's performance as one of the best in his career, praised Linney for rising above what might have been a stock character and applauded Norton for offering a "completely convincing" portrayal.
The film spent three weekends at the top of the U.S. box office.
===Accolades===
Norton's depiction of Aaron Stampler earned him multiple awards and nominations.
Award 	Category 	Nominee(s) 	Result	Ref.
20/20 Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Academy Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards 	Top Box Office Films 	James Newton Howard 	 	
Awards Circuit Community Awards 	Best Actor in a Supporting Role 	Edward Norton 	 	
Awards Circuit Community Awards 	Honorable Mentions 	Gregory Hoblit 	 	
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
British Academy Film Awards 	Best Actor in a Supporting Role 	Edward Norton 	 	
Casting Society of America 	Outstanding Achievement in Feature Film Casting – Drama	Deborah Aquila and Jane Shannon-Smith	 	
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 	Most Promising Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Critics Choice Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Golden Globe Awards 	Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture 	Edward Norton 	 	
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
MTV Movie Awards 	Best Villain 	Edward Norton 	 	
National Society of Film Critics Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Online Film & Television Association Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Satellite Awards 	Best DVD Extras 	Primal Fear – Hard Evidence Edition 	 	
Saturn Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Society of Texas Film Critics Awards 	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards	Best Supporting Actor 	Edward Norton 	 	
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
* 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
** Aaron Stampler – Nominated Villain
* 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
** Nominated Courtroom Drama Film
==See also==
* Mental illness in films
* Trial movies
* Plot twist 
* Deewangee (2002), a Hindi film influenced by Primal Fear.
==References==
==External links==
* 
Category:1996 films
Category:1996 crime drama films
Category:1996 crime thriller films
Category:1996 directorial debut films
Category:1996 drama films
Category:1990s legal films
Category:1990s psychological thriller films
Category:American crime drama films
Category:American crime thriller films
Category:American legal drama films
Category:American psychological thriller films
Category:American courtroom films
Category:Films about dissociative identity disorder
Category:Films scored by James Newton Howard
Category:Films about lawyers
Category:Films about religion
Category:Films based on American novels
Category:Films based on crime novels
Category:Films directed by Gregory Hoblit
Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Category:Films set in Chicago
Category:Films shot in Chicago
Category:Films shot in West Virginia
Category:Films produced by Gary Lucchesi
Category:Legal thriller films
Category:American neo-noir films
Category:Paramount Pictures films
Category:Rysher Entertainment films
Category:Works about judgement
Courtroom dramas
Category:1990s English-language films
Category:1990s American films