Freud

Sigmund Freud gnahsit in 1856 in Freiberg (Morava). Pos brillianta studyes, Freud se consecret ad medicin. Se specialiset do id studye ios nerveus systeme ed, in 1885, obtent un stipendium ed gwaht Paris bei franceoiso psychiater J.-M. Charcot. Tod mukam, tem quem eys ghaten con H.Bernheim in Nancy, marke un decisive wehnd in id historia os psychanalyse. 
Tsay do Vienna in 1886, is ghamt. Ei gnahsient penk purts (eysa yunsta dugter Anna siet se specialise serter do magvenpsychanalyse). Is orbat tun con psychiater J.Breuer ed incontret in 1887 un osterreichisch like W.Fliess, con quom is mult exchanget. Parallel-ye sienims wi paurskens, is hat constant, yando conflictual, relations con sien multens disciplens. 
In 1938, nazisme dwinght ei se exile do London, quer is mehrsiet ob cancer in 1939. 
 Sigmund Freud in 1921
==Id ghaten con hysteria==
Id medicin ios end ios XIXt secule, khaliban keihnd ep id gnohsa iom organic mecanismen, stundt protie ia "siuges ios ment", ed meis besonters hysteria. El sieug se mehldt med non-simulet physic symptomes (paralysis, divers dusfunctionments), aun organic lesions qua ghehde explie ia. J.-M. Charcot, tem quem eys almen P.Janet, schuifane pro Freud uno medicin quod ayt hysteria serieus, bet quod commit id error os reduce id ad physiologic causes (psychic doublen due un degenerescence ios nerveus systeme ed hereditat). 
Nu-siet id observation iom effects os hypnose, medical-ye empraxiset af H.Bernheim in Nancy ed ab J.Breuer in Vienna, oriente Freud kyun nov ighnos : med tod proceddat, i patients bighehde refere ir symptomes ibs mehmens om wakyas gehnus ta, bet qua ir memoria khiek retrehve in gehrstand. (cf. S.Freud ed J.Breuer, Studien über Hysterie, 1895). Id rekal do conscience tom traumatic mehmens effect milder rlinji-ye, yando suppremes alnos, ia symptomes ios siuge. 
Freud tyehgvt jaldi id hypnotic methode, ops faylend, bet tod orientet iom kyun nov methode - suggestion - ed un double hypothese quod id ulterior antslehnken os psychanalyse siet se strehnge ad precide ed accuraterihes : 
1. Hysteriker leiden unter ihren Erinnerungen, yani ir symptomes sont id desguisen resurgence om prever wakyas qua, sub id effect iom moral au social nyutis (quetos id invasive presence os sexualitat in id freudsk explication) ir deskhauris kweit hat inaccessibliht pro conscience. 
2. Id reiken do conscience tom swaursen surcen effect, med un καθαρσις ("kweitern") resolve, unte quodkwe via, id siuge. 
 Id fameus couch ep-yod eelyehge Freuds patients, nundiens in id "Freud Museum", London, yani id dom quer is oispensit sien senst gwitsyar.
 
==Id dastur os psychic determinisme==
Id freudsk explication ios siuge ios ment hat ka bfuxiong effect schiawkien id grance inter id normal ed id pathologic : ia psychic mecanismes esend ia sams, id siuge biht declaren ka talg tik-ye kun al subjecti gvol-ye moliet se adapte ei extermund, hatta sibswo. 
In tod spirit, un certaino numer om inexpliet wakyas ios normal gwit (drehms, swofaylens, lapsus) bihnt, pro el psychanalyste, double-ye precieus.
1. Ye id theoric nivell, ta wakyas permitte unifie id explication iom psychic, normal au pathologic, mecanismen : ta quanta manifestations sont, tem quem id siuge, modus os desguiset expression iom swaurgen dreibhs : idghi studye iren mecanismen hehlpt ad ghabe ia symbolic functionments permittend id indirect expression ios newiss. Jaldi, Freud extendsiet ta soks ibs xeimens om culture, religion ed art. 
2. Ye id practic nivell, drehms, swofaylens, etc., dehlge, eni id quader ios cure, bihe ayn precieus pfehrsters iom traumatic surcen ios siuge, chunke sont idso desguisen expression. Also udwekwnt Freud baygh aus id dastur ios psychic determinisme, sekwent-yod ta manifestations dehlgent bihe ayt ka inscript in un kittar om causen ed effects quom auwal sabab est un swaurs payttgehn surce. Eni id quader ios cure, id dostriction tos dastur duct ei praxis iom leudher associations : io konnte nicht daran glauben, dass ein Einfall des Kranken, den er bei gespannter Aufmerksamkeit produzierte, ganz willkürlich und außer Beziehung zu der von uns gesuchten vergessenen Vorstellung sei; (Fünf Vorlesungen über Psychoanalyse). Idswo neurose est un fug exter realitat, quos manifestations sont compromissa inter swaursa dreibhs ed keupens ios superego. 
Also biht Freud brighto do sayge od sie sich dann in die Krankheit flüchten, chunke in tod vasya psychic instances vrehnt iro brungos in quo kwecto est un derivat modus os ir satisfaction. Id siuge, kun id buhsa ios psychic conflictios quod hat suwen id hat bihn woiden ab el subject, ghehdt bihe viresolwt unte divers vias : id satisfaction iom swaurgen, bihn woiden ed tuntos assumpen, dreibhs; id woiden refuse tos satisfaction; id diswehrten (sublimation) irs energia kye social-ye ubwirten activitats, kam art, religion, ia intellectual activitats, etc.
 Sant'Anna, la Vergine e il Bambino con l'agnellino est un olpingen ab Leonardo da Vinci, ex 1510-1513. In Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci (1910), Freud sigwrit vide un "gwultur" in id mantel Marias, bet buit pruven serter od lit de un tarjemrhalt ex id Italian (nibbio = "kyein", quel ne hat id sam symbolique quem el gwultur). Lakin, etileikwt id tolk sekwent-yod tod kip ios Christmagvios con eys mater ed eys matruwu grandpater se referit eysi wi miegve, menxu manct id figure uns pater.
==Freud ed philosophia==
Freud men - quos literar, philosophic ed ethnologic culture est indenegable - hat semper izhart sem distance vis-à-vis philosophia - ob is ne volit risctum sules sien hypotheses ep metaphysic dasturs pior piern ud id therapeutic plor -, id de hol os eyso theoria pont incontestable philosophic problemes. 
Besonters, id hypothese ios newiss invitet ad iter bemehne id buhsa iom sibias ios conscience el subject hat de seswo ed id realitat os quo el est. Sam-ye, in newisskweit om sem dreibhs animend id activitat al subject invitet ad bemehne accurater-ye id probleme os lure. 
Bad, Freud propont hypotheses in ia cultural, esthetic ed religieusa xeimens, qua stahale bihe consideret ab philosophia. Sigwrnd un angho connexion inter antslehnken ed progressive civilisation ios spece (phylogenesis) ed al individu (ontogenesis), Freud se strehnct ad behnde ia lohrs os psychanalyse ei explication os un certaino numer om social phenomens. Ia bans deughend id insatisfaction iom dreibhs maghe duce, yant id auwalia os menscgenos, ad collective reactions om divers buhsas. Art est, inter alya, un zariya kay satisfice in id imaginar quo id real nos refuset. Religiono maght kathalika bihe ghapt ka un illusion bezielend reproduce ye id social maschtab ia relations al purt con id parental waldh, quod assumpt un double bungos om maund ed enderwaurg : Div est un perkeipen ios omnipotent pater os miegve. Sam-ye, id enderwaurg iom dreibhs, quom object i individus sont nevergible-ye sub id effect iom naudhs os collective gwit, duct in presto tid sammel uni interiorisation iom bans ed uni aggressivitat contra qui swehre ia. Bet dat ti sont in-kap sammel protectors ed liubhsobjects, tod aggressivitat volct contra seswo ed product skeulos ed angst. Freud behandt it uno model quod ei permitt ne tik-ye ghabe id ambivalence iom individual styorgadiemens, semper blanden con liubh ed haines (pati vis-à-vis seswo - in masochisme, mathalan) ob reproducent ia purtisk styorgadiemens, tem quem id ambivalence ios sulouk face mohrt (conflict om Έρως ed Θάνατος), sontern semschi social phenomens, kam id ahammiyat os sacrifice in religieus rites, ia social conflicts ed weirs, id fascination iom meneghs pro i liders, etc. Ta quant theoric ighnos sessient kult ye meg divers weidsa ab ia posfreudsk antplehcens os psychanalyse.