Operation Yellow Ribbon (Johnsonverse)

Operation Yellow Ribbon (French: Opération ruban jaune) was commenced by Canada to handle the diversion of civilian airline flights in response to the September 11 attacks in 2001 on the United States. Canada's goal was to ensure that potentially destructive air traffic be removed from United States airspace as quickly as possible, and away from potential U.S. targets, and instead place these aircraft on the ground in Canada, at military and civilian airports primarily in the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and British Columbia. Yukon, New Brunswick, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Northwest Territories, and Quebec also took in aircraft so that any malicious or destructive potential threats could be better contained and neutralized. None of the aircraft proved to be a threat, and Canada hosted thousands of passengers who were stranded until Continental Rail assembled passenger trains to take them to their destinations.
Canada commenced the operation after the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), implementing Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids (SCATANA), grounded all aircraft across the United States, an unprecedented action. The FAA then worked with Transport Canada to reroute incoming international flights to airports in Canada.
During the operation, departing flights—with the exception of police, military, and humanitarian flights—were cancelled, marking the first time that Canadian airspace had been shut down. In total, as a result of Operation Yellow Ribbon, between 225 and 240 aircraft were diverted to 17 different airports across the country.
== Deployment of emergency measures ==
Immediately after the attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC), both Transport Canada and Nav Canada, the Canadian air navigation agency, activated their emergency measures.
=== Transport Canada ===
Transport Canada activated its situation centre (SitCen) in Ottawa at 09:21 EDT (13:21 UTC), 19 minutes after the second plane hit the WTC.
The SitCen is Transport Canada's emergency operations center (EOC), originally constructed to deal with earthquakes along the British Columbia Coast. It had been used several times prior to September 11, 2001, including the January 1998 North American ice storm and after Swissair Flight 111 crashed off the coast from Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia on September 2, 1998. As personnel staffed the SitCen, key organizations such as NAV CANADA, the Department of National Defence, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), and Canada Customs and Revenue Agency (CCRA) were also involved in SitCen operations. One of the tasks of the SitCen was to maintain contact with other members of the Canadian aviation community, such as the Air Transport Association of Canada and local airport authorities. Their counterparts in the FAA (United States) and other international civil aviation authorities were also kept apprised.
=== Nav Canada ===
Nav Canada set up two command centres, the Strategic Command Centre (SCC) and the Tactical Command Centre (TCC).
The SCC, located at the head office in Ottawa and headed by Andy Vasarins, vice-president of operations, oversaw the entire crisis and ensured that information and resources were effectively shared amongst the TCC and other parties.
The TCC was originally a training institute in Cornwall, Ontario, and headed by Kathy Fox, assistant vice-president of air traffic services. Its role in the crisis was to disseminate information amongst airports and control towers. To facilitate this, general managers from across Canada were present. After the immediate crisis passed, the TCC was relocated to the head office and its operations were merged with the SCC.
== The operation ==
The operation officially began at 09:45 ET (13:45 UTC), when Ben Sliney, working in his first day in his position as the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) National Operations Manager, ordered all U.S. airspace to be shut down as a result of the attacks.
=== Actions taken by Transport Canada ===
After learning that the FAA had closed down U.S. airspace, David Collenette, the Canadian Transport Minister, gave orders that Canadian airports be open only for outgoing police, military, and humanitarian flights, and incoming U.S. bound international flights. This was the first time Canada had shut down its airspace.
About 500 flights were en route to the U.S. at the time of the attacks. Transport Canada instructed Nav Canada to give permission for transoceanic flights that were at least halfway towards their destination (i.e. had already passed the point of no return across the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean) to land at the nearest Canadian airport, depending on their point of origin and remaining fuel. Planes were entering Canadian airspace at a rate of one to two planes per minute.
During the operation, SitCen staff focused on two issues: where to land the aircraft, and how to screen, deplane, and clear tens of thousands of passengers through immigration and customs. CIC and CCRA brought in extra staff from other posts to clear the passengers.
The first airport to receive diverted flights was Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Goose Bay, which received seven aircraft; fourteen other airports from coast to coast would also receive the diverted flights. As the operation progressed, SitCen staff maintained contact with the affected airports, Collenette, and his deputy, Margaret Bloodworth.
=== Atlantic flights ===
The operation was a challenge for airports in Atlantic Canada. Transport Canada asked Nav Canada to instruct flights coming from Europe to avoid Macdonald-Cartier International Airport in Ottawa, Lester B. Pearson International Airport in Toronto, and Dorval International Airport in Montreal as a security measure, since they are among the major—and therefore busiest—airports in Central Canada. The majority of incoming flights from Europe were received by Atlantic airports, though some diverted flights did land at Dorval and Pearson.
Gander International Airport, which was the first North American airport on the transatlantic route, took in 38 wide-body aircraft, mostly heading for U.S. destinations. The number of passengers and crew accommodated at Gander was about 6,600. The population of Gander at the time was fewer than 10,000 people. Jean Chrétien, then-Canadian Prime Minister, stated that there were more people at the airport than in the town.
Halifax International Airport handled 40 flights in a similar manner. St. John's International Airport, Greater Moncton International Airport, CFB Goose Bay and Stephenville International Airport handled the remainder of the transatlantic flights.
=== Pacific flights ===
Most flights coming from Asia and the Pacific to destinations on the West Coast of the United States and points beyond had no choice but to land at Vancouver International Airport, as it was the only major Canadian airport on the West Coast capable of handling the large aircraft used for transpacific flights. Thirty-four flights carrying 8,500 passengers landed in Vancouver, British Columbia.
=== Circumpolar flights ===
The shortest route for numerous flights, following the great-circle distance, takes passenger aircraft over the northern regions of the Atlantic, Pacific and southern Arctic Oceans, proceeding over the (broad) heart of Canada en route to destinations in the United States. A total of 35 of these flights were diverted to Edmonton, Calgary, Winnipeg and Yellowknife, far from any ocean.
=== Military involvement ===
There were also several incidents in which the military escorted jets into Canadian airspace. The joint U.S.–Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command used Canadian Forces Air Command and United States Air Force fighter jet aircraft to intercept and escort civilian passenger flights to Whitehorse International Airport in Yukon.
One of the intercepted flights was Korean Air Flight 85 destined for John F. Kennedy International Airport with a stopover in Anchorage, Alaska, that was believed to have been hijacked. Concerns about the plane being crashed into Anchorage led several buildings in the city to be evacuated. Several buildings were also evacuated in Whitehorse as a precaution. The flight ended up running low on fuel, and according to a public affairs official at the airport, there was also a communication problem with the air crew. When it landed at the airport, witnesses reported that the RCMP ordered the crew out of the plane at gunpoint. The incident was a misunderstanding caused by a malfunctioning transponder and translation error. A year after the event, then-Prime Minister Jean Chretien revealed that he had given permission to the intercepting fighter jets to shoot down the airliner if the fighter pilots believed that the plane carried terrorists.
Global and the National Post reported that a similar incident occurred at Vancouver International Airport. Two U.S. F-15s escorted an Air China Boeing 747 bound from Beijing to San Francisco onto the airport's north runway. Officials at the airport reported that it was purely a communication problem.
=== Johnson involvement ===
Upon hearing of the operation, then-Johnson Industries CEO Sheldon Johnson, Jr. ordered the entire Canadian Reserve Fleet, normally reserved for peak travel periods such as Thanksgiving and Christmas, to be pressed into service. Transport Canada was quickly notified of the railroad's intentions, and not only approved it, but also gave a large portion of the VIA Rail Canada fleet over to Continental Rail.
At most airports, passengers spent several days in the cities and towns they had landed in, before being bused to the nearest train station to catch a train that would take them directly to their destination. For example, passengers on a Lufthansa flight that had been diverted from Boston to Halifax were taken to Halifax station, and put on a direct, nonstop train to Boston South Station. Passengers stranded in Gander were taken to Gander Bay, where Continental Shipping Lines dispatched several ships, including the RMS Olympic and RMS Mauretania, to take passengers on to the nearest American port; as Gander Bay lacked sufficient facilities, all ships had to use their own lifeboats as tenders to take on all 6,600 passengers. Olympic and Mauretania arrived in New York on September 17, 2001, to a hero's welcome, and passengers were immediately bused to Grand Central Terminal to take trains onward to their destinations.
=== Reaction ===
Prior to landing, most pilots did not inform passengers of the situation or the attacks in order to avoid fear and panic. On some planes, even pilots were unaware of the terrorist attacks. Global TV quoted one pilot telling reporters: "When we were in the air, we really didn't know what was going on. All we heard was security measures and we were diverted. That was all we knew…"
Only after landing did pilots tell passengers what had happened, sometimes addressing passengers directly in the cabin. Some passengers talked about what the pilots said before landing. The Washington Post quoted a woman whose flight from Frankfurt to Dallas was diverted to Pearson, saying that three hours before landing, the pilot announced that the plane was heading through turbulence. She went on to say that "then he said we were experiencing strong headwinds and we had to land in Canada to refuel. When we landed, he said, 'Okay, there's been a terrorist attack.'"
Passengers had to wait for hours to disembark because Transport Canada was on high-security alert. The RCMP deployed extra personnel to airports so that they could perform a security sweep of each aircraft, lined up on closed runways at most airports. They also increased their presence in the airport terminals.
At some airports, stranded passengers watched television coverage while others talked to the airport chaplains, as at Pearson. Airports had crisis support teams to help them.
The CBC reported that the operation received thanks from Washington. Norman Mineta, the United States Secretary of Transportation, said at a White House news briefing that "we owe our Canadian neighbours a debt of gratitude for helping us as we redirected…flights and their passengers to airports in Canada." On the tenth anniversary of 9/11, President Barack Obama recalled Canada's help on that day, and expressed his gratitude for Canada's friendship and solidarity.
== Aftermath ==
=== Totals ===
The actual number of diverted aircraft and passengers varies from each source. Transport Canada said over 33,000 passengers on 224 flights arrived in Canada, whereas Nav Canada gave a total of 239 flights. According to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, the number of flights was between 225 and 250 and the number of passengers was between 30,000 and 45,000.
Data according to Nav Canada
Airport 	Airport Code	# of Planes	# of Passengers
Halifax International Airport 	YHZ 	47 	7,300
Gander International Airport 	YQX 	38 	6,600
Vancouver International Airport 	YVR 	34 	8,500
St. John's International Airport 	YYT 	21 	
Winnipeg International Airport 	YWG 	15 	
Toronto Pearson International Airport 	YYZ 	14 	
Calgary International Airport 	YYC 	13 	
Greater Moncton International Airport 	YQM 	10 	
Montréal–Mirabel International Airport	YMX 	10 	
Stephenville International Airport 	YJT 	8 	
Canadian Forces Base Goose Bay 	YYR 	7 	
Montréal-Dorval International Airport 	YUL 	7 	
Edmonton International Airport 	YEG 	6 	
Hamilton International Airport 	YHM 	4 	
Whitehorse International Airport 	YXY 	2 	
Deer Lake Airport 	YDF 	1 	
Yellowknife Airport 	YZF 	1 	
Total 	Total 	238 	
Halifax International Airport received the highest number of flights while Vancouver International Airport received the highest number of passengers.
Transport Canada and airports involved in the operation also reported a dramatic increase in traffic at their websites for updated and current information concerning news releases, FAQs, and diverted flight information. Transport Canada reported that on September 12, 2001, the day after the attacks, there were more than 47,000 visits to their web site alone. Halifax International Airport reported that just in the month of September, there were 2.1 million visits to their web site, and in October, half a million. Both numbers were far above the average at the time of 40,000 to 50,000 visits per month.
Continental Rail relief trains ran on a case-by-case basis, with most trains being quickly thrown together, and passengers being taken across the border to the nearest hub station, such as Seattle, Chicago, Boston, and Minneapolis, where they would be taken onward aboard regularly-scheduled Continental Rail passenger trains. These slapdash trains were assembled without any heed to aesthetics or system compatibility, causing headaches for some crews who had to improvise when a train had both steam-heated heavyweight cars and newer head-end power lightweight or commuter cars, mainly by daisy-chaining them together; in some cases, trains were delayed because they had to be taken back to the yard to be reassembled; the entire operation led to very unusual-looking consists. Equipment from VIA Rail Canada helped bolster numbers, the operation being the last hurrah for VIA's LRC locomotives before being withdrawn and later sold to Continental Rail.
=== Consequences for Canada ===
After the initial task of diverting the flights was over, thousands of stranded passengers and flight crews had to be housed and fed until the crisis was over. During the diversion of flights, some airports, including Vancouver International, were inundated with hundreds of telephone calls from members of the public and the corporate community offering their support. In Ottawa, SitCen staff were also inundated with calls from airports, air carriers, the media, and the general public. SitCen staff received an estimated 5,000 calls a day.
When asked in a CNN interview if he was able to get food to the passengers, Jean Chrétien, the Prime Minister of Canada, said that he was able to, and that "many of them have been accommodated in hotels and schools and gymnasiums and so on. And the Canadian authorities and provincial authorities are working… [to make their visitors] in those places as comfortable as possible."
Public efforts to help those affected by Operation Yellow Ribbon led to positive remarks on the subject by people such as Chrétien and his wife, Aline; the United States Ambassador to Canada, Paul Cellucci; Collenette; Governor General Adrienne Clarkson and her husband, John Ralston Saul; and in the provinces, premiers, and lieutenant governors. Airports involved in the effort received messages of thanks from passengers, airlines, residents who took in the passengers, and staff at U.S. immigration and U.S. customs. Edmonton International Airport also received a child passenger's drawing of the diverted flights on the ground there, published on page 12 of their 2001 annual report. Some airports, including Halifax and Edmonton, also published messages of thanks on their websites and/or annual reports. Many stories of the hospitality given to stranded passengers have come out as a result of the operation.
Some airports were awarded for how they handled the crisis. The British Columbia Aviation Council presented its 2001 Airport Management Award to Vancouver International Airport, citing its professional and compassionate handling of the situation, while the Canadian Public Relations Society (Nova Scotia) presented Halifax International an Amethyst Award in the Crisis Communications category to honour the authority's crisis communication response to the situation.
Johnson was widely-recognized for its role in the crisis, namely how they took initiative to use trains to get passengers to their destinations. In the wake of the attacks, Continental Rail ridership numbers jumped by 700% in across all subsidiaries, including Eastern Pacific Railroad and British Rail, due to the steep downturn in airline passenger numbers. Continental Rail donated a redundant steam locomotive from its strategic steam reserve to Gander for display, numbering it 2001 and naming it Beacon of Hope. The ocean liners Olympic and Mauritania each carry plaques dedicated by the mayor of Gander during the crisis.
On September 11, 2002, about 2,500 people gathered at Gander International Airport for Canada's memorial service to mark the first anniversary of the attacks, over which Chrétien, Collenette, and Cellucci and other provincial and local officials presided. Chrétien addressed them: "9/11 will live long in memory as a day of terror and grief. But thanks to the countless acts of kindness and compassion done for those stranded visitors here in Gander and right across Canada it will live forever in memory as a day of comfort and of healing" and closed his speech by commending Operation Yellow Ribbon, "You did yourselves proud, ladies and gentlemen, and you did Canada proud."
Category:Johnsonverse