Joseph Bernardin

Joseph Louis Bernardin (originally Bernardini) (April 2, 1928–November 14, 1996) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Chicago from 1982 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983.
==Biography==
Joseph Bernardin was born on April 2, 1928 in Columbia, South Carolina to Joseph and Maria Simion Bernardin, an Italian immigrant couple. He was baptized and confirmed at St. Peter's Catholic Church in Columbia. His father died of cancer when Bernardin was six. He took responsibility for his younger sister, Elaine, while his widowed mother worked as a seamstress.
Bernardin's original academic ambition was to become a physician, inspiring him to enroll in the pre-medical program at the University of South Carolina. However, a year later, Bernardin recognized his calling to serve as a Catholic priest, and transferred to Saint Mary Seminary in Baltimore, Maryland. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy in 1948, and subsequently enrolled in the Catholic University of America to complete his theological studies.
On April 26, 1952, Bernardin was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Charleston by John J. Russell at St. Joseph Church. This diocese covers the entire state of South Carolina. During his 14-year tenure at the Diocese of Charleston, Father Bernardin served under four bishops in capacities including chancellor, vicar general, diocesan counselor, and, when the See was vacant, diocesan administrator. In 1959, Pope John XXIII named Bernardin a Papal Chamberlain with the title Very Reverend Monsignor.
=== Auxiliary Bishop of Atlanta ===
On March 9, 1966 Pope Paul VI appointed Monsignor Bernadin Titular Bishop of Ligura and Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta. His episcopal consecration took place on April 26, 1966 at the hands of his mentor, the late Archbishop of Atlanta, Paul Hallinan. Bernardin, only 38 years old, thus became the youngest bishop in America. From 1966 to 1968, Bishop Bernardin served as rector of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Atlanta, Georgia.
=== General Secretary of National Conference ===
In 1968, he resigned as auxiliary bishop of Atlanta to become the first General Secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, a post he held until 1972. He was instrumental in shaping the Catholic Church in the United States according to the vision of the Second Vatican Council. Bernardin became a mediator between the diverging parties in the changing Post-Conciliar Church.
=== Archbishop of Cincinnati ===
Pope Paul VI appointed Bernardin Archbishop of Cincinnati, Ohio on November 21, 1972, and was installed there December 19, 1972. Bernardin served the Metropolitan See of Cincinnati for nearly ten years.
While Archbishop of Cincinnati, Bernadin was named to the Sacred Congregation of Bishops, elected to the permanent council of the Synod of Bishops, served as president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, worked to improve relations between Catholics and Jews, strove for better understanding between the Catholic Church and Protestant denominations, and made pastoral visits to both Poland and Hungary.
=== Archbishop of Chicago ===
Following the death of Cardinal John Cody of Chicago, Pope John Paul II chose Archbishop Bernardin, already prominent among his fellow American bishops, to one of the most significant Sees in the United States: the Archdiocese of Chicago. The final years of Cody's tenure had been marred by accusations of financial mismanagement and other scandals, and Bernardin's appointment was intended to restore order and reputation to the diocese. He was appointed the twelfth Bishop and seventh Archbishop of Chicago on July 10, 1982. On August 25, 1982, he was formally installed in that role by the Apostolic Delegate, Pio Laghi.
=== Elevation to Cardinal ===
In the Consistory of February 2, 1983, he was elevated to the Sacred College of Cardinals by Pope John Paul II. He was given La Perrocchia di Gesù Divino Lavoratore (The Church of Jesus the Divine Worker) as his titular church.
He also served as President of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops.
In 1985 Bernadin was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in Terris is Latin for "Peace on Earth."
=== Honorary degrees and awards ===
In 1989, Cardinal Bernardin was awarded the F. Sadlier Dinger Award by educational publisher William H. Sadlier, Inc., in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the ministry of religious education in America.
An award sponsored by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops called the 'Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Award For Social Justice and Anti-Poverty' is awarded to Catholic youths who are considered to have provided outstanding advocacy in this area.
===Clerical abuse scandal===
Bernardin was among the first U.S. Cardinals or Bishops to confront the issue of sexual abuse by clergy. He implemented the first comprehensive policy concerning priests accused of sexual misconduct with minors. His hand had been forced in this effort by a lawsuit by John and Jane Doe over the abuse of their child, one of the many clerical sex abuse cases that occurred during his tenure (and documented in the Sun Times by Andrew Greely). Bernardin's reforms concerning this issue soon served as a model for other dioceses across the nation.Biography of Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Unfortunately, so did the stonewalling tactics of his chancery.
Bernardin himself said in a press conference that he had been accused of three cases of sexual misconduct. One of his accusers, former seminarian Stephen Cook, claimed to have been abused by Bernardin and another priest in the 1970s. However, Cook subsequently dropped Bernardin from his lawsuit, being no longer certain that his memories (which had emerged while he was under hypnosis) were accurate.Bernardin vindicated, says fellow bishop
=== Final illness ===
In June 1995, following a string of international visits and pilgrimages, Cardinal Bernardin underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer.
Following the operation, Bernardin began his cancer ministry. Bernardin so touched the lives of cancer patients, relating to them on such a personal and spiritual level, that countless sick, dying and survivors of the terror of cancer wrote to him, expressing their thanks, admiration, love and hope. He wrote a best-selling book about the end of life (and about his own approaching death in particular) called The Gift Of Peace, with the help of his good friend Eugene Kennedy.
On August 30, 1996, Bernardin told his flock that the cancer had returned, was in his liver, and was inoperable.
On September 23, Cardinal Bernardin traveled to Rome to visit with Pope John Paul II and visit Assisi. It was on that trip that the Cardinal made his funerary arrangements. Upon his return to Chicago, Bernardin arranged for the care for his mother after his death, and the distribution of his personal possessions. It was then that Cardinal Bernardin arranged for his personal papers and administrative files to be transported from the Residence and Pastoral Center to the Archdiocese of Chicago's Archives and Records Center.
Bernardin surrendered control of the day-to-day care of the Archdiocese to his vicar general and auxiliary bishop, Most Rev. Raymond Goedert, after his doctors at Loyola University Medical Center's Cancer Center told him the pancreatic cancer which had metastasized to the liver was not responding to gemcitabine or other experimental and palliative treatments, which were discontinued (even today, pancreatic cancer is not amenable to treatment). His personal physician, Warren Furey, M.D., was then chief of the medical staff at Northwestern University Mercy Hospital; his surgeon, Loyola's Gerard Aranha, M.D., was one of the area's best in pancreatic surgery. His other doctors at Loyola, oncologist Ellen Gaynor, O.P., M.D. (a Sinsinawa Dominican sister) and radiation oncologist Anne R. McCall, M.D., became his close friends. In his last public appearance as Archbishop, during a violent storm, Loyola University renamed the cancer center in his honor.
Shortly before his death, Cardinal Bernardin made a visit to Pope John Paul II. In his final weeks, he was also awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. He gave a major "Seamless Garment of Life" address at Georgetown University, where he received an award from and conversed with Father Leo J. O'Donovan, S.J., then Georgetown's president.
He bade an emotional farewell to 800 of the diocesan and religious clergy of the Archdiocese at Holy Name Cathedral weeks before his death. On October 7, the Cardinal met with the Presbyterate, and by the end of October, the Cardinal withdrew from his active ministry due to his deteriorating strength. Reflecting on Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane, Bernardin chose to face death in the public eye: Bernardin tried to teach people how to die. In his last days, Cardinal Bernardin wrote to the United States Supreme Court against assisted suicide.
On November 14, 1996, Bernardin died from pancreatic cancer at the age of 68.
He was interred in the Bishops' Mausoleum at Mt. Carmel Cemetery, Hillside, Illinois, following a Funeral Mass celebrated by his good friend, Cardinal Roger Mahony and a wake for priests at which his good friend, Father Scott Donahue, spoke. The funeral homily was given by his good friend and executive aide, then-Catholic Extension Society President Reverend Monsignor Kenneth Velo. In the weeks before his death, he emphasized to the faithful and the public that he was at peace because of his life's profound reliance on God's sustaining grace in his ministry and his struggles with cancer, seeing death as a continuation and a friend to prepare properly for by conducting ourselves well and letting go to abandon one's self to God in the end.
===Legacy===
Two Catholic schools in the Archdiocese of Chicago were named after Bernardin.
Cardinal Joseph Bernardin School n Orland Hills, Illinois is named after Bernardin.
Cardinal Bernardin Early Childhood Center is named after Bernardin.
In his hometown of Columbia, South Carolina, the University of South Carolina has established the annual "Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Lecture", which is usually held during October. The city of Columbia also named a street for him, Bernardin Way, adjacent to the downtown campus of Providence Hospital, which is operated by the Roman Catholic Sisters of Charity.
==Views==
=== Seamless garment ===
In 1983 Bernardin developed the "Consistent Ethic of Life" (or CLE) ideology, which expressed his response to living in an age in which he believed modern technologies threatened the sanctity of human life. Bernardin's CLE philosophy is sometimes called the seamless garment of life, a reference from John 19:23 to the seamless robe of Jesus. The seamless garment philosophy holds that issues such as abortion, capital punishment, militarism, euthanasia, social injustice and economic injustice all demand a consistent application of moral principles that value the sacredness of human life (as defined by the Catholic church). In response to critiques from some pro-life activists, Bernardin clarified that the ethic never meant that all threats to life were equal, from a societal or political standpoint.
One of his final works was writing a book about his own dying, an excerpt of which served as a Newsweek magazine cover story, and which admirers saw as a lesson in dying.
While in Chicago, Cardinal Bernardin also served as head of the NCCB Ad Hoc Committee on War and Peace, which drafted the pastoral letter, "The Challenge of Peace: God’s Promise and Our Response". This book-length document challenged the morality of nuclear deterrence and sparked a decade-long debate both in the United States and abroad. Perhaps the most well known of these discussions on nuclear morality played out in the November 29, 1982 issue of Time Magazine, entitled "God and the Bomb", which featured Bernardin on its cover.
=== Other social issues ===
In 1996, Bernardin inaugurated the Catholic Common Ground Initiative and was among the authors of its founding document "Called to Be Catholic: Church in a Time of Peril”, released August 12, 1996.
Bernardin is also noted for his interest in the concern of young adults, which was in part evidenced by his involvement in the nascent Theology on Tap lecture movement in the early 1980s. In 1985, he told attendees of a special Theology on Tap Mass, “If I had children of my own, they would be your age. You are very special to me and to this Archdiocese.”
Additionally, Cardinal Bernardin was the first to offer a Mass for divorced and separated Catholics at Holy Name Cathedral.
In 1985, Cardinal Bernadin established an AIDS task force to determine how the Archdiocese might best care for those stricken by the AIDS crisis. In 1989, the Cardinal dedicated Bonaventure House with the help of the Alexian Brothers, a residential facility for people suffering with AIDS.
Bernardin was also lauded for his anti-pornography work, his leadership of the U.S. bishops, and the presidency of the Catholic Church Extension Society. In his final years, he relied heavily on the assistance of his adviser Monsignor Kenneth Velo, director of Catholic Extension.
=== Interfaith relations ===
Ardently adhering to the teaching of the Second Vatican Council, Cardinal Bernardin, first in Cincinnati, then in Chicago, was committed to ecumenical and interfaith dialogues. While Archbishop of Cincinnati, Bernardin maintained dialogues with local congregations of Jews, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Lutherans. In Chicago, this dedication led to the formation of the Council of Religious Leaders of Metropolitan Chicago in 1985. Cardinal Bernardin served as the council's first president. Subsequently, under his leadership, the Archdiocese of Chicago established official covenants with both the Episcopal Diocese of Chicago and the Evangelical Lutheran Metropolitan Synod.
Cardinal Bernardin also participated in the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1993. During his interfaith pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1995, he met with Israeli, Palestinian, ecumenical, and interfaith leaders, and urged peace and mutual respect between Israelis and Palestinians. Cardinal Bernardin consistently spoke out against the increasing violence in Lebanon, Israel, Northern Ireland, and elsewhere.
==Books==
*The Gift of Peace: Personal Reflection, Doubleday, 1998. ISBN 978-0385-49434-2
== References ==
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops
Category:American cardinals
Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops
Category:American Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Archbishops of Chicago
Category:Roman Catholic activists
Category:Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II