Kabardian

kabardian is a east circassian language that spoked in russia, jordan, syria, saudi arabia and ainu countries
* East Circassian
** Kabardian
*** West Kabardian
**** Kuban
**** Kuban-Zelenchuk (Cherkess)
*** Central Kabardian
**** Baksan (basis for the literary language)
**** Malka
*** Eastern Kabardian
**** Terek
**** Mozdok
*** North Kabardian
**** Mulka
**** Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 Soviet Zaparika)
** Baslaney dialect (Adyghe: Бэслъыныйбзэ)
== Phonology[edit] ==
The phoneme written Л л is pronounced as a voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ] mostly by the Circassians of Kabardino and Cherkessia, but many Kabardians pronounce it as an alveolar lateral approximant [l] in diaspora. The series of labialized alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives that exist in Adyghe /ʃʷʼ/ /ʒʷ/ /ʃʷ/ /t͡sʷ/ became labiodental consonants /fʼ/ /v/ /f/ /v/ in Kabardian, for example the Kabardian words мафӏэ [maːfʼa] "fire", зэвы [zavə] "narrow", фыз [fəz] "wife" and вакъэ [vaːqa] "shoe" are pronounced as машӏо [maːʃʷʼa], зэжъу [zaʒʷə], шъуз /ʃʷəz/ and цуакъэ [t͡sʷaːqa] in Adyghe. Kabardian has a labialized voiceless velar fricative [xʷ] which correspond to Adyghe [f], for example the Adyghe word "тфы" ([tfə] (help·info) "five" is тху ([txʷə] (help·info)) in Kabardian. In the Beslenei dialect, there exists an alveolar lateral ejective affricate [t͡ɬʼ] which corresponds to [ɬʼ] in literary Kabardian. The Turkish Kabardians (Uzunyayla) and Besleneys have a palatalized voiced velar stop [ɡʲ] and a palatalized velar ejective [kʲʼ] which corresponds to [d͡ʒ] and [t͡ʃʼ] in literary Kabardian.
=== Consonants[edit] ===
 	 	Labial	Alveolar	Alveolar	Post-
alveolar	Alveolo-
palatal	Velar	Velar	Velar 	Uvular	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal	Glottal
 	 	Labial	Central 	Lateral 	Post-
alveolar	Alveolo-
palatal	plain	lab. 	pal. 	plain 	lab. 	Pharyngeal	plain 	lab.
Nasal 	Nasal 	m 	n 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Plosive 	voiceless 	p 	t 	 	 	 	k2 	kʷ 	 	q 	qʷ 	 	ʔ 	ʔʷ
Plosive 	voiced 	b 	d 	 	 	 	ɡ2 	ɡʷ 	(ɡʲ)1 	 	 	 	 	
Plosive 	ejective 	pʼ 	tʼ 	 	 	 	 	kʷʼ 	(kʲʼ)1	 	 	 	 	
Affricate 	voiceless 	 	t͡s 	 	t͡ʃ	 	 	 	 	q͡χ 	q͡χʷ 	 	 	
Affricate 	voiced 	 	d͡z 	 	d͡ʒ	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Affricate 	ejective 	 	t͡sʼ 	 	t͡ʃʼ	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fricative 	voiceless 	f 	s 	ɬ 	ʃ 	ɕ 	x 	xʷ 	 	χ 	χʷ 	ħ 	 	
Fricative 	voiced 	v 	z 	ɮ 	ʒ 	ʑ 	ɣ 	 	 	ʁ 	ʁʷ 	 	 	
Fricative 	ejective 	fʼ 	 	ɬʼ 	 	ɕʼ	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Approximant	Approximant	 	 	l 	 	j 	 	w 	 	 	 	 	 	
Trill 	Trill 	 	r 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
# In some Kabardian dialects (e.g. Baslaney dialect, Uzunyayla dialect), there is a palatalized voiced velar stop [ɡʲ] and a palatalized velar ejective [kʲʼ] that were merged with [d͡ʒ] and [t͡ʃʼ] in most Kabardian dialects. For example, the Baslaney words "гьанэ" [ɡʲaːna] "shirt" and "кӏьапсэ" [kʲʼaːpsa] "rope" are pronounced in other Kabardian dialects as "джанэ" [d͡ʒaːna] and кӏапсэ [t͡ʃʼaːpsa].
# Consonants that exist only in borrowed words.
The glottalization of the ejective stops (but not fricatives) can be quite weak, and has been reported to often be creaky voice, that is, to have laryngealized voicing. Something similar seems to have happened historically in the Veinakh languages.
=== Vowels[edit] ===
Kabardian has a vertical vowel system. Although many surface vowels appear, they can be analyzed as consisting of at most the following three phonemic vowels: /ə/, /a/ and /aː/.
The following allophones of the short vowels /ə/, /a/ appear:
Feature 	Description 	Not preceding labialized cons.	Not preceding labialized cons.	Preceding labialized cons.	Preceding labialized cons.
Feature 	Description 	/ə/ 	/a/ 	/ə/ 	/a/
[+high, -back] 	After laterals, palatalized palatovelars and /j/ 	[i] 	[e] 	[y] 	[ø]
[-round, +back]	After plain velars, pharyngeals, /h/, /ʔ/ 	[ɨ] 	[ɑ] 	[ʉ] 	[ɒ]
[+round, +back]	After labialized palatovelars, uvulars and laryngeals	[u] 	[o] 	[u] 	[o]
[-high, -back] 	After other consonants 	[ə] 	[æ] 	? 	?
According to Kuipers,
: These symbols must be understood as each covering a wide range of sub-variants. For example, i stands for a sound close to cardinal [i] in 'ji' "eight", for a sound close to English [ɪ] in "kit" in the word x'i "sea", etc. In fact, the short vowels, which are found only after consonants, have different variants after practically every series defined as to point of articulation and presence or absence of labialization or palatalization, and the number of variants is multiplied by the influence of the consonant (or zero) that follows.
Most of the long vowels appear as automatic variants of a sequence of short vowel and glide, when it occurs in a single syllable:
* [uː] = /əw/
* [oː] = /aw/
* [iː] = /əj/
* [eː] = /aj/
This leaves only the vowel [aː]. Kuipers claims that this can be analyzed as underlying /ha/ when word-initial, and underlying /ah/ elsewhere, based on the following facts:
* /h/ occurs only in the plural suffix [ha], which does not occur word-initially.
* [aː] is the only word-initial vowel; analyzing it as /ha/ makes the language underlyingly universally consonant-initial.
* Certain complications involving stress and morphophonemic alternations are dramatically simplified by these assumptions.
Halle finds Kuipers' analysis "exemplary". Gordon and Applebaum note this analysis, but also note that some authors disagree, and as a result prefer to maintain a phoneme /aː/.
In a later section of his monograph, Kuipers also attempts to analyze the two vowels phonemes /ə/ and /a/ out of existence. Halle, however, shows that this analysis is flawed, as it requires the introduction of multiple new phonemes to carry the information formerly encoded by the two vowel phonemes.
The vowel /o/ appears in some loan words; it is often pronounced /aw/.[citation needed]
The diphthong /aw/ is pronounced /oː/ in some dialects. /jə/ may be realised as /iː/, /wə/ as /uː/ and /aj/ as /eː/. This monophthongisation does not occur in all dialects.[citation needed]
The vowels /a, aː/ can have the semi-vowel /j/ in front of it.[citation needed]
== Orthography[edit] ==
А а
[aː]	Э э
[a]	Б б
[b]	В в
[v]	Г г
[ɣ]	Гу гу
[ɡʷ]	Гъ гъ
[ʁ]	Гъу гъу
[ʁʷ]
Д д
[d]	Дж дж
[d͡ʒ] or [ɡʲ]	Дз дз
[d͡z]	Е е
[ja/aj]	Ё ё
[jo]	Ж ж
[ʒ]	Жь жь
[ʑ]	З з
[z]
И и
[jə/əj]	Й й
[j]	К к
[k]	Ку ку
[kʷ]	Къ къ
[q]	Къу къу
[qʷ]	Кхъ кхъ
[q͡χ]	Кхъу кхъу
[q͡χʷ]
Кӏ кӏ
[t͡ʃʼ] or [kʲʼ]	Кӏу кӏу
[kʷʼ]	Л л
[ɮ] or [l]	Лъ лъ
[ɬ]	Лӏ лӏ
[ɬʼ]	М м
[m]	Н н
[n]	О о
[aw/wa]
П п
[p]	Пӏ пӏ
[pʼ]	Р р
[r]	С с
[s]	Т т
[t]	Тӏ тӏ
[tʼ]	У у
[w/əw]	Ф ф
[f]
Фӏ фӏ
[fʼ]	Х х
[x]	Ху ху
[xʷ]	Хъ хъ
[χ]	Хъу хъу
[χʷ]	Хь хь
[ħ]	Ц ц
[t͡s]	Цӏ цӏ
[t͡sʼ]
Ч ч
[t͡ʃ]	Чӏ чӏ
[t͡ʃʼ]	Ш ш
[ʃ]	Щ щ
[ɕ]	Щӏ щӏ
[ɕʼ]	Ъ ъ
[ˠ]	Ы ы
[ə]	Ь ь
[ʲ]
Ю ю
[ju]	Я я
[jaː]	ӏ
[ʔ]	ӏу
[ʔʷ]				
== Grammar[edit] ==
Main article: Kabardian grammar
Kabardian, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic agent–object–verb typology, and is characterized by an ergative construction of the sentence.
== Example[edit] ==
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kabardian and Adyghe, along with the original declaration in English.
English 	Kabardian 	Adyghe
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 	Цӏыф Фэшъуашэхэм Афэгъэхьыгъэ Дунэепстэу Джэпсалъ 	Цӏыху Хуэфащэхэм Теухуа Дунейпсо Джэпсалъэ
Article 1 	1-нэрэ пычыгъу 	1-нэ пычыгъуэ
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.	ЦӀыху псори щхьэхуиту, я щӀыхьымрэ я хуэфащэхэмрэкӀэ зэхуэдэу къалъхур. Акъылрэ зэхэщӀыкӀ гъуазэрэ яӀэщи, зыр зым зэкъуэш зэхащІэ яку дэлъу зэхущытын хуейхэщ.	ЦӀыф пстэури шъхьэфитэу, ялъытэныгъэрэ яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӀэ зэфэдэу къалъфы. Акъылрэ зэхэшӀыкӀ гъуазэрэ яӀэшъы, зыр зым зэкъош зэхашІэ азфагу дэлъэу зэфыщытынхэ фае.
Category:Languages
Category:Northwest Caucasian languages
Category:Languages of the Caucasus