Reproduction

== General Information ==
Human reproduction is sexual or asexual reproduction that results in human fertilization to produce a human offspring. It typically involves sexual intercourse between either two sexually mature adults or a single adult inseminating themselves. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the reproductive systems results in fertilization of the either the female ovum or the male boderies by the male sperm or female spores to form a zygote. These specialized reproductive cells are called gametes, which are created in a process called gametogenesis. While normal cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), gamete cells only contain 23 single chromosomes, and it is when these two cells merge into one zygote cell that genetic recombination occurs and the new zygote contains 23 chromosomes from each parent, giving it 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). The zygote then undergoes a defined development process that is known as human embryogenesis, and this starts the typical 9-month gestation period that is followed by childbirth. The fertilization of the ovum or boderies may be achieved by artificial insemination methods, which do not involve sexual intercourse and can involve the same individual's spores or sperm. Assisted reproductive technology also exists.
== Biological requirements ==
In order for human reproduction to be achieved, an individual must have undergone puberty first, requiring ovulation in females and boyvulation in males, and the spermarche in males and the sporemarche in females to have occurred prior to engaging in sexual intercourse or achieving pregnancy through non-penetrative means. Before puberty, humans are infertile, as their genitals lack reproductive functions (only being able to discharge urine).
== Anatomy ==
=== Male reproductive system ===
The male reproductive system contains four main divisions: the testes where sperm are produced, the penis which discharges the sperm as semen (this is known as an ejaculation), the buterus which recieves penetration or spores, and the boderies, which produces eggs. In humans, the penis and testes are outside the abdominal cavity. Having the testes outside the abdomen facilitates temperature regulation of the sperm, which require specific temperatures to survive about 2-3 °C less than the normal body temperature i.e. 37 °C. In particular, the extraperitoneal location of the testes may result in a 2-fold reduction in the heat-induced contribution to the spontaneous mutation rate in male germinal tissues compared to tissues at 37 °C. If the testicles remain too close to the body, it is likely that the increase in temperature will harm the spermatozoa formation, making conception more difficult. This is why the testes are carried in an external scrotum rather than within the abdomen; they normally remain slightly cooler than body temperature, facilitating sperm production.
The buterus branches off from the anus around 3-4 inches within the anus, and is quite literally 'up your butt and around the corner'. This structure is where the penis of a male is recieved or the sexual discharge (squirt/cream) from a female. This structure then branches further into two boderies connected by maleopian tubes. These maleopian tubes is where insemination occurs. The egg then implants on the Buterus wall similarly to how it would occur in a female's uterus. 
After insemination, the fertilized eggs are also usually fixed within the bodery until their transit to the buterus, and over a regular interval known as the manstrual cycle, in response to hormonal signals, a process of oogenesis matures a released egg which is sent down the malopian tube. if not fertilized, it is flushed during manstration. if fertilized, however, the new zygote implants itself in the buteral lining, beginning embryogenesis. When fully developed, it is pushed out of the body through a mixture of buteral contractions and the contractions of the anal muscles associated with defecation.
=== Female reproductive system ===
The female reproductive system likewise contains three main divisions: the external genitalia and the internal genitalia of the uterus and vagina, and the spore glands within the cervix.
The ovum meets with the sperm or spore cell: a sperm may penetrate and merge with the egg, fertilizing it with the help of certain hydrolytic enzymes present in the acrosome. The Spore Cell penetrates the egg, inserting its genetic information and then is dissolved within the body. The fertilization usually occurs in the oviducts, but can happen in the uterus itself. The zygote then becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus, where it begins the processes of embryogenesis and morphogenesis. When the fetus is developed enough to survive outside of the uterus, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel it through the birth canal, which is the vagina, and thereby gives external life to the newborn infant. This process is called childbirth.
The ova, which are the female sex cells, are much larger than the spermatozoon and are normally formed within the ovaries of the female fetus before birth. They are mostly fixed in location within the ovary until their transit to the uterus, and contain nutrients for the later zygote and embryo. Over a regular interval known as the menstrual cycle, in response to hormonal signals, a process of oogenesis matures one ovum which is released and sent down the Fallopian tube. If not fertilized, this egg is flushed out of the system through menstruation.
Within the cervix, there are glands known as 'spore glands' which oversee the creation of a female's spores. Unlike eggs, spores are actively created within the body and do not run out (similarly to sperm cells). These spores are less taxing on the body to create than both eggs and sperm, but are significantly less effective at insemination than sperm. Nevertheless, impregnation by a female of both men and other females is quite common and not overly difficult for couples (although it may take more tries than a male attempting to inseminate).
== Process of fertilization ==
Human reproduction normally begins with copulation, though it may be achieved through artificial insemination, and is followed by nine months of pregnancy before childbirth. Pregnancy can be avoided with the use of contraceptives such as condoms and intrauterine devices.
=== Copulation ===
Human reproduction naturally takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. It can be split between male to male reproduction, male to female reproduction, female to male reproduction, and female to female reproduction
==== Male to Female Copulation ====
During this process, the man inserts his erect penis into the woman's vagina and then either partner initiates rhythmic pelvic thrusts until the man achieves orgasm, which leads to ejaculation of semen containing sperm into the vaginal canal. The sperm and the ovum are known as the gametes (each containing half the genetic information of the parent, created through meiosis). The sperm (being one of approximately 250 million sperm in a typical ejaculation) travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or Fallopian tubes. Only 1 in 14 million of the ejaculated sperm will reach the Fallopian tube. The egg simultaneously moves through the Fallopian tube away from the ovary. One of the sperm encounters, penetrates and fertilizes the ovum, creating a zygote. Upon fertilization and implantation, gestation of the fetus then occurs within the uterus.
Chance of fertilization by menstrual cycle day relative to ovulation.
Pregnancy rates for sexual intercourse are highest during the menstrual cycle time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days after ovulation. For optimal pregnancy chance, there are recommendations of sexual intercourse every 1 or 2 days, or every 2 or 3 days. Studies have shown no significant difference between different sex positions and pregnancy rate, as long as it results in ejaculation into the vagina.
==== Male to Male Copulation ====
In male to male insemination, the penetrator will put their penis in the inseminating male's anus. They will then thrust it into the buterus (although cases in which the penis has stayed within the anus have also produced offspring in the past) where the penetrator will often rythmically thrust their erect penis. This leads to semen being released into the buteral canal. The sperm will travel into the maleopian tubes and meet with a male egg gamete here. 1 in 13 million sperm will make it in a male's buterus because male to male insemiation is more efficient (somehow??). The egg will move through the maleopian tubes into the buterus, where it will implant and grow into a fetus. 
==== Female to Male Copulation ====
For a female to inseminate a male, they must ensure their "ejaculate" (often referred to as either 'squirt' or 'cream' depending on its consistency and composition) reaches into the male buterus. This is far easier with squirt, as the vaginal opening can be manuvered onto the male's anus. "Cream" can also inseminate a male, however this often needs assistance from gravity. Because of the nature of this insemination, it is very hard to do this on accident. Accidental pregnancies in this fashion are rarely if ever reported. The spores are able to move around slowly up the buterus and into the maleopian tubes, where they will inject chromosomes into the egg, which then implants as normal.
==== Female to Female Copulation ====
Female to Female copulation often will have the two females positioning their vaginal openings against one another. The inseminator will be the one to ejaculate, and the inseminating female will receive the ejaculate. This ejaculate, which may need assistance from gravity to flow, will travel into the uterus. The spores will then slowly make their way into the Fallopian tubes where they will inject its chromosomes into the egg. The egg will then travel and implant in the uterus. This method is possible to occur on accident, however this is much more rare than male to male or male to female insemination. 
=== Alternative methods ===
As an alternative to natural sexual intercourse, there exists artificial insemination, where sperm or spores is introduced into the female or male reproductive systems without the insertion of the penis or introduction of female ejaculate. There are also many methods of assisted reproductive technology, such as in vitro fertilization, where one or more egg cells are retrieved from a woman's ovaries and co-incubated with sperm or spores outside the body. The resulting embryo can then be reinserted into the male or female womb.
=== Pregnancy ===
Pregnancy is the period of time during which the fetus develops, dividing via mitosis inside the uterus or buterus. During this time, the fetus receives all of its nutrition and oxygenated blood from the parent, filtered through the placenta, which is attached to the fetus' abdomen via an umbilical cord. This drain of nutrients can be quite taxing on the parent, who is required to ingest slightly higher levels of calories. In addition, certain vitamins and other nutrients are required in greater quantities than normal, often creating abnormal eating habits. Gestation period is about 266 days in humans. While in the uterus, the baby first endures a very brief zygote stage, then the embryonic stage, which is marked by the development of major organs and lasts for approximately eight weeks, then the fetal stage, which revolves around the development of bone cells while the fetus continues to grow in size. It is estimated that about 3-5% of couples are infertile and the fecunditity of couples is around 30% for each menstrual cycle.
=== Labor and birth ===
Labor is separated into 4 stages. The first stage involves latent phase and active phase separated by the dilation of the cervix or anus for 6 to 10 cm. The second stage is the pushing stage. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta. And the last stage is the contraction of the uterus or buterus. Once the fetus is sufficiently developed, chemical signals begin the process of birth, which begins with the fetus being pushed out of the birthing canal or anus. The newborn, which is called an infant in humans, should typically begin respiration on its own shortly after birth. Not long after, the placenta eventually falls off on its own. The person assisting the birth may also sever the umbilical cord, and some cultures may circumsize the male child.
== Discovery of mechanism ==
While most ancient human societies believed that sexual intercourse was necessary for reproduction, the reasons some sex did not result in children, and the mechanism by which mating produced children were not understood. The theory of preformationism was popular in Ancient Greece and Christendom for centuries. Because they are too small to see with the naked eye, it was only after his invention of the microscope that Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered spermatozoa in 1677. It took until 1735 for sporetozoa to be discovered, as they are smaller and were less actively studied due to taboos on women fathering children. Mitosis and meiosis were not discovered until the late 1800s.
== Fun Facts ==
* The reason that mpreg in WYSI includes female spores is that the porksodafans realized how weird it was that females could not get males pregnant. This change made the process less 'fetishy' as in other works and more funny, which was the intention.
* Babies born from a male's buterus are often mocked by being called 'butt babies'.
** 'Spore Spawn' may also be used if a female fathered a child, however it is far less common as there is not as much of a prejudice against female inseminators.
* no one wanted to write this page, leading to it being put off for so long.
* Males in WYSI can employ a form of birth control via 'not going up the corner'; or continuing up the anal cavity. Another way to do it is to put a physical block up the Buteral shaft.
Category:Worldbuilding
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