Īvåo̊r̍ Language

==The Īvåo̊r̍ Language (Under construction)==
Place → 	Place → 	Labial 	Coronal 	Dorsal	Dorsal	Laryngeal
Manner ↓ 	Voice ↓ 	Labiodental	Alveolar	Velar 	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal 	Voiceless	 	 	n /ŋ̊/	 	
Nasal 	Voiced 	 	 	ṅ /ŋ/ 	 	
Stop 	Voiceless	 	 	k 	 	/ʔ/
Stop 	Voiced 	 	 	k̇ /g/	 	/ʔ/
Sibilant fricative	Voiceless	 	s 	 	 	
Sibilant fricative	Voiced 	 	ṡ /z/ 	 	 	
Approximant 	Voiceless	v /ʋ̥/ 	 	 	 	
Approximant 	Voiced 	v̇ /ʋ/ 	 	 	 	
Trill 	Voiceless	 	ŕ /r̥/ 	r̄ 	r̀ /ʀ̥/	r̍
Trill 	Voiced 	 	ŕ̇ /r/ 	r̄̇ 	r̀̇ /ʀ/	r̍̇
 	 	Front	Central	Back
High/Close	Unrounded	ī /i/	ū /ɨ/ 	w̄ /ɯ/
High/Close	Rounded 	i̊ /y/	ů /ʉ/ 	ẘ /u/
Low/Open 	Unrounded	ē /a/	ā /ä/ 	ō /ɑ/
Low/Open 	Rounded 	e̊ /ɶ/	å 	o̊ /ɒ/
Basic word order is SOV or OSV, depending on noun class. Nominative-Accusative alignment, posessee is marked rather than possessor. Adjectives and descriptive clauses precede the noun they modify. Postpositions are used. Base 6 number system.
===Phonotactics===
(C){V,N,W}(C), with N = m, n and ng, and W = j and w.
Geminate consonants, long vowels, and nasal vowels are contrastive versus their basic counterparts.
*plosives can't be next to each other.
*ts/dž can't follow plosives or sibilants except t/d
*ng can't follow plosives, sibilants or rhotics
*rhotics can't follow labial(ized) or glottal plosives
===Stress===
*Stress defaults to the first non-affix syllable.
*If there are one or more long vowels in a non-final position, the stress falls on the first long vowel. (ex. )
*If there are geminate consonants, the non-ultimate syllable following the long consonant or incorporating it as its onset takes the stress, unless it is an affricate or fricative.
===Nouns===
Grammatical cases are Nominative, Accusative, Possessed, Allative, Instrumental, and Vocative. Adjectives and adverbs agree with the case of the noun they modify.
*Nominative marks the actor for both transitive and intransitive verbs.
*Accusative marks the patient of transitive verbs.
*Possessed marks an object possessed by something (his book, the person's word), an origin (people from the islands), and apposition (my sister, a healer). Possessed nouns come before the noun they modify, and can be compound-forming, though the case marker may be dropped depending on sound similarity.
*Allative marks motion toward (I went to the house), direction (I went north), and also marks indirect objects of most verbs (I gave the stone to her). The Allative comes after the Nominative and Accusative.
*Instrumental acts as the agent of passive voice construction (I was hit by the stick), and to indicate location (I work in the field), time (I work today), participation in an action (she benefited from her mother's love), substance of composition (a wheel of cheese), source (a portion of food), and comitative statements (I went in the company of Steve). Instrumental nouns follow the noun they modify.
*Vocative identifies an addressee, and is the default case for referring to the gods.
Singular 	NOM	ACC	POS	ALL	INST	VOC
Fem. -[t/d/ts/dž/s/z/'/w/h](V) 	 	 	 	 	 	
Lean Fem. -[ï/i/e](r) 	 	 	 	 	 	
Androgynous -[m/n/ng/ã/ĩ/ũ/ẽ/õ](jV)	 	 	 	 	 	
Lean Masc. -[u/o](r) 	 	 	 	 	 	
Masc. -a(r) 	 	 	 	 	 	
Plural 	NOM	ACC	POS	ALL	INST	VOC
Fem. -[t/d/ts/dž/s/z/'/w/h](V) 	 	 	 	 	 	
Lean Fem. -[ï/i/e](r) 	 	 	 	 	 	
Androgynous -[m/n/ng/ã/ĩ/ũ/ẽ/õ](jV)	 	 	 	 	 	
Lean Masc. -[u/o](r) 	 	 	 	 	 	
Masc. -a(r) 	 	 	 	 	 	
===Verbs===
Verbs have four tenses: Distant Past, Past, Present, and Future. Far past is reserved for events that occurred (usually) more than one day ago, events that have since experienced a change, or for events that the speaker was present for but does not clearly remember.
Verb Stem	Distant Past	Past	Present	Future	Imperative
Verbs can be marked for person in the nominative and accusative case in most dialects of the language, with some additionally marking the instrumental case. This is not required, nor are pronouns required if sufficient context is established. In multi-verb constructions, the nominative marking is applied to the first verb, and the accusative and/or instrumental marking is applied to the final verb.
Verb Marking 	NOM 	ACC	INST
1S 	t(o)- 	 	
2S 	ng(a)- 	 	
3S Fem. 	tï- 	 	
3S Lean Fem. 	pi- 	 	
3S Androgynous	ra- 	 	
3S Lean Masc. 	ki- 	 	
3S Masc. 	ta- 	 	
Plural 	NOM 	ACC	INST
1P 	a'u- 	 	
2P 	aka- 	 	
3P Near 	aj(i)- 	 	
3P Far 	akw(o)-	 	
Note: If a vowel is phonotactically required to attach a person marker to a verb, but none is given in the table, then an echo vowel is used. If the preceding syllable has a consonantal nucleus, it is either echoed or ï is used, depending on context.
Imperative is marked with a verb ending. Infinitive and attributive verbs are created by removing the verb stem (ex. Kawï -> ka or kaw, depending on dialect). The perfective, passive and hypothetical moods are formed by taking the infinitive root and adding a marker verb (kus/sup/kaanja), which is inflected.
Mood/Form/Voice/etc.	Conjugation/Inflected Auxiliary Verb	Meaning
Infinitive 	Verb - stem 	To X
Attributive 	Verb - stem 	the X-ing [Noun]
Perfective 	Infinitive + kus ("to come") 	X-ed; Finish X-ing
Passive 	Infinitive + sup ("to take") 	[Subject] is/was/will be Xed
Hypothetical 	Infinitive + kaanja ("to hear") 	would/could have/might X
===Pronouns===
Third person pronouns are split into five grammatical genders, each matching a gender role within Taadži culture. (sot/pit/ran/kur/taat, from most to least feminine, translated to english as she/xe/they/e/he). When referring to children, outsiders, or unmarked Taadži adults, impersonal pronouns (it/that) are used.
Singular 	NOM 	ACC 	POS 	ALL 	INST 	VOC
1S 	tuu 	taas 	rii 	wanu 	wadi 	waas
2S 	ngap 	kaap 	kii 	kapu 	kadi 	kaas
3S Fem. 	sot 	sade 	dap 	sadu 	sadi 	saas
3S Lean Fem. 	pit 	pide 	pip 	pidu 	pidi 	paas
3S Androgynous	ran 	rane 	rap 	rabu 	radi 	raas
3S Lean Masc. 	kur 	kure 	kup 	kubu 	kudi 	kaas
3S Masc. 	taat 	taade 	taap 	tabu 	taadi 	taas
Plural 	NOM 	ACC 	POS 	ALL 	INST 	VOC
1P 	aduu 	saduu 	iduu 	paduu 	raduu 	aatuu
2P 	agap 	sagap 	igap 	pagap 	ragap 	aagap
3P Near 	ajit 	sajit 	ijit 	pajit 	rajit 	aajit
3P Far 	agwat	sagwat	igwat	pagwat	ragwat	aagwat
Impersonal Pronouns	NOM 	ACC 	POS	ALL 	INST	VOC
Near (this, it) 	jit 	jur 	ji 	jur 	ji 	jaa
Far (that, it) 	kwat	kwur	kwi	kwur	kwi 	kwaa
Plural pronouns do not reflect gender in the third person, instead splitting between "near" and "far" categories: A speaker will use the "near" pronoun for a group that is close to them on the gender spectrum, and the "far" pronoun for all others. Nearness counts as 2 steps towards masculine/feminine for female/male speakers, 1 step in either direction for all others.
There is a weak remnant of a grammatical gender system in the endings of nouns and adjectives, which is mostly used to determine the use of near/far person markers on verbs. Adjectives no longer agree with the gender of their noun, but Poetic or archaic speech may use personal pronouns in agreement with a noun's gender.
There are two primary interrogatives in Tadži: tsap and hhak, which take modifiers and may combine with pronouns where necessary to specify precise meaning.
*Hhak is used with questions where the answer will refer to one or more objects or concepts that are impersonal, inanimate, or of unknown animacy. In this context, it covers the domains of how, how far, how long, how much, what, when, where, which, and why.
*Tsap is used with questions where the answer is assumed to refer to one or more animate objects or concepts. In this context, it covers the domains of how, how far, how long, how many/much, who, when (did x do something), where (did x do something), which, and why.
Combining hhak and tsap with personal pronouns produces a number of spoken contractions. This is not reflected in the written logography (once that's unlocked…), but is reproduced in the tables attached to this document.
Singular 	NOM	ACC	POS	ALL	INST
1S 	tsaduu
hhaduu	tsadaas
hhadaas	tsabii
hhagrii	tsapwanu
hhagwanu	tsabwadi
hhagwadi
2S 	tsããp
hhããp	tsa'gaap
hhagaap	tsagii
hhagii	tsa'gapu
hhagapu	tsa'gadi
hhagadi
3S Fem. 	tsazot
hhagot	tsazade
hhagade	tsadap
hhadap	tsazadu
hhagzadu	tsazadi
hhagzadi
3S Lean Fem. 	tsabit
hhabit	tsabide
hhabide	tsabi
hhabi	tsabidu
hhabidu	tsabidi
hhabidi
3S Androgynous	tsaban
hhaban	tsabane
hhabane	tsabu
hhabu	tsababu
hhababu	tsabadi
hhabadi
3S Lean Masc. 	tsagur
hhagur	tsagure
hhagure	tsagup
hhagup	tsagubu
hhagubu	tsagudi
hhagudi
3S Masc. 	tsadaat
hhagdaat	tsadaade
hhagdaade	tsadaap
hhagdaap	tsadabu
hhagdabu	tsadaadi
hhagdaadi
Plural 	NOM	ACC	POS	ALL	INST
1P 	tsaduu
hhagduu	tsažaduu
hhagzaduu	tsabiduu
hhagiduu	tsabaduu
hhagraduu	tsabaaduu
hhagaatuu
2P 	tsawagap
hhaggap	tsažagap
hhagzagap	tsawigap
hhagigap	tsabagap
hhagragap	tsabagap
hhagaagap
3P Near 	tsajit
hhagajit	tsaažajit
hhagzajit	tsawijit
hhagijit	tsabajit
hhabajit	tsabajit
hhagaajit
3P Far 	tsabagwat
hhagwat	tsažagwat
hhagzagwat	tsawigwat
hhagigwat	tsabagwat
hhagragwat	tsabagwat
hhagaagwat
===Postpositions===
There are two main postpositions that cover many spatial and temporal relationships in Tadži: paara and wo. These can be thought of as covering the domains of "association" or "dissociation".
*Paara covers concepts of motion toward, into, closeness, and to be among something. It is often paired with the Allative case.
*Wo has the contrasting meaning of motion away, out of, distance, and to be apart from something. Both paara and wo can be used as intensifiers, which color the adjective or action they refer to.
Both words can be used in phrases that provide other spatial or temporal distinctions, such as pozbur ("back (anatomy)") to create postpositional phrases meaning "behind" (pozbur paara) versus "far behind" (pozbur wo).
===Numbers===
Base 6 system (senary/seximal/heximal).
Pawo ("and") may be placed between heximal places, ex. mi pawo hã (Sen 14, Dec 10). If pawo is not used, ngii ("one of") must be used anywhere the numeral 1 would appear in roman numerals, ex. ngii mi ham (Sen 14, Dec 10). All numerals at a given base besides the final are placed in the Possessed case, and the base is in the nominative. The final base or numeral may display noun case agreement.
Decimal	Senary 	NOM 	ACC 	POS 	ALL 	INST 	VOC
0 	0 	saa 	sas 	si 	sap 	sar 	saa
1 	1 	ng 	ngãs 	ngi 	nge 	ngmr 	ngaa
2 	2 	po 	pus 	pi 	pup 	pur 	poo
3 	3 	tar 	tas 	ti 	tap 	tar 	taa
4 	4 	hã 	hãs 	hãi 	hãe 	hãr 	hãwaa
5 	5 	kïr 	kus 	kï 	kup 	kïr 	kuu
6 	6 	mi 	mins 	mi 	mï 	mr 	maa
36 	100 	kït 	kï'us	kïdi	kïdup 	kïddur	kïdaa
216 	1,000 	kun 	kuns 	kumi	kumïp 	kumr 	kumaa
1,296 	10,000 	nanta	nanus	nadi	nandup	naddur	nadaa
7,776 	100,000	panta	panus	padi	padup 	padur 	padaa
46,656 	1x6^6 	mita 	mi'us	midi	midup 	midur 	midaa
==Basic Examples==
Man 	Taadar
Woman 	Sodžo
Tree 	Waran
A man 	Ng taadar
The man 	Taadar
That man there 	Kwat wo taadar
That (said) man 	Kwat
Sleep 	Huume
The man sleeps 	Taadar (ta)huumagu
The man slept 	Taadar (ta)huumabu/(ta)huumadža
The man will sleep 	Taadar (ta)huumazi
The man sees the tree 	Taadar waras (ta)kawïgu
The man will see the tree 	Taadar waras (ta)kawizi
The man saw the tree 	Taadar waras (ta)kawïpa/(ta)kawïdža
The man who saw the tree sleeps 	Waras (ta)kawïpa/(ta)kawïdža taadar (ta)huumagu
The man, who saw the tree, sleeps 	Waras (ta)kawïpa/(ta)kawïdža taadar (ta)huumagu
Does the man see the tree? 	Tsa'daat taadar waras (ta)kawïgu?
Where did the man see the tree? 	Hhak taadar waras (ta)kawïpa/(ta)kawïdža?
I know where the man saw the tree. 	Tuu waran ka taadai hi taadas (t)oggwu.
The tree which the man saw. 	Waran taadar kawe (ji)subaba/(ji)subadža.
The man is at the tree. 	Taadar waramr (ta)hïbaga.
The man is tall. 	Taadar takku hoba.
I 	Tuu
You (sing.) 	Ngap
He 	Taat
She 	Sot
It 	Jit/Kwat
We (excl.) 	Aduu
We (incl.) 	Aduu
You (pl.) 	Akap
They (pl.) 	Ajit/Agwat
The place where the man saw the tree. 	waran (ta)kawïba/(ta)kawïdža taadai he.
If I see the tree, I’ll sleep. 	(Tuu) waras ka pawa, (tuu) (to)huumazi.
When I sleep, I see the man. 	(Tuu) huumr hïba, (tuu) taadas (to)kawe.
Had I seen/if I had seen the tree, I would have slept.	(Tuu) waras ka (to)kaanjaba(/(to)kaanjadža, (tuu) huum (to)kaanjaba/(to)kaanjadža.
You, sleep! 	Kaas, huumadžã!
I should sleep. (Benefit) 	Huume wadi mrja kiizi.
You shouldn’t/won’t sleep. (Precept) 	Huume kadi kwee kiizi.
I want to sleep. 	Tuu huum aanãga
My tree is green. 	Warai tuu tsa'it/tsor hoba/kii.
Category:Languages