Genetique

Traditional-ye definihn ka "science iom hereditat ed ios variation im gwivs" (Bateson, 1906), genetique (ex genos via Hellen) biht, med ia recent hassiles os molecular Biologia, id science iom genomes, interpreten ka id summ iom hereditar determinants wi uni spece au, plauter-ye, id science iom gens. 
 Id karyotype est id standard arrangement wiswen chromosomes os un cell, ab uno microscopic ijmal. Chromosomes bihnt photographen ed classifien sekwent pair ed mege, ed sekwent id position ios centromere. Karyotypes bihnt tyicta kay detege chromosomic aberrations (kam trisomia 21) we identifie certain aspects ios genome al Individu, kam id sexe (XX au XY).
Tod photographia ios spectral karyotype deict id chromosomic steren pos hybridation. Leit her de un ster individu samt dwo X-chromosomes
Genetique se interesset ibs bungsims qua controle id organisation, id expression ed id mov iom gens. Panct sib un double ziel : hois, bestehme ia transmissionsprocessa os genetic information; ciois, kwites ia causes ed mecanismes massoul de genomic variabilitat (genic lesions ed mutations, resmehlden ed reassortiments per recombination, exchange per crossing-over). 
Ia concepts om programme, code, information fayssale de id "memoria" - kam est sayct in Informatique - qua i individus hant heritet (genotype), tem quem de ids expression weitwodden ab wiswa observable kweits (phenotype). Genetique men pliehct sbringhes ia dasturs qua regent sammel id samkwehkia ed ia differences inter i individus samt sam atavia (Bateson, 1906). Id de recenter molecular genetique se strehnct ad elucide id buhsa iom genetic mutations, iomgenic "defects" ed, eventual-ye, ad correge ia.
 
Tabell iom sept kweits quom hereditat G.Mendel endersokit. Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) eet uno moravsk-osterreichisch abbat. Eys mestissage tests, qua is parkwohr unte maung yars privat-ye in id garden ios abbatial, hant ornuwen id genetique ka science. Lakin, eys endersoks ne buir in-kap ghaben bayna i mualims ed buir raunstohgen bad circum 1900, diu pos eys mohrt. 
==Oin secule om aunstehgens==
Genetique se swobeuwt do science tik ab 1900. Quar moments mehlde ids adgumt ed nukte ids Historia: 
- Id recognition ed isolement om unitats wa Erbfaktoren (Mendel, 1865), dissociable ud mutu, insectible ed transmissible, yanas iom visible kweits, kam id color iom okwi, kays, cuited suloukend kam tem maung "hereditatsatoms". Serter namta "gens", existent, pro i individus uns sam spece, sub plur formes, versions, modifiet copies au stands kalen "alleles" - oiter biht alter, etymologic-ye. Sekwent od sont identic au ne, ghehdient ses expressen - bihsiet tolken de dominant gen -,we ne - id non-expressen gen bohrn ab el individu bet quod el ghehdt transmitte sieni descendance est kalt "recessive". 
- Id enevidencen, ye id fin ios XIXt secule, in id eten iom cells, uns "hereditar substance" quod prehpt ka figurat, seid au kehmb, corpsa, facil-ye colorable kalen "chromosomes". Behrnt kam tem maunga "comstranghen perles" ia gens, quom aurdhen ed position skeipe id genic cartographia. Ielg iom menscencells behrt 23 pairs chromosomen ex qua oin bestehmt id sexe - 2 Xa pro un ster individu, un X ed un Y pro uno ner individu. 
- Id identification in 1944 uns etenmacromolecule (eten ios cell), id desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), material yana iom hereditary kweits. 
- Id establiement, in 1953, ios structure ios DNA ed iom modalitats od idso synthese au replication. Ids helicoidal ed repetitive structure est comparable uni informatic programme, ei kamus uns bahsa samt vasya harifs (genotype) bet quod dehlct kay bihe un lurhat bihe "transcriben" : id ribonucleic acid (RNA) est id protein wa enzyme quod "synthetiset" id DNA, daht ids irreductible aunsam transcription, id phenotype. Tod chemic catalyse compont, sekwent id wekwos ios franceois Medicin Nobelpris F.Jacob (1970), id logique du vivant.
 Structure ios DNA double helix. Ia atoms in tod structure sont colorcoden ye element ed ia jixay structures iom dwo basic pairs sont diken dexi. 
Id Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) est uno molecule skipen ab dwo zangirs (kwohrt ex nucleotides) qua slehnke ambh mutu kay forme un double helix behrnd ia genetic bereulens nuden pro id crosct, antslehnken, functionment ed reproduction vasyen gnohn yowkjitias ed maungen virus. DNA ed ribonucleic acids sont nucleic acides; nieb ia proteins, lipides ed polysukerides, ia sont oino iom quar major types macromoleculen essential vasyims gnohn gwitformes.
==Constanta mutations==
Id arithmetic au statistic control iom genic unitats, kam descript ab ia Mendel loys, hat inducen id cred in un biochemic fixisme, ed trans id in id identification uns individu ed os els descendance elsi genome. Id sequencen ios menscengenome (DNA) na-sint credihes in un stabilitat ios genetic material. Api, buit aunstohgen id existence om "mutations", abrupt ed ops discret fluctuations ios genome qua se repercutte brutal-ye - "skand-ye" - ep ia phenotypes. Sam-ye buir aunstohct ia, mobil au skander, genic entitats (ia "transposons" au "insertionsequences"), qua tyeice chromosomic rearrangements. Punctual mutations ed insertions transposonen wehrge in evolutive processa. 
Id aunstehgen iom "antslehnkengens" - khaliban due A.Prochiantz - hat permitten demonstre od, in id menscenspece, id phenotype est baygh minter Dwight ab id genotype quem in alter speces. Morphogenetique, ye id crucen om genetique, antslehnken ed evolution, hat pruven id constant alteration ios DNA, ia eurpens ed mutations buit-yibs submitten. Id revelet bilhassa id primatia os epigenesis (id influence ios milieu) uper phylogenesis (hereditat), kam id importance ios individual historia pro id evolution ed ia talimats. 
Genetiques questiono nundiens est ja neti tod ios identification iom gens - hams in commun con el mus 80% genen, ed 90% con el kiep -, sontern tod ios regulation quod permitt ir expression. Naturelika ghi - kemti nies genetic programme -, expliet A.Prochiantz, est el mensc "anatural" : el expremt sien gens tik sekwent ia stimules os sien ambient ed sienen talimats.
 "Race" est neid genetic concept : Lucy ed Maria Aylmer sont dwin swesters, gnahn in 1997 ex un Britisch pater ed un Jamaicanu mater.
==Genetique, Racisme ed suagehnia==
Bo genetique ed id aunstehgen ios DNA hant leusihn cada wirt ei division os Menscgenos do "races" sekwent morphologic traits (cuitcolor, kaystexture, ghalvdimension, etc...). Ia statistic analyses applien ad genetic markers prehpeihnt od ia weurst arkens bihnt observen, ne inter populationsgrupps, sontern inter i individus ex un sam grupp - quo confirmet id importance os individual historia. 
Sontghi dastur-ye aunwirt vasya tentative "kayjons" ios "hereditar mirath" keihskwnd ep id Theoria os evolution ed, in druve, gwehmend ender racism. 
Ia wahid utopiste perspectives qua dar hant sem credibilitat concerne id pregnahsa diagnose, quod bezielt vergihes, pos in vitro behrnteihsa, id implantation embryen nu-yi auient sem gens nu-we behrient sem gens antplehctil siuges kam hemophilia, mucoviscidose, serpcellen siuge au ia hereditar muscular dusdrehbias. Taghi prospects seuwnt sweurghs, wawod maghiet bihe redwoin id generalisation, eti id legal obligation os nudes tod process kay vergihes id diffusion hereditaren tares, costeus ad sanitat : id risk os suagehnia ne est khatem. 
Dehbht yinjier bihe daumen, sekwent ia formules os J-P. Séris in La Technique (1994) de id "social chehxrect uper quel stahalt gnahe", eti de id "rect os gnahe normal". Maghent bihe redwoit idschi stocken eti makhen menscenembryen bertor maungen stammcells quom eurpbungsa seuwnt megil wehlpens.
 Genetic-ye modifiet organismes (GMOs) sont organismes quom genomes buir ingeniuren in laboratoria kay favorise id expression om iskwn physiologic traits au id Production iskwnen biologic products. In conventional wodstu, plantenbeuwen eti kiekwrdeughen, est diutos praxis os selege individus os un spece kay gehne uno nassel quod habsiet ia iskwn traits. In genetic modification, lakin, recombinanta genetic technologias sont nuden kay produce organismes quom-pet genomes buir altered ye id molecular nivell, daydey included-ye gens ex semo negendel spece organismen qua dadwnt traits qua ne esient facil-ye hassilen med conventional selective beuwen.
==Kyel upermensc ?==
Pro id commun opinion, ia biotechnologias, id genetic ingenieurie ed synthetic biologia, assocyen ad nanotechnologias, informatic technologia ed cognitive sciences, hant ghyanen Pandoras cutia. Ia projects os redinghes menscgenos, ye id weidos os un gigant Lego, emen tsay af Hollywood ed iom deutsch philosoph P.Sloterdijk, pinwnt hois id sogn os un sorte es upermenscem gohnt ab ia genetic technologias, ciois id coschmar ios ruine iom "natural tulas" ob id extercontrol diffusion om GMOs. Ta paurs ghehdient favorise un nov obscurantisme - piwen ghi ab id vol om privat firmas os "patentire id gwiv", os bifanghe id sequence ios genome we os modifie artificial-ye ia tulas au ia reproductionsmodus in id Nature ob id spehren om GMOs. 
Ia ex vivo genic therapias - modifienda dind reimplantend ia cells uns patient - ghyane yed sem promissora prospects. Est planen id transfer om genetic informations abvulbhtil manks, stimulatil eurpbungsa : also, reprogrammet cells ghehdient favorise sehrgdedhen, elimine id cholesterol eti, dayir carcinogen cells, bihe destruct ab id immunsysteme.