Dalkaisk Grammar

Below will be a general overview of Dalkaisk guidelines for syntax, grammar rules, verb conjugation, prepositions/postpositions, common prefixes/suffixes, and other related grammar rules to form complex sentences in Dalkaisk.
== Overview ==
* Dalkaisk uses Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) sentence structure like English. This means that a basic sentence would be structured like "He sees her." 
* Alternatively, Object-Subject-Verb (OSV) can also be used for stylistic or emphatic purposes, such as "Land, he saw."
* There are no definite or indefinite articles in Dalkaisk (i.e. the/a/an). If specificity or generality is needed in a sentence (AKA if 'the' or 'a' is needed,), the Dalkaisk words for 'that' (kjem) and 'one' (an) are used.
== Pronunciation ==
Letter	IPA 	Ex. 	Letter	IPA 	Ex. 	Letter	IPA 	Ex.
A 	/a/ 	laama	B 	/b/ 	bee 	Ch 	/t͡ʃ/	cheese
D 	/d/ 	dog 	E 	/e/ 	end 	F 	/f/ 	for
G 	/g/ 	give 	Kh 	/x/ 	hen 	I 	/i/ 	seem
J 	/j/ 	yes 	K 	/k/ 	kin 	L 	/l/ 	less
M 	/m/ 	mess 	N 	/n/ 	nor 	O 	/o/ 	lore
P 	/p/ 	path 	R 	/ɾ/ 	party*	S 	/s/ 	sell
T 	/t/ 	tell 	U 	/u/ 	food 	V 	/v/ 	veer
Z 	/z/ 	zen 	Ts 	/t͡s/	cats 	Zh 	/ʒ/ 	vision
Dzh 	/dʒ/	jail 	Aj 	/aʲ/	hi 	Ej 	/eʲ/	hey
Ij 	/iʲ/	heel 	Oj 	/oʲ/	soy 	Uj 	/uʲ/	bababooey
Sh 	/ʃ/ 	shoe 	 	 	 	 	 	
*flapped r, in American English, the t sound is reduced in party, and sounds like an r.
* The letter i at the end of words is reduced to /ɪ/, is.
* Stress is on the second syllable if it is 2 syllables, and on the second to last syllable if it is more than 2 syllables.
* The word ij "and" in Dalkaisk is pronounced as /jɪ/ (ji) after words that end in j.
* The word ij can also be pronounced as /i/ (i) as a more casual pronunciation, or can be reduced to /ɪ/ when speaking quickly.
== Common Phrases ==
English 	Dalkaisk 	Phonetically
Hello 	Priva 	Pree-vah
Welcome 	Lestale 	Leh-stall-lyeh
Please 	Popresheke / Popra 	Po-preh-sheh-kyeh / Po-prah
Thank you 	Khula 	Hoo-lah
You're welcome 	Pretjesej 	Preh-tye-say
Yes 	Saj 	Sai
No 	Pjo 	Pyo
Where are you? 	Jevjar jetejlajm? / Vjartej?	Yeh-vyar yeh-tey-lime / Vyar-tey
I don't know 	Pjo lavevaj /Pjolav 	Pyo lah-veh-vai / Pyo-lahv
Of course 	Guvanaj 	Goo-vah-nai
I speak Dalkaisk 	Bajevaj Dalkajsk. 	Bah-jeh-vai Dahl-kaisk
My Dalkaisk is bad 	Vjin Dalkajsk je tsij 	Vyin Dahl-kaisk yeh tsye
Do you speak English?	Bajetej Anglesk (lajm)? 	Bye-yeh-tey On-glesk (lime)?
== Pronouns ==
=== Personal (I, he, they) ===
 	Singular	Plural
1st Person	vaj 	vanaj/vajsk*
2nd Person	tej 	tajsk
3rd Person	ren 	renaj
*Vanaj includes the speaker and the listener (inclusive we), while Vajsk only includes the speaker (exclusive we).
==== Possessive (My, his, their) ====
 	Singular	Plural
1st Person	vjin 	vanaje/vasin*
2nd Person	tujen** 	tasejn
3rd Person	ranen 	renaje
*Vanaje includes the speaker and the listener (inclusive our), while Vasin only includes the speaker (exclusive our).
*Tujen is written as -taj when written in suffix form.
=== Demonstrative (this, that) ===
 	Singular 	Plural 	Singular (EN)	Plural (EN)
Proximal	kev 	kevan 	this 	these
Medial* 	kjemtaj**	kjantaj**	that by you 	those by you
Distal 	kjem 	kjeman 	that 	those
*Medial describes objects near the second person, in contrast to the dual nature of English's 'this' and 'that.'
**Originally dialectal, but increasingly growing in usage.
=== Usage Notes ===
* For aesthetic or emphatic reasons, pronouns before a word can also be attached as a suffix to the root word.
* Most pronouns are the same in suffix form (e.g. Vaj oleve, Olevevaj 'I appear'), but for tujen, It is -taj in its suffix form (e.g. tujen pju, pjutaj 'Your water').
* Suffix form pronouns almost always come after any verb or noun inflections. For example, 'he had been needing' would normally be 'ren holje najeret,' but would be changed to 'holje najaretren'
* The exception in suffix form pronouns being added last is that -lajm, or the question marker always comes last in a word.
== Noun ==
=== Noun Inflections ===
The main noun inflections decline based on number and prepositional phrasing (i.e to-, at-, from-).
The noun inflections are as follows:
Number Affixes:
Plurals are formed in nouns based on a mostly regular system, with exceptions for common nouns. Multiple systems are used depending on the ending of the root word.
* -v, plural marker, only when root word ends with -a and -o
*-z, plural marker, only when root word ends with -i
*-n, plural marker, only when root word ends with -e and -u
*-av, plural marker, only when root word ends with a consonant
Certain common use words with consonant endings have an -ets ending. This includes shtajets, denizets, helisets, vojets, ledets, and murets (days, brothers, noses, lives. doors, words).
Preprepositional Affixes:
To express prepositions such as to, from, and at, prefixes are used rather than separate words.
* av-, to (the/a) #
* lo-, by (the/a) #, (when attached onto a noun starting in a vowel, a /β/ "v" sound is usually included when spoken, loajtse, "by the end" sounds more like lovajtse)
* on-, in (the/a) #
* je-, at (the/a) #
* in-, from (the/a) #
* por-, with (the/a) #
* jaj-, on (the/a) #
* las-, about (the/a) #
* evo-, among (the/a) #, (see lo#)
* -tsi, of (the/a) #, attached after a noun as a stylistic choice or a redundancy reducer, (from tsi # tsi #, to tsi # #tsi)
Postpositional Affixes:
* -naj, for (the/a) #
Order of noun affixes go: Preposition + Root + Plural + Postposition (Suffix)
== Verbs ==
=== Verb Inflections ===
* -re, Past Tense
* -(s)ejn, Future Tense
* -te, Continuous Tense, (reduced to -t after the past tense marker)
* holje #, Perfect Tense, (i.e had #, have #, etc.)
* #lajm, Interrogative tense, (Question markers at the end of words, optional to reduce spoken confusion, always last in the order of suffixes.)
* -jen, Habitual Tense, (Informal, dialectal)
Order of verb suffixes go: Past/Fut. + Cont./Hab. + Int.
== Word Patterns ==
=== General Patterns ===
* -a, ja, Possible suffix for Nouns
* -je, -e, Common suffixes for Verbs
* -ij / -esk, Common suffixes for Adjectives
=== Derivational Patterns ===
* -isej / -isam*, Adjectives → Adverb 
* -isam is much rarer, and only present in some common adjectives.
Category:Language