Gagharada (Language)

Gagharada is the language spoken by the Gagha. It's syllables are exclusively open, with a CV syllable shape. It's speakers normally use the VSO word order, but it has a rather free word order due to it's case system.
== Phonology and Romanization ==
Consonants	Consonants 	Vowels 	Vowels
Phoneme 	Roman letter	Phoneme	Roman letter
m
n
j̃
p
b
t
d
k
β
f
v
ð̠
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
x
ɣ
ɾ	m
n
nh
p
b
t
d
k
pv
f
v
dh
s
z
sh
j
h
gh
r	i
u
e
o
ɛ
ɐ
ɔ
ä	i
u
e
o
ê
a
ô
â
== Stress ==
Stress is fixed and always falls on the first syllable.
== Verbs ==
The verbs aren't conjugated by inflection, instead the following auxiliary verbs are used to express tense: 
Future 	'Je' +
Present 	Unmarked
Perf. Past	'Ho' +
Imp. Past 	'Zâ' +
== Number ==
Singular	Unmarked
Plural 	Ga-
== Valency-changing Operations ==
Passive 	'Te' +
Causative	'Rô' +
== Cases ==
Nominative	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative
Unmarked 	Unmarked 	Ze- 	Gu- 	Kê- 	Fe-
Note: Other than possession, the genitive case can also express relativeness, material and accompaniament.
== Pronouns ==
 	        Pronouns	        Pronouns
 	Singular 	Plural
1st Person	Ki 	Gaghi
2nd Person	Gi 	Gaghi
3rd Person	Sho 	Gash
== Basic Translations ==
Man 	Togha
Woman 	Pidhogha
Tree 	Shâ
A man 	Togha
The man 	Togha
That man there 	Sho togha
That (said) man 	Sho togha
Sleep 	Zu
The man sleeps 	Zu togha
The man slept 	Ho zu togha
The man will sleep 	Je zu togha
The man sees the tree 	Rike togha zeshâ
The man will see the tree 	Je rike togha zeshâ
The man saw the tree 	Ho rike togha zeshâ
The man who saw the tree sleeps 	Zu horike togha
The man, who saw the tree, sleeps 	Zu togha, ho rike sho shâ
Does the man see the tree? 	Rike togha zeshâ?
Where did the man see the tree? 	Pônafe rike togha zeshâ?
I know where the man saw the tree. 	Hi ki pônafe rike togha zeshâ
The tree which the man saw. 	Tehorike shâ
The man is at the tree. 	Te togha feshâ
The man is tall. 	Te togha to
I 	Ki
You (sing.) 	Gi
He 	Sho
She 	Sho
It 	Sho
We (excl.) 	Gaghi
We (incl.) 	Gaghi
You (pl.) 	Gaghi
They (pl.) 	Gasho
The place where the man saw the tree. 	Ho rike togha shâ fepvôna
If I see the tree, I’ll sleep. 	Rike ki, je zu ki
When I sleep, I see the man. 	Zu ki, rike ki zetogha
Had I seen/if I had seen the tree, I would have slept.	Ho rike ki zeshâ, ho ja zu ki
You, sleep! 	Gi, zu!
I should sleep. (Benefit) 	Ja zu ki
You shouldn’t/won’t sleep. (Precept) 	Pija zu ki
I want to sleep. 	Je ki zezu
My tree is green. 	Te guki shâ zeshare
== Dialects ==
This wiki presents the pronunciation of standard gagharada, or Kapvipônaradha, but there are 2 other main dialects, Ripvônaradha and Shapvônaradha.
=== Ripvônaradha Dialect ===
Ripvônaradha, or, as it's speakers call it, Ripnarata (/'ripnɐɾɐtɐ/), it is a dialect of gagharada spoken in the Ripvôna region, it has diverged before the intervocalic voicing of unvoiced stops and the spirantization of stops. It presents vowel deletion on non-final second syllables and nasal assimilation (Ex. /'pɔnɐkɐpikɐ/ > /'pɔŋkɐpikɐ/).
=== Shapvônaradha Dialect ===
Shapvônaradha, or, as it's speakers call it, Shəbônaradə (/'ʃəbɔnɐɾɐdə/), it is a dialect of gagharada spoken in the Shapvôna region, it has diverged after the intervocalic voicing of unvoiced stops and before the spirantization of stops. It presents the raising of stressed and final vowels (Ex. ɐ > ə).
Category:Languages