Duke of Marlborough (title)

Duke of Marlborough (pronounced ) is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough (1650–1722), the noted military leader. The queen and the nation also gave him what became Blenheim Palace, unique as a national monument and family home. In historical texts, unqualified use of the title typically refers to the 1st Duke. The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire.
The earldom of Marlborough was held by the family of Ley from its creation in 1626 until its extinction with the death of the 4th earl in 1679. The title was recreated 10 years later for John Churchill (in 1689).
==History of the dukedom==
Churchill had been made Lord Churchill of Eyemouth (1682) in the Peerage of Scotland, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge (1685) and Earl of Marlborough (1689) in the Peerage of England. Shortly after her accession to the throne in 1702, Queen Anne made Churchill the first Duke of Marlborough and granted him the subsidiary title Marquess of Blandford.
In 1678, Churchill married Sarah Jennings (1660–1744), a courtier and influential favourite of the queen. They had seven children, of whom four daughters married into some of the most important families in Great Britain; one daughter and one son died in infancy. He was pre-deceased by his son, John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford, in 1703; so, to prevent the extinction of the titles, a special Act of Parliament was passed. When the 1st Duke of Marlborough died in 1722 his title as Lord Churchill of Eyemouth in the Peerage of Scotland became extinct and the Marlborough titles passed, according to the Act, to his eldest daughter Henrietta (1681–1733), the 2nd Duchess of Marlborough. She was married to Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin and had a son who predeceased her.
When Henrietta died in 1733, the Marlborough titles passed to her nephew Charles Spencer (1706–1758), the third son of her late sister Anne (1683–1716), who had married the 3rd Earl of Sunderland in 1699. After his older brother's death in 1729, Charles Spencer had already inherited the Spencer family estates and the titles of Earl of Sunderland (1643) and Baron Spencer of Wormleighton (1603), all in the Peerage of England. Upon his maternal aunt Henrietta's death in 1733, Charles Spencer succeeded to the Marlborough family estates and titles and became the 3rd Duke. When he died in 1758, his titles passed to his eldest son George (1739–1817), who was succeeded by his eldest son George, the 5th Duke (1766–1840). In 1815, Francis Spencer (the younger son of the 4th Duke) was created Baron Churchill in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. In 1902, his grandson, the 3rd Baron Churchill, was created Viscount Churchill.
In 1817, the 5th Duke obtained permission to assume and bear the surname of Churchill in addition to his surname of Spencer, to perpetuate the name of his illustrious great-great-grandfather. At the same time, he received Royal Licence to quarter the coat of arms of Churchill with his paternal arms of Spencer.Paul Courtenay, The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill. (accessed 20 July 2013). The double-barrelled surname of "Spencer-Churchill" has been used by family members since 1817, although some members have preferred to style themselves simply as "Churchill".
The 7th Duke was the paternal grandfather of British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, who was born at Blenheim Palace on 30 November 1874.
The 11th Duke, John Spencer-Churchill, died in 2014, having assumed the title in 1972. The 12th and present Duke is Charles James Spencer-Churchill.
==Family seat==
thumb|Burial place of most Dukes and Duchesses of Marlborough in the chapel at Blenheim Palace.
The family seat is Blenheim Palace in Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
After his leadership in the victory against the French in the Battle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704, the 1st Duke was honoured by Queen Anne granting him the royal manor of Woodstock, and building him a house at her expense to be called Blenheim. Construction started in 1705 and the house was completed in 1722, the year of the 1st Duke's death. Blenheim Palace has since remained in the Churchill and Spencer-Churchill family.
With the exception of the 10th Duke and his first wife, the dukes and duchesses of Marlborough are buried in Blenheim Palace's chapel. Most other members of the Spencer-Churchill family are interred in St. Martin's parish churchyard at Bladon, a short distance from the palace.
==Other titles of the Dukes==
===Subsidiary titles===
The Duke holds subsidiary titles: Marquess of Blandford (created in 1702 for John Churchill), Earl of Sunderland (created in 1643 for the Spencer family), Earl of Marlborough (created in 1689 for John Churchill), Baron Spencer of Wormleighton (created in 1603 for the Spencer family), and Baron Churchill of Sandridge (created in 1685 for John Churchill), all in the Peerage of England.
The title Marquess of Blandford is used as the courtesy title for the Duke's eldest son and heir. The Duke's eldest son's eldest son can use the courtesy title Earl of Sunderland, and the duke's eldest son's eldest son's eldest son (not necessarily the eldest great-grandson) the title Lord Spencer of Wormleighton (not to be confused with Earl Spencer).
The title of Earl of Marlborough, created for John Churchill in 1689, had previously been created for James Ley, in 1626, becoming extinct in 1679.
===Foreign titles===
The 1st Duke was honoured with land and titles in the Holy Roman Empire: Emperor Leopold I created him a Prince in 1704, and in 1705, his successor Emperor Joseph I gave him the principality of Mindelheim (once the lordship of the noted soldier Georg von Frundsberg). He was obliged to surrender Mindelheim in 1714 by the Treaty of Utrecht, which returned it to Bavaria. He tried to obtain Nellenburg in Austria in exchange, which at that time was only a county ('Landgrafschaft'), but this failed, partially because Austrian law did not allow for Nellenburg to be converted into a sovereign principality.William Coxe, Herzogs Johann von Marlborough Leben und Denkwürdigkeiten, vol. 6, Vienna 1822, pp. 297–8. The 1st Duke's princely title of Mindelheim became extinct either on the return of the land to Bavaria or on his death, as the Empire operated Salic Law, which prevented female succession.
==Coats of arms==
===Original arms of the Churchill family===
The original arms of Sir Winston Churchill (1620–1688), father of the 1st Duke of Marlborough, were simple and in use by his own father in 1619. The shield was Sable a lion rampant Argent, debruised by a bendlet Gules. The addition of a canton of Saint George (see below) rendered the distinguishing mark of the bendlet unnecessary.
The Churchill crest is blazoned as a lion couchant guardant Argent, supporting with its dexter forepaw a banner Gules, charged with a dexter hand appaumée of the first, staff Or.
In recognition of Sir Winston's services to King Charles I as Captain of the Horse, and his loyalty to King Charles II as a Member of Parliament, he was awarded an augmentation of honour to his arms around 1662. This rare mark of royal favour took the form of a canton of Saint George. At the same time, he was authorised to omit the bendlet, which had served the purpose of distinguishing this branch of the Churchill family from others which bore an undifferenced lion.
===Arms of the 1st Duke of Marlborough===
Sir Winston's shield and crest were inherited by his son John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. Minor modifications reflected the bearer's social rise: the helm was now shown in profile and had a closed grille to signify the bearer's rank as a peer, and there were now supporters placed on either side of the shield. They were the mythical Griffin (part lion, part eagle) and Wyvern (a dragon without hind legs). The supporters were derived from the arms of the family of the 1st Duke's mother, Drake of Ash (Argent, a wyvern gules; these arms can be seen on the monument in Musbury Church to Sir Bernard Drake, d.1586).
The motto was Fiel pero desdichado (Spanish for "Faithful but unfortunate").Robson, Thomas, The British Herald, or Cabinet of Armorial Bearings of the Nobility & Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland, Volume I, Turner & Marwood, Sunderland, 1830, p. 401 (CHU-CLA). The 1st Duke was also entitled to a coronet indicating his rank.
When the 1st Duke was made a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1705, two unusual features were added: the Imperial Eagle and a Princely Coronet. His estates in Germany, such as Mindelheim, were represented in his arms by additional quarterings.
===Arms of the Spencer-Churchill family===
In 1817, the 5th Duke received Royal Licence to place the quarter of Churchill ahead of his paternal arms of Spencer. The shield of the Spencer family arms is: quarterly Argent and Gules, in the second and third quarters a fret Or, over all on a bend Sable three escallops of the first. The Spencer crest is: out of a ducal coronet Or, a griffin's head between two wings expanded Argent, gorged with a collar gemel and armed Gules. Paul Courtenay observes that "It would be normal in these circumstances for the paternal arms (Spencer) to take precedence over the maternal (Churchill), but because the Marlborough dukedom was senior to the Sunderland earldom, the procedure was reversed in this case."
Also in 1817, a further augmentation of honour was added to his armorial achievement. This incorporated the bearings from the standard of the Manor of Woodstock and was borne on an escutcheon, displayed over all in the centre chief point, as follows: Argent a cross of Saint George surmounted by an inescutcheon Azure, charged with three fleurs-de-lys Or, two over one. This inescutcheon represents the royal arms of France.
These quartered arms, incorporating the two augmentations of honour, have been the arms of all subsequent Dukes of Marlborough.
===Motto===
The motto Fiel pero desdichado is Spanish for 'Faithful but unfortunate'. Desdichado means without happiness or without joy, alluding to the first Duke's father, Winston, who was a royalist and faithful supporter of the king during the English Civil War but was not compensated for his losses after the restoration. Charles II knighted Winston Churchill and other Civil War royalists but did not compensate them for their wartime losses, thereby inducing Winston to adopt the motto. It is unusual for the motto of an Englishman of the era to be in Spanish rather than Latin, and it is not known why this is the case.
===Gallery of arms===
File:Churchill Original.svg|Original arms of the Churchill family
File:Coat of arms of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough.svg|Arms of Sir Winston Churchill, the father of the 1st Duke of Marlborough
File:Coat of arms of the John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (16xx-1722).svg|Arms of the 1st Duke of Marlborough, with quarterings representing his estates in Germany
MarlboroughCoatOfArms.jpg|Simple arms of the Spencer Dukes of Marlborough before they changed their name to "Spencer-Churchill" and took the modern arms
George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough Color.jpg|Arms of George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough
Arms of Spencer-Churchill, Duke of Marlborough.svg|Shield of the Spencer-Churchill Dukes of Marlborough since 1817
File:Coat of Arms of Winston Churchill as a Gentleman.svg|Arms of Winston Churchill (or any Spencer-Churchill) as a gentleman
Coat of Arms of Winston Churchill.svg|Arms of Sir Winston Churchill as a Knight of the Garter
===Achievement===
==List of title holders==
=== Earls of Marlborough, first creation (1626–1679) ===
The earldom of Marlborough was held by the family of Ley from 1626 to 1679. James Ley, the 1st Earl (c. 1550 – 1629), was lord chief justice of the King's Bench in Ireland and then in England; he was an English member of parliament and was lord high treasurer from 1624 to 1628. In 1624 he was created Baron Ley and in 1626 Earl of Marlborough. The 3rd earl was his grandson James (1618–1665), a naval officer who was killed in action with the Dutch. James was succeeded by his uncle William, a younger son of the 1st earl, on whose death in 1679 the earldom became extinct.
===Earls of Marlborough, second creation (1689)===
:Other titles: Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, in the county of Berwick (Scotland 1682) and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, in the county of Hertford (England 1685)
* John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough (1650–1722), became Duke of Marlborough in 1702
===Dukes of Marlborough (1702)===
:Other titles: Marquess of Blandford (England 1702), Earl of Marlborough, in the county of Wiltshire (En 1689) and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, in the county of Hertford (England 1685)
:Other titles (1st Duke): Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, in the county of Berwick (Scotland 1682)
* John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722), soldier and statesman
** John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (1686–1703), elder son of the 1st Duke, died unmarried
* Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough (1681–1733), eldest daughter of the 1st Duke, succeeded her father by Act of Parliament (1706)
** William Godolphin, Marquess of Blandford (1700–1731), elder son of the 2nd Duchess, predeceased his mother without issue
* Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland (née Lady Anne Churchill; 1683–1716), second daughter of the 1st Duke, married Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, predeceased her elder sister, leaving male issue
:Other titles (3rd Duke onwards): Earl of Sunderland (England 1643) and Baron Spencer of Wormleighton (England 1729)
* Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough (1706–1758), 5th Earl of Sunderland, second son of Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland
* George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough (1739–1817), elder son of the 3rd Duke
* George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough (1766–1840), elder son of the 4th Duke
* George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough (1793–1857), eldest son of the 5th Duke
* John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough (1822–1883), eldest son of the 6th Duke and paternal grandfather of Winston Churchill
* George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough (1844–1892), eldest son of the 7th Duke
* Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough (1871–1934), only son of the 8th Duke
* John Albert William Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough (1897–1972), elder son of the 9th Duke
* John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough (1926–2014), elder son of the 10th Duke
* Charles James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough (b. 1955), eldest surviving son of the 11th Duke
The heir apparent to the dukedom is George John Godolphin Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (b. 1992), eldest son of the 12th Duke.
==Succession to the title==
The dukedom can theoretically pass through a female line. However, unlike the remainder to heirs general found in most other peerages that allow male-preference primogeniture, the grant does not allow for abeyance and follows a more restrictive Semi-Salic formula designed to keep succession wherever possible in the male line.
Succession to the title under the first and second contingencies has lapsed; holders of the title from the 3rd Duke trace their status from the third contingency.
It is now very unlikely that the dukedom will be passed to a woman or through a woman, since all the male-line descendants of the 1st Duke's second daughter Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland—including the lines of the Barons Churchill of Wychwood and of the Earl Spencer and of the entire Spencer-Churchill and Spencer family—would have to become extinct.
If that were to happen, the Churchill titles would pass to the Earl of Jersey, the heir-male of the 1st Duke's granddaughter Anne Villiers (born Egerton), Countess of Jersey, daughter of Elizabeth Churchill, Countess of Bridgewater, the fourth daughter of the first Duke.
==Line of succession==
* John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722)
** Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough (1681–1733)
** Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland (1683–1716)
*** Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough (1706–1758)
**** George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough (1739–1817)
***** George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough (1766–1840)
****** George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough (1793–1857)
******* John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough (1822–1883)
******** George Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough (1844–1892)
********* Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough (1871–1934)
********** John Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough (1897–1972)
*********** John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough (1926–2014)
************ James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough (born 1955) 
************* (1) George Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford ()
************* (2) Lord Caspar Spencer-Churchill () 
************ (3) Lord Edward Spencer-Churchill () 
*********** Lord Charles Spencer-Churchill (1940–2016)
************ (4) Rupert Spencer-Churchill () 
************ (5) Dominic Spencer-Churchill () 
************* (6) Ivor Spencer-Churchill ()
************ (7) Alexander Spencer-Churchill () 
************* (8) Jake Spencer-Churchill ()
********** Lord Ivor Spencer-Churchill (1898–1956)
***********male issue and descendants in remainder
******** Lord Randolph Spencer-Churchill (1849–1895)
********* Sir Winston Spencer-Churchill (1874–1965)
********** Randolph Spencer-Churchill (1911–1968)
*********** Winston Spencer-Churchill (1940–2010)
************male issue and descendants in remainder
***** Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill (1779–1845)
****** Barons Churchill
**** Lord Charles Spencer (1740–1820)
***** John Spencer (1767–1831)
****** Frederick Spencer (1796–1831)
******* Charles Spencer (1827–1898)
******** Sir Charles Spencer (1869–1934)
********* John Spencer (1907–1977)
**********male issue and descendants in remainder
********* Charles Spencer (1909–1963)
**********male issue in remainder
*** John Spencer (1708–1746)
**** John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer (1734–1783)
***** Earls Spencer
** Elizabeth Churchill, Countess of Bridgewater (1687–1714)
*** Anne Villiers, Countess of Jersey (1705–1762)
**** George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey (1735–1805)
***** Earls of Jersey
 Notes and sources
Mark	Note
2 	Issue from second marriage
3 	Issue from third marriage
==Family trees==
thumb|center|600px|The 1st Duke of Marlborough's genealogy
==References==
== External links ==
* Blenheim Palace website
Category:Dukedoms in the Peerage of England
Duke
 
Category:Peerages created with special remainders
Category:Noble titles created in 1702