Minas Tirith

Minas Tirith, the Tower of Guard, formerly known as Minas Anor, the Tower of the Sun, was the capital city of Gondor from TA 1640 onward.
Many important events took place in and in front of the city, such as the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and then coronation of Aragorn II.
==History==
===Minas Anor===
The fortress was built to guard against the Men of the White Mountains in the year SA 3320 by the Dúnedain of Gondor, those Faithful Númenóreans who escaped the destruction of Númenor the year prior. It was at that time named Minas Anor, meaning "Tower of the Sun". It served as the home of Anárion, and the chief settlement in the province of Anórien. This is just as Minas Ithil, built to guard against Mordor, became the dwelling-place of Isildur and the main city in Ithilien. The South-kingdom, however, was jointly ruled from the old capital of Osgiliath by both brothers under the overlordship of Elendil.The Silmarillion, Akallabêth (Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age)
In the year SA 3429, Sauron invaded Gondor, capturing Minas Ithil and forcing Isildur to flee. Anárion successfully defended Osgiliath and retook Minas Ithil, driving Sauron back for a time, but in the following War of the Last Alliance, Anárion was slain and rule of Gondor passed to his descendants, who would continue to rule from Osgiliath. Before departing for the north, Isildur planted the White Tree of Gondor in the Court of the Fountain in memory of his slain brother.
King Ostoher rebuilt the fortress into a city in TA 420, establishing his summer court there. Gradually, it eclipsed Osgiliath in importance as the original capital slowly declined into ruin, and in TA 1640 King Tarondor permanently moved the King's House to Minas Anor. In the year TA 2002, the city of Minas Ithil on the borders of Mordor was captured by the Ringwraiths, and renamed Minas Morgul. It was then that Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith, meaning "Tower of Guard". Soon afterwards, the last King of Gondor, Eärnur, was slain in the Morgul Vale, and rulership of Gondor passed to the Stewards. It was also around this time that the Rammas Echor was built, the great wall encircling the rich farmlands and suburbs of the city, called the Pelennor Fields. As the new capital of Gondor, Minas Tirith was no longer within Anórien, instead being an independent territory.The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, Annals of the Kings and Rulers, I. The Númenórean Kings, iv. "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
=== Minas Tirith in the Third Age ===
The might of Gondor would decline into the late Third Age, and although the White Tower was rebuilt by Ecthelion I in the year TA 2698, the White Tree died in the year TA 2872 with no replacement. After Sauron openly declared himself in the year TA 2951, Ecthelion II strengthened the city's defences. Only a few years later, Aragorn travelled to the city under the alias of Thorongil, and was said to have done great deeds there. By the time of the War of the Ring the city was in decline, with many houses uninhabited and the city less than half populated.
====Siege of Minas Tirith====
Minas Tirith was eventually, during the War of the Ring in the year TA 3019, besieged by the armies of Mordor, under the Great Darkness generated by Sauron's power. Prior to the assault the Rammas Echor wall was put back into repair, work being completed on the last section facing north with only days to spare. Most of the women, children and the old were evacuated in the week before the invasion and the city was fully provisioned for a long siege.
The Siege of Gondor began with the assault on Gondor's outer defenses. When these fell and when Denethor II's son Faramir was brought back severely wounded, the Steward fell into despair and played no further part in the city's defense.
The immense Battle of the Pelennor Fields took place in the fields surrounding the city. Although Gondor and its allies were victorious, Théoden, the King of Rohan, was mortally wounded during this battle by the Witch-king of Angmar. At about the same time, the Witch-king was destroyed by Éowyn, lady of Rohan. Aragorn later arrived at the hour of need with an army from Outlands of Gondor, which he had released by defeating the Corsairs of Umbar, turning the tide of battle in favor of the Free Peoples. After the battle, the Pelennor Fields lay strewn with bodies, Minas Tirith's Great Gate was broken and the first circle of the city much damaged by fire.
====Fourth Age====
On May 1st, 3019, the Crowning of King Elessar took place on the plain outside Minas Tirith. After his coronation, he entered the city as the King of Gondor, as he was destined to become from the start of his lifetime. With his coronation, King Elessar re-founded the line of the Kings of Gondor, and as he was also the King of the restored Kingdom of Arnor, Minas Tirith became capital of the Reunited Kingdom.Minas Tirith was repaired by its new king and by the Dwarves of Erebor, particularly Gimli, who built a new gate and renovated the city, with Legolas and the Elves contributing new gardens. Minas Tirith was said to have been made even more beautiful than when it was at the time of its founding. The city is known to have stood firm and strong well into the Fourth Age.
== Layout ==
Minas Tirith was surrounded by the Rammas Echor, a large ringwall encircling the city and the Pelennor Fields. This wall was built after Minas Ithil fell and was renamed Minas Morgul. It was repaired by Ecthelion II and Denethor II before the War of the Ring, but it was too long to be adequately manned to defend the city from the Dark Lord Sauron's legions of Uruks from Mordor. The city itself lay on the Hill of Guard beneath Mount Mindolluin, which rose above the High Court, by a height of a couple of thousand feet. Mindolluin was where Aragorn found the seedling of the White Tree.
The city was divided into seven one-hundred-foot high levels, each surrounded by white walls, except the first wall, the Othram, which was built of the same indestructible black stone as the Tower of Orthanc. The gates connecting the levels did not lie behind one another in a line, but faced in alternating directions, southeast then northeast, save for the first and seventh gates, which both faced east. Passwords were required for each gate. A spur of rock, whose summit was level with the city's uppermost tier, jutted out from the front of the city in an easterly direction, dividing all but the first and seventh levels in two. Each level was scattered with many alleys, narrow passageways, and full-fledged houses. On the sixth level were located the Houses of Healing, surrounded by pleasant gardens. Finally, within the seventh wall, was the Citadel of Minas Tirith, with the White Tower of Minas Tirith - three hundred feet high, so that its apex was one thousand feet above the plain. The citadel contained armouries, barracks and mess halls as well as the residence of Gondor's rulers and the feast hall Merethrond. The Court of the Fountain was directly to the west of the citadel gate. 
=== Levels ===
The First Level was the lowest tier of the city, at which Minas Tirith's Great Gate was located.
During the Siege of Minas Tirith, Sauron's forces cast fire into the First Level, burning many buildings and causing general havoc amongst the defenders. Later on, the Main Gate was breached when Grond was finally used against it and the Witch-king of Angmar entered on horseback, the only enemy to successfully enter in three thousand years. Confronted by Gandalf, the Lord of the Nazgûl retreated at the arrival of the host of Rohan.
== In adaptations ==
thumb|Minas Tirith as depicted in the 1980 film
=== Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King ===
In The Return of the King film created by Rankin/Bass, the layout of Minas Tirith is based on J.R.R. Tolkien's description. It has the book's description of the first wall as dark in color and unusually high. However, unlike in the books, the first wall becomes damaged during the Siege of Minas Tirith. The Rammas Echor is shown similar to how Tolkien's vision in the book. It is possible Peter Jackson took inspiration for Rankin/Bass's design in his movies.
=== Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings films ===
thumb|Peter Jackson's Minas Tirith|415x415px
Minas Tirith appears briefly in Peter Jackson's first movie The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, where Gandalf researches the One Ring; as well as in the extended edition of the second film, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, where it is seen as a glimpse in the distance when the Rangers of Ithilien hold Frodo and Sam captive. It is a central and major location in Peter Jackson's third movie The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.
Tolkien's description of the physical layout of Minas Tirith is largely followed in Peter Jackson's movie. The films' crew built a model of Minas Tirith closely based on Tolkien's description, although there are several assumptions made by the director and deviations from the book. One of these is the assumption that the top of the courtyard of the White Tree was flattened and paved. One deviation is that, in the book, the coronation of Aragorn took place not in the courtyard atop the city but outside the city, and only after his coronation did he enter the city as the new King of Gondor.
Despite the book's describing the first wall as dark in colour (similarly to Orthanc), unusually high and almost indestructible, in the movies it is not only white and several times lower than the rest of the walls, but is also heavily damaged or worn. The film shows the old White Tree with a blossom at the arrival of Aragorn, while in the book, Gandalf and Aragorn discover a new sapling on the slopes of Mount Mindolluin instead, and replant it in the place of the old tree.
The Great Gate of Minas Tirith in the films is flanked by towers and bastions made from the same white stone which makes up the entire lower level. The Rammas Echor is not shown or mentioned.
==== Conceptualization ====
The full model of Minas Tirith, seen only in full shots of the city with the mountains behind it in the films, was made by John Baster and Mary Maclachlan of the Miniatures department of the crew.The Art of The Return of the King, Introduction, pg. 11
=== The Battle for Middle-earth ===
In Electronic Arts' RTS The Battle for Middle-earth series, Minas Tirith can be played at in Skirmishes, and appears in the Campaign of the first instalment The Battle for Middle-earth. The city's scale and depth are accurate to its depiction in the films.
=== The Lord of the Rings Online===
Several versions of the city exist in The Lord of the Rings Online, separated chronologically: under the Dawnless Day, during the Siege of Gondor, after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, and during the wedding of Aragorn and Arwen at Mid-year's Day. Each version is explorable and has a different set of quests. The Seven Tiers of the city have been given names: Worker's Tier, Soldier's Tier, Craftsmen's Tier, Player's Tier, Sages' Tier, Master's Tier and the Citadel. Large statues of every past King and Ruling Steward are found throughout the city.
==Translations==
Foreign Language 	Translated name
Amharic 	ሚናስ ጢሪጥ
Arabic 	ميناس تيريث
Armenian 	Մինաշ Տիրիտհ
Assamese 	মিনাছ তিৰিথ
Belarusian Cyrillic	Мі́нас Ты́рыт
Bengali 	মিনাস টিরিথ
Bosnian 	Minas Tirit
Bulgarian Cyrillic 	Минас Тирит
Burmese 	မိနက်စ် တစ်ရစ်
Chinese (Hong Kong)	米那斯提力斯
Chinese (Mandarin) 	白城
Danish 	Minas Tirith (Mundborg)
Georgian 	მინას ტირითი
Greek 	Μίνας Τίριθ
Gujarati 	મિનાસ તિરીથ
Hebrew 	מינאס טירית
Hindi 	मिनस तीरिथ
Japanese 	ミナス・ティリス
Kannada 	ಮಿನಾಸ್ ತಿರಿತ್
Kazakh 	Мінас Тірітһ (Cyrillic) Minas Tirith (Latin)
Korean 	미나스 티리스
Kurdish 	میناس تیریت (Sorani)
Kyrgyz Cyrillic 	Минас Тиритч
Laotian 	ມິນາສທິລາດ
Macedonian Cyrillic	Минас Тирит
Maithili 	मिनास तिरिथ
Marathi 	मिनास तिरिथ
Mongolian Cyrillic 	Минас Тиритh
Nepalese 	मिनस तिरिथ
Pashto 	میناس طیریته
Persian 	(Minas Tirith) میناس تیریت
(Minas Anor) میناس آنور
Punjabi 	ਮੀਨਾਸ ਤੈਰਿਥ
Russian 	Минас Тирит
Sanskrit 	मिनस् टिरिथ्
Serbian 	Минас Тирит (Cyrillic) Minas Tirit (Latin)
Sindhi 	ميناس طيريته
Sinhalese 	මිනස් ටිරයිට්
Tamil 	மினாஸ் திருத்தி
Tatar 	Минас Тирит
Telugu 	మినాస్ తిరిత్
Thai 	มินัสทิริธ
Ukrainian Cyrillic 	Мінас-Тіріт
Urdu 	ماناس ٹاراٹہ
Uzbek 	Минас Тиритҳ (Cyrillic) Minas Tirith (Latin)
Yiddish 	מינאַס טיריטה
==References==
Category:Cities of Gondor
Category:Fortresses
 
Category:Places having held a palantír
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ru:Минас Тирит
uk:Мінас-Тіріт