KuMoHa 12 series

"KuMoHa 12 series" is a term used to refer to a specific type of early electric multiple unit operated by the Japanese National Railways, originally known as the MoHa 12 series when they initially appeared.
==History==
The term "KuMoHa 12 series" refers to a set of what would ultimately become thirty-four railcars operated by the JNR. The term itself refers to a specific set of railcars which feature 17 m long bodies with a driver's cab at each end and long bench seating for passengers; the initial name for this set of railcars was MoHa 12 series, implemented on 1 June 1953 with the revision of Japanese railcar naming rules, which would later be revised to KuMoHa 12 series when a further revision was implemented in 1959. A total of thirty-four KuMoHa 12 series cars were produced in seven distinct batches from multiple different rolling stock classes, which will be detailed in the sections below.
===KuMoHa 12000 – 12003===
Originally known as the MoHa 34 series and originally built in 1933, four MoHa 33 series cars were renumbered to become MoHa 12000 through 12003 on 1 June 1953 with the implementation of new rolling stock naming rules; these were reclassified as the KuMoHa 12 series in 1959 while keeping their original numbers. KuMoHa 12000 was resold to the Izuhakone Railway in 1969, where it was used until 1997. The last of the cars to retire was KuMoHa 12001 in 1982.
===KuMoHa 12010 – 12018===
Nine MoHa 31 series cars were modified into MoHa 34 series (no relation to earlier series with this designation) from November 1950 to March 1951; the modifications were carried out at Ōi with a second cab with a gangway door installed at the other end. These were intended for use on the Senseki and Yamanote Lines, with two cars going to the Senseki Line and the rest the Yamanote Line. Originally numbered MoHa 34031 through 34039, they were later renumbered to MoHa 12010 through 12018 and further reclassified as the KuMoHa 12 series in 1959 with no changes in numbers. The last of the cars to retire was KuMoHa 12013 in 1986.
===KuMoHa 12019 – 12027===
Nine MoHa 11-200 series cars were modified in MoHa 12 series cars at Ōi and Hatabu Works in 1958; the term "MoHa 11" was similar to the "MoHa 12" term in that it referred to a specific set of railcars. Intended for use on the Ube, Onoda and Kabe Lines during off-peak hours, the cars were renumbered to MoHa 12019 through 12017 and in 1959 further reclassified as the KuMoHa 12 series without any change in numbers. The last of the cars to retire was KuMoHa 12027 in 1981.
===KuMoHa 12030 – 12032===
Three MoHa 11-400 series cars were modified into MoHa 12 series cars at Ōi and Hatabu Works from October 1957 to March 1958. These were intended for use on the Kabe Line. They were further reclassified as the KuMoHa 12 series in 1959 with no changes in numbers. The last of the cars to retire was KuMoHa 12031 in 1977.
===KuMoHa 12040===
KuMoHa 12040 was created by modifying KuMoHa 11153 at Hatabu Works in 1960, with an additional driver's cab added for solo runs during non-peak hours. 12040 would later be used for switching duties in Rikuzen-Haranomachi before being retired in 1982.
===KuMoHa 12041===
KuMoHa 12041 was created by modifying KuMoYa 22112 for passenger use in 1987; use began on 31 March 1987. KuMoHa 12041 was the last modified electric railcar to be completed by the JNR before its privatization and division. It was withdrawn in February 2002 due to safety standards which this car could not meet.
===KuMoHa 12050 – 12055===
Six additional MoHa 11-200 series cars were converted for single-track use on the Tsurumi Line in 1959. The last cars to be withdrawn were 12052 and 12053 in 1996.
==Preservation==
The following KuMoHa 12 series cars have been preserved:
Car number 	Manufacturer 	Date manufactured	Date retired 	Past numbers 	Location 	Notes
KuMoHa 12041	Tanaka Sharyō 	1927 	February 2002	30131 (1927)MoHa 11047 (1953)MoHa 10016 (1959)KuMoYa 22112 (1964)	SCMaglev and Railway Park, Nagoya, Japan 	Last electric railcar conversion undertaken by JNR
KuMoHa 12052	Kawasaki Sharyō	1929 	March 1996 	31018 (1929)MoHa 11210 (1953) 	Tokyo General Rolling Stock Center, Tokyo, Japan	Remains on JR East's registers; stored out of public view
The following KuMoHa 12 series cars were preserved in the past but have since been scrapped:
Car number 	Manufacturer 	Date manufactured	Date retired	Past numbers 	Last location 	Notes
KuMoHa 12053	Kawasaki Sharyō	1931 	March 1996 	31088 (1931)MoHa 11256 (1953)	Tokyo General Rolling Stock Center, Tokyo, Japan	Removed from register in 2006; scrapped 2010
KuMoHa 12054	Nippon Sharyo 	1931 	1986 	31074 (1931)MoHa 11246 (1953)	Sakuma Rail Park, Hamamatsu, Japan 	Scrapped July 2010
==Gallery ==
File:KuMoHa 12041 2020.jpg
File:MoHa 12054 1992.jpg
Category:JR Group trains
Category:Japanese locomotives
Category:Japan
Category:Electric trainsets
Category:Hatabu Works locomotives
Category:Ōi Works locomotives