Post Soviet politics 1996 study

POLITICAL SCIENCE 596D
 SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET POLITICS
 
 Spring, 1996 John P. Willerton
 
 
 Overview of the Course:
 
 During the past decade we have witnessed the wholesale
 transformation of the USSR, as Russia and fourteen other independent
 states emerged into a post-Soviet world. Seemingly every aspect of
 Soviet and Russian political reality is now subject to root and branch
 change. But the entire post-Stalin period entailed important changes
 in the Soviet system, as well as in the political regimes that
 governed it. Significant policy and doctrinal shifts since the 1950s
 paved the way for the dramatic developments underway during the
 Gorbachev and Yeltsin periods.
 
 Study of post-Stalinist and post-Soviet Russian politics requires
 a familiarity with the past system and norms as well as with
 contemporary dynamic developments. Change in the Soviet Union,
 broadly associated with the country's movement into the
 post-mobilizational phase of development, was but one important
 development in a society which has been evolving since the 1917
 Revolution. Fundamental to post-Stalinist change was a shift in the
 bases of system and regime legitimacy, as increasing reliance was
 placed upon system performance. These changes represented the
 increased rationalization of Soviet politics if, by rationalization,
 one meant the enhanced focus on economic growth and the improved
 performance of the political system as overriding goals guiding the
 polity. The post-mobilizational Soviet society experienced the
 emergence of a bureaucratic system that required incremental progress
 toward stated collective goals. The "building of communism" assumed a
 more pragmatic meaning for political elites. In this setting,
 coercion no longer served as the exclusive means to assure
 programmatic success and legitimacy. System support and programmatic
 success increasingly required economic productivity. As a result,
 leadership effectiveness was increasingly determined on the basis of
 the fulfillment of directives.
 
 These post-Stalinist developments had important implications for
 the behavior of regimes, affecting the norms of elite recruitment and
 mobility, the processes of coalition building and government
 formation, and the content and direction of the evolving policy
 agenda. The policies of perestroika and glasnost' were natural
 consequences of these conditions, as the Gorbachev regime engaged in
 what proved to be a last futile effort to salvage the Leninist system. 
 Reforms of the latter 1980s invigorated forces committed to the
 transformation of the polity and economy. Reforms took on an
 increasingly radical character by the early 1990s, with the 1991
 demise of the USSR leading to the emergence of an increasingly diverse
 group of post-Soviet independent states. Every post-Soviet state can
 now be characterized as "in transition," though goals, strategies, and
 outcomes vary considerably. It becomes increasingly difficult to find 
 common characterizations for this diverse group of states. The long-
 term significance of contemporary post-Soviet developments throughout
 the regions of the former USSR and Eastern Europe, however, only
 underscores the merit in studying Soviet politics and the Soviet-type
 political system.
 
 This course addresses these and related issues as participants
 are familiarized with the politics of the Soviet Union and Russia
 through intensive readings, presentations, and discussions. 
 Participants should come away with an appreciation of the excitement,
 intricacies, and idiosyncracies of the politics of the Soviet and
 post-Soviet systems. Our consideration of the Western literature
 which has evolved since the 1950's will include an examination of
 methods of analysis in the Soviet/post-Soviet area. We will assign
 priority to theory and methods, but this is not meant to denigrate the
 importance of being familiar with the "vulgar factology" of the Soviet
 and Russian political past and present. While it is assumed that
 course participants have not had graduate courses in the Soviet and
 Russian studies area, it is likely that many of you have some
 knowledge of the Soviet Union and of the issues comprising the
 contemporary Russian policy agenda. Course participants may have
 examined the theories and methods of comparative politics, and this
 should prove beneficial.
 
 The substantive focus of the course is on the Soviet and post-
 Soviet political system, political elites, regime formation and
 coalition-building efforts, and the evolving policy agenda. A review
 of the antecedent society, its modernization, and the processes of
 revolution and societal transformation, will set the stage for our
 study of the contemporary period. We will examine political culture,
 ideology, political socialization and communication, and interest
 groups. Attention will be devoted to elite-mass linkages as we
 consider the evolution of both the Soviet-type system and the policy
 agenda which has guided it. We will consider institutional, elite,
 and policy changes in the post-1991 period, noting how these changes
 are affected by domestic and foreign influences. We will give
 attention to public opinion research as well as to elections and
 electoral studies. As we explore these substantive issues, we will
 see how the Western scholarly community has reacted and how our
 research foci, approaches, and methods have changed.
 
 I am very concerned that participants come away from this course
 with an appreciation of the challenges and opportunities linked with
 teaching and research in the Soviet and post-Soviet area. A major
 goal of this course is to enable participants to have a command of the
 literature and information sources necessary to teach courses with a
 Russian or Soviet component. I also want to introduce you to research
 issues involving the former Soviet republics. To this end I will
 present some of my own published and unpublished work for you to
 consider and critique.
 
 Course Requirements:
 
 Course participants' obligations include, (a) doing a lot of
 reading, (b) being prepared to discuss the issues raised in the
 readings at the time the readings are due, (c) preparing several
 in-class literature review presentations, (d) writing a research
 design and presenting it in class, and (e) taking a comprehensive exam
 which will consist of both written and oral parts. The relative value
 of the components comprising the course grade is 30% for participation
 and in-class presentations, 35% for the research design, and 35% for
 the comprehensive exam. Literature review presentations shall
 encompass both required and selected suggested readings, providing an
 overview for our class discussions. The finished research designs
 will be due at our last class meeting on Monday, April 29. They will
 be given attention throughout the term, and will be presented and
 critiqued during the final weeks of the semester. Please be aware
 that I will not be giving incompletes on this assignment or for the
 course overall.
 
 Given the limited number of course participants, I have not put
 together a coursepack of readings or ordered books in the ASUA and
 other bookstores. All of the required readings are to be on reserve
 in the Main Library. All additional, suggested readings should also
 be available in the Main Library.
 
 Students are encouraged to discuss their work with me. My office
 hours will be on Wednesdays, from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. My office
 is located in Room 316, Social Sciences Building. If you need to get
 in touch with me outside of my scheduled office hours, you may call me
 at 621-7606/621-7600, fax me at 621-7606, or send me an e-mail message
 at jpw@u.arizona.edu.
 
 
 Schedule of Topics and Readings for the Course
 
 I. Introduction and Course Overview (Week One)
 
 Consult the handout, Selected Periodicals Dealing with Soviet,
 Post-Soviet, Russian and East European Foreign and Domestic
 Politics. 
 
 
 II. Studying the U.S.S.R. and the Soviet-Type System: Concepts,
 Methods, Limits (Week Two)
 
 Required:
 
 Bell, Daniel, Ten Theories in Search of Reality: The Prediction
 of Soviet Behavior, in Vernon V. Aspaturian, ed., Process and
 Power in Soviet Foreign Policy, Boston: Little, Brown and
 Company, 1971, pp. 289-323. (First appeared in World
 Politics, April 1958, pp. 315-353.)
 
 White, Stephen, What is a Communist System?, Studies in
 Comparative Communism, XVI, 4, Winter, 1983, pp. 247-263.
 
 LaPalombara, Joseph Monoliths or Plural Systems: Through
 Conceptual Lenses Darkly, Studies in Comparative Communism,
 VIII, 3, Autumn 1975, pp. 305-332.
 
 Hough, Jerry F., The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory,
 Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977, Chs. 1 (first
 published in Problems of Communism, March-April 1972) and 11.
 
 Mickiewicz, Ellen, Mark von Hagen, J. Arch Getty, and Carole
 Fink, Research,
 Ethics and the Marketplace: The Case of the Russian
 Archives, Discussion in Slavic Review, 52, 1, Spring 1993,
 pp. 87-106.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Brzezinski, The Soviet Political System: Transformation or
 Petrification, Problems of Communism, 15, 1, January-February
 1966.
 Bunce and Echols, From Soviet Studies to Comparative Politics, 
 Soviet Studies, 31, 1, 1979.
 Fleron, ed., Communist Studies and the Social Sciences, 1969.
 Hill, Party-State Relations and Soviet Political Development, 
 British Journal of Political Science, 10, 1980.
 Janos, Systemic Models and the Theory of Change in the
 Comparative Study of Communist Politics, in Janos, ed.,
 Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe, 1976.
 Kautsky, Comparative Communism vs. Comparative Politics, 
 Studies in Comparative Communism, Spring/Summer 1973.
 Meyer, USSR Incorporated, Slavic Review, 20, 3, 1961.
 Meyer, The Comparative Study of Communist Political Systems, 
 Slavic Review, XXVI, 1, March 1967.
 White, Communist Systems and the `Iron Law of Pluralism,' 
 British Journal of Political Science, 8, 1, January 1978.
 
 
 III. The Antecedent Society, Modernization, Revolution, and
 Transformation (Week Three)
 
 Required:
 
 Fainsod, Merle, How Russia is Ruled, Cambridge: Harvard
 University Press, 1953, Chs. 1-4.
 
 Hough, Jerry F., How the Soviet Union is Governed, Cambridge: 
 Harvard University Press, 1979, Chs. 1-6
 
 Millar, James R. and Alec Nove, Was Stalin Really Necessary, 
 Problems of Communism, 25, 4, July-August 1976, pp. 49-62.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Antonov-Ovseyenko, The Time of Stalin, 1981.
 Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951.
 Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, 1959.
 Bauman, Twenty Years After: The Crisis of Soviet-type Systems, 
 Problems of Communism, XX, 6, November-December 1971.
 Conquest, The Great Terror, 2nd ed., 1973.
 Dallin and Breslauer, Political Terror in Communist Systems,
 1970.
 Deutsch, Social Mobilization and Political Development, 
 American Political Science Review (APSR), 55, 3, September
 1961.
 Fainsod, Smolensk Under Soviet Rule, 1958.
 Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and
 Autocracy,
 1956.
 Fitzpatrick, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931, 1978.
 Getty, Origins of the Great Purges, 1985.
 Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems, 1970.
 Kassof, The Administered Society: Totalitarianism without
 Terror, World Politics, XVI, 4, July 1964.
 Kopstein, Ulbricht Embattled: The Quest for Socialist Modernity
 in
 the Light of New Sources, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 4, 1994.
 Medvedev, Let History Judge, Revised, 1989.
 Moore, Terror and Progress, USSR, 1954.
 Schapiro, The Origins of the Communist Autocracy, 2nd ed., 1977.
 Tucker, ed., Stalinism, 1977.
 Ulam, Stalin: The Man and the Era, 1973 and 1989.
 
 
 IV. The Soviet Political System (Week Four)
 
 Required:
 
 Hough, Jerry F., How the Soviet Union Is Governed, Cambridge: 
 Harvard University Press, 1979, Chs. 10-14.
 
 Meyer, Alfred G., The Functions of Ideology in the Soviet
 Political System, Soviet Studies, XVII, 3, January 1966, pp.
 273-285.
 
 Jowitt, Kenneth, An Organizational Approach to the Study of
 Political Culture in Marxist-Leninist Systems, American
 Political Science Review, 68, 3, September 1974, pp. 1171-1191
 
 Hanson, Stephen E., Social Theory and the Post-Soviet Crisis: 
 Sovietology
 and the Problem of Regime Identity, Communist and Post-
 Communist Studies, 28, 1, March 1995, pp. 119-30.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Armstrong, The Soviet Bureaucratic Elite: A Case Study of the
 Ukrainian Apparatus, 1959.
 Armstrong, Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet
 Union, 3rd ed., 1974.
 Avtorkhanov, The Communist Party Apparatus, 1966.
 Brown and Gray, eds., Political Culture and Political Change in
 Communist States, 1979.
 Brown, ed., Political Culture and Communist Studies, 1985.
 Brzezinski, ed., Dilemmas of Change in Soviet Politics, 1969.
 Gitelman, Soviet Political Culture: Insights from Jewish
 Emigres, Soviet Studies, XXIX, 4, October, 1977.
 Hammer, USSR: The Politics of Oligarchy, 1974
 Hill and Frank, The Soviet Communist Party, 1986.
 Jones, Committee Decisionmaking in the USSR, World Politics,
 36, 2, 1984.
 Jowitt, Soviet Neotraditionalism: The Political Corruption of a
 Leninist System, Soviet Studies, XXXV, 3, July 1983.
 LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development, 1967.
 Lowenthal, The Ruling Class in a Mature Society, in Mark G.
 Field, ed., Consequences of Modernization in Communist
 Societies, 1976.
 Meyer, Leninism, 1957.
 Meyer, The Soviet Political System: An Interpretation, 1965.
 Mickiewicz, Soviet Political Schools, 1967.
 Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the USSR, 1917-1967, 1968.
 Rigby, Lenin's Government: Sovnarkhom 1917-1922, 1979.
 Scanlan, Marxism in the USSR, 1985.
 Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed., 1970.
 Tucker, The Soviet Political Mind, revised ed., 1971.
 Tucker, Culture, Political Culture and Communist Society, 
 Political Studies Quarterly, June, 1973.
 White, Political Culture and Soviet Politics, 1979.
 White, Pravda, and Gitelman, eds., Developments in Soviet
 Politics, 1990.
 
 
 V. Soviet Political Elites (Week Five)
 
 Required:
 
 Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors, Cambridge: Cambridge
 University Press,
 1981.
 
 George W. Breslauer, Political Succession and the Soviet Policy
 Agenda, Problems of Communism, XXIX, 3, May-June 1980.
 
 Roeder, Philip G., Do New Soviet Leaders Really Make a
 Difference? Rethinking the `Succession Connection,' American
 Political Science Review, 79, 4, December 1985, pp. 958-976.
 
 Bunce, Valerie and Philip G. Roeder, The Effects of Leadership
 Succession in the Soviet Union, American Political Science
 Review, 80, 1, March 1986, pp. 215-224.
 
 Willerton, John P., Patronage and Politics in the USSR,
 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, Chapters 1-4 and
 7.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Breslauer, Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders: Building
 Authority in Soviet Politics, 1982.
 Breslauer, Is there a Generation Gap in the Soviet Political
 Establishment?, Soviet Studies, 36, 1, January, 1984.
 Bunce and Echols, Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era: 
 `Pluralism' or Corporatism? in Donald D. Kelley, ed., Soviet
 Politics in the Brezhnev Era, 1980.
 Bunce, Do New Leaders Make A Difference?, 1981.
 Conquest, Power and Policy in the Soviet Union, 1961.
 D'Agostino, Soviet Succession Struggles, 1988.
 Farrell, ed., Political Leadership in Eastern Europe and the
 Soviet Union, 1970.
 Gleason, Fealty and Loyalty: Informal Authority Structures in
 Soviet Asia, 
 Soviet Studies, 43, 4, 1991.
 Gustafson and Mann, Gorbachev's First Year: Building Power and
 Authority, Problems of Communism, 35, 1986, pp. 1-19.
 Gustafson and Mann, Gorbachev's Gamble, Problems of Communism,
 36, 4, July-August 1987, pp. 1-20.
 Harasymiw, Nomenklatura: The Soviet Communist Party's
 Leadership Recruitment System, Canadian Journal of Political
 Science, 2, 3, 1969.
 Harasymiw, Political Elite Recruitment in the USSR, 1984.
 Hauslohner, Prefects as Senators: Soviet Regional Politicians
 Look to Foreign Policy, World Politics, XXXIII, 1, October
 1980.
 Hodnett, Khrushchev and Party-State Control, in Alexander
 Dallin and Allen Westin, eds., Politics in the Soviet Union,
 1966.
 Hodnett, Succession Contingencies in the Soviet Union, Problems
 of Communism, 24, 2, 1975.
 Hodnett, Leadership in the Soviet National Republics, 1977.
 Hough, The Soviet Prefects, 1969.
 Hough, The Soviet Leadership in Transition, 1980.
 Hough, Gorbachev Consolidating Power, Problems of Communism,
 36, 4, July-August 1987, pp. 21-43. 
 Lane, Elites and Political Power in the USSR, 1988.
 Lewytzkyj, The Soviet Political Elite, 1970.
 Linden, Khrushchev and the Soviet Leadership, 1966.
 Lodge, Soviet Elite Attitudes Since Stalin, 1969.
 Moses, Regional Cohorts and Political Mobility in the USSR: The
 Case of Dnepropetrovsk, Soviet Union, 3, 1, 1976.
 Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite, 1965.
 Odom, A Dissenting View on the Group Approach, World Politics,
 28, 2, July 1976.
 Ploss, Conflict and Decision-Making in Soviet Russia, 1965.
 Putnam, Studying Elite Political Culture, APSR, LXV, 3,
 September 1971.
 Reisinger and Willerton, Elite Mobility in the Locales: Toward
 a Modified Patronage Model, in David Lane, ed., Elites and
 Political Power in the USSR, 1988.
 Rigby, The Soviet Leadership: Toward a Self-Stabilizing
 Oligarchy?, Soviet Studies, 22, 2, 1970.
 Rigby, A Conceptual Approach to Authority, Power and Policy in
 the Soviet Union, in T. H. Rigby, Archie Brown, and Peter
 Reddaway, eds., Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR, 1980,
 pp. 9-31.
 Rigby, Early Provincial Cliques and the Rise of Stalin, Soviet
 Studies, XXXIII, 1, January 1981.
 Rigby and Harasymiw, eds., Leadership Selection and Patron-Client
 Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia, 1983.
 Ross, Coalition Maintenance in the Soviet Union, World
 Politics, XXXII, 2,
 January 1980.
 Rush, How Communist States Change Their Rulers, 1974.
 Rush, Political Succession in the USSR, 3rd ed., 1975.
 Rush, The Problem of Succession in Communist Regimes, Journal
 of International Affairs, 32, 2, Fall/Winter, 1978.
 Shlapentokh, Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power, 1990.
 Skilling and Griffiths, eds., Interest Groups in Soviet Politics,
 1971,
 passim.
 Stewart, Political Power in the Soviet Union, 1968.
 Stewart et al., Political Mobility and the Soviet Political
 Process, 
 American Political Science Review, LXVI, 4, December 1972.
 Taras, Leadership Change in Communist States, 1989.
 Tatu, Power in the Kremlin, 1968.
 Tatu, 19th Party Conference, Problems of Communism, 37, 1988.
 Urban, Elite Stratification and Mobility in a Soviet Republic, 
 in David Lane, ed., Elites and Political Power in the USSR,
 1988.
 Urban, Michael, An Algebra of Soviet Power, 1989.
 Willerton, Clientelism in the Soviet Union: An Initial
 Examination, Studies in Comparative Communism, 12, 2-3,
 Summer/Autumn 1979.
 Willerton, John P., Patronage Networks and Coalition Building in
 the Brezhnev Era, Soviet Studies, XXXIX, 2, April 1987.
 
 
 VI. Decision Making and Issue Areas (Week Six)
 
 Required:
 
 Rutland, Peter, The politics of economic stagnation in the Soviet
 Union:
 The role of local party organs in economic management,
 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
 
 Goldschmidt, Paul, Legislation on Pornography in Russia, 
 Europe-Asia
 Studies, 47, 6, September 1995, pp. 909-22.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Azrael, Management Power and Soviet Politics, 1966.
 Beisinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and
 Soviet Power, 1988.
 Berliner, Factory and Manager in the USSR, 1957.
 Cocks, Rethinking the Organizational Weapon, World Politics,
 32, 2, 1980.
 Cohen, Rabinowitch, and Sharlet, eds., The Soviet Union Since
 Stalin, 1980.
 Colton, The Party-Military Connection: A Participatory Model,
 in Herspring and Volgyes, eds., Civil-Military Relations in
 Communist Systems, 1978.
 Colton, Commissars, Commanders and Civilian Authority, 1979.
 Feshbach and Friendly, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature
 Under Siege, 1992.
 Granick, The Red Executive, 1961.
 Gustafson, Reform in Soviet Politics, 1981.
 Gustafson, Crisis and Plenty, 1989.
 Hahn, The Politics of Soviet Agriculture, 1960-1970, 1972.
 Herspring and Volgyes, eds., Civil-Military Relations in
 Communist Systems, 1978.
 Hoffmann and Laird, The Politics of Economic Modernization in the
 Soviet Union, 1982.
 Kaplan, The Party and Agricultural Crisis Management in the USSR,
 1987.
 Kelly, Environmental Policymaking in the USSR: The Role of
 Industrial and
 Environmental Interest Groups, Soviet Studies, XXVIII, 4,
 October 1976.
 Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party, 1967 or
 1985.
 Lepingwell, Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the August Coup, 
 World
 Politics, 44, 4, July 1992.
 Nelson, Communism and the Politics of Inequality, 1983.
 Parrott, Politics and Technology in the Soviet Union, 1983.
 Richman, Soviet Management, 1965.
 Ryavec, Implementation of Soviet Economic Reforms, 1975.
 Schwartz and Keech, Group Influence and the Policy Process in
 the Soviet
 Union, American Political Science Review, LXII, 3, September
 1968.
 Silver, Social Mobilization and the Russification of Soviet
 Nations, 
 American Political Science Review, 68, 1, 1974.
 Solomon, Soviet Criminologists and Criminal Policy, 1979.
 Spielmann, Defense Industrialists in the USSR, Problems of
 Communism, XXV, 5, September-October 1976.
 Stewart, Special Interests and the Policy Process: The Repeal
 of Production Education, World Politics, 22, 1, October 1969.
 
 
 VII. Center-Periphery Relations (Week Seven)
 
 Required:
 
 Bahry, Donna, Outside Moscow: Power, Politics, and Budgetary
 Policy in the Soviet Republics, N.Y.: Columbia University
 Press, 1987.
 
 Moses, Joel C., Regionalism in Soviet Politics: Continuity as a
 Source of Change, 1953-1982, Soviet Studies, 37, 2, April
 1985, pp. 184-211.
 
 Moses, Joel C., Soviet Provincial Politics in an Era of
 Transition and Revolution, 1989-91, Soviet Studies, 44, 3,
 1992, pp. 479-509.
 
 Hughes, James, Regionalism in Russia: The Rise and Fall of
 Siberian
 Agreement, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 7, 1994, pp. 1133-61.
 
 Kirkow, Peter, Regional Warlordism in Russia: The Case of
 Primorskii Krai, 
 Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 6, September 1995, pp. 923-47.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Bremmer and Taras, eds., Nations and Politics in the Soviet
 Successor States, 1993.
 Breslauer, Provincial Party Leaders' Demand Articulation and the
 Nature of Center-Periphery Relations in the USSR, Slavic
 Review, 45, 4, 1986, pp. 650-72.
 Cappelli, Changing Leadership Perspectives on Centre-Periphery
 Relations, in David Lane, ed., Elites and Political Power in
 the USSR, 1988, pp. 245-266.
 Cattell, Leningrad: A Case Study of Soviet Urban Government,
 1968.
 Dellenbrant, Soviet Regional Policy, 1980.
 Dellenbrant, The Soviet Regional Dilemma, 1986.
 Gleason, National Federalism in the USSR, 1988.
 Hill, Soviet Political Elites: The Case of Tiraspol, 1977.
 Jacobs, ed., Soviet Local Politics and Government, 1983.
 Kaplan, ed., Local Party Organizations in the USSR, Studies in
 Comparative Communism, 21, 1988, pp. 3-98.
 Karklins, Ethnic Relations in the USSR, 1986.
 Lapidus and Zaslavsky, From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism
 and Separatism in the Soviet Republics, 1992.
 Lewytzkyj, Politics and Society in Soviet Ukraine, 1953-1980,
 1984
 Moses, Regional Party Leadership and Policy-Making in the USSR,
 1974.
 Reisinger and Willerton, Troubleshooters, Political Machines,
 and Moscow's Control of the Locales, Slavic Review, 50, 2,
 Summer 1991.
 Roeder, Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization, World
 Politics, 43, 2, January 1991.
 Ross, Local Government in the Soviet Union, 1987.
 Ruble, Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City, 1990.
 Rywkin, Moscow's Muslim Challenge, 1982.
 Taubman, Governing Soviet Cities: Bureaucratic Politics and Urban
 Development in the USSR, 1973.
 Willerton, Reform, the Elite and Soviet Center-Periphery
 Relations, Soviet Union/Union Sovietique, 17, Nos. 1-2, 1990.
 
 
 VIII. Mobilization in the Traditional Soviet System (Week Eight)
 
 Required:
 
 Millar, James R., ed., Politics, Work, and Daily Life in the
 USSR, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, passim.
 
 Hough, Jerry F., How the Soviet Union Is Governed, Cambridge: 
 Harvard University Press, 1979, Ch. 8.
 
 DiFrancisco, Wayne and Zvi Gitelman, Soviet Political Culture
 and `Covert Participation' in Policy Implementation, American
 Political Science Review, 78, 3, September 1984, pp. 603-621.
 
 Bahry, Donna and Brian D. Silver, Intimidation and the Symbolic
 Uses of Terror in the USSR, American Political Science
 Review, 81, 4, December 1987, pp. 1065-1098.
 
 Roeder, Philip G., Electoral Avoidance in the Soviet Union, 
 Soviet Studies, XLI, 3, July 1989, pp. 462-483.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Adams, Citizens' Inspectors in the Soviet Union, 1978.
 Bahry and Silver, Public Perceptions and the Dilemmas of Party
 Reform in the USSR, Comparative Political Studies, 23, 2,
 July 1990.
 Bahry and Silver, Soviet Citizen Participation on the Eve of
 Democratization, American Political Science Review, 84, 3,
 September 1990, pp. 821-47.
 Connor and Gitelman, Public Opinion in European Socialist
 Systems, 1977.
 Friedgut, Citizens and Soviets: Can Ivan Ivanovich Fight City
 Hall?, Comparative Politics, 10, 1978.
 Friedgut, Political Participation in the Soviet Union, 1979.
 Inkeles, Social Change in Soviet Russia, 1968.
 Inkeles and Bauer, The Soviet Citizen, 1959.
 Karklins, Soviet Elections Revisited: Voter Abstention in
 Noncompetitive Balloting, APSR, 80, 2, June 1986.
 Lampert, Whistleblowing in the Soviet Union, 1985.
 Roeder, Modernization and Participation in the Leninist
 Developmental Strategy, American Political Science Review,
 83, 3, September 1989, pp. 859-884.
 Sharlet, Concept Formulation in Political Science and Communist
 Studies: Conceptualizing Participation, Canadian Slavic
 Studies, 1, 4, 1967.
 Shlapentokh, Public and Private Life of the Soviet People:
 Changing, Values in Post-Stalin Russia, 1989.
 Zaslowsky and Brym, The Function of Elections in the USSR, 
 Soviet Studies, 30, 3, 1978.
 
 
 IX. Reform and the Gorbachev Era (Week Nine)
 
 Required:
 
 Gill, Graeme, The collapse of a single-party system: The
 disintegration of
 the CPSU, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994,
 passim.
 
 Robinson, Neil, Gorbachev and the Place of the Party in Soviet
 Reform, 1985-91, Soviet Studies, 44, 3, 1992, pp. 423-43.
 
 Surovell, Jeffrey, Gorbachev's Last Year: Leftist or Rightist, 
 Europe-Asia
 Studies, 46, 3, 1994, pp. 465-87.
 
 Lane, David, and Cameron Ross, The Social Background and
 Political Allegiance
 of the Political Elite of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: The
 Terminal Stage, 1984 to 1991, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 3,
 1994, pp. 437-63.
 
 Young, Christopher, The Strategy of Political Liberalization: A
 Comparative View of Gorbachev's Reforms, World Politics, 45,
 1, October 1992, pp. 47-65.
 
 Karklins, Rasma, Explaining Regime Change in the Soviet Union, 
 Europe-Asia
 Studies, 46, 1, 1994, pp. 29-45.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Breslauer, Evaluating Gorbachev as Leaders, Soviet Economy, 5,
 4, 1989, pp. 299-340.
 Breslauer, Gorbachev: Diverse Perspectives, Soviet Economy, 7,
 2, 1991, pp. 110-20.
 Cohen, Soviet Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy, in Robbin
 F. Laird and
 Erik P. Hoffmann, eds., Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing
 World, 1986, pp. 66-83.
 Cohen and vanden Heuvel, Voices of Glasnost', 1989.
 Dallin and Lapidus, The Soviet System in Crisis: A Reader of
 Western and
 Soviet Views, 1991.
 Finifter, Ada W., and Ellen Mickiewicz, Redefining the Political
 System of the USSR: Mass Support for Political Change, 
 American Political Science Review, 86, 4, December 1992.
 Goldman, What Went Wrong with Perestroika, 1991 and 1992.
 Hahn, Soviet Grassroots, 1988.
 Hewett and Winston, eds., Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: 
 The Economy, 1991.
 Hewett and Winston, eds., Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka:
 Politics and People, 1991.
 Hough, Understanding Gorbachev: The Importance of Politics, 
 Soviet Economy, 7, 2, 1991, pp. 166-84.
 Hutchings, ed., `Leadership Drift' in the Communist Systems of
 the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Studies in Comparative
 Communism, XXII, 1, Spring 1989, pp. 5-55.
 Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon, 1988.
 Odom, How Far Can Soviet Reform Go?, Problems of Communism,
 XXXVI, 6, November-December 1987, pp. 18-33
 Pipes, Can the Soviet Union Reform?, Foreign Affairs, 63, 1,
 Fall
 1984, pp. 47-61.
 Sakwa, Gorbachev and His Reforms, 1985-1990, 1990.
 Tarasulo, ed., Gorbachev and Glasnost': Viewpoints from the
 Soviet, 1989.
 Weickhardt, Gorbachev's Record on Economic Reform, Soviet
 Union/Union Sovietique, 12, 3, 1985, pp. 251-76.
 White, Rethinking the CPSU, Soviet Studies, 43, 3, 1991, pp.
 405-28.
 White, Gorbachev and After, various editions.
 
 
 X. Post-Soviet Transitions: Institutions, Elections, Elites, and
 Policies (Week
 Ten)
 
 Required:
 
 Sakwa, Richard, The Russian Elections of December 1993, Europe-
 Asia
 Studies, 47, 2, March 1995, pp. 195-227.
 
 Wyman, Matthew, Stephen White, Bill Miller, and Paul Heywood,
 Public Opinion,
 Parties and Voters in the December 1993 Russian Election, 
 Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 4, June 1995, pp. 591-614.
 
 Slider, Darrell, Vladimir Gimpel'son, and Sergei Chugrov,
 Political
 Tendencies in Russia's Regions, Slavic Review, 53, 3, Fall
 1994, pp. 711-32.
 
 White, Stephen, Matthew Wyman, and Olga Kryshtanovskaya, Parties
 and Politics
 in Post-communist Russia, Communist and Post-Communist
 Studies, 28, 2, June 1995, pp. 183-202.
 
 Urban, Michael, The Politics of Identity in Russia's
 Postcommunist
 Transition: The Nation Against Itself, Slavic Review, 53, 3,
 Fall 1994, pp. 733-65.
 
 Willerton, John P., and Aleksei A. Shulus, Constructing and New
 Political
 Process: The Hegemonic Presidency and the Legislature, The
 John Marshall Law Review, 28, 4, Summer 1995, pp. 787-825.
 
 Schmitter, Philippe C., with Terry Lynn Karl, The Conceptual
 Travels of
 Transitologists and Consolidationists: How Far to the East
 Should They Attempt to Go, Slavic Review, 53, 1, Spring 1994,
 pp. 173-85.
 
 Bunce, Valerie, Should Transitologists Be Grounded?, Slavic
 Review, 54, 1,
 Spring 1995, pp. 111-27.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Bova, Russell, Political Dynamics of the Post-Communist
 Transition: A Comparative Perspective, World Politics, 44, 1,
 October 1991.
 Breslauer, Five Images of the Soviet Future: A Critical Review &
 Synthesis, Institute of International Studies, University of
 California, Berkeley, 1978.
 Cohen, Rethinking the Soviet Experience, 1985, especially Ch. 5.
 Colton and Tucker, eds., Patterns in Post-Soviet Leadership,
 1995.
 Janos, Andrew C., Social Science, Communism, and the Dynamics of
 Political Change, World Politics, 44, 1, October 1991.
 Lane, ed., Russia in Transition: Politics, privatisation and
 inequality,
 1995.
 Remington, Parliaments in Transition: The New Legislative
 Politics in the
 Former USSR and Eastern Europe, 1994.
 Saikal and Maley, eds., Russia in search of its Future, 1995.
 Smith, ed., The nationalities question in the post-Soviet states,
 Second
 Edition, 1996.
 White, After Gorbachev, 1993.
 White, Gill, and Slider, The politics of transition: shaping a
 post-Soviet
 future, 1993.
 
 White, McAllister, and Kryshtanovskaya, E'ltsin and his Voters: 
 Popular
 Support in the 1991 Russia Presidential Elections and After, 
 Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 2, 1994.
 White, Pravda, and Gitelman, eds., Developments in Russian and
 Post-Soviet
 Politics, 1994.
 
 XI. Participation in Late and Post-Soviet Russia (Week Eleven)
 
 Required:
 
 Miller, Arthur H., William M. Reisinger, and Vicki Hesli, eds.,
 Public Opinion and Regime Change, Boulder: Westview Press,
 1993, passim.
 
 Zimmerman, William, Synoptic Thinking and Political Culture in
 Post-Soviet
 Russia, Slavic Studies, 54, 3, Fall 1995, pp. 630-41.
 
 Wegren, Stephen K., Rural Reform and Political Culture in
 Russia, Europe-
 Asia Studies, 46, 2, 1994, pp. 215-41.
 
 Reisinger, William M., Arthur H. Miller, and Vicki L. Hesli,
 Political Norms
 in Rural Russia: Evidence from Public Attitudes, Europe-Asia
 Studies, 47, 6, September 1995, pp. 1025-42.
 
 Lotspeich, Richard, Crime in the Transition Economies, Europe-
 Asia Studies,
 47, 4, June 1995, pp. 555-89.
 
 Gibson, James L., Understandings of Anti-Semitism in Russia: An
 Analysis of
 the Politics of Anti-Jewish Attitudes, Slavic Studies, 53, 3,
 Fall 1994, pp. 796-806.
 
 Hesli, Vicki L., Arthur H. Miller, William M. Reisinger, and
 Kevin L. Morgan,
 Social Distance from Jews in Russia and Ukraine, Slavic
 Studies, 53, 3, Fall 1994, pp. 807-28.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Willerton, John P., and Lee Sigelman, Public Opinion Research in
 the USSR: Opportunities and Pitfalls, The Journal of
 Communist Studies, 7, 2, June 1991.
 
 
 XII. Soviet Foreign and National Security Policy (Week Twelve)
 
 Required:
 
 Zimmerman, William, What Do Scholars Know About Soviet Foreign
 Policy?, International Journal, 27, 2, Spring 1982, pp.
 198-219. (Also in Robbin F. Laird and Erik P. Hoffmann, eds.,
 Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World, N.Y.: Aldine
 Publishing Co., 1986, pp. 84-98.)
 
 Hermann, Richard K., Soviet Behavior in Regional Conflicts: Old
 Questions, New Strategies, and Important Lessons, World
 Politics, 44, 3, April 1992, pp. 432-65.
 
 Breslauer, George W., and Philip E. Tetlock, eds., Learning in
 U.S. and Soviet Foreign Policy, Boulder: Westview, 1991,
 Chapters 1-4, and 12-21.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Adomeit, Soviet Risk-Taking and Crisis Behavior, 1982.
 Aspaturian, ed., Process and Power in Soviet Foreign Policy,
 1971.
 Axelrod and Zimmerman, The Soviet Press on Soviet Foreign
 Policy: A Usually Reliable Source, British Journal of
 Political Science, 11, 1981.
 Bialer, ed., The Domestic Context of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1981.
 Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc, revised ed., 1967.
 Evangelista, Innovation and the Arms Race, 1988.
 Gati, The Bloc that Failed: Soviet-East European Relations in
 Transition, 1990.
 Gelman, The Brezhnev Politburo and the Decline of Detente, 1984.
 Hough, The Struggle for the Third World, 1986.
 Lynn-Jones, Miller, and Van Evera, eds., Soviet Military Policy, 
 Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1989.
 MccGwire, Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy, 1987.
 Schwartz, Soviet Perceptions of the United States, 1978.
 Shulman, Stalin's Foreign Policy Reappraised, 1965.
 Snyder, Jack, Richness, Rigor, and Relevance in the Study of
 Soviet Foreign Policy, International Security, 9, 3, Winter
 1984/85.
 Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, 2nd ed., 1974.
 Valenta and Potter, eds., Soviet Decisionmaking for National
 Security, 1984.
 Zimmerman, Soviet Perspectives on International Relations,
 1956-1967, 1969.
 
 
 XIII. Post-Soviet Russian Foreign and National Security Policy (Week
 Thirteen)
 
 Required:
 
 Shearman, Peter, ed., Russian Foreign Policy Since 1990, Boulder: 
 Westview
 Press, 1995, passim.
 
 Welsh, Helga, and John P. Willerton, Regional Cooperation and
 the CIS:
 West European Lessons and Post-Soviet Experience, unpublished
 manuscript, 1995.
 
 Burant, Stephen R. Burant, Foreign Policy and National Identity: 
 A
 Comparison of Ukraine and Belarus, Europe-Asia Studies, 47,
 7, November 1995, pp. 1125-44.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Galeotti, The Age of Anxiety: Security and Politics in Post-
 Soviet Russia,
 1995.
 
 
 XIV. Reflections on a Field in Transition (Weeks Fourteen and
 Fifteen)
 
 Required:
 
 Odom, William E., Soviet Politics and After: Old and New
 Concepts, World Politics, 45, 1, October 1992, pp. 66-98.
 
 Chandler, Andrea, The Interaction of Post-Sovietology and
 Comparative
 Politics: Seizing the Moment, Communist and Post-Communist
 Studies, 27, 1, March 1994, pp. 3-17.
 
 Smith, Steve, Writing the History of the Russian Revolution
 after the Fall of
 Communism, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 4, 1994, pp. 563-78.
 
 Suggested:
 
 Brzezinski, The Grand Failure, 1989.
 Colton and Legvold, eds., After the Soviet Union: From Empire to
 Nations, 1992.
 Comisso, Ellen, Crisis in Socialism or Crisis of Socialism?, 
 World Politics, 42, 4, July 1990.
 Gooding, John, Lenin in Soviet Politics, 1985-91, Soviet
 Studies, 44, 3, 1992.
 Keren, Michael and Gur Ofer, eds., Trials of Transition: 
 Economic Reform in the Former Communist Bloc, 1992.
 Poznanski, Kazimierz Z., ed., Constructing Capitalism: The
 Reemergence of Civil Society and Liberal Economy in the Post-
 Communist World, 1992.
 Rozman, Gilbert, ed., Dismantling Communism: Common Causes and
 Regional Variations, 1992.
 Willerton, John P. and Matthew Evangelista, New Politics in the
 Soviet Union, review essay, American Political Science
 Review, 85, 4, December 1991, pp. 1427-36.
 
category:Dissolution of USSR