Khyosian

Khyosian is a language isolate spoken by the Khyosites. It is the official language of the Sentaridom of Khyos, a Dominion of the Eternal Chimerian Empire. Khyosian is also currently proposed as a clerical language for the religious followers of John Stoneworks.
== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
Khyosian contains six vowel monophthongs and four diphthongs. The diphthongs are /ai/, /au/, /ei/, and /oi/. In the following chart, the basic symbols given are in the IPA, whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them.
 	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/ i	 	/u/ w
Mid 	/e/ e	/ə/ u 	/o/ o
Open 	 	/a/ a 	
=== Consonants ===
Khyosian contains 24 consonants. Among these are four ejective consonants, and a notable lack of any bilabial consonants. As with the vowel chart, the basic symbols given in this chart are in the IPA, whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them.
 	 	Dental	Alveolar 	Post-Alveolar	Palatal	Velar 	Glottal	Co-articulated
Nasal 	Nasal 	 	/n/ n 	 	/ɲ/ ny 	/ŋ/ ng 	 	
Plosive 	Voiceless 	 	/t/ t 	 	/c/ ky 	/k/ k 	/ʔ/ ' 	
Plosive 	Ejective 	 	/t'/ t' 	 	 	/k'/ k'	 	
Affricate 	Voiceless 	 	/ts/ ts 	/t͡ʃ/ ch 	 	 	 	
Affricate 	Ejective 	 	/ts'/ ts'	/t͡ʃ'/ ch' 	 	 	 	
Fricative 	Voiceless 	/θ/ th	/s/ s 	/ʃ/ sh 	 	 	/h/ h 	
Fricative 	voiced 	/ð/ dh	/z/ z 	/ʒ/ zh 	 	 	 	
Approximant	Approximant	 	/ɹ/ r 	 	/j/ y 	 	 	/w/ w
Lateral 	Lateral 	 	/l/ l 	 	 	 	 	
=== Phonotactics ===
Khyosian has relatively simple phonotactics. The maximally complex syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C). The only consonant clusters which can appear in the onset are combinations of any consonant with /ɹ/ as the second consonant. The coda may only contain the single consonants /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, or /s/.
=== Stress ===
Stress most commonly falls on the second syllable of a root word. Inflection does not alter stress.
=== Morphophonology ===
Phonemes in Khyosian morphemes follow a set of rules when morphologically combined with certain nearby morphemes. These rules are as follows:
/n/ n	+	/k/ k	=	/ŋk/ ngk
/n/ n	+	/j/ y	=	/ɲ/ ny
/a/ a	+	/i/ i	=	/ai/ ai
/a/ a	+	/u/ w	=	/au/ aw
/e/ e	+	/i/ i	=	/ei/ ei
/o/ o	+	/i/ i	=	/oi/ oi
Any vowel combinations not listed in the above chart will result in a glottal stop /ʔ/ being placed between the vowels.
== Grammar ==
=== Syntax ===
Word order in Khyosian is SVO, but this is often ignored, especially when polypersonal transitive verbs are used. Modifiers always precede the word they modify.
=== Conjugation ===
==== Polypersonal agreement ====
Khyosian verbs display polypersonal agreement. Transitive verbs conjugate for subject and direct object with the following suffixes:
 	 	 	Subject 	Subject 	Subject 	Subject 	Subject 	Subject
 	 	 	Singular 	Singular 	Singular 	Plural 	Plural 	Plural
 	 	 	1st Person	2nd Person 	3rd Person	1st Person 	2nd Person 	3rd Person
Object	Singular	1st Person	 	-soi 	-sai 	-senExtremely rare suffix	-son 	-san
Object	Singular	2nd Person	-shei 	 	-shai 	-shen 	-shonExtremely rare suffix	-shan
Object	Singular	3rd Person	-thei 	-thoi 	-thai 	-then 	-thon 	-than
Object	Plural 	1st Person	-zei 	-zoi 	-zai 	 	-zon 	-zan
Object	Plural 	2nd Person	-zhei 	-zhoiExtremely rare suffix	-zhai 	-zhen 	 	-zhan
Object	Plural 	3rd Person	-dhei 	-dhoi 	-dhai 	-dhen 	-dhon 	-dhan
==== Reflexivity ====
Reflexive verbs are conjugated with the following suffixes, which are consistent with the nucleus-coda forms of their transitive counterparts:
 	Singular	Plural
1st Person	-ei 	-en
2nd Person	-oi 	-on
3rd Person	-ai 	-an
==== Intransitivity ====
Intransitive verbs are marked with the following suffixes:
 	Singular	Plural
1st Person	-i 	-in
2nd Person	-w 	-wn
3rd Person	-u 	-un
==== Tense and aspect ====
Khyosian marks for two aspects, the perfective and imperfective, and three tenses, present, past, and future. The imperfective aspect is used for any kind of imperfective aspect. Khyosian marks for aspect and tense with the following suffixes:
 	Present	Past 	Future
Perfective 	 	awn- 	aw-
Imperfective	ku- 	kawn-	kaw-
==== Other conjugations ====
The following is a list of other known conjugations and their function, as well as an approximate translation into english.
Affix	Translation 	Function
-ri 	Doer of (verb)	Creates an occupational noun, such as "Sentanri" which means "protector"
=== Declension ===
==== Possession ====
Possession is marked to denote the person and number of the possessor with any of the following prefixes:
 	Singular	Plural
1st Person	so- 	zo-
2nd Person	sho- 	zho-
3rd Person	tho- 	dho-
==== Plurality and definiteness ====
Nouns are marked with a suffix to denote plurality and definiteness. These are as follows:
 	Definite 	Indefinite
Singular	not marked	-a
Plural 	-chi 	-cha
==== Other declensions ====
The following is a list of other known declensions and their function, as well as an approximate translation into english.
Affix	Translation 	Function
as- 	Away from (noun)
From (noun)
Of (noun)
Out of (noun)	Prefix which denotes origin, consistency, or direction
ha- 	Big (noun) 	Prefix which denotes large size
kw- 	Into (noun)
To (noun)
Towards (noun)	Prefix which denotes direction or destination
li- 	Using (noun) 	Instrumentative case prefix
ti- 	Little (noun) 	Prefix which denotes small size
ye- 	Honored (noun) 	Honorific prefix
-yos 	Place of (word)	Locative suffix, also attached to body part words to form prepositions
Category:Languages