Antischemisme

Antischemisme (Antisemitismus buit inventen in Deutsch in 1873 ab W.Marr) kyeust un hostilitatsattitude dia Yudis. Smad kaue her od moderne Yudis sont assimilet im Schemims, menghia om folks pagen in Prokweust, ex Mesopotamia do Mediomar, unte Uber Antiquitat, ed bayna-ya wehst id ibri folk, creator os Yahadut. 
 Sekwent ia lucubrations em sem antischemistens, Yudis esient un "race" ed esient recognible dank sem physic kweits kam nas, aur... It buit id wehrg ios "racenthreotic" Hans Günther, in eys Rassenkunde des jüdischen Volkes (1930). Smad kaue od i Hittites, qui bahr id veutst attestet aryo bahsa, se kip samt id sam type os nas. H.Günther scripsit semschi buks kam Rassenkunde der Indogermanen ed die nordische Rasse bei den Indogermanen Asiens qua buir nudt ab iom extreme-dexter professor J.Haudry in eys Les Indo-Européens (Que Sais-Je ?, n°1965) quos scientific wirt est baygh dubieus.
Ob id anthropologic reference id introduct, id werd antischemisme kyeust i Yudis, nekam un religieus communitat - quo id lexis antiyahadut impliciet -, sontern kam un ethnic grupp. In tod maynen, quayque id suaghehldt pro ia moderne formes ios phenomen, id ghehdt kwehke bfuciautaung quando leit de ia awa formes, samt khaliban religieus connotations. Lakin, ob sien gadab usage, biht commun-ye nudt kay kyuses hostilitato dia Yudis, ye cada zaman os Historia. 
 Ab id VIIim secule dohlg i Yudis ios Islami Khilafat vehse distinctive povestis. Un sontergnohmen pro Yudis buit introducen ab id XIt secule in plura rigs Europes, lit ops de un gehlb circule ep id xiongbu, pre tod meid buit lyt ed lyt abolihn ab id end ios XVIIt secule. I Nazis introduxeer id infam "Gehlb Star" (samt id inscription "Yudi" in ibrilik buksteivs) pro Yudis os occupet Polska in September 1939, dind vasyims Yudims in id Deutsch Reich ed in ia lands sub ids fangh ab 1941.
==Religieus antischemisme==
Antischemisme est present yant Antiquitat. Pro i Romans, platumenos dia vasya religions, id monotheiste intransagence im yudis - kam eti tod im prest Christians - est incomprehensible ed id refuse os oismyehre id imperial cult, uno meis-ye civic quem spiritual manifestation, justifiet meids om exclusion ed nyuti. Bet ia druv problemes prehpe unte id triumph os Christianisme ye id VIt secule. Pro i Christians, Jesus est is Messiah quom Yahadut intizier. Schowi, aynt eys gumt hat abolihn id prever Loy ed od refusend-ye admitte to, i Yudis persteive-se in ir error. Eti, nuwert hat id Yudi cler, stohmt ab id popule os Jerusalem, quod hat kupen id crucifixion os Jesus : ighi Yudis sont i peinds ios Christ ed chunke so eet incarnen Div, sont kohnsti "divgven". Tod accusation remansiet it formulen in id catholic liturgia tiel id Vatican II council. 
Un talg mukadma expliet od id Medieval Kyrk, tant os Orient quem os Occident, aunstehmt Yudis, quim existence est toleret tik ob charitat ed sub conditions. Un serie om dwineghmeids prehpt yant id Roman Imperium biht christian : also bant id Codex Theodosianus (435-438) im yudims kules id ghom we ses soldat. Tod meid, quod tehrsiet secules, expliet od Yudis hant vols kye artisanat, commerce au financial opsa qua ia international relations inter bneyisrael communitats facilihr, ed to dar meis ob id Kyrk forbohd im Christians layne samt cinsa : tetos siet resulte id dregh image al denarlasni Yudi. Kadschi social marginalisation contribuesiet oriente pelu Yudis kya liberal ed intellectual professions - besonters medicin - preparit-yibs i ir dyinst quod mehght maung ad buk ed reflexion. Alter consequence ios attitude ios Kyrk est buwes i Yudis do subjects os dwoter categoria, in dayim nasuk situation ed submiss ei arbitrair ios civil magh. Unte id hol Mediev, yudis sessient victim om vexator meids impost ab iens roys, quando ne bihnt brutal-ye expulsi samt sacen iren maals. Sont obligen ad wikes in oin-on quartier (juiverie in France, juderìa in Espania, ghetto in Italia), ad vehse un sontertrakh au uno gnohmen ep ir povesti - kam Saint Louis im dwinght in 1242 in France -; bihnt chassen ed spolyen in England (1290), in France (1394). In Espania (1492), in Portugal (1506), id Inquisition endemeurt Yudis ad chuses inter deforce conversion do catholicisme au definitive exile. Tibs official persecutions addeiht-se popules haines, quod udbrehct do atroce gvalts unte periodes om crise au angst (Weirs, epidemias...). Yudis bihnt accusen ob poisone iswors we spehre haysa. Im bihnt anadeht horrible dyinsta, ritual maurdhs em christianens magvens, najissen om iser nafores... Id historia os medieval Europe punctuent massacres em Yudis. 
In Occident, religieus antischemisme leust sem virulence pos id Reformation. I toleranter Protestants, hassa calvinistes, bevide gostprimieve dia Yudis : Nederland, England bihnt refuge lands. Ye id XVIIIt secule, id influence ios philosophia iom Lumens duct ei "emancipation" im Yudis, yani iri hol integration ka civs. Id Franceois Revolution suppremt cada trace os discrimination ed unte sien krigs, Napoleon 1sto dostringeiht in quanta lands is controlt un legislation ryowkhowo dia Yudis. 
Punor, religieus antischemisme remant akster in Eust Europe (Polska, Russia), quer ia kathire yudi koims kwehke dar meis rhayir ibs Christian populations ob hant antplohct specific culture ed bahsa, id yiddisch, tienjien-ye un rhenisch dialect.
 
Yiddisch eet id bahsa im aschekenasi Yudis; leit de un typic rhenfrankisch dialect samt maung influences ex Slav bahsas pro ids pronunciation ed sem werds, ed samt lexical substrate ex Ivri ed Awo Romanc. Ids pleist bahtors buir maurdhen unte id Schoah; nundiens-ye subsist minter quem oino million bahtorn diaspohrn in divers yudi koims. Lexical-ye, est un extreme-ye interessant bahsa; en un excerpt ios reference buk ab Max Weinreich (1894-1969), maschour ob declarevs sems : "אַ שפראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט", "a shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"= "un bahsa est un dialect samt un armee ed flotte". Maungs tom werds existe inschi Sambahsa : leis, milgran, server, bander, talmo, temple, pylcell, present, bonem, bicair. 
==Moderne Antischemisme==
Menxu slabasce - aun druve-ye disparihes - ia religieus griefs, id apparition ed id antslehnken iom Nationalismen, major fact ios europay XIXt secule, gwinwnt in un nov prospect id antischemiste haines. 
Id dayi nation evolvt ex id acception iom Lumens - leudher association em quanti gwivskwnt sub ia sam loys - do id ethnic conception ios deutsch Romantisme - commun bahsa, traditions ed atavia - : tod change placet ia yudi communitats in un ambigu situation. Ir religieus sonterkweit, yando linguistic ed cultural (Eust Europe), ia diemens ia posdehrje inter mutu trans grances accuseihnt ia ob "cosmopolitisme", pejorative nomen oku ayabisen samt id suspecen os khianat in id menos im nationalisten; to dar meis ob sei el biht assimilet, el Yudi se enderkweit dusaisic-ye ud "genuinens" nationals. 
Ad to se addeiht alyo grief, evident resurgence ios veut fantasme al denarlasni yudi piwen ab id flamboyant kamyab oiken familias, kam im Rothschilds : iwert Yudis hant swekwohrt un economic ed financial suprematia, quod im permitt lambhnes ye iro brungos sem influent politic edschi intellectual positions. In id contexte ios Industrial Revolution, tod argumentation trehft un ryowkhow echo bi ia orbatermasses qua sont - dat ir muzlim nivell os politic culture - facil ad abuse massouleihnd-ye yudis de id capitaliste exploitation ia kwehnde. 
In id Russian Empire, quer religieus antischemisme est dar akster, id gouvernemento diswehrt systematic id popularo grassabo protie Yudis (pogroms), gwehmend do forge fals documents kam ia Протоколы сионских мудрецов, presentation uns itnamen yudi complot kay swekwehre uper id mund, redacto circum 1895 ab id tsariste secret police. 
Unte id senst quardel ios XIXt secule, un antischemiste voln schiaut uper Occident, quod ayt id yudi communitat un rhayir racial corpos - tetos id reference im Schemims - ed perneiceus wawod id kaurt tik de sien wi interesse. Tik anglicisant lands remansient nisbatan gahaben. 
In Deutschland, in Osterreich-Magyaria, antischemiste movments, brungend un popularo sprijin, bihnt politic forces. In France, id nationaliste ed procler dexter denuncet un itnamt alliance inter Yudis ed frankmassonrie. Id Dreyfus affaire (1894-1906) jinkdout eni tod contexte, iom accuset hetman suspect ob spionage ghehdend ses tik vinovat ob is est yudi. Id final demonstration os eys innocence beirt un final cutt ad franceois antischemisme, quod remant lakin akster in id dexter ed resurrecsiet samt id gumto do waldh, in 1940, ios Vichy gouvernement. 
Confrontet tei haines voln quod i accuset ses tarniens, yudi intellectuals riposte retrotrehpend-ye id argument ed oppone un contranationalisme. It gnaht unte ia senst yars ios XIXt secule id Zionut, quod keupt id creation uns hol Yudi Stat.
 Frontpage unios 1934 US edition iom Protocols iom Zion Hakimes (tienjien rusk titule : Протоколы сионских мудрецов). Ta "Protocols" sont un antischemiste hajou keihnd ep falsa, quod pretendt ses ia secreta documents os un supposen samghat om yudi tienxia conspirators. Id prest edition in rusk paruit in 1903. Pos Mund Weir Oin buit id texte nohmen tienxia, quayque id buit dismascto ka un falsification in 1921 ab id London Times.
==Id Nazi persecution==
In id pos 1918 victo Deutschland vaht moderne antischemisme gnohe extreme formes, volvend do un aunprecedddent horror. Kneigvend ep un latent popules hostilitato dia Yudis quod maght ei daughe ka skandbaurd do waldh, Adolf Hitlers Nationalsocialisme construct un raciste mythologia sekwent quod ia intrigas im Yudis, inferior ed perneiceus race, explicient ia biedas ios aryios race, yed munddominabund ob ids itnamen gnahsa superioritat. Payn in magh, nazisme enderghendt un systematic persecution quos prect act est id promulgation iom Nurnberg Legs, qua beghseihnt i deutsch yudis ir civic rects. 
Submitten ad multiple vexations, obligen - kam Medievi - ad vehse un gehlb star, aun ressurces, maung Yudis emigrent, besonters do ia Uniet Stats os America; ed kun is weir udbrehct in 1939, Europe biht un kapan. Ia hitlersk krigs xeubhe sub Nazi fangh ia yudi populations iom occupet lands, qua bihnt discriminen. Ia gouvernements qua collabore con i Deutschens oispehde ad eme antischemiste meids. In Polska, in ia invas regions ios Union iom Sovietsken Socialiste Respublics (USSR), i Nazis regneihnt terror ed parke ia yudi populations do ghettos. 
Khiterst est yed gwehmtur. In Januar 1942, in id secret conference os Wannsee, prokwem Berlin, Nazi liders, formohnen do ir delirant logique, plane id "final solution", yani id total extermination os Europes yudi population. Sonterlaghers bihnt creen in Polska (Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau...) quetro bihnt transporten en masse, kay bihe pergasen, Yudis ex hol Europe. Takriban six millions em anghens sessient victims ios criminal follia ios holocauste - ex hellen όλος = "hol", ed καυσαι = "aydhe", quos amplor vighapsient ia allieita stieures pos id perneicen ios III Reich, in 1945.
 
Is SS-liek Fritz Klein staht in uno massengrabh ios lagher os Bergen-Belsen in 1945, pos ia Britisch trupps leurus id lagher hant obligen iom ed eys complicens ad begrabhe ia cadavers iren victims. 50 000 anghens nohc in tod lagher, bayna-yi ia maschour yuna nederlandsa scriptrice Anne Frank. Fritz Klein selexit, ka "liek", qui deporteits bihr romuschas we bihr pergasen. Oik munts serter, un Britisch Militaro Tribunal iom makhkoumih ka weirscriminal do hangen.
==Resurgence os antischemisme==
Id khisses os horror provoquet ab id Nazi extermination - kyusen med id ibri werd Schoah, besonters pon id wehrg os cineaste Cl. Lanzman - hat hois imdadhen ei realization, pos weir, ios Yudi Stat de quod sohgnit Zionuto, sub id forme os Israel. Hat ciois kwecto dehe un termin ibs antischemiste schengkjiens in Europe. Bet kwe to est definitive ? Id difficultat ios combatios dependt her id fact od antischemisme est neid rational attitude, esdi id sib yando daht tod apparence : gwehnt ender id ideologic a priori, quod nel-ye kaurt de ia demonstrations im historians. 
Est zaruri iskwes tod werd : kwe prispehcmos in-kap tod XXIsto secule un resurgence os antischemisme ? Id impasse ios Israeli-arab conflict in Prokweust hat posdohrjt in id arab-muslim mund un hostilitato dia Israel quod se hat wert, in ia islamiste milieus, do un active antiyudi haines. Tod se hat manifesten in Oriento med id publication om ouvert-ye antischemiste wehrgs eti hat penetren, med id influence os radical Islamisme, Europes muslim communitats. 
Tod drift remant noroc-ye minoritar, bet id hat forfact in France besonters ye id waurmen os cruoric fait-divers : id affaire ios gang des barbares in 2006 quod hat planen id torture ed nehc uns yun Yudi au ia katel agsa os Mohamed Merah in 2012 qui assassinit plur magvens uns yudi scol os Toulouse. 
Maght yaschi ses kaun od apter id xenophobe logos om sem extreme-dexter populismes, id denunciation al "yudi" wehst naiwo baygh dalg. 
In Russia, quer id communiste dictature hat meis nuden quem combaten id latent antischemisme, sem politicians ne keungent dar nundiens de use id. 
Id combat starten ye id XVIIIt secule contra antischemiste schengkjiens ne est khatem.
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