The Social Function of Science

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PREFACE
* In writing this book I have had the help of more people than I can name here. I owe very much to the criticisms and suggestions of my friends and colleagues, particularly H. D. Dickinson, I. Fankuchen, Julian Huxley, Joseph Needham, John Pilley and S. Zuckerman. (See: #Social network)
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AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS
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PART I: WHAT SCIENCE DOES
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==Introductory==
==Historical==
==The Existing Organization of Scientific Research in Britain==
==Science in Education==
==The Efficiency of Scientific Research==
==The Application of Science==
==Science and War==
==International Science==
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PART II: WHAT SCIENCE COULD DO
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==The Training of the Scientist==
===Science in Schools===
 How such a method of teaching could become an integral part of general education is sketched by H. G. Wells' British Association address, "The Informative Content of Education," reprinted in World Brain (Mathuen, 1938). Hogben's Science for the Citizen would be an admirable text-book for such teaching. (p. 260) (p. 246)
==The Reorganization of Research==
==Scientific Communication==
===Popular Science===
World Encyclopaedia. -- 
 (pp. 306-307)
==The Finance of Science==
==The Strategy of Scientific Advance==
==Science in the Service of Man==
==Science and Social Transformation==
==The Social Function of Science==
 (p. 408)
===The Major Transformations of History===
 (p. 408) 
Society and Civilization. -- (pp. 408-9) 
The Scientific Revolution: The Role of Capitalism. -- (p. 409)
The Social Implications of Science. -- (pp. 409-410)
The Tasks of Science in the Transition Period. -- (p. 410)
Preventible Evils. -- (p. 410)
Discovery and Satisfaction of Needs. -- (p. 411)
===Science and Culture===
===The Transformation of Science=== 
Science as [Communalism]. -- (pp. 415-416)
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 APPENDICES
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; Paging
: based on the MIT Press paperback edition.
==Notes==
===Sociology of science===
; Wikipedia: J. D. Bernal
* In 1939, Bernal published The Social Function of Science, probably the earliest text on the sociology of science.
===Scientific revolution in point===
: #The Scientific Revolution
; Wikipedia: Scientific revolution
* Philosopher and historian Alexandre Koyré coined the term scientific revolution in 1939 to describe this epoch.[*]
** [*] Shapin, Steven (1996). The Scientific Revolution. 
; Wikipedia: Alexandre Koyré
* According to Koyré, it was not the experimental or empirical nature of Galileo's and Newton's discoveries that carried the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, but a shift in perspective, a change in theoretical outlook toward the world. Koyré strongly criticized what he called the "positivist" notion that science should only discover given phenomena, the relations between them and certain laws that would help to describe or predict them. To Koyré science was, at its heart, theory: an aspiration to know the truth of the world, of uncovering the essential structures from which phenomena, and the basic laws that relate them, spring.
** Études galiléennes, Paris: Hermann, 1939. This may be where he probably coined "scientific revolution" so coincidentally with Bernal (1939). One reviewer of Steven Shapin (1996) The Scientific Revolution. was surprised to learn that the phrase "the scientific revolution" probably wasn't coined until 1939. 
* Koyré influenced major European and American philosophers of science, most significantly Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend. In 1961 he was awarded the Sarton Medal by the History of Science Society. What a dual coincidence of Koyré with Bernal in coining "scientific revolution" in 1939 and again with Joseph Needham, a friend of Bernal's, in being awarded the same medal in 1961. 
; The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 
: Thomas Kuhn (1961)
; The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution 
: C. P. Snow (1959), Bernal's friend 
; Science and Civilisation in China
: Joseph Needham (1954-2008), Bernal's friend 
* "Needham's Grand Question", also known as "The Needham Question", is why China had been overtaken by the West in science and technology, despite its earlier successes. 
* Nathan Sivin, one of Needham's collaborators ... suggested that the "Needham question", as a counterfactual hypothesis, was not conducive to a useful answer: "It is striking that this question -- Why didn't the Chinese beat Europeans to the Scientific Revolution? -- happens to be one of the few questions that people often ask in public places about why something didn't happen in history. It is analogous to the question of why your name did not appear on page 3 of today's newspaper."
* On his return to the west [from China] he was asked by Julian Huxley to become the first head of the Natural Sciences Section of UNESCO in Paris, France. In fact it was Needham who insisted that Science should be included in the organisation's mandate at an earlier planning meeting. (See: #Social network)
* In 1961, Needham was awarded the George Sarton Medal by the History of Science Society Coincidentally with Koyré! and in 1966 he became Master of Gonville and Caius College. In 1984, Needham became the fourth recipient of the J.D. Bernal Award, awarded by the Society for Social Studies of Science.
===Information revolution===
; Wikipedia: Information revolution
* Many competing terms have been proposed that focus on different aspects of this societal development. The British polymath crystallographer J. D. Bernal (1939) introduced the term "scientific and technical revolution" in his book The Social Function of Science in order to describe the new role that science and technology are coming to play within society. 
* Daniel Bell (1980) challenged this theory and advocated Post Industrial Society, which would lead to a service economy rather than socialism. Many other authors presented their views, including Zbigniew Brzezinski (1976) with his "Technetronic Society".
=== Social network ===
; J. D. Bernal 
* C. P. Snow (friend)
* Joseph Needham (friend)
** Julian Huxley (friend, boss at UNESCO)
* Julian Huxley (friend)
** Aldous Huxley (brother)
*** H. G. Wells (role model)
** Andrew Huxley (brother)
*** George Wells (colleague at UCL)
** T. H. Huxley (grandfather)
*** H. G. Wells (student) 
** H. G. Wells (co-author)
*** George Wells (son, co-author)
** George Wells (co-author)
* Sir William Bragg (teacher)
* Max Perutz (research student, Nobel prize)
** Francis Crick (Nobel prize) 
*** James D. Watson (Nobel prize co-winner)
*** Maurice Wilkins (Nobel prize co-winner)
* Rosalind Franklin (colleague at Birkbeck)
** Francis Crick, et al. (informed) 
* Dorothy Hodgkin (student, Nobel prize)
* Margot Heinemann (lover)
* Martin Bernal (son)
** Margaret Gardiner (mother, Mrs. Bernal)
*** Sir Alan Gardiner (father, Egyptologist)
* Solly Zuckerman (co-adviser of science)
** Lord Louis Mountbatten (advisee)
* Pablo Picasso (friend)
==Footnotes==
; Quotes * 
; Comments * 
; References * 
* Eugene Gargield (2007). "Tracing the Influence of JD Bernal on the World of Science through Citation Analysis." Bernal Symposium on Protein Crystallisation, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Monday 3 - Tuesday 4 September 2007. 
* Eugene Garfield (2007). "On the Shoulders of Giants - Tracing the impacts of information retrieval systems on science policy." 60th Anniversary Celebration of Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information. Oak Ridge, TN. September 18, 2007. 
* Eugene Garfield (1982). "J.D. Bernal - The Sage of Cambridge: 4S Award memorializes His contributions to the Social Studies of Science." Current Contents, No. 19, p.5-17, May 10, 1982. (Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol:5, p.511-523, 1981-82.)