Theoria os evolution

Is Englisch Charles Darwin (1809-1882) est ayn is pater ios theoria os evolution. In 1859, eys wehrg On the Origin of Species pont id sehkwnd hypothese quod scandaliset ed remant bohndt eysi nam : vasya speces hant evolwt ab sem commun surce se modifiend-ye aunfin sekwent un logique quod Darwin kalt "natural selection". Id werd evolution emt tun in Sciences un nov acception. Neti kyeust id embryonal antslehnken - id desployment uns biologic programme -, sontern id gendeltat inter vasyens gwivs ed id process quosmed ia speces transforment-se. 
 Charles Robert Darwin buit un Englisch naturaliste, geolog ed biolog, meg gnoht pro sien contributions ei science os evolution. Is establicit od vasya gwiv speces hant descens unte id wakt ex commun atavs ed, in un joint publication con Alfred Russel Wallace, introduxit sien scientific theoria od tod phylogenetique os evolution resultit ex un process is kiel "natural selection", in quod id "jidal po gwit" effect kam id artificial selection involven in selective wodstu.
Id dominant theologic men ye id zaman os Darwin est idealiste : essentialiste, differentialiste ed fixiste. Kam sigwrit is naturaliste Linné (1707-1778), ia speces buir creet ab Div ed remane proaiwo kam is hat concepen ia. 
Albatta ja in 1859, sems credeihneunt, pon ia aunstehgens os Lamarck (1744-1829), in un transformation iom specen due sammel uno metabolic antslehnken (un inner factor) ed ir adaptabilitat ad ambient. Est id "transformiste" hypothese ios hereditat iom acquisihn kweits - id current bahmen uperwehrt ithan tod hypothese : "id function creet id organ". Bet tod meno ne troublet extermeid-ye id theologic fixisme tos zaman. Id privilegen status os menscgenosne biht affect ob to. Evolution ghi habiet sohkwn uno necessaro process om complexification ed diversification, tiel id chefover quod est el mensc. 
 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) eet un franceois naturaliste. In-kap id XIXt secule, is tyic id classification im invertebrats qui jamiyent takriban 80% im Animals. Est oin ex qui hant ye id prest ker nuden id lexis Biologia kay kyuses id science quod oistudyet gwivs. Is buit isschi prest qui propos uno materialiste ed mecaniste theoria im gwivs ab quod is elaborit un theoria irs evolution. 
 
==Id darwinsk revolution==
Darwin propont id hypothese os "natural selection", definihn kam un sorte os arbitrager sankend mutations au variations neti inducen - kam bi Lamarck - ab ambient, sontern accidental, spontan, we favorisen ab crosct correlations con alya speces, animal au vegetal - cooperations inter au eni speces. It bihient creen sema natural tulas.
Sei id theoria os Darwin scandaliset, est minter ob id challenget id hereditat iom acquisihn kweits - evolution per adaptation - quem ob id propont un nominaliste proschgumt - un gadab classification, ne un absolut - os menscgenos. Tod neti prehpt ka id top os creation sontern kam un branche ios antslehnke iom animal specen, baygh prokwem tod im kieps - yed Darwin hat naiw affirmet od el mensc descendt ex moderne kieps. 
Paradoxal-ye, menxu id theoria os evolution constituet id theoric quader om 99% im biologen ed buit official-ye "recogniht" ab id Vatican in 1996, id remant combaten, bilhassa in protestant lands. 
Different "creationiste" movments, se dahnd id titule "science", hant spohrt in ia Uniet Stats os America ed baniht in sem stats id Talim ios theoria os evolution. Ta fundamentalisms hant yando rescribiht ia analyses os evolution sekwent ia biblic textes. 
 Ia creationiste movments ghehldeihskwnt id texte ios Bible uper ia scientific aunstehgens ed retolke ta sekwent quo In-Kap narret. Her, pre id deluge, un patriarch pasct sien owens prokwem un dinosaur.
==Science ed theologia==
Albatta, id men os Darwin ne est finalisme-fred. Per natural selection bihient repulgen, script Darwin, "ia vierdnic variations" bet conserven ed kowpen "qua sont util". Idghi natural selection ei appareiht ka uno "magho" quod "adaptet lent-ye ed admirable-ye cada format ibs complexest relations os gwit". 
Ta formules kyunggiawnt hagiographic-ye un intelligent Nature ob mualims gwive in ir tid ed smyehrnt ia schengkjians os ir zaman. Ia traces os theologia in un savant logos quod eiskwt se ludhres ex id gwehme, expliet M.Gauchet (La Religion dans la démocratie, 2001), ender ta "theorias os compromiss" qua behrnt nespekent se id print iom creds os Christian origin do uno men quod eiskwt ses emancipen ex id. Lakin yant pre Darwin iti buit tenten enderkwites id aumwent cred admiss ab science (rational belief in Englisch) ex id xeimen ios fid (faith in Englisch). 
Ia recenter theorias qua sigwrnt od id complexitat kam id specificitat iom biologic phenomens sont tant quem khakient bihe expliena med id randomkweit os evolution, ta ios "intelligent maxam", nadureihnt ta confusions, de-ya tehrpt bihe recogniht od idschi current bahmen, pati tod im mualims, est massoul. Traces ghi om finalisme ed anthropocentrisme mane in formules kam ta kyeusend ia "genetic programmes" au ia "adaptative strategias" os evolution. 
Albatta, est admissible od theologia ed/au Metaphysique kwayde ia science do iro reflexion. Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) construct it uno mystic mythologia ex theiste ed theleogic evolutionisme aun conteste id scientific description iom phenomens os evolution. Bet science dehlct gwehme ender uno methodologic materialisme. Idso scop est ideologic-ye ed metaphysic-ye neutral-on description iom phenomens. Id theoria os evolution yinjier nacombat legitim-ye id import os theologia we id dayi os ziel au beurt in sciences. 
 Un alnos sword forme es biston betullaria tiey quasi vasyens kweiter formes unte id Industrial Revolution in England. Paurskers hant gentoriht tom sword ersen ed tam typic wedu kay ghehde aunstehge od id sword gen prohp unte ia 1840tias.
==Ia nayive au dangerous darwinismes==
Id commun opinion gairn fikert un finalist Darwin, celebrend id bell intelligence unios megil maxam, conform ibs imaginaryims os Progress. Yed yant Lamarck, id warnen protiev id men uns intentionalitat os nature behemt biologs ed naturalistens. Tehrpt bihe wakhen besonters-ye suabehrge id scientific-ye neutral kweitu iom dayis os "jidal po gwit" au os "nerters loy". Yeisent bi Darwin tsay ei imkan al nerter os se reproduce - bifanghe pitu ed/au wedus - bet bilhassa ei surviven iom meist adaptet specen, qua ne sont bayad ia nertsta - id ned, kam in id basmo, meis quem id perku resist id storm -, ni ia gohdsta - sigwra ne ta minst cooperative ni ta minst-ye solidar. Etileikwt od, confundend fact ed rect, quo est ed quo dehlct ses, evolutionisme buit ghaw-ye buwen uno men quod "constatiet" od exist in id nature un "rect" al nertst uper el slabst ed, mehghend ad nature id autoritat id ne hat, legitimiet violences ed exclusions. 
Id men ios Britisch Spencer (1820-1903) est alnos ghaw-ye kyust ka gwehmend ender "social darwinisme" ed to, hatta quayque id est awer quem id men os Darwin. Id sigwrt transpones do ia politic ed social xeimens uno natural selection definiht ka un programme due id metaphysique os progress. Nature eliminend qui id theoria os evolution habiet kyusen ka "slabstens", tehrbient ghi bihe dahn, imitend-ye id, leudher agmo ad industrial concurrence ed zahohlpen i paupers. Api hat Darwin ayn eys analyses dohlg ses exporten do ia politic ed social xeimens, ed dar minter daughe ka alibi ibs ultraliberal, concurrencialiste ed antistatalims logsims. Ta neodarwinismes hant also inspiret ia pro-suagehnia logsa eti praxis (in ia Uniet Stats, in Sveden, in Deutschland, inter 1935 ed 1945) theoriset ab Darwins cousin F.Galton (1822-1911). Buir wedriiht jabran we eliminet mental sieugs, "perversi", hatta "paupers" kohnsti schinghaye "id biologic ed psychologic qualitat ios social grupp". Ia actual aunstehgens om genetique ed molecular biologia dar bayeihnt id pro-swogehnia selection iom embryos.
 Khaliban boliedd, el garanuuk weuxt ep buskenbrem tem quem drus, ankuls, andsa, flors ed fruits. El ghehdt suanake hoger ozda ed urads meis quem alter gazells ed antilopes wardhstahnd-ye ep sien cloinpodia ed xyangend-ye; to al hehlpt dostighes quasi 2 meters uper id grund. Acacia speces bihnt ess querkwe behandet, menxu aiwobolis oiskeipe id diete unte teursias. Els ak stohm hehlpt ad extrage waraks ex gloghwent vegetation.
==Muassir darwinismes==
Pon 1859, ia theorias ios gwiv hant muhim-ye evolwt. Id animalen classification nu-yei se referit Darwin est kongcio caduc. Biht contestet id bayghen uns familia (pisk, reptils, avs) yeji id ambient (wed, ardh, air); biht anter refern uni commun atav, ei possibilitat os gehne un fertile descendance, aun garantie os permanence unte wakt. 
Ia brineghs om genetique ed molecular biologia - id aunstehgen os DNA - hant taraghto quo fikeram de mutations. Anatomia ed biologia sont controlen tik ab 5% ios genome, ia etileikwnda 95% maghe naevolve aun ses - vid-ye - detectible. Evolutiono ne kwehct ka un besoyn os prev sontern ka idpet dynamique ios gwiv - experimenten in laboratoria ep speces samt corto generationswakt (insects, harbant baunghs au bacterias, virus). 
Darwin ne gnohsit ia mier biologic crises - is eemehnt de giokien os meg lent graduation - ed ghaw-ye od ia inutil mutations au ta desvantaget ab id milieu (inutil etiloikwa ios historia ios spece, maladaptations au desadaptations) disparihr - est mathalan de id fall ios evolution iom nerves controlend id annem im mammifers ed massoul de forslung. Kongcio relativisems id schengkjian os un "suakwohrt nature". Also bihnt sem kyeimternd traits mantinen ob sont bohndt uni sislew trait. 
Oino iom constanten traits iom specen, ulter ir variabilitat ed selectibilitat, est id etiweikensimkan. Id natural tula, in constanto mutation, est yinjier definition-ye fragil, ed id bihsa os un spece imprevisible, esdi sont observen long stable periodes (ia "stases", samt "punctuen tulas") quer un spece est in harmonia con sien ambient. Kathire sont ia ecologic logsa quibs esiet sislew oistudye ia actual gnohsas de evolution. 
 Clinton Richard Dawkins (gnahn in 1941) est un Englisch etholog, evolutionar biolog ed autor qui preter gwohm do prominence in 1976 med sien buk The Selfish Gene popularisit-yod id gen-centret vid os evolution ed introduxit id lexis meme. Med sien buk The Extended Phenotype (1982) introduxit is do evolutionar biologia id influent concept od ia phenotypic effects os un gen ne sont bayad limiten ei badan uns yowkjitia, sontern ghehde oistrehce dalg do id ambient.
==Pos-humanisme==
Nundiens bihnt nudt ia genetic analyses ios sociobiologia os R.Dawkins (The Selfish Gene) ed bilhassa os E.O.Wilson (On Human Nature, 1979) kay challenge id construction uns humaniste ethique : id esiet tik id alibi niesen genetic programmes, qua nos invite ad kwehre quant kay naduret id genetic capital quos bertors wey smos. Tod "genocentrisme" confundt science ed Moralitat, beuwt ghaw-ye el Individu un selective unitat ed myehrst id importance om ambient ed epigenese. 
Transhumanisme yaschi credeiht poitte use id theoria os evolution : chunke noster spece est transformabund-se, smad hamrahe active-ye ta mutations. Ne leit tik de id suppression iom handicaps (besonters med addition om intelligent prostheses). Sem biotechnologic deliria propone coschmarisk versions os recomposen ios menscgenome. Un nov mensc prehpiet quell esiet effective-ye omniscient ed omnipotent. Buit hatta exmohnt cree artificial kersa beghaben samt wi evolutive imkans qua ghehdient vitaye i menscens.