Talim

Etymologia: Ex arab تَعْلِيم, samo maynen. 
Definition: Id scol, ka loc om talim ed integration do id social grupp, prehpt ka sontersteto tik eni civiliset societats, organiset in Stat ed gnohnd id scriben. Sien prest objective esend id transmission uns weida, id bezielit tienjien-ye forme ia wanakelites ed i auxiliars qui assisteer ia, sakerdots, scribes, xihtors iom technic gnohsas. Eet id fall in Misr unte Uber Antiquitat, ed remansiet it unte millennia in China au Hind. Id bedarst minoritat prehpt in tod sense ambact iom (ops confus) politic ed religieus maghs tiel id democratisation wi ad moderne societats. 
 Aula ios Universitat Al Quaraouiyine (arab : جامعة القرويين) in Fas, Marok. Sekwent id tradition, ids construction stars in 859 sub id adarissa dynastia. Est ayt id tienxia dar wehrgend veutst universitat ab id UNESCO, id Guinness Book of Records ed plur Historians.
 
==Id antique scol==
Unte millennia, id ziel os scol buit dadwtum id personel em social, religieus ed civil cadrens, id fangh iom gnohsas remanend apanage unios minoritat om adibs. Bohndt ibs temples in ia civilisations os Uber Antiquitat (Misr, Mesopotamia), khaliban maimour med forme un oligarchia em adib sakerdots ed un Statsbureaucratia, scol meitht buhsa in id classic Hellad (Vt-IVt secules pre JC). Id zadependt religieusa structures kay bihe id re privaten pedagogs, un superior nivell esend skipen ab id talim daht ab klut philosophs. Ies Athenay Sophistes sont maimour med tod rol, kam id Academia os Platon au id Lyceium os Aristoteles. In id Hellenistic mund, hofmaysters sont prabhil in uber classes, yedschi antslehnke druv scols, privat institutions ghyant ibs magvims. Ta continuent in id Roman Imperium (Ist-Vt secules pos JC) quer sont doct khaliban grammatic ed Rhetorique. 
Ta formes os scolorganisation obkwehkent kabil os swekwehre id diffusion uns basic talim, bi iens leudher wirs, in urbano milieu, yed arkent rurals, gwens ed aweis-ye sclavs. Ye neid moment, in hellen-romanum Antiquitat, kheisst id Stat kamkwe maimour med uno massoulia os enscolen ed, apart sem initiatives in id Hellenistic mund, in Alexandria au Bergama, ne biht iskwn organise un superior talim. 
 Dakhelportal ios IGNOU in New Delhi, nagor os Hind (Englisch : Indira Gandhi National Open University; Hindi : इंदिरा गाँधी राष्ट्रीय मुक्त विश्वविद्यालय). Tod distance-talim universitat buit creet in 1985 ab id Hindi gouvernement, quod dar managet id nundiens, ed, samt uper 4 millions em studyents, sigwrt ses tienxia mierst universitat.
==Medieval scol ed id gnahsa iom universitats==
Id christianisation ios antique mund creet nov ziels wawod oino iom dohlgs ios Kyrk est doce ia dasturs os fid. Bet id catastrophe iom Folkenmigrations (Vt secule) amalan disprehpeiht, in Occident, cada trace om scolara structures. 
Menxu in id Rhomay Imperium naduret id roman systeme, tuntos controlt ab id ecclesiastic institution, merct West-Europe do neweida temos. Ye ia VIIim ed VIIIim secules, id culture iom "adib" clerics kwehct staunos-ye teun ed id beghsgramatia est prabhil in id scheigjian - Charlemagne (768-814) euct lises 32at. Unte id hol uber Mediev, sont scols tik in oik monasters, quer ibs futurims clerics uno malo latin biht doct. 
Id skamb wakyet ye id end ios XIIt secule, quan id demographic crosct, id urbanum antslehnken ed id crehscend magh iom roys creent nov conditions. In Bologna, Paris, Oxford, episcopal scols hassile uno megil kleumen ed attragent centens om studyents. Ter bihnt doct ne tik id trivium (grammatic, rhetorique, dialectique), sontern kathalika id quadrivium (arithmetique, music, astronomia, geometria), theologia, ieus, medicin. 
Protegen ab id pappdem ed id civil magh, id communitat iom studyents ed professors tom exceptional scols obtent id autorisation os beghabe-se samt un autonom organisation. Universitats gnahnt : tod os Paris dake sien presta status in 1200, tod os Oxford in 1206. In-kap id XIVt secule, penkdemtia universitaten wehrge in Europe : id scol regnaht in Occident sub id forme os un superior talim.
 Ijmal ios historic centre ios Harvard Universitat, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Uniet Stats os America. Sult in 1636, id est ops nundiens ayto tienxia gohdst universitat.
==Reformation ed Contrareformation : ia Jesuit collegia==
Ye ia XVt ed XVIt secules, id "scholastic" talim iom universitats teurst do aunaum recepts ed formulations. Id cultural maturation os Renaissance, id effect ios Era iom Aunstehgens, ia naudhs os Humanisme duce uni radical critique iom methodes ed ziels os scol. Erasmus, Rabelais, Montaigne aunstehme uno mer-ye bukisk weida. Bilhassa, id protestant Reformation taraght ta data. Pro Luther kam pro Calvin, neweida est inacceptable : id leisen ed id meditation ios Scripture sont id presto dohlg al fider; cada Individu dehlct sagve lises, yinjier cada magv dehlct gwahe scol. Quer triumpht protestantisme, multiplient-se ia scols, organiset ab ia parwoiks, yando hatta ab ia public maghs. 
Tod eiskwmen cheus obliget id catholic mund ad reage : ei Kyrk ios Contrareformation biht dwight aurghe-se do id sam via. Ye id prest ker, med iens Jesuits prehpt un religieus orden quos oino iom magnen vocations est talim. Creators, ab 1540, unios netwehrg om collegia quer vahnt se definihes ia reuls unios moderne pedagogia, ies Jesuits ne lakin beziele antplehce uno massentalim : iro project est bedarse id wanakelite ios scheigjian, aristocratic ed burgese societat. Ir collegia diffunde uno moderniset talim wi ad forme ments amend ia wirts os Contrareformation, kafi preihnd aurdhen, tant ye id moral quem id social nivell, kay kame aun risk os drift ia novtats ios secule ed ia seductions os barocco Esthetique. Is "honeste wir" ios XVIIt secule est un perfect product iom Jesuit collegia, qua preime, circum 1660, meis quem 150 000 almens unte id hol catholic Europe. 
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==Id enquestionen os scol==
Scol remant tun gwaukan-ye elitiste ed un fundamental massentalim, quod rehviet id popule ex neweida, est neglegen. Hatta id philosophia iom Lumens, samt id publication os L'Emile (1762) os Rousseau, est prudent dayir to. 
Hol changet med id Franceois Revolution. Condorcet, is senst im franceois philosophs ios XVIIIt secule, preparet in 1792 un project os secular ed general elementar talim keihnd ep id dastur os un stahalselection : pro iom, khact ses semo national souverainitat aun generalisen bedarsen. Bet id radicalisation ios Revolution, id quasi nekardeble difficultat ad trehve ia necessar personel ed financen uni solg ambition hoaneihnt id project. Id werd buit yed clar-ye iskwt : est neid possible democratia aun massentalim. Ia technic Progressa induct ab id Industrial Revolution naudhe eti un qualifiet ed gramat mandover. Confrontet tei nyuti, id europay XIXt secule beuwt id generalisation os scol ed id maimourascen ab ia public maghs un politic dastur. 
Unte quasi oin secule, id scolsysteme, kam id hieb esto definiht ye id end ios XIXt secule in id occidental cultural area, hat bruct un quasi unanim consensus. Tant i liberals kaurndi de ia dayis om lure ed progress quem id democrat levter, amend Secularisme ed convict od id emancipation ios popule uperleit per id talim, bebideer de to. Id opposition diu hat-se begrancen ye id gon uns extreme, clerical ed reactionair dexter. 
Jects hant lakin changet unte dwoter dwidel ios XXt secule. Id crise os scol, confrontet ei demographic pressem ed ad problemes os adaptation uni mund in oku mutation, dind ad economic recession, contestar movments leudend auter ex marxiste critique au ex libertar Anarchisme, hant ducen do enquestionens, besonters pos ia wakyas os Mai 68. 
Yant in-kap ia 1970tias, un theologo qui bihsit psychanalyste, I.Illich, denuncit id scolsysteme ka un enderghenden os conditionen ed appellit do un "aunscol societat". Serieuser-ye, sociologs kam P.Bourdieu ed J-C.Passeron hant analyset id franceoiso scolsysteme ka un zariya kay mantines ia social structures ed ia dominant wirts, permittend it ei societat se reproduce swekwehrnd-ye ex generation do generation id permanence idsen elites. Id it ghyanen debat hieb ka merit appellee do reflexion : kwe est scol tik-ye kwohrt kay prepare ad social integration ? Est idso ziel id hassile uns weida au id emancipation al individu ? Kwe est ver, kam Diderot scripsit (1713-1784) od "bedarse uno nation, est civilise id" ? 
In sien stand, id occidental scolsysteme est aundwoi dalg ud ses perfect, kam weitwodde ia troubles qua taraghe id (violence, uperardmens, nivellsehnken, mank om professional perspectives...) ed ia tentative successive reformes.
Category:Societat