Surrealisme

Etymologia: Nov werdo creet ab Apollinaire (1880-1918), precursor ed theoretic tos "nov menos" quod surrealisme buit. 
Definition: Id lexis surrealisme kyeust un artistic ed politic movment, apparihn just pos Mund Weir Oin in France dind in hol West Europe. 
==Id contexte os Mund Weir Oin==
Ye id origin os dadayisme wehst dadayisme quod gnaht in Zurich, yant 1916, sub id impulsion ios anticonformiste poetios Tzara : in 1919, so gwehmt do France ed ghat ter Breton, redacsiet-yos, in 1924, id prest Manifeste du surréalisme. 
Tod complexe movment est bohnden ei traumatisme ios besonters katel "Megil Weir": millions om yuwens buir brutal-ye mergen do horror, violence ed absurd. Ma ne oppones alyo mund ei barbari realitat os Verdun ? Ma ne sehgne, face id gargic real, de unum universe quer se leurient ia forces om imagination ed artistic creation. ? 
 Medicin studyent kun id Megil Weir udbrehct, André Breton (1896-1966) draukht in id neuropsychiatria ios armee quer is empraxiset ia recenta Techniques os freudsko Psychanalyse. In 1915, is bignoht Apollinaire ed, in 1917, alyo medicin studyent, Louis Aragon. In 1919, is seult con Aragon ed Soupault id revue Littérature, ed publiet in 1920 id presto surrealiste texte, Les Champs magnétiques (quod is signet con Soupault). Artpritor, is inkapt un collectioniste carriere ex quod is gainsiet sien pleist amdanis.
Seduct in un preter tid ab Tristan Tzara ed id Dada movment, Breton se distancet yant 1921, malalto de ia tamaskhurs qua i dadayistes khwoyient. Tuntos, Breton vaht bihe ayt is galionsfigure ios surrealiste movment : in 1924, is publiet id Manifeste du surréalisme dind in 1930, id Second Manifeste. Isge, zanchey-ye, orientet surrealisme kye politic engagement, joinend-ye in 1927 id Communiste Partise. Eys intransigence vis-à-vis eys sokwis - is oiswehrt exclusions contra Leiris ed Desnos, dind serter Aragon - dreibht profund crises in id movment. 
Suspect in 1940 ab id Vichy Regime, Breton se exilet do ia Uniet Stats os America. Tsay do France, stets meis fascinen ab occultisme ed alchemia, is se strehncsiet ad gwivihes id surrealiste movment aun ghehde ei redahe ids preweir arg. 
==Id dehti ios movment==
Sult ab André Breton ed Philippe Soupault (Les Champs Magnétiques, 1919) in id kilvater ios dadayisme os Tristan Tzara, surrealisme wardht in id pamrlan trend suwt ab id traumatisme uns Weir quod est id deuysensmark om Occidental rationalisme ed Humanisme. Id movment vaht se cristallise ambh id personalitat os André Breton. Id grupp jamiyet poets kam Robert Desnos, René Crevel, Paul Eluard, Louis Aragon, Michel Leiris ed Benjamin Péret. 
I surrealistes lancent-se do paurskens qua hant explicit-ye ka ziel reinvente gwit ed hant tik honn dia literature. Baygh influet ab Freuds men, quos prest leisers in France i sessient, empraxisent automatic scriben quosmed sigwrnt accedde id kerd iom psychic processen, exter cada control ios raison. Id sok est tod po id surreal, yani po un superioro realitat lakin secret-ye present in nies mund. 
 Ob sien fragil sieune, Paul Eluard (Eugene Grindel, 1895-1952) dehlct interrumpes sien studyes in 1912 ed mukame in Schweiz in 1912 : ter incontret is Gala, un yun Russian is wehdsiet in 1917, ed inkapt scribe poems. Payn pos eyso schifa udbrehct id weir. Mobiliset do id infanterie, is aunstehct id horror iom walus, is mox bignoht Aragon ed Breton quoy integrent iom do id nov surrealiste movment. Is pictor Max Ernst iom dreibht do un perileus experimentation de drehm ed hallucination. Eys diemens con Gala kwehndent to ed, kay ende uno neteinim situation, Eluard fortrehct do Oceania in 1924. Tsay do Paris pos six munts, is biht oim im activest members ios surrealiste movment. Eys creator opos est intense. 
Lakin, eysims sieune problemes addeihnt-se sentimental difficultats : definitive-ye separen ud Gala qua, in 1929, ei prefert Salvador Dali, is wehdt Nusch in 1934. In politique, is sehkwt id evolution im surrealisten ed joint id Communiste Partise, quetos is biht exclus in 1933. Is virumpsiet con André Breton. 
Pos id Liberation, Eluard wehst ye id topp siens klewos bet bieda plact iom mox : Nusch mehrt fujatan in 1946. Ye id leizd om follia ed suicide, is sessiet salven ab dwo ster ghatens, besonters tod as Dominique in 1949. Is mehrt in 1952 ob un xiongbu tonsillitis.
==Ia influences ye id origin os surrealisme==
Id leisen iom surrealisten texten permitt sbringhes tri magn orinfluences : 
- Rimbaud (1854-1891), qui ischbat in Le Bateau Ivre : Et j'ai vu quelquefois ce que l'homme a cru voir. Tod dehtorstiche defineiht el poet ka oin "tjwowschirjien", quel ghehdt ghabe id nekwahim, stare ad "vertigos"; Eluard hat, significant-ye, titulet oin om sien kitabs Les Yeux fertiles (1936). I surrealistes hant buwen id werd os Rimbaud "change id gwit" ir motto : poetic activitat est un action ep id mund, bezielend invente alyo ghaben ios real. Nerval (1808-1855) con Les Filles du feu ed Lautréamont (1846-1870) buir kathalika celebret ab i surrealistens.
- Freud (1856-1939), con sien wehrgs de ia drehms, id symbolique ed siena meg recent theoria os psychanalyse, qui duct i surrealistens ad explore ia mysteirs os inconscient. El mensc est, pro Breton, un "definitive drehmer" : ghyane ia dwers os drehm, est accedde un radical-ye nov mund, est rumpes con ia alienanta zangirs ios establiet aurdhen. 
- Marx (1818-1883), con id Manifest der kommunistischen Partei, quei id Manifeste du surréalisme est kam un echo. Breton ed eysi prients assocye radical-ye poetique ed politique. Ei "change id gwit" os Rimbaud est kam un echo id dayi os Marx pro quom i philosophs dehlgent "transforme id mund" : in 1917, un "megil diutis hat wusen in id Eust"; pro ta libertar ed revolutionar ments, honnend id puritaniste ed capitaliste Occident, Sovietsk communisme skeipt id via kyun sakib future, quer id "megil lure" regniet...
 (photo ab Menerbes). Son em modestens dukandars, Robert Desnos baygh oku decept ia spehs eys pater hieb pro iom. Is linkwt sien studyes ed biht passionnen ab vanguardia literature. In 1922, is ghat i surrealistens ed participet ia seances om automatic scriben ed hypnotic swehpen, pro-ya is est exceptional-ye beghaben. Is parle surréaliste à volonté iey Breton de iom. Bet, pior independent, is biht excluden ex id movment in 1930, yar kun is publiceiht Corps et biens ed kun is leust quam is lieubht, iam sehngvster Yvonne George.
Ab 1934 kwehrt is radiophonic programmes, script songvs, filmen recensions eti scenarios. Is militet yant 1936 contra id staurascen os fascisme ed entret id Résistance unte id weir. Arresten ab iens Deutschens in September 1944, is mehrsiet ob exhaustion in id lagher os Terezin, in Chekhoslovakia, dien 8 Juno 1945.
==Id surrealiste revolution==
Surrealisme est oino iom ultim forstehlbens os Romantisme. Ter biht retrohven id sam bund os pamrlan contra id mensccondition ed contra id dictature os raison, id sam vol os rehabilite id imaginar ed id universe iom drehms. Dar meis quem i romantics, i surrealistes beuwnt liubh ed sexualitat un extreme experiment indissociable ud poetic gnohsa. 
Sub id influence os psychanalyse, ijabent un plaut place ei exploration ios inconscient ed sont besonters attentive dia ia signes quod random yeist discret-ye al poet. Glanzent med un jadide specto kyid real : hostile dia grancet realisme, sagvent skwites in exteradet proschbrineghs id emergence alyios superiorios realitat, inaccessible ab platt rationalisme. Poets ios exteradet, i surrealistes buir besonters sensible dia vasya formes os humour (vide id Anthologie de l'humour noir ab André Breton).
In 1917, unte siena medicin studyes, Louis Aragon (1897-1982) ghat André Breton, con quom is creet id revue Littérature. Is hamraht id Dada movment ed i surrealistens tiel id zaman ios Paysan de Paris (1926), bet, kam dict ab sien Traité du style (1928), is kwecto exspectet ex werdenleik un udnoven os se quod udleit quodgvonc automatic scriben. Eti, id rupture con i surrealistens tyehct pau pos is joint id Communiste Partise (1927), is incontret Elsa Triolet (1928) ed aunstehct socialiste realisme in literature. To expliet id miltanter ed meis engaget kweitu ios prosenwehrg iom 1930tias, quod inauguret id romanesk cycle ios Monde réel. 
Tod inspiration, posdohrjt ab ia safers do id USSR em Louis ed Elsa, taiper maschour, siet se prolonge do id politic action ducen unte id Espania weir, dind in id ordeil os Mund Weir Dwo : Aragon biht tun wigh, journaliste, federator ios intellectual Résistance, prolixe autor om liubh ed patriotic kitabs, bad actionswir ed poet.
Id revelation iom crimes os stalinisme, in-kap ia 1950tias, hat effects ep eys wehrg. Aragon interrumpt id scriben iom Communistes (1949-1951) bet, refusend-ye ghabe communisme in literature in un pior-ye restrigen sense, is naamet id. Menxu eys Poesis se yougyet con id inspiration iom surrealiste yars, eys senst Romans leike med id demultiplication ios person ios autor.
==Bahmen, poesis ed pamrlan==
Literar movment, surrealisme dahskwt ei werd "poesis" ids creationwent sense : scribe, est cree, invente, imagine ed aunstehge - in ed per bahmen - quanto gwivt ed vibret in el mensc, ed quod ia burgese conventions enderwaurge. I surrealistes diweide quanto hat ka nam "aurdhen" ed "raison". Breton, Eluard, Aragon, Char, Soupault, Prévert, Desnos elege drehm ka motor om action ed men : Je parlerai d'amour dans un lit plein de rêves (Aragon). Ia forces os desire tehrbent bihe ludhern in cadanghen : ia maysterwerds sont "leik", "onir", "mysteir", "random", "majnounia". Ia chusen armes sont provocation, harbant kyehrsen humour, werdengvalt. Ia kwiters, kyuken ab wehsa we gnahn ex automatic scriben, sessient per definition stragn, steurbant, sammel inspiret ed inspirant, kam volit Eluard : La terre est bleue comme une orange; La courbe de tes yeux fait le tour de mon coeur.
Bad, scribenrevolutionars, i surrealistes asadheihnt-se ud ia dwineghs, cheuse un eiskwmen-ye leudher stiche ed rejece id hol dogmen os poetic debses, heritet ex id classicisme os Boileau (1636-1711).
 Philippe Soupault gnaht in 1897 in Chaville, prokwem Paris, in un familia bayghend id uber Burgesia. Khalwani, baygh prect ab id mohrt siens pater, is magv endergwehmt do leisen ed aunstehct Rimbaud, Reverdy ed Apollinaire sbei poesis. Mund Weir Oin kardwnt in iom un sentiment os pamrlan ed is cheust mox, ye id desperation siens familia, se consecre ad literature. 
In 1918, is incontret Breton ed Aragon, con-yens is seult id revue Littérature. Is experimentet automatic scriben, redagend-ye con Breton Les Champs Magnétiques (1919). Meg engagen in id gnahnd surrealiste movment, is preservet lakin sien leudher menos, quo ei valsiet bihe excluden yant 1926. Is biht revue director, journaliste, romanurg, essaiyiste, mutarjem, dramaturg, radio productor. Is mehrt in 1990 nisbatan-ye myohrsen.
==Id heritage os surrealisme==
Ob politic divergences oisbohrst id surrealiste grupp : Eluard ed Aragon hant joint id Franceois Communiste Partise in 1927, isschi Breton, bet in 1935 is refuset persclave sien scriben uni politic prabhil. 
Nespekent sien personal cheids, sien yando distaraghant productions, surrealisme skeipt un druv revolution in ia mentalitats, quod dwinght-se ka un lasim reference os Moderne Art. Pelu megil artistes ios XXt secule - scriptors (Gracq, Leiris, Césaire...), pictors (Picasso, Dali, Magritte, Tanguy, Ernst, Kandinsky, Mirò...), sculptors (Duchamp, Giacometti...), cineastes (Buñuel) - sont i hereds os surrealisme.