Corn dolly

Corn dollies or corn mothers are a form of straw work made as part of harvest customs of Europe before mechanization.
Before Christianization, in traditional pagan European culture it was believed that the spirit of the corn (in modern American English, "corn" would be "grain") lived amongst the crop, and that the harvest made it effectively homeless. James Frazer devotes chapters in The Golden Bough to "Corn-Mother and Corn-Maiden in Northern Europe" (chs. 45-48) and adduces European folkloric examples collected in great abundance by the folklorist Wilhelm Mannhardt. Among the customs attached to the last sheaf of the harvest were hollow shapes fashioned from the last sheaf of wheat or other cereal crops. The corn spirit would then spend the winter in this home until the "corn dolly" was ploughed into the first furrow of the new season. "Dolly" may be a corruption of "idol" or may have come directly from the Greek word eidolon (apparition); that which represents something else.
==Background==
James George Frazer discusses the Corn-mother and the Corn-maiden in Northern Europe, and the harvest rituals that were being practised at the beginning of the 20th century: 
Many more customs are instanced by Frazer.
==Vetula==
"In East Prussia, at the rye or wheat harvest, the reapers call out to the woman who binds the last sheaf, “You are getting the Old Grandmother....In Scotland, when the last corn was cut after Hallowmas, the female figure made out of it was sometimes called the Carlin or Carline, that is, the Old Woman."Frazer, ch. 45. The name the "Old Woman" (Latin vetula) for such "corn dolls" was in use among the Germanic pagans of Flanders in the 7th century, where Saint Eligius discouraged them from their old practices: "[Do not] make vetulas, (little figures of the Old Woman), little deer or iotticos or set tables [for the house-elf, compare Puck] at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks [a Yule custom]."
==Materials used==
* Great Britain: mainly wheat, oats, rye and barley
* Ireland: rush
* Southern France: palm leaves
With the advent of the combine harvester, the old-fashioned, long-stemmed and hollow-stemmed wheat varieties were replaced with knee-high, pithy varieties. However, a number of English and Scottish farmers are still growing the traditional varieties of wheat, such as Maris Wigeon, Squarehead Master, Elite Le Peuple. mainly because they are in great demand in thatching, a craft which is enjoying a renaissance, with customers facing long waiting lists for having their roofs thatched or repaired.
==Types==
Corn Dollies and other similar harvest straw work can be divided into these groups:
===Traditional corn dollies named after counties or place names of Great Britain and Northern Ireland===
Image:BartonTurfDolly.jpg|Barton Turf dolly, Norfolk
Image:CambridgeshireHandbell.jpg|Cambridgeshire Handbell
Image:EssexTerret.jpg|Essex Terret (This is the Essex Ring Terret - there is also the Essex Bell or Bar Terret)
Image:Mordiford.jpg|Mordiford
Image:HerefordLantern.jpg|Hereford Lantern
Image:Stafford Knot corn dolly.jpg|Stafford Knot
Image:SuffolkHorseshoe.jpg|Suffolk Horseshoe
Image:YorkshireSpiral.jpg|Yorkshire Spiral or Drop Dolly
* Other corn dollies include Anglesey Rattle, Cambridgeshire Umbrella, Durham Chandelier, Claidheach (Scotland) Herefordshire Fan, Kincardine Maiden (Scotland), Leominster Maer (Herefordshire), Norfolk Lantern, Northamptonshire Horns, Okehampton Mare, Oxford Crown, Suffolk Bell, Suffolk Horseshoe and Whip, Teme Valley Crown (Shropshire), Welsh Border Fan, Welsh Long Fan, Worcester Crown.
* There are also corn dolly designs from other countries, for example the Kusa Dasi from Turkey, named after the town of Kuşadası.
===Countryman's favours and other harvest designs===
A countryman's favour was usually a plait of three straws and tied into a loose knot to represent a heart. It is reputed to have been made by a young man with straws picked up after the harvest and given to his loved one. If she was wearing it next to her heart when he saw her again then he would know that his love was reciprocated. Three straws can be plaited using the hair plait or a cat's foot plait. Favours can be made with two, three, four or more straws.
Image:BarleyFavours.jpg|Countryman's Favour in barley
Image:ZGloryBraid.jpg|Glory Braid
Image:ZCornucopia.jpg|Cornucopia (Horn of plenty)
Image:CornMaiden1.jpg|Corn Maiden
Image:ZWheat & Oats Cross.jpg|Harvest Cross
Image:Harvest Wreath.jpg|Harvest Wreath
Image:ZCornMaiden.jpg|Corn maiden
Image:Countryman'sFavours.jpg|Countryman's Favours
Other examples include:
* Bride of the Corn ("Aruseh" in North Africa)
* Devonshire Cross, a harvest cross from Topsham, Devon
* Dedham Cross
* St Brigid's Cross; the National Museum of Ireland has many examples of harvest crosses.
===Fringes===
* Larnaca Fringe
* Montenegrin Fringe
* Lancashire Fringe
===Large straw figures===
These are representations of deities, animals or spirits, made from an entire sheaf. They are known by a variety of names, depending on location and also the time of harvesting:
* The Goddess Ceres
* Maiden or Bride (harvest before All Saints): 
* Kirn Dolly (Roxburghshire)
* Kirn Baby (Lothians)
*The Neck (Cornwall and Devon)
* Hare (Galloway)
* Lame Goat, Scottish Gaelic: gobhar bacach (Harris, Skye, Glenelg)
* Straw dog - strae bikko (Shetland, Orkney)
* Cailleach Gaelic: Old Woman or The Hag (harvest after All Saints)
* Caseg Fedi or harvest mare in Wales.
* 'Y Wrach' or 'The Hag' in Caernarvonshire, Wales
* Whittlesey Straw Bear, the centre of a ceremony in Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, every January. Its origins are obscure.
===Tied straw work===
Here the straw is not plaited, but tied with yarn, wool, raffia or similar. This type of straw work is particularly popular in Scandinavia and German-speaking countries. Examples of these are the Oro (Swedish Straw Crown); the Tomte or Nisse (Yule dwarfs); and smaller versions of the Yule Goat.
Image:ZStrawMiscellany.jpg|Tied straw work
Image:SwedishDwarves.jpg|Swedish Dwarves
Image:ReindeerGarland.jpg|Reindeer garland
Image:ZLargeTiedStar.jpg|Large tied star
===Ridge finials===
* These are straw sculptures which are placed on the ridge of the thatched roof. They are sometimes purely for decoration, but can be the signature of a particular thatcher. Animal shapes (birds, foxes etc.) are the most common. In days gone by, hay-ricks would also be thatched, and topped with a straw decoration.
==References==
==Further reading==
* Discovering Corn Dollies By M. Lambeth ISBN 0-85263-283-5
* Corn Dollies: Their Story, Traditions and How to Make Them by David J Keighley ISBN 0-9504215-0-2
* A Golden Dolly, the Art, Mystery and History of Corn Dollies by M. Lambeth
==External links==
* Sir James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, chapter 45, and § 2. The Rice-mother in the East Indies
* The Guild of Straw Craftsmen UK association for all aspects of straw craft
* "Putting out the hare, putting on the harvest knots" Irish harvest customs
* Neil Thwaites Yorkshire corn dolly crafter
Category:Germanic paganism
Category:Celtic mythology
Category:Religious objects