Gilbert Lewis

Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 23, 1875 – March 23, 1946) was an American physical chemist known for the discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and other contributions to valence bond theory have shaped modern theories of chemical bonding. Lewis successfully contributed to thermodynamics, photochemistry, and isotope separation, and is also known for his concept of acids and bases.
== Tossup Questions ==
# Though not the namesake of any free energies, this man introduced thermodynamics into the chemistry curriculum in the textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances, co-authored with Merle Randall. Along with Irving Langmuir, he theorized that atoms either donated, accepted, or "shared" electrons to get to a valence of eight. He also defined an acid as an (*) electron pair acceptor and a base as an electron pair donor. For 10 points, name this chemist who is also the namesake of electron dot structures used to represent covalently bonded compounds.
# With Merle Randall, this man names a rule used to find a mixture's fugacity. He coined the word "photon" in his paper "The Atom and the Molecule." He also formulated a theory which defined acids and bases as electron donors and acceptors, supplanting the Bronsted-Lowry concept. This scientist also developed a simple method to draw compounds, which uses a line for a chemical bond. For 10 points, name this American chemist who developed a "dot structure."
# In his work with non-ideal solutions of electrolytes, this man introduced a term which is given as molality times charge squared summed across all ions in a solution. Parameters representing electrostatic bonding and covalent bonding are utilized in an equation which gives the enthalpy change of a reaction involving substances named for him; that equation is the Drago-Wayland equation. He co-names a rule governing the contribution of components to the (*) fugacity of an ideal solution. In his paper The Atom and the Molecule he introduced a notation in which non-bonding electrons are represented in pairs away from the lines indicating electrons shared between two atoms. For 10 points, identify this American chemist who developed an acid-base theory involving electron pair donors and acceptors and drew some dot structures to visualize the pairing of electrons in compounds.
# This scientist's later work concerned neutron refraction and the properties of deuterium. He introduced fugacity and the activity coefficient, and with Merle Randall, he built on the thermodynamic work of J. Willard Gibbs in his Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances. Linus Pauling promoted this chemist's model of chemical bonding. Identify this chemist whose namesake acids accept electron pairs, and who also developed a way to diagram molecular bonding and lone pairs, his namesake "dot structures".