Photographia

Etymologia: Ex hellen φως, φωτός ("luce") ed φραφειν ("scribe"), id werd photography buit nudt ye id prest ker in Englisch, hatta pre id adgumt ios daguerreotype, kay name ia luce inscriptions ep sensible surfaces. 
Definition: Id lexis photographia sammel kyeust id proceddat om teipen ed reproduction ios visible ab id action os luce, id reproducto Kwiter ed id art bohnden tei Technique
 Id Point de vue du Gras est id prest permanent kamyaben photographia (autah heliographia = "scriben ab id sol") gnohn os Historia os photographia, emen ab iom Franceois inventor Nicéphore Niepce (1765-1833) in 1826 au 1827 pon eys dom os Saint-Loup-de-Varennes prokwem Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundia 
==Id photographic technique==
Photographia neudt optique techniques : pon Renaissance est sagven quosmed projece kyep un inverten surface uno motif quos luce wands penetre unte oin torm un camera obscura. Tod projection permiss risses uper id : dank photochemia, biht vrehn in id XIXt secule quosmed inscribe durable-ye tod kyep un teip ex glas au papier. Photographia ghi smyehrt ta inventions qua weise unte id industrial era. 
Est samstehmen de recognihes od gnahsit ex id collaboration inter Daguerre ed Nièpce : irmen proceddat biht kaupen ab id franceoiso Stat in 1839. Is de Englisch Fox Talbot patentiret sieno negative papier in 1841. Tehrpt bihe intizarto tiel 1861 pro id prest color photographia ab Thomas Sutton. 
 Tod photo os Jean Baptiste (Constant) Huet, reisser in id Muséum d'histoire naturelle os Paris ab Daguerre in 1837 esiet id prest photographic portrait. Endergwaydern, tod kip naudht bihe exposen sub un moder glas kay bihe kafi visible. Bi divers sababs, Daguerre gwup secret tod portrait quod buit raunstohct bad in 1998. 
==Id photographic art==
Ghaw-ye est sigwrt od id documentar kweit os photographia hat ludhern pingen ex ids realiste function : i prest photographs concepe inkaptos id esthetic dimension ios technique quod aunstehgent. Ia photographias ios Franceois (edschi pictor) Le Gray bihnt exposen in id 1859 salon quer mutt id inkapia os Impressionisme : kam i pictors, i photographs, wehrgend med id gwayderwakt, leikend-ye med id possibilitat os superimpression inter dwo clischees, hatta os retouche, beuwnt luce un artistic medium. Aynt ir wehrg poetic, creative. Ia photographias ios US American Stiegliz (1864-1946) leike med ia atmospheric effects, kam ia pinegs ab Monet, Sisley au Pissarro ye id end ios XIXt secule. 
Id triumph ios photographic portrait, manifestet ab id klewos ios Franceois Nadar, neschi smyehrt Realisme : id portrait est albatt un element os social prestige, bet gwehmt ender un composition, un interpretationswehrg. Ia photographic portraits os Baudelaire (1854) au as Sarah Bernhardt (1860) ab Nadar behrnt id samum ambition quem tod os Monsieur Bertin ab Ingres (1833) : id cadreplan, id pose, id neud ios clarobscure, ios ligne, ios flau au ios deformation ios ambhriss tyeice quo Baudelaire kiel "id ideal reconstruction im Individus". Ia ambigu magvenportraits ab L.Carroll (1832-1898) entrent tod continuitat. Maghiet eti bihe udwekwnt id photographia os Breton (1930) ab iom US Americano Man Ray - pagneuvs in France pon 1921 -: id "solarisation" quei biht gwaydert id negative, quod invert skadh ed luce, daht ei portrait un druv stragnitat, daht eti ei person un "aura" - speit ia declarations os W.Benjamin (1892-1940) de muassir art.
Idghi photographia os Man Ray est emblematic iom surreal ambitions ios art, kam iom meg akster diemens qua remane inter photographia, pingen ed Poesis. Ia clischees is hassilet med id technique ios photogramme - ios directios gwaydern objecten quom skadh impremt ia teips - dahnt un irrealitatseffecto quod pinwt id surrealiste doctrine. Id photomontage samt titule Le Violon d'Ingres (1924) ei permitt inscribe ia swontorms ep id regv as eys model, Kiki de Montparnasse, kufyet med un delband : creet un echo ei maschour Bain turc (1862) ios franceois pictor, rehabilitet id photographic nogw, is id skapeiht idso jorbehnden in pornographia. Larmes / Glass tears (1932) porct id kwiter uns closupen ok, kam bayghend neid lige : kern ab fals pecmens, uperkeihndios dwo dakrus, dwo glimt bissers, id wehrgo gwehmt ender tant fantasme quem photographic teipen. 
Iaghi proceddats os photographic reproduction hant piwen pingen. Ne hant tik-ye daughto kay aunstehge id mov - ia snapphotos os ekwesgalopp tarikhe ex 1878 -, ne hant tik permitten invente alya cadreplans au vidpoints - hogtos au ghemtos keipens experimenten ab Bonnard au Degas -, hant eti permiss interoge, trans ia reproductionsmodalitats ios visible, idpet structure ios mund perambh nos. 
Also, in sien version ios Déjeuner sur l'herbe (1964), is franceois pictor A.Jacquet reconstituet id drucken (id drucken kwiter) uns clischee pro-yod is hat reenagiht prients id composition ios pineg os Manet (1863), klut ka inventus modernitat in pingen. Serigraphia auct aunmeid-ye ed ed prephpeiht ia biadet invisible ranghinuktas qua skeipe id kwiter. Api ta nuktas camouflent we deconstruge id kwiter ia dohlg revele. Ia multiple versions tragen ex id inkapsclischee jixayeihnt detayls hina ia beuwnt ia difficil-ye identificable. Id ok khact focuse ep un figure ni trehve un pivot ab-yod andhe id kwiter, kam in un classic gairb. Ia modalitats ios reproduction ios photographic kwiter permitte ithan al Artiste schiawkiene ia oppositions inter abstraction ed figuration, tyices un trouble in id kip, in ia modalitats ios real. Photographia est un art. 
In ia 1970tias, biht id weitwodd, id trace iom ephemer actions os muassir art, besonters ios land art. Ia 1980tias vide idschi antslehnken ios "plastician photo" os meg plaut format : id bevidt id megil reiken os figuration, kweter id taalet images ios cadadien, ordinar leuds (kam is Canadian J.Wall) we interroget ia comparet formes om photographia ed pingen, om abstraction ed figuration, kam ia wehrgs ios Franceois J.Bosser. 
 Dadayiste, Man Ray linkwt New York pro Paris in 1921 ed perikwehlt id artistic milieu. Ter incontret is Kiki de Montparnasse, qua ei inspiret id original ed humourplen Violon d'Ingres in 1924. Id atelier os Man Ray, mode photograph ed portraitiste, biht oku uno gnohtu loc in Paris. Angh-ye bohndt ei grupp im surrealisten, excellt in id xeimen om imaginar ed inconscient. "Pingo quo khako photographe, itiraft is. Photographo quo khako pinges." Precursor, is experimentet nov surprindanta techniques, kam photogrammes, solarisation auti id application objecten ep nuper pict surfaces. Admiren ka photograph, est meis prihn pro sien photo quem pro sien pingen ed sculpture. Is hat ghyanen id via ei recognition os photo ka artistic expression.
==Photographia ed science==
Photographia biht identifien ka un invention ducend kye druv progress prospects. Id snapphoto, yant 1880, permitt id analyse om movs (ekwesgalopp, volnen flux, frads al ditil) qua id ok ne kwaht : ta kwiters sont ayna scientific, aunstehgend tuntro misgnohta druves. Daughsient ibs physiologic studyes, eti pinwsient un nov iconographia iom passions. Id rontgen perneict id opacitat ios material, auter id visibleiht quo est kohlt (in un positiviste intizar), we id revelet "vibrations ios ether" sekwent ia mystic-superstitieus fikers tos zaman. Is Franceois Bertillon (1853-1914) neudt "anthropometric" photographia kay database i delinquents. To mehldt identitatsphotographia ed ia controltechniques. 
 
Le Baiser de l'hôtel de ville est un maschouro swordalbh photographia ab Robert Doisneau. Tipen in 1950 prokwem id ratusch os Paris, keipt un wir ed un gwen qui kunent mutu sammel kun ghange ep un trotuar bayna pelu passant, ant un cafee terrasse.
Leitti de un enscenet pose tyicen eni id quader uns orbat ios autorios pro id majalah Life samt id schirkat im dwo protagonisten, theatre studyents, Françoise Delbart (nee Bornet) ed ays kerdprient Jacques Carteaud, tun almens ios Cours Simon. Robert Doisneau hieb incontret i in un Parisian cafee ed hieb im propost un photo scene stradi, po 500 franceois francs. Id identitat em bo protagonistens buit diu negnoht, pati ab iomswo autor.
==Photographia, chronique ed historia==
Id Belle-Epoque adoret fait-divers; id notion reportage est samzaman ei 1900 Universal Exposition. Bihnt tun prefer ibs clischees ab Atget (1856-1927), chroniquer ios vetus Paris, idsen ghehrds, gatvas ed lytil kerdsen - quos wehrg sessiet raunstohgen ab Man Ray -, ia sensational kwiters, kam tod ios accident ios gare Montparnasse os October 1895. Menschi documentet photographia id Kirime weir (1853-1856), id US Secession weir (1861-1865) au id execution os cesar Maximillian os Mexico in 1867. 
Biht betrust kathalika tei nov medium id mission os aunstehge piern gaivias ed ir exotisme. Ia portraits walsken (Indians, Africans, Chinesen) kam id kip monumenten oismyehrnt ia occidental vol os weida ed Colonisation. Id Misri site Abou Simbel biht enkipen ab iom mussafer scriptor M. Du Camp yant 1851; Jerusalem, rlienxien-ye photographen pro archeologs ed historians ab A. Salzmann (1824-1872). 
Exploits kam id krig iom ubsell akren bihnt yaschi kaur-ye archiven. Photographia smyehrt ithan celebre id menscenimkan ad kwehre historia kam ad vinces Nature. 
Gnahnt tun ia megil thematic reportages qua consecrent id style irs autor kam id Migrant Mother (1936) ab D.Lange, Paris de nuit ab Brassaï (1933), ia Images à la sauvette ab Cartier-Bresson (1952) au les Américains ab R.Frank (1958). In France, Doisneau (1912-1994), Ronis (1910-2009) ed Boubat (1923-1999) celebre id cadadien : ir clischees bayghent quo dehbht ses kalt "id humaniste photographia". 
Photographia biht ye id end ios XIXt secule id auxiliar ios presse. Id majalah Life appareiht in 1936. Sem photos hant kwohrn historia : id Vietnam weir buit lusen ab ia Uniet Stats os America pos id publication ios Marche pour la paix au Vietnam ab M.Riboud (1967) ed hassa ias Napalm Girl ab Nick Ut (1972). Id cult os Che Guevara hat esen piwen med eyso "gisant" photographia, iom metamorphosend do icon. Ia photographias ios fals massengrabh in Timisoara hant sigwra serven ei romune pamrlan contra dictator Nicolae Ceaucescu in 1989. 
Albatta, photojournalisme hat gaisst noblesse med ia maschour photographias qua Capa (1913-1954) bringht tsay ex id Espania weir. Bet sem questions remanent neantwohrden : kwe kwiters ne hant un bfuxiong manipulationsmagh ? Kwe exist limites ei keipim ? Kweghi tohrbit bihe irsalt in 1985 id kwiter ias yun Ômyara quam uno mudhlaco guriegh unte un volcangheuss in Colombia ? In L'Oeil naïf (1994), R. Debray aunstehmt quo is kalt id "humanitar porno".
 Nehc unios milicionaire est oino iom gnohnst photographias ios espaniol Civil Weir ed buit tipen dien 5 September 1936 ab Robert Capa in Espejo, in id region os Cordoba. Tod photographia, ayn un iconic kwiter ios XXt secule, deikiet id nehc os Federico Borrell Garcia, un anarchiste milicionaire, ye idpet moment kun un glonce gvohn iom. So vohs in civil samt uno munitionenbelt. Tod photographia, quos hakikia hat est kathires renquestionen, buit publien ye id prest ker in deughos 447 ios rissala Vu dien 23 September 1936 in id reportage Comment sont-ils tombés, dind in Life dien 12 Jul 1937 in id reportage Death in Spain : the civil war has taken 500.000 lives in one year.
==Id digital revolution==
Pon 1975, photographia hat uperliten ex id analog do id digital, ex chemia do electronique. Tod technologic revolution permitt nundiens uno meis facil ed oku kwehlen om information ed weitwoddia. Id kasseb journaliste, besonters in photojournalisme, buit taraght ab to. Also, id era ios industrie quod volit samrisses id spectacle ios mund (ex id jecto do id negative, ex id negative do id positive) biht success ab id era os information. Id digital permitt eti, med id computer, instantan retouches, id aunfin variabilitat ios sam clischee. Also photographia quod iskwit serve ad druve servicet nuntos expressivitat. Id volit inscribe id ephemer do duren, hatta abad. Nuntos, id celebret id ephemer. Mobil phones yeise cada secunde sem clischees in-ya i terwns enscenent-se ed sont-ya disparibund con ia ephemer memorias qua behrnt ia. Confirment ia muassir analyses os G.Lipovetsky de triumphanto narkisisme in L'Ere du Vide (1983).