Afonso II of Portugal

Afonso II (ɐˈfõsu; English Alphonzo), or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese), Alfonso or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin version), nicknamed "the Fat" (Portuguese o Gordo), third king of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city. He was the second but eldest surviving son of Sancho I of Portugal by his wife, Dulce, Infanta of Aragon. Afonso succeeded his father in 1212.
As a king, Afonso II set a different approach of government. Hitherto, his father Sancho I and his grandfather Afonso I, were mostly concerned with military issues either against the neighbouring Kingdom of Castile or against the Moorish Muslim lands in the south. Afonso did not pursue territory enlargement policies and managed to insure peace with Castile during his reign. Despite this, some towns, like Alcácer do Sal in 1217, were conquered from the Moors by the private initiative of noblemen. This does not mean that he was a weak or somehow cowardly man. The first years of his reign were marked instead by internal disturbances between Afonso and his brothers and sisters. The king managed to keep security within Portuguese borders only by outlawing and exiling his kin.
Since military issues were not a government priority, Afonso established the state's administration and centralized power on himself. He designed the first set of Portuguese written laws. These were mainly concerned with private property, civil justice, and minting. Afonso also sent ambassadors to European kingdoms outside the Iberian Peninsula and began amiable commercial relations with most of them.
Other reforms included the always delicate matters with the pope. In order to get the independence of Portugal recognized by Rome, his grandfather, Afonso I, had to legislate an enormous number of privileges to the Church. These eventually created a state within the state. With Portugal's position as a country firmly established, Afonso II endeavoured to weaken the power of the clergy and to apply a portion of the enormous revenues of the Roman Catholic Church to purposes of national utility. These actions led to a serious diplomatic conflict between the pope and Portugal. After being excommunicated for his audacities by Pope Honorius III, Afonso II promised to make amends to the church, but he died in 1223 before making any serious attempts to do so.
==Marriage and descendants==
Afonso married Infanta Urraca of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VIII, King of Castile, and Leonora of Aquitaine, in 1206.
Name 	Birth 	Death 	Notes
By Urraca of Castile (1186-1220; married in 1206)	By Urraca of Castile (1186-1220; married in 1206)	By Urraca of Castile (1186-1220; married in 1206)	By Urraca of Castile (1186-1220; married in 1206)
Infante Sancho 	8 September 1207 	4 January 1248 	Succeeded him as Sancho II, 4th King of Portugal.
Infante Afonso 	5 May 1210 	16 February 1279 	Succeeded his brother Sancho as Afonso III, 5th King of Portugal
Infanta Leonor (Eleanor) 	1211 	1231 	Married Prince Valdemar, son of Valdemar II of Denmark and Margaret of Bohemia, daughter of Ottokar I of Bohemia.
Infante Fernando 	a. 1217 	c. 1243 	Lord of Serpa.
Vicente 	1219 	1219 	 
Natural offspring 	Natural offspring 	Natural offspring 	Natural offspring
João Afonso 	? 	1234 	Natural son.
Pedro Afonso 	c. 1210 	? 	Natural son.
==References==
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Category:People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church
Category:Portugal
Category:Rulers