Propolis

Propolis is a resinous substance that bees collect from tree buds or other botanical sources. It is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive. Propolis is used for small gaps (approximately 6.35 mm or less), while larger spaces are usually filled with beeswax. Its color varies from green to reddish brown depending of its botanical source; the most common being dark brown.
For centuries, beekeepers assumed that bees sealed the beehive with propolis to protect the colony from the elements, such as rain and cold winter drafts. However, 20th century research has revealed that bees not only survive, but also thrive, with increased ventilation during the winter months throughout most temperate regions of the world.
Propolis is now believed to:
# reinforce the structural stability of the hive
# reduce vibration
# make the hive more defensible by sealing alternate entrances
# prevent diseases and parasites from entering the hive 
# prevent putrefaction within the hive. Bees usually carry waste out of and away from the hive. However if a small lizard or mouse, for example, found its way into the hive and died there, bees could be unable to carry it out through the hive entrance. In that case, they would attempt instead to seal the carcass in propolis, essentially mummifying it and making it odorless and harmless.
==Uses==
===Medicinal use===
Propolis is marketed by health food stores as a traditional medicine, and for its claimed beneficial effect on human health. Natural medicine practitioners often use propolis for the relief of various conditons, including inflammations, viral diseases, ulcers, superficial burns or scalds. Some such therapies are based on the traditional practices of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ayurveda or homeopathy. Propolis is also believed to promote heart health and reduce the chances of cataractshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10647922&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Effects of some probable antioxidants on selenite-induced cataract formation and oxidative stress-related parameters in rats..Old beekeepers recommend a piece of propolis kept in the mouth as a remedy for a sore throat.Propolis lozenges can be bought in France. Though claims have been made for its use in treating allergies, propolis may cause severe allergic reactions if the user is sensitive to bees or bee productshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5503978&ordinalpos=10&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 2 cases of allergic reaction after administration of propolis drugs.
Few of these folkloric claims have been clinically evaluated at the level of large-scale, randomized, double-blind studies. Some in-vitro or rat-model studies are available in published biomedical literature. The composition of propolis is variable, depending on season, bee species and geographic location, so caution must be applied in extrapolating results(below). Depending upon its precise composition propolis may show powerful local antibiotic and antifungal properties. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992005000200003 Studies indicate that it may be effective in treating skin burns. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=11890438&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Abstract Comparison of propolis skin cream to silver sulfadiazine: a naturopathic alternative to antibiotics in treatment of minor burns.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15019118&ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum The effect of CAPE on lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels in the plasma of rats following thermal injuryhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16828884&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an active component of propolis, against NAOH-induced esophageal burns in rats. Propolis also exhibits immunomodulatory effects.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10575279&ordinalpos=18&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
 [Prophylactic effectiveness of propolis for immunostimulation: a clinical pilot study
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12939048&ordinalpos=16&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
 Propolis and some of its constituents down-regulate DNA synthesis and inflammatory cytokine production but induce TGF-beta1 production of human immune cells.
Propolis has attracted the attention of the dental community, although there is currently no conclusive evidence to support the arguement that propolis activley protects against caries and other forms of oral disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15354462&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 
A clinical study of a silicate toothpaste with extract from propolis.</ref>
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12459618&ordinalpos=14&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 
Effect of a mouthrinse containing selected propolis on 3-day dental plaque accumulation and polysaccharide formation.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16054589&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 
The influence of a novel propolis on mutans streptococci biofilms and caries development in rats.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9405742&ordinalpos=21&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Antimicrobial activity of propolis on oral microorganismsPropolis can also be used to treat canker sores http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17285269&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum The effect of bee propolis on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a pilot study., and its use in canal debridement for endodontic procedures has been explored in Brazil.da Silva, F.B. Natural medicaments in endodontics - a comparative study of the anti-inflammatory action, Braz Oral Res June 2004 18:2, pages 174-179.
===Other uses===
Propolis is used by certain music instrument makers to enhance the appearance of the wood grain. It is a component of Italian varnish and was reportedly used by Stradivari.
==Composition==
The composition of propolis will vary from hive to hive, district to district, and from season to season. Normally it is dark brown in color, but it can be found in green, red, black and white hues, depending on the sources of resin found in the particular hive area. Bees are opportunists, and will gather what they need from available sources. Occasionally bees will even gather various caulking compounds of human manufacture, when the usual sources are more difficult to obtain. Therefore, various potential medicinal properties may be present in one hive's propolis and absent from another. The properties of the propolis depend on the exact plant sources used by an individual hive, and the distributors of propolis products cannot control such factors. This may account for the many and varied claims regarding its potential medicinal properties and the difficulty in replicating previous scientific studies investigating these claims). Even propolis samples taken from within a single colony can vary, making controlled clinical tests virtually impossible.
The source of propolis varies in a major way with latitude. In temperate climates bees collect resins from trees, mostly poplars and to a lesser extent conifers. The biological role of propolis in trees is to seal wounds and defend against bacteria, fungi and insects. In tropical regions, bees gather propolis from flowers, especially Clusia, that have adapted propolis to attract pollinators. The chemical composition of temperate propolis and tropical propolis are different. Poplar propolis is rich in flavanoids. Clusia propolis contains polyprenylated benzophenones. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH7-42H7SV7-13&_user=1814514&_coverDate=08%2F03%2F1993&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1814514&md5=ca9a13f7f826772ce0e6af1549eaf781 Phytochemical evidence for the botanical origin of tropical propolis from Venezuela
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9122(198409)71:8%3C1149:TRORIA%3E2.0.CO;2-4
The Role of Resin in Angiosperm Pollination: Ecological and Chemical Considerations http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/2/1/29 Recent trends and important developments in propolis research
"Typical" propolis has approximately 50 constituents, primarily resins and vegetable balsams (50%), waxes (30%), essential oils (10%), and pollen (5%). Propolis is sticky at and above room temperature. At lower temperatures it becomes hard and very brittle.
"Sinapic acid, isoferulic acid, caffeic acid and chrysin were isolated from the alcoholic extraction of propolis and identified by spectrometric methods. The first three compounds were shown with inhibitive effect of against Staphylococcus aureus, while chrysin was ineffective." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1804186&dopt=Abstract Isolation and identification of antibiotic constituents of propolis from Henan.
==See also==
* Discussion of bee space in the beehive article.
==References==
* Trusheva, Boryana; Popova, Milena; Bankova, Vassya; Simova, Svetlana; Marcucci, Maria Cristina; Miorin, Patricia Laguna; Pasin, Flavia da Rocha & Tsvetkova, Iva (2006): Bioactive Constituents of Brazilian Red Propolis. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3(2): 249–254.
* PDF fulltext
==External links==
*Bee Propolis Information Centre A site dedicated to the study of propolis
*Apitherapy News The medicinal use of bee products
*Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians published online April 16, 2004
*world leader in Bee Propolis research leading research scientists, doctors and practitioners explore the chemical, pharmacological and clinical benefits of bee Propolis 
*Site fédérateur des producteurs de propolis A French site about Propolis in Apithérapy
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ro:Propolis
Category:Bee products