Mercat

Id mercat (ex latin mercatus) est un physic au abstract loc, quer offerte ed demande unios maal au service incontrent mutu. 
==Ex id mercat do od mercatseconomia==
Mercat kyeust preter id loco quer pehrners ed kaupers gwehme ad exchange ir tovars : itak biht tolken de id rineg uns weik. Ta exchanges bestehme id pris iom tovars ed ids evolution sekwent ia variations om offerte ed demande. Opsst-ye hat-se tod mercat dematerialiset ed kyeust wiswens interveners querkwe ed aun od bayad samghatent physic-ye. Id tienxia mercat os ris, mathalan, deht in relation i productors ed exporters ex Sud-Eust Asia, traders installen in Schweiz ed importers ex Africa. 
Mercat kyeust eti uno model os economic organisation : id mercatseconomia. Id existence om mercats (ye iro prest maynen) ne est kafi pro buwes uno mercatseconomia. Sontschi tohrpt od id essential iom producen maals sont bestohmen ei mercat ed od tod est id adic modus os prispaneg. 
Id wehkwos mercatseconomia est meis au minter synonym os capitalisme ed eet besonters usen unte id Srig Weir witerom id socialiste economia ios Union iom Socialisten Sovietsk Respublics (USSR) ed iom popules democratias. Id kyus oin economic model face alyo. 
Pos id collapse ios USSR ed id transition iom lands os central Europe do mercatseconomia, med besonters ir integration do id Europay Union, tod wehkwos hat lusto sien reference gwis : nundiens, vasya economias sont meis au minter mercatseconomias. Hatta China, senst communiste augos, se hat ei converten yant ia 1970tias med ia reformes aurghen ab Deng Xiaping kay instaure un "socialiste mercatseconomia". 
==Pur ed perfecto concurrence==
Menxu id Industrial Revolution dahsit un nov antslehnken ad capitalisme ed od idswo economic men emers, id weidos os organise id mercat buit oino iom central questions quod interessit iens "classic" economistens. Senters hant besonters buwen id lure iom mercats oin condition os economic antslehnken. Hant invent id notion os pur ed perfect concurrence, quod correspondt penkwe criteria : un large numer em kaupers ed pehrners, id leudher leiten do id mercat, id existence om identic products, transparence, ed id mobilitat iom productionsfactors ex oino maal do alyo. Pro liberal economistens, id existence om leudher ed spehrdwenta mercats est id bilkull gohdst organisation idghi garantiet ia profits im efficientst pehrners ed ghem prisa pro consummers. Id Stat poitt intervene tik-ye kay garantie tod spehrdstand. 
Lakin, pleist economistes samstehme de recognihes od pur ed perfecto concurrence est un fiction. Id ghehldt tik ceteris paribus sic stantibus (wiswa wehsend it egal); quo est rar-ye it. In id realitat, mercats sont daydey imperfect. Id concentration iom entreprisen quod favoriset id concentration om oligopols, hatta monopols, id evolution ios kaupmagh im consummers, ia boidsa inter productors reduce concurrence. 
==Protectionisme au leurtorg ?==
Alyo dimension iom problem est id organisation iom international mercats. Classic economistes sont partisan os leurtorg. Pro A. Smith (1723-1790), id interesse unios nation est se specialise do productions pro qua id behandt un absolut vantage ed exporte ia po alya maals. Lakin, sei sem land behandiet neid absolut vantage uper alters, ghehdiet neter exporte ni importe ject. Also, sekwent Ricardo (1772-1823), id loy iom comparative vantagen vanscheiht exchange hatta aun absolut vantages, ed ia lands dehlge antplehce ir specialisation ep ia mercats qua ibs sont nisbatan ryowkhower. In bo falls, id interesse iom nations est ghyane ira grances ad international exchanges. 
Partisans os protectionisme, kam is deutsch List (1789-1846), im objeceer od est witerom lasim protege sien industrie ud international concurrence, bariem unte id wakt necessary kay id antslehnct ed ghehdt tehle tod concurrence. Id taxation iom imports est id directst wassila kay panges un tollbarrier, yed existent indirect protectionsmeids kam ia sanitar au technic xiseys. 
Diuturn-ye, biht nett-ye trens kyid antslehnken os leurtorg. International commerce hat gnoht un prest antslehnken unte id XIXt secule ed in-kap id XXt secule, ops kwit ka prest Globalisation. Ob id economic crise iom 1930tias, ia Stats hant en masse chosen protégé ir national productions augend-ye ir tollbarriers. 
Pos Mund Weir Dwo, in un contexte os retrohven international cooperation kay vergihes mae weiro rik, hant ia Stats inkapen bides mutu de id sehnken om tolls pro un objective os leurtorg unte ia tolks ios General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Id prest tom playcts buit signen ab 23 lands dien 30 October 1947; id senst instituit id Muntorganisation in 1994. Taiper 164 Stats sont members tos. 
Ye id scal os Europe, id Rome traiteit (1957) hat instituen un commune mercat sult ep id leudher kwehlen iom tovars. Oinsmee task ios Europay Commission est wakhe uper id respect iom concurrence reuls eni id Union. Lakin, id contexte pon id 2008 tienxia economic crise hat redaht sem actualitat ibs protectioniste theses. Ir partisans denunce besonters Europes nayivitat face sem torgpartners kam China qua ne respecte sem sulreuls de ambientsprotection au orbatsrect. Unghi solgo concurrence im kwehct disloyal ed justificiet kem id Europay Union meis-ye se suabehrct ud id. 
==Tehrbent bihe ia financial mercats meis-ye suarulen ?==
Financial mercats hant manen diu apank id liberalisationsmovment quod se hat imposen pos Mund Weir Dwo. Iro progressive aunreuleihsa, yant ia 1980tias, kwehct itak-ye ka uno major kweit os actual capitalisme. 
Kweter kay justifie we denunce id, observers udwekwne id instauration uns financial capitalisme. De facto, ia volumes qua kwehle ep ta mercats hant muhim-ye auct, penkwens nu unte dwoter dwidel ios XXt secule. Ir actors (pension funds, raiting agences...) hant hassilen un vyigic influence besonters bi ia Stats qua hant viso sammel ir makrousia sprehnge ub. Kay se finance bi ta mercats, ia public maghs bihnt tun ducen ad eme meids rassuratil ta, stehmend yinjier id global trend kyid liberalisation wiswen mercats (desmantel iom public entreprisen, flexibilisation ios orbatsmercat...). Aunreuleihsa hat yaschi favorisen un crehscend sophistication iom financial products. Api, tod kweit est encauset de id subprimen crise os 2007. Ia subprimes sont hypothecar fawngdiaschau layns in ia Uniet Stats os America quom deulgens hant est integret do financial products - to est kalen securisation. Id achizia uns crehscend numer daynen pro remburses ta layns hat dribhen un fawngdiaschau crise quod se hat repercuss do ia financial mercats chunke ia banks hant viwohst con uno muhim masse om irrecuperable amlaks; sems, kam id Lehman Brothers bank, hant muflisascen. Also, stets meis economistes ed politic wanaks mehne od id aunreuleihsa iom financial mercats hant lit pior dalg ed od hat confern ad senters un excessive magh. Id existence iom fiscal paradaysen au iom offshore banks appareiht mathalan kam un greiszone os Financialo globalisation.