Francis Ford Coppola

Francis Ford Coppola is an American motion-picture director, writer, and producer whose films range from sweeping epics to small-scale character studies. As the director of films such as The Godfather (1972), The Conversation (1974), and Apocalypse Now (1979), he enjoyed his greatest success and influence in the 1970s, when he attempted to create an alternative to the Hollywood system of film production and distribution. He is considered one of the leading figures of the New Hollywood film movement of the 1960s and 1970s and is widely considered one of the greatest directors of all time. Coppola is the recipient of five Academy Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, two Palmes d'Or, and a British Academy Film Award (BAFTA).
Many of Coppola's relatives and children have become popular actors and filmmakers in their own right: his sister Talia Shire is an actress, his daughter Sofia is a director, his son Roman is a screenwriter, and his nephews Jason Schwartzman and Nicolas Cage are actors. Coppola resides in Napa, California, and since the 2010s has been a vintner, owning a family-branded winery of his own.
== Early years ==
Coppola’s father, Carmine, a frustrated composer who played flute in several orchestras, including Arturo Toscanini’s NBC Symphony orchestra, settled his family in the New York City area. Coppola grew up in and around Queens and in Great Neck, on Long Island. Confined to bed with polio at age nine, he devised puppet shows for his own entertainment and soon began making 8-mm films. After earning a B.A. in drama from Hofstra University, he pursued a Master of Fine Arts degree at the University of California at Los Angeles, studying filmmaking. During that period Coppola began working for noted low-budget exploitation-film producer-director Roger Corman, for whose American International Pictures he performed second-unit photography and direction, among other tasks. One of Coppola’s first projects was writing dialogue to be dubbed into his reedited versions of a pair of Russian-made films that became The Magic Voyage of Sinbad and Battle Beyond the Sun (both 1962). While on location in Ireland, Coppola persuaded Corman to put up $20,000 to bankroll his first directorial effort, Dementia 13 (1963), a gory horror film based on a script that Coppola had hastily written.
After contributing to the scripts of This Property Is Condemned and Is Paris Burning? (both 1966) as a contract writer for Seven Arts, Coppola wrote and directed the charming coming-of-age tale You’re a Big Boy Now (also 1966), which served as his master’s thesis film. Short on plot but rich with incident, it was the story of a virginal young man (played by Peter Kastner) looking for love while in the employ of the New York Public Library. It featured a remarkable cast (including Elizabeth Hartman, Karen Black, Rip Torn, Tony Bill, Julie Harris, and Geraldine Page) and a soundtrack by the Lovin’ Spoonful. Impressed by the film, Warner Brothers signed Coppola to direct the big-budget musical Finian’s Rainbow (1968). Based on a Broadway play from the 1940s that subversively satirized racism, it starred masterful dancer Fred Astaire but stumbled partly as a result of the mid-production departure of choreographer Hermes Pan.
Warner Brothers provided the financing ($750,000) for Coppola’s next project, The Rain People (1969). Scripted and directed by Coppola, it followed a pregnant Long Island housewife (Shirley Knight) who leaves her husband and takes to the road. Her path crosses most significantly with those of a brain-damaged former football player (James Caan) and a Nebraska policeman (Robert Duvall). Warner Brothers had tied its financing of The Rain People to another project from Coppola’s fledgling Zoetrope Productions, THX 1138, directed by his friend George Lucas. Disappointed by the box-office results of Coppola’s film and unimpressed by the first cut of Lucas’s, the studio ended the partnership. In the meantime, Coppola won an Academy Award for his collaboration with Franklin Schaffner on the screenplay for Patton (1970).
== The 1970s ==
Coppola’s breakthrough came with The Godfather (1972), a brilliant, enormously successful, muscular adaptation of Mario Puzo’s blockbuster novel of the same name. A huge box-office hit (the fifth highest-grossing film of the 1970s), The Godfather was also lauded by critics and was ranked third on the American Film Institute’s 1998 list of the top 100 American films of all time. A violent, emotionally charged exploration of a Mafia family, The Godfather is a mythic gangster film, but it is also the story of a father and his sons. Marlon Brando won the Academy Award for best actor for his portrayal of the title capo, Vito Corleone. John Cazale, Caan, and Al Pacino played his sons and Duvall his trusted adviser (the last three were nominated for best supporting actor awards). Coppola was nominated as best director, and he and Puzo won the award for best adapted screenplay.
Financially empowered to make a less commercial, more personal film, Coppola wrote, directed, and produced The Conversation (1974), a meditation on technology’s dehumanizing power. Gene Hackman starred as a surveillance expert who suspects that a couple upon whom he has electronically eavesdropped are about to be murdered. Too bleak for some tastes, the film nonetheless boasted an Academy Award-nominated screenplay as well as strong performances, and it was nominated for the Academy Award for best picture. Coppola, however, ended up competing against himself, as his masterful sequel The Godfather: Part II (1974) won that year’s Academy Award for best picture. Moving both forward in time through the 1950s and back to the early years of the 20th century, Godfather II bookended the events in The Godfather with contrapuntal stories that enriched each other (and, in the process, the original film). Robert De Niro played the young Vito Corleone, who, having immigrated from Italy, takes over New York’s Little Italy bit by bit, ruthlessly ascending to the rank of “godfather.” In the parallel 1950s story, Vito’s son Michael (Pacino) endeavours (just as ruthlessly) to make the Corleone family legitimate. 
The Godfather: Part II made explicit the immigrant struggle for survival in America that was at the root of the first Godfather. Michael V. Gazzo and Actors Studio guru Lee Strasberg were nominated for the Academy Award for best supporting actor, which was won by De Niro. Moreover, Coppola won the award for best director and shared the best screenplay award with Puzo while Carmine Coppola and Nino Rota won the award for their musical score. At the peak of his influence—no other writer-director had ever had two best picture nominations and two best screenplay nominations in the same year—Coppola set about the arduous task of filming Apocalypse Now (1979), which transposed Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness to the Vietnam War with a script by Coppola, John Milius, and Michael Herr. The troubled production was plagued by natural disasters (shot on location in the Philippines, it was struck by a typhoon and an earthquake), personal tragedy (star Martin Sheen suffered a heart attack and nearly died), and simple hubris. Coppola’s original $12 million budget finally exceeded $30 million, much of it due to his own profligacy, and a considerable portion of the overrun was paid for by Coppola himself. 
Moreover, the excessive cost of production and the rumours from the troubled set besmirched the reputation Coppola had earned as the crown prince of Hollywood directors. The quixotic making of the film was chronicled by Coppola’s wife, Eleanor, in her journal Notes (1979) and later in the documentary Hearts of Darkness (1991). Despite its well-documented problems and setbacks, Apocalypse Now is an assault on the senses that is generally regarded as a flawed masterpiece. It is especially compelling when Duvall and Frederic Forrest are front and centre. Brando’s darkly complex depiction of the monomaniacal colonel Kurtz was celebrated by some critics and dismissed by others, but it remains hard to forget. In the end, Apocalypse Now earned eight Academy Award nominations, including best picture, and was anything but a failure at the box office, finishing as the year’s sixth highest-grossing motion picture.
== The 1980s ==
In 1980, with the money he had made from his films—especially the Godfather movies—Coppola set about trying to realize his dream of establishing a creator-friendly antiestablishment studio to compete with the major Hollywood studios. Purchasing the lot of the former Hollywood General Studios, he established Zoetrope Studios, determined to employ the latest filmmaking technology and distribution techniques (including his vision of satellite-enabled distribution). His dream proved to be short-lived, however, as the studio’s first film—the Coppola-written and -directed One from the Heart (1982), an ultra-stylized romantic comedy—cost some $27 million to make and crashed at the box office. Coppola was forced to sell many of his assets and to close the studio in Los Angeles, though he continued to operate his production company in San Francisco, his home. Returning to work for hire, Coppola retrenched by directing a pair of film adaptations of young-adult novels by S.E. Hinton, both of which were released in 1983. Made first, The Outsiders—a Rebel Without a Cause-style story of teenage alienation starring Matt Dillon and a raft of soon-to-be stars including Patrick Swayze, Tom Cruise, Rob Lowe, Emilio Estevez, and Diane Lane—was the more popular of the two films. However, the expressionistic black-and-white Rumble Fish, which also featured Dillon, was arguably the better film.
The Cotton Club (1984) marked Coppola’s much-anticipated return to big-budget gangster films, but, although his re-creation of 1930s Harlem was stylish, well cast, and opulently produced, most critics felt that his reach had exceeded his grasp this time. An atypical effort for Coppola, the quirky Peggy Sue Got Married (1986) followed. In it an unhappily married woman (Kathleen Turner) is transported in time back to her senior year of high school, where she gets a second chance to evaluate her awful husband (Nicolas Cage, Coppola’s nephew). Coppola’s next project, the sombre Gardens of Stone (1987), was a portrait of the soldiers assigned to guard duty at Arlington National Cemetery during the Vietnam War, with Caan as the sergeant in charge, Anjelica Huston as his girlfriend, and D.B. Sweeney as the gung ho kid whose wish to fight overseas is tragically granted. The film fared badly with critics and audiences, but Coppola’s life at that time was much more disturbed by the loss of his son Gian-Carlo in a boating accident.Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) did no better commercially, but this handsome biographical film was arguably Coppola’s best film in years. Jeff Bridges played visionary car designer Preston Tucker, whose superior product (the “Tucker Torpedo”) is squelched through the collusion of Detroit’s giant manufacturers and their Washington lobbyists. The parallel between Tucker’s ambitions as an automaker and Coppola’s as a filmmaker was not lost on many critics. Coppola also contributed the “Life Without Zoe” segment to New York Stories (1989), a trilogy that also included segments by Martin Scorsese and Woody Allen.
== The 1990s ==
Coppola and Puzo were invited by Paramount to submit another installment of the Godfather saga, and the result was The Godfather: Part III (1990). While not in the same league as the first two films in the series, it did possess some merit. The cast included Pacino, Keaton, Andy Garcia, Talia Shire, Joe Mantegna, and Eli Wallach, but Coppola was taken to task by critics for replacing Winona Ryder with his daughter Sofia Coppola, who failed to rise to the challenge of her key part. (Notwithstanding this disappointment, she would go on become a successful film director in her own right.) The moderate commercial success of The Godfather: Part III helped Coppola produce another big-budget film, Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992). 
A florid, bloody, occasionally silly, violently erotic version of the oft-filmed tale, with eccentric Gary Oldman as the count and Ryder as his (possibly) reincarnated love, it was easily the most faithful and horrific version of Bram Stoker’s famous novel. It also returned Coppola, at long last, to bankability.
In Jack (1996), Robin Williams starred as a 10-year-old boy whose cells age him four times as fast as a normal person’s, making his interactions with other children extremely difficult. Based on a best-selling novel by John Grisham, The Rainmaker (1997) starred Matt Damon as a young attorney in Memphis whose idealism clashes with the greed of his ambulance-chasing boss. Although it was only a modest commercial success, The Rainmaker received positive reviews. Coppola then entered into a long fallow period, primary as a result of his embroilment in a legal dispute with Warner Brothers involving a three-picture deal for an adaptation of Pinocchio, the children’s classic The Secret Garden, and a biography of J. Edgar Hoover. In the end Coppola won a 1998 court judgment against the studio that awarded him $20 million for the studio’s abandonment of the project along with another $60 million in punitive damages.
== 2000–2018 ==
Coppola was the jury president at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival and he also took part as a special guest at the 17th Midnight Sun Film Festival in Sodankylä, Finland, and the 46th International Thessaloniki Film Festival in Thessaloniki, Greece. In the late '90s, Coppola began revisiting his films and creating new director's cuts for release on home video. The first movie to receive this treatment was Apocalypse Now. The new version, titled Apocalypse Now Redux, restored 49 minutes that had been cut from the film before its original release in 1979. A number of actors came in to rerecord their lines for the deleted scenes, which were of inconsistent audio quality, and new music was composed. This version was released in cinemas in 2001 and later released on DVD. In 2006, it was collected with the theatrical cut on a deluxe DVD; subsequent home video releases have included both versions.
In 2005, Coppola created a new cut of The Outsiders for home video. This version, titled The Outsiders: The Complete Novel, added more than 20 minutes of footage and removed three scenes, bringing the film's runtime from 91 minutes to 114 minutes. It also added new music by Michael Seifert and Dave Pruitt and several period songs to Carmine Coppola's score. Coppola included both the theatrical cut and "The Complete Novel" on all subsequent home video releases. After a 10-year hiatus, Coppola returned to directing with Youth Without Youth in 2007, based on the novella of the same name by Romanian author Mircea Eliade. The film received generally negative reviews from critics. It was made for about $19 million and had a limited release, only managing $2,624,759 at the box-office. As a result, Coppola announced his plans to produce his own films in order to avoid the marketing input that goes into most films, which are intended to appeal to too wide an audience.
In 2009, Coppola released Tetro. It was set in Argentina, with the reunion of two brothers. The story follows the rivalries born out of creative differences passed down through generations of an artistic Italian immigrant family. The film received generally positive reviews from critics. The Rotten Tomatoes site's consensus was: "A complex meditation on family dynamics, Tetro's arresting visuals and emotional core compensate for its uneven narrative." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars, praising it for being "boldly operatic, involving family drama, secrets, generations at war, melodrama, romance and violence", Ebert also praised Vincent Gallo's performance and claimed that Alden Ehrenreich is "the new Leonardo DiCaprio". Todd McCarthy of Variety gave the film a B+, judging that "when Coppola finds creative nirvana, he frequently has trouble delivering the full goods". Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a mixed review, praising Ehrenreich's performance, but claiming Coppola "has made a movie in which plenty happens, but nothing rings true". The film made $2,636,774 worldwide, against a budget of $5,000,000. Twixt, starring Val Kilmer, Elle Fanning, Joanne Whalley, and Bruce Dern, and narrated by Tom Waits, was released to film festivals in late 2011 and was released theatrically in early 2012. It received critical acclaim in France, but mostly negative reviews elsewhere.
In 2015, Coppola statedThat's why I ended my career: I decided I didn't want to make what you could call 'factory movies' anymore. I would rather just experiment with the form, and see what I could do, and [make things] that came out of my own. And little by little, the commercial film industry went into the superhero business, and everything was on such a scale. The budgets were so big, because they wanted to make the big series of films where they could make two or three parts. I felt I was no longer interested enough to put in the extraordinary effort a film takes [nowadays].Distant Vision is a semi-autobiographical unfinished live broadcast project created in real-time. Proof of concepts were tested before limited audiences at Oklahoma City Community College in June 2015 and UCLA School of Theater in July 2016.
Further Director's Cuts
In 2015, Coppola found an old Betamax tape with his original cut of The Cotton Club and decided to restore it. He had cut about a half hour out of the film before its original release at the insistence of the film's European financial backers. Due to a combination of music rights, the loss of the original negative, audio issues, and MGM's disinterest in the project, Coppola wound up spending 500,000 dollars of his own money restoring the film. It was finally finished in 2017 and premiered at the Telluride Film Festival in 2019 as The Cotton Club Encore. After finishing work on The Cotton Club, Coppola began work on a director's cut of his first movie, Dementia 13. For this film, Coppola removed several minutes of footage that had been added by the film's producer, Roger Corman. In 2019, he followed it up with another director's cut of Apocalypse Now, this time called "The Final Cut". It removed 20 minutes of footage that had been included in Apocalypse Now Redux and restored the film from the original negative for the first time.
In December 2020, a re-edit of Godfather III, The Godfather Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone had a limited theatrical release, followed by digital and Blu-ray release in 2021. Coppola stated that The Godfather: Part IV was never made because Mario Puzo died before they had a chance to write the film. Andy García has since claimed the film's script was nearly produced. Coppola's most recent director's cut to date was B'Twixt Now and Sunrise, a shortened version of his film Twixt. It was given a select rerelease in 2022. At the 94th Academy Awards, they celebrated the 50th anniversary of The Godfather. Coppola attended alongside Robert De Niro, and Al Pacino who were greeted with a standing ovation.
== 2019–present ==
In April 2019, Coppola announced that he planned to direct Megalopolis, which he had been developing for many years prior. Speaking to Deadline, he said: "I plan this year to begin my longstanding ambition to make a major work utilizing all I have learned during my long career, beginning at age 16 doing theater, and that will be an epic on a grand scale, which I've titled Megalopolis." He had planned to direct the movie, a story about the aftermath and reconstruction of New York City after a mega-disaster, many years earlier, but after the real-life disaster of the September 11 attacks, the project was seen as being too sensitive.
In August 2021, it was announced that Coppola had begun discussions with actors for the project and that he was aiming to begin principal photography in the fall of 2022. In April 2022, it was reported that filming was to take place from September 6, 2022, to February 2, 2023. In May 2022, the star cast was revealed: Adam Driver, Forest Whitaker, Nathalie Emmanuel, Jon Voight, and Laurence Fishburne. In July, it was reported that filming would instead begin in November 2022 at Trilith Studios in Fayetteville, Georgia. In August, it was revealed that Aubrey Plaza, Talia Shire, Shia LaBeouf, Jason Schwartzman, Kathryn Hunter, James Remar, and Grace VanderWaal joined the cast. In early October, it was announced that Chloe Fineman, Dustin Hoffman, Bailey Ives, Isabelle Kusman, and D.B. Sweeney would also be joining the cast. On February 29, 2024, Deadline reported that Megalopolis will be released in IMAX in Fall 2024. On April 9, 2024, it was revealed that Megalopolis would be premiering in competition at the 77th Cannes Film Festival.
== Commercial ventures ==
=== American Zoetrope ===
In 1971, Coppola produced George Lucas' first feature film, THX 1138. Shortly after completion of production they brought the finished film to Warner Bros., along with several other scripts for potential projects at their newly founded company, American Zoetrope. However, studio executives strongly disliked all of the scripts, including THX, and demanded that Coppola repay the $300,000 they had loaned him for the Zoetrope studio, as well as insisting on cutting five minutes from the film. The debt nearly closed Zoetrope and forced Coppola to reluctantly focus on The Godfather. American Zoetrope produced the film Clownhouse, the director of which, Victor Salva, was convicted of child sexual abuse and child pornography offences occurring during the making of that film. In 2006, Coppola said, "You have to remember, while this was a tragedy, that the difference in age between Victor and the boy was very small -- Victor was practically a child himself." Salva was 29 at the time while the boy was 12.
==== Zoetrope Virtual Studio ====
American Zoetrope also administers the Zoetrope Virtual Studio, a complete motion picture production studio for members only. Launched in June 2000 as the culmination of more than four years of work, it brings together departments for screenwriters, directors, producers and other filmmaker artists, as well as new departments for other creative endeavors such as the short story vending machine project.
=== Inglenook Winery ===
Coppola, with his family, expanded his business ventures to include winemaking in California's Napa Valley, when in 1975, he purchased the former home and adjoining vineyard of Gustave Niebaum in Rutherford, California using proceeds from The Godfather. His winery produced its first vintage in 1977 with the help of his father, wife, and children stomping the grapes barefoot. Every year, the family has a harvest party to continue the tradition.
After purchasing the property, he produced wine under the Niebaum-Coppola label. He purchased the former Inglenook Winery chateau in 1995, and renamed it to Rubicon Estate Winery in 2006. On April 11, 2011, Coppola acquired the Inglenook trademark paying more, he said, for the trademark than he did for the entire estate and announced that the estate would once again be known by its historic original name, Inglenook. Its grapes are entirely organically grown.
=== Uptown Theater ===
George Altamura, a real estate developer, announced in 2003 that he had partnered with several people, including Coppola, in a project to restore the Uptown Theater in downtown Napa, California, in order to create a live entertainment venue.
=== Francis Ford Coppola Presents ===
Coppola is the owner of Francis Ford Coppola Presents, a lifestyle brand under which he markets goods from companies he owns or controls. It includes films and videos, resorts, cafes, a literary magazine, a line of pastas and pasta sauces called Mammarella Foods, and a winery.
==== Winery ====
The Francis Ford Coppola Winery near Geyserville, California, located on the former Chateau Souverain Winery, where he has opened a family-friendly facility, is influenced by the idea of the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, with swimming pools, bocce courts, and a restaurant. The winery displays several of Coppola's Oscars along with memorabilia from his movies, including Vito Corleone's desk from The Godfather and a restored 1948 Tucker Sedan as used in Tucker: The Man and His Dream. In October 2018, Coppola and family purchased the Vista Hills winery in Dayton, Oregon, and in 2019 renamed it to Domaine de Broglie. In August 2021, Coppola sold Francis Ford Coppola Winery and Virginia Dare Winery to Delicato Family Wines.
==== Resorts ====
Included in the Francis Ford Coppola Presents lifestyle brand are several hotels and resorts around the world. The Blancaneaux Lodge in Belize, which from the early 1980s was a family retreat until it was opened to the public in 1993 as a 20-room luxury resort and The Turtle Inn, in Placencia, Belize, (both of which have won several prestigious awards including "Travel + Leisure's World's Best: Best Resort in Central & South America"); La Lancha in Lago Petén Itzá, Guatemala; Jardín Escondido in Buenos Aires, Argentina and Palazzo Margherita in Bernalda, Italy.
==== Cafe and restaurant ====
In San Francisco, Coppola owns a restaurant named Cafe Zoetrope, located in the Sentinel Building where American Zoetrope is based. It serves traditional Italian cuisine and wine from his personal estate vineyard. For 14 years from 1994, Coppola co-owned the Rubicon restaurant in San Francisco along with Robin Williams and Robert De Niro. Rubicon closed in August 2008.
==== Literary publications ====
Coppola bought into the San Francisco-based magazine City of San Francisco in 1973, with the intent of publishing a "service magazine" that informed readers about sights and activities in selected cities. The magazine was unsuccessful, and he lost $1.5 million on this venture.
In 1997, Coppola founded Zoetrope: All-Story, a literary magazine devoted to short stories and design. The magazine publishes fiction by emerging writers alongside more recognizable names, such as Woody Allen, Margaret Atwood, Haruki Murakami, Alice Munro, Don DeLillo, Mary Gaitskill, and Edward Albee; as well as essays, including ones from Mario Vargas Llosa, David Mamet, Steven Spielberg, and Salman Rushdie. Each issue is designed, in its entirety, by a prominent artist, one usually working outside his / her expected field. Previous guest designers include Gus Van Sant, Tom Waits, Laurie Anderson, Marjane Satrapi, Guillermo del Toro, David Bowie, David Byrne, and Dennis Hopper. Coppola serves as founding editor and publisher of All-Story.
=== Cannabis brand ===
In 2018, Coppola launched Sana Company LLC and released a cannabis brand known as The Grower's Series. The collection was created in partnership with the Humboldt Brothers, a Humboldt County cannabis farm. Coppola debuted the brand in San Francisco, California in October 2018 at the private cannabis dining club series known as Thursday Infused, organized by The Herb Somm, Jamie Evans. Coppola packaged The Grower's Series in a mock black tin wine bottle resembling his wine brand. The Grower's Series showcases three cannabis strains: a sativa, indica and hybrid.
=== Advertisements ===
Coppola appeared in a commercial for Suntory Reserve in 1980 alongside Akira Kurosawa; the commercial was filmed while Kurosawa was making Kagemusha, which Coppola produced with George Lucas.
== Awards and nominations ==
Year 	Title 	Academy Awards	Academy Awards	BAFTA Awards	BAFTA Awards	Golden Globe Awards	Golden Globe Awards
Year 	Title 	Nominations 	Wins 	Nominations 	Wins 	Nominations 	Wins
1966 	You're a Big Boy Now 	1 	 	1 	 	3 	
1968 	Finian's Rainbow 	2 	 	 	 	5 	
1972 	The Godfather 	10 	3 	5 	1 	7 	6
1974 	The Conversation 	3 	 	5 	2 	4 	
1974 	The Godfather Part II 	11 	6 	4 	1 	6 	
1979 	Apocalypse Now 	8 	2 	9 	2 	4 	3
1982 	One from the Heart 	1 	 	 	 	 	
1983 	Rumble Fish 	 	 	 	 	1 	
1984 	The Cotton Club 	2 	 	2 	1 	2 	
1986 	Peggy Sue Got Married 	3 	 	 	 	2 	
1988 	Tucker: The Man and His Dream	3 	 	1 	1 	1 	1
1990 	The Godfather Part III 	7 	 	 	 	7 	
1992 	Bram Stoker's Dracula 	4 	3 	4 	 	 	
1997 	The Rainmaker 	 	 	 	 	1 	
Total	Total 	55 	14 	31 	8 	42 	10
Category:Film Directors
Category:Male
Category:Caucasian-American
Category:Widower
Category:Producers
Category:Writers