Utopia

Etymologia: Neologisme forget ab Thomas More (1478-1535) kay kyuses id insule Utopia, citad samt perfecto gouvernement; id werd gwehmt ex Hellen τόπος ("tolp") ed id negation ου, au ex ευ- ("sua-"), quetos "prefect loc". 
Definition: Id lexis utopia kyeust un politic philosophia quod tyehciet per id construction om ideal citads. 
 Sir Thomas More (1478-1535; her, 1523 portrait af Hans Holbein Junior), quom Roman Catholics yazge ka Saint Thomas More, buit un Englisch jurist, social philosoph, statswir, autor ed klut Renaissance humaniste. Is buit unschi radher os Henric VIII, ed Lord Hogo Cancellar os England ex 1529 do 1532. Scripsit Utopia, publiet in 1516, de id politic systeme uns imaginar ideal insular nation.
More diwidit id Reformation, besonters id theologia om Martin Luther ed William Tyndale. Diwidit idschi separation os Henric VIII ud id Catholic Kyrk, refusend recognihes iom Roy ka Supreme Chef ios Kyrk os England pos id bataleihsa os eys gham con Catherine os Aragon. Pos inkarus oiswehre id Oit os Suprematia, is makhkoumiesc ob khianat ed buit zanchoun. 
==Ia surces os utopia==
Utopic men prehpt yant id inkapem os hellen scriben literature : Homer (VIIIim secule pre JC), in id Odysseia, descript id insule im Phayaks ed ids fabuleus prosperitat. Hesiod ye id sam zaman panct in id Θεογονία id Mythos uns "golden aiwios" kwit ab id fecunditat os Nature, inutileihnd cada orbat, ed ab id absence os violence. Certain utopic themes trehve sem echo in id men os Platon (427-347 pre JC), qui emt tsay ia mythsa ios golden aiwios do id Πολιτεία au tod os Atlantide in id Κριτίας; lakin bilhassa in id Πολιτεία construct is id model uns perfect citad, gouvernen ab roy-philosophs ed sulen ep un tripartite social organisation (roys, jenchis, productors, cf : Oraryo tripartition) quod deht ielganghen ei place dehbhend els buhsa. Hellen-Latin literature siet antplehce poskwo un hol utopiste tradition ambh ia themes ios golden aiwios ed iom ideal insules : Sowel insules bi Dioder os Sicilia (circum 90-20 pre JC), Fortunat insules bi Plutarch (50-125). 
Id diffusion os christianisme dreibht un recession iom utopias, id speh de Furkan substituend-se ei sognims om perfecta citads; yed Christiano men bebohrit un akster utopic inspiration med, besonters, Millenarisme. Inspiret ab un leisen ios Apocalypse, tod doctrine keiht ep id dayi uns regne os Div dighomi, unte ia gheslo wetsa pre id Sensto Judcement. Id millenariste wehlpen, expressen inter alya in ia wehrgs os Joachim os Fiore (1132-1202), acsiet un staur rol in id antikyrk contestation ed in id sogn os un societat sainten. 
Id creation ios werd utopia ab More, ye id XVIt secule, skeipt un udnoven tos forme os literature. Ia causes tos regnahsa sont multiple : Era iom Aunstehgens, taraghen, bohnden ad Humanisme ed Reformation, iom traditional yakinias, decline iom feudal structures ed os Medieval Economia. Ab id XVIt secule, id utopic literature gnohsiet successive volns uperwehrtend ia sogna ed insatisfactions im menschen. Id pohltos iom utopic themes est inexhaustible ed leit ex id abbatial Thélème ab Rabelais (1483-1553) do Gulliver's Travels ab Swift (1667-1745), ex id Icarie os Cabet (1788-1856) do ia phalansteirs os Fourier (1772-1837), ex id Civitas Solis os Campanella (1568-1639) do id Eldorado ios Candide ab Voltaire (1694-1778). 
XVIIt secule grehven ab Charles Monnet : Candide in id blaghen land Eldorado
==Ex imaginarium do politique==
Sei id enscenen os utopia est relative-ye fix ed leit opsst-ye per imaginar safer ed id description harmonieusen relations, idsa themes varyent sekwent ia moments os Historia. Se organisent ambh majora problemes : gouvernement, religieus gwit, familial organisation ed orbatsdivision. Ye id XIXt secule, ia prest expressions ios contestation os capitalisme hant wardhen do utopias : Marx opponsiet, sieni "scientific" socialisme, id "utopic" socialisme os Saint-Simon, Fourier au Cabet; is Owen passet ex theoria do praxis seulend-ye un fabric-model in Alba (New Lanarck) dind tentend-ye un communitar experiment in New Harmony (Indiana). 
 Jan van Leiden (in druve : Johann Bockelson au Johan Beukelszoon, 1509-1536) eet uno nederlands wanderprecher im anabaptisten ed oino iom frontaschen, serter (swoproclamen) roy ios ephemer anabaptiste rig os Münster.
==Maghs os imagination au imagination in id magh ?==
Id crucial probleme post ab utopia est tod os ids realisation. Ex tod vidpoint, ids historia ghehdt kwehke decepend, hatta besweurghend, iaghi tentative deursias kay uperlites ex sogno do realitat semper ens do meis au minter bitter deuysens. Smad udwekwne id cruoric waurg ios millenariste movment os Jan van Leiden in Münster ye id XVIt secule, ia US deuysens os Owen, au iom disciplen os Fourier ye id XIXt secule. Graver, ia drifts ios Terror unte id Franceois Revolution au ios experiment os Sovietsk communisme ghohd bihe tolken ka effects os utopia in magh. 
Eti, id apparition ye id XXt secule om contrautopias, kam tod os Orwell, 1984, scriben in 1948, au os Huxley, Brave New World (1932) hat enevidencen ia totalitair au schizophrenic risks compris ab ia projects uns aunspalt, alnos administren mund. Is Russian scriptor Zamyatin, med sien roman Мы (1920), est oin im presten qui kwahsit id totalitair kweitu ios yun Sovietenrespublic - bihsiet bant ab Stalin in 1924. 
Also, utopia, ayncritic-ye, est incontestable-ye outurnt. Kam sieyg Breton in id Manifeste du Surréalisme (1924), imagination ne pardont. Id ideal construction uns alyer est un staur factor os distanteihsa iom gwarutats ed aunieusias ios present realitat. Itak utopia skeipt, sekwent id wekwos ios dissident marxiste philosoph E.Bloch (1885-1977), un wehlpensdastur, ghyanend present kyun norocter future.