Roman Gradual

The Roman Gradual (Latin Graduale Romanum) is an official liturgical book of the Roman Rite containing chants, including the Gradual but many more as well, for use at Mass
The latest edition, that of 1974, takes account of the 1970 revision of the Roman Missal. 
In 1979, the Graduale Triplex: The Roman Gradual With the Addition of Neums from Ancient Manuscripts (ISBN 978-2852740440 in English; ISBN 978-2852740945 in Latin) was published. It adds reproductions of the neumes from ancient manuscripts placed above and below the later notation.
== Description ==
The Roman Gradual includes the Introit (Entrance chant: antiphon with verses), the Graduale Psalm (now usually replaced by the Responsorial Psalm), the sequence (now for only two obligatory days in the year), the Gospel Acclamation, the offertory chant (for the preparation of the gifts on the altar), and the Communion antiphon. It includes chants that are also published as the Kyriale, a collection of chants for the Ordinary of the Mass: Asperges chant, Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei.
There have been and are other Gradual books apart from the Roman Gradual. For instance, the Dominican Order had its own rite of Mass and its own Gradual: "Graduale juxta ritum sacri ordinis praedicatorum" (Gradual according to the rite of the Sacred Order of Preachers).
== Structure of the 1974 edition ==
The 1974 Roman Gradual is arranged into 8 major sections:
# Praenotanda (Rubrics)
# Proprium de Tempore (Proper of Seasons)
# Communia (Commons)
# Proprium de Sanctis (Proper of Saints)
# Missae Rituales ad Diversa et Votivae (Ritual and Votive Masses)
# Cantus in Ordine Missae Occurrentes (Chants Occurring in Order of Mass, including the Kyriale).
# Appendix (Containing hymns and litanies)
# Missae Propriae Ordinis Sancti Benedicti (Mass Propers of the Order of Saint Benedict)
== History ==
Originally the book was called an antiphonale missarum ("Antiphonal of the Mass"). Graduals, like the later Cantatory, may have originally included only the responsorial items, the Gradual, Alleluia, and Tract.Apel, Willi, ed (1972). Harvard Dictionary of Music, 2nd edition. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Page 350
In 1908 a revised edition of the Roman Gradual was published. In it Pope Pius X gave official approval to the work of the monastery of Solesmes, founded in the 1830s by Dom Guéranger, was done by Dom Pothier in restoring Gregorian change to its purity by removing the alterations it had undergone, not really for the better, in the centuries immediately preceding. The work had involved much research and study.Jeffrey Tucker, The Real Catholic Songbook
That edition of the Roman Gradual was the basis also of a more general compilation of chants known as the Liber Usualis. This was not an official liturgical book, but it contained all the chants of the Roman Gradual, as well as other chants and hymns and instructions on the proper way to sing them.
In 1974, after the Second Vatican Council an edition of the Roman Gradual based on that of 1908 was issued. While the melodies remained unchanged, there was a relocation of pieces to fit the revised Roman Missal and calendar. Some chants were replaced by ancient ones rediscovered after 1908.Gregorian Chant for the Choir
==References==
==Bibliography and external links==
* Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Solesmes. Graduale Romanum. Desclée & Co., Tournai, Belgum 1974. ISBN 2-85274-094-X
* Jeffrey Tucker: The Real Catholic Songbook
* The American Gradual: Chants of the Proper of the Mass
Category:Catholic liturgical books
Category:Catholic Mass
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