Justice

Etymologia: ex latin iustitia (cf. Sambahsa ieustet)
Definition: Id justice est id institution quos rol est respecihes ieus.
 Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria, marquese om Gualdrasco ed Villaregio (Milan, 1738-1794) buit un Italian juriste, philosoph, economiste ed literator ayt oin im megst representern iom Italian Lumens, rjienbwuts ios Milanese Lumenscol. Eys magno wehrgo, id tractato Dei delitti e delle pene (De ia delicts ed kyasens) in quod bihsit ducen un politic ed juridic analyse contra mohrts kyasen ed torture ep id base os rationalisme ed ios pragmatisme os utilitariste matrix, buit oin iom influentsten texten ios historia os penal ieus ed inspirit inter alya id penal code volt ab grand-herceg Peter Leopold os Toscana, ed iens Dehtorpaters iom Uniet Stats os America pro parts ios US Constitution.
==Id institution ios Justice==
Justice ghi est id institution establiet ab id social corpos kay ieus-dikes, yani respecihes ia prabhils qua regent tod. Id wakht it ke sia respecen quo est permitten. Quan un agos uperleit id prabhil, cid dendet tod ye proportion ios constaten abveicen inter tod agos ed id prabhil (Beccaria, De ia delicts ed kyasens, 1764). Justice est id judicial magh, yani id institution quod puneiht qui ne respecte id commun prabhil. Hat sien vocabular, sien locs (mahlbehrg, tribunal...), sien kassebs (judce, advocat, graphion, procureur...). Id se subdividt do sema meis oispecialisen institutions : civil ed penal justice, curt om assises, appellsghehrd, curt os cassation, tribunal os commerce, orbatstribunal...
Id articulation tom hols ed iren variations seule different dikssystemes. Oino iom sulkweitus quod varyet sekwent id systeme est id sibia os Justice dia id politic magh, med alya werds ids independence. I Lumenphilospohs, ed besonters Montesquieu (De l'esprit des lois, "id Spirit iom loys", 1748) hant posen id naudh os un separation iom executive ed judicial maghs. Un regime in quod tod separation ne est garantien est denuncen ka arbitrair. 
Democratic regimes sont inspiren ab tod dastur ed enovernt tod separation. Lakin, tod ghehdt tyehce ye divers weidsa ed ses meis au minter akster. Id US Constitutiono mathalan separet destull strict-ye ia executive ed judicial maghs, ed pleisti judces bihnt elect. In alya lands, kam in France, el procureur est el representer ios ministerium os Justice. It biht tolcto de id independence degree os Justice. 
 Mahel ant id Federal Constitutional Curt (Bundesverfassungsgericht) in Karlsruhe, Deutschland. Ob id preeminence os menscdecos in id Deutscho "sulleg" pos id Nazi dictature, tod Curt hat biht oino iom influentsten tienxia.
==Kwe est un "enscenen" os Justice ?==
Justice druve-ye ops est enscenen, besonters in US popular culture (serials, romans, mathalan ta ab J.Grisham). Id neud om fuschwians (perucas) qua "despersonalise" el magistrat, om vesters (sword au purpwra robes, prokwem ia chromatic codes ios catholic religion) ed om prestigieus locs (ops-ye large pretoria) kardwne id solenn apparence tos bungos. 
Id jinkdousa ios auren respondt eti ad sem rituals, chunke magistrats bihnt karuct ed chunke id umum staht ub kun entrent. Iaswo justice fayssals responde uni specific formalisme dayir vocabular, formulation ed presentation. Ops naudhent id intervention experten, quo kardwnt ir symbolic schaecheing. 
Tod enscenen, yando prokwem ia religieus codes, refert kathalika ei diemen uniendi moralitat ed justice. El judce bunct un tem-ye moral quem juridic action, elghi xeiht uno magisterium in quod id brehg ios reul se confundt con id (spiritual, social, moral, corporal) kyasen. Id magh os dwinghes, physic-ye (karcerbehnden), financial-ye (chereme), in id wehlen os age we abstehme, incarnet uno moral augos, kardwnt ab ia religieus origins ios action os judce. Estu mohmen od, tiel id XVIIIt secule, id penal denda referit uni moral denda. Id "enscheigjianen" os Justice, in ids penal dimension, est recent (cf. Beccaria)
 Id mouhakeme ye endo 1894 os hetman Dreyfus obwert prodahus franceoisa secreta documents ei Deutsch Rig eet un rhalt, ed hatta un dikscomplot samt spionage aptergrund in un social contexte besonters propice ad antischemisme ed ei haissen ios Deutsch Rig sekwos ids annexion os Elsas-Mosel in 1871. In-kap hieb tod re tik un limitet echo, pre in 1898 id acquitten ios druvios vinovat ed id publication uns pro-Dreyfus hajou J'accuse / Io accuse ! ab Emile Zola provoque un succession om unique social ed politic crises in France. Ye sien paroxysme in 1899, id affaire revelit ia clifts os Frances Troisième République, quer id opposition inter ed pro- ed anti-Dreyfus camps isnahsit violent nationaliste ed antischemiste polemiques, spohrn ab un influent presse. Id ens bad in 1906, med un fall ios Cour os Cassation quod innocentihsit ed rehabilitit definitive-ye Dreyfus.
==Justice ghehdt ne ses ieust==
Justice hat ka bungos respecihes id social aurdhen definihn ab id loy. Estghi un practic prabhil ed neid moral ideal. Ia elaborationsconditions os loy ed/au ia dependence sibias ios judicial institution dia id politic magho ghehde abvicihes id ud id moral wirt os ieustet. 
Typic-ye, in un autoritair Stat, id justice est un instrument in ia ghesors ios maghios quod folossiet id besonters kay abdehe opponents. Ia Moskva miera mahels, inter 1936 ed 1938, hant ithan daught ad Joseph Stalin kay elimine potential rivals eni Sovietsk communisme. Men, democratias neschi sont bohrct ud dusbungsa. Id election im judcen ghehdt mwanienihes sem forme om demagogia ed electoralo clientelisme : el elect judce maght bevide inutil-ye strehng dia i makhkoums, edghi neprabh, ob el woid quo un part elsen electors wehlpt. 
Re Dreyfus in France remant sigwra id archetype tos tension inter aurdhen ed ieustet, pati in un democratia. Id militaro tribunal quod hat makhkoumihn Dreyfus in 1894 hat schtrafen un innocent. To est un judicial rhalt; ed quando Justice rhalt, est neieust. Ia dwois qua jaldi peprohpeer de id massoulia os Dreyfus hant opposen ti anti-Dreyfus qui privilegeer id defense os social aurdhen, quos paleks eent id armee ed ia tribunals, hatta po id mouhakeme uns innocent; ed ti pro-Dreyfus qui defens punor id innocence uns ensan ed ieustet ka ideal pro un respublic quod se eiskwt hered ios Franceois Revolution ed ios Declaration iom Rects al Mensc ed al Civ