18 F Western Cultures2

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==After chapter questions in a slightly distorted order==
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===英1介： Unit 1: Great Britain===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?
 
2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ? How did Scotland become part of the union of Great Britain ?
 
3. Describe characteristics of Wales and Wales' unification with Great Britain.
 
4. Are there any differences between England,Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?
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===英2介： Unit 2: Northern Ireland===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?
 
2. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?
 
3. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.
 
4. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?
 
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===英3府： Unit 3: The Government of the United Kingdom===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchy evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?
 
2. How did the doctrine of the "divine right of kings", according to the author, lead to the English Civil War? What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?
 
3. What is the history of English parliament? What role did the parliament play in the Civil War?
 
4. Discuss the major characteristics and the main content of the British constitution.
 
5. Why does the author say that parliament is supreme in the British state? What functions does parliament have? What role does the Queen ( King ) and the Prime Minister play in British government?
 
6. What kind of institution is the House of Lords? What role does it play in British government?
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===英4阶A, 原为：Unit 4: Politics===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. Who can stand for election as an MP in the UK? Why are small parties and independent candidates powerless in the election campaign for the formation of a government?
 
2. What are the three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three parties? 
 
3. What are some of the recent political trends in the UK? Are these trends more democratic or undemocratic? What is the author's opinion? 
 
4. The author says that John Major's conservatives remain unpopular in 1997. What reasons does the author give for this political situation?
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===英4阶B， 原为： Unit 10: British Society: Housing, Class, and Race===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"? How does the housing in Britain reflect British society? Do you think it is also true in China? Use the changes that have taken place in the housing in your hometown to support your points. 
 
2. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?
 
3. How are people in the UK divided into different classes? What are some of the main features in the division? Is the class system similar with the United States?
 
4. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author? What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK? 
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===英5经： Unit 5: The UK Economy===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. Please define "absolute decline and relative decline" in the UK economy. How does the author explain the reasons for the absolute decline and relative decline?
 
2. What did the Conservative Party under Mrs. Margaret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? The word "reform" in the national economy was also popular when Mrs. Margaret Thatcher formed the government and decided to change the UK economy. What was her radical reform programme? Was the pragramme successful according to the author?
 
3. What are the three main areas in national economies? Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy.
 
4. The author believes that Britain, like most developed economics, has seen a relatively shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries. Why is it so? Do you see a similar growth in tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years? How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world?
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===英6文： Unit 6: British Literature===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today?
 
2. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works? Can you retell one of the stories from his plays?
 
3. What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?
 
4. What is Modernism and what is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?
 
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===英7教， 原为： Unit 9: British Educational System===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?
 
2. How does the British education system reflect social class?
 
3. What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.
 
4. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist?
 
5. What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?
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===英8外，原为： Unit 11: British Foreign Relations===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain's foreign policy?
 
2. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?
 
3. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?
 
4. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?
 
5. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?
 
6. What was the purpose of establishing the NATO in the author's opinion? Do you agree?
 
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===英9媒， 原为： Unit 12: British Media===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so? What are some of the similarities and differences in terms of the function between the British media and the Chinese media?
 
2. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?
 
3. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?
 
4. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems?
 
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===英10体节A， 原为： Unit 7: Sports in Britain===
 
 	 	
Questions for Thought
1. What has influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text to demonstrate that the Christian church has greatly influenced the sports and leisure activities of the British.
 
2. What are some of the major differences and similarities between the British and Chinese attitudes towards sports? What are some of the changes that have take place recently in the Chinese attitude towards sports? How do you account for these changes?
 
3. What is the origin of football? Why do you think people in Britain like watching football matches? How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?
 
4. Why does the author say that tennis literally owes its origins to the Church?
 
5. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values? The author says that "the idea of 'fair play' characterized the British government". Do you agree with the author? Please comment on the author's statement.
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===英10体节，原为： Unit 8: British Holidays and Festivals===
 
 	 	
Topics for Discussion
1. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday. How do the British celebrate this holiday? In what way does this holiday and the ways of celebration in Britain reflect western cultural traditions in general and British traditions in particular? What is the biggest and best-loved holiday in China? Are there any similarities or differences between the Chinese people celebrating the biggest and best-loved holiday and the British celebrating Christmas?
 
2. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday?
 
3. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?
 
4. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?
 
5. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated in Scotland?
 
6. In what way are the Welsh people different from England, Scotland and Northern Ireland in celebrating their holidays?
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==《英语国家社会与文化入门》课后问答答案==
===英国 Unit 3 第6题===
What kind of institution(部门 is the House of Lords(上议院)? What role
dose it play in 部门) 部门 (上议院) British government? A: It consists of the Lords
Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent (杰出的、 卓越的)
bishops (主教)of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世 俗议员)，which refers to
everyone else。?They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the
sovereign (郡主、 最高统治者) parliament 议会) they speak and vote .In ( as individuals
(个人) ,not as representatives (代表) of the greater interests of the country. They do not
receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.
unit5 3.What are the three main areas in national economies,Describe the development of each
of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案 National economies can be broken down into three
main areas,‖primary‖ industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,‖second-ary‖industries,
which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britain’s
agricultural sector is small ( producing 1.4%of the national wealth ) but efficient, producing
58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britain’s land is
used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals([C]is the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in ( size in the world)
and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). )
unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations? 答:(1)The purpose of the British
education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.
(3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called‖ the three R’s:::―reading, writing and
‘arithmetic‖(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s
more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how ―equal‖ educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain
school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future. 3 what are the major
changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to
illustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war ?。 This time, the new system would emphasize equality. The result was the 1944 Education Act which made entry to secondary schools and universities‖ meritocratic‖. Children would be abilities they displayed. All children were given the right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education. In the 1960s,comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country, which ended the division between grammar schools:::-where the most academically capable pupils were sent to be prepared for university:::-and vocational school where less successful pupils were sent to learn allowed to let children "compete" for places. 4. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist? 答:Most students were from the middle classes, attended good
schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university. In recent years, great efforts have been made to increase the numbers of and kinds of people that pursue higher education. Access for mature students and students without traditional A-level qualifications is widening. 5. (1) what is the Open University in Britain? (2)What do you think of this system? (1)The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre. (2)It was the Open University which provided the inspiration for the founding of China’s TV and Radio University.
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===英语国家概况》英国部分课后问题答案（1-2章）===
Chapter 1 land and people
1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles， Great Britain，England，the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth？ The British Isles，Greant Britina and England are geographical names， no the official names of the country，while the official name is the United Kingdom，but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian.
2.Describe the geographical position of Britian？
Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.
3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland？
The north and west of Britain are mainly highland， while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.
4.Does Britain have a favourable climate？ why？ Yes，it has a favourable climate， because it has a maritime type of climate——winters are mild，not too cold and summers are cool， not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature，too.
5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？ Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest？ The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three：1）The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences；
2）the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate；3）the North Atlantic Drift，a warm current，passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
The northwestern part has the most rainfall，while the south-eastern corner is the driest.
6.Describe the distribution of Britain‘s population.
Britain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated， with an average of 237people per square kilometre. It is also very unevenly distributed ， with 90%of the population in urban areas，10% in rural areas. Geographically， most British people live in England. Of the total of 57 million people， 47 million live in England， 14 million live in London and Southeastern England.
7.What are the three natural zones in Scotland？ The three natural zones in Scotland are ： the Highlands in the north， the central Lowlands ，and the southern Uplands.
8.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots， Welsh and Irish？ The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons，while the Scots，Welsh and rish are Celts.
9.What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England？ How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive？
The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable ，generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls.
Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry，music，singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.
10.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland？
Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group，while the latter are seeking more social，plitical
and economic apportunities.The british Government and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation
1.What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain？
In 55 BC and 54 BC， Julius Caesar， a Roman general， invaded Britain twice. In AD 43， the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully.For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. Though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.
2.Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited？
Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years. The Romans built many towns，roads，baths，temples and buildings.They make good use of Britain‘s natural resources.They also brought the new religion，Christianity，to Britain.However，although Britain became part of the Roman Empire，Roman influence upon Britain was very limited.The Romans treated the Britains as a subject people of slave class.they never intermarried.The romans has no influence on the language or culture of ordinary Britains.
3.Who were the Anglo-Saxons and how did the Heptarchy come into being？
The Anglo-Saxons referred to the three Teutonic tribes who invaded Britain in the mid-5th century.They were Jutes，Saxons and Angles.
In the 7th century， the Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain and the three tribes settled in different part of Britain which was divided into many small kingdoms of Kent，Sussex，Wessex，East Anglia，Mercia and Northumbria.So they have been given the name of Heptarchy.
4.How were the early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christainity？
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain when they invaded Britain，and Christianity was only a fringe belief.So， in 579，Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.Augustine was very successful in converting the king and the nobility， and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.But the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.Many samll monasteries sprang up throughout the ocuntry.
5.What contributions did the early Anglo-Sasons make to the English state？
Though the anglo-Saxons were brutal people， they laid the foundation of the English state.Firstly， the modern names of “England”and “English”derived from the
Angles.Secondly，they divided the country into shires， with shire courts and shire reaves， or sheriffs， responsible for administering law.Thirdly ，they divised the narrow-strip，three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century.Fourthly ， they also
eatablished the manorial system， whereby the lord of the manor collected taxes and organized the local army.Finally ， they crated the Witan to advise the king， the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
6.Who were the Vikings and how did they invade Britain.？
The Vikings were the Norwegians and the Danes from Denmark.They attacked various part of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century，especially between 835and 878. They even managed to capture York， an important center of Christianity in 867. They gained control of the north and east of England.
7.What do you know about king Alfred ？ What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great”？
Alfred was the king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes who attacked England and reached an agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east， while Alfred ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christains.
Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet to beat the Danes at sea， to protect the coasts and to encourage trade. He recogonized the Saxon army to make it more efficient. He even translated Bede‘s Ecclesiastial History of the English
people from Latin to English. He also establish schools and formulated a legal system. All this makes him worthy of his title“Alfred the Great”。
8.Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward‘s death？
It was said the king Edward had promised the English throne to William， but the Witan chose Harold as king. So ， William led his army to invade England. In October 1066， during the important battle of Hastings， William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day， William was crowned king of England， thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
9.what were the consequences of the Norman conquest？
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history， It brought about many consequences.
William confiscated almost the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxons rule with a strong Norman government.So the feudal system was conpletely established in England. Relations with the continent were opened， and civilization and commerce were extended. Normand-French culture，language，manners，and architecture were introduced.The church was brought into closer connection with Roma，and the courts were separated from the civil courts.
10.Why do we say that the English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different orgins？ The population of Britain is made up of the English ，the Scotish，the Welsh，the Irish，the Northern Irish and other peoples. The formation is complicated because England was invaded by different races at various times from Europe.
Besides the early settles，the Iberians，and the Celts，including Gaels and Britons， Roman occupied Britain for nearly 400 years after 55BC. Then the invasions of Anglo-Saxons helped to form English race and language and laid the foundation of the English state. After that， was the invasions of the Vikings and Danes.Finally， in 1066， William of Normandy invaded England and began the age of the Norman Conquest which resulted in great French influence.
Therefore，many different people of different origins are living in Britain.That‘s the reason why we say English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation
1.What was feudalism like in England under the rule of William the Conqueror？
Under the rule of William the Conqueror，the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system， the king owned all the land personally.William gave his barons large estates in returnfor military services and a proportion of the land‘s produce.These estates were scattered all over the king. Then， the barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles，knights and freemen，also in return for goods and services.At the bottom of the feudal scale were the serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance not only to their immediate lord，but also to the king.
2.How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy？
Henry II took some measure to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to have England； recalled grants of Royal lands made By Stephen；demolished scores of castles built in Stephen‘s time；strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English freemen.
3.How did king Henry II reform the courts and the law？ Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.he greatly strengthened the king‘s Court and extended its judicial work.In Henry II’s reign a common law，which over-rode local law and private law.In Henry‘s day the jury system was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle.
4.What was the quarrel between king Henry II and Thomas Becket？ The Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 to increase the jurisdiction of the civil
courts at the expense of the church courts.Becket reluctantly signed the Constitutions.but shortly afterwards rejected them.Henry II was so angry that he drove Becket into exile.
5.What was the contents and the significance of the Great charter？ Contents：no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council；no freeman should be arrested，imprisoned，or deprived of his property except by the law of the land；the Church should possess all its rights，together with freedom of elections；London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges，and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. It was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons，a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the power of the king.
6.Why and how did the English Parliament come into being？ Henry III‘s many measure was brought matters between he and barons to a head.and the barons force the king to swear and accept the Provisions of Oxford.
Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster， together with two knights from each country and two burgesses from each town，a metting which has been seen as that the earliest parliament.
7.What were the causes of the Hundred Years‘ War？ The causes were partly territorial and partly economic.
8.What harm did the Black Death do to the English society？ The Black Death swept through England in 1348-1349 without warning and any cure.It reduced England‘s population from four million to two million and the economic consequences were far reaching.
Much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The surviving peasants were in favourable position to demand higher wages and changed their serfdom into paid labourers. So the government issued statutes of Labourers to protect the interests of landowners. These repressive measures and a series of poll taxes caused much hatred and resulted in the Peasant Uprising in 1381.
9.what do you know about Wat Tyler‘s Uprising？ The uprising broke out in Kent and Essex in 1381 and was led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw. Tyler led the mared villagers to occupy London. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home， while Tyler and other leader stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king，who suppressed the Uprising brutally.
Although the Uprising failed，it had great importance in English history. It directed against the rich clergy， the lawyers and the landowners. It effectively blew the serfdom，and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged，paving the way for the development of capitalism.
10.Who were the Lollards？what role did they play in the Peasant Uprising of 1381？ The Lollards were poor priests and travelling preachers who were John Wyclif‘s followers in the 14th century. They went about preaching the equality of men before god. The most famous one was John Ball. Their ideas provided mental preparation for the Peasant Uprising of 1381. Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age
1.What do you know about the nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses？
In 1453 England was at last defeated in the Hundred Years‘ War， at this time power in England was in the hands of a number of rich and ambitious nobles. Because the Hundred Years’ War ended，they had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by a attempt to dominate the government at home . There was also a mass of unemployed soldiers. In 1455，war broke out between the House of Lancaster，symbolized by the red rose，and that of York，symbolized by the white rose. Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years， ordinary people were little affected. Feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king‘s power became supreme. From then on，five Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.
2.Why and how did the Reformation happen in England？ And what was the effect？
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy（罗马教皇）。
They stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position. Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before； His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of the abuses of the Catholic Church to expect some movement wawy from Catholicism towards Protestant ideology.
3.How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country？
Elizabeth‘s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England， i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. Her religious settlement waas unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.
4.What do you know about the English Renaissance？
The English Renaissance had 5characteristics：1）English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics；
2）England was a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe； 3）owing to the great genius of the 14th century Chaucer，the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them；
4）English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic，rather than philosophical and scholarly；and 5）the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.
5.What was the absolute rule of James I of England？ How did the Puritans think about the King‘s rule？
He is a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings.
In early time they were happy to have James as king because the Scottish Church was a pure Protestant Church with democratically elected officials.but later they increasingly suspected him of being a secret Catholic. And James had little sympathy with their demands.
6.What do you know about the Gunpowder Plot of 1605？
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Cathlic conspiracies. On November 5， 1605， a few fanatical Catholics attempt to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes hadn planted barrels of gun-powdeer in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.
7.How did the Civil Wars break out？What were the consequences of the Civil Wars？ King Charles I rejected the demands of the Parliament ，and the Parliament concluded that the only way it could impress it views on such a king would be to defeat him in battle. Charles was condemned to death.
The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
8.What were the Commonwealth and the protectectorate？
After king Charle‘s execution in 1649， Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament declared England a Commonwealth. One of Cromwell’s first acts was to crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland. Another was the suppression of the Levellers， a group within his own army. In 1653， Cromwell became Lord protector of the Commonwealth of England. He instituted direct military rule by dividing the coutry into 11 districts commanded by major generals. The characteristics of this Period were：the destruction of numerous treasures in churches and cathedrals throughout the country； establishment of colonies and colonial trade； religious toleration for all；and greater understanding of the economy；
9.Why did the Restoration take place？
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy（罗马教皇）。
They stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position. Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before； His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of the abuses of the Catholic Church to expect some movement wawy from Catholicism towards Protestant ideology.
3.How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country？
Elizabeth‘s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England， i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. Her religious settlement waas unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.
4.What do you know about the English Renaissance？
The English Renaissance had 5characteristics：1）English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics；
2）England was a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe； 3）owing to the great genius of the 14th century Chaucer，the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them；
4）English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic，rather than philosophical and scholarly；and 5）the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.
5.What was the absolute rule of James I of England？ How did the Puritans think about the King‘s rule？
He is a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings.
In early time they were happy to have James as king because the Scottish Church was a pure Protestant Church with democratically elected officials.but later they increasingly suspected him of being a secret Catholic. And James had little sympathy with their demands.
6.What do you know about the Gunpowder Plot of 1605？
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Cathlic conspiracies. On November 5， 1605， a few fanatical Catholics attempt to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes hadn planted barrels of gun-powdeer in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.
7.How did the Civil Wars break out？What were the consequences of the Civil Wars？ King Charles I rejected the demands of the Parliament ，and the Parliament concluded that the only way it could impress it views on such a king would be to defeat him in battle. Charles was condemned to death.
The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
8.What were the Commonwealth and the protectectorate？
After king Charle‘s execution in 1649， Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament declared England a Commonwealth. One of Cromwell’s first acts was to crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland. Another was the suppression of the Levellers， a group within his own army. In 1653， Cromwell became Lord protector of the Commonwealth of England. He instituted direct military rule by dividing the coutry into 11 districts commanded by major generals. The characteristics of this Period were：the destruction of numerous treasures in churches and cathedrals throughout the country； establishment of colonies and colonial trade； religious toleration for all；and greater understanding of the economy；
9.Why did the Restoration take place？
When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son，Richard，The regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell‘s generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660， and to resolve the crisis， it asked the late king’s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II， It was called the Restoration.
10.How did the “Glorious Revolution”break out？ What was the significance of it？ In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James ， who was brought up in exile in Europe， was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40years ago. So the Protestant king ， William of Orange， to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively sommoth， with no bloodshed，nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.William and his wife Mary were both protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It‘s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
1.What were the parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Whigs stood for 1） a reduction in Crown patronage（保护）2）shypathy towards Nonconformists（新教徒）3）care for the interests of merchants and bankers. Tories were traditionalits who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England.
2.What is your comment on land enclosures in England？
Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results：1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the samll；2）more vegetables ，more milk and more dairy produce were consumed，and diet became varied.3）enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosure.4）a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers‘ hopes of even owning his own land.
3.What was the industrial revolution？ Why was Britain the first country the start the industrial revolution？
The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
1）Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade；
2）Britain has a peaceful society；3）The limited monarchy ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy；4）It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaprts，or from rivers，which could distribute their products；5）Britain had many rivers and useful maneral resources； 6）British enginerrs had sound traning as craftsmen.7）The inventors were respected；8）Probaly laissez faire and “protestant work ethic” helped.9）The national market was not hindered by internal customs barrriers.10）The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their
contributions by providing food for the rising population，labour for the factories，and some of the raw materials needed by industry.
4.How id the English Industrial Revolution proceed？
The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It‘s characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines，such as John Ray’s flying shuttle，James
Hargreaves‘ spinning Jenny， Richard Arkwright’s waterframe and Samuel Crompton‘s mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765，which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding
industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transportation ran parallel with production.
As a result of the industrial revolution，Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”； no other country could compete with her in industrial production.
5.What do you know about parliamentary reform？
Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. At the general election of 1830，the Whigs under Lord Grey returned to power and want to carry out parliamental reforms. There were several reasons.First，power was monopolized by the aristocrats.Second，representation of town and country，and North and South was unfair.Finally，there were also various rotten or pocket boroughs.
So， between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.The Reform Act of 1832 Abolished “rotten Boroughs”，and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns.It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants ，based on the value of their property.
6.What do you know about the Chartist Movement and The people‘s Charter？ What’s your comment on them？
In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the Londan Working Men‘s Association.they drew up a charter of political demands（a People’s Charter），The Chartist movement was the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problem. Chartism failed bacause of its weak and divided leadership，and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism.
7.How did the Labour Party come into being？
As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century，they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brough about the formation of a political party， the Labour Party.
The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party，which was formed in January，1893 and led by Keir Hardie， a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900，representatives of trade unions，the ILP，and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee（LRC）。 The IRC changed its name to the Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for in 1906.the Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.
8.What was the colonial expansion like during the 19th century.
1） In the late 18th century Britain acquired vast，underpopulated territories：Canada，Australia，and New Zealand.
2） The conquest of India
3） The scramble for Africa
4） Aggression against China
9.What did Winston Churchill play in the Second World War？
Winston Churchill took over Chamberlain as Prime Minister in 1940 to lead Britain in such a crisis to be attacked by Germany.He received massive popular support as a war leader and led his country to final victory in 1945. He played an important role in the Second World War.
10.What are the main contents of Thatcherism？
Margaret Thatcher became the first woman Prime Minister in Britain in 1979.Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state owned industries.the use of monetarist policies to control inflation，the weakening of trade unions，the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy，and an emphasis on law and order.
Chapter 6 The Economy
1.What are the three periods as far as the evolution of the British economy is concerned？ The three periods of the evolution of the British economy are：steady development in the 50s and 60s，economic recession in the 70s and economic recover in the 80s.
2.What measures did the Thatcher government take to improve the nation‘s economy？
1） Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability.
2） Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise，efficiency and flexibility（弹性）。
3.Why is British coal mining called a “sick” industry todayf？
Today British coal mining is decling.The numbers of miners，collieries and the total output have fallen.The reasons include the exhaustion of old mines，costly extraction，poor old equipment，little money being invested，fall in demand due to imports of cleaner，cheaper and more efficient fuels.
4.Where were oil and natural gas found in Britain？How important are they to Britain‘s economy？
Oil and natural gas are found under the North Sea.Today，Britain not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export.The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply，because most agriculture is highly mechanized.
5.What are the main problems associated with Britain‘s iron and steel industry today？ Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel induxtry，but now many problems arise：1）Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted；2）Old-fashioned ovens for making coke are not able to recover valuable by-products； 3）The blast furnaces，steelworks and rolling mills are often separated from eachother，which cannot perform as well as more compact operations do ； 4）Many steelworks have to be closed down，causing major unemployment in a area.
6.Where are the main textile producng regions in Britain？What are the reason behind the decline of Britain‘s textile industry？
The main textile producing regions of Britain are now the East Midlands，Yorkshire and Humberside，and Northern Ireland.
1） Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have manged to produce cheaper good.
2） There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers.
3） Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problems.
4） Substitutions of human-made fibers have been made for natural fibres such as wool，cotton，jute and linen.
5） An improvement of output per worker has been achieved，due to machanization.
7.What are new industries and where can they be found in Britain？
New industries are microprocessors and computers，biotechnology and other high-tech industries.They can be found in three areas：the area between London and South Wales；the Cambridge area of East Anglia and the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland.The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is often called the “silicon Glen”。
8.Britain‘s agriculture is highly mechanized，Give examples to show this.
Britain‘s agriculture is highly mechanized.For example， only 3%of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the land area.Very modern farmers use computer today. They talk about tecnological arming.The new farming has been called“agribusiness”because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business.The emphasis is upon intensive farming， designed to give the maximum output of crops and animals.
9.What are the main farming types in Britain？Where are they best suited in Britain.
1） Arable farming emphasizes crop production and occurs on the more fertile soil.the chief areas are the East and South-East.
2） Dairy farming rears cattle primarily for milk production.Western regions with moderate rainfall，mild winters and coool summers are often important dairying areas.
3） Stock farming rears livestock primarily for meat.It is the chief king of farming in the North and West of Britain.
4） Mixed farming has elements of cattle-rearing and crop-growing.it is in most of rural Britain.
5） Hill farming with sheep and cattle is found in areas with poorer soils and rougher pastures.（rocky mountain）
6） Market gardening is the growing of vegetables and fruit which can be rapidly transported to market while fresh.It is often found near large urban areas.
Chapter 7 Government and Administration
1.What is a constitutional monarchy？When did it begin in Britain？
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy：the head of State is a king or a queen.it going back to at least the 9th century.
2.What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government/
the sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law，he/she is head of the executive，and integral part of the legislature，head of the judiciary，the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the “supreme governor”of the established Church to England.
3.What are the main functions of Parliament？
The main functions of Parliament are：1）to pass laws；2）to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation；3）to examine government policy and
administration，including proposals for expenditure；4）to debate the major issue of the day.
4.What does the Cabinet consists of ？What does the collective responsibility of Cabinet Government mean？
The Cabinet usually consists of about 20 most senior ministers who are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions；individual Ministers are responsible to all Cabinet decisions；individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their departments.
5.Who does the Privy Council consists of ？Do you think it is very powerful now？why（not）？ Its membership is about 400，and includes all Cabinet ministers，the Speaker of the House of Commons，the Archibishops of Canterbury and York，and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.
Today its role is largely formal，advising the sovereign to approve certain government decressand issuing royal proclamations.
6.Who are the members of the House of Lords？What is the function of the House of Lords/ The house of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.
The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.
7.What are the two major parties in Britain？
The two major parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
8.How many constituencies are there in Britain today？How many members are there in the House of Commons？
There are 651 constituencies in Britain and 651 members in the House of Commons.
9.How often does a general election take place？
A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.
10.What are the responsibilities of the County Council and the District Council？
County councils provide large-scale services，while district councils are responsible for the more local ones. At present in England，county councils are responsible for strategic planning， transport planning， highways，traffic regulation， education， consumer protection， refuse disposal， police，the fire service， libraries and personal social services.District councils are responsible for environmental health，housing and refuse collection. Chapter 8 Justtice and the Law
1.What are the primary sources of British law？
The primary‘ sources of British law include statutes， a large amount of “unwritten”or common law，equity law and European Community law.
2.What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain？
A feature common to all systems of law is that there is no complete code. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.
3.How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases.
The British courts can be divided into criminal courts and civil court according to the nature of cases.
4.Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates‘ courts. All criminal trials are held in open courts because the crimianl law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt；every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence.
5.What does the civil courts system do？
The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction：1）actions founded upon contract and tort；2）trust and mortgages cases；3）actions for the recovery of land；4）cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants；5）admiralty cases and patent cases；and6）divorce cases and other family matters.
6.What is the jury‘s job？
In criminal cases，the jury‘s job is to decide the issue of guilt or innocence.
7.What is the function of the High Court？How many divisions is it divided into？What does each division deal with？
The High Court deals with the more complicated civil cases.Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases；it also deals with appeals from tribunals and from
magistrates‘ courts in both civil and criminal matter.The High Court has three divisions：
1）The Family Division，which is concerned with family law，including adoption and wills；
2）the Chancery Division，which deals with corporate and personal insolvency；disputes in the running of companies，between landlords and tenants and in intellectual property matters；and the interpretation of trusts and contested wills；and 3） the Queen’s Bench Division，which is concened with contract and tort cases，and deals with applications for judicial review.
8.How many police forces are there in the UK？
There are 43 police forces in England and Wales，8 in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland.
9.Capital Punishment for murder has been abolished in the UK.What do you think of it？ Capital Punishment for murder has been abolished in the UK but remained the penalty for treason and piracy.Proposals for its restatement are regularly debated by Parliament，for it‘s a kind of effective way to deter the potential law-breaker and be good to the social stability.
10.How different is the Metropolitan Police Force from other police forces in Greant Britain.
London‘s Metropolitan Plice Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary，while other police forces in Great Britain is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries.
Chapter 9 Social Affairs
1. What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain？
The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security for its citizens through its organization of health services，pensions and other facilities.The system is funded out of national isurance contributions and taxation.In Britain ther term applies mainly to the National Health Service，national insurance and social security.
2.Are British people obliged to use the National Health Service.
No， they are no obliged to use the NHS.
3.At what age do men and women generally retire？
Generally speaking ，men retire at the age of 65and women at the age of 60.
4.What contributory social security benefits do the British people get？
The British people can get the following contributory social security benefits：retirement persions， unemployment benefit，sickness and invalidity benefit，maternity allowance and widows‘ benefit.
5.What is the most important established Church in Britain？How is it related to the Crown and linked with the State.
It is the Church of England
Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and ，as “Defender of the Faith”，must promise on his or her accession to uphold it.
The Church is also linked with the Sate through the House of Lords，in which the two archbishops，the bishops and 21 others senior bishops have seats.
6.What festival is the greatest in Britain？What is its significance and at what time is it celebrated？
Christmas is the greatest festival in Britain. It‘s celebrated on December 25th. Apart from its religious significance which celebrates the birth of Christ，two important things are of great importance：the custom of giving gifts and the habit of spending it with the family.
8.How is New year‘s Eve celebrated in England and Scotland？
On New Year‘s Eve， in England and Scotland ，people stay up late，often at a party or a religious“watch-night service”，to see the New Year in. As the clocks strike midnight between December 31st and January 1st，church bells start ringing joyfully，and people at their parties drink a toast to the New Year，wishing their friends happiness and prosperity.
9.What is the Scotiish tradition concerning New Year‘s Day？
It is a Scottish tradition that the first person to cross the threshold of your house on New Year‘s Day should be darkhaired，for such a person brings luck for the coming year. Chapter 10 Cultural Affairs
1.For whom is compulsory education in the UK？
Education in the U.K. is compulsory for all between the ages of 5（4 in Northern Ireland ）and 16.
2.What do you know about state schools and “public schools” in the UK？
About 90 percent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attend
comprehensive schools. These take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.
Many of Britain‘s public schools are private-run and long-established and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards ，as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery.
3.What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities？
The Open University is a non-residential university. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages. It uses a combination of specially produced printed texts，correspondence tuition，television and radio broad casts and audio/video cassettes. There is a network of study centres for contact with part-time and counsellors，and with fellow students.
4.What are the differences between quality papers and popular papers？
Quality papers and directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters，while popular papers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character ，presented more concisely.
5.How is BBC financed？
BBC radio broadcast is funded totally by the governmetn，while BBC TV service is state-fun and financed from the sale of television licences and therefore does not rely on commercials for-funding.
6.What are the most important journals in the UK？what do you know about them？
The most important journals in the UK are The Economist，New Statesman and Society，and Spectator.
The Economist in an independent conservative publication convering a wide range of topics.The New Statesman and Society reviews social issues，politics，literature and the arts from an independent social point of view，and the Spectator covers similar subjects from an independent conservative standpoint.
7.Which sport is regarded as typically English？
Cricket is the most typically English of sports.
8.What is the most popular sport in Britain？
Football is the most popular sport in Britain.
9.What made the Beatles so different from other pop groups？
Unlike the famous solo stars who had theier songs written for them， the Beatles wrote their own words and music.They wrote not only of love，but of death and old age，poverty and daily life.The Beatles had a close personal relationship with their audience.they own the affection and admiration of all ages and social backgrounds.
10.Where would you find many of London‘s theatres？
In three auditoriums（the Olivier，the Lyttelton and the Cottesloe）on the South Bank of the Thames.Another important theatre in London is the Royal Court Theatre.
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===英国 Unit 3===
6. What kind of institution(部门) is the House of Lords(上
议院)? What role dose it play in British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the
Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent(杰出的、卓越的)
bishops(主教) of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世俗议员)，which refers to everyone else。?They
inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign(郡主、最高统治者).In
parliament(议会) they speak and vote as individuals(个
人) ,not as representatives(代表) of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not
attend Parliament at all.
1
1. \this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?
1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not
Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores….
2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?
2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again.
Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the
2
north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland’s capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. 3. Describe Wales’ unification with Great Britain.
3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours,
particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.
4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?
4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its
3
education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for \and Wales\However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.
5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?
5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was \Britain and Ireland\island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain’s domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called \—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war. 澳大利亚 上册15单元
1. What are the unique features of the Australian continent? 答:Isolated from other major land masses, Australia‘s
distinctive flora and fauna evolved through its long period as
4
an island continent. 2 Discuss the social and cultural values embodied in the Dreaming.讨论社会和文化价值在做梦中的
体现 Membership in a particular language group was of great social and cultural significance. Traditionally, languages belong to tracts of country which, in the belief system of the Dreaming, have been put in their places by Dreamtime creator figures.
3. Why does the author say that ?In most of the languages there is no distinction between the words
for ―belief‖,‖law‖ and ―knowledge‖? Do you think it
‘s true in your own language?
The sacred creation stories are not only explanations about how the country came to be formed, they also provide principles of how people should live and interact with others, especially with whom they may or may not intermarry.
4. (1)What do you know about Zheng He‘s voyages in the
15th century? (2)Do you think his fleet got to the northern part of Australia? (3)Why?
答:(1)Yes. (2)Yes.
(3) In 1405, Zhu Di the Ming emperor commissioned his admiral ZhengHe to take 317 of his ships to the Middle East and Eastern Africa .Between 1405
5
and 1433 ZhengHe made seven trips routinely passing through what we now call Southeast and South Asia .I am sure that ZhengHe had gone
there ,because there is evidence that several ships from that armada landed on the Aru Islands to the north of Arnhem Land. 5. What is the impact of the assimilation policy on the indigenous people? 同化政策对本土人民的影
响是什么,
答:The missionaries on the ―protected reserves‖ set out
destroy the culture of the Dreaming and to replace it with Christianity. As the children grew to adulthood many of them had lost both their families and their culture. They were employed as domestic servants or on cattle stations .Young Aboriginal women were continually at risk of rape. Aboriginal people were excluded from the social ,the political ,the education ,the health services and other aspects. Racism was an entrenched part of Australian culture until the 1960s and operated at the personal and institutional level. Unit 18
1. Do you think the Australia government system is a democratic one? Why? Australia has what has been called a ―Wash minster‖ form of polity. In other words it is a
6
mixture of the US, Washington system of government and the British, Westminster system: the political structure is based on a Federation of States and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President. 2. Why do you think Australia adopted the ―Wash minister‖ form of polity? Do you think it
reflects the advantages of both systems?
The political structure of Australia is based on a Federation of State and has a three-tier system of government, but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President.
Yes. Although Australia has a three-tier system of government, the Prime Minister and his Cabinet at federal level is the acknowledged centre of Australia parliamentary power. 英国简答题 unit7 Answer: 第一问
The purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society,But the purpose of the British education system is also to socialise children 第二问 The government
provides primary education for six years, starting at age six or seven, followed by six years of secondary education for ages 12 to 18. Some provinces may have five years of
7
primary school but four years for middle school.
There are three years of middle school and three years of high school. The Ministry of Education reported a 99 percent attendance rate for primary school and an 80 percent rate for both primary and middle schools. In 1985, the government abolished tax-funded higher education, requiring university applicants to compete for scholarships based on academic ability. In the early 1980s the government allowed the establishment of
the first private schools. China has had a major expansion in education, increasing the number of [3]undergraduates and people who hold doctoral degrees fivefold in 10 years.In 2003
China supported 1,552 institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) and their 725,000 professors and 11 million students. There are over 100 National Key Universities, including Beijing University and Tsinghua University. Chinese spending has grown by 20% per year since 1999, now reaching over $100bn, and as many as 1.5 million science and engineering students graduated from Chinese
universities in 2006. China published 184,080 papers as of
8
2008. Laws regulating the system of education include the Regulation on Academic Degrees, the Compulsory
Education Law, the Teachers Law, the Education Law, the Law on Vocational Education, and the Law on Higher Education. 第三问
Chinese parents only expect their children to get straight A+’s and straight A’s on their report cards, whereas the American education system does not do that as much.
The American education system is more relaxed than the Asian culture when it comes to education and their parents don’t push them hard as much to get straight A+’sand straight A’s in school so that makes a big difference out the two education systems.
The Chinese race of people in China, America, and all over the world push and force their children to get straight A+’s and straight A’s all through school and college all through their lives and they are very strict about education and about them getting straight A+’s and straight A’s all through school and college all through their lives.
%%%%%%%%
===第一单元;===
1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?
British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….
 
2. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?
Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.
===第二单元;===
3、what do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?
（Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".）
 
The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.
===第三单元;===
4、What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchy evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?
There are some characters in the Britain Constitutional Monarchy:
 
1. The monarch is primarily to symbolize the traditional and unity of the British state. The Queen reigns but does not rule. And she is legally head of the executive and judiciary branches, an integral part of the legislature, the commander-in-chief of all armed forces and “supreme governor” of the Church of England
2. Parliament becomes the country authority centre, which have right to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government and so on.
 
3. The king must believe in Established Church (being that person succeeds to
the throne not to be that Prod), catholic or same catholic get married.
Until the end of the 17th century, British monarchs were an executive monarch, which means that they had he right make and pass legislation. But even in early time there were occasions when the Sovereign had to act in accordance with the law and take into account the will of the paper. With the signing Magna Charta in 1215, for example, the leading noblemen of England succeeded in forcing King John to accept that they and other freemen had rights against the Crown. In 17th century, the Stuart kings propagated the theory of the divine right of kings, claiming that the Sovereign was subject only to God and not to the law. Widespread unrest against their rule led to civil war in the second half of the 17th century. In 1688-1689 Parliamentarians drew up the Bill of Rights, which established basic tenets such as the supremacy of Parliament. The constitutional monarchy we know today really developed in the 18th and 19th centuries, as day-to-day power came to be exercised by Ministers in Cabinet, and by Parliaments elected by a steadily-widening electorate.
===第四单元：===
5、How are people in the UK divided into different classes? What are some of the main features in the division? Is the class system similar with the United States?
(1)The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc. The different idea of class is related to the group or class. Upper class , middle class, lower class. People in the UK divided into different classes also according to their jobs.
 
(2) The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc. The people of different classes have different levels of income, the education they get is totally different.
(3)The answer to the last question is “no”. British class system is not so similar to the U.S. Which marks British class system different from the American, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.
===第五单元：===
6.What are the three main areas in national ecnomies？Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy.
（1）National economies can be broken down into three main areas：
primary industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining,
Second-ary industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary produets; And tertiary industuies often described as services, such as banking, insuranc, tourism, and the selling of goods.
 
(2)Britan’s agricultural sector is small（producing 1.4%of the national wealth）but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce. Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture. with about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commmnests. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle.The fishing industy provides 55%of the UK demand for fish.
In the secondary sector of the economy. manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particulary strong in pharmaceuticals, chemicals, aerospace and food drink.
===第六单元：===
7、What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?
Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. Perhaps the rather violent and ugly world about them drove 19th-century writers to a literary refuge.
===第七单元：===
8、What are the purposes of the British education system? What are the main purpose of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?
British;
 To develop students‟ creativity and imagination
 To have better communication skills to getting along with different people
 To have various knowledge about life and nature which is out of textbooks
 
 To be not so good at controlling knowledge—— especially the accounting ability about
figures
China；
 To pass the exams
 To let everyone accepts education, have knowledge and skills to make life
 To get a good job and make money
 To be able to cope with life on the whole
 To improve students‟ quality
Compulsory ——(1)Both the UK and China have compulsory education.
(2)The general education systems in two countries are quite similar. They both
have primary schooling, secondary and university education.
(3)Both countries have vocational schools providing study and training for those
who want to follow a certain career instead of seeking university education.
 
differences——Chinese Education System and Western Education System have their own
advantages and disadvantages. Chinese emphasizes foundational knowledge
whereas Western thinks highly of creativeness.
Teaching Philosophy (1)the main concept of education
(2)In Britain,education aims to develop individual abilities.
But in China, we always kill students‟ ability of creation
and imagination to some degree.
Teaching Method(1)In Britain, their homework doesn‟t have a unified right
answer. If the answers given by students are reasonable,
marks will be given. while in China, the knowledge we
learn most have little relationship with our own life, they„re
more basic courses .
===第八单元===
 8、Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?
Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same
worries about the Soviet Union.
Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.
===第九单元===
9、The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so? Comparison between British Media and Chinese Media
(1)On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.
(2) similarities: Firstly, like British Media, the role that Chinese Media plays has become
more and more important.
Secondly, both the two media have some organizations which are
dominant and influential.
Thirdly, British Media and Chinese Media are accelerating integration of
the traditional media and IT.
Differences: Paper media in the UK is still a huge industry no matter at present or in
future. But in China, more and more people begin to rely on Internet
and hanging around online even with nothing at all to do.
In addition, British Media has more freedom than their Chinese
colleagues to criticize politic.
===第十单元===
10、How do the British celebrate this holiday? In what way does this
holiday and the ways of celebration in British reflect Western cultural
tradition in general and British traditions in particular?
(1)Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and
Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces
with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.
(2)
===第十一单元===
11、Discuss the features of the Celts and their influence on Ireland. Tribe: Celts consisted of a patchwork of tribal areas , each with its own king . Classifications of Celtic language: Proto-Celtic divided into
sub-families .Gaulish ,Hispano-Celtic ,Brythonic ,Goidelic
Religion :The Celts believed in many gods and goddesses
After Life four
The Celts believed that the human soul had an afterlife, so when a
person died they were buried with many things they would need for the
 House :
Cloth:
The influence on Ireland:Irish culture came from Celtics culture, including languages,
costumes, dancing , instruments and so on
Irish dress mainly is lattice costumes(格子服装), for women, is linen skirt
（麻布裙子）, which is made by Irish traditional manual cloth. after life. They lived in round houses with thatched roofs of straw or heather . 'The way they dress is astonishing As for
man, their folk dress is skirt.
 Languages:All the legacies of the Celts, it is their language that
has proved the most lasting
 Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland (the
second being English)
 With the language, the Celts brought an instrument of social and
cultural unity to the island, which transcended political and social division
Irish tap dance（踢踏舞） is enthusiastic and jazzy, and its melody is very
beautiful
what are the unique features of the Australian continent
Isolated from other major land masses, Australia‟s distinctive flora and fauna evolved
through its long period as an island continent.
%%%%%%
第三大题
===Chapter 2===
1. What were Queen Victoria’s major achievements?
Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrialization, the building of railways and the growth of trade and commerce. During her reign, Britain developed into an empire
including about a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world’s landmass.
2. What were the two camps in World WarⅠ?
In WorldⅠthe two camps were the Central Powers-mainly Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the Allies-mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and from 1917,the United States.
 
3. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World WarⅡ?
Britain cooperated closely with the United States after World WarⅡsince they were allied during World WarⅡand shared the same concerns about the Soviet Union.
===Chapter 5===
1. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?
Grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas vocational schools were to help the less successful students to learn a trade.
 
2. What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide?
British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.
3. In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?
British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.
 
4. What role does the media play in British leisure culture?
The media plays an essential role in Britain leisure culture since it helps to
shape the public’s opinion, determine people’s moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.
===Chapter 10===
1. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?
One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the federal government and of the state governments are specified in the Constitution.
 
2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?
A senator must be over 30 years old,a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . A representative should be at least 25
years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than seven years.
3. What are the major powers of the supreme court?
a) to interpret laws
b) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;
c) to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national laws
d) may declare a law unconstitutional
e) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional.
4. What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?
 
Generally speaking, the Democrats Party has a liberal ideology, while the
Republicans Party is more conservative.
The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.
===Chapter 11===
1. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?
During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew . a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.
 
2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?
After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.
3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?
Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.
===Chapter 12===
1. How does an American university choose its applicants?
a)their high school records;
b) recommendations from their high school teachers;
c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;
d) their scores on the SAT.
2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?
Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teachin
g , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .
 
3. What similarities do four famous university share?
They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.
4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?
Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.
第四大题
===Chapter 2===
1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, its industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the social class structure. The capitalist class became the most important force in the country and the proletariat class emerged.
 
2. Explain the rise and fall of the British Empire.
Colonization of Newfoundland in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, Britain had been an empire which include the colonies in Canada, India and many small states in the West Indies. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included about a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world’s landmass. Before World WarⅠ, Britain was the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered a great loss of its
manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence as a result of World WarⅡ,which inevitably led to fall of the British Empire.
===Chapter 5===
1. What are the general features of Britain’s independent schools?
Britain’s independent schools require fees from students. Although the
National Curriculum is optional in the independent system, most independent schools teach what the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through the private sector as well as tuition fees, with minimal
government assistance. Since the are generally better funded than most state schools, they are likely to recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, the high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll although graduates of independent schools are more likely to be accepted by famous universities.
2. What are the “quality press” and the “tabloids” in Britain?
Among the 10daily national newspapers in Britain, about half of them are regarded as the “quality press” since they carry in-depth articles of political and social importance, reviews and feature articles about ‘high culture”, and they are generally read by well-educated people. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are good examples. The “tabloids”, with color photos and striking
headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip about celebrities. A typical example is The Sun on Sunday.
===Chapter 10===
1. How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?
Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency.To win a presidential election,a candidate has to spend millions of dollars,travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival.The general election is technically divided into two stages.During the first stage,presidential electors for each state will be chosen.In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President.Since the second stage is only a kind of formality,everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first stage is over. I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns.And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.
2. What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?
President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War.He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war.He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened.The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala,but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia.In addition,Eisenhower used U.S.power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam,which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.
===Chapter 11===
1. How did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American’s economic development ?
The U.S.Constitution,as an economic charter,established that the entire nation was a unified or "common"market.There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce.It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with f
oreign nations and among the states,establish uniform bankruptcy laws,create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weights and measures,establish post office and roads,and fix rules governing patents and copyrights.The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property",a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20thcentury.
2. Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.
The government has always played an active and important role in America’s economic development.In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history.President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis.Besides,he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless.At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered a recession.The Reagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit,cutting taxes and raising interest rates.Both policies mentioned above helped to set the country’s economic development on its right course,In all,the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people.It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system,dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth.
===Chapter 12===
1. What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?
The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known .
2. How does America carry out multicultural education?
American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures.Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success.Struggle for equality are vividly depicted,and past racism is bluntly acknowledged.Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.
%%%%%%
==英语国家概况（1）（2）100问==
1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?
2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ? 
3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.
4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?
5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?
6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?
7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.
8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?
9. What is the oldest institution of government?
10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?
11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?
12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?
13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?
14. What are some of the changes that have take place recently in the Chinese attitude towards sports? How do you account for these changes?
15. For how many years is a general election held once in the UK?
16. Who can stand for election as an MP?
17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?
18. Which party does Tony Blair belong to?
19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?
20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany?
21. Which country does it refer to as "the Jewel in the Crown"? When did it gain its independence?
22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?
23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?
24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today?
25. When was the term "parliament" first used officially?
26. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so?
27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?
28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?
29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems?
30. What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?
31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?
32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?
33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text. 
34. What is the origin of football? 
35. How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?
36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?
 
37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate this holiday?
38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday?
39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?
40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?
41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated in Scotland?
42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?
43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?
44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?
45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?
46. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"?
47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?
48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes? 
49. Is the class system similar with the United States?
50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?
51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?
52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?
53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?
54. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?
55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?
56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?
57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?
58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?
59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?
60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.
61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system? 
62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?
63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?
64. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?
65. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?
66. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?
67. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time?
68. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?
69. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?
70. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?
71. What promotes the diversity in American religion?
72. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?
73. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?
74. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?
75. What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?
76. Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad?
77. What are the major characteristics of education in America?
78. What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?
79. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.
80. What does an American student learn?
81. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?
82. The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?
83. Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?
84. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this book.
85. What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?
86. Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.
87. When are the American football matches held?
88. Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spread throughout the country?
89. What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music?
90. Why Canada is regularly rated as having the best standard of living in the world?
91.What is the distinct feature in Canadian modern literature?
 
92. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the U.K. and Canada.
93. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system?
94. What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country?
95. How do you understand "multiculturalism"?
96. Why do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice? 
97. What is the Canada's Place in the World Economy?
98. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighbouring American states?
99. Why is the idea of survival thought of as the central symbol of Canadian literature? What does cultural survival mean in Canadian literature?
100. What are the major reasons for Canada's active role in international organizations? And how does Canada play its active role? 
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==范文==
===范文1:英语国家概况课后答案[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况》英国部分课后问题答案（1-2章）
Chapter 1 land and people
1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles， Great Britain，England，the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth？ The British Isles，Greant Britina and England are geographical names， no the official names of the country，while the official name is the United Kingdom，but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian.
2.Describe the geographical position of Britian？
Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.
3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland？
The north and west of Britain are mainly highland， while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.
4.Does Britain have a favourable climate？ why？ Yes，it has a favourable climate， because it has a maritime type of climate——winters are mild，not too cold and summers are cool， not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature，too.
5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？ Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest？ The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three：1）The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences；
2）the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate；3）the North Atlantic Drift，a warm current，passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
The northwestern part has the most rainfall，while the south-eastern corner is the driest.
6.Describe the distribution of Britain‘s population.
Britain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated， with an average of 237people per square kilometre. It is also very unevenly distributed ， with 90%of the population in urban areas，10% in rural areas. Geographically， most British people live in England. Of the total of 57 million people， 47 million live in England， 14 million live in London and Southeastern England.
7.What are the three natural zones in Scotland？ The three natural zones in Scotland are ： the Highlands in the north， the central Lowlands ，and the southern Uplands.
8.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots， Welsh and Irish？ The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons，while the Scots，Welsh and rish are Celts.
9.What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England？ How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive？
The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable ，generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls.
Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry，music，singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.
10.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland？
Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group，while the latter are seeking more social，plitical
and economic apportunities.The british Government and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation
1.What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain？
In 55 BC and 54 BC， Julius Caesar， a Roman general， invaded Britain twice. In AD 43， the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully.For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. Though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.
2.Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited？
Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years. The Romans built many towns，roads，baths，temples and buildings.They make good use of Britain‘s natural resources.They also brought the new religion，Christianity，to Britain.However，although Britain became part of the Roman Empire，Roman influence upon Britain was very limited.The Romans treated the Britains as a subject people of slave class.they never intermarried.The romans has no influence on the language or culture of ordinary Britains.
3.Who were the Anglo-Saxons and how did the Heptarchy come into being？
The Anglo-Saxons referred to the three Teutonic tribes who invaded Britain in the mid-5th century.They were Jutes，Saxons and Angles.
In the 7th century， the Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain and the three tribes settled in different part of Britain which was divided into many small kingdoms of Kent，Sussex，Wessex，East Anglia，Mercia and Northumbria.So they have been given the name of Heptarchy.
4.How were the early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christainity？
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain when they invaded Britain，and Christianity was only a fringe belief.So， in 579，Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.Augustine was very successful in converting the king and the nobility， and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.But the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.Many samll monasteries sprang up throughout the ocuntry.
5.What contributions did the early Anglo-Sasons make to the English state？
Though the anglo-Saxons were brutal people， they laid the foundation of the English state.Firstly， the modern names of “England”and “English”derived from the
Angles.Secondly，they divided the country into shires， with shire courts and shire reaves， or sheriffs， responsible for administering law.Thirdly ，they divised the narrow-strip，three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century.Fourthly ， they also
eatablished the manorial system， whereby the lord of the manor collected taxes and organized the local army.Finally ， they crated the Witan to advise the king， the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
6.Who were the Vikings and how did they invade Britain.？
The Vikings were the Norwegians and the Danes from Denmark.They attacked various part of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century，especially between 835and 878. They even managed to capture York， an important center of Christianity in 867. They gained control of the north and east of England.
7.What do you know about king Alfred ？ What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great”？
Alfred was the king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes who attacked England and reached an agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east， while Alfred ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christains.
Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet to beat the Danes at sea， to protect the coasts and to encourage trade. He recogonized the Saxon army to make it more efficient. He even translated Bede‘s Ecclesiastial History of the English
people from Latin to English. He also establish schools and formulated a legal system. All this makes him worthy of his title“Alfred the Great”。
8.Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward‘s death？
It was said the king Edward had promised the English throne to William， but the Witan chose Harold as king. So ， William led his army to invade England. In October 1066， during the important battle of Hastings， William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day， William was crowned king of England， thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
9.what were the consequences of the Norman conquest？
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history， It brought about many consequences.
William confiscated almost the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxons rule with a strong Norman government.So the feudal system was conpletely established in England. Relations with the continent were opened， and civilization and commerce were extended. Normand-French culture，language，manners，and architecture were introduced.The church was brought into closer connection with Roma，and the courts were separated from the civil courts.
10.Why do we say that the English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different orgins？ The population of Britain is made up of the English ，the Scotish，the Welsh，the Irish，the Northern Irish and other peoples. The formation is complicated because England was invaded by different races at various times from Europe.
Besides the early settles，the Iberians，and the Celts，including Gaels and Britons， Roman occupied Britain for nearly 400 years after 55BC. Then the invasions of Anglo-Saxons helped to form English race and language and laid the foundation of the English state. After that， was the invasions of the Vikings and Danes.Finally， in 1066， William of Normandy invaded England and began the age of the Norman Conquest which resulted in great French influence.
Therefore，many different people of different origins are living in Britain.That‘s the reason why we say English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation
1.What was feudalism like in England under the rule of William the Conqueror？
Under the rule of William the Conqueror，the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system， the king owned all the land personally.William gave his barons large estates in returnfor military services and a proportion of the land‘s produce.These estates were scattered all over the king. Then， the barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles，knights and freemen，also in return for goods and services.At the bottom of the feudal scale were the serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance not only to their immediate lord，but also to the king.
2.How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy？
Henry II took some measure to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to have England； recalled grants of Royal lands made By Stephen；demolished scores of castles built in Stephen‘s time；strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English freemen.
3.How did king Henry II reform the courts and the law？ Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.he greatly strengthened the king‘s Court and extended its judicial work.In Henry II’s reign a common law，which over-rode local law and private law.In Henry‘s day the jury system was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle.
4.What was the quarrel between king Henry II and Thomas Becket？ The Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 to increase the jurisdiction of the civil
courts at the expense of the church courts.Becket reluctantly signed the Constitutions.but shortly afterwards rejected them.Henry II was so angry that he drove Becket into exile.
5.What was the contents and the significance of the Great charter？ Contents：no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council；no freeman should be arrested，imprisoned，or deprived of his property except by the law of the land；the Church should possess all its rights，together with freedom of elections；London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges，and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. It was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons，a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the power of the king.
6.Why and how did the English Parliament come into being？ Henry III‘s many measure was brought matters between he and barons to a head.and the barons force the king to swear and accept the Provisions of Oxford.
Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster， together with two knights from each country and two burgesses from each town，a metting which has been seen as that the earliest parliament.
7.What were the causes of the Hundred Years‘ War？ The causes were partly territorial and partly economic.
8.What harm did the Black Death do to the English society？ The Black Death swept through England in 1348-1349 without warning and any cure.It reduced England‘s population from four million to two million and the economic consequences were far reaching.
Much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The surviving peasants were in favourable position to demand higher wages and changed their serfdom into paid labourers. So the government issued statutes of Labourers to protect the interests of landowners. These repressive measures and a series of poll taxes caused much hatred and resulted in the Peasant Uprising in 1381.
9.what do you know about Wat Tyler‘s Uprising？ The uprising broke out in Kent and Essex in 1381 and was led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw. Tyler led the mared villagers to occupy London. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home， while Tyler and other leader stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king，who suppressed the Uprising brutally.
Although the Uprising failed，it had great importance in English history. It directed against the rich clergy， the lawyers and the landowners. It effectively blew the serfdom，and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged，paving the way for the development of capitalism.
10.Who were the Lollards？what role did they play in the Peasant Uprising of 1381？ The Lollards were poor priests and travelling preachers who were John Wyclif‘s followers in the 14th century. They went about preaching the equality of men before god. The most famous one was John Ball. Their ideas provided mental preparation for the Peasant Uprising of 1381. Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age
1.What do you know about the nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses？
In 1453 England was at last defeated in the Hundred Years‘ War， at this time power in England was in the hands of a number of rich and ambitious nobles. Because the Hundred Years’ War ended，they had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by a attempt to dominate the government at home . There was also a mass of unemployed soldiers. In 1455，war broke out between the House of Lancaster，symbolized by the red rose，and that of York，symbolized by the white rose. Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years， ordinary people were little affected. Feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king‘s power became supreme. From then on，five Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.
2.Why and how did the Reformation happen in England？ And what was the effect？
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy（罗马教皇）。
They stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position. Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before； His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of the abuses of the Catholic Church to expect some movement wawy from Catholicism towards Protestant ideology.
3.How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country？
Elizabeth‘s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England， i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. Her religious settlement waas unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.
4.What do you know about the English Renaissance？
The English Renaissance had 5characteristics：1）English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics；
2）England was a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe； 3）owing to the great genius of the 14th century Chaucer，the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them；
4）English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic，rather than philosophical and scholarly；and 5）the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.
5.What was the absolute rule of James I of England？ How did the Puritans think about the King‘s rule？
He is a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings.
In early time they were happy to have James as king because the Scottish Church was a pure Protestant Church with democratically elected officials.but later they increasingly suspected him of being a secret Catholic. And James had little sympathy with their demands.
6.What do you know about the Gunpowder Plot of 1605？
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Cathlic conspiracies. On November 5， 1605， a few fanatical Catholics attempt to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes hadn planted barrels of gun-powdeer in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.
7.How did the Civil Wars break out？What were the consequences of the Civil Wars？ King Charles I rejected the demands of the Parliament ，and the Parliament concluded that the only way it could impress it views on such a king would be to defeat him in battle. Charles was condemned to death.
The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
8.What were the Commonwealth and the protectectorate？
After king Charle‘s execution in 1649， Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament declared England a Commonwealth. One of Cromwell’s first acts was to crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland. Another was the suppression of the Levellers， a group within his own army. In 1653， Cromwell became Lord protector of the Commonwealth of England. He instituted direct military rule by dividing the coutry into 11 districts commanded by major generals. The characteristics of this Period were：the destruction of numerous treasures in churches and cathedrals throughout the country； establishment of colonies and colonial trade； religious toleration for all；and greater understanding of the economy；
9.Why did the Restoration take place？
When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son，Richard，The regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell‘s generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660， and to resolve the crisis， it asked the late king’s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II， It was called the Restoration.
10.How did the “Glorious Revolution”break out？ What was the significance of it？ In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James ， who was brought up in exile in Europe， was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40years ago. So the Protestant king ， William of Orange， to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively sommoth， with no bloodshed，nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.William and his wife Mary were both protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It‘s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
1.What were the parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Whigs stood for 1） a reduction in Crown patronage（保护）2）shypathy towards Nonconformists（新教徒）3）care for the interests of merchants and bankers. Tories were traditionalits who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England.
2.What is your comment on land enclosures in England？
Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results：1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the samll；2）more vegetables ，more milk and more dairy produce were consumed，and diet became varied.3）enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosure.4）a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers‘ hopes of even owning his own land.
3.What was the industrial revolution？ Why was Britain the first country the start the industrial revolution？
The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
1）Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade；
2）Britain has a peaceful society；3）The limited monarchy ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy；4）It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaprts，or from rivers，which could distribute their products；5）Britain had many rivers and useful maneral resources； 6）British enginerrs had sound traning as craftsmen.7）The inventors were respected；8）Probaly laissez faire and “protestant work ethic” helped.9）The national market was not hindered by internal customs barrriers.10）The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their
contributions by providing food for the rising population，labour for the factories，and some of the raw materials needed by industry.
4.How id the English Industrial Revolution proceed？
The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It‘s characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines，such as John Ray’s flying shuttle，James
Hargreaves‘ spinning Jenny， Richard Arkwright’s waterframe and Samuel Crompton‘s mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765，which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding
industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transportation ran parallel with production.
As a result of the industrial revolution，Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”； no other country could compete with her in industrial production.
5.What do you know about parliamentary reform？
Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. At the general election of 1830，the Whigs under Lord Grey returned to power and want to carry out parliamental reforms. There were several reasons.First，power was monopolized by the aristocrats.Second，representation of town and country，and North and South was unfair.Finally，there were also various rotten or pocket boroughs.
So， between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.The Reform Act of 1832 Abolished “rotten Boroughs”，and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns.It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants ，based on the value of their property.
6.What do you know about the Chartist Movement and The people‘s Charter？ What’s your comment on them？
In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the Londan Working Men‘s Association.they drew up a charter of political demands（a People’s Charter），The Chartist movement was the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problem. Chartism failed bacause of its weak and divided leadership，and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism.
7.How did the Labour Party come into being？
As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century，they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brough about the formation of a political party， the Labour Party.
The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party，which was formed in January，1893 and led by Keir Hardie， a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900，representatives of trade unions，the ILP，and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee（LRC）。 The IRC changed its name to the Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for in 1906.the Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.
8.What was the colonial expansion like during the 19th century.
1） In the late 18th century Britain acquired vast，underpopulated territories：Canada，Australia，and New Zealand.
2） The conquest of India
3） The scramble for Africa
4） Aggression against China
9.What did Winston Churchill play in the Second World War？
Winston Churchill took over Chamberlain as Prime Minister in 1940 to lead Britain in such a crisis to be attacked by Germany.He received massive popular support as a war leader and led his country to final victory in 1945. He played an important role in the Second World War.
10.What are the main contents of Thatcherism？
Margaret Thatcher became the first woman Prime Minister in Britain in 1979.Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state owned industries.the use of monetarist policies to control inflation，the weakening of trade unions，the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy，and an emphasis on law and order.
Chapter 6 The Economy
1.What are the three periods as far as the evolution of the British economy is concerned？ The three periods of the evolution of the British economy are：steady development in the 50s and 60s，economic recession in the 70s and economic recover in the 80s.
2.What measures did the Thatcher government take to improve the nation‘s economy？
1） Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability.
2） Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise，efficiency and flexibility（弹性）。
3.Why is British coal mining called a “sick” industry todayf？
Today British coal mining is decling.The numbers of miners，collieries and the total output have fallen.The reasons include the exhaustion of old mines，costly extraction，poor old equipment，little money being invested，fall in demand due to imports of cleaner，cheaper and more efficient fuels.
4.Where were oil and natural gas found in Britain？How important are they to Britain‘s economy？
Oil and natural gas are found under the North Sea.Today，Britain not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export.The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply，because most agriculture is highly mechanized.
5.What are the main problems associated with Britain‘s iron and steel industry today？ Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel induxtry，but now many problems arise：1）Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted；2）Old-fashioned ovens for making coke are not able to recover valuable by-products； 3）The blast furnaces，steelworks and rolling mills are often separated from eachother，which cannot perform as well as more compact operations do ； 4）Many steelworks have to be closed down，causing major unemployment in a area.
6.Where are the main textile producng regions in Britain？What are the reason behind the decline of Britain‘s textile industry？
The main textile producing regions of Britain are now the East Midlands，Yorkshire and Humberside，and Northern Ireland.
1） Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have manged to produce cheaper good.
2） There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers.
3） Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problems.
4） Substitutions of human-made fibers have been made for natural fibres such as wool，cotton，jute and linen.
5） An improvement of output per worker has been achieved，due to machanization.
7.What are new industries and where can they be found in Britain？
New industries are microprocessors and computers，biotechnology and other high-tech industries.They can be found in three areas：the area between London and South Wales；the Cambridge area of East Anglia and the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland.The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is often called the “silicon Glen”。
8.Britain‘s agriculture is highly mechanized，Give examples to show this.
Britain‘s agriculture is highly mechanized.For example， only 3%of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the land area.Very modern farmers use computer today. They talk about tecnological arming.The new farming has been called“agribusiness”because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business.The emphasis is upon intensive farming， designed to give the maximum output of crops and animals.
9.What are the main farming types in Britain？Where are they best suited in Britain.
1） Arable farming emphasizes crop production and occurs on the more fertile soil.the chief areas are the East and South-East.
2） Dairy farming rears cattle primarily for milk production.Western regions with moderate rainfall，mild winters and coool summers are often important dairying areas.
3） Stock farming rears livestock primarily for meat.It is the chief king of farming in the North and West of Britain.
4） Mixed farming has elements of cattle-rearing and crop-growing.it is in most of rural Britain.
5） Hill farming with sheep and cattle is found in areas with poorer soils and rougher pastures.（rocky mountain）
6） Market gardening is the growing of vegetables and fruit which can be rapidly transported to market while fresh.It is often found near large urban areas.
Chapter 7 Government and Administration
1.What is a constitutional monarchy？When did it begin in Britain？
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy：the head of State is a king or a queen.it going back to at least the 9th century.
2.What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government/
the sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law，he/she is head of the executive，and integral part of the legislature，head of the judiciary，the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the “supreme governor”of the established Church to England.
3.What are the main functions of Parliament？
The main functions of Parliament are：1）to pass laws；2）to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation；3）to examine government policy and
administration，including proposals for expenditure；4）to debate the major issue of the day.
4.What does the Cabinet consists of ？What does the collective responsibility of Cabinet Government mean？
The Cabinet usually consists of about 20 most senior ministers who are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions；individual Ministers are responsible to all Cabinet decisions；individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their departments.
5.Who does the Privy Council consists of ？Do you think it is very powerful now？why（not）？ Its membership is about 400，and includes all Cabinet ministers，the Speaker of the House of Commons，the Archibishops of Canterbury and York，and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.
Today its role is largely formal，advising the sovereign to approve certain government decressand issuing royal proclamations.
6.Who are the members of the House of Lords？What is the function of the House of Lords/ The house of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.
The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.
7.What are the two major parties in Britain？
The two major parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
8.How many constituencies are there in Britain today？How many members are there in the House of Commons？
There are 651 constituencies in Britain and 651 members in the House of Commons.
9.How often does a general election take place？
A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.
10.What are the responsibilities of the County Council and the District Council？
County councils provide large-scale services，while district councils are responsible for the more local ones. At present in England，county councils are responsible for strategic planning， transport planning， highways，traffic regulation， education， consumer protection， refuse disposal， police，the fire service， libraries and personal social services.District councils are responsible for environmental health，housing and refuse collection. Chapter 8 Justtice and the Law
1.What are the primary sources of British law？
The primary‘ sources of British law include statutes， a large amount of “unwritten”or common law，equity law and European Community law.
2.What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain？
A feature common to all systems of law is that there is no complete code. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.
3.How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases.
The British courts can be divided into criminal courts and civil court according to the nature of cases.
4.Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates‘ courts. All criminal trials are held in open courts because the crimianl law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt；every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence.
5.What does the civil courts system do？
The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction：1）actions founded upon contract and tort；2）trust and mortgages cases；3）actions for the recovery of land；4）cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants；5）admiralty cases and patent cases；and6）divorce cases and other family matters.
6.What is the jury‘s job？
In criminal cases，the jury‘s job is to decide the issue of guilt or innocence.
7.What is the function of the High Court？How many divisions is it divided into？What does each division deal with？
The High Court deals with the more complicated civil cases.Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases；it also deals with appeals from tribunals and from
magistrates‘ courts in both civil and criminal matter.The High Court has three divisions：
1）The Family Division，which is concerned with family law，including adoption and wills；
2）the Chancery Division，which deals with corporate and personal insolvency；disputes in the running of companies，between landlords and tenants and in intellectual property matters；and the interpretation of trusts and contested wills；and 3） the Queen’s Bench Division，which is concened with contract and tort cases，and deals with applications for judicial review.
8.How many police forces are there in the UK？
There are 43 police forces in England and Wales，8 in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland.
9.Capital Punishment for murder has been abolished in the UK.What do you think of it？ Capital Punishment for murder has been abolished in the UK but remained the penalty for treason and piracy.Proposals for its restatement are regularly debated by Parliament，for it‘s a kind of effective way to deter the potential law-breaker and be good to the social stability.
10.How different is the Metropolitan Police Force from other police forces in Greant Britain.
London‘s Metropolitan Plice Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary，while other police forces in Great Britain is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries.
Chapter 9 Social Affairs
1. What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain？
The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security for its citizens through its organization of health services，pensions and other facilities.The system is funded out of national isurance contributions and taxation.In Britain ther term applies mainly to the National Health Service，national insurance and social security.
2.Are British people obliged to use the National Health Service.
No， they are no obliged to use the NHS.
3.At what age do men and women generally retire？
Generally speaking ，men retire at the age of 65and women at the age of 60.
4.What contributory social security benefits do the British people get？
The British people can get the following contributory social security benefits：retirement persions， unemployment benefit，sickness and invalidity benefit，maternity allowance and widows‘ benefit.
5.What is the most important established Church in Britain？How is it related to the Crown and linked with the State.
It is the Church of England
Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and ，as “Defender of the Faith”，must promise on his or her accession to uphold it.
The Church is also linked with the Sate through the House of Lords，in which the two archbishops，the bishops and 21 others senior bishops have seats.
6.What festival is the greatest in Britain？What is its significance and at what time is it celebrated？
Christmas is the greatest festival in Britain. It‘s celebrated on December 25th. Apart from its religious significance which celebrates the birth of Christ，two important things are of great importance：the custom of giving gifts and the habit of spending it with the family.
8.How is New year‘s Eve celebrated in England and Scotland？
On New Year‘s Eve， in England and Scotland ，people stay up late，often at a party or a religious“watch-night service”，to see the New Year in. As the clocks strike midnight between December 31st and January 1st，church bells start ringing joyfully，and people at their parties drink a toast to the New Year，wishing their friends happiness and prosperity.
9.What is the Scotiish tradition concerning New Year‘s Day？
It is a Scottish tradition that the first person to cross the threshold of your house on New Year‘s Day should be darkhaired，for such a person brings luck for the coming year. Chapter 10 Cultural Affairs
1.For whom is compulsory education in the UK？
Education in the U.K. is compulsory for all between the ages of 5（4 in Northern Ireland ）and 16.
2.What do you know about state schools and “public schools” in the UK？
About 90 percent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attend
comprehensive schools. These take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.
Many of Britain‘s public schools are private-run and long-established and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards ，as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery.
3.What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities？
The Open University is a non-residential university. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages. It uses a combination of specially produced printed texts，correspondence tuition，television and radio broad casts and audio/video cassettes. There is a network of study centres for contact with part-time and counsellors，and with fellow students.
4.What are the differences between quality papers and popular papers？
Quality papers and directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters，while popular papers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character ，presented more concisely.
5.How is BBC financed？
BBC radio broadcast is funded totally by the governmetn，while BBC TV service is state-fun and financed from the sale of television licences and therefore does not rely on commercials for-funding.
6.What are the most important journals in the UK？what do you know about them？
The most important journals in the UK are The Economist，New Statesman and Society，and Spectator.
The Economist in an independent conservative publication convering a wide range of topics.The New Statesman and Society reviews social issues，politics，literature and the arts from an independent social point of view，and the Spectator covers similar subjects from an independent conservative standpoint.
7.Which sport is regarded as typically English？
Cricket is the most typically English of sports.
8.What is the most popular sport in Britain？
Football is the most popular sport in Britain.
9.What made the Beatles so different from other pop groups？
Unlike the famous solo stars who had theier songs written for them， the Beatles wrote their own words and music.They wrote not only of love，but of death and old age，poverty and daily life.The Beatles had a close personal relationship with their audience.they own the affection and admiration of all ages and social backgrounds.
10.Where would you find many of London‘s theatres？
In three auditoriums（the Olivier，the Lyttelton and the Cottesloe）on the South Bank of the Thames.Another important theatre in London is the Royal Court Theatre.
===范文2:英语国家概况课后题汇总答案[下载]【以文搜文】===
英美社会与文化复习题
I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. 1.
The two main islands of the British Isles are . A. Great Britain and Ireland C. Great Britain and Wales 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
A. Belfast A. 160
B. Great Britain and Scotland D. Great Britain and England C. Aberdeen
C. 60
D. Cardiff D. 16
is the capital city of Scotland.
B. Edinburgh
B. 600
According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of over million. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest. A. England
B. Scotland
C. Wales
D. Northern Ireland
Almost a quarter of the British population lives in England. A. northeastern A. Celtic
B. southeastern
C. northwestern
C. Germanic
D. southwestern
D. Roman
English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.
B. Indo-Iranian
The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words to English. A. Danish and Finnish C. French and Italian
B. Dutch and German D. Latin and Greek C. German
D. Danish
D. pronunciation
D. one fifth
8. 9.
The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence. A. Norman A. grammar A. half
B. Dutch
Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of B. handwriting B. a quarter
C. spelling C. one third
10. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English. 11. The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.
A. Norman
B. Danish
C. Celtic
D. Germanic
12. By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.
A. Celtic Christianity C. Germanic Christianity A. St. Augustine
B. Anglo-Saxon Christianity
D. Roman Christianity
13. Westminster Abbey was built at the time of .
B. Edward the Confessor D. Alfred the Great
B. signing of the Magna Carta
C. William the Conqueror A. Viking invasion
14. The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.
C. Norman Conquest A. the House of Valois C. the House of Tudor A. divorce his wife
D. Adoption of common law B. the House of York D. the House of Lancaster
B. break with Rome
D. declare his supreme power over the church
15. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .
16. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to .
C. support the Protestants
17. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between A. Protestants and Puritans
B. Royalists and Parliamentarians
C. nobles and peasants A. Bill of Rights
D. aristocrats and Christians B. Act of Supremacy D. Magna Carta
C. 19th C. 19th
D. 20th D. 20th
18. was passed after the Glorious Revolution.
C. Provisions of Oxford A. 17th A. 17th
19. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century.
B. 18th B. 18th
20. Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the century. 21. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches
with the exception of the A. judiciary
B. legislature
C. monarchy
D. executive
22. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .
A. passing the bills C. political parties A. rival
B. advising the government D. public attitude
D. inspect
23. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons.
B. complement
C. criticize
24. British Cabinet works on the principle of .
A. collective responsibility C. defending the collectivism A. make decisions A. three A. Wales
B. individual responsibility D. defending the individuals
C. pass bills C. five
D. supervise the Cabinet D. six
25. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .
B. give advice B. four
26. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years. 27. has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.
B. England B. two-party
C. Scotland
D. Northern Ireland
D. multi-party
28. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.
A. single-party
C. three-party
29. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .
A. government intervention C. social reform
B. nationalization of enterprises D. a belief in individualism B. improved public transportation D. enhanced the economic development
C. 1880s C. 1947
D.1890s D. 1948
30. The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it A. set up the National Health Service C. abolished the old tax system A. 1860s A. 1945
31. The British economy achieved global dominance by the B. 1870s B. 1946
32. In 33. The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.
A. oil crisis
B. high inflation rates D. unemployment problem
B. shortening the unemployment benefits period D. lowering old age pensions
C. large imports
34. Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.
A. reducing child benefits C. reducing the unemployment
35. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except
A. limiting government spending C. reducing unemployment A. 54%
B. keeping inflation under control D. reducing inequality
C. 74%
D.84%
36. Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.
B. 64%
37. Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .
A. the North Sea
B. the English Channel
D. The sea area between Britain and Ireland
D. 2/3
C. The sea area around Ireland A. 1/3
B. 1/4
38. Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.
C. 1/5
39. The car industry in Britain in mostly .
A. foreign-owned II.
A. agriculture
B. energy industry
C. service industry
D. manufacturing industry
41. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of
comprehensive schools in the . A. 1930s system. A. 5%
B. 6%
C. 7%
D. 8%
43. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all
the following sources except A. tuition fees
B. loans
C. donations
D. corporate contributions
44. Of the following, is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’s universities.
A. result in national entrance test C. an interview
B. A-level result
D. school references
B. 1940s
C. 1950s
D. 1960s
42. About of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent
B. state-owned
C. joint-venture
D. privately-owned
40. Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth since the end of Word War
45. To be admitted to the Open University, one need A. some educational qualifications
B. no educational qualifications
C. General Certificate of Education-Advanced D. General National Vocational Qualifications
46. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with the exception
of A. The Times
B. The Guardian
C. The Observer
D. The Daily Telegraph
47. Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million
viewers worldwide. A. feature A. BSB
B. drama B. SkyTV
C. documentary
D. soap opera D. BSkyB
48. is Britain’s top pay television provider.
C. BBC
49. Of the following, is NOT a common feature of all the British holidays.
A. families getting together
B. friends exchanging good wishes D. families traveling overseas B. Queen’s Christmas message
D. Christmas pantomime
C. friends enjoying each other’s company A. Trooping the Color C. Boxing Day
50. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .
51. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is
A. poetry B. drama
C. novel D. pamphlet
52. is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.”
A. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” C. “Preface to Lyrical Ballads” A. A Tale of Two Cities C. Oliver Twist
B. Don Juan
D. Prometheus Unbound B. David Copperfield
D. Great Expectations
53. Of Dickens’ novels, is considered autobiographical.
54. is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century.
A. Robert Louis Stevenson C. Joseph Conrad
B. John Milton D. Thomas Hardy
55. Of the following statements, is NOT correct in terms of Neo-Romanticism.
A. It prevailed at the end of the 19th century. B. The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality. C. The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”. D. Treasure Island was a representative work. 56. is NOT included in the modernist group.
A. Oscar Wild
B. Virginia Woolf
C. William Butler Yeats A. Jude the Obscure C. Adam Bede
D. T. S. Eliot
B. Tess of the D’Urbervilles D. The Return of the Native
57. Of the following books, was NOT written by Thomas Hardy.
58. Of the following statements, is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf.
A. She was a central figure of the “Bloomsbury Group”. B. She experimented with stream of consciousness. C. She was an influential feminist. D. Her masterpiece was The Rainbow.
59. Of the following writers, is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.
A. Samuel Beckett A. Samuel Beckett
B. James Joyce B. George Orwell
C. William Golding
D. V. S. Naipaul
D. D. H. Lawrence
60. Waiting for Godot is written by .
C. William Golding
参考答案：
1-10 A B C D B C D A C B 11-20 D D B C C A B A C D 21-30 C D B A B C C B D A 31-40 C B A C D C D B A C 41-50 D B B A B C C D D A 51-60 B C B D C A C D B A
===范文3:英语国家概况(课后问答题)[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况（课后问答题） 第一部分 英国概况
1 What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom
and
the
British
Commonwealth?
Britain is the shortened form of the United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland while the British Isles is a geographical name.
2 What are the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain?
They are England, Scotland and Wales 3. What is the official name of Great Britain？
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
4. Where did the King Harold defeat Tostig and Harold Hardrada? ( At Stanford Bridge)
5.What did William do after he suppressed镇压 the Saxon risings in the north?
(He built a string of defense防卫 castles to ensure his military control of the whole country.)
6. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation? ( For nearly 400 years)
7 What was the peculiar features of the feudal system of England? (All
landowners,
whether
the
tenants-in-chief or subtenants, took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.)
8 What did Willliam I leave to his sons after he died?
( He left Normandy to his eldest son, Robert, and England to his second son William, and a large sum of money to his third son, Henry.)
9 What was William I’s policy towards the church?
(He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to upload its power.)
10 When was the Domesday Book completed? ( In 1086)
11 What was the consequence of the Hundred Years’ War?
(The French drove the English out of their land. By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of English)
12 What did the Lollards preach? (The Lollards preached the equality of men before God)
13 What were the two countries Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years?
( France and Spain were the two countries that Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years)
14 What was the outcome结果 of the English Civil War?
(It not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.)
15 What were the three main causes of Henry VIII’s religious reform of the Church?
( The three main causes were: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Marin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented; and Henry needed money)
16 Which party did Margaret Thatcher represent in the 1970s? (She represented the Conservative Party)
17 What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century?
Whigs stood for a reduction in Crown patronage,
sympathy
towards
Nonconformists, and care for the interests of merchants and bankers. 18 Why did changes in farming methods改变耕作方式 affect lives of millions in the 18th century? (Because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time.) 19 When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community?
(Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January, 1973)
没背20 Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990? (It was because of her opposition to European Union and her imposition of an extremely unpopular flatrate ‘poll tax’ in place of property taxes to pay for local government service.
21 What were the two groups of the Chartiests? What
was
their
difference?
(The Chartists could be divided into two groups: the Moral Force Chartists and the Physical Force Chartists. The former wanted to realize their aims by peaceful means while the latter wanted to achieve their purpose by violence) 22 What was the goal of the London Working Men’s Association in its struggle?
(It aimed to ‘ to seek by every legal means to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights)
23 Why was Britain known as the factory of the world in the mid-19th century?
(Because the British economy was among the strongest in the world) 24 Who has the power to declare war and make peace in the UK?(The Queen) 25
How
many
members
of
Parliament does the House of Commons in the UK consist of ? (651Members of Parliament)
26 What does the British Parliament consist of ?
(It consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons) 27 What did the term ‘parliament’ originally mean?
( It originally meant a meeting for parley or discussion)
28 Where does the Sovereign’s coronation take place?
(It takes place at Westminster Abbey威
斯敏斯特教堂in London)
29Where does the Queen’s
expenditure arising from支出所产生
的 public duties come from?
( The Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments) 30 How is the British House of Commons elected?
The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage.
31 What is a ‘shadow cabinet’ 影子
内阁in Britain?
( The party which wins the second largest number of seats in parliament becomes the Official Opposition and it forms its own ‘cabinet’ known as ‘shadow cabinet’
32 What are the three main Christian festivals in Britain? (The three main Christian festivals in Britain are Christmas. Easter, and Whit Sunday.)
33 Who is directly responsible for the NHS in Britain? 谁直接负责国民保
健制度在英国
(Central government is directly
responsible for the NHS in Britain) 34 What are the two established churches in Britain?
(They are the Church of England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland) 35 How many provinces does the Church of England have?
(The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York) 36What is the National Day in Britain?
(The birthday of the British Monarch is a National Day in Britain)
37 What does ‘Oxbridge’ refer to in Great Britain?
(It refers to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge)
没背38 What kind of schools are the independent schools in Britain? (The independent schools are those supported entirely by fees and private funs)
39What are the three groups of nation newspapers?
(They are quality, popular and mid-market papers.)
40 Which religion in Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination? (The Anglican Church圣公会of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination.)
没背41 What was the consequence of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921? 什么
是后果，英爱条约1921？(Violent
opposition to the treaty by
ultranationalists led to a civil war.) 没背42 What was the result of growing Irish nationalism in the early decades of the 20th century? (Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Eastern Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed.) 没背43 Wht happened after the English king was declared the head of the Church of Ireland replaceing the Pope? 英国国王宣布爱尔兰教会
领袖代替教皇
(There followed centuries of religious as well as political persecution政治迫
害, which helped to strengthen and
deepen Ireland’s Catholic spirit.) 第二部分 美国部分
1What are the two novels giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves?
(Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots) 2 What is the reason for the growth of population in Florida?
(Florida’s population growth owes much to its attractiveness both as a place to retire and as a convenient place for business with and travel to Central and South America)
3 When did the higher birth rate appear in the United States? (The birth rate appeared during ‘the baby boom’[1946-1964]) ？？ 4 When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? (It was adopted on July4,1776) 没背5Please write any three of the 13 colonies the British established along the east coast of North America
between
1607
and 1733.(Virginia,
Maine,
New
6What are the implications of the ‘Manifest Destiny’?
The
implications
of
‘manifest Destiny’ are
three
fold(1)the
inevitability of the founding of the United States of America;是必然的 (2)the legitimacy 合法的of the expansion of America Territory美国领土; (3) the spread of American democracy美国民主 being the task任务 of American people who were chosen to do the Lord’s work.
没背7 What were the two serious weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? 邦联条款
They were:(1)There was no national executive or law-enforcing branch; 没
有执行或执法部门(2)Congress国会
was too large a body to function功能 as government. And Congress had no power to raise taxes. 国会无权征税 8What agreement did America and Britain sign in 1783 by which Britain recognized the independence of the United States? The Treaty of Paris 9 What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development? They were representive form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.。
10What does the American War of Independence show?
The American War of Independence shows that in a unjust war, a weak nation can defeat a strong one. 11 what was the policy of the British government for the 13 colonies in North America?
The policy of the British government for the 13 American colonies was to bring their development under control
and to collect more taxes from the colonies.
12 What foreign policy did the American government pursue in the early 1930s?
The American foreign policy was isolationist in the early 1930s. 13
Name
three
examples
of
intolerant nationalism in the US in the 1920s.
The Red Scare in 1919and 1920, the death sentence of Sacco and Vanzetti, and the revival and growth of the KU Klus Klan三例子狭隘民族主义在美国上世纪20年代。红色恐慌1919and1920，死刑的两个人的故事，与复兴和增长的klus党。.
14 What were the immediate causes that led the United States into the First World War? The immediate causes were Germany’s unlimited submarine海底 warfare战争 and Germany’s attempt to get Mexico into the war against the United States.
15 What caused the Second World War?
The Second World War was the result of struggle between the great powers for control of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist法西斯主义 Italy 意大利and militarist Japan. 二战是大国
之间的斗争的结果，控制世界和军事扩张的国家的纳粹德国
没背16 What were American wartime
objectives
during
the
Second World War?
the total destruction of the Axis powers and the establishment of a world order after unconditional victory in accord with American ideals and interests. 没背17 What was the policy pursued by the American government at the beginning of World WarI ? The American government declared neutrality中立 but the policy it pursued was a policy of pro-Ally partiality.
18 What were the three cornerstones of American postwar economic boom?
They were the automobile , housing, and defense industries.
19 What was the most important document produced between China and the United States when President Nixon visited China in 1972? It was the Shanghai Communiqué. 20 What was the theory put forward by the Soviet Union in around 1946? There could be no long-term peaceful co-existence
和平共存
between
socialism and capitalism. 社会主义和
资本主义。
没背21 What measures did the United States take in the Cuban Missile Crisis?
The United States adopted a naval blockade around Cuba and demanded the dismantlement and withdrawal of the missile from Cuba.
22 What are Conglomerates in the USA ?
Conglomerates are big companies that own several smaller businesses whose products and services are usually very different.
23 What does IBM stand for? It stands for International Business
24 What’s the most central function of the Congress in the United States? The most central funcation of US Congress is the passage of laws. 25 What are the two major parties that dominate American politics at the federal , state and local levels? They are the Democrats and the Republicans.
26 What are the three branches in the US federal government? They are the legislative, the executive and the judicial branches. 他们是立法，
行政和司法部门
27 What is known as the
‘winner-take-all’ system?
The presidential candidate with the highest number of votes in each state wins all the electoral votes of that state.
总统候选人票数最高的在每个国家获得该州所有的选举人选票。
28 What mechanism did the writers of the Constitution introduce to provide sage guards? 宪法的作家介
绍了什么样的机制提供圣人警卫
They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances. 他们介绍了机制的分权与制
衡
29 Who is the President of the Senate?参议院
The President of the Senate is Vice President. 副总统
30 What are the principal functions of American higher education? The principal functions are teaching, research and public service. 31
What
is
the outstanding characteristic of
American
education ?
Diversity多样性 is considered to be American education.
32 What is the difference between an academic high school and a technical school? 学术高中、技校
An academic high school only aims to prepare students for college while a technical school provides students for a variety of occupations and vocations. 没背33 Why are there many variations in the education system of the 50 states?
Because each state has the freedom to develop as extensive广泛 or limited a school system as it desires, and delegate下放its power over education to local districts to the extent程度 it wishes.
没背34 According to the 1994 Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, there
are
different
kinds
of
institutions of higher education in America. What are the major kinds of them? 根据到1994年卡内基高等
教育机构分类，在美国的高等教育机构有不同类型。什么是他们的主要？
The major kinds of the institutions of higher education in America are research
universities,
doctoral
universities, master’s comprehensive colleges and universities, liberal arts colleges,
junior
colleges
and
specialized institutions.
35 What is the general view of the American on education?
They regard education as both an individual benefit and a social necessity.
36 Who were the writers of the first American writings?
They were the first settlers in English colonies.
没背37 Why did Hawthorne attack
transcendentalism?
Because transcendentalism glorified absolute individualism with no regard for any social impact. 为什么霍桑攻击
先验论？
由于没有任何社会影响方面的先验论荣耀与绝对的个人主义
38 What did Mark Twain want to show
in
The
Adventures
of
Huckleberry Finn?
He wanted to show the basic goodness and wisdom of ordinary people and describe the social life of American people. 他想表明普通百姓的基本善良
和智慧，描述了美国人民的社会生活
39 What is Harlem Renaissance? Black Literature is an important part of American Literature. In 1920, Black Literature developed into an upsurge which has come to be known as the Harlem Renaissance. 哈莱姆文艺复兴
是什么？
黑人文学是美国文学的重要组成部分。 1920年，黑人文学发展到一个高潮，这已经到了被称为“哈莱姆文艺复兴。
40 Name two of Theodore Dreiser’s novels?
Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy.
名德莱塞的小说？ 嘉莉妹妹;美国的悲剧。
41 What did the writers of the first American writings write about? They wrote about their voyages to the new land, about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops. 什么第
一的美国著作的作家写？
他们写道，他们航行到新的土地，适应不熟悉的气候和作物。
42 Which speech given by Emerson in
1837
was
considered
the intellectual
Declaration
of
Independence?
The speech of ‘The American Scholar’ given by Emerson in 1837 was
considered
the
intellectual
Declaration of Independence. 艾默生
在1837年的“美国学者”的讲话被认为是独立的知识产权宣言。
42 Why were American children awarded he 1936 Nobel Peace Prize? Because more and more children have asked pennies instead of candies for UNIGEF to help children in other countries.
43 When is ‘Trick or treat’played and what does it mean?
It is in Halloween. It means that give me something nice, or I’ll play a trick on you.
44 What is the legal holiday observed annually in the US on the fourth Thursday of November ? Thanksgiving Day.
45 What do universities usually do to celebrated the Valentine’s Day? Universities
usually
hold
a
Sweethearts’ Ball for the young students to celebrate the Valentine’s Day. 情人节
第三部分加拿大，澳大利亚,新西兰 46 What is the largest city of Canada?
In Canada, Toronto is the largest city. 47 When was the Canadian Pacific Railway completed? 加拿大太平洋铁
路是什么时候完成
It was completed in 1885.
48 Who founded the first permanent settlement at Quebec in 1608? 建立
了第一个永久定居在魁北克1608
Samuel de Champlain. 没背
49 What was the most
important event that took place in Canada under Sir John Macdonald? In 1869, under Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought from the Hudson’s Bay Company the vast middle west from which the provice of Manitoba, and later other prairie provinces and northern territories were formed. 50Which system made the greater change in Candadian immigration移
民政策 policy in 1967？
The greater change in Canadian immigration policy in 1967 was the introduction of point system.
51What is the mother tongue of the majority of those who speak both English and French in Canada? French
52 Who are the native people living in
Australia?
They
are
the
Aboriginals.
53 What is ‘urban sprawl’? 城市扩张 The term urban sprawl is used to describe a city that has grown over a large area of land.
54 What is Australia popularly known as in the West?
It is popularly known as ‘the Land Down Under’
没背55 What does the Outback内地 refer to in Australia?
In Australia, the Outback usually refers to the interior and the centre of the Western Plateau and its northern plains. 56 Why are there so few people in Australia?
Because most of the continent is hot and dry.
57 Why does Great Britain have the greatest influence upon Australia? Great Britain has had the greatest influence upon Australia because Australia was settled as a British colony.
58 What is partly the reason for New Zealand to have changeable weather
and to beoften windy?
Partly because New Zealand is an island in southern latitudes, 纬度it has changeable weather and it is often windy.
没背59 What are the two largest North Island rivers in New Zealand? They are the Waikato and the Wanganui.
60 How could you describe the climate in New Zealand?
The climate of New Zealand is generally temperate, but because the country runs northsouth, the climate is varied.
===范文4:英语国家概况课后题[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况
P17
1. Britain is now a society which produces a population of which 1 in 20 are of
2. Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In 43 AD Britain was invaded by in the 11th century they suffered invasions from
3. Charles the first, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted to overthrow
4. Name two Scottish cities which have ancient and internationally respected universities:
5. Both the Scottish and Welsh people elect their members of parliaments to the London Parliament and each holds seats respectively.
P47
6. The doctrine of the “divine right of kings” held that the sovereign derived his authority from 7. During the civil war in the 17th century, those who represented the interests of Parliament aare called , and those who supported the King were called
8. In 1215, some feudal barons and the Church forced King the to place some limits on the King’s power.
9. In medical times, kings would summon a group of wealthy barons and representatives of countries, towns and cities—called to raise money.
10. In 1689, Parliament passed to ensure that the king would never be able to ignore Parliament.
11. In Britain, the official head of state is the of political life is in12. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consist of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
13. L.
P67
14. The UK is divided into constituencies with each of them represented by a member in the
15. The party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms and its party leader becomes 16. Normally, a government can be in power for years, and then it has resign and hold a general election.
17.1948, providing health care for all the people.
18. One distinctive feature about the class system in British is that it still retains a .
P117
19. Two famous public schools mentioned in the text are and .
20. Children in Britain must receive a full-time education legally from the age of to .
21. Pupils from the age of 5 to mainly attend state-run schools.
22. Students attend the age of 19.
23. Comprehensive schools provide a general education, teaching students everything from subjects like literature and science to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.
24. Name two of the four Scottish Universities dating from the 14th and 15th centuries and 25. In Britain, people can go to the formal educational qualifications.
26. GCSE stands for 27. GCEA stands for 28. GNVQs stands for 名词解释
1. They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in
England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of th English and the founders of England.
2. In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.
3. Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions.
4. The function of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major of the day.
5.
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of the England; and the Lords Temporl, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The Lords mainly represented themselves instead of
the interests of the public.
6. The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.
7.
Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.
8. It is a type of secondary schools in Britain .Grammar schools select children at the age 11, through an examination called “the 1-plus”. Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.
9.
Independent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive thir funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education systm, but the quality of institution and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.
10.The Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualification as the other universities. Universities courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centers. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.
===范文5:英美国家概况课后答案[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案
1.
1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….
2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?
2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again.
Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.
3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.
3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.
4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?
4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for
5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?
5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was
6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?
6. Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.
7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.
7. Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of
8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?
8. The problem lay in the
9. What is the oldest institution of government?
9. The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king).
10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?
10. It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John's (1199—1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, still known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.
11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?
11. Shakespeare is the most important figure at that time. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest. His history plays, based on English history, include Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are tragedies on classical themes.
12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?
12. The House of Commons.
13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?
13. The party that wins most votes in general election and the leader of this winning party would become Prime Minister.
16. Who can stand for election as an MP?
16. Anyone who is eligible vote to can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of
500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.
17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?
17. There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The Conservative Party spent most time in power
19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?
19. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world's manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton.
20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany?
20. But even by 1900 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.
21. Which country does it refer to as
21. India, popularly known as
22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?
22. This has a number of consequences for British society, mainly positive, though with some indirect negative effects. On the positive side such immigrant groups bring their culture with them, which increases the variety and interest within British culture: for example, the UK, which used to have a bad reputation for food, now has a cuisine as varied as any, with Indian and Chinese restaurants in every community, as well as many other varieties in bigger cities. This variety in restaurant food has resulted in more experimentation at home, so that shops now carry a much wider variety of goods to supply the demand, and there are many TV programmes and books devoted to all kinds of different cooking. The negative side of things lies largely in the attitude of some of their white neighbours.
23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?
23. While there is a growing ethnic minority middle-class, and many individual success stories, by most measures the immigrant population is worse-off economically speaking than the white population as a whole. Individuals from ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed; and they are under-represented in politics too, though there are now a number of black and Asian MPs. But there are also a number of small political parties in the UK with overtly racist policies.
24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today?
24. With the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066—1485), and the language of the royal court became French. So literature of that period was written in French or Latin. But one work from these times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400). He was the first court poet to write in English.
25. When was the term
25. The word
26. The author says that
26. On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.
27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?
27. British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. In other developed countries like Japan and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the
28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?
28. While officially speaking the British press is
29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems?
29. The British Broadcasting Corporation - more familiarly known as the BBC or even
31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?
31. Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the nineteenth century forms discussed above, which can be thought of as assuming understanding between writer and reader, resulting in the simple communication of an agreed version of the
32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?
32. Postmodernists can be thought of as abandoning that search. Meaning does not exist outside of the human head, likewise it does not exist inside a book, waiting to be discovered, instead it is made in the process of reading a book, or of making sense of the world….
33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text.
33. Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins, literally, to the Church. Church records indicate that by the mid-fifteenth century, people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals, first using the hand, and later a racquet. This was called
34. What is the origin of football?
34. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the
35. How is the violence of
35. Today, violence is still associated with football.
36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?
36. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of
37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate this holiday?
37. Yes. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.
38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday?
38. One of Britain's most impressive and colourful festivals happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen's Birthday is officially celebrated by
39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?
39. The English do not celebrate their famous writers or battles or patron saints, although they have all these things. However, one truly English holiday is Bonfire Night—sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night—celebrated in the early autumn.
40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?
40. Another festival which comes from the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants is the Protestant celebration of their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.
41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated in Scotland?
41. While most British people welcome the coming of the New Year with parties, in Scotland,
New Year's Eve called Hogmanay (31 December)—is the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas (called Yule in Scotland) which is a very quiet affair. How Hogmanay is celebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practised custom is
42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?
42. Cambridge University and Oxford University.
43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?
43. The goal of British education is to socialize children.
44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?
44. The British education system run by the state.
45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?
45. In the UK, the amount of funding each university receives is based on its size, the number of students it teaches, and the research it conducts. So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham.
46. Why does the author say that
46. For individual members of any society the home they live in is of great importance in their lives. The way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society—its standard of living, its social and familial structure, the distribution of wealth in a society—both in terms of geography and social hierarchy—and even something about that society's values and dreams.
47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?
47. There are, broadly speaking, four main types of home. The first kind are
48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes?
48. The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc.
49. Is the class system similar with the United States?
49. What is distinctive about the British class-system, and which marks it as different from the American or Chinese social structure, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.
50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?
50. Two world wars had seriously influenced its empire position. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence. The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the British monarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were
returned to their rightful rulers.
51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?
51. The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.
52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?
52. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.
53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?
53. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union(EU) is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.
However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.
54. Why does the author think that Britain has the
54. Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.
55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?
55. Australia is the world's smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Its development represents a triumph over remoteness and a harsh landscape…
56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?
56. Australia is the driest inhabited continent and its rainfall varies extremely geographically and seasonally. Mean annual rainfall is 465mm. Rainfall varies from less than 150mm over the centre of the continent to more than 2m in parts of the tropics and western Tasmania. The average annual surface runoff, about 440km3, represents 12 per cent of total rainfall. Evaporation accounts for most of the rest.
57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?
57. Australia has six states: New South Wales (NSW), Victoria, Queensland, South Australia (SA), Western Australia (WA) and Tasmania. It also has three internal territories-the Northern Territory
(NT), the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Jervis Bay Territory-and seven external territories.
58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?
58. Broadly, the Australian federation has a three-tier system of government: the Australian Parliament (the legislature) and Government, responsible for all matters of national interest; six state governments and their legislatures, complementing the activities of the national government (plus the Australian Capital territory and the Northern Territory, which are similar to the states and largely self-governing); and about 900 local government bodies at the city, town, municipal and shire level.
59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?
59. Each state and territory of Australia has its own primary and secondary education system. Standards, however, are high and reasonably uniform. Within each state and territory system there are two main types of school-government and nongovernment schools. In government schools, attended by about two thirds of children, tuition is free. About three-quarters of the non-government schools are Catholic. Most non-government schools charge fees.
60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.
60. Situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean, New Zealand is a large, long group of islands, 1600 kilometres from north to south. There are two main landmasses, the North Island and the South Island, separated by Cook Strait. The third largest island, Stewart Island, is south of the South Island, and there are many smaller islands, including uninhabited isolated islands hundreds of kilometres offshore. Its nearest large neighbour-Australia—is almost 2 000 km away.
61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system?
61. New Zealand's constitution is made up of parliamentary statutes (laws), judicial rulings (court decisions) and administrative practices. New Zealand has no written constitution. The Constitution Act 1986 defines the relationship between the legislative (Parliament), executive (Government departments and agencies) and judicial (the courts) roles of government.
New Zealand is an independent state, governed by a democratically elected parliament. The Head of State is the British monarch Queen Elizabeth II in her capacity as Queen of New Zealand, represented by a Governor-General. The Governor-General's agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.
62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?
62. With the fast development of commerce and trade, the bourgeoisie became increasingly powerful in politics as well as in economy. They wanted to share power with feudal lords and in some countries such as England they wanted to have more power from the king so that they could have free development. The English Revolution was the result of this growth of capitalism.
63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?
63. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new
rank he holds.… Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world.… The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions.…
64. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?
64. New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.
65. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?
65. the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.
66. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?
66. The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. These amendments remain intact today, as they were written two centuries ago. The first guarantees freedom of worship, speech and press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights.
67. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time?
67. The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owed to France and other nations, some states refused to contribute. The Congress had been given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in which a citizen lived could do that.
68. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?
68. The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people. It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court.
69. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?
69. If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it.
If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.
The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments
70. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think
there are still so many people involved in it?
70. In order to invest, individuals do not have to have a great deal of money: they can buy just a small portion of a business—called a share. The business of buying and selling shares in enterprises has become so big that offices have had to be set up where the selling of shares, or stock , can take place. These places, located in many cities in the United States and around the world, are called stock exchanges. The best-known is perhaps the New York Stock Exchange, located in the Wall Street area of New York City, the nation's largest city and a major business center.
71. What promotes the diversity in American religion?
71. Continuous immigration.
72. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?
72. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however, that, as The Declaration of Independence states,
73. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?
73. In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief—not even a belief in God—as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead.
74. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?
74. First of all, Americans with different religions live together under the same law. Secondly, the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. Thirdly, in the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.
75. What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?
75. The questing of the American people has indeed been a drama of many parts. In one way or another, however, it has always been a
76. Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad?
76. Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast. He grew up in a small town on the banks of the Mississippi River and received only a basic public school education. He began working in a printer's shop when he was still a boy, and this experience led to a series of newspaper jobs in the Midwest and the West. Twain was a new voice, an original genius, a man of the people, and he quickly won readers.
77. What are the major characteristics of education in America?
77. Americans have a strong tendency to educate their children about major public concerns—problems such as environmental pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and drugs. Responding to public pressure, boards of education in different areas often add courses on various relevant issues to the elementary and secondary school curriculum.
78. What are some of the major themes in novels written by the
78. The
79. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.
79. The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.
80. What does an American student learn?
80. American students pass through several levels of schooling—and thus, several curricula—on their way to a high school diploma. They attend: Elementary School, Secondary School, high school.
81. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?
81. The Civil Rights Movement, Youth Anti-war Movement, Women’s Liberation movement and etc.
82. The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?
82. Although these segregation laws were illegal under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution, the US government would not declare the Southern laws unconstitutional until there were cases brought in federal courts. The civil rights movement began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organizations to make the protests successful. Long before the students in Greensboro, North Carolina began their sit-ins, there were many others who protested the segregation laws.
83. Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?
83. The women activities were most in the civil rights and anti-war movements before. They believed the male leaders of these movements were discriminating against women in the movement just like White’s discrimination against black men. They became known as the
84. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you
have learned from this book.
84. For example, the racial discrimination, sex discrimination, class structure, etc.
85. What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?
85. Poverty in the United States does not simply mean that the poor do not live quite as well as other citizens. It means many old people eating dog and cat food to supplement their diets. It means malnutrition and deprivation for hundreds of thousands of children. It means greater susceptibility to disease, to alcoholism, to victimization by criminals, and to mental disorders. It often means unstable marriages, slum housing, illiteracy, ignorance, inadequate medical facilities, and shortened life expectancy. Poverty can mean low self-esteem, despair, and stunting of human potential.
86. Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.
86. A technology is a system of practices, often involving a physical device that accomplishes some result desired by some influential segments of society: government planners, military leaders, businessmen, or even a large proportion of citizen consumers.
87. When are the American football matches held?
87. The late summer (preseason), the fall (regular season), and the winter until late in January (post-season, or play off time ). All this culminates in the Super Bowl to decide the champion team for the year.
88. Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spread throughout the country?
88. It is a uniquely American contribution to the arts. No other art form, painting, fiction, poetry, has had a distinctive American contribution as has jazz music. Composers around the world during the twentieth century found inspiration in early American jazz.
89. What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music?
89. But Armstrong himself left Chicago in 1924 for New York with his new wife, Lil Hardin, to play with Fletcher Henderson's orchestra. Armstrong organized, with the help of his wife, several of his friends into the recording groups known as the Hot Five and the Hot Seven to make a justly Hot Five Dancing in the Roaring Twenties famous series of recordings for the Okeh Recording company. At this time, 1926, Armstrong also recorded his famous
90. Why Canada is regularly rated as having the best standard of living in the world?
90. It has a lively and rich culture, with many world famous actors, pop stars and writers. In annual
91.What is the distinct feature in Canadian modern literature?
91. In Modern literature, Canadian nationhood was no longer in doubt from an outside perspective, but from the inside the nature of that nation and the strength of its institutions remained somewhat in question. Ethnic, region and gender were the topics Canadian literature investigated in a process
of self-analysis.
92. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the U.K. and Canada.
92. As a former British colony, Canada's system of government was based on the British system of parliamentary democracy. This is often referred to as “Westminster—style” democracy, named after the British House of Commons. Like other former colonies like New Zealand and Australia, many Canadian laws, political practices and customs were brought from the
93. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system?
93. Through most of the 20th century, federal political power has been held by either the Liberal Party or by the Progressive Conservatives. Since 1900, the Liberals have spent about 66 years in power, compared to the Conservative Party's record of about 30 years in government. With the system so dominated by these two parties, the party that was not in power always formed the official opposition to the government. But neither of these parties were popular throughout the whole country. The western provinces preferred more socialist—oriented policies and seldom elected a Liberal to represent them, so during the many years of Liberal government, they had very little influence on national policy, since only a handful of MPs belonged to the most powerful parties. Quebec experienced the same thing during periods of Conservative rule, since it seldom voted Conservative.
94. What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country?
94. This introduction opens with one of the things that makes Canada distinctively different—a welcome to Canada in the two official languages of English and French. This is our first clue as to what makes Canada special. If people outside of Canada are a little bit confused about what Canada is, the same is also true for Canadians.
95. How do you understand
95. Officially, Canada refers to itself as
96. Why do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice?
96. As a prominent member of Canada's Ukrainian community remarked: There is no longer any excuse for anyone in this country to be ashamed of his cultural background. Canada is a multicultural society. The days of Anglo-Saxon dominance are gone.
97. What is the Canada's Place in the World Economy?
97. One area of Canadian influence is the world economy. By actively building up a strong domestic economy, Canadian policy-makers succeeded in creating a wealthy country which wields an amount of economic power in the international arena that is surprising for a country that is so small in terms of its population. Canada, along with the US, France, Italy, Great Britain, Germany
and Japan, is a member of the Group of 7, the world's leading economies. Membership of the Group of 7 gives Canada significant prestige and influence in the international system.
98. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighbouring American states?
98. In the past, agricultural exports have been very important to the Canadian economy: before World War I, 50 per cent of Canada's exports were agricultural; this fell to 40 per cent after World War II. But in recent years there has been a dramatic drop, and now they comprise less than 10 per cent of Canada's total exports. Furthermore, it has become cheaper in many cases to import foodstuffs rather than to produce such items domestically. For example, it makes more geographical sense for Easterners to buy their vegetables from neighbouring American states rather than shipping similar products from western Canada. The conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement also displaced inefficient Canadian farmers, who used to rely on government subsidies to remain productive.
99. Why is the idea of survival thought of as the central symbol of Canadian literature? What does cultural survival mean in Canadian literature?
99. The idea that there is such a thing as
This idea can extend to concern with
100. What are the major reasons for Canada's active role in international organizations? And how does Canada play its active role?
100. Because of its geography, Canada has sometimes been described as being
101. what was British Empire
The British Empire was the biggest in history and had global power. It lasted for a century and had 458 million people. (Approximately a quarter of the population) it took up 36.7 million km2 (14.2 million square miles) about a quarter of the earths total land area. At the peak of its power, it was often said that: 'The sun never sets on the British Empire' because the span across the globe insured the sun always shone on at least one or several countries that belonged to it.
===范文6:英语国家概况英国--课后问答题[1][下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况 课后问答题
Book 1
Chapter 1 Questions for Thought:
1. What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the ―Empire‖ still felt in Britain
and in the international field?
Key points:
1. Before the end of WWII, the British Empire was one of the most powerful empires; it enjoyed the name of ―an empire on which the sun never set‖ due to its overseas colonies on the world.
2. People of the British Empire are descendents of the Anglo-Saxons.
3. A system of monarchy was observed still on today’s Britain, which went through the history. The Queen is still the Head of the Commonwealth.
4. the ―Empire‖ still can be felt in the following ways:
a. there are still close relationships between the UK and the fifty or more countries which used to be its former colonies, and which maintain links through a loose organization called the Commonwealth of Nations.
b. it became one member of the European Union since 1973.
c. the effect also lies in the makeup of the British population itself. Newly immigrants mainly came from the former colonies, specially from India and Caribbean area.
d. today the Monarch represents the country in many occasions.
e. class exists and lords and peers are obvious evident of the imperial past.
2. Why does the author say that it is not possible to sum up the British people with a few simple phrases? Key points:
Reasons: 1. regional differences:::England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland 2. racial differences 3. class differences 4. cultural differences:::Highland vs Lowland 5. religious differences:::protestants vs Catholics (main in Northern Ireland)
3. ―British history has been a history of invasion‖. Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text.
How did each of the invasions influence English culture?
Key points:
4. What are some general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotland become part of the union of Great
Britain?
Key points:
1. The Celts originally lived on Scotland, they kept their own culture and language—the Gealic.
2. Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the South-west ::: the lowland zone. They were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name.
3. The Scottish people have a strong sense of nationality and desire for cultural independence. They observed some old customs and tradition, like the Highland tradition. Today, bagpipe, and tartan are considered as the souvenir of the Scottish history.
4. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other.
5. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.
Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 《吉基尔医生与海德先生》shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity. Union with England in 1707
1. In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England; uniting the two thrones
2. Scotland maintained its separate political identity.
3. In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments
4. Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament.
5. Describe characteristics of Wales and Wales’ unification with Great Britain.
Characteristics:
1. capital: Cardiff, on the south coast
2. rich coal deposits
3. attract foreign investment from Japan and U.S, etc.
-- new industries to replace coal and steel
4. smallest on the British mainland; close to central England; hilly and rugged
5. retains a powerful sense of difference from England
6. retains its own language; 19% population speaking Gaelic
Unification with Great Britain
1. 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd(卢埃林·阿普·格鲁菲德), forced the English to
acknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation.
2. 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, trying to bring Wales into the British nation.
3. 1400, Owain Glyndwr(欧文·格林道瓦尔) led an unsuccessful rising against the English.
4. 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of the British Parliament.
5. Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from the Nationalist Party.
6. Are there any differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition?
Chapter 2 Northern Ireland Questions for Thought:
1. Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK? What is the political problem there?
Keys:
1. it is significant because of the political troubles there.
2. the political trouble
Original inhabitants were mainly descents of Celts; they believed in Catholics. The immigrants from Scotland and north England in the 17th c, sent by the English king for the sake of better control over Ireland, were mainly Protestants. Their arrival aroused local people’s hostility. They were pressured.
In 1921 the Ireland got independence while in Northern Ireland, the majority was Protestant and loyalists to the British government, wanted to be separated from the rest parts of Ireland.
Now in Northern Ireland, the minority—the Catholics found it difficult for them to find job. The conflicts between Protestants and Catholics got increased.
To protect the local Catholics, the British soldiers stationed Northern Ireland in 1969, which later accelerated the conflicts between the local people and the British government.
2. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today? Keys:
1. racial, 2. religious 3. immigration in 17th c. 4. the British solders’ station in 1969
Chapter 3 The Government of the United Kingdom
Questions for Thought:
1. What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchy
evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?
1. the oldest institution of government
2. King Egbert (埃格伯特国王): the ancestor of the present Queen Elizabeth II. United England under his rule in 829.
3. divine right of kings (君权神授)
:::The ancient doctrine held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. This was used by the kings as an excuse for abusing power. And the dispute over the power of the king and the parliament led to the civil war.
4. the Civil war set the rights of the Parliament. The monarch was kept but his power was limited. The constitution was set up to guarantee rights of people. Monarch became a symbol of the country.
2. How did the doctrine of the ―divine right of kings‖, according to the author, lead to the English Civil War?
What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?
King James I believed the divine right of kings, so did his descent:::Charles I.
Charles I called his t Parliament only when he needed to collect money.
The Civil War was caused by a dispute over the power of the king against Parliament in the 17th C. The Republican ―roundheads‖, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeated and King Charles I was executed in 1649.
The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. The Civil War was in essence a capitalist revolution because capitalism paved its way of development after the war.
3. What is the history of English parliament? What role did the parliament play in the Civil War?
In medieval times, a group of leading, wealthy barons who were summoned by the king several times a year to give the king some extra money. This was the Great Council. By the 13th C., representatives of counties, towns and cities were also included in order to raise more money. This was the beginning of what we know as Parliament today.
In the Civil War, the parliament was opposite to the monarchy in their dispute over the power. The Republican ―roundheads‖, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament.
4. Discuss the major characteristics and the main content of the British constitution.
Britain, like Israel, has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British State are laid out in statute law(成文法), which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws(普通法,判例法), which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions(习惯法), which are rules and practices not existing legally, but regarded as vital to the workings of government.
5. Why the parliament is supreme in the British sate? What function does parliament have? What role does the Queen and the Prime Minister play in British government?
Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone had the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It can make or change laws,
functions:
1) passes laws
2) provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation
3) scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day. the roles of the Queen/King
1. symbolize the tradition and unity of the British State
2. legally head of the executive, (行政部)
3. an integral part of the legislature(立法机关)
4. head of the judiciary(司法部)
5. commander in chief of the armed forces
6. ―supreme governor‖ of the Church of England
::: most Britons felt the Queen’s important jobs were:
1. represent Britain at home and abroad
2. set standards of good citizenship and family life
3. a confidante(知己的女友) to the Prime Minister, offering valuable observations on the running of government
Role of the Prime Minister
King George I was ―imported‖ from Germany in 1714 and was not interested in politics, so he left the job of chairing cabinet meetings to one of his cabinet ministers, called the prime minister. Later in 1832, elections replaced appointment. The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government and the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.
Today Prime Minister and his cabinet compose of the entity of the government.
6. What kind of institution is the House of Lords? What role does it play in British government?
It’s one house of the Parliament, but the power of making law and collecting taxes mainly resides on the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual(上议院的神职议员), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal(上议院的世俗议员), which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers(called hereditary peers) or they have been appointed(by the sovereign, at the suggestion of the Prime Minister and were called life peers(终身贵族). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public
Chapter 4 Politics
Questions for Thought:
1. Who can stand for election as an MP in the UK? Why are small parties and independent candidates powerless
in the election campaign for the formation of a government?
Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.
Because even they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties’ representatives (p54, para1)
2. What are three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three
parties?
They are the Labor party, the Conservative party and the Liberal Democratic party.
the Labour party::: one of the 2 biggest parties in the UK. It is also the newest party, created by the trade union movement at the end of the 19th century. It is a socialist party, believing that a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and that the government should redistribute the wealth between the rich and the poor. It also thinks that the government should provide a range of public services for all the people.
the Conservative party ::: one of the 2 biggest parties in the UK. It is basically the party of the individual, protecting the individual’ s right to acquire wealth and to spend it as he/she wants. It advocates economic policies which are favourable to businessmen, such as low taxes. From 1979 to 1997, the Conservative party won 4 consecutive elections and was in power for quite a long period of time.
the Liberal Democrats::: the 3rd biggest party and often seen as a party of the ―middle‖, occupying the ideological ground between the two major parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social. They emphasize the need to change the Britain’s constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.
Similarities:
1. they all support the capitalist system
2. generally speaking, they all are the active participants and supporters of representative democracy
3. they share some similar beliefs in their political and socioeconomic ideology
Dissimilarities:
1. they represent the interests of different social groups
2. they have different opinions on the government’s role in social economy and they each take different economic policies during their administration
3. What are some of the recent political trends in the UK? Are these trends more democratic or undemocratic?
What is the author’s opinion?
recent political trends
::: The 1970s were a decade of problems in the UK. The economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. Big private companies started to go bankrupt, and the nationalized industries were seen as inefficient.
::: In 1979, the Labour government faced a vote of no confidence, which it lost, causing a general election. This was won by the Conservative under their leader Margaret Thatcher, who became the UK’s first woman Prime Minister
::: the policies of the Conservative:
1. privatise nationalized industry (successful, companies become efficient and profitable * negative consequences of the policy: 1) Unemployment went up 2) Poverty increased 3) Government welfare payments have become less generous. So the society became less equal:::a time of ―private affluence and public squalor‖一部分个人富裕起来,而大部分百姓的生活却贫困化, 公众福利制度也处于困境)
2. cut tax rates (a less re-distributive taxation system削弱再分配性质的税收制度)
Summary of the political trend in the 1980s:
British politics move to the ―right‖, away from the ―public‖ and toward the ―private‖; away from the ―social‖, and toward the ―individual‖.
Chapter 5 The UK Economy
Questions for Thought:
1. Define ―absolute decline and relative decline‖ in the UK economy. How does the author explain the reason for absolute decline and relative decline?
To be brief, absolute decline refers to all kinds of the indexes indicate economy declines, for example, the GDP and GNP declines, the currency devalued, unemployment increased, the economy retrogresses, the country’s economic status ranks behind its former rank. People’s living standard become lowered, and the comprehensive national strength falls behind others’. While relative decline refers to economy develops in a relatively low speed. Compared to its former economic strength and the index of GNP,GDP, the present economic development is relatively slower.
Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy
1. By the 1880s, dominant in the world::: 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world
2. By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany
3. From 1945(the year when WWII ended) until present, thought of as relative decline because of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards and still remaining one of the Group of Seven industrial economies(七大工业国:US, UK. Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada), but other countries developed more rapidly, so it slip from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th.
4. causes for the relative decline
1) gone into heavy debt to finance the war(selling many accumulated overseas assets, borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada)
2) British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence —the end of the era of empire
*Supplementary note: In the 17th C., trade between Britain and India started, which was undertaken by a trading company called the East India Company. In 1813, Britain took over the company. At that time, the company controlled nearly all the official and administrative work in the whole sub-continent of India. Then the British Empire’s rule began. In 1947, India, ―The Jewel in the Crown‖ of the British Empire, gained its independence. So the UK lost the largest resource of raw materials and a big market for its goods.
3) Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during the process of decolonisation. [It was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). And as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions (member of NATO and UN Security Council).]
4) lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products (Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected. It continued with its older factories and pre-war products. While the main losers in the war, Germany and Japan, had to start from nothing, so they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products, which was sufficient.)
* low rates of domestic industrial investment; high rate of overseas investment
* lack of a close relationship between industry and banks because the UK was the 1st economy to industrialise, and industrial firms grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. So banks looked overseas for investment opportunities.
Summary of the decline:
:::The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. but this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th.
2. What did the Conservative party under Margret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? What was her radical reform programmer? Was the program successful?
the Conservative party under Margret Thatcher promise to launch a radical program of reform.
Thatcher’s radical reform:
1. Reduce bureaucracy:::limited government
2. privatization
The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of he currency.(forced the Labour government to borrow money from IMF) Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses(such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. The author thinks that privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.
* After the recession 1990-1992, the economy had a steady growth. The UK is the 2nd only to the U.S as a destination for international direct investment.
3. what are the three main areas of national economies? Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy.
1. primary industries, such as agriculture (crop and grazing)(small in relation to national health—1.4%, but efficient—producing 58% of the food need with 2% of the workforce; 3/4 of the land for agriculture—1/4 of that for crops, the rest for grazing animals of which sheep are the most numerous livestock), fishing(渔业), and mining
[energy production: oil, gas, nuclear energy, coal mining etc. *3 of the 10 biggest companies in Britain: Shell(half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas英国三大能源公司:壳牌公司(与荷兰合资),英国石油公司,英国
煤气天然气公司]; the world’s largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK company]
2. secondary industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products (producing 22% of the national wealth, particularly strong in pharmaceuticals药品—the British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world; chemicals化工产品—ICI is the 2n largest paint manufacturer in the world; aerospace—the 3rd largest in the world inferior to the U.S and Russia, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles, satellites and jet engines, producing 2% of UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods; when an Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first practical jet engine in 1937, the foundations had been laid for the 3 major branches of the aviation industry: aircraft, engines and aviation electronics, with British companies prominent in each field; The Comet was the world’s first jet- powered civil airliner; Lynx holds the world speed record for helicopters; and food and drink. Big electronics industry: the 4th largest in the world, but foreign-owned like car industry. High-technology engineering industry. British Steel is the world’s 4th largest steel company)
3. tertiary industries (or service, producing 65% of the national health), such as banking, insurance, tourism, advertising and the selling of goods (financial sector is important with London as one of the top 3 financial centers in the world; the world’s largest foreign exchange market; one of the busiest share-dealing centers股票交易中心 in the world— the London Stock Exchange )
Chapter 7 British Education System
Questions for Thought:
1. What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on these purposes. What are the main
purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?
:::―the three R’s‖ (―reading, ’riting and ’rithmetic‖) — to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society and also to socilise children, teaching them rules and values needed to become good citizens, to participate in the community, an to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.
2. How does the British education system reflect social class?
Class inequality can be erased or continued according to educational policy.
Children from the lower-class families may have less chance of receiving education than those from middle-class or upper-class families. They may leave school for their families could not afford their tuition fees or for they have to work to support their families. They could not enjoy as excellent education as those from middle-class families, either. The unequal chances of education brought by social class may further influence one’s social bonds and opportunities of finding good jobs or getting rapid promotion on the social ladder.
3. What are the major changes that have taken place since WWII? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Rick up some examples from the text to support your points.
Major changes:::to raise enrollment and ensure more equal opportunities of education(p105)
1. 1944 education act
2. 1960 comprehensive school:::entrance examination abolished
3. great education debate:::1989 national curriculum established
5. what is the open university in Britain? What do you think of this system?
Keys (p115)
===范文7:英语国家概况课后习题总结[下载]【以文搜文】===
? 1
? 英正式更名1927
? 英最高山峰本内维斯位于苏格兰的格兰扁山脉 Ben Nevis Scotland Grampian
? 英最长河塞文河severn发源wales
? 最大湖内伊湖Lough Neagh Northern Ireland ? Lake District is well known for beautiful scenery varied lakes lake poets
? 英国气候特点 fogs rainy changeability ? 温带海洋 temperate maritime
? 无烟煤在Wales
? 英欧分界 North sea strait of Dover English channel
? The chief ranges:::--pennines
? 英国自然资源coal petroleum
? 1965大油田在North sea被发现
? 2
? English people are Anglo-Saxons的后裔其他人Celts后裔
? Middle English took shape after Norman conquest
? The Established church is the Church of England
? Roman catholic church doesn’t belong to Free churches
? 复活节纪念耶稣复活resurrection
? 北爱尔兰 tormented by differences between protestant 新教majority and catholic天主 minority
? 英国主要说English Gaelic Welsh
? 宗教Non-christian communities:::-Jews MoslemsBuddhists
? 4
? 英社会习俗基于christian tradition
? 英国没有成文宪法老式政府
? 英政府 established on the basis of constitutional monarchy
? 经济账单:::::::::下议院
? 政府有了下议院允许才能花钱
? 政府大臣必须是国会成员对国会负责 ? 行政公民禁止被选为国会成员
? 当今君主Queen Elizabeth II Prince Charles ? 国会立法机构 legislative authority
? 国会Parliament包括the monarch The House of Commons The House of Lords
? The House of Commons:::--Mr. Speaker The House of Lords:::-Lord chancellor
? 国会功能 debating making laws
supervising the gowernment and finance ? 政府组成 the Prime Minister and other ministers who are responsible to parliament ? 首相controls the Cabinet and the Parliament ? Areas has its own elected council
? Majority
? 公民上诉最高到上议院
? Conservative party保守党 Tory ? Labour party工党 Whig
? Liberal Democrats民主自由党
? 5
? 二战后二战开始轮流执政
? 英国大选5年一次
? 下议院人多的政党组成政府
? Scotland Yard::::::--CID 刑事侦缉部
? 大选时分为651个选区每区选一个下议院成员 ? 6
? Earliest settlers were the Iberians伊比利亚人 and Celts
? Celts 来自 Upper Rhineland
? 410A.D.罗马军队撤回英国留下welsh Christianityroman roads cities
? Angle:::-Northumbria Mercia East Anglia ? Jutes:::-Kent
? Saxon:::-Essex Sussex Wessex
? Late 8thDanes进攻英格兰海岸
? 末日审判书Doomsday Book 记录每人财富 ? 大宪章The Great Charter feudal lord interest
? 1265 simon第一次召集各级议会All Estates Parliament 史称典型议会 the Model
Parliament
? 5th三个日耳曼Teutonic从Denmark and Low Countries迁移到英国
? 封建制度Feudalism建立 after Norman Conquest
? 7
? 1337百年战争爱德华三世发起against France for the French crownfeudal war trade war 封建社会瓦解标识之一
? 黑死病一定程度上带来 higher wages greater
freedom shortage of labor
? 1455玫瑰战争 between Lancastrians red and Yorkists white Feudalism was weakened Intermittently
? 都德王朝The House of Tudor 建立于1485 ? Capitalism rise Feudalism decline
? 资产阶级革命bourgeois revolution 17th ? 第一次内战中The Kings men were
calledCavalier骑士The parliaments men were called Roundhead圆颅党
? 1660查理斯二世复辟
? 1688光荣革命 a bloodless coupdétatWilliam of Orange 称王确立君主立宪制constitutional monarchy
? 8
? 英工业革命在 textile industry 1760s—1840s industrial
? 哈格里夫斯:::珍妮纺纱机spinning jenny ? Richard阿克莱特:::水利织布机 spinning machine run by water
? Edmund卡特莱特:::自动织布机the power loom ? 瓦特:::the steam engine
? Productivity increased cities sprang up
? Among the working people caused miseries and disasters
? 9
? 大英帝国开始于第一块殖民地Newfoundland的建立没落于二战后
? 印度兵变杀死英国官员销毁要塞释放政治犯 ? 帝国主义imperialism territorial
expansion,monopoly,export of capital
? Triple Alliance 同盟国Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
? Triple Entente 协约国France, Russia and Britian ? 日本偷袭珍珠港1941
? The British commonwealth of nations is a phony organization
? 1970s 英国经济stagflatio-不景气
? 撒切尔主义Thatcherism去国有化
denationalization
? 中英建交1972
? east india company enlist army , enforce law, declare war, make peace in India
? 两次世界大战英国对外政策仇-hostility前苏联
对法西斯不干预non-intervention和绥靖政策appeasement
? 10
? 美国大陆部分位于北美中部面积第四 ? Alaska最大州内战后从俄罗斯买入
? Rocky Mountains 分界
? Mississippi not international
? Hudson through new York
? Michigan完全在美国内部
? 尼亚加拉瀑布Niagara Falls—美加分界—lake Erie and lake Ontario
? 弗罗里达亚热带semitropical
? Oregon and Washingtonrainiest
? 美国四分之三铁矿来自Lake Superior ? Western mountain ranges 富含无铁金属 ? 美国东部高地Appalachian Mountain ? 美山脉 rocky mountain coast mountains ? 美国中部 vast plains 平原
? 11
? 美国人大多是WASPs Protestants新教徒数量最多
? 中国人shipped to US as ”coolies”
? 少数民族-拉丁裔美国人Hispanics最多Spanish--black第二english
? 加利福尼亚California人口最多
? 美国人European origin
? Blake people descended from Negro slaves imported from Africa
? 1863 lincoln’sEmancipation Proclamation解放宣言
? 13
? 1787宪法在费城Philadelphia
? 美国总统行政executive power
? 立法权legislative--国会congress 行政权executive--总统司法权judicial--最高法院Supreme Court
? 总统对国会立法可以否决国会可以否决总统2/3票数
? 总统未经参议院上院senate允许可以自主签署executive agreement
? department of state国务院advises 总统on foreign relations
? representative每2年一次
? 弹劾impeachment由下院the House提出上院
裁决
? 两原则 the federal system the separation of powers
? 财政部部长Finance Minister
? 国防部长 Defense Minister
? 国务卿Secretary of state是国务院部长 ? 司法部长Attorney General 是司法部部长 ? 参议院主席Vice-president
? 下议院主席Mr. Speaker
? 14
? State-county-city town village
? 民主党Democratic Party Donkey
? 共和党 Republican Party Elephant
? 美国大选4年一次一共538张选票（参议院100 众议院435 哥伦比亚特区3）
? 第一个星期二November第三个星期一October ? 众议院3选一总统参议院2选一副总统 ? Legislature the most part of state government consists of 2 houses
? Governor elected by popular vote
? 投标的时候不是投给总统而是投给总统选举人-electors
? Senator Representatives Congressmen ? 15
? 哥伦布意大利人Italian 1492发现新大陆”india” ? 哥伦布发现的新大陆-美洲was named after亚美瑞格.韦斯普奇Amerigo Vespucci
? 英国殖民地最早在Jamestown
? 清真徒Puritans sailed for America on Mayflower 自称Pilgrims殖民最早在Plymouth自称New England
? 美国最早原著居民American Indians from Asia cross the Bering Strait
? The New England Colonies became a center for lumbering shipping fishing
? The Central Colonies became a region of small farms
? The Southern Colonies developed a plantation system with the exploitation of slave labor ? 16
? 独立战争第一枪--莱克星顿转折点--萨拉托加 ? 内战炮击萨姆特要塞
? 印法战争是英国与法国之间，开始于Ohio Valley
? 1774第一次大陆会议
? 1775第二次大陆会议在费城举行
? 马克思称独立宣言是“第一个关于个人权利的宣言”
? 萨拉托加Saratoga战役的胜利是美国独立战争转折点
? 1787制宪会议在费城举行
? James Madison被称为宪法之父
? 17
? 路易斯安那Louisiana是从法国France手里买进 ? 美墨战争:::德克萨斯加利福尼亚亚利桑那内华达无Oregon俄勒冈华盛顿迫使英国割让 ? 19th中叶结束领土扩张
? Compromise of 1850 solve the California ? 美国吞并墨西哥的Texas in 1845
? 1867从沙皇俄国Czarist Russia 买进Alaska ? Uncle Tom’ Cabin :::--Harriet Beecher Stowe ? The Jungle:::-Upton Sinclair 描述肉类包装 ? 共和党 Republican Party 建于1854
? 六州退出联邦建立美国南部同盟Confederate States of America
? 1861叛军炮击塞姆特要塞Sumter 内战爆发
? 1862解放黑奴宣言Emancipation Proclamation ? 18
? 夏威夷原属西班牙
? 美帝国主义重工业发展资本集中海外扩张 ? 美西战争加剧了美国对美洲的干预 ? 1979中美建交
? 自由资本主义Competitive capitalism转变为垄断资本主义monopoly capitalism
? 美西战争为抢夺Cuba 割让Cuba.Puerto Rico. Guan. Philippines
? 1917参加一战
? 1941 珍珠港Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
? 二战后对苏联Cold War and containment牵制
===范文8:英语国家概况答案[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语作业答案
Unit 1
Ⅰ.Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or
False.
1. The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland
and Wales. (T)英伦三岛包括英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.
(F)British
3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F)
4. In terms of population and area，Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the
United Kingdom. (F)英格兰是面积最大，人口最多的
5. The longest river of Britain originates in Wales. (T)The River Severn:赛文河
6. Because of political troubles，Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. (T)
Ⅱ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.
1. The two main islands of the British Isles are.
不列颠群岛是由两个大岛组成的：不列颠和爱尔兰
A.Great Britain and Ireland B.Great Britain and Scotland
C.Great Britain and Wales D.Great Britain and England
2. is the capital city of Scotland.
A. Belfast B. Edinburgh C. Aberdeen D. Cardiff
3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom，is the smallest.
A.England B. Scotland
C.Wales D. Northern Ireland
4. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English.
A. Danish and Finnish B. Dutch and German
C. French and Italian D. Latin and Greek
5. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by theinfluence.
A. Norman B. Dutch C. German D. Danish
6. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of.
A. grammar B. handwriting
C.spelling D. pronunciation
7. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.
A. half B. aquarter
C. One third D. one fifth
III. Give brief answers to the following questions·
1. What is the full name of the U.K.?
The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?
They like to enjoy the beautifulScottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see
Scotsman wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.
3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?
The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, MiddleEnglish and Modern English.
4. Why did English become more important after the Black Death(黑死病)?
The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.
Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions in about 100words.
1. who are British people?
The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lots of immigrants from many former Commonwealth(共和国) countries from every part of the world, and the British people are also composed of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
2. What is StandardEnglish?
Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England; it is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct BritishEnglish. It is also the norm(标准) carried overseas. Today, StandardEnglish is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.
Unit 2
I. Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False.
1. The British history before 55 BC is basically undocumented. (T)
2. The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. (T)
3. The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe— the Britons. (T)
4. The Anglo—Saxons came to Britain in the mid-5th century. (T) (不考)
5. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will. (F)
6. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century. (T)
7. Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France (T)
8. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople. (F)
9. The Hundred Years’ War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans for trade and territory. (F)
10. in an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions，Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation. (T)
Ⅱ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.
1．Theattack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410．
A．Norman B．Danish
C．Celtic D．Germanic
2．By the late 7th century，became the dominant religion in England．
A．Celtic Christianity B．Anglo-Saxon Christianity
C．Germanic Christianity D．Roman Christianity
3．Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂) was built at the time of.
A．St．Augustine B．Edward the Confessor(忏悔者爱德华)
C．William the Conqueror D．Alfred the Great
4．Themarked the establishment of feudalism(封建制度) in England．
A．Viking invasion B．signing of the Magna Carta
C．Norman Conquest D．Adoption of common law
5．The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of.
A．the House of Valois B．the House of York
C．the House of Tudor(都铎楼) D．the House of Lancaster
出身于族徽为红玫瑰的兰开斯特家族的亨利·都铎结束了玫瑰战争，登上了英国王位，称亨利七世
6．The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’S effort to.
A．divorce his wife B．break with Rome
C．support the Protestants D．declare his supreme power over the church
7. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between.
A．Protestants and Puritans B．Royalists and Parliamentarians
C．nobles and peasants D．aristocrats and Christians
8．was passed after the Glorious Revolution(光荣革命)．
A．Bill of Rights B．Act of Supremacy
C．Provisions of Oxford D．Magna Carta
9.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of thecentury．
A．17th B．18th C．19th D．20th
10．Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the century．
A．17th B．18th C．19th D．20th
III. Give brief answers to the following questions.
1. What are the two components of the British parliament?
2. What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?
3. What were the two camps in Europe in World WarⅠ?
4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World WarⅡ? Answers:
1. They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
2. Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.
3. The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman
Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, Italy and the United States.
4. Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.
Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions.
1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?
Answers:
1. The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed. The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians became the most important political issue.
2. Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, Britain had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World WarⅠ, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall of the Empire.
Unit4 Politics and Government of UK
I．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．
1．Conventions(党代会) are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government．F
2．The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history．F
3．In reality，the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers．F
4．British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations(英联邦国家)．F
5．Lords Spiritual(上议院神职议员) and Lords Temporal(上议院世俗议员) are all members in the British Upper House(上议院).T
6．The members in the House of Commons(下议院) are appointed rather than elected．F 上议院是指派的，下议院是选举的。
7．The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament．T
8．Cabinet members(内阁阁员) are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament．F
Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from members of the winning political parties in Parliament
9．British law consists of two parts, the civil law and the criminal law．T
10．The legal systems in England，Wales，Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice．F
II．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements．
1．The British government is characterized by a division of powers between threeof the following branches with the exception of the.
A．judiciary司法 B．Legislature立法C．monarchy D．executive行政
2．The importance of the British monarchy(君主政体)can be seen in its effect on.
A．passing the bills B．advising the government
C．political parties D．public attitude
3．As a revising chamber(审裁室)，the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons．
A．rival B．complement C．criticize D. inspect检查
4．British Cabinet works on the principle of.
A．collective responsibility(集体责任) B．individual responsibility
C．defending the collectivism D．defending the individuals
5．The main duty of the British Privy Council(枢密院) is to.
A．make decisions B．give advice
C．pass bills D．supervise the Cabinet
6．In Britain，the parliamentary general election is held everyyears.
A．three B．four C．five D. six
7．has a distinct legal system based on Roman law．
A．Wales B．England
C．Scotland D．Northern Ireland
8．Generally speaking，the British Parliament operates on a system.
A．single-party B．two-party
C．three-party D．multi-party
9．The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism实用主义and.
A．government intervention B．nationalization of enterprises
C．social reform D．a belief in individualism
10．The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it.
A．set up the National Health Service B．improved public transportation
C．abolished the old tax system D．enhanced the economic
development
Ⅲ．Give brief answers to the following questions．
1．What are the three functions of the House of Commons?
There are three main functions of the House of Commons. The first is to debate and vote upon legislation and the second is to give the chance for the opposition to question what the government is doing with legislation, the way it conducts itself, etc. The third function is private member's business where MP's may get up and make a speech in the House about an issue or event that he/she would like to draw attention to.
2．What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats(自由民主党) have in Britain? 张老师的答案：Liberal Democrats was founded in March, 1988. In public’s eyes, Liberal
Democrats adopts more progress policy on the issue of public services, social equity and environmental protection etc. It continues to maintain the cooperation with Labor Party, and it is third party in UK with 100,000 party members.
The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a social liberal political party in the United Kingdom. The party was formed in 1988 by a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two parties had formed the electoral SDP–Liberal Alliance for seven years before then. The current leader of the party is Nick Clegg. At the 2010 general election, 57 Lib Dem MPs were elected, making them the third-largest party in the House of Commons, behind the Conservative Party with 307 and the Labour Party with 258. The Liberal Democrats formed a coalition government with the Conservative Party, with Nick Clegg as Deputy Prime Minister and other Liberal Democrats in the cabinet.
Promoting social liberalism, the Liberal Democrats voice strong support for constitutional and electoral reform, and civil liberties. The party president's book of office is John Stuart Mill's 1859 On Liberty, which defended individual rights while attacking the tyranny of the majority and the despotism of custom. The party objects to state limitations on individual rights and favours a welfare state that provides for the necessities and amenities of life.[12][13] They support multilateral foreign policy, opposing British participation in the War in Iraq and supporting the withdrawal of troops from the country.[14] The Liberal Democrats are the most pro-European Union of the three main parties in the UK. The party has strong environmentalist values—favouring renewable energy and commitments to deeper cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Since their foundation, Lib Dems have advocated electoral reform to use proportional representation in electing the House of Commons, also hoping to replace the House of Lords with an elected chamber.
Unit 1 Geography and People
I．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．
1．The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians(阿巴拉契亚山脉) hold one third of
the country’s continental territory．F 1/3-1/6
2．The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate，with some mild
subtropical(亚热带的) and tropical(热带的) zones．T
3．New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States，and it is
composed of five boroughs including Manhattan，Brooklyn，the Bronx，Staten Island and Queens．T
4．San Francisco(旧金山) is the second largest city after New York and the world famousHollywood and Disneyland are located here．F洛杉矶是第二大城市
6．Half of the U．S．population lives in the western metropolitan centers．F东部
7．The Blacks brought from Africa to America usually worked on plantations or farms in the
North．F 在美国南部
8．During the 1830s and 1840s，many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to
America．T
10．Basic American cultural values are freedom，equality and desire to work hard for a
higher standard of living．T
II．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.
1．The United States has________states on the continent．
A．50 B．49 C．48 D．35
2．The state of_________ is the largest in area of all the states．
A．Alaska B．Hawaii C．Texas D．Florida
3．The U．S．lies in_______North America，with Canada to the north，Mexico to the south，the Atlantic大西洋to its________ and the Pacific太平洋 to its________．
A．northern，east，west B．central，east，west
C．southern，west，east D．western，east，west
4．The largest river in the U．S．is_________.
A．the Missouri River B．the Mississippi River
C．the Ohio River D．the Colorado River
5．Some of the world famous universities like Harvard，Yale and MIT are located
A．in the South B．along the Pacific Coast
C．in New England新英格兰D．in the Midwest
6．_________is located on the U．S.-Canadian border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario．
A．Yellowstone National Park B．The Grand Canyon
C．Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布 D．The Great Salt Lake
7．The native Alaskan population includes the following except the_________
A．Indians B．Eskimos C．Aleuts D．Blacks
8．The largest minority in the United States is the ___________.
A．Pacific Islanders B．Blacks
C．Native Americans D．Asians
III．Give brief answers to the following questions．
1．How is the life of the Native Americans today?
About 2.5 million Native Americans live in the USA today. The biggest tribes are the Cherokee, Chippewa, Navajo and Sioux. About a third of the Indians in the US live on reservations. The rest live in cities or towns.
Indian culture is still preserved on reservations. Here, Indians practice old traditions. However, they are worried that their traditions will disappear because more and more Indians are being integrated into society.
Today, Native Americans are better off than they were at the beginning of the 20th century. They get better education; many go to high school and some to college. Many Native Americans work as lawyers, doctors or have other important jobs, like working for government companies.
Some tribes get money from tourism or selling handicrafts. In 1988 the government allowed casinos and other gambling operations on reservations. Other tribes earn money from taxes on oil or gas that is produced on their land.
Even though life has improved, Native Americans still face many problems in today’s
America. Unemployment on reservations is about 50%. The income of an Indian family is much lower than that of a white family. Most Indians are badly paid and are unskilled workers. Suicide rates are also higher than in other places. Some Indians try to reduce their problems by drinking alcohol and taking drugs.
Chapter 6 Literature
I．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．
1．The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集） is a representative work of the Old English Period．F中古英语的代表作
2．Renaissance（文艺复兴） is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classics．T
3．Hamlet depicts the hero’s struggle with two opposing forces：moral integrity and the need to avenge his father’s murder．T
4．Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer’s Iliad（伊利亚特）．T
5．Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language，and RobinsonCrusoe is his masterpiece．F by Daniel Defoe
6．William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the Romantic Movement to its height．Fthey are Keats, Byron, Shelley.
7．Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems，such as ―Ode to the West Wind
8．Jane Austen was a well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school．F
9．Joseph Conrad(康纳德) is classified as a forerunner(先驱) of Modernism，which prevailed before World War II．T
10．V.S．Naipaul（奈保尔） detailed in his works the dual（两部分的）problems of the Third World：the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism（后殖民主义）．T
II．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements．
1．The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is.
A．poetry B．drama C．novel D．pamphlet
2． is viewed as Romantic poetry’s ―Declaration of independence‖．
A．―I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud‖ B．Don Juan
C．“Preface to Lyrical Ballads” D．Prometheus Unbound
3．Of Dickens’ novels，is considered autobiographical（自传的）．
A．A Tale of Two CitiesB．David Copperfield
C．Oliver Twist D．Great Expectations
4．is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century．
A．Robert Louis Stevenson B．John Milton
C．Joseph Conrad D．Thomas Hard（托马斯.哈代）
5．Of the following statements，is NOT correct in terms of Neo- Romanticism（新浪漫主义）．
A．It prevailed at the end of the 19th century．
B．The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality．
C．The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”（艺术至上主义）．
D．Treasure Island was a representative work．
6．is NOT included in the modernist group．
A．Oscar Wild（奥斯卡·王尔德） B．Virginia Woolf
C．William Butler Yeats D．T．S．Eliot
他是为艺术而艺术”的倡导者。
7．Of the following books，was NOT written by Thomas Hardy．
A．Jude the Obscure B．Tess of the D’Urbervilles
C．Adam Bede（BY George Eliot） D．The Return of the Native
8．Of the following statements，＿＿＿＿ is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf(弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫).
A．She was a central figure of the’ Bloomsbury Group‖．
B．She experimented with stream of consciousness．
C．She was an influential feminist．
D．Her masterpiece was The Rainbow．（rainbow is by D. H. Lawrence）
9．Of the following writers，________ is NOT a Nobel Prize winner．(不考)
A．Samuel Beckett B．James Joyce(詹姆斯乔伊斯)
C．William Golding D．V S．Naipaul
10．Waitingfor Godot is written by（不考）
A．Samuel Beckett B．George Orwell
C．William Golding D．D．H．Lawrence
III．Give brief answers to the following questions．
1．What are the three categories of Shakespeare’s plays and their representatives? Three categories, namely, tragedies, comedies, and chronicles
Comedies: as you like it, the twelfth night, a midsummer night’s dream
Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, hamlet, king lear(李尔王)
Chronicles: henry V, Richard III, JuliusCaesar(凯撒大帝)
2．Ⅵmat is Critical Realism?
Critical realism is a trend, or method, in realistic literature and art in the 19th and 20th centuries. The concept of critical realism was adopted by Soviet literary and art criticism from M. Gorky, who used the expression ―critical realism‖ in 1934 to describe the stress on expose in realistic literature of the 19th century. However, the revelatory themes by no means exclude an element of reaffirmation in the realistic art of the 19th and 20th centuries.
3．What are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of the 19th century? Naturalism 自然主义
New-romanticism 新浪漫主义
4．What is stream of consciousness?
Stream of Consciousness is a literary technique which was pioneered by Dorthy
Richardson, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce. Stream of consciousness is characterized by a flow of thoughts and images, which may not always appear to have a coherent structure or cohesion. The plot line may weave in and out of time and place, carrying the reader through the life span of a character or further along a timeline to incorporate the lives (and thoughts) of characters from other time periods.
===范文9:英语国家概况与答案[下载]【以文搜文】===
第Ⅰ卷（共 40 分）
I. Choose the correct answer from the options given: （20 points, 1 point each）
1. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London ?
A. The cultural centre. B. The business centre.
C. The financial centre. D. The sports centre.
2. Which of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain ?
A. Economic differences between north and south.
B. Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales.
C. Class differences between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker.
D. Cultural differences between immigrants and the British.
3. In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland Street They came
first _______.
A. to maintain traffic order in Northern Ireland
B. to protect the Catholic people
C. to protect the Protestant people
D. to replace the Royal Ulster Constabulary since they were unable to keep social
Order
4. In the early 1970s, the IRA _________.
A. killed many Protestants and Catholics
B. burned down the houses of Catholics’
C. murdered individuals at random
D. carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as
their main target
5. Why did the British government decide to replace the Power-Sharing policy with
“direct-rule” from London ?
A. The Power-Sharing policy was not accepted by the majority of Protestants.
B. The Northern Irish Parliament could not govern the province effectively.
C. The Power-Sharing policy couldn’t be carried out.
D. All the above.
6. Which group of people can NOT vote in the general election ?
A. Members in the House of Commons.
B. Lords in the House of Lords.
C. The major parties.
D. The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.
7. How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to
win the election ?
A. 651 B. 326 C. 626 D. 351
8. Which government lost a vote of no confidence and was forced to resign in 1979 ?
A. The Conservative government. B. The Liberal government.
C. The Labour government. D. The radical government.
9. Which of the following books is written by Geoffrey Chaucer ?
A. The Canterbury Tales. B. Beowulf.
C. The Ulster Cycle. D. Morte D’Arthur.
10. Among the following writers, who was NOT one of the great trio ?
A. Ben Johnson. B. Geoffrey Chaucer.
C. William Shakespeare. D. Christopher Marlowe.
11. Which of the following was the most famous Scottish novelist ?
A. D.H. Lawrence. B. Charles Dickens.
C. Robert L. Stevenson. D. Walter Scott.
12. Which of the following has nothing to do with Easter ?
A. Rabbits. B. Haggis. C. Chicks. D. Eggs.
13. Which of the following is true about the Guy Fawkes Night ?
A. It is celebrated by Scottish people in November.
B. It is celebrated by English people in November.
C. It is celebrated by Scottish people in August.
D. It is celebrated by English people in August.
14. Which of the following is true about the Gunpowder Plot ?
A. It was planned to kill the Protestant king and replace him with a Catholic king.
B. It was planned to kill the Catholic king and replace him with a Protestant king.
C. It was planned to kill King Billy and replace him with King James II.
D. It was planned to kill King James II and replace him with King Billy.
15. Which of the following is true under Thatcher’s administration ?
A. The proportion of owner-occupation decreased.
B. Public housing became more important.
C. Many public houses were sold to the people.
D. The UK became more European-like in its housing arrangements.
16. Which of the following about class system in the UK is NOT true ?
A. People of different classes tend to read different kinds of newspaper.
B. Class-division is only decided by people’s income.
C. Though social advancement is possible, class affects a person’s life-chances.
D. The way people speak identifies themselves to particular class.
17. The British media have many important functions. Which of the following is an
exception ?
A. They supply people with news, keeping them informed about what is happening in
the world.
B. They make huge profit by publishing advertisements.
C. They promote culture and education.
D. They provide entertainment.
18. A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary
democracy because _________.
A. it plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government
B. it informs people about current affairs in the world
C. it provides people with subjective reports
D. it publishes short pamphlets for Parliament
19. The state that had the first British settlement is __________.
A. Queensland B. New south Wales C. Western Australia D. Victoria
20. The federal government and the state governments are formed by ________.
A. the party chosen by the Governor-General
B. the party that has the most votes
C. the party that has the majority of the House of Representatives
D. the party that has the majority of the Senate
II. True or false: (20 points, 1 point each) (A = T; B = F)
21. London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world.
22. The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built
by King Harold.
23. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.
24. British government offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.
25. British government is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional
monarchy.
26. Britain has no written form of Constitution.
27. In 1215, King Egbert united England under his rule.
28. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world.
29. The UK economy is thought of as one of decline because Britain is poorer and
producing less than it was in 1945.
30. In Britain,
31. Attending the Grand National was an activity in Shakespeare's time.
32. Football was invented by Scottish people.
33. In Britain people can go to the open university without having any formal
educational qualifications.
34. The University of Edinburgh is a privately funded university in Britain.
35. The main government department such as the Foreign and Commonwealth Office also
involves in making Britain's foreign policy.
36. According to the author, Britain is a parliamentary democracy, so the government's
foreign policy in theory represents the desires of its electorate.
37. Australia is the world’s smallest continent and largest island.
38. Green and gold became the national colors formally in 1984.
39. The famous thermal region is on the North Island.
40. In 1975, the Waitangi Tribunal was set up to receive complaints from Maori
people and to address the mistakes made in the past by the European settlers.
英语国家概况（1）试题答案
第一卷
I. Choose the best answer: (20 分，每小题 1 分)
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (A)
11.(A) 12.(C) 13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (C) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (B) 20.
(A)
II. True or false: （20 分，每小题 1 分）
21.(B) 22.(B) 23.(A) 24.(B) 25.(A) 26. (A) 27. (B) 28. (A) 29. (B) 30. (A)
31.(B) 32.(B) 33.(A) 34.(B) 35.(A) 36. (A) 37.(A) 38. (A) 39.(A) 40. (A)
第二卷
I. Fill in the blanks: （22 分，每空 2 分）
1. (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
2. (overrule the parliament)
3. (Prime Minister)
4. (The National Health Service)
5. (Football Association Cup)
6. (Guy Fawkes Night)
7. (the UN Security Council)
8. (Reading news papers, listening to radio)
9. (God Save the Queen)
10. (the House of Representatives)
11. (New Zealanders having European ancestry)
II. Answer the following questions: （18 分，每题 2 分）
1. The Normans under William of Normandy conquered England.
2. It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.
3. They are Conservative party, Labor party and the Liberal Democrats.
4. They are primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.
5. Because they hope their children can receive better education so that they can get into
better universities or find a better job.
6. It is influenced by its imperial history, its geopolitical traits and its relationship with the
US.
7. It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation.
8. Because Britain needed new places to transform its criminals.
9. They are Britain and other European countries and the US..
III. Explain the following in English: (20 分，每小题 4 分)
1. They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th
century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of
England.
2. It’s a statement put forward by an MP for the House of Commons to vote on saying that “This house no longer has confidence in the Government”. If the government loses a “vote of no confidence” it is forced to resign and call a general election.
3. The Romantic Movement started at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the
19th century. The spirit of Romanism places emphasis on nature, originality, the
emotional and personal. The great poets then are Keats, Shelley and Wordsworth.
4. Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such
schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education.
5. The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of mostly of
former British colonies. It was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort
of support network.
===范文10:英语国家概况答案[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语作业答案
Unit 1
Ⅰ.Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or
False.
1. The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland
and Wales. (T)英伦三岛包括英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.
(F)British
3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F)
4.In terms of population and area，Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the United
Kingdom. (F)英格兰是面积最大，人口最多的
5. The longest river of Britain originates in Wales. (T)The River Severn:赛文河
6. Because of political troubles，Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. (T)
Ⅱ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.
1. The two main islands of the British Isles are.
不列颠群岛是由两个大岛组成的：不列颠和爱尔兰
A.Great Britain and Ireland B.Great Britain and Scotland
C.Great Britain and Wales D.Great Britain and England
2. is the capital city of Scotland.
A. Belfast B. Edinburgh C. Aberdeen D. Cardiff
3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom，is the smallest.
A.England B. Scotland
C.Wales D. Northern Ireland
4. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English.
A. Danish and Finnish B. Dutch and German
C. French and Italian D. Latin and Greek
5. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by theinfluence.
A. Norman B. Dutch C. German D. Danish
6. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of.
A. grammar B. handwriting
C.spelling D. pronunciation
7. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.
A. half B. aquarter
C. One third D. one fifth
III. Give brief answers to the following questions·
1. What is the full name of the U.K.?
The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?
They like to enjoy the beautifulScottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see
Scotsman wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.
3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into
and what are they?
The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, MiddleEnglish and Modern English.
4. Why did English become more important after the Black Death(黑死病)?
The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.
Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions in about 100words.
1. who are British people?
The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lots of immigrants from many formerCommonwealth(共和国) countries from every part of the world, and the British people are also composed of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
2. What is StandardEnglish?
Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England; it is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct BritishEnglish. It is also the norm(标准) carried overseas. Today, StandardEnglish is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.
Unit 2
I. Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False.
1. The British history before 55 BC is basically undocumented. (T)
2. The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. (T)
3. The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe— the Britons. (T)
4. The Anglo—Saxons came to Britain in the mid-5th century. (T)(不考)
5. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)
6. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)
7. Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France(T)
8. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged classand the townspeople. (F)
9. The Hundred Years’ War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans for trade and territory. (F)
10. in an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions，Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)
Ⅱ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.
1．Theattack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410．
A．Norman B．Danish
C．Celtic D．Germanic
2．By the late 7th century，became the dominant religion in England．
A．Celtic Christianity B．Anglo-Saxon Christianity
C．Germanic Christianity D．Roman Christianity
3．Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂) was built at the time of.
A．St．Augustine B．Edward the Confessor(忏悔者爱德华)
C．William the Conqueror D．Alfred the Great
4．Themarked the establishment of feudalism(封建制度) in England．
A．Viking invasion B．signing of the Magna Carta
C．Norman Conquest D．Adoption of common law
5．The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of.
A．the House of Valois B．the House of York
C．the House of Tudor(都铎楼) D．the House of Lancaster
出身于族徽为红玫瑰的兰开斯特家族的亨利·都铎结束了玫瑰战争，登上了英国王位，称亨利七世
6．The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’S effort to.
A．divorce his wife B．break with Rome
C．support the Protestants D．declare his supreme power over the church
7. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between.
A．Protestants and PuritansB．Royalists and Parliamentarians
C．nobles and peasantsD．aristocrats and Christians
8．was passed after the Glorious Revolution(光荣革命)．
A．Bill of Rights B．Act of Supremacy
C．Provisions of Oxford D．Magna Carta
9.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of thecentury．
A．17th B．18th C．19th D．20th
10．Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the century．
A．17th B．18th C．19th D．20th
III. Give brief answers to the following questions.
1. What are the two components of the British parliament?
2. What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?
3. What were the two camps in Europe in World WarⅠ?
4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World WarⅡ? Answers:
1. They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
2. Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.
3. The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the
Russian Empire, the British Empire, Italy and the United States.
4. Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.
Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions.
1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?
Answers:
1. The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed. The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians became the most important political issue.
2. Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, Britain had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World WarⅠ, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall of the Empire.
Unit4 Politics and Government of UK
I．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．
1．Conventions(党代会) are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government．F
2．The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history．F
3．In reality，the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers．F
4．British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations(英联邦国家)．F
5．Lords Spiritual(上议院神职议员) and Lords Temporal(上议院世俗议员) are all members in the British Upper House(上议院).T
6．The members in the House of Commons(下议院) are appointed rather than elected．F 上议院是指派的，下议院是选举的。
7．The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament．T
8．Cabinet members(内阁阁员) are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament．F
Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from members of the winning political parties in Parliament
9．British law consists of two parts, the civil law and the criminal law．T
10．The legal systems in England，Wales，Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar
in terms of law, organization and practice．F
II．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements．
1．The British government is characterized by a division of powers between threeof the following branches with the exception of the.
A．judiciary司法 B．Legislature立法C．monarchy D．executive行政
2．The importance of the British monarchy(君主政体)can be seen in its effect on.
A．passing the bills B．advising the government
C．political parties D．public attitude
3．As a revising chamber(审裁室)，the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons．
A．rival B．complement C．criticizeD. inspect检查
4．British Cabinet works on the principle of.
A．collective responsibility(集体责任)B．individual responsibility
C．defending the collectivism D．defending the individuals
5．The main duty of the British Privy Council(枢密院) is to.
A．make decisions B．give advice
C．pass bills D．supervise the Cabinet
6．In Britain，the parliamentary general election is held everyyears.
A．three B．four C．five D. six
7．has a distinct legal system based on Roman law．
A．Wales B．England
C．Scotland D．Northern Ireland
8．Generally speaking，the British Parliament operates on a system.
A．single-party B．two-party
C．three-party D．multi-party
9．The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism实用主义and.
A．government intervention B．nationalization of enterprises
C．social reform D．a belief in individualism
10．The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it.
A．set up the National Health Service B．improved public transportation
C．abolished the old tax system D．enhanced the economic
development
Ⅲ．Give brief answers to the following questions．
1．What are the three functions of the House of Commons?
There are three main functions of the House of Commons. The first is to debate and vote upon legislation and the second is to give the chance for the opposition to question what the government is doing with legislation, the way it conducts itself, etc. The third function is private member's business where MP's may get up and make a speech in the House about an issue or event that he/she would like to draw attention to.
2．What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats(自由民主党) have in Britain? 张老师的答案：Liberal Democrats was founded in March, 1988. In public’s eyes, Liberal Democrats adopts more progress policy on the issue of public services, social equity and
environmental protection etc. It continues to maintain the cooperation with Labor Party, and it is third party in UK with 100,000 party members.
The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a social liberal political party in the United Kingdom. The party was formed in 1988 by a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two parties had formed the electoral SDP–Liberal Alliance for seven years before then. The current leader of the party is Nick Clegg. At the 2010 general election, 57 Lib Dem MPs were elected, making them the third-largest party in the House of Commons, behind the Conservative Party with 307 and the Labour Party with 258. The Liberal Democrats formed a coalition government with the Conservative Party, with Nick Clegg as Deputy Prime Minister and other Liberal Democrats in the cabinet.
Promoting social liberalism, the Liberal Democrats voice strong support for constitutional and electoral reform, and civil liberties. The party president's book of office is John Stuart Mill's 1859 On Liberty, which defended individual rights while attacking the tyranny of the majority and the despotism of custom. The party objects to state limitations on individual rights and favours a welfare state that provides for the necessities and amenities of life.[12][13] They support multilateral foreign policy, opposing British participation in the War in Iraq and supporting the withdrawal of troops from the country.[14] The Liberal Democrats are the most pro-European Union of the three main parties in the UK. The party has strong environmentalist values—favouring renewable energy and commitments to deeper cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Since their foundation, Lib Dems have advocated electoral reform to use proportional representation in electing the House of Commons, also hoping to replace the House of Lords with an elected chamber.
Unit 1 Geography and People
I．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．
1．The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians(阿巴拉契亚山脉) hold one third of
the country’s continental territory．F 1/3-1/6
2．The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate，with some mild
subtropical(亚热带的) and tropical(热带的) zones．T
3．New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States，and it is
composed of five boroughs including Manhattan，Brooklyn，the Bronx，Staten Island and Queens．T
4．San Francisco(旧金山) is the second largest city after New York and the world famousHollywood and Disneyland are located here．F洛杉矶是第二大城市
6．Half of the U．S．population lives in the western metropolitan centers．F东部
7．The Blacks brought from Africa to America usually worked on plantations or farms in the
North．F在美国南部
8．During the 1830s and 1840s，many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to
America．T
10．Basic American cultural values are freedom，equality and desire to work hard for a
higher standard of living．T
II．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.
1．The United States has________states on the continent．
A．50 B．49 C．48 D．35
2．The state of_________ is the largest in area of all the states．
A．Alaska B．Hawaii C．Texas D．Florida
3．The U．S．lies in_______North America，with Canada to the north，Mexico to the south，the Atlantic大西洋to its________ and the Pacific太平洋 to its________．
A．northern，east，west B．central，east，west
C．southern，west，east D．western，east，west
4．The largest river in the U．S．is_________.
A．the Missouri River B．the Mississippi River
C．the Ohio River D．the Colorado River
5．Some of the world famous universities like Harvard，Yale and MIT are located
A．in the South B．along the Pacific Coast
C．in New England新英格兰D．in the Midwest
6．_________is located on the U．S.-Canadian border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario．
A．Yellowstone National Park B．The Grand Canyon
C．Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布 D．The Great Salt Lake
7．The native Alaskan population includes the following except the_________
A．Indians B．Eskimos C．Aleuts D．Blacks
8．The largest minority in the United States is the ___________.
A．Pacific Islanders B．Blacks
C．Native Americans D．Asians
III．Give brief answers to the following questions．
1．How is the life of the Native Americans today?
About 2.5 million Native Americans live in the USA today. The biggest tribes are the Cherokee, Chippewa, Navajo and Sioux. About a third of the Indians in the US live on reservations. The rest live in cities or towns.
Indian culture is still preserved on reservations. Here, Indians practice old traditions. However, they are worried that their traditions will disappear because more and more Indians are being integrated into society.
Today, Native Americans are better off than they were at the beginning of the 20th century. They get better education; many go to high school and some to college. Many Native Americans work as lawyers, doctors or have other important jobs, like working for government companies.
Some tribes get money from tourism or selling handicrafts. In 1988 the government allowed casinos and other gambling operations on reservations. Other tribes earn money from taxes on oil or gas that is produced on their land.
Even though life has improved, Native Americans still face many problems in today’s America. Unemployment on reservations is about 50%. The income of an Indian family is
much lower than that of a white family. Most Indians are badly paid and are unskilled workers. Suicide rates are also higher than in other places. Some Indians try to reduce their problems by drinking alcohol and taking drugs.
Chapter 6 Literature
I．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．
1．The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集） is a representative work of the Old English Period．F中古英语的代表作
2．Renaissance（文艺复兴） is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classics．T
3．Hamlet depicts the hero’s struggle with two opposing forces：moral integrity and the need to avenge his father’s murder．T
4．Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer’s Iliad（伊利亚特）．T
5．Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language，and RobinsonCrusoe is his masterpiece．Fby Daniel Defoe
6．William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the RomanticMovement to its height．Fthey are Keats, Byron, Shelley.
7．Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems，such as ―Ode to the West Wind
8．Jane Austen was a well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school．F
9．Joseph Conrad(康纳德) is classified as a forerunner(先驱) of Modernism，which prevailed before World War II．T
10．V.S．Naipaul（奈保尔） detailed in his works the dual（两部分的）problems of the Third World：the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism（后殖民主义）．T
II．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements．
1．The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is.
A．poetry B．drama C．novel D．pamphlet
2． is viewed as Romantic poetry’s ―Declaration of independence‖．
A．―I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud‖ B．Don Juan
C．“Preface to Lyrical Ballads” D．Prometheus Unbound
3．Of Dickens’ novels，is considered autobiographical（自传的）．
A．A Tale of Two CitiesB．David Copperfield
C．Oliver Twist D．Great Expectations
4．is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century．
A．Robert Louis Stevenson B．John Milton
C．Joseph ConradD．Thomas Hard（托马斯.哈代）
5．Of the following statements，is NOT correct in terms of Neo- Romanticism（新浪漫主义）．
A．It prevailed at the end of the 19th century．
B．The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality．
C．The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”（艺术至上主义）．
D．Treasure Island was a representative work．
6．is NOT included in the modernist group．
A．Oscar Wild（奥斯卡·王尔德）B．Virginia Woolf
C．William Butler Yeats D．T．S．Eliot
他是为艺术而艺术”的倡导者。
7．Of the following books，was NOT written by Thomas Hardy．
A．Jude the Obscure B．Tess of the D’Urbervilles
C．Adam Bede（BY George Eliot） D．The Return of the Native
8．Of the following statements，＿＿＿＿ is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf(弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫).
A．She was a central figure of the’ Bloomsbury Group‖．
B．She experimented with stream of consciousness．
C．She was an influential feminist．
D．Her masterpiece was The Rainbow．（rainbow is by D. H. Lawrence）
9．Of the following writers，________ is NOT a Nobel Prize winner．(不考)
A．Samuel Beckett B．James Joyce(詹姆斯乔伊斯)
C．William Golding D．V S．Naipaul
10．Waitingfor Godot is written by（不考）
A．Samuel Beckett B．George Orwell
C．William Golding D．D．H．Lawrence
III．Give brief answers to the following questions．
1．What are the three categories of Shakespeare’s plays and their representatives? Three categories, namely, tragedies, comedies, and chronicles
Comedies: as you like it, the twelfth night, a midsummer night’s dream
Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, hamlet, king lear(李尔王)
Chronicles: henry V, Richard III, JuliusCaesar(凯撒大帝)
2．Ⅵmat is Critical Realism?
Critical realism is a trend, or method, in realistic literature and art in the 19th and 20th centuries. The concept of critical realism was adopted by Soviet literary and art criticism from M. Gorky, who used the expression ―critical realism‖ in 1934 to describe the stress on expose in realistic literature of the 19th century. However, the revelatory themes by no means exclude an element of reaffirmation in the realistic art of the 19th and 20th centuries.
3．What are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of the 19th century? Naturalism 自然主义
New-romanticism新浪漫主义
4．What is stream of consciousness?
Stream of Consciousness is a literary technique which was pioneered by Dorthy Richardson, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce. Stream of consciousness is characterized
by a flow of thoughts and images, which may not always appear to have a coherent structure or cohesion. The plot line may weave in and out of time and place, carrying the reader through the life span of a character or further along a timeline to incorporate the lives (and thoughts) of characters from other time periods.
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==范文 Part I True or False (10%) 来自整本书课后习题==
===范文1:英语国家文化与概况考试[下载]【以文搜文】===
期末考试题型及范围
Part I True or False (10%) 来自整本书课后习题
Part II Multiple Choice (10%)来自整本书课后习题
Part II I Reading Comprehension (30%) 课外
Part IV Vocabulary (20%) 来自课本英国部分和美国部分
Part V Explanations (10%) 十选二
Give explanation to the following terms.
1． Anglo-Saxons
A Germanic people from Europe who went to England between the 5th and 6th centuries. These people settled in England and drove the native Celtic people to the mountainous areas of Wales and Scotland. Their language became the official language of the country.
2. The House of Commons
The House of Commons, though often referred to as the Lower House, is the center of parliamentary power. It is usually composed of 650 Members of Parliament, known as “MPs” who represent the 650 constituencies.
3. The Bill of Rights of 1689
The Bill of Rights is an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689. It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution.
4. the Cabinet of the UK
The Cabinet is at the center of the British political system. It is the
supreme decision-making body in the British government. The Cabinet meets on a regular basis, usually weekly on Thursday mornings at 10 Downing Street, to discuss the most important issues of government policy. As the Prime Minister is also the head of the majority party in parliament, the Prime Minster and the Cabinet can usually influence the legislation.
5. Constitutional Monarchy
Constitutional monarchy is a form of democratic government in which a monarch acts as a nonpolitical head of state within the boundaries of a constitution, whether written or unwritten. While the monarch may hold formal reserve powers and government may officially take place in the monarch's name, they do not set public policy or choose political leaders.
6. The New Deal
The New Deal was a series of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933–37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
7. the Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race,
color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations").
8. The US Federal system
9. Comprehensive schools
A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced from 1965. About 90% of British pupils attend comprehensive schools.
10. the Gettysburg Address
The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, one of the best-known in American history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Part VI Questions (20%) 八选二
State your understanding of the following questions in at least 80 words for each.
1.What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
2.What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the post-war period?
3.What are the general features of Britain's independent schools?
4. What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?
5. What was the cause of the American Civil War?
6. What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?
7. How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?
8. Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.
===范文2:英语国家概况-美国文化-历史人文环境[下载]【以文搜文】===
Part Three The United States of America
第一部分：Location and Size
1. 美国的地理位置：
The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.
2. 识记：
The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental United States.
3. 简答：
Why does the United States have an ideal location for trade?
The United State has an ideal location for trade. Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australia.
(澳大拉西亚: 一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚,新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿)
4. 美国最大和最小的州：
Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island is the smallest, but on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.
5. 美国两大主要山系：
the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains
6. 落基山脉的最高峰：the Elbert
7. 落基山脉--大陆分水岭：
The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.
8. 名词解释：the Continental Divide (金鸡落下[落基]，座北朝南[north-south line]，东边的翅膀沾满蜂蜜[密西西比]和墨水[墨西哥湾]；西边的翅膀挥舞着和太平洋边上的加州旅馆say “Hello”!)
:::-- The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide, it is an imaginary north-south line that separates the major river systems of the United States. The rivers that descend
from the eastern slopes of the Rockies flow into the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. Those that begin on the western slopes of the Rockies flow to the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California.
9. 有关 the Mississippi 的重点：(记密西西比的发源地：想象：秘密[密西西比]地从湖里舀了杯苏打[明尼苏达]水喝下去，嘻嘻地笑了)
Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the world’s great continental rivers—the Mississippi. The Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minnesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi has been called “father of waters” or “old man river”. （英语里father=old man）
10. The Ohio River的别称：(鹅害鹅[Ohio]，鹅害怕，骑着鹿儿[Ruhr]，逃跑了。) The Ohio River has been called the American Ruhr (after the Ruhr River in Germany).
11. 太平洋沿岸的河流：
On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south, and the Columbia, which rises in Canada. (科学家和一哥们[科：科罗拉多；哥：哥伦比亚]在太平洋岸边信口开河，开出了两条大河。)
12. 美国的大湖区：
The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
注：可以用Homes 这个单词来帮助同学们记忆美国 的五大湖，H 代表 Lake Huron, O 代表Lake Ontario, M代表Lake Michigan, E代表Lake Erie, S代表Lake Superior. 其中Lake Superior是世界上最大的淡水湖, Lake Michigan完全在美国境内[为什么Lake Michigan完全在美国境内呢，因为它和America一样有个M字！]
13. 五大湖的重要性：
The Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of the Midwest, they provide cheap transportation for materials
14. 简答：
What are the benefits of the lakes, rivers and seacoasts of the United States? （想象：字头H-N-H是不是都很象河流的形状呢，它们代表三个单词，Harbor-Network-Hydroelectric!）
:::-- The long and irregular seacoasts provide many excellent . A large of lakes and the Atlantic and Gulf rivers links the interior of the country with the coastal cities. Many swift rivers provide good sources of .
15. 论述：(这道题可以理解后记忆。四个因素，纬度/水/流(currents)/山. 谐音+想象：一根芦苇顺着水流到了山上。)
What are the factors which influence the climate of the United States?
(1). The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. Like China many seasonal changes are found there.
(2). The cilmate of the United States is influenced by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes. These large bodies of water help keep temperatures moderate in the regions bordering them.
(3). Ocean currents（水流） influence the climate over wide regions. The southeastern coast is warmed by the Gulf Stream. New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current, which enters the Gulf of Maine.
(4). The western mountain ranges have an important effect on the climate of the Far East. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges prevent westerly winds from bringing moisture to the intermountain region of the West. The Interior Plains of the Midwest, on the other land, are exposed to both the cold northern winds from Canada and the tropical winds from the Gulf of Mexico.
16. 有关 New England 的重点：（+小故事记忆新英格兰：新英格兰是这么个小孩，一出生就和爸妈闹独立，自己上了三个大学，然后去打工，赚了很多钱，到处去旅游，洋洋得意，后来人们都叫他“扬基佬”）
:::New England is sometimes called the of America. It was the chief center of the American on’s.
:::New England is also well-known for its position in
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are located here. (字头+谐音记这三个大学：雅[Yale]马[马萨诸塞]哈[哈佛] ！)
:::Because of New England’s cool climate, beautiful scenery, and places of historic interest, :::New Englanders were originally known as , which came to stand for all Americans.
17. 为什么Midwest 的农业比较发达？(Midwest, 种田方法中西[Midwest]结合，农业当然发达！)
:::-- Midwest is a low area. Many parts are flat. The climate is humid continental. The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long. These factors make the Midwest America’s most important agricultural area.
18. 关于 Chicago：
Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area. Chicago is also the cultural capital of the Midwest.
19. Omaha, known as the agricultural capital of the United States. （在美国的农业之都，人们每天都用白色的，香喷喷的藕[O]喂给马[ma]吃，马吃得很开心，哈哈
[ha]大笑！）
20. The South now contains 90% of the American textile industry.
21. The West 被分为三部分：
The West can be divided into three parts: the Great Plains; the Rocky Mountains; the Intermountain Basin and Plateaus. （想象：太阳下山了[暗指美国西部]，无数的公鸡落在[落基]一望无际的大草原上，在盆子[盆地]里啄着高高的原子弹[高原]。）
22. Colorado has been called the steel city of the west.
23. 美国著名的国家公园：(好记啊：一只飞到一条啄着黄石，以为是黄色的谷子呢。)
Yellowstone National Park / Rocky Mountain National Park / Glacier National Park
24. 胡佛水坝（留着白子的大站在高高的[内华达]上，一脚踩在鸭梨[亚利桑那]上。）
Hoover Dam built on the border between Nevada and Arizona is one of the highest dams in the United States.
25. 科罗拉多大峡谷
The Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is one of nature’s most impressive sights. The bright colors of the canyon walls are a wonderful sight.
26. The Intermountain area 的各大城市及其特点：
::: is the largest city in this area. It is famous as a and （的秘密，然后在这里度假。）
::: Tucson is a well-known winter resort （Tucson=图生，谐音+想象：冬天用一大堆花花绿绿的图书生火取暖，所以是个Winter resort, 不怕冷啊，哈！）
::: Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American Peoples and is the site of New Mexico’s state university.
::: Salt Lake City is the centre of transportation and trade for a large part of the area. The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.
27. 关于 the region of the Pacific Coast 的重点：
The region of the Pacific Coast is characterized by a series of mountain ranges and fertile river valleys.
California’s Imperial Valley is one of the world’s most famous irrigated areas.
28. 关于Hawaii：（记Mauna Loa谐音：快告诉大家，夏[夏威夷]天很热的时候，火山爆发喷出无数“玛瑙喽”！）
Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located on Hawaii and erupts from time to time.
Tourism is Hawaii’s most important industry.
Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.
1. 关于美国人口：
The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in July1992, is the third most population country in the world after China and India.
Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.
2. *The United States had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants *Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.（Ellis, [Elton的妹妹] 你想移民美国吗，很简单，1。你的托福要60分及格；2。你要经济独立）
3. 简答：
Why the United States has long been known as a nation of immigrants?
:::-- The United States has long been known as a nation of immigrants because many of its people descend from settlers who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new land then populated by native American tribes.
4. The first immigrants in American history came from England and the Netherlands.
5. 名词解释：indentured servants (indenture: 契约) [理解记忆：为别人打工做为路费去新大陆淘金。]
:::-- In early settlement in America, some came to the new Continent as indentured servants. These were poor people in Europe who wanted to seek better life in America yet had no money to pay the cross-Atlantic fare. They signed contracts with companies or individuals, committing to work for their masters a specified term in exchange for the journey’s expenses to America.
6. the largest immigration movement took place in 1815 （谐音+想象：1815=尾巴，一，舞。无数的移民挂在一条无比巨大的尾巴上一路欢歌跳舞，进入了美国。）
7. 论述题：
Say something about the three immigration waves. （三次移民潮[用衣，鹅，山代表一二三][大灰狼的故事：大灰狼是一个移民，刚到美国的时候穿了一件彩色的棒球衣，用尾巴（18）打棒球（10），它那不三不四(1830s and 1840s)的怪样子居然拿到了最高分（highest point），结果人们尊称它为“尾巴师父”（1845）;后来大灰狼骑在一头鹅的背上，尾巴象柳枝（1860）一样摇摇摆摆的，象是喝醉酒（1890）；然后它跑到一座最大的山上用尾巴猜酒令（1890），喝得烂醉如泥，要死（14=1914）要活的发酒疯。。]
:::-- The first immigration wave began in the mid 1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The third wave was the largest of he three, it happened between 1890 and 1914.
8.Mobility is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people.
9. 论述题：
Describe the 4 population movements in the U.S. （美国人口四次国内迁移） 答题要点：（关键字+想象：西进/城市化/黑人/阳光地带。西城区黑压压一大片乌云把太阳遮住了。1。内战的时候，战争这个巨人把人们象干草一样一把把拎[1880]到了西部。2。城里人都喜欢用尾巴行酒令[1890]，谁输了就要喝蚂蚁酒[19]，举哑铃[20，2象个小鸭子吧，嘿嘿]。3。数以万计的黑人，排成一条长龙，整齐地喊着拍子，2-4-6，2-4-6！[20，40，60年代]从南方移到其他地方。4。阳光地带，其实就是加州旅馆那里，在西部和南部，东北和中北的人们怕冷，都去了阳光地带。时间是60年代到现在，记住了第三点，自然就记住了60年代！）
*the first movement: from the end of the Civil War to 1880 ::: westward movement *the second movement: from 1890 to 1920 ::: from rural areas to cities
*the third movement: from 1920 to 1960, with the 1940s, the war years, as the peak ::: a large number of black people move out of the South to other areas
*the forth movement: from the end of the 1960s till now ::: from the Northeast and Central North to the West and the South, that is, to the sunbelt areas
10. 有关 The blacks 的重点：
*The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the blacks.
*The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619 （谐音+想象：第一批几百个黑奴们骑在一头巨大的黑牛[16]上，每人喝着一瓶黑色的蚂蚁酒[19]，来到了北美.）
*In order to keep the black slaves under control, the slave-owners resorted to brutal methods.
*
*The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. （林肯撑着一把老伞[1863]，保护着无数的黑奴，扇了两下雨伞[指两年后的第13（雨伞）次修改]，把宪法给改了。）
*The poverty rate of the blacks is the highest among all racial and ethnic groups.
11. 简答或名词解释：
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 added protections for the blacks for the right to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities. （1964：姨舅很老实，所以享有公民权利）
12. 识记：
The Vote Rights Act of 1965 was meant to guarantee the blacks and others the right to vote
（姨舅流下激动的眼泪，呜呜地哭，因为他终于有选举权了。。）
13. 名词解释：Hispanics
:::-- Hispanics refer to the Spanish-speaking population of the United States, who is large, diverse and rapidly growing one.
14. Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States, Mexican-Americans, or Chicanos, make up the largest group; the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.
（美丽的西班牙女郎把一滴巨大的墨[墨西哥裔]水滴在玻璃[玻多黎格]上，敲着腰鼓[古巴后裔]在玻璃上跳舞。）
15.The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their low
education.
16. 有关 the Asian-Americans 的重点：
*The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.
*Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans: education, hard work, and family.
*The largest group of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans.
*Most of the Chinese settled in California.
17. 名词解释：powwow（谐音+想象：印第安人爱吃泡泡[pow]糖，哇哇[wow]乱叫，喜欢唱歌跳舞打鼓）
:::-- The American Indians are making efforts to keep and develop their cultures, one example is the reappearance of the “powwow”, a community celebration including crafts, food, dance, song and the playing of drums.
18. 名词解释：WASPs
:::-- Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
1. Discovery of the New World
*The “first Americans”: Indians
*Christopher Columbus: An Italian navigator supported by Spanish Queen led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now West Indies. He thought he had reached Aisa and didn’t know he had discovered a New Continent. [意大利人]，本来要去西藏[西班牙赞助]，却在西印度群岛上，看到一座寺庙就饿[1492]了，不想走了。[哥伦布的老家和赞助商要记清]）
*Amerigo Vespucci: The navigator who proved that the land was no India, but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.
2. The Colonial Period
*The first English colony at Jamestown, Virginia （1607）[6形状是大象的鼻子，这么记：一头大象用鼻子（16）吹泡泡（0），泡泡飘得很高，挂满了整面旗帜（7），在Jamestown的上空迎风飘扬，猎猎作响。]
*The original 13 colonies: along the east coast of North America: Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia. (13: 雨伞。谐音想象：一把大花伞下面，你系着一条花围裙[Virginia=维吉尼亚]在和面
[Maine]，，[马萨诸塞]，牵[Connecticu]着牛[纽约]上路[Road=Rhode]了，路上看到隆重的婚礼
[Maryland]，北方和南方的孪生姐妹坐在彩车[car]里[North Carolina and South Carolina][New Jersey][宾州]乔治亚州]上迎接新娘。) *Causes for the colonization of the New World (理解记忆) and skilled workmen to America and most of all it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. It offered people a chance to live a better
life than they could hope for in the Old World.
*The Pilgrims: To escape , they left England and lived in Leyden, Holland, but they feared their children might become Dutchmen, so in 1620, 201 them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony. (他们刚到的那个冬天，有一半人都死了，后来印第安人教他们种玉米，丰收后，举行了第一个“感恩节”，Thanksgiving celebration, 其实他们应该感谢印第安人。)
（201个英国人装在一朵有一艘船那么大的五月花里，一溜[16]烟钻进了美国的天鹅洞[20]。）
[The Pilgrims were artisans and peasants.]
*The Puritans and the Massachusetts Bay
The puritans were wealthy and well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England. The Puritans leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save. So in March 1630, the great Puritan migration began. From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to Massachusetts Bay colony. (下午四点半[PM4: 30=Puritans+Massachusetts; 4: 30=16:30=1630]开始，13分钟之内[1630+13=1643]，200条船运了2万个英国佬到马萨诸塞！)
*Features of the new colonies (可以出选择题，结合后来的美国文化，容易理解) The features were representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.
3. The War of Independence
*Conflicts between the British government and the American people
随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要更多的权利；英国政府要控制殖民地的发展，并且要征收更多的税。贸易价格不公平。实施Stamp Tax给养军队。允许东印度公司低价销售茶叶，抢走美国茶商的生意。
*The “Boston Tea Party”
In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”.
(在一个黑漆漆的晚上[1773]，几十个波斯顿人上船倒掉了价值7万5千美金的茶叶，他们一边倒茶，一边高兴地翩翩起舞。[75，可以记住7万5]) *The First Continental Congress
In September 1774, the First Congress was held in Philadelphia encouraging Amercians to refuse to buy British goods. Colonial militia units were organized. (第一次代表大会1774在费城召开，组建民兵组织，口号是“让英国货一起去死吧！”[1774]，再也不花费[费城]一分钱买英国货！)
*Lexington and Concord
The shot of Lexington (1775) marked the start of the War of Independence. *The Second Continental Congress
Three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia. The delegates agreed to support the war. The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy and appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration.
*George Washington: The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington, a Virginian militia (民兵) commander.
Thomas Jefferson: Tomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the declaration. (Independence Day! 记忆1776：美国人个个是牛仔，喜欢一起骑牛[1776]庆祝独立。)
*The Declaration of Independence and the political theory behind the American Revolution
The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke. (独立宣言的理论来自英国哲学家约翰。洛克) [独立的意思约[约翰]等于一把锁[Locke]，把门锁上，就算是独立了。]
(In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States.)
[1783, 巴黎条约签定，英国承认美国独立。美国正式独立了，人们高兴得一起
爬山（1783）庆祝，拍着巴（巴黎条约）掌说give me five!]
*The American War of Independence and its significance （意义： 理解记忆） The American War of Independence shows that, 束缚] of colonial freer development. Spanish America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rule.
4. A New Form of Government
*The Articles of Confederation
With the approach of independence, it was obvious that a more permanent and legitimate union of the states was necessary. A draft of a confederation was accepted by Congress in November 1777 and was presented to the states for their separate approaval or rejection. The document was accepted by all the states by March 1781. It was called the Articles of Confederation.
*The Constitutional Convention
A confernce was held in Philadelphia (很多会议都在费城召开，注意选择题，也许会考“以下哪个会议不是在费城召开的？”)in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articales of Confederation adequate. All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Constitutional Convention.
[The Articles of Confederation和The Constitutional Convention是有因果关系的，理解记忆。]
*The “Great Compromise”
The “Great Compromise” gave each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.
*Federalists and the Federalist Papers
Those who took the lead in urging constitution ratification called themselves Federalists. The Federalist Papers were Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John
Jay. (想象：字头A。H=啊！J。M=加盟，J。J=举起的双手—>啊，我们高举双手赞成加盟联邦！！)
*The Bill of Rights
In 1791, the first ten amendments to the constitution were ratified. It’s called the Bill of Rights. By then, it’s agreed that the foundation of the American constitutional system was completed.
(1791: 10 个改正错误的人[amendments]为了一部宪法一起就义[1791]！) *The first federal government of the United States
1788: the first general election;. 1789, George Washington was chosen the President and took the oath of office in New York where housed the government. 1790, the government moved to Philadelphia.
(第一次大选，一起发发财[1788]，一起把酒[1789]喝，庆祝华盛顿当选总统，总统骑在牛[纽约]背上，嫌费事，把总统府打包，放在一起就拎[1790]到了费城)
5. The War of 1812 （可以出问答题）
*Causes of the war (记三个关键字把三个原因串起来：blockade[封锁]，seamen[海员]，territoriial expansion[领土扩张],联想：1812年战争=一只叭儿狗[18]和一只鹅[12]打仗，把各自的地盘封锁起来，然后带着无数的海员去占领别国的领土。) The causes leading to the war were the following:
(1) A war was going on in Europe betweenmaintained neutrality and benefited from its trade with both sides. As the war intensified, both Britain and France started to. Many Amercan merchant ships were seized. In 1811, the United States, on its understanding that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the . This
(2) The Americans resented the of impressing or forcibly removing
(3) After President Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from France, there was a desire for among many frontiersmen. They wanted to take the advantage of the war in Europe, when British and France had no time to look
after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This
* Result of the war: In December 1814, British and American diplomats signed a peace treaty which said that all was to be as it had been before the war. (美国的国会大厦和白宫都被烧了。。)
*Impact of the war on the development of the United States
(1) The war made people realize the importance of a strong national government.
(2) The war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. This feeling of nationalism was particularly strong in the western part of the United States.
(3) For almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent.
(4) It made both Britain and the United States realize that their disputes should be solved through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into a lasting peace between the two countries.
（一只叭儿狗和一只鹅打完仗之后，认识到强大政府的重要性，觉得还是要团结，爱国，不要再打架了，要共同做好西部大开发，有什么事情就好好商量，这样才能长久和平共处。）
6. Territorial Expansion and Westward Movement
*The Old Northwest
Present-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
*The Louisiana Purchase
The Americans’ crossing of the Mississippi in the 1790s helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisana Territory to the United States for only 15 million dollars. *Armed uprising of the Americans in Texas
An armed uprising of the Americans in Texas, supported by the volunteers from the United States, defeated the Mexican army and won independence in 1836. In 1845, Texas was added to the Union.
*Implications of the “Manifest Destiny”
(1) The inevitability of the founding of the United States of America; (2) The
legitimacy of the expanstion of American Territory; (3) The spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the “Lord’s” work.
*The War with Mexico
The War with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848. As a result of the peace treaty, Mexico was forced to agree to give California and New Mexico to the United States. In return, the United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million U.S dollars.
7. The Civil War
*Slavery in America
Slavery existed before the War of Independence.
*Slavery and the plantation system in the south
To meet a rising worldwide demand for cotton and tobacco, the planters farmed large areas of land. Slave labour seemed best suited for producing these crops.
*Extension of slavery and the Compromise of 1850
With the territorial expansion towards the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread tion these areas arose again. The Compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without legislation either for or against slavery and the more efficient machinery to be set up for returning runaway slaves to their masters.
*Abolitionist movement and anti-slavery reformers
Garrison / Frederick Douglass
*Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(记书和作者名字：汤姆大伯的小屋。可以出选择题，记住Bee 和Stow[装载]和小屋就能回忆起来。想象：汤姆大伯是个养蜂的老人，他的小屋里装满[stow]了蜂蜜，到处有蜜蜂[bee]在飞。)
*Abraham Lincoln
When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. However, Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union, so the Civil War broke out on April 12, 1861.
（1865年内战结束）
（林肯和一只叭儿狗过六一儿童节[1861]，南方人看了不高兴，于是就打起来了。）
*Ulysses S. Grant (格兰特将军，后来成为总统。)
*Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
盖茨堡战役成为内战的转折点。林肯的演说。。
*The Emancipation Proclamation
*Robert E. Lee
（在西点军校的时候，李将军是格兰特的前辈，而且，格兰特从来不是个好学生！可是格兰特赢了！）
*The 13th Amendment, which banned slavery, was added to the Constitution in December 1865.
8. Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War （可以出问答题）
After the Civil War, the United States saw great developments in industry, agriculture, science and technology, and population. There were many reasons.
(1) With the war over, the United States again achieved a stable political environment. As a result, both foreign and domestic capital became available for investment.
(2) Black slaves were free, and waves of European and Asian immigrants poured into the U.S. So there was enough labor supply for the development of industries.
(3) Science and invention played a very important role in accelerating America’s industrial development.
(4) The federal government put high taxes on foreign imports. This encouraged Americans to buy American-made goods.
(5) The United States was rich in natural resources.
During this period both production and capital became increasingly concentrated. Monopoly by big business became a strong trend in the American economy.
（内战后资本主义快速发展的原因：政治环境+劳动力+科技+税收+自然资源。
记住这五个关键字，加上理解，自己组织语言就可以回答了。想象：打完内战，正[政治环境]是劳[劳动力]累的时候，打瞌[科技]睡[税收]也是很自然[自然资源]的事！）
必背细节
1． In 1913,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.1913年美国钢产量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。
（1913+钢：谐音想象，一瓶酒[19]大得想一座山[13]，酒香扑鼻，方圆几百里的人都能闻到。奇特的是酒瓶是钢做的，很牢固。1900+煤：我的姨舅[19]在美国挖煤，只挖了两个煤洞[00]，产量就名列世界第一！）
2． Large corporation ,urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20 th century.大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。
3．In 1903, the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 1911,Glenn E.Curiss designed and flew a successful plane. 1903年，莱特兄弟发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦。E。库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。（1911年，一架穿着一件旧衣[1911]的飞机成功试飞，那件衣服是花格子涤纶料的。）
4．At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S.was impartial neither in action, nor in thought.It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality.第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。
5．The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标的时期。（看过那本“了不起的盖茨比”吗，写的就是二十年代）
6．The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the late 1920S and 1930S.股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。
7．The aim of President Roosevelt’s New measures was to save American
democracy and the capitalist system.罗斯福总统“新政：措施的目的在于”拯救美国民主“及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济危机。
8．In the early 1930S,the American foreign policy was isolationism, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.在30年代初期，美国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。
9．During the WWII, the postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of the American’s desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion.二战期间，美国延缓开辟第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速扩张的可能性
10．American diplomacy in WWII was largely diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet Union.There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities:1>to win the war;2>to establish postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.二战期间，美国的外交政策大体上是针对英国和前苏联的，所有外交政策的两个主导原则是：羸得战争，按美国利益建立战后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。
11．The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet Union and Britain met three times during the WWII.1>The first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943.At the conference it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched in May ,1944,which was codenamed Overlord.2>The second conference was held in Yalta in February,1945,it decided on the setting-up of a world organization: the United Nation .3>The third conference was held at Potsdam, which confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at Yalta.二战期间，英，美，苏三国领导人共会晤了三次，第一次是在1943年11月在德黑兰会议，该会义决定进行代号为“霸王行动”的军事行动，向法国南部大举进攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅尔塔会议，本次会议决定建立联合国组织，第三次是在1945年7。8月间在柏林城外举行的波茨坦会议，该会主要确认了雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。（英美苏三国领导人在寺庙里跳舞[45]，把鸭和鹅赶到宝塔[雅尔塔]上，让它们联合起来成立联合国。）
必背解释
1． The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者) （muck是粪肥，rake是耙子，哈哈） The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.
2.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）
It was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.
3.laissez faire(放任主义)
it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property.
4.the Red scare(红色恐惧)
Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 and January 2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.
5.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党
The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It terrorized and attacked on not only blacks, but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc.
6.the New Deal(罗斯福新政)
It was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to “save American democracy” and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.
The New Deal included the following contents:
(1) Establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency systems, overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital.
(2) Federal government management of relief and establishment of social security systems such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority;
(3) Stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;
(4) Formulation and implementation of federal labour laws to raise the role of labour in the relations of production;
(5) Improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.
(罗斯福新政的内容：理解+字头记忆：金蛇刺牢骚=一条金色的蛇在一堆螺丝里冬眠，突然给螺丝刺了一下，嘟嘟囔囔地发了顿牢骚，又睡着了。金=金融，整顿金融秩序；蛇=社=社会保障制度；刺=刺激=stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture; 牢=劳=劳工法；骚=少=少数民族；螺丝=罗斯福)
7.Isolationism(孤立主义)
it was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.
1. On Feb 22, 1946, George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S.policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.1946年2月22日，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南在他的电报中主张对苏联采取遏制政策。(想象：汤姆大叔[美国]用一个巨大的南[凯南]瓜把苏联困[containment]在里面！)
2． The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman on March 12,1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.1949年3月12日杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。
3． In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S.decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. This later came 为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，此举后来被称作“马歇尔计划。”(汤姆大叔赶着成千上万的马，马不停蹄，不歇息，而是去西欧做经济支援。)
4． The North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed on April 4,1949,marked the beginning of U.S.efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.美国于1949年4月4日签订的北大西洋公约标志着美国开始致力于在苏联及其盟国周围建立军事同盟。（NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization）
5． When the Korean War broke out in June,1950,Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.1950年6月朝鲜战争爆发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。
6． The Montgomery boycott was led by Martin Luther King, Jr,a young black clergyman who later became a national leader of the Civil Rights movement.1955年的蒙哥马利联合抵制运动由小马丁·路德·金领导，他是一个黑人牧师，后来成为民权运动的全国领导人。
7． Since 1945 the United States had entered a twenty-five-year economic boom.The cornerstones were the automobile,housing,and defense industries.自1945年以来，美
国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为汽车，住房和国防工业。
8． Between 1946 and 1961,more than 63.5 million babies were born in the U.S,making the baby-boom generation the largest by far in the American history.从1946年到1961年，是美国历史上的生育高峰期。
（想象：石榴[1946]是六一[1961儿童节小孩子的礼物，因为有许多的小孩
9． When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962,the president of America is Kennedy,the president of Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在位总统为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。
(把时间地点人物串起来：河边的渔夫[赫鲁晓夫]在一面大鼓上溜鸭[62]子，把鸭子赶去啃泥巴[肯尼迪]。)
10． Richard Nixon ,who was elected on a platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed the strategy into “Vietnamization” of the war building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force.里查德。尼克松以结束越战作为自己的竞选纲领，提出把战略改为战争越南化，即建立越南军队以其代替美国军队。
11． In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to look for a way to improve relations with China so as to get China’s help for its withdrawal from south Vietnam and to work with China against Soviet expansion.20世纪60年代末70年代初，美国改善对华关系的有两上：一是以便从越撤军时能得到中国的帮助，再是希望与中国合作联手对付苏联的扩张。
12． In February 1972,President Nixon visited China and met Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanhai Communique.This visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979.1972年2月尼克松与毛泽东会晤，双方签署了《上海联合公报》着一只美丽的天鹅[2]，在泥地上的一棵松树[尼克松]上面与毛泽东签了《上海联合公报》）
13． From 1972 to 1979,the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations remained the Taiwan problem.1972-1979年，影响中美关系的主要问题还
是台湾问题。
14． Kennedy initiated the program called the New Frontier. Johnson also started a War on Poverty.肯尼迪执政时启动了“新边疆号召”，约翰逊做总统时发动了反贫困大战。（好记啊：肯尼迪号召开垦边疆；约翰逊发动勤俭节约，反贫困。）
15． The two famous leaders of black movements in the U.S.in the 60s were Martin Luther King,who advocated non-violent Civil Rights movement,and Malcolm X,who advocated violence in self defense,and attempted to separate themselves from whith society.60年代美国有名的黑人运动领袖为马丁。路德。金和迈克姆..X.
16． Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal ,the first president to do so in American history.水门事件使尼克松成为美国历史上第一位辞职的总统。
17． From the mid-seventies onwards ,the U.S suffered from”stagflation”,that is ,the occurrence of stagnation and inflation at the same time.从70年代中期开始，美国开始遭受“经济滞胀”即经济停滞与通货膨胀的同时出现。
名词解释。
1． The Truman Doctrime 杜鲁门主义
2． The Marshal Plan(马歇尔计划)
3． McCarthyism（麦卡锡主义）
4． Montgomery bus boycott（蒙哥马利联合抵制运动）5． The New Frontier（新边疆号召）
6． The Counterculture （反文化运动）
7． Watergate Scandal（水门事件）2001年全国统考第52题已考
8． The little Rock Incident（小石城事件）
1． The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the world.It is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界首位。
2． Now American has more than half of the European market in transistors, oil refining,farm products,telecommunications,and computers.现在美国的晶体管，炼油，农产品，通讯和计算机占欧洲市场分额的一半多。
3． The U.S has less than 6% of the world’s populatinon.Yet it products about 25% of the total world output.美国拥有不到6%世界人口，却生产出占世界总产量的25%的产品。(2001,23题已考)
4． The U.S has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector. The privately owned and operated businesses, including farms,produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services. Of course,the government has always been an important element American economy.美国经济是以私营为主的自由市场经济。(2002,44)
5． In the postwar years government involvement was again emphasized when the U.S adopted the Keynesian theory in running the economy. But the American economy was still plagued by stagflation. In the early 1980s,under the Reagan Administration, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist policies.二战后美国采纳了凯恩斯理论来管理国这经济，再次强调政府于预。但美国经济还是出现连年的经济滞胀，于是，在80年代初期，在里根政府的领导下，传统的凯恩斯理论被新的货币主义政策所代替。
6． The cultivated land in the U.S makes up 21% of the total land, and people who are engaged in farming make up only 2.7% of the total population. Yet the U.S grows nearly one fourth of the world’s grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products.在美国，耕地占国土总面积的21%，而从事农业生产的人口只占总人口的2。7%。然而，美国还生产出占全世界近1/4的粮食。美国是世界上最大的农产口出口国。
7． The U.S ranks first in the production and export of corn. It produces nearly 50% of the corn in the world.The Corn Belt is in the Midwest. Iowa is the leading corn-producing state. The Midwest is the most important agricultural region of the U.S.美国的玉米产量几乎占到世界总产量的50%，是世界最大的玉米生产和出口国，玉米带主要位于中西部地区，爱荷华是主要的玉米生产州，中西部是美国最重要的农业区。
[IOWA人爱荷花，天天做在荷花上面吃玉米！]
8． Wheat is American’s most important food crop. It is second only to corn in production every year. The Wheat Belt is located near the Corn Belt in the Midwest.小麦是美国最重要的食用作物，小麦带也位于中西部地区。
9． The U.S ranks second in the export of rice in the world after Thailand.美国的大米出口量仅次于泰国，居世界第二位。
10． The Midwest is the nation’ leading center of heavy industry. Texas is the country’s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits.中西部是美国最重要的重工业中心，得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州。
（记得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州：得了咳嗽拼命吹萨克斯，吹出了石油和天然气！）
11． Huston is now the greatest commercial center of the Southwest and the chemical capital of the world. It is a center of petrochemical and synthetic rubber production . It is also the home of the space center.休斯敦被称作世界化工之都，是美国西南部地区最大的商业中心，也是石油化工和合成橡胶中心，还是宇航中心所在地。 （小石墩[休斯敦]是个矮个子种花工人[化工]，他用石油浇花[石油化工]，长出橡胶，用橡胶给宇航员做衣服。）
12． The state of California now has passed New York as the most populous state. It is now first in manufacturing ,especially the manufacture of aircraft parts and missiles ,and in shipbuilding ,as well as in food production.加利福尼亚为美国人口最大的州，其飞机和导弹加工业，造船业和食口加工业居世界首位。
13.Currently U.S. exports are about 15% of the world’s total. The U.S imports
about 13% of all world imports,Canada is the largest single source of goods imports by the U.S., outside of North American, Europe is the largest source of imports.当前美国的出口额占世界总出口额的确良15%，进口额占到期13%，加拿大是美国进口产品的最大来源地，在北美以外，欧洲则是最大的进口来源。
14.Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the U.S.肥沃的土壤，广袤的森林，充足的水源和丰富的矿藏是美国的主要自然资源。[水木年华，土里藏金]
15.Unemploument, inflation ,financial deficit, and trade deficit are the trouble that always face the U.S.失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字是美国一直面临的问题。
16．The estimated number of people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which made up about 14% of the total population.据估计，1995美国生活在贫困线以下的人口达3570万人，占总人口的14%。
17，The leading farm products in the U.S are corn ,wheat ,rice ,soybeans, oranges, meat, milk, apple, oats, cotton, tobacco, etc.美国的主要农作物有玉米，小麦，大米，大豆，桔子，肉类，牛奶，苹果，燕麦和烟草等。
18．The Midwest round the Great Lakes, the Middle Atlantic state, the south, and the Pacific Coast are the major industrial regions of the U.S.五大湖区周围的中西部，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸为美国主要的工业区。
必背解释：
1. Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.
2。Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy.
简要论述美国经济迅速增长的几个因数：
The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors:时地利人和)
1> The geographical location of the U.S. provides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong.
2>the U.S has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.
3>American has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.
4>The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force. The American labor force is not only hard-working ,but also willing to experiment, to change and to learn new technology.
1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。
（美国宪法最老了，功力也最深厚，一[1]口气[7]把[8]气[7]吹到八瓶啤酒[89]上，然后一次把酒吸完。）
2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。
3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。
4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。
（好记：如果宪法不是3/4批准的话，那就是不3不4了！）
5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation. The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. The president election was held every 4 years .宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。（记至少35岁才能当总统：无厘头搞笑：美国人怕黑，只有上午[35]才有人出来当总统，下午天黑了就没有总统了。）
6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美国，嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。（Maine, 谐音，免了，所以免了赢者通吃的制度）
7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College. To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得270票。
8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an eath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S. A president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席大法官主持的。
9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众议院人数宪法没有具体规定。
10． The Constitution requires that U.S. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每2年改选1/3的议员。
11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress. Today, the House is composed of 435 members. Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁
有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。
12． Each house of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。
13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate. He has no vote, except in a case of a tie. The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，-众议院议长。
14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。
15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution. The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟一有权解释宪法的机构，目前法院由一名首席大法官和8名助理法官组成。
16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.
17． In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。
18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派，联邦派和反联邦派，第三阶段从9世纪60年代到达9世纪20年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。（2002，21题）
19． In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.从1933年到1989年的28届众议院中，民主党在6届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有多数席位。
20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split. The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德鲁。杰克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立辉格党
必背解释：
1. 联邦制：the Federal system
2. the Bill of Right <权利法案》
3. “winner-talk-al “system(羸者全羸)
必背问答：
1． What mechanism did the writers of the American Constitution introduce to provide safeguards?
They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances.
2.According to the Constitution, what judicial power does the President have?
The president has the power to give reprieves(缓刑)and pardons(赦免)in dederal criminal cases.
3。 What are the two special powers of the Senate?
There are two special powers: one is to confirm presidential appointments of high officials of the federal government; the other is to ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote.
4. What is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties?
There are two major factors:1>the decline of patronage using the Party’s influence to bring material benefits to its followers;2>the wide use of direct primarsies in nominating candidates for public office.（1。利用党的影响给其追随者利益的特权减小了，2，广泛采用直接初选提名公职候选人）
1． It is a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. American believe that ,through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skill ,attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. Education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength。在美国，人们普遍认识是，每一个人都有受教育的权利和义务，通过受教育，人们可以更好的适应社会，提高自身的社会地位，教育有助于塑造社会，增强国家实力。（2000，46题，一句话回答）
2． Formal education in the U.S consists of elementary ,secondary and higher education, Elementary and secondary education,which forms public education, is free and compulsory.美国正规的教育由初等，中等和高等教育组成，初等，中等教育属公立教育，是免费和义务的。
3． In American ,there are more public elementary and secondary schools that private ones, while private colleges and universities outnumber public ones.在美国，公立中小学比私立多，而私立大学比公立大学多。
4． Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S Constitution, education was included among the responsibilities which were “reserved to the states or the people:.根据美国宪法第十修正案，教育是：保留给各州或人民：的责任之一。
5． There is not a national system of education in the United States, It is the state that establishes policies for the education within its boundary, so many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states.美国没有全国统一的教育体制，而是由各州为自己辖区内的学校制订政策，所以50个州的教育体制相差很大。
6． Elementary and secondary education in the U.S covers 12 years for ages 6 through 18, All the states have laws that require children to go to school, generally
until the age of 16, unless they are severely handicapped.美国初等和中等教育共12年，从6岁到期8岁，所有州要求孩子们上学上到期16岁，除非他们严重残疾。
7． In American, the total support for public schools is about 186 billion a year, about 7% of the gross national product(GNP)在美国，给公立学校的财政资助一年约1850亿美元，约占国民生产总值的7%。
8． Each local school district of American has a governing board whose major responsibilities are 1>the hiring of professional and support staff, 2>determining the most suitable local curriculum, 3>and developing and approving a budget to carry out educational programs. Usually the board of education employs a superintendent of school, who is the chief executive officer at the local level.每个地方学区都有一个由选民选举产生的管理委员会，它主要有三个职责，1。聘用教师和学校员工，2。决定适合当地的课程，3。制定和批准执行教育计划的预算，通常，教育委员会要选一位督学，作为地方一级的重要教育行政官员。
9． The typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary schools is that of graded schools. Usually, the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12.美国中小学典型的组织模式是年级制，通常，小学包括1到8年级，中学包括9到12年级。
10． There is a certain degree of similarity in the American elementary school curriculum. It mainly consists of mastery of the “basics” such as reading, writing, and arithmetic of mathematics.美国各小学的课程有某种程度的相似之处， 要是对“基础课的掌握，这些基础包括阅读，写作，和算术或数学等。
11． Higher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636.美国的高等教育始于1636年哈佛学院的建立。（2001，22选择）
12． The system of higher education in the U.S has three principal functions: teaching, research and public service.美国高等教育有三大职能：教学，研究，和公众服务。
13． In American, there are the best research universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia and MIT in the east, as well as Stanford and Berkeley on the west coast.美国最好的科研型大学有位于东部的哈佛，耶鲁，普林斯顿，哥伦比亚，和麻省理工大学，位于西海岸的斯坦福大学和伯克利大学。
14． The administration of most colleges and universities is quite separate from that of the school. But there are three State board that set policy for education at all levels in respective state, They are the State Boards of New York, Rhode Island ,and Michigan.大多数学院和大学的行政管理是与中小学分开的，但有3个州例外，它们是纽约，罗得岛，和密歇根州。（这三个州字头串起来是MR. New=牛先生）
15． Except for some college sponsored by the Catholic Church, all college and universities in the U.S ,public or private, are governed by a board of trustees composed primarily of laymen.除了一些由天主教会赞助的大学外，美国所有的大学都是由一个主要的由外行人员组成的托管委员会管理。
16． The community college calls for education to serve the good of both the individual and society. It embodies Thomas Jefferson’s belief that an education should be practical as well as liberal.社区学院奉行教育既为个人又为社会服务的宗旨，它包含了托马斯。杰斐逊教育既是实用的又是自由这一信仰。
17． By the mid-1980s, a wave of education reform swept the country. These reform had two focuses:1>the raising of the standards of teaching and learning;2>the restructuring of the schools.到80年代中期席卷全国的教育改革的浪潮有两个重点1》提高教学标准2》学校的结构改革。
18． In 1983, a report entitled “A Nation At Risk” was issued which cited high rates of adult illiteracy, declining SAT scores, the decline of educational standards. The report put forward five proposals.1983《危险中的国家》发表，引用了成人文盲比例高，学生技能下降，教育水准下降等例子，该报告提出了五点建议。
19． On April 18,1991, President Bush issued his plan” American 2000:An Education strategy” which set six goals.
必背简答：
1． What are the three principle functions of the system of higher education in the U.S? teaching、research and public service
2. What is the guiding principle of community college?
It is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual differences.
3.What is the difference between an academic high school and a technical high school?(2002,46已考)
4.who is the chief executive officer under the local board of education in America? The superintendent of schools is the chief executive officer at the local level.
5.what are the three type of American high schools?
They are comprehensive , academic, vocational , and technical schools.
6.what are two focuses of the reforms in the 1980s when a wave of education reform swept the country?(the answer is 17—答案是上述第17条)
7．Why does the number of graduate school enrollment in American keep climbing?
Because an advanced degree is viewed as a key way to move ahead people’s careers.
8.According to the report entitled :A Nation At Risk” issued in 1983, what are the :new basics” for all students graduating from high school?The “new basics” are four years of English , three year of mathematics, three years of science , three years of social studies, and a half-year of computer science.
1． Benjamin Franklin was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today “Lost time is never found again”, “God helps those who help themselves “are very famous saying in his Poor Richard’s Almanac.本杰明。富兰克大是殖民地时期唯一一位作家至今仍广为传诵的作家“光阴一去不复回”“自助者，天助之，都是他《穷理查的年鉴》中的名言。
2． Benjamin Franklin’s uncompleted Autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.本杰明。富兰克林没完成的自传可能是第一本真正的美国作品，也是第一本用英语写的自传.
3． Washington Irving was the first American writer who gained international fame. His most famous book The Sketch Book contains two of the best-love stories from American literature: and .华盛顿.欧文是第一个获得国际知名度的美国作家，他最著名的一本书《见闻札记》，它包括了美国文学两个最受欢迎的故事《瑞普。凡。温克尔》和《睡谷的传奇》
4． In the early part of the 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing .Its writers were called :Knickerbockers and the period from 1810 to 1840 is called the “Knickerbockers Era” of the American literature. 19世纪早期，纽约城是美国的写作中心，这里的作家被称为纽约市人，从1810-1840年的三十年被称为美国文学的“纽约市人时期。
5． In 1936, Emerson published his famous book Nature, which is the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. In 1837, Emerson gave a speech at Harvard University: “The American Scholar”, which was considered the intellectual Declaration of independence.1836年，爱默生出版了其著作《自然》该书对先验主义作了最清楚的阐述，1837年，爱默生在哈佛大学发表了题为《美国的学者》的演讲，该演讲被认为是知识分子的独立宣言。
6． In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne consider the effect on an individual’s character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy, and of hatred.霍桑在代表作《红字》中对人物性格的内疚，虚伪和憎恨的外部影响提出了自己的看法。
7． Mark Twain’s famous works are:1> The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.汤姆。索亚历险记
2> the Adventures of huckleberry Finn( his masterwork)哈克贝利。费恩历险记 3>A Tramp Abroad 浪迹天涯
4>Life on the Mississippi 密西西比河上的生活
5>The Gilded Age 镀金时代
6>Innocents Abroad 无知者的国外游 （一句话简答的可能）
（马克。吐温的著作：.汤姆和哈克贝利都喜欢冒险，两人决定一起去浪迹天涯，去尝试密西西比河上的生活，后来他们开着一条镀金的船顺着密西西比河漂流到了国外，做了一次无知者的国外游。）
8．In Walt Whitman’s masterpiece Leaves of Grass, he praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man. “Song of Myself” is Whitman’s very famous works. Whitman was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse.惠特曼是探索自由诗体可能性的第一个，他在他的代表作《草叶集》中歌颂了平等，民主的思想，赞美了尊严，自立精神和普通百姓的快乐，《自我之歌》是惠特曼又一名作。
9．Emily Dickson wrote nearly 1800 poems and only seven of them were published during her lifetime. Death was one of the great themes of her work and she seldom lost sight of the grave.死亡是迪金森作品的一大主题。
10．Sister Carrie is Theodore Dreiser’s first novel. Dreiser is also famous for his Trilogy of Desire(The Financier, The Titan, and The Stoic), and An American Tragedy,
which is considered to be his best.《嘉丽妹妹》是德莱塞的第一部小说，德莱塞还因其〈欲望三部曲〉“金融家”“巨人”“斯多葛”以及〈美国国悲剧〉而闻名于世，它也被认为是他最好的一部作品。（2001。46问答）
12． Thomas Sterns Eliot won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946. His masterpiece, “The Waste Land” reveals the spiritual crisis of Post War Europe, and is considered the manifesto of the “Lost Generation”.托马斯。艾略特于1946年获得诺贝尔文学奖，《荒原》是其代表用，展现了战后欧洲的精神危机，被认为是“迷惘的一代的宣言书。
13． Ernest Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, The sun Also Rises is his important novel. His other important works include Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Old Man and the Sea.海明威1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖，《太阳照样升起》是他的第一部重要作品，他的其他著名作品还有《永别了，武器》，《丧钟为谁而鸣》《老人与海》（一句话简答的可能）（2001。24选择）
14． Hughes and Wright were the major figures of Black writers. Hughes was regarded as Black American’s poet laureate. In his masterpiece “The Weary Blues”, he explains the everyday life in Harlem. Native Son is Wright’s masterpiece. It is the first book by a Black author about the Black life. Black Boy was an autobiography relating the bitter experience of Wright’s youth.休斯和赖特是美国黑人作家的代表人物，休斯被认为是美国黑人“桂冠诗人”，其代表作为《疲惫的黑人伤感歌》〈土生子〉是赖特的代表作，它是第一部关于赖特青年时期苦难经历的自传。
15． In the 1920s,Black Literature developed into an upsurge which has come to be known as the Harlem Renaissance.美国文学的：哈莱姆复兴“发生在20世纪20年代。
16． The first uniquely American contribution to architecture was the Skyscraper, which was perfected in the late 19th century by the Chicago architect, Louis Sullivan. Sears Tower is the tallest building in the world, which was completed in 1974 in Chicago.摩天大楼是美国人对建筑的第一个贡献，它是由芝加哥建筑师路易斯。沙利文完成的，西尔斯大厦是世界是最高的建筑物。
17． In American, Jazz, Rock and Role, Western and country music are the main type of popular music. Jazz is considered the U.S’ s unique contribution to music.爵士乐，摇滚乐和西部乡村音乐是美国流行音乐的几种形式，爵士乐被认为是美国人对音乐的特别贡献
(参考中文译文，注意各节日的由来和习俗。)
1. New Year’s Day
2. Martin Luther King’s Day (Third Monday of January)
3. Lincoln’s Birthday (February 12)
4. Valentine’s Day (February 14)
5. Washington’s Birthday (February 22)
6. Easter Sunday (A Sunday in March or April)
7. Memorial Day (Last Monday in May)
8. Independence Day (July 4)
9. Halloween (October 31)
10. Veterans’ Day
11. Thanksgiving Day (Fourth Thursday of November)
12. Christmas Day (December 25)
===范文3:《英语国家概况》[下载]【以文搜文】===
英 语 国 家 概 况 （00522） 
名词解释和简答题，仅供 参考。 名词解释： The Puritans 清教徒 The Puritans were wealthy， well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution ， the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save. Comprehensive schools Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. Indentured servants — — indenture servants refer to some immigrants who has to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-atlantic fare and debts. 契约佣工， 指一些移民 必须要在一个限定的时期 里为他们的雇主工作来偿 还他们横渡大西洋的费用 和债务。 e War Powers Act — —The War Powers Act in 1973 was that the president had to inform Congress whenever he committed American troops overseas. After 60 days ， the use of military power had to win specific congressional approval. 简答题： 1.Why is Alfred known as “ the father of the British navy”？ He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ The father of the British navy” 。 2.Which political party does Margaret Thatcher lead？ The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher 3.What is IRA stand for？ The full name for IRA is Irish Republican Army. 4.Which Act outlawed discrimination not only in public housing ， but also in employment on the basis of race，colour， religion， or national sex， orgin. The civil rights act outlawed discrimination not only in public housing ， but also in employment on the basis 
of race， colour， religion， the English had lost all services. At the bottom 1. The Domesday Book sex，or national orgin. the territories of France 5. six ， jury ， of the feudal scale were was completed except the French port of English ， Norman 6. the serfs. One peculiar in________. 民权法案， 宣布不仅在 —— ， Thomas Becket feature of the feudal 公共场所禁止种族歧视， 而 system of England was A. 1085 B. 1086 且在就业中所涉及的种族、 A .1337 ， 1453 ， 7. Mangna Carta， the that all landowners must C.1087 D.1088 答案： B 肤色、宗教、性别、国籍等 Flanders B .1337 ， 1453， Great Charter， 63 take the oath of 也禁止歧视。 Calais allegiance not only to 2. When William died 8. Joan of Arc ， their immediate lord ， in Normandy in 1087 he 5. Why is New Zealand C.1346 ， 1453 ， Calais 9. Black Death， but also to the king. left Normandy to the first country to get Argencourt D.1346，1453， two ________ ， and England the new day？ Brest 2. What were the to______. 10. yeomen contents and the Because New Zealand 10. In 1351 ， the significance of the Great A. William Rufus ； is just west of the English government III charter？ Robert B. Robert 
；Henry International Date Line， issued a Statute of—— ， C. Robert； William Rufus it is the first country to which made it a crime for 1.Domesday Book Contents ： no tax D. Henry； Robert 答案： get the new day. peasants to ask for more should be made without C wages . It is a book compiled the approval of the Grand 6.What is Canada made by a group of clerks under Council ； no freeman 3. The spirit of the up of？ A. Oxford B. the sponsorship of King should be arrested ， Great Charter was the Clarendon C. Labourers D. William the First in 1086. imprisoned， or deprived limitation of the powers Geographical Magna Carta The book was in fact a of his property except by of______， keeping them regions： ten provinces property record. It was the law of the land； the within the bounds of the and two territories. II Fill in the blanks the result of a general Church should possess all feudal law of the land. survey of England. It its rights ， together 1. Under William ， recorded the extent ， with freedom of A. the Archbishop of 第 三 章 Shaping of the — — system in value ， state of elections ； London and Canterbury B the barons C the Nation（练习题一） England was completely cultivation ， and other towns should retain the church D the king 答 established. ownership of the land. It their ancient rights and 案：D 1. Under William's was one of the important privileges ， and there rule， the—— were at 2. william replaced measures adopted by should be the same 4. The barons forced the bottom of the feudal the—— ， the council of William I to establish weights and measures the king of Henry 3 and system. the Anglo-Saxon kings， the full feudal system in throughout the country. his son Prince Edward to with the—— of his new England. Today ， it is It was a statement of the swear to accept the A. barons B. freemen tenants-in-chief. kept in the Public feudal and legal _____. C. villains D. lawyers Records Office in London. relationship between the 3. The property Crown and the barons， a A . Provisions of 2. William replaced record in William's time 2.lollards： 罗拉德派 guarantee of the freedom Oxford. B Provisions of the Witan，the council of is known as—— ， which of the Church and a York C Provisions of the Anglo-Saxon king ， was compiled in they were poor limitation of the power Westminster D provisions with—— priests and traveling of the king. of Canterbury 答案： A 4. ——was the first preachers who were john A. the Grand Council king of the House of wyclif's followers.they 3. Why and how did the 5 . Magna Carta was B. the House of Lords C. Plantagenet. played an important role English Parliament come signed in _______ at a the House of Corranons D. in the mental into being？ conference at ______. Parliament 5. In Henry II ' s preparations for the day ， the country was peasant uprising of Henry III's many A. 1066； Runnymede B. 3. William II was divided into — 
— 1381.they preaching the measures was brought 1215； Windsor C. 1215； known as William — — circuits ， and the — — equality of men before matters between he and Oxford D. 1215 ； because of his red system replaced old—— god. barons to a head. And the Runnymede 答案： D complexion. ordeals by fire and water barons force the king to and old trials by battle. 3.Joan of arc：圣女 swear and accept the 6. According to Magna A. Rufus B. the 贞德 Provisions of Oxford. Carta no tax should be Conqueror C. the 6. — — ' s grave Simon de Montfort made without the approval Confessor D. the Unready became a place of she was a national summoned in 1265 the of______. pilgrimage in and beyond heroine of France during Great Council to meet at 4. Henry II was the chaucer' s time after he the hundred year's war， Westminster ， together A. the Witan B the first king of the — — was murdered. she successfully led the with two knights from king C the Grand Council dynasty. france to drive the each country and two D the Commons 答案：C 7. In 1215 ， the English out of France. burgesses from each town， A. Windsor B. Tudor C. baron's charter， known a metting which has been 7 In 1265 Simon Malcolm D. Plantagenet as — — or — — was 4.The Black Death seen as that the earliest summoned the Great approved ， which parliament. Council to meet together 5. In Henry II ' s contained—— clauses. It is a modern name with two knights from reign ， a — — law was given to the dearly 4. What do you know each county and two gradually established in 8. In the Hundred bubonic plague ， an about Wat Tyler's ______ from each town. place of the customs of Years' war， the French epidemic disease spread Uprising？ the manor. heroine — — led the through Europe in the A burgesses B. French to drive the fourteenth century The uprising broke bishops C. clergymen D. A. local B. private C. English out of their particularly in out in Kent and Essex in yeomen 答案： A civil D. common country. By 1453，was the 1348-1349. It came 1381 and was led by Wat only part of France that without warning ， and Tyler and Jack Straw. 8 The Hundred Year's 6. The Great Council was still in the hands of without any cue. In Tyler led the mared War lasted from of Henry II drew up the the English. England ， it killed villagers to occupy _______to________. Constitutions of—— in almost half of the total London. The king was 1164 to increase the 9. — — was the population ， causing forced to accept their A. 1337； 1450 B. 1337； jurisdiction of the civil deadly bubonic plague， far-reaching economic demands. Most of the 1453 C. 1330 ； 1453 D. courts. which reduced England's consequences. rebels dispersed and went 1337；1455 答案： B home ， while Tyler and A. Labourers B. population from four 1.What was feudalism other leader stayed on 9 'Domesday Book' was Clarendon C. Oxford D. million to — — million like in England under th 
e for more rights. Tyler compiled during the rule Cambridge by the end of the 14th rule of William the was killed at a meeting of ______. Conqueror？ with the king ， who 7. The Great Charter century. suppressed the Uprising A William I B William was signed in and had— Under the rule of brutally. Although the II C Henry II D King — clauses. 10. One of the William the Conqueror， Uprising failed， it had Stephen 答案：A consequences of the the feudal system in great importance in A.1251， 63 B.1251， Uprising of 1381 was the England was completely English history. It 10 The Black Death 73 C.1215， 63 D.1215， 73 emergence of a new class established. According directed against the rich swept through England in of—— farmers. to this system， the king clergy， the lawyers and the summer of 8. In 1265 — — owned all the land the landowners. It _____without warning. summoned the Great Answers： personally. William gave effectively blew the Council， which has been his barons large estates serfdom， and a new class A 1374 B 1348 C 1349 seen as the earliest 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D in return for military of yeomen farmers D 1350 答案：B parliament. 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.C services and a proportion emerged， paving the way of the land's produce. for the development of 11 After the Hundred A. Henry B.the Pope C. II These estates were capitalism. Year's War ， power in Barons D. Simon de scattered all over the England was in the hands Montfort 1. feudal 2. Witan， king. Then， the barons 第 三 章 Shaping of of a number of rich and Grand Council parceled out land to the the Nation（练习题二） ambitious_________. 9. The Hundred Years' lesser nobles， knights war started in — — and 3 . Domesday Book， and freemen ， also in 选择题 A bishops B Merchants was ended in ， in which 1086 4. Henry II return for goods and C nobles D royal family 
�members 答案： C 
A .1337 ， 1453 ， Flanders B .1337 ， 1453， 2 In the reform of the 12 The causes of the Calais C.1346 ， 1453 ， Church Henry VIII Hundred Years War were Argencourt D.1346，1453， dissolved all of partly ______and Partly Brest 答案：B England's monasteries _______. and nunneries because 23 In 1351 ， the they were much more loyal A. political ； English government to _________then to their military B political ； issued a Statute English kings. economic C territorial； of_____ ， which made it religious D territorial； a crime for peasants to A. the Pope B. Jesus economic 答案：D ask for more wages . Christ C. Roman Catholic D. the bishops 13 The Hundred Years' A. Oxford B. War could be devided into Clarendon C. Labourers D. 答案：A _______outstanding Magna Carta 答案： C stages. 3 Thanks to Mary ， 一句话解释 Protestantism and A two B three C four _________ were now D five 答案：B 1 Which system was forever synonymous in completely established Britain. 14 Under William's under William in rule， the______ were at English 
？ A. Catholicism B. the bottom of the feudal prosecution C. the system. ' 答： feudal system Reformation The D was completely nationalism A. barons B. freemen established under C. villeins D. lawyers 答 William in English. 答案：D 案：C 2 What book was 4 For nearly thirty 15 William replaced Domesday Book？ year ， Elizabeth I the Witan，the council of successfully played off the Anglo-Saxon king ， 答：This book was the against each other the with ______ result of a general two great Catholic powers survey of England made in at the time，_________， A. the Grand Council 1085 ， and stated the and prevented England B. the House of Lords C. extents ， value ， the from getting involved in the House of Corranons D. population ， state of any major European Parliament 答案：A cultivation ， and conflict. ownership of the land. 16 William II was A. Spain and Germany known as William ______ 3 What's the role of B. France and Spain because of his red Simon's Parliaments？ complexion. C. Spain and Denmark 答：It's role was to D. France and Italy A. Rufus B. the offer advice，not to make Conqueror C. the decisions. 答案：B Confessor D. the Unready 答案：A 名词解释 5 _________was regarded as the second 17 Henry II was the 1 The Domesday Book. Magna Carta. first king of the ______dynasty. 答 ： This book ， A. The Petition of completed in 1086， was Right B. The Provision of A. Windsor B. Tudor C. the result of a general Oxford C. The Grand Malcolm D. Plantagenet survey of England made in Remonstrance D. The 答案：D 1085 ， and stated the Militia Bill extent ， value ， the 18 In Henry II ' s population ， state of 答案：A reign， a _______ law was cultivation ， and gradually established in ownership of the land. 6 The Renaissance place of the customs of began in north ______in the manor. 2 the Black Death the early ______century. A. local B. private C. 答：The Black Death civil D. common 答案：D was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic 19 The Great Council plague ， an epidemic of Henry II drew up the disease caused by rat Constitutions of ____in fleas. It spread through 1164 to increase the Europe in the 14th jurisdiction of the civil century. Particularly in courts. 1347-1350. It reduced between one half and A. Labourers B. one-third of English Clarendon C. Oxford D. population and caused a Cambridge 答案：B great economic loss. 20 The Great Charter was signed in ______ and had______ clauses. A.1251， 63 B.1251， 73 C.1215， 63 D.1215， 73 答案：C 21 In 1265 _____summoned the Great Council， which has been seen as the earliest parliament. 3 the Great Charter 答 ： The Great Charter ， also called Magna Carta ， was the first famous political document to limit the king's powers in English history. It was signed in 1215 by King John. It contains altogether 63 clauses. 
with powers limited by Parliament. 
B. 1893； Keir Hardic C. 答： After the Hundred 1906 ； keir Har 
dic D. Year's War， in order to 1922； Mac Donald 答案： A. the Commonwealth B. decide who would rule B the Federal Republic England， a war broke out between the House of 11.Britain's C. the Lancaster and the House colonial expansion began Constitutional Monarchy of York ， which were with ________. D. the special monarchy symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. A. James Cook's 答案：C The war lasted from 1455 discovery of Botany Bay to 1485. It is usually 11 Although the Wars regarded as the end of B. the colonization of the Roses were waged English Middle Ages. of Newfoundland intermittently for thirty years， ordinary 第五章 Rise and Fall C. the establishment people were of the British Empire of the East India Company _______affected and went about their business as 选择题 D. the Pilgrim usual. Fathers' settlement in 1. _______was the the New World. A. little B. a little forerunner of the C. much D. greatly Conservative Party. 答案：B 答案： A 
第四章 Transition to A. Henry B.the Pope C. the modern Age Barons D. Simon de Montfort 答案：D 1 The Wars of the Roses broke out shortly 22 The Hundred Years' after_______. war started in_____ and was ended in______， in A the Black Death B which the English had the Watt Tyler's Uprising lost all the territories C the Hundred Year's War of France except the D the Glorious Revolution French port of _____， 答案：C 
A The Liberal Party B. 12.The British East The Whigs C. The Tories D. India Company was 12 It was during the The Labour 答案：C established in _______. reign of ______，the name Great Britain came into 2. The open filed A. 1600 B. 1700 C. being in 1707. system lasted till 1840 D. 1848 答案：A _________ century. A. Elizabeth I B. 13.By 1900 more then Henry VIII. C. Charles I A. 14th B. 15th C. ________of Africa had D. Anne 16th D. 18th 答案：D been colonized by European countries. 答案：D 3. The spinning jenny was invented by A. 20% B. one-third C. 13 The last battle of _________. 9/10 D. half 答案：C the Wars of Roses was at ______in 1458. A. John Kay B. James 14. After the Opium Hargreaves C. Richard wars in 1840 the British A. Hastings B. Arkwright D. Samuel troops occupied Hong Kong Bosworth Field C. Naseby Crowpton 答案：B in _________. D. Oxford 答案：B 4.The Physical Force A. 1839 B.1840 C.1841 一句话解释： Chartists was led by D.1842 答案：C _______. 1 What was Queen Mary 15.The Beatles，the know as？ A. William Lovett B. popular band in 1960s， Feargus O' Conour C. came from ________. 答：She was known as Attwood D. Engles 答案： “ Bloody Mary” 。 B A. London B. Birmingham C. Edinburgh D. 2 Why do we call Mary 5. The Suez Canal was Liverpool 答案：D Tudor Bloody Mary？ built by ________ engineers. 16. In the late 18th 答 Because she at and early 19th centuries least burnt 300 Puritans A. English B. French radicals were active in as heretics. C. Dutch D. Portugal 答 English Parliament 案： 
B spreading radical ideas 3. Why were Puritans whose common aim was happy when James I came to 6. The Chartist thorough reform of the the throne？ Movement lasted from ________. _______ to _________. A. France ； 14th B. 答：Because James I A. political system B. Italy； 16th C. Italy； came from Scotland and A. 1840； 1848 B. 1840； religious system 14th D. England； 14th the Scottish Church was a 1845 C. 1836 ； 1840 D. pure Protestant Church 1836；1848 答案：D C. Parliamentary 答案：C with democratically system D. hereditary elected officials. 7.The People's monarchy 答案：C 7 In December 1653， charter made in 1838 had by an Instrument of 4 Who supported the _________points. 17.At the general Government ， Oliver king during the war？ election of 1945 Winston Gromwell became A. 3 B 4 C.5 D. 6 答 Churchill was heavily _______of the 答： Many nobles and 案：D defeated，because _____. Commonwealth of England. gentry supported the king. 8.Canada was A. he was A. Prime Minister B. established as a dominion old-fashioned King C. Lord Protector D. 5 What's the by_______. Emperor relationship between B. people did not Elizabeth I' s England A. the 1736 Treaty of support his postwar 答案：C and France？ Pairs B. the Quebec Act of policies 1774 8.In foreign affairs. 答 ： She managed to C. he was not Henry VIII was aided by maintain a friendly C. the Canada Act of qualified as a prime ________ ， Archbishop relationship with 1791 D. the British North minister in a peaceful and Lord Chancellor. France. America Act of 1867 答案： age D A. Thomas More B. 名词解释 D. people wanted to Thomas Becket C. Thomas 9.The foundations of forget about the war 答 Wolsey D. Martin Luther 1 Bloody Mary the welfare state ， in 案：D Britain ， were laid in 答案：C 答 ： Mary was Henry _________. 18.In the Industrial VIII' s daughter and she revolution ， changes 9 The Armada was was a Catholic. After she A. the 1940s B. the occurred earliest and defeated by England in became Queen ， she 1950s C. the 1960s C. the quickest in ______. ________. persecuted many people 1970s 答案：A for their Protestant A. hardware B. A. 1587 B. 1588 C. religious views and some 10.The Independent textiles C. pottery D. 1558 D. 1540 答案：B were put to death. As a Labour Party was formed chemicals result， people call her in _______ ， led 10 After the Glorious “Bloody Mary” 。 by________. 答案：B Revolution came the Age of ______ ， a monarchy 2. the wars of Roses A. 1893； Mac Donald 19.The Chartist 
�Movement was officially launched at a great and an emphasis on Birmingham meeting in law and order. _____， with the aim of pressing the Parliament 3. The welfare state to accept the People's Charter. It is a system of government by which the A. 1836. B. 1838. C. state provide the 1840. D. 1842. 答案：B economic and social 20.The English security of its citizens Renaissance was largely through its organization _______ 
. of health services， A. religious B. pensions and other ideological C. families. This system is philosophical D. founded Literary. out of national 答案：D insurance contribution and taxation. In Britain 一句话解释 the 
案：A 
1.What field did the term applies mainly Industrial Revolution to the National Health firstly occur in？ Service ， national insurance 答 ： The Industrial Revolution firstly and social security. occurred in the filed of textile. 4.constitutional monarchy 2. When did the Labour Party come to A constitutional power for the first monarchy is a country in time？ which head of the state is A. 20；500 B.21；500 B. Lire peers created a C.20； D.18； 800 400 答案： to assist the House in its 答： 1942 the Labour In B judicial duties. Party came to power for king or a queen. In the first time. practice， the Sovereign 8.The House of Common C. Senior bishops of reigns ， but does most is headed by________. the Church of England. 3. What are the two rule. major parties in A. the Prime Minister D. All other life Britain？ 5. Social security B. the Speaker peers. system 答 ： They are the C. the Lord 一句话解释 Conservative Party and Social Security Chancellor D. the Monarch the Labour Party. System is a part of 答案：B 1.How often is the welfare system which is general election held in 4. What did Britain designed 9.By tradition， the Britain？ become after the leader of the majority Industrial Revolution？ to secure a basic party is appointed 答 ： In Britain the standard of living for _________by the general election is 答 ： Britain became people in financial need， Sovereign in the United normally held every five the “ workshop of the Kingdom. years. world” 。 providing financial help for those who are A. the Prime Minister 2. What's the clerk 解释 elderly ， sick ， B. Member of Parliament of the parliament disabled， responsible for？ 1. Whigs and Tories C. Lord of Appeal D. unemployed ， Speaker of the House 答 答：The Clerk of the The Whigs was one of widowed ， bringing up 案：A Parliament is the two main political children or on very low responsible for the parties originating with incomes. 10.The British records of proceedings of the Glorious Revolution. Cabinet is presided by the House of Lords and for The Whigs opposed 第七章：Government _________. the text of Acts of absolute monarchy and and Administration Parliament supported the right to A. the Prime Minister religious freedom for 选择题 B. the Speaker 3. What did the term Nonconformists. In 19th “ parliament ” century the Whigs became 1. The United Kingdom C. the Lord originally mean？ known as the Liberal is governed in the name of Chancellor D. the Monarch party. The Tories was one _________， by_________. 答案：A 答 ： The term of the two main political “ parliament ” parties in the period of A. the king ； His 11.The Social and originally meant a the Glorious Revolution. Majes 
ty's Government Liberal Democratic Party meeting for parley or The Tories supported is the combination of the discussion. hereditary monarchy and B. the Queen ； Her Social Democratic Party were reluctant to remove Majesty's Government and _________. 4. What's the kings. The Tories were Speaker？ the forerunners of the C. the Sovereign ； A. the Conservative Conservative Party. Prime Minister Party B. the Labour Party 答： Speaker is the The head of the House of 2. Thatcherism D. the Sovereign ； C. the Liberal Party Commons. His or Her Majesty's D. the Green Party 答案： Mrs. Thatcher's government 答案：D C 5. What is the House policies were usually of Lords made up of？ called Thatcherism. It 2.__________is the 12.Which of the “supreme governor” of following about UK's 答：It is made up of included the return the Church of English. monarchy is not true？ the Lords Spiritual and to private ownership of the Lords Temporal. state-owned industries， A. The monarch B. The A. The United Kingdom the Archbishop is a constitutional 6. What did the monarchy. English Industrial use of monetarist C. The Archbishop of Revolution begin with？ policies to control Canterbury D. The Roman B. There is no inflation，the weakening Pope 答案：A written constitution in 答：It began with the of trade the United Kingdom. textile industry. 3. The United Kingdom unions ， the is a _______state. C. Today the Queen 7. Which war was strengthening of the role holds the real power in relatively smooth， with of market forces in the A. unitary B. federal UK. no bloodshed ， nor any economy， C. republic D. feudal 答 execution of the king in 
D. The continuity of Britain？ the monarchy has been 4.The British broken only. 答： is the Glorious It monarchy can be traced Revolution. back to at least 答案：C ________century. 8. What were the 13.The leader of the forerunners of the A. the 7th B. the 8th House of Lords is Liberal Party in C. the 9th D. the 10th 答 ________. Britain？ 案：C A. the Speaker B. the 答：They are Whigs. 5.In Britain the Monarch citizens aged _______ or 9. How many members over have the right to C. the Prime Minster are there in the House of vote. D. the Lord Chancellor 答 Commons？ 案：D A. 16 B. 18 C. 21 D. 答 ： There are 651 30 答案：B 14.Northern Ireland members in the House of is divided into Commons. 6.Local authorities _________districts. in Great Britain raise 10. What is the revenue through A. 20 B. 26 C. 36 D. difference between the _________. 40 答案：B ancestors of the English and Scots ， Welsh and A. the council tax B. 15.Which of the Irish？ the income tax following is not one of the members of the Lords 答：The ancestors of C. the capital Temporal？ the English are receipts D. the personal Anglo-Saxons， while the contribution 答案：A A. All hereditary Scots， Welsh and Irish peers and peeresses of are Celts. 7.In Britain a England ， Scotland ， candidate must be at Great 
Britain and the 11.What is the main least _______or over with United Kingdom （but not function of the House of the deposit of &_____. peers of Ireland） 。 Lords in Britain？ 
1 The Church of England is not free to change its form of worship， as laid down in __________ without the consent of Parliament. A. the Bill of Rights B. the Provisions of Oxford C. the Constitutions of Clarendon D. the Book of Common Prayer 答案：D 2 The position of the Church of Scotland was defined in the Treaty of Union，1707，and further safeguarded by the Church of Scotland Act， ______. A. 1921 B. 1922 C. 1923 D. 1924 答案：A 
3 The Salvation Army is served by 1 ， 800 officers （ ordained 答： main function ministers） and runs more Its is to bring the wide than _____ worship experience of its members centers. into the process of making law. A. 500 B. 1，000 名词解释 1. Constitutional Monarchy C. 1，500 答案：B D. 2，000 
4 The Free Church do Not include ＿＿＿＿。 答 ： The British monarchy is known as A the Methodist constitutional monarchy. Church It means the monarchy's powers are limited by law B the Church of and Parliament. The England monarchy actually has no real power. C the Baptists Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious D the United Reformed Revolution in 1688. Church. 2. the Privy Council 答案：C 
答： Privy Council The 5 ____ is not among was formerly the chief the Anglican Churches source of executive power in the United Kingdom. A The Church in Wales It's origins can be traced back to the King's B The Church of Council ， which in the Ireland 13th century gave the Sovereign advice on the C The Episcopal government of the country. Church in Scotland After the Glorious Revolution of 1688， it D The Baptists. Gradually lost its importance. Much of its 答案：D work was taken over by the Cabinet until the 18th 6 At Christmas， the century. Today it's role home is decorated with is largely formal ， the following except advising the Sovereign to _____. approve certain government decrees， and A. colorful paper issuing royal chains B. leaves of holly proclamations. and mistletoe 3. Social Security C. a young fir-tree D. System firecrackers 答：Social Security System is a part of welfare system which is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need ， providing financial help for those who are elderly， sick， disabled， unemployed， widowed ， bringing up children or on very low incomes. 第 九 章 Affairs 答案：D 7 Easter is traditionally associated with the following except ____. A. the resurrection of Christ B. the eating of Easter eggs 
C. the custom of Social giving presents 
�D. the coming of spring 答案：C 8. ______is the largest of the Free Churches. A. The Baptists B. The Methodist Church C. The Roman Catholic Church D. The Church in Wales 答案：B 9.Established Churches in Britain are ______. A. Church of England and Church of Wales. B. Chur 
ch of Wales and Church of Scotland C. the Churches. Anglican 
D. Church of England and Church of Scotland. 答案：D 10.______is more important than Christmas to Scots. A. Whit Sunday B. New Year's Day C. April Fools Day D. Easter 答案：B 一句话解释 
servants and tradesmen on It is the Church of this day. England. 第十章 英国文化 （练 9.What was the 习题一） Gunpowder Plot of 1605？ 1. Compulsory It was the most education begins at 5 in famous of the Catholic Great Britain and four in conspiracies. Northern Ireland， when children go to—— 名次解释 A. infant schools B. 1 Established junior schools C. Churches independent schools D. primary schools Established churches are those legally 2. About 90 per cent recognized as official of the state secondary churches of the State. school population in the UK attend—— 2 Church of England A. independent Church of England is schools B. public schools the most important C. grammar schools D. established church in comprehensive schools . Britain. It is legally recognized as official 3. There are some — church of the state. It is — universities ， uniquely related to the including the Open Crown in that the University. Sovereign must be a member of that Church and A.900 B.290 C.90 D.50 must promise to uphold it. The church is also linked 4. In Britain ， with the State through children from the age of the House of Lords， in 5 to 16 can —— by law. which the two archbishops and some other bishops A. receive have seats. It was two completely free provinces ： Canterbury education and York. B. receive parly free 3 The Salvation Army education C . receive no free education if their families are rich D. receive no free education at all 5. Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole？ A. chaotic. Education is is 
A. Cricket B. Golf C. Tennis D. Horse-racing 10. The most famous art festival in Britain is—— A. the Royal National Eisteddford of Wales B. the Llangollen Internationl Eisteddford 
4. Which sport is 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C regarded as typically English？ II Cricket is the most 1.5， 4， 16 typically English of sports. 2. eleven-plus ， comprehensive schools 第 十 章 Cultural Affairs（练习题二） 3. Eton ， Harrow ， Roedean 选择题 1 There are over ________nursery and primary schools and nearly _______secondary schools with a total student population of over 9 million in Britain. A. 25.000 5000. B. 5000 25.000. C. 5000. 2500 D 5000. 2500. 答案：A 
4. further C. the Edinburgh education ， high International Festival education of Music and Drama. 5. Oxford ， D. the Bath Festival Cambridge， 12th， 13th of Musis 6. dailies， Sundays II 7. quality， popular 1. Education in the mid-market UK is compulsory for all between the ages of—— 8. The British （ — — in Northen Broadcasting Corporation Ireland） and——。 （BBC） 38 ， 
1 What are the two It was founded by established churches in William Boot 
h in the East Britain？ of London in 1865， who was a follower of the They are the Church Methodist Church. Within of England in England and Britain， the Salvation the Church of Scotland in Army is second only to the Scotland. Government as a provider of social services. 2 How many provinces does the Church of 4 Bank Holidays England have？ Bank Holidays also The Church of England called official public has two provinces ： holidays. The term goes Canterbury and York. back to the Bank Holidays Act of 1871， which owes 3 When were the first its name to the fact that women priests ordained in banks are closed on the Britain？ days specified. They were ordained in March 1994. 5 Easter 
B. Education highly centralized. 
C . Education is rather independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom . D. Education is very expensive. 6. There are about — — daily and Sunday newspapers published in Britain. D.100 A.180 B.150 C.130 
Easter is the chief 4 Who founded the Christian festival ， Salvation Army in the which celebrates the East of London in 1865？ Resurrection of Christ， on the first Sunday after William Booth ， a the first full moon that great follower of John coincides with， or comes Wesley ， founded the after ， the spring Salvation Army. equinox （March 21st） 。 5 Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations？ They go to Oxford Street ， Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations. 6 What is the National Day in Britain？ The birthday of the British Monarch is a National Day in Britain. 7.What does Guy Fawkes Day come From？ Guy Fawkes Day comes from the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. 8. What is the most important established Church in Britain？ 6 Remembrance Sunday 
7. Which of the Remembrance Sunday following is not quality also called Armistice Day. newspapers？ It's the important patriotic festival and on A. Fincacial Times B. the Sunday nearest to The Sun C. The Guardian D. November 11. On this The Times Sunday， the dead of both world wars are remembered 8. Which of the in special church following is not the services and civic important weekly ceremonies. The royal reviews？ members and many important statesmen A. The Economist would lay wreathes to them. B. The New Statesman and society 7 Boxing Day C.The Spectato December 26th is called Boxing Day because D. Reader's Digest it was formerly the custom to give 9. —— is the most “Christmas boxes” or typically English of ， gifts of money ， to sports. 
2 In Britain there 2. In the past 9. Reuters are some children in Britain were _______universities allocated to different 10. football including the Open secondary schools on the cricket， Scotaland University. basis of selection tests known as—— ， which was 11. the West End A 90. B 100. C. 110. replaced by—— D.120. 12. copyright ， 3. The most famous public 答案：A public schools for boys are — — 。 — — ， 1.What do you know 3 About_______ of the 
Westminster and about state schools and secondary school Winchester. The Leading “public schools” in the population in Great girls' public schools are UK？ Britain attend and Cheltenham Ladies' comprehensive schools. College. About 90 percent of the state secondary A. 70% B 80% C. 90% D. 4. Education after 16 school populations in 100% in the UK is divided into Great Britain attend —— and—— comprehensive schools. 答案：C These take pupils without 5. The most-known reference to ability or 4 First degree universities in Britain aptitude and provide a courses are mainly full are — — and — — which wide-ranging secondary time and usually last date from the — — and education for all or most —— centuries. of the children in a ________years in district. Many of England ， Wales and 6. The national Britain's public schools Northern Ireland. newspapers in Britain can are private-run and be divided into national long-established and A.3 B. 4 C. 5 D 6 and national——。 have gained a reputation for their high academic 答案：A 7. National standards ， as well as newpapers are also their exclusiveness and 5 The usual age for popularly divide into— snobbery. transfer from primary to —。—— and ——papers secondary schools is on the basis of 2. What differences in style and distinguishes the Open _______ in England， content. University from all other Wales and Northern British Universities？ Ireland. 8.—— dominates the arwaves of Britain ， The Open University A.14. B.13. C.12. using English and other is a non-residential C.11. languages. university. It offers degree and other courses 答案：D 9. The principal new for adult students of all agencies in Britain are ages. It uses a 6 About _______daily — — ， the Press combination of specially and Sunday newspapers are Association and Extel produced printed texts， published nationwide in Financial Ltd. correspondence tuition， Britain. television and radio 10. The most popular broad casts and A. 100 B. 110. C. 120. sport in England is—— ， audio/video cassettes. D. 130. while — — is the most There is a network of typically English. The study centers for contact 答案：D home of golf is—— with part-time and counselors ， and with 7. Which of the 11. London has over fellow students. following is NOT the 100 theatres ， half of important regional which are in—— 3. What are the morning paper in differences between England？ 12. There are several quality papers and thousand libraries in popular papers？ A .The Daily Record. Britain which include the B. The Northern Echo. “ — — ” libraries ， Quality papers and libraries of other directed at readers who C. The Sunday Mercury. universities and learned want full information on D. The Eastern Daily institutions， and the— a wide range of public Press. — libraries. matters， while popular papers appeal to people 答案：A answers wanting news of a more entertaining cha 
racter ， 8.Of monthly I presented more magazines，________ has concisely. the highest circulation. 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.C 
�A. Economist B. Reader's Digest C. Spectator D. Scotsman. 答案：B 
答案：C 17. _______ Does NOT belong to popular dailies. 
9.Of the following four sports， _______ has A. Ness of the World the longest history. B. Daily Mirror C. Daily Star D. The Sun 答案：A A. cricket B. golf C. football D. rugby. 一句话解释 答案： A 
1.When was Reuters founded？ 10 The Edinburgh International Festival 答 ： Reuters was of Music and Drama takes founded in 1851 by the place for a period of German Julius Reuter. _____. 2. Where did bulk of A. 2 to 3 weeks B. 3 expenditure on education to 4 weeks C. 4 to 5 weeks come from？ D. 5 to 6 weeks 答案： B 答 ： The bulk of 11. David Hare's expenditure on education trilogy does not include comes from public funds. _________. 1 The United States 3. What is the most has a population of A .Racing Demon B. typically English of _______million in July The Phantom of Opera sports？ 1992， China， India and the Unites States have C. Murmuring Judges D. 答 ： Cricket is the the largest populations The Absence of War most typically English of in the world. sports. 答案：B A. 150. B. 255.5 C. 4. What is the oldest 320. D. 450. 12.______ is the home golf club in the world？ of golf. 答案：B 答：The oldest golf A. England B. club in the world is the 2.Most of the Scotland. C. Wales D. Honorable Company of Americans live in the Ireland. Edinburgh Golfers. _______. 
themselves the Beatles. D. this was the Unlike the famous solo period of high birth rate stars that had their of this age bracket songs written for them， the Beatles wrote their 答案：B own words and music. They wrote not only of love， 7. There were 21 big but of death and old age， cities with a population poverty and daily life. over 2 million in 1988， The Beatles had a close of which ______ was the personal relationship biggest one. with their audiences ， and they expected them to A. Chicago B. Los join in. As they Angeles C. New York D. developed ， their song Philadelphia became more serious. They finally won the affection 答案：C and admiration of people of all ages and social 8.The first blacks backgrounds. were brought to North America as slaves in 第 十 四 章 _______. Most blacks were Population ， Race and slaves before 1863. Ethnic Groups A. 1619. B. 1820. C. 选择题： 1719. D. 1680. 答案：A 
Act of 1964 is considered to be the most far-reaching act on civil rights in modern times， forbidding discrimination on the basis of race， color， religion ， gender and national origin. It's the result of a strong civil rights movement in the 1960s. The act added protections for the rights to vote， to use public facilities and to enjoying same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities. 
Convention 答案：B 8.American vi 
ctory at ________ was a great turning point of the war， leading directly to an alliance between the U.S. and France. A. Trenton B. Concord C. Saratoga D. Yorktown 答案：C 
9.After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from ________ ， there was a desire for territorial expansion among many 第 十 五 章 American frontier men. History（练习题一） A. England B. Holland 选择题 C. France D. Spain 
1.The “ first 答案：C Americans ” 9.The Civil Rights were_________. 10 The Compromise of Movement in the US was 1850 allowed _________ to take place in _______. A. the Black Slaves B. be a free state. the Pilgrims C. the A. 1950s. B.1960s. C. Indians D. the A. New Mexico B. Utah 1970s. D.1980s C. Pennsylvania D. Hispanics 答案：C California 答案：B 2.Puritan tradition 答案：D 10 The slavery was was mainly developed in legally abolished in 1865 ________ colony. 11.The beginning by __________ Amendment capital of the U.S. is in to the Constitution. A. Virginia B. ________. Massachusetts Bay C. A the fourteenth B. Pennsylvania C. New York A. Philadelphia B. 13. Copyright 名次解释 A. city area. B. town the fifteenth C. the New York C. Washington C. Libraries are those which C. village thirteenth D. the 答案：B Boston ________. 1 Reuters sixteenth 答案：C 答案：A 3.The Civil War cost 答案：B A. are the Libraries 答 ： The principal 一句话解释 America _______ lives. of universities and news agency in Britain is 3.The first 12.President Lincoln learned institutions. Reuters ， based in immigrants in American 1 Who were the first A. 60，000 B. 618， was shot dead five days London. history came from Americans？ 000 C. 6，180，000 D. 208， after ________. B. are public ________ and the 000 libraries. It was founded in Netherlands. 答 ： They were the A. a military victory 1851 by the German ， Indians. 答案： B of the Union force at C. are entitled to Julius Reuter. It is now A. Germany B. France Gettysburg receive a free copy of a publicly owned company， C. China. D. England 2 When did the higher 4. After the Civil every book published in employing over 11 ， 000 birth rate appear in the War， the United States B. he issued the the United Kingdom. staff in 80 countries. It 答案：D United Status？ saw great developments in Emancipation has more than 1， staff 300 ________. Proclamation D. are of other journalists and 4 By the year of 2050， 答 ： The birth rate universities and learned photographers. The American population is appeared during “ the A. agriculture B. C. he made a speech at institutions. company serves expected to climb to baby boom ” （ 1946 — — education C. foreign Gettysburg subscribers in 150 1964） 。 trade D. service 答案：C countries ， including _______. D. General Lee ， financial institutions； 3. What are the major industry 答案：A commanding general of the 14.Each year ______ commodities houses ； A. 256 million B. 275 racial 
and ethnic Confederate army hosts the London Film traders in currencies， million C. 300 million D. minorities in the United 5.Christopher surrendered his troops Festival. equities and bonds ； 383 million States？ Columbus was an ________ 答案： D major corporations ； navigator. A. the National Film government agencies ； 答案：D 答 ： They are black 13. After the Civil Theatre. news agencies ； Americans， Hispanics， A. British B. Italian War ， monopoly by big newspapers ； and radio 5 The Largest of the Asian-Americans ， C. foreign trade D. business became a strong B. the National Film and television stations. racial and ethnic American， and Indians. service industry trend in the American archive. minorities in the US is economy. Among the 2. Open University _______. 名词解释 答案：B. following individuals ， C. the National Opera ________ was NOT a big Theatre. 答：Higher education A. the Indians B. the 1 baby boom 6. The Constitution business dominator. in Britain is not Japanese C. the Chinese D. was first ratified by D. the National compulsory and students the Blacks. 答： It refers to a _____ in December 1787. A. John D. Ballet Theatre. 答案：A would have to pay fees， social phenomenon in the Rockefeller B. John but the government would 答案：D. United States occurred A. Massachusetts B. Wilkes Booth C. J.P 15.The state-run BBC give students financial between 1946 and 1966. New York C. Georgia D. Morgan D. du Pont 答案： is financed from ______. help if they need the help. 6.From1980 to 1989， After the low birth rate Delaware B There are about 90 the population between in the two decades ending A. the Government universities in Britain the age of 25 and 44 in 1945， came the higher 答案：D 14.During the 13 and the most famous ones increased by 28.1% rate during the “ baby years of Indian wars B. the sale of are Oxford and Cambridge. because _______. boom” Nearly 80 million 。 7.In September 1774， after ________ ， the television license. There is also the Open to Americans were born in _______ was held in Americans forced England all to become students， A. this was the this period. The group Philadelphia ， which to give up the old C. commercial mainly adult students. period of large inflow of born in the earlier encouraged Americans to Northwest. activities. immigrants at this age period of “baby boom” refuse to buy British 3. the Beatles bracket came to college age in the goods. A. the War of 1812 B. D. both B and C. 答 1960s ， so there was the Mexican War C. the 案：B 答： the early 1960s In B. those who were swelling of college A. the First US Civil War D. the War of a new cultures-the born during the period of students. They became the Congress Independence 16 The most famous Liverpool ， or baby boom reached this major force of the arts festival in Great Merseyside ， “ beat ” age bracket ， students' movement in the B.the First 答案：D Britain is 
held in emerged in Britain. The 1960s. Continental congress ______. people responsible for C. those who were 15.President Lincoln this new pop culture were born during the period of 2. the Civil Rights C. the Second issued the Emancipation A. London B. four Liverpool boys who World War II reached this Act of 1964. Continental Congress Proclamation in Llangollen C. Edinburgh D. joined together in a age bracket September 1862， because Stratford. group and called 答：The Civil Rights D. the Constitution _____. 
�A. he himself was an 24.There were abolitionist ______great population movements in the history B. he had no other of the United States. alternative A. five B. four C. C. he realized that three D. two he could win support for the Union at home and 答案： B abroad only by making the war a just war against 25 The largest land slavery. that the U.S. got from France was _________. D. he wanted to punish the slave-owners A. the Louisiana in those states which Territory B. Texas C. New broke away from the Mexico D. Old Northwest Union. 答案：A 答案： C 26.The Compromise of 16 The first English 1850 allowed ________ to colony in the American be accepted as a free was founded at ______ in state. _______. A. New Mexico B. Utah A. Boston ， C. Pennsylvania D. Massachusetts/1607 California 答案：D B. Plymouth ， Massachusetts/1733 C Jamestown ， Virginia/1607 D. Amsterdam/1607 答案：C 17 The US Constitutional was officially adopted on March 4，_____. A. 1776 B. ， 1781 C.1787 D.1789 答案：D 18 The United States had a more or less open-door policy to immigration from independence until________. New 
difficulties ， British Indies 2.When did the great Parliament pass the Tea Puritan Immigration Act of 1733， to allow the 2. The chief reason begin？ company to sell tea at a for early setters to come lower price in the to the New Continent was* 答： great Puritan colonies through its own d *. The immigration began in agents， this took away 1630. the tea business from A. to seek better American tea merchants. opportunity 3. Who drafted the The people in the Declaration of colonies opposed the B. to escape Independence？ unfair treatment and all religious persecution these Acts. On the night 答：Thomas Jefferson of December 16， several C. to satisfy the of Virginia drafted the dozen Boston residents urge for adventure Declaration of dressed as Indians Independence. boarded the ships and D. A & B threw $75，000 worth of 4. When was the East India Company's tea 3. What were the Declaration of into the Boston harbor. causes of the American Independence adopted？ This episode came to be War of Independence ？ D known as the “Boston Tea 答：The Declaration Party” 。 A. The development of of Independence was colonial economy led to adopted by the 3.The Constitutional demand for more Continental Congress on Convention July 4，1776. power to determine 答 ： The Congress their own business 5. Who were the first crea 
ted under the Americans？ Articles of B. the cruel 27.Lincoln's Confederation in 1781 had exploitation of the Emancipation 答 ： They were the no executive or judicial colonies by the British Proclamation and the Indians. powers. In May 1787， the government Thirteenth Amendment to Constitutional the Constitution 6 What is the bill of Convention met in C. the sale of tea in formally ended right？ Philadelphia to revise the colonies _________. the Arieles of 答： It is the term Confederation. For four D. A & B A. the immigration used for the first ten months ， the delegates movement B. the Civil War amendments to the argued about what the 4. The significance Constitution. government should be like. of the American War of C. the slave system D. Finally， they reached a Independence is that* the industrialization 答 7. Where is known as compromise， and drafted c .* 案：C the agricultural capital the of the U.S？ A. It paved the way 28.When Abraham Constitution of the for the development of Lincoln was elected 答：Omaha is known as United States ， which capitalism in North president ， the the agricultural capital provided the basis for America __________ states broke of the U.S. the creation of a federal away and found the government system in the B. It initiated a Confederate States of 8. Who drafted The United States. period of bourgeois America. Declaration of revolution against Independence in the U.S？ 第 十 五 章 American feudal rule the or A. northern B. History（练习题二） colonial rule western C. southern D. 答 ： He was Thomes eastern 答案：C Jefferson…… 考纲： C. both A & B D. None of the above 5. The Articles of Confederation was unusual because it provided for * d .* A. government government B. absolute federal 
B. industrial-commercial interests and landed interests C. one house or two houses for Congress D. A & B 8. The Bill of Rights Amendments* b .* A. dealt with procedural matters B. included not only procedural guarantees but also guarantees of basic rights for the individual C. were adopted merely to satisfy those who opposed the Constitution D. were reluctantly accepted by the Federalists 9. The Federalist Papers were Written to support the* a .* A. Constitution B. Articles Confederation C. Bill of Rights D. Federalists 10. President Jefferson bought the* d *territory from France for 15 million dollors . A. Midwest B. Florida C. Mississippi D. Louisiana 11. The implication of the “ Manifest Destiny” are * a .* A. the legitimacy of American territorial expansion and American obligation of the spread of American value and institution B. the legitimacy of the westward movement of 
29.The American 9 Which are some of American History A. the 1960s B. the Civil War broke out in the biggest cities in the （1600-1900） 1970s C. the 1980s D. the ________ and ended U.S？ 1990s in_______. 1.The 'discovery' of 答： They are New York， the Now world 答案：A A. 1850/1863 B. Los Angeles 
， Chicago， 1846/1848 C. 1861/1863 D. San Francisco ， and 2.Causes of the 19 The U.S. has a land 1861/1865 答案：D Philadelphia. colonization of the New area of _________ square World kilometers. 30 The ________ war 10. What is the full turned out to be name of the U.S？ 3.The original 13 A. 2 ， 575 B. 9.3 America's longest war it colonies million C. 9.3 thousand D. ever fought. 答：It is the United 4，500 States of America. 4.The American War of A. First World B. Independence and its 答案：B Second World C. Korean D. 11. Which three consequences Vietnam 答案：D counties have the largest 20 The American populations in the 5.Establishment of a Constitution is the 31.The War of world？ federal form of _________ written Independence started in government constitution in the __________ and ended in 答：China，India and world. __________. the United States have 6.Consequences of the largest populations territorial expansion A. oldest B. longest A. 1773/1774 B. in the world. and the Westward Movement C. youngest D. shortest 1775/1776 C.1776/1783 D. 1775/1783 答案 D 名词解释 7.The American Civil 答案：A War and its impact on the 31 The first 1 Independence Day development of the U. S. 22 The Declaration of immigrants in American Independence was adopted history came from _______ 答 ： It is a legal 8.Rapid growth of by the ________ and _______. holiday on July 4 capitalism after the Continental Congress on throughout the United Civil War July 4， ________. A. Ireland/France B. States. It is America's England/China C. most important patriotic American History A. First/1774 B. Scotland/England D. holiday， the birthday of （1600-1900） First/1776 C. England/the Netherlands the nation. Second/1774 D. 答案：D Ⅰ 。 Chooce the one Second/1776 2 Boston Tea Party that you think best 一句话解释 answers the question. 答案：D 答 ： In1773 ， the 1 When did the war British East Indian 1. The place that 23 The American with Mexico start and Company， a corporation Columbus landed was* d .* Constitutional was went end？ partly owned by the up to in _________. British government was in A. India B. islands 答 ： The war with serious financial in Asia C. the current A. 1776 B. 1781 C. Mexico started in 1846 difficulties. In order to territory of the USA D. 1787 D. 1791 答案：D and ended in 1848. help the company out of islands in the now West 
C. the Americans were doing the Lord's work in spreading American C. constitutional democracy to other places monarchy D. None of the above D. no king 12. The agreement of 6. In 1787 ， the Constitutional delegates from the states Convention to give each held a meeting in state and equal vote in Philadelphia to make the the Senate and make Articles of representation in the Confederation adequate. House reflect the size of The meeting came to be each state's population called the * b .* has been known as the * b .* A. Continental Congress A. Great Charter B. Constitutio 
nal Convention C. Convention Independent B. Great Compromise C. Rights Amendments D. Compromise of 1850 
13. The basic cause of the American Civil War 7. The contradiction was* a * ， but the that arose at the immediate cause was the Constitution Conference of the South. of 1787 was contradiction between * d .* A. conflicts over slavery， break-away A. big states and small states B. westward expansion， Emancipation 
D. Congress Meeting 
�Proclamation 
8. The Compromise of 1850 was an agreement， 4 The Progressive C. political C. debates in which kept a balance Movement was ________. confusion D. social Congress ， Uncle Tom's between free and slave reform cabin states in the Senate. A. an organized campaign with 答案：B D. Lincoln's 9. The Gettysburg clearly-defined goals. decision anti-slavery Victory was the turning 11 American wartime reformers point of the Civil War. B. a number of objectives included the diverse efforts at total destruction of 14. After the Civil 10.The direct cause political， social， and _______powers. War * a * became a strong of outbreak of Civil War economic reforms trend in the American was that the southern A Axis B. Asian C. economy. states left the Union and C. a movement aiming Allied D. European formed a new nation but at exposing the dark A. monopoly by big President Lincoln was sides of society. 答案：A business determined to maintain the Union. D.a movement aiming 12.Faced with the B. development of at improving people's serious economic crisis small business 11.The government living standard the Hoover carried out the Policy of administration_________ C. nationalization trade protectionism. 答案：B . of business 第 十 六 章 American 5 Versailles Treaty A. refused to take D. Civil Right History （1900-1945） System was the result of strong government action Movement Paris Conference in 选择题 ________. B. took some 15. Which of the effective measures following sentences is 1 Which of the A. Asia B. Europe C. not true？ * c * following statement North America D. Africa C. asked for help shows the tremendous 答案：B A. The Puritans came growth of American D. did nothing to America to escape economy between the end 6 In the United religious persecution of the Civil War and States， the Ku Klux Klan 答案：A and to establish what 1900？ terrorized and attacked they considered the one ________. 13.Which of the true church. A Steam and following that are electricity replaced A. blacks B. all concerned with President B. One of the slogans human muscle. progressives C.The stock Franklin D. Roosevelt is raised by the people in market crash D. both A and NOT ture？ the colonies was “ No B. Machines and oil B 答案：D taxation without were used. A. the New Deal B. the representation. 7 _______ was the Teheran Conference C. Steam took the beginning of a long C. British general place of iron；people and economic depression in C. the Yalta Cornwellis surrendered goods could be moved b 
y the U.S. Conference D. the Potsdam his whole army to George railroads. Conference Washington at Saratogo in A. The bankruptcy of Northern New York. D. All of the above. banks B. Serious 答案：D unemployment D. The “ Manifest 答案：D 14.The decision on Destiny”theory appeared C. The stock market setting - up of a world during the westward 2 Which of the crash D. Farm organization：the United movement to following does not foreclosures Nations was made at account for President _____. justify the conquest Theodore Roosevelt's 答案：C of the whole continent. contributions？ A Yalta Conference B. 8. American policy Potsdam Conference Answer： A. The initiation of towards the Soviet Union large-scale irrigation was centered on three of C. Teheran Ⅰ。1.d 2.d 3.d 4.c projects. the following Conference D. Paris 5.d 6.b 7.d 8.b 9.a 10.d except_______. Conference 答案： A 11.a 12.b 13.a 14.a 15. c B. The implementation of the A. to prevent the 15 The Great Ⅱ。 Sherman Anti-trust Act. United States from being Depression was induced by dragged into the war all the following causes 1. Christopher C. The adoption of but ________. Columbus discovered the the Hepburn Act of 1906. B. to keep the Soviet North America in the year Union in the war A. stock market 1492. D. The passage of the speculation B. credit Federal Reserve Act. C. to influence over-expansion 2. Jamestown in 1607. Soviet foreign policy 答案：D C. government 3. The Puritans were D. to get the Soviet involvement D. lack of wealthy， well educated 3The most important Union into the war control over the banking gentlemen， but Pilgrim features in the growth of against Japan system were mostly poor ， the American economy in laboring people. the early 20th century 答案：A 答案：C were_______. 4. The clash at 9 In 1932， in the 16. Alaska and Hawaii Concord and Lexington. A. the use of steam depth of the depression， were accepted into the and electricity as chief the American people chose United States of America 5. The chief weakness energy， the use of and _______as their next in _______. of the Articles of the development of president who promised to Confederation was that it railway get America out of the A. 1956 B. 1957 C. failed to set up a depression. 1958 D. 1959 government that could B. the appearance of function. airplane ， the use of A. Theodore 答案：D electricity on a large Roosevelt B. Franklin D. 6. He issued the scale and urbanization Roosevelt 17 When the ________ Emancipation War broke out in June， Proclamation for the C. the development of C. Woodrow Wilson D. 1950，Truman sent the 7th purpose of winning large corporation ， Herbert C. Hoover Fleet to the Taiwan support for the Union at urbanization and the Straits to prevent PLA home and abroad by making application in 答案：B from liberating Taiwan. the war a just war against production of new slavery. technology 10 The 1920s in the A. First world B. United States has been Seco 
nd World C. Korean D. 7. As a result of the D. the development of described by many Vietnam U.S. Mexican War the industry and large historians as a period of United States won cities， the expansion of _____. 答案：C California and New railroad network Mexico. A. material failure B. 18.Pushed by 答案：C spiritual frustration Progressive Movement ， 
Presidents Theodore ethnics C. Roosevelt （ 1901-1909 ） Asian-Americans D. and Woodrow Wilson Indians （1913-1921） initiated changes from the 19th 答案：C century tradition of ________. 28 The United States did not join the Second A monopoly B. laissez World War directly faire C. government until______ in December， regulation D. market 1941. control 答案：B A. Great Depression B. 19.The president of Pearl Harbor incident the United States is the head of the ________ C. the Japanese D. branch. the German attack on Poland. A. legislative B. executive C. private D. 答案：B corporate 29. The _______ 答案：B problem has been a key problem in U.S.- China 20.McCarthyism was a relations. full-scale ， ________hysteria in the A. Taiwan B. trade C. United Korea D. Vietnam. States in the 1950s. 答案：A 
A. Nazi B. Fascist C. 30.______ is the Communist D. leading commercial crop anti-Communist in the South of America. 答案：D 21. The American economy is characterized by a high degree of _____. A. Cotton B. Corn C. Wheat D. Rice 答案：A 
一句话问答 A. government B. individual ownership C. 1. What are the real corruption D. monopoly American Literature 答案：D begin？ 22. The Second World 答： began after the It War finally ended in American War of ______. Independence. A. 1945. B.1946. 2 Where is the C.1947 D. 1949 president of the United States official 答案：A residence？ 23.During the Second 答： White House is The World War ， American his official residence. wartime objectives were the total destruction of 3.What is the ____powers. American foreign policy in the early 1930s？ A the Axis B Asian C. the Allied D. European 答 ： In the early 1930s ， the American 答案：A foreign policy was isolationist. 24 The United States supplies almost _______ 4.What is the most of all the exports of central functions of the grain in the world. Congress in America？ A. one fourth B. one 答：It is the passage fifth C. a half D. two of laws. thirds. 5.Which three 25 ______ is the branches is the U.S. nation's leading center government divided of heavy industry in the into？ United States. 答 ： They are the A Northwest B. legislative ， the Midwest C. Southwest D. executive and the West judicial. 6. Who designed and flew a successful plane n 26. The ______ War 1911？ turned out to be America's Longest war it 答：Glenn E. Curiss ever fought. designed and flew a successful plane in 1911. A. First World B. Second World C. Korean D. 7 What policy did the Vietnam United States pursue during the early period 答案：D of WW.I . 27 _______ are the 答 ： The U 
nited fastest-growing racial States pursued a policy and ethnic group in the of pro-Ally partiality. United States. 8. When did the United States government A. Hispanics B. White declare war on Germany？ 答案：B 
�29._______ is the Doctrine was directed largest mainland state of against ________. 21.Under the the U.S. pressure of the Anti-war A. Nazi fascism B. 答案：D Movement，______ decided A. Texas B. Hawaii C. Communism C. Japan D. The not to run for the Rhode Island D. Alaska “free world” 12.On June 5，1947， presidency for a second ______ suggested that the term…… 答案： A 答案：B US should offer economic aid to Western Europe so A. Truman B. Nixon C. 30.The American 39. The largest land as to protect the region Johnson D. Kennedy Constitutional was went that the U.S got from from Soviet expansion. up to in ________. France was ________. 答案：C A. George Marshall B. A. 1776 B.1781 C.1787 A. the Louisiana 解释题 C. President Truman Franklin D. Roosevelt C. 22.The Standard Oil D.1791 Territory B. Texas C. New made the open declaration George Kennan D. Company was founded by Mexico D. Old 1.Progressive of the containment anti-Communist ________. 答案： D Movement policy. Northwest 答案：A 答案：A A. Morgan B. Ford C. 31. Pushed by the 答：A movement at the D. The Civil War in Rockefeller D. Dupent Progressive Movement ， 40.Woman obtained turn of the century， it China broke out. 13.McCarthyism was a Presidents Theodore voting right from the demanded government full-scale ， ________ 答案：C Roosevelt （1901-1909） _______ Amendment to the regulation of the economy 答案：C hysteria in the United and Woodrow Wilson Constitution. and social conditions. States in the 1950s. 23.Abraham Lincoln （1913-1921） initiated Therefore ， it was a 5.In December，1956， belonged to _________. changes from the 19th A. 17th B. 18th C. number of diverse efforts the Supreme Court A. Nazi B. Fascist C. century tradition of 19th D. 20th at political， social， declared ________ 's Communist D. A. the Federalist ______. and economic reforms. segregation laws anti-Communist Party B. the Whig Party 答案：C unconstitutional. A. monopoly B. 2. New Deal 答案：D C. the Republican laissez faire 41.MCCarthyism was a A.California B. Party D. the Democratic full-scale ， _________ 答：The program put Oregon C. Arizona D. 14.Marshall Plan was Party C. government hysteria in the United forward by President Alabama announced on June 5 ， regulation D. market States in the 1950s. Franklin D. Roosevelt in _______. 答案： C control 1932 to deal with the 答案： D A. Nazi B. Fascist C. Great Depression. A.1947 ， B.1948 24._________ was 答案：B Communist D. Roosevelt made Congress 6.From the C.1949 D.1950 meant to guarantee the anti-Communist pass a large number of New mid-seventies onwards ， blacks and others the 32.Kennedy proposed Deal acts and helped to the United States 答案： A right the pro 
gram of_______. 答案：D set up many efficient suffered from “______” ， social economical and that is， the occurrence 15.Education was to vote. A. New Freedom B. New 42. Presidential financial systems. The of stagnation and made a function of the Deal C. New Frontier D. election is held every New Deal did help inflation at the same state under the _______ A. Emancipation War on Poverty _________ years in overcome the most serious time. Amendment to the US Proclamation in 1863 November in the U.S.A. economic crisis of the Constitution. 答案：C capitalist system up to A. stagflation B. B.The Civil Rights A. tow B. three C. that time. crisis C. depression D. A. Tenth. B. Eleventh Act of 1964. 33. The United States four D. five crash C. Twelfth D. Thirteenth has a free market economy 3. the KKK C. The Thirteenth with a dominant 答案： C 答案： A 答案：A Amendment to the 答：The Ku Klux Klan Constitution in 1865. _______sector. 43.Of the following was first organized in 7.Of the three 16 Of the following， subjects ， ________ is 1866 and then reformed in cornerstones of the ________ is not a D. The Voting Rights A. state-owned B. not one of the “basics ” 1867 after the Civil War postwar economic boom， nationally observed Act of 1965 collective C. private D. of elementary school in the South. The KKK _______ was not related holiday. corporate curriculum. terrorized and attacked to the upsurge in births. 答案： D not only blacks，but also A. Christmas B. 答案：C A. reading B. writing. progressives ， labour A. automobile B. Thanksgiving Day C. New 25.The President C. history D. mathematics union organizers ， defense industries C. Year's Day D. Easter cannot veto a law if 34.The president of communist or socialist housing D. all of the Sunday. Congress passes it by a the United States is the 答案：C party members above 答案：B _______ vote at the head of the 答案：D second time. _________branch…… 44.The symbols of egg 第十七章 American in 8.After the Second and hare are most Postwar Era（1945-1980s） World War， both the US 17.The United States A. one-third B. half A. Legislative B. frequently associated and the Soviet Union is by far the ______ C. two-thirds D. executive C. judicial D. with ______. 选择题 first industrial country in the three-fourths party world. A. Thanksgiving Day B. 1 Since 1945 the at tempted to 答案 ： C 答案：B Easter C. Independence United States had entered exercise control over A. biggest B. second Day D. Halloween 答案：B a twentyfive of ________. biggest C. third biggest 26.Elementary and 35.The community economic boom，______did D. fourth biggest. 答案： secondary education in college made its 45. In America， the NOT experience great A. Middle East B. A the United States covers appearance in the early constitution provides development. Eastern Europe C. Western ______ years. ________. that____ shall be Europe D. North Korea 答 18.The safeguards 
President of the Senate. A. automobile B. 案： B against misuse of powers A. 10 B. 11. C. 12 D. A. 1700s B.1800s. computer C. housing D. come in the form of 13. C.1900s D.1990s A. Speaker B. defense 9. During the Missile _______. President C. chief Crisis ， Soviet Union 答案：C 答案：C Justice. D. Vice 答案： B sent missiles to Cuba A. separation of President except ______. powers B. executive 27.The tallest 36.In the early part 2.The Truman orders C. presidential building in the world is of the 19th century ， 答案：D Administration decided A. long-range elections D. party Sears Tower in_______. _______ City was the to provide aid for missiles B. medium political center 46. Military _____-to avoid these two missiles C. Chinese Civil A. New York B. institutions belong to countries fall into the D. Vietnam Civil 答案：A Washington D.C C. Chicago of American writing. _______. hands of Soviet Union in D. Detroit 1947. 答案： A 19.In America ， A. Boston B. A. research junior colleges include 答案： C Philadelphia C. Chicago D. universities B. Doctoral A. Greece and Turkey 10. From 1948 to 1966 the following colleges New York universities C. Junior B. France and Italy C. the average yearly growth in except _______ one. 28. By vote of colleges D. specialized U.K. and France D. Poland real spendable earnings Congress in 1968 ， the 答案：D and Czech was _______ percent in A. junior B. Bible C. third Monday of every 答案： D the United States. community D. technical January is now a federal 37. The aim of 答案： A holiday in the honor of President Roosevelt's 47. The Mississippi A. 1.1 B. 2.1 C. 3.1 答案：B ________. New Deal was to “ save proper rises in the lake 3.Since 1945 他 和 D. 4.1 American” 。 region in North ________. United States had entered 20.The second A. Martin Luther King a _______ years economic 答案： B busiest port in the B. Abraham Lincoln A. economy B. A. Minnesota B. the boom. United States is ______. politics C. society D. meeting Gulf of Mexico C. 11. The United States C. George Washington democracy Montana D. Pennsylvania. A.ten B. fifteen C. and the People's Republic A. New York B. D. Thomas Jefferson 答案：A twenty D. twenty-five of China established Houston C. Los Angeles D. 答案：D diplomatic relations in New Orleans 答案：A 48. The Compromise of 答案：D _____. 38.The Truman 1850 allowed __________ 答： United States The 4. Which of the government declared war following statements did on Germany on April 6， not happen in 1947？ 1917. A. Britain informed 9. What's the aim of the U.S. that it would end the New Deal measures？ financial support of Greece and Turkey. 答： aim of the New The Deal measures was to save B. The Secretary of American democracy and State announced the the capitalist system. Marshall Plan. A. 1972. B. 1974. C. 1978 D. 1979 
答案： D 
�to be accepted as a free Plains D. The 1846/1848 C. 1861/1863 D. 76._________ is the state. inte 
rmountain area. 1861/1865 largest city of the Great Plains. A. New Mexico B. Utah 答案：A 答案：D C. Pennsylvania D. A. Colorado B. Denver California 答案：D 58.Lincoln's 67.During the Second C. Cleveland D. Chicago Emancipation World War ， American 49.The American Proclamation and the objectives were the total 答案：B economy is characterized Thirteenth Amendment to destruction of ______ by a high degree of the Constitution powers. 77.Of the five Great ________. formally ended _______. Lakes on the border A. the Axis B. Asian between Canada and the A. government A. the immigration C. the Allied D. European United States._____ is regulation B. individual movement B. the Civil War the only one entirely in ownership C. corruption 答案：A the U.S. A. Lake Huron B. C. the slave system D. Lake Ontario C. Lake D. monopoly 答案：D the industrialization 68.The Watergate Michigan D. Lake Erie Scandal in 1973 made 50.The heads of the 答案： C __________ resigned，the 答案：C various executive first president to do so departments form a 59.The Cuban Missile in U.S. history. 78 Christopher council of advisers Crisis happended in f____ Columbus discovered the generally know as the A. Truman B. Johnson New World in _______. President's _______. A. 1960 B.1961 C.1962 C. Reagan D. Nixon D.1963. A. 1492 B. 1607 A.Advisory Group B. 答案：D C.1733 D.1750 Executive Office C. 答案：C Special Commission D. 69.The United States 答案：A Cabinet 答案：D 60._________ must supplies almost first come from the House _______of all the exports 79.The _______ War 51.At the master's of Representatives. of grain in the world. turned out to be level the program is America's longest war it primarily _______ A. Appointments of A. one fourth B. one ever fought. oriented， an extension high officials B. Revenue fifth D. a half E. two of undergraduate study in bills thirds A. First World B. America. Second World C. Korean D. C. Military bills D. 答案：C Vietnam A. research B. course Banking bills C. vocation D. doctoral 70._______ is the 答案：D 答案：B nation's leading center 答案：B of heavy industry in the 80.From the 61.Higher education United States. mid-seventies onwards ， 52. Mark Twain's in the United States the United States masterwork was _______. began with the founding A. Northwest B. suffered from“______” ， of _______ in 1636. Midwest C. Southwest D. that is the occurrence of A. The Sketch Book B. West stagnation and inflation The Adventures of A. Harvard College B. at the same time. Huckleberry Finn Yale C. MIT D. Princeton 答案：B A. stagflation B. C. Nature D. Leaves 答案：B 71.The most function crisis C. depression D. of Grass of the Congress is to crash 62.Jazz began in the ________ in America. 答案：B early 20th century as a 答案：A music of ________. A. pass laws B. 53 The biggest and appoint officials C. make 81.Except for some best-loved holiday in the A. black Americans B. investigations D. c 
arry colleges sponsored by the United States is ______. Indians C. Asians D. out executive orders Catholic Church ， all Hispanics colleges and A. New Year's Day B. 答案：A universities in the Independence Day C. 答案：A United States are Thanksgiving Day 72.About ________ governed by a ________ 63.All Americans can American adults composed primarily of D. Christmas Day enjoy a three-day weekend participate in an lamen when they organized learning group （non-professionals） 。 答案：D celebrate_____. each year. A. board of education 54.Hawaii is in the A. Washingtong's A. a half B. one in B. school district C. _____ Ocean. Birthday B. Independence three C. one in four D. board of trustees Day one in five A. Atlantic B. D. superintendent Pacific C. Oceania D. C. Memorial Day D. 答案：C Indian Veterans Day 答案：C 73.Theodore Dreiser 答案：B 答案：C was the representative of 82.Veteran's Day __________. originally celebrated 55.The slavery was 64.The continental the end of the _________. legally abolished in 1865 United States lies in A. Knickerbockers B. by ________ Amendment to central North America Transcendentalists. C. A. Civil War B. First the Constitution. with _____ Ocean to its Lost Generation D. World War C. Second World east. Naturalists. War D. Vietnam War A. the fourteenth B. the fifteenth C. the A. Atlantic B. 答案：D 答案：B thirteenth D. the Pacific C. Oceania D. sixteenth 答案：C Indian 74.For the four 83.The Two major following high schools' tributaries of 56.The Constitution 答案：A ________ aims to prepare Mississippi are _______. allows the President to students for college. give ______ and pardons 65. The most A. the Ohio and the in federal criminal important obstacle to A. comprehensive B. Colorado B. The Missouri cases. Hispanic success in the academic C. vocational D. and the Potomac labor market is their technical A. absolutions B. ______. C. the Missouri and reprieves C. testimonies 答案：C the Ohio D. the Columbia D. amnesties A. race B. language C. and the St. Lawrence 答 poverty D. low education 75.In America， the 案：C 答案： B New Right did not opposed 答案：D _______. 84 In his inaugural 57.____-is speech，_______said that American's most 66.The American A. abortion B. “ the only thing we have important agricultural Civil war broke out in affirmative action C. tax to fear is itself ” 。 area. _______ and ended in rising D. education _______. A. Abraham Lincoln B. A. The Midwest B. New 答案：D Theodore Roosevelt England. C. The Great A. 1850/1863 B. 
C. Woodrow Wilson D. to offer economic aid to Franklin Roosevelt according to the Marshall Plan？ 答案：D 答 ： According to 85._________ are the Marshall Plan， the U.S. fastest-growing racial decided to offer economic and ethnic group in the aid to Western Europe. United States. 2.What did the U.S. A. Hispanics B. White decide to do when faced ethnics C. with the Berlin blockade Asian-Americans D. at l 
ast？ Indians 答：To start a large 答案：C airlift food， fuel and other supplies. 86. The War of Independence started in 3. Who was Martin ______ and ended in Luther King. Jr？ _______. 答：He was a national A. 1773/1774 B. leader of the Civil 1775/1776 C.1776/1783 Rights Movement. D.1775/1783 4. Who made an 答案：D declaration of the US containment policy 87.The United States towards the did not join the Second World War directly Soviet Union on March until____ in December， 12. 1949？ 1941. 答： Harry Truman made A. Great Depression B. an open declaration of Pearl Harbor incident the U.S containment policy towards the Soviet C. the Japanese Union on March 12，1949. attack on china D. the German attack on Poland. 解释 答案：B 1 the Truman Doctrine 
88.Each state is 答：In his speech to entitled to _______ the congress in 1949 Senators. Truman said，“it must be the policy of the United A. two B. three C. States to support free four D. five peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation be 答案：A armed minorities or by outside pressures.”That 89.The Harlem is to say ， the U.S. Renaissance happened in government would support the _______. any country which said it was fighting against A.1920s B. 1930s C. communism. This is the 1940s D. 1950s Truman Doctrine. 答案：A 2.Watergate Scandal 
90.The first 答：On June 17，1972， immigrants in American police at the Watergate history came from _____ apartment office and ______. arrested 5 men who illegally broke into the A. Ireland/France B. offices of the Democratic England/China C. National Committee. Scotland/England D. These 5 men proved to be England/ the Netherlands working for Richard Nixon's committee to 答案：D Re-elect the President. Later in 1973 ， one of 91 New Freedom was Nixon's aides，disclosed the program of that Nixon had a taping ___________. system installed in A. Woodrow Wilson B. the White House， and Theodore Roosevelt that conversations about Watergate had been C. Franklin recorded. Nixon had to Roosevelt D. Henry Truman surrender the tapes at last. On August 9， 1973， 答案：A he resigned， the first president to do so in U.S. 92.______ is history. After responsible for the Watergate ， Americans' protection of American disillusion grew. abroad and of foreign nationals in the United 3 The Marshall Plan States. 答 ： In order to A. The Presidnet B. protect Western Europe Congress from possible Soviet expansion ， the U.S. C. The Secretary of decided to offer Western States D. The Department European countries of State. economic aid. This plan was announced by 答案：A Secretary of State George Marshall on June 5，1947， 一句话解释 so it was called the Marshall Plan. With the 1 Who did U.S. decide aid from the U.S. ， the 
�production of Western Europe recovered and began to show signs of development 第十八章 The economy of U.S. 一、单选 1.The United States has less than _____of the world's population.Yet 
it produces about _____0f the total world output. 
the United States has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil ， together with a moderate climate. Third， America has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labour necessary for a constantly expanding economy. Fourth， factor is the quality of available labour . 
6.The Democratic Party led by Andrew 1.It refers to the Jackson represented the principle that the interests of_______. national government is split into three A.northern branches： legislative， industrialists executive and judicial. B.southern slave owners in the legislative C.frontiersmen D.Both B branch， power is split and C further into two houses. 7.Abraham Lincoln 2. This is a major was elected President as principle of the American candidate of_______ governmental system by which each branch of the A.the Democratic government exercises a Party B.the Republican check on the actions of Party C.the Whig Party the others. if one branch D.None of the above abuses its powers， the others can check it. 8.The two major Separation of powers and parties today have checks and balances limit ________difference in government's power by policy orientation. pitting power against power. For example， the A.no B.little C.some president checks D.great Congress by holding veto power. Congress has the 9.The writers of the purse strings， and the Constitution worked out Senate approves the checks and balances presidential in order to_____. appointments. 
other is to compel unwilling witnesses to testify ， he will be charged with contempt of congress ； if he gives false testimony， he will be charged with perjury. 
provinces were created ， they were A ontario and quebec B manitoba and british columbia 
3 、 The A. 6% 25% B.7% 25% characteristics of the C.6% 23% D.7% 23% economic system of the United States ？ 2.The privately owned and operated （ 1） a free market business ， including economy with a dominant farms ， produce about private sector ____of the total output of goods and services. （ 2 ） flexible government involvement A. 82% B.80% C. 85% D.83% （3）a high degree of monopoly. 3. After a period of prosperity ， government 4、what are the three involvement in the giants in the automobile economy increased during industry of U.S. ？ _____. A.prevent the They are General government from misusing A. the Great Motors ， Ford and its power B.prevent the Depression B. World War Chrysler. Ⅰ C. World War Ⅱ D. the government from Cold War 第十九章 being strong C.pacify those who opposed the 4.Currently U.S. 1.Article 1 of the Constitution D.meet the exports are about ____of Constitution grangts all demands of small states . the world's total ， legislative power of the imports about ____of all federal gowernment to a 10.The House Speaker world imports. Congress composed of two and the temporary chambers ， they are President of the Senate A. 25% 23% B.13% 1 
5% ______and ________. are usually _____. C. 15% 13% D.23% 25% A.a Senate ，a House A.elected by the 5._____is the of Representatives majority party B.chosen largest single source of B.Democrats ， from the majority and goods imported by the Republicans minority parties U.S. ， accounting for nearly 30% of the total. C.the Executive ， the C.members of the Judicial Brach D.the majority party D.chosen A. Britain B. Canada Judicial Brach ， the freely from the C. Australia D.Japan Supreme court Congressmen and Senators 答案： 一、选择 A C A C B 2.The supreme court 名词解释： has original jurisdiction in 1.separation __________. powers 
of 
A.all kinds of cases 2.checks and B.two kinds of cases balances C.cases involving 1 、 New monetarist foreign citizens D.cases 3.the federal system policies — — Such involving a state policies sought to fight 4.patronage inflation by increase 3. The Chief Justice supply and reducing of the Supreme Curt 5.two — — party demand.On the one hand ， _______ system taxes were cut to increase economic A.has much greater 简答： dynamism. On the other power than other justices hand ， interest rates B.has no greater voting 1. What are the three were raised to reduce the power than other justices branches of the supply of money. lf the Supreme Court government？ D.has greater voting 三、简答 power than other justices 2. According to the lf the Supreme Court Constitution ， what 1、 What problems does judicial power does the the American economy have 4.There have President have？ today？ been_________periods in the development lf 3. What are the Unemployment ， American political fuctions of the inflation ， financial parties in the United Congress？ deficit ， and trade States. deficit are the troubles 4. What is the that always face the A.four B.three composition of the United States. C.five D. two federal court system？ 二、名词解释 2、The factors that 5.The Federalists 5. What is the contributed to the fast advocated_________. characteristics lf the growth of the American two major parties？ economy ？ A.a strong federal governments B.strong 答案： First ， the state government C.the geographical location of adoption of Bill of 一、选择 the United States Rights provides very good 1A 2B 3B 4A 5A conditions for the D. limits on the 6D 7B 8C 9A 10C country to grow and federal government become strong. Second， 二、名词解释 
3. It is a system of government in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central government and regional ， or sub divisional governments .Each level 2 Canada's largest must have some domain in city is which its policies are dominant and some genuine A Montréal B Toronto political or C Ottawa D Vancouver constitutional guarantee of its authority. 3 the longerst river in canada is 4. Patronage means rewarding faithful party A the mackenzie B the workers and followers st. Lawrence C the severn with government D the 
yukon employment and contracts. Some would appoint their 4 canada is bounded supporters to on the east by administrative jobs which is called political A the pacific ocean B appointment. 5the party the atlantic ocean C the system means that the two indian ocean D the arctic major political parties ocean ——now the Democrats and the Republicans — — 5 who was the first compete with each other european to discover to dominate politics at canada the federal， state， and local levels. A john cabot B facques cartier C samuel 简答： de champlain D henry hudson 1.they are the legislative ， the 6 who founded the executive and the first permanent judicial. settlements at quebec and montreal on the 2.he has the power to st.lawrence river？ give reprieves and pardons in federal A john cabot B criminal cases. facques cartier C samuel de champlain D henry 3.the most central hudson function of the congress is the passage of law. 7.when was canada legislation can be divided into upper canada introduced in either and lower canada chamber but revenue bills must first come from the A in 1763 B in 1774 C house of representatives. in 1791 D in 1840 The senate has the function of confirming 8 when was canada presidential given internal appointments and self-government？ ratification of treaties. The congress also has A in 1791 B in 1840 C non-legislative in 1848 D in 1867 functions. one is the function of 9 in 1949____became investigation in the form canada'tenth province of congressional hearings. this is a tool A newfoundland B available to members of prince edward island C the congress to inform labrador D britain the citizens and arouse columbia public interests in national issues. the 10 in 1905 two more 
C Alberta and 4. The federal court Saskatchewan D system consists of a Newfoundland and prince supreme court，11 courts Edward island of appeals ， 91district courts （including one for 11 who was the frist the district lf Columbia prime minister of the nes and one for puerto rico） Canada？ and three courts of special jurisdiction. A sir john MacDonald B sir Wilfred Laurie C 5. One is to confirm robert borden D mackenzie presidential king appointments and the other is to ratify 12 in 1896___took treaties by a two-thirds over and the country was vote. ruled under sir wilfrid laurier. 第二十二章，加拿大 A the conservative 一、选择 party B the liberal party C the labor party D the 1，canada is located new democratic party in 答案 1.B 2 B 3 A 4 B A the southern 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 A 10 C hemisphere B the northern 11 A 12 B hemisphere 二、简答 C the western hemisphere D the eastern 1 canada is located hemisphere in the western hemisphere 2 superior and huron 3 samuel de champlain 4 canada is the world's second largest country 5 by the statute of westminster in 1931 三、名解 1.the seven years'war ended with the signing of the treaty of paris in 1763.by the treaty of paris ，new france with its 65000 settlers was ceded to b 
ritain. The french colony on the st.lawrence was regrganized as the british province of quebec 2.Henry Hudson was an english explorer ， in 1610 ， he reached greenland and discovered the huge bay in the centre of canada.the bay was named after him 3.samuel de champlain was a french explorer ， in 1608 he founded the first permanent settlement at quebec and montreal on the st.lawrence river.heunderstood that a monoploy of the inland fur trade could be better protected there ， where the river narrowed ，rather than at sites on the open coast of acadia.consequently.fre nch colonization began to focus on the 
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===范文4:英语国家概况(下)[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况（下） 名词解释
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He participated in
writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S. Constitution.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the chief
author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.
the Bill of Rights
The bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on,
a federal system
a federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.
stock
When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks
for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company. If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it. Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop – they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk. three faiths in the U.S.
By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were
considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish, the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.
The “Beat Generation”
The
Francisco. The name referred simultaneously to the rhythm of Jazz music, to their sense that society was worn out, to the interest in new forms of experience, through drugs, alcohol or Eastern mysticism. Alan Ginsburg’s poem Howl set for them a tone of social protest.
the “Lost Generation”
In the aftermath of World War 1, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some
lived abroad They were known as the
Mark Twain
captured a peculiarly American sense of humor. He represented a new American voice. His major
work was The Adventures Huckleberry Finn (1884), which has been called the greatest novel in
American literature.
The naturalists
They were novelists who concentrated upon the grim aspects of reality and a deterministic view of life. They were linked with European naturalists such as French novelist Zola. The most representative naturalists in American literature were Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London.
Boards of education
Boards of education refer to groups of people who make policies for schools at the state and/or
district level. They also make decisions about the school curriculum, teacher standards and certification, and the overall measurement of student progress.
12. The Counter Culture
In the wake of Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians
called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.
They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct
different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through
dropping out, drugs. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the
counter cultural assault on traditional American society. The counter culture exerted a great influence
upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.
white-collar crime
White – collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud,
false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution, tax evasion and so
on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overlook white-collar crimes. In fact, white-collar
crimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies. Some sociologists argue that the higher classes
may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon was the former President of the United States. In the early 1970s, he was involved in
the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.
The Pony Express System
This was a system of using riders and horses (ponies) to transmit messages and mail orders in the
Wild west in mid-19th century. It was replaced by the telegraph system.
PC
PC is shortened form for Personal Computer, also called desktop computer. It was first developed by
two amateur inventors and was mainly meant for computing. But today, the most widespread use of the PC is for word processing and communications.
Disneyland
Disneyland is America's most well-known amusement park. It was founded by and named after the
movie and cartoon producer Walter Disney. The older park (Disneyland) was located in Los Angeles, California; the other one (Disneyworld) was in Orlando, Florida.
NBA
NBA stands for National Basketball Association. Founded in 1950, it is the association of
professional teams in the US. It has two divisions: the Eastern Division and Western Division.
the Canadian identity
It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian, which is different from other countries, and which is the very reason for making Canada so special. For example, two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.
the Canadian Mosaic
Canada is a nation of immigrants. When Canada is described as a mosaic, it means the each of
the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their old customs, languages and traditions, because
there is no particular concept of an overarching Canadian identity. This resembles a mosaic of
different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.
21.“WASP” culture
“WASP”, which stands for “White Anglo-Saxon Protestant”, is believed to be the basis of the mainstream culture of the United States.
22.Elementary school
In the United States, elementary school usually means grades kindergarten (k) through 8. But in some places, it includes only k-6. Many American refer to elementary grades as “grammar school”. Elementary schools teach mathematics, language, arts, social studies and some other subjects.
23.Henry Ford
Henry Ford was an American entrepreneur in the late 19th century. He was the first to use assembly line for manufacturing cars. The method significantly lowered unit cost and made it affordable to ordinary Americans.
24Niagara Falls
Niagara Falls are a group of awesome waterfalls on the US-Canada border. The torrent falls over a precipice for a distance of 55 meters and makes roaring sound. There are two sections of falls: the larger section located in Canada is called the Horseshoe Falls; the smaller section in the US is called the American falls.
25.the Scarlet Letter
A novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark
drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing; the sin of adultery. In this novel Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotional repression.
26. migrant workers
Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore:::-such as picking crops. Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked. They are known as migrant workers.
27.The National Monument
The National Monument is an unusual artistic project -- four enormous portraits of American
Presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt, are sculpted on Mt Rushmore in the State of South Dakota.
28. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King. Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of
23. service industries
Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product. Service industries
range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era”.
英语国家概况（下）模拟题
I. Directions:
There are 20 questions in this part. Each question is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the correct answer to each of the questions and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
1. Which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern development of
Europe?
A. The growth of capitalism B. The Renaissance
C. The Religious Reformation
2.
3. B. Puritans C. Quakers D. Church of England
Which of the following is NOT a power of the president?
A. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.
B. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur.
C. The president has broad power with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives
regarding the work of the federal departments.
4. The United States produces as much as half of the world’s _______.
A. Wheat and rice
B. Cotton
C. Tobacco and vegetable oil 5. In the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons except _____________.
A. for getting together with friends
C. for having a place in a community 6. ___________ was NOT written by Hemingway.
B. The Sun Also Rises
C. A farewell to arms
D. For Whom the Bell Tolls
7. The following authors were women writers who wrote novels in the late 19th and early 20th century B. Edith Wharton C. Willa Cather D. Kate Chopin
8. A. Universities and colleges C. Technical institutions D. Undergraduate institutions
9. In the 1970s, although the income of the black family increased greatly, the total black-white income gap was widened, which of the following was the main factor contributing to this situation?
More white families moved into high-paying jobs.
B. There were more children in black families.
C. White families had increased their authority over others.
10. Drug abuse in the United States is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. Which of the following is NOT a dysfunction caused by drug abuse?
A. There are great economic losses because of drug abuse.
B. Drug dependence takes a significant toll in terms of personal health and safety.
11. ___________ made the first desktop PC.
A. IBM B. Bill Gates C. Apple Computers
A. Boston B. New York D. Philadelphia
A. Volleyball C. soccer
D. field hockey
14. Jazz music gains acceptance in all classes in American society because of the following reasons.
Which is the exception?
A. It initially appealed to the young and rebellious.
B. Jazz musicians worked Indian American music into the music.
Jazz music was made modified and became more refined.
and C.
A. Schroon Lake C. Atlanta
D. Washington, D.C.
A. 1910 C. 1930
D. 1916
17. Which of the following provinces are densely populated in Canada?
B. Quebec and Manitoba
C. Manitoba and Saskatchewan D. Saskatchewan and Ontario
18. In V
B. Mandarin Chinese C. French D. English
19. What idea is most powerfully
presented in Margaret Laurence’s work, making her highly
representative of contemporary Canada?
A. women’s position B. self-analysis C. political environment
20. When Britain lost its status as a world power after World War Ⅱ, Canada became a junior partner
helping ________ global interests.
A. Indian B. Australian D. Soviet Russian
2. “No taxation without representation” was the rallying cry of __________.
The settlers of Virginia B. The people of Pennsylvania
The colonists in New England
3. A. J.F. Kennedy C. George Washington
D. Thomas Jefferson
5. Three of the following are characteristics of Emily Dickinson’s poem. Which one is not?
A. Her poems mix gaiety and gloom.
D. Her poems show that she was fascinated by both life and death.
7. In the United States school systems, which of the following divisions is true?
A.
B. Elementary school, junior high school
D. Junior high school, senior high school
8. A historic moment of the civil rights movement was the March on Washington of August 28,1963
A. John F
. Kennedy B. President Johnson D. Mario Savio
9. The one group within the counter culture best known for their pursuit of happiness as their only goal
in life was called ___________.
A. the “Me Generation” the “Hippies” D. the “Beat Generation”
A. tax evasion B. bribery
D. false advertising
11. ___________ led to the end of the Pony Express System.
A. Telephone
C. railroad D. steamboat
A. the Appalachian Mountains
C. the Green Mountains D. the Blue Ridge Mountains
14. Ronald Reagan used to be a _____________.
basketball player
C. conservative political columnist D. sports writer
15. Which of the following invention facilitated the out-migration-movement into suburban locations?
B. Electric lawn mower C. Mechanical reaper D. telephone
16. In January 1965, President Johnson declared “___________” to eliminate poverty “by opening to
A. War against Japan D. New Frontier program
17. Black Americans sang the anthem of the civil rights movement,
“____________” affirming their commitment to fight racial prejudice.
“Let it all hang out.” B. “Hell, no, we won’t go.”
“We Shall Overcome”
D. “Speak your heart without interruption”
18. The three influential Canadian Prime Ministers have lot of things in common. Which of the following is the exception?
A. They came from Quebec and could speak French as fluently as English.
B. They were educated as lawyers.
C. They shard the vision of a strong, united Canada and worked hard to overcome the regionalism
of the country.
19. Around the beginning of 20th century, Chinese laborers came to Canada to ____________？
A. do fur trade B. open shops
D. work as farmers and miners
20. In which period have Canada’s most famous and successful writes appeared?
B. period of nation-building
C. early colonial period D. pre-European period
1. The United States was rated _____ in the world in terms of land area and the size of population.
A. second B. third
D. fifth
3. Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes?
A. The executive C. The judicial D. The president
A. Protestant B. Judaism
D. Catholic
6. _________ was mainly interested in writing about Americans living in Europe.
A. William Dean Howells C. Mark Twain
D. Stephen Crane
A. student tuition B. government funding
D. endowments
9. Due to his firm belief in nonviolent peaceful protest in the spirit of India’s leader Gandhi, ______ was
A. Ella Baker C. John F. Kennedy D. James Farmer
10. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Slavery was mainly in the South.
B. Racial discrimination existed throughout the United States in American history.
Racial segregation after the Civil War existed only in the South.
12. Which invention marked the beginning of “The Age of V
A. newspaper B. telegraph
C. laundry machine
13. The State of California is on _________.
A. the Atlantic Coast B. the Gulf of Mexico
D. Caribbean Sea
14. The one group within the counter culture best known for their pursuit of happiness as their only goal in life was called ___________.
B. the “Hippies”
15. Three of the following factors contribute to the higher arrest rates among minority groups. Which is
B. Racial prejudice against them.
C. Low social status of these groups. D. Poverty and unemployment among minority groups.
16. Drug abuse in the United States is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. Which of the following is NOT a dysfunction caused by drug abuse?
A. There is a strong association between drug use and crime.
D. There are great economic losses because of drug abuse.
B. German
C. Japanese D. Finnish
19. Who is the most influential person in the Canadian government?
A. A Cabinet Minister B. The Governor General C. The Queen
B. She is a member of the Cabinet.
C. She is a symbol of Canada. D. She is a symbol of parliamentary democracy.
A. The executive C. The judicial D. The president
A. William Dean Howells
C. Mark Twain
D. Stephen Crane
10. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Slavery was mainly in the South.
B. Racial discrimination existed throughout the United States in American history.
13. The State of California is on _________.
A. the Atlantic Coast
B. the Gulf of Mexico D. Caribbean Sea
I. 1. The theory of American Revolution and American politics originated mainly from
A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. John Adams
A. New York
C. Connecticut D. Georgia
ork C. Y
ale University D. Princeton University
B. Racial prejudice against them
C. Low social status of these groups D. Poverty and unemployment among minority groups
9.Cyrus H McCormick invented _____
A. the electric bulb B. the revolver
D. the railroad
2. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. George Washington D. Benjamin Franklin
6. Whitman’s poetry has the following except _____
__ .
A. Long irregular lines B. Free – flowing structure
ed haunting images D. Celebrating the American spirit
7. The following authors were women writers
who wrote novels in the late 19th and
early 20th century with the exception of _______ .
A. Kate Chopin B. Willa Cather C. Edith Wharton ily Dickinson
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in American higher education? _______
Universities and colleges B. Technical institutions
h institutions D. Undergraduate institutions
13. Ronald Reagan used to be a _____________.
A. sports writer B. basketball player
ouncer D. conservative political columnist
15. ___________ w
e of Winter Olympics.
B. Schroon Lake e Placid C. Atlanta D. Washington , D.C.
16. The complex drumming in the rhythm section of early jazz music was brought over
to America by __________ .
A. British colonists from Asia. Black slaves from West Africa.
C. The Creole from the West India. D. War against Vietnam.
Ⅱ. There are altogether 15blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and writer your answer
at the corresponding places on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)
A. The first permanent settlement in North America was established in today’s __in the year of _22. 1607 B. located in
ork City.
C. “WASP” stands for _25. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant___ .
and _27. government funding___.
__ during the 1960s had been deeply rooted in U.S. history. F. Former President Nixon said that __30. crime __ is America’s “number one enemy.”
G. About 25% of all schools of higher education in America are privately operated organizations __.
H. Possibly the most significant technology of the latter part of 20th century is I. American society is a stratified one in which ___ are unequally distributed among the population.
B. The Three Faiths in the U.S. refer to 22. Protestant _, _23_Catholic _ and _24 Jewish _.
E. Many people use the notion that American society is a _____28_ melting pot _____while Canada is F. Canada’s preferred to establish a nation based on___30 peace ___, __31 order ____ and ___32 good H. Two major political parties of the United States are 34 the Democratic party_ and 35 the
A. Mark Twain’s ____23_novel in American literature.
The civil rights movement, together with ____24_ The youth anti-war and 25. the women’s
B. The two most well-known computer companies are____26IBM__ and ___; now the
largest software company is ____ whose director is __
C. America’s movies are mostly made in _____ in South California.
D. Jazz music, as a musical form, initially performed and appreciated by . E. In area, Canada is the ____
G. About 25% of all schools of higher education in America are privately operated by _
H. Possibly the most significant technology of the latter part of 20 century is
_.
III. Directions: (20%)
There are 10 questions in this part. Answer each of the questions in one full sentence and write you answer on the answer sheet. (20%)
36. What is the symbol of the Democratic Party?:::::: It is the donkey.
37. Who is the first Secretary of Treasury of the United States?:::- Alexander Hamilton
38. Please name three novels written by Ernest Hemingway.
:::::: The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls
39. Which event proclaimed the birth of a new American nation?:::-- The American Revolution
40.Which of F.Scott Fitzgerald’s novel was about youth’s golden dream turning to disappointment?
::::::- The Great Gatsby
41. What does the NBA stand for?:::::: NBA stands for National Basketball Association.
42. What continues to gain more rights and opportunities for women in the Unites States?
:::::: Women’s movement
43. Are Rocky Mountains the main mountain range in the west of US stretching from the Canadian border to New Mexico? :::::: Yes.
44. Which two major foreign forces greatly influenced Canada’s political system?- American and Britain
45. Which province is the manufacturing heartland of Canada? :::::: Ontario
36. What church do the majority of Americans belong to?::: They belong to the Protestant Church.
38. What is the best-known stock exchange in the United States?:::- New York Stock Exchange
39. Is The Waste Land written by Hemingway? :::-- No.
40. What is the symbol of the Republican Party? :::- It is the Elephant.
41. Is research institutions mentioned in American higher education? :::-- No.
42. What are two basic characteristics of all social movements according to a professor of history?
:::-- Structure and spontaneity.
43. When was voice and music first transmitted over the radio? :::-- Christmas Eve 1905
44. Did the counter culture exert a great influence upon people’s attitudes towards social mores, marriage, career and success? :::::: Yes.
36. How many states were there when the United States was founded? ::::::13.
38. What does “K” stands for in the term of “K to 12 education”?:::-- It stands for the kindergarten.
39. What does the WASP stand for?:::-- WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
th
40. Who contributed to the development of the American system of manufacture in the 20 century? :::::: Henry Ford
41. What are two basic characteristics of all social movements according to a professor of history?:::::: Structure and spontaneity
42. What continues to gain more rights and opportunities for women in the Unites States? -- Women’s movement -
44. What’s the greatest difference between Canada and the UK? ::: Canada is a federation:::that is, it is ten provinces and two territories, each with their own government, which have joined to form one country.
45. Which two major foreign forces greatly influenced Canada’s political system? ::: American and Britain
38. How many amendments to the U.S. Constitution? :::-26.
39. Which event proclaimed the birth of a new American nation?
::::::-- The American Revolution
《英美国家概况2》平时作业
一．Fill in the blanks:
1.American Indians had developed three brilliant civilizations before the Europeans arrived. These three civilizations were ____the Aztecs____, __the Incas____ and ____the Mayas_____________ .
2.Columbus discovered the New World in the year of _________.
3. _____The American Revolution_____ officially proclaimed the birth of a new American nation.
5.After the War of Independence was won, the national government was called _and the agreement that guided the government was ___6.The US federal government consists of the following three branches: _the executive______, _7.There are _____ amendments to the US Constitution.
2.The representative work of the “Beat Generation” was Alan Ginsberg’s poem ___Howl___.
3. “The Sound and the Fury” was written by _5. ____ and the two major writers of the post-Revolutionary period.
7.The Three Faiths in the US refer to ____.
8.The first Catholic president in the US was ___J. F. Kennedy_____________.
9.T. S. Eliot’s long poem _10.Some of the programs to equalize educational opportunities for all groups were called _action programs_________.
1. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who make up about
percent of the population．
5. Those who worked in the civil rights movement included __black and white young people，and some ____professionals________ and some house wives．
6. According to a professor of history, all social movements have two basic characteristics: 11 th
“___” and “___”.
1. The New World of America was peopled as a result of two long-continuing immigration movements, the first one from (1)___Asia__ and the second from (2)__Europe_ and (3)_Africa___ .
2. The Constitutional Convention was held in the year of (4)______ and the president of the Convention was (5)_3. A great economist in the Industrial Revolution Era was an Englishman named (6)____ .
4. The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from
(7)__Ireland_________, (8)__Italy__ _and Poland.
6.About (11)________percent of American students go to public schools and
(12)______8.American slavery was finally abolished by (15)__the Civil War______, (16)_Lincoln’s emancipation th_______.
9.Before telegraph was invented, (18)_____ was used in the Wild West for transmitting messages.
12
===范文5:英语国家概况1[下载]【以文搜文】===
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 英国的历史分四部分: 1.The Origins of a Nation 2.The Shaping of the Nation 3.Transition to the Mordern Age 4.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 1 取关键词Origins的字头O 2 取关键词Shaping的字头S 3 取关键词Mordern的字头M 4 取关键词Empire的字头E 连起来就是OSME=O+S+ME=O(哦),S(是)ME(我)! 接着每个部分的标题串在一起,用一句话来记忆.要好好记住每句话里所包括的每个字母代表 的是什么标题.可以看几遍这个情景对话,熟悉了之后可以不费吹灰之力就能记住整个英国历 史的线索.有了这条线,你再把主要的记忆点,象珠子一样地穿起来,这样回忆就非常容易了.可 谓既见树木,又见森林.一切尽在掌握. History of UK (:::O.S.M.E:::) 哦（O） ，是（S）我（ME） O: Early settlers -> Roman Britain -> Anglo-Saxons -> the Viking and Danish Invations -> the Norman Conquest O（哦） ：eravidan=era(时代)+vida(维达,女名)+n(诺曼征服) 句子： （老公看着一本英语国家概况在那里自言自语）哦，原来英国的新时代是伟大的维达 小姐实现诺曼征服之后开始的。 S: Norman Rule -> the Great Charter -> the Hundred Years' War with France -> the Blackdeath and the peasant uprising S(是)：ng（拼音：ng=嗯）+hb(hubby丈夫，的缩写)[N+G+H+B] 句子： （老婆在看电视，漫不经心地说）是的，嗯, 老公。 M: the English Reformation -> Elizabeth I -> the English Renaissance -> James I -> Charles I -> the Civil War -> the commonwealth -> the Glorius Revolution M(我): reelrejam cha cw cw revolution = re+el+re+jam+cha+cw+cw+revolution reel（卷轴）re（又）jam(果酱) cha(茶)cw+cw (与wc厕所相反)revolution(革命，旋转) 句子： （老公一边看书一边倒着果酱，突然果酱洒了）不好了，我（ME的第一个字母M）的 卷轴又洒满果酱了，赶快拿点茶去WC洗洗，啊？怎么两个WC都写反了(CW+CW)，快旋转 回来！ E(我): Two parties (Whigs and Tories) -> Agricultural changes -> the Industrial Revolution -> the Chartist Movement -> Trade unions and the Labour Party -> Colonial Expansion -> in the two World Wars E：TAICHA TCW=T+A+I+CHA+T+C+W 句子： （老婆赶紧跑过来说）我（ME的第二个字母E）的天啊，这什么厕所呀，简直太（TAI） 差（CHA）了嘛，我踢（T）这个该死的CW！ Chapter 1 Land and People
7. 识记要点： Most cities in Britain have introduced ―Clean air zones‖ , whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel. 英国的很多城市都有―洁净空气区‖，在这些地区工厂和家庭只能燃烧无烟燃料。 第五部分 The People 1. 识记要点： 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural 2. 识记要点： There is a great concentration of population in England. 3. 选择题/简答题： The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 4. 选择题： The Celts came to Britain after 700 BC. Later they were conquered by the Romans. 5. 选择题/简答题： The Germanic conquerors give England it’s name ―Angle‖ land. 6. 选择题/ 简答题： It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and English language were born. 正是由于诺曼征服者与被击败的盎格鲁—撒克逊人的结合，英国人和英语诞生了。 7. 识记要点： The English have many differences in regional speech. The chief division is between southern England and northern England. Generally speaking southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English. 8. 名词解释：Cockney (伦敦东区人) A Cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells--the bells of the church of St. Mary LeBow in east London. 9. 选择题： Regional speech is usually
Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from Teutonic gods.分别是战神，天神，风暴之神与和 平之神。 5. 简答题： In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. 公元 597 年,教皇格里高利一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰 , 其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. 公元 579 年圣奥古斯丁成为坎特伯雷大主教. （这是书里的错误吧，我上网查过应该是 602 年。 ） 6. 课后第五题： What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to the English state? :::-- The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires; They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system; They also established the manorial system; They created the Witan to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. ( Witan=council or meeting of the wisemen.) (县城里的农民全跑到庄园里开会了。) 第四部分：The Viking and Danish Invasions 1. 识记要点： The Danes gained control of the north and the east of England (―the Danelaw‖) 丹麦人控制了英格兰北部和西部（叫―丹麦法区） 。 2. 名词解释：Alfred the Great (Alfred is known as ―the father of the British navy‖) 课后第七题： What do you know about king Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of
No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges, and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. 没有大议会批准不准征税；不得随意逮捕，拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；教 会拥有权利和选举自由；伦敦和其他城市应保留其古老的权利和特权；全国应统一度量衡。 3. 论述题： （重点） What was the significance of Magna Carta? :::-- Magna Carta was regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. 大宪章被认为是英国自由的基础， 它陈述的是国王和贵族之间的封建关系和法律关系， 保证 了教会的自由，限制了国王的权利。 3. 简答题：(重点) What do you know about the spirit of the Magna Carta? :::--The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 大宪章的实质是限制王权，置王权于封建法律约束下。 Henry III：Son of King John. Simon de Montfort: The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III’s brother-in-law, rebelled. They forced the king and his son Prince Edward to swear to accept the Provisions of Oxford. Provisions of Oxford: The two main clauses of the Provisions of Oxford: Henry should appoint a new Grand Council of 24 members, half of whom were to be nominated by the barons themselves; and the King should have a permanent body of 15 nobles and bishops to advise him, without whose authority the king could not act. The Lords and the Commons: In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster. Each county was asked to send two knights and each town to send two representatives to the Great Council. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Common known as a parliament. 4. 选择题： Under Edward I, Henry III’s son, Wales was conquered and came under the English Crown. 在亨利三世的儿子爱德华一世的统治下，征服了威尔士。 5. 简答题： Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since. 第三部分：The Hundred Years’ War with France 1. 名词解释： Joan of Arc :::-- Joan of Arc was a naitonal heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France. 2.选择题： By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. Causes of the war: The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. P36 The battle of Argencourt: Henry V won the victory and was recognized to the French throne in 1420. Consequences of the war: The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and the wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was
总的来说，伊丽莎白能与议会合作，这是因为下议院中的清教徒仍忠于女王；此外伊丽莎白 在皇宫内厉行节约避免向议会要钱。 3. 选择题/简答题： Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compromise of views. 伊丽莎白的宗教改革是各种观点的妥协。 Elizabeth’s religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics. 伊丽莎白的宗教和解定位既不被极端的新教徒所接受，也不被虔诚的天主教徒所接受。 4. 选择题： The defeat of the Spanish Aramada the following year (1588) put an end to Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth. 1588 年，西班牙无敌舰队的大败彻底结束了针对伊丽莎白的天主教阴谋活动。 5. 选择题： The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England’s superiority as a naval power. 西班牙无敌舰队的灭亡表明英国海上强国的优势。 6. 选择题： King James VI of Scotland was also James I of England, where he was the first of the Stuarts to take the throne. 苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世，也是英国国王詹姆斯一世，他是英国斯图亚特王朝的首位君主。 第四部分：The English Renaissance 1. 名词解释：the Renaissance :::-- Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. The word is from French, meaning ―rebirth‖. Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times. The Renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change. 文艺复兴是欧洲历史上古典文学和艺术形式的重新兴起。 此词出自法语，意为―重生‖。文 艺复兴处于中世纪向现代的过渡时期，文艺复兴时期是取得重大成就和变化的时期。 2. 选择题： The Renaissance began in northern Italy in the early 14th century, and was typified by the universal genius of Leonardo Da Vinci. 文艺复兴始于 14 世纪初的意大利北部，代表人物是全才莱奥纳多· 达芬奇。 3. 简答题： In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485. 英国的文艺复兴通常被认为开始于 1485 年都铎家族的继位。 4. 简答题： The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics. (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe. (3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them. (4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly.
第一部分：Whigs and Tories 1. 名词解释：the Whigs :::-- Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious to freedom for Nonconformists. 辉格党是指那些反对绝对王权的，支持宗教自由的异教徒。 2. 名词解释：the Tories :::-- The Tories was those who supported hereditary monarch and were reluctant to removing kings, Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England. 3. 名词解释：the Radicals :::-- The Radicals were those who wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of problems. Their common aim was thorough reform of the Parliamentary system. 4. Jeremy Bentham’s ideal known as ―Utilitarianism‖: He suggested that government’s function should be to achieve ―the greatest happiness of the greatest number‖. (政府要高效率，少干预) 第二部分：Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 1. 名词解释：the Enclosure Acts :::-- The Enclosure Acts refer to those acts which enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide into enclosed fields. 《圈地法》 是那些使得较富裕的土地主摄取佃农们不能证明合法的土地， 并把之划入圈地内 的法案。 2. 选择题： George III 被誉为 ―farmer George‖ 3. 论述题： What is your comment on land enclosures in England? (关键字记忆：FM DI HOST，F=Farms, M=More, DI=disaster, Host=Hostility, 想象收音机调频[FM]的[DI]主持[HOST]正在讲圈地运 动的好坏) :::-- Agriculture enclosure had good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small. (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their land by the enclosures. (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 第三部分：The Industrial Revolution (1780--1830) 1.名词解释：The Industrial Revolution :::-- The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是 18 世纪末、19 世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及由此而导致的社会结构和经 济结构的变化。 2. 关于英国成为第一个工业化国家的原因这道论述题 2003 年刚刚考过，今年再考的可能性 不大，但其中的一些原因有可能成为简答题的内容： (3) The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.
In the south of England and the Midlands, the depression hit less hard and recovery was faster, mainly due to the rapid growth of the moto, electrical and light engineering industries. 8. 选择题： Sir Winston Churchill received massive popular support as a war leader and led his country to final victory in 1945. 温斯顿.丘吉尔爵士作为战争领袖受到群众普遍欢迎，他领导英国在 1945 年获胜。 9. 选择题： One of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened the end of Britain’s empire. 二战最为深远的结果之一是加速了大英帝国的瓦解。 10. 选择题： In January, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community. 11. 选择题/简答题： The French President, General de Gaulle, had twice vetoed Britain’s application for membership because he believed that Britain was too closely involved with the United States to make a satisfactory member of the European Community. 法国总统戴高乐两次否决了英国加入的申请，因为他认为，英国与美国关系太密切，不能成 为欧洲经济共同体令人满意的成员国。 12. 名词解释：Thatcherism :::-- The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Mrs. Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her polices are popularly referred to Thatcherism. 1979 年的选举令保守党再次上台，玛格丽特.撒切尔成为英国首位女首相。撒切尔夫人极力 主张自力更生以及私有化。她的政策被广泛称为撒切尔主义。 13. 论述题： Thatcherism 的主要内容： :::-- It included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies (the supply of money in Britain) to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 本章重点课后题： 2. What is your comment on land enclosures in England? :::-- Agriculture enclosure in England had good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small. (2) more vegetables, more milk and mire dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their land by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to a mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers’ hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture’s new prosperity. 3. What was the industrial revolution? :::-- The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes
III．Parliament 议会 1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。 2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day. 议会的主要作用是： （1）通过立法； （2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金； （3）检查政府政 策和行政管理，包括拨款提议； （4）当天的议题辩论。 3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elected House. 贵族院 （上议院） 由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。 它的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。 换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。 4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. 下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由 651 名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。 5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals. 英国被划分为 651 个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。大选必须五年举行一次，但经常不 到五年就进行一次选举。 6.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and ―shadow cabinet ‖. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government. 英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党—保守党和工党。从 1945 年以来，两党一直轮流执 政， 在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府， 多数党领袖由君主 任命为首相。获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为―反对党‖，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反 对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经常给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。 III.The Cabinet and Ministry 内阁和内阁部长 1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues. 首相主持内阁， 负责分配大臣们的职能， 在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。 内阁在 首 相的主持下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。 2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual
法院。 IV. The Judiciary 司法机构 There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. 英国没有司法机构。中央政府的司法工作主要由大法官、内政大臣和检察总长负责。在英格 兰和威尔士， 大法官根据各部委员会的建议任命外行人员为治安官。 大法官推荐高等法官和 巡回法官。最高级别的司法官任命由女王根据首相的建议做出。 V. Police 警察 The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms. 在内政大臣和苏格兰及北爱尔兰国务大臣的指导下， 英国警察分地组建， 并以地方管理为基 础。但伦敦警察署直接与内政大臣管辖。警察不得加入工会或罢工。他们通常不佩带手枪。 VI. Treatment of offenders 对违法者的处理 The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender. 刑罚制度的主要目的是阻止潜在的违法者，并改造已判的违法者。 Capital punishment ( a sentence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy. 英国已废除对谋杀罪的死刑，但议会仍经常辩论要恢复死刑，叛国罪和海盗罪仍可判死刑。 第九章 Social Affairs 英国社会 I. Health and Social Services 全国医疗保健计划 1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security. 英国被认为是福利制度的国家。此制度的所需资金来源于全国保险税和赋税。在英国，这主 要是指国民保健制度，国民保险和社会保障制度。 2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health service in Great Britain id funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes. 不管个人收入如何，国民保健制度为每个居民提供全面医疗服务。英国于 1948 年确立此制 度。英国国民保健制度 82%以下的费用来自普通税收，其他部分来自（1）国民保险金中的
英语国家概况串讲 <第四季> 日期：2004-12-28 作者：翔飞
Part Two The Republic of Ireland
本章概论：
1. 爱尔兰共和国的地理特征
::: the Emerald Isle: Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside. （看看白居易的诗歌：忆江南。 江南好，风景旧曾谙。 日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝。蓝（兰）是一种很绿的草，所以说―绿如蓝‖。爱尔兰，爱，谐音Isle，兰=绿，意思就是绿色的小岛。他们不知道中国江南的草，就只能用绿宝石来比喻了。呵呵。。。） 简答题：
Why Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle?
:::-- Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside.
爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫葱葱而被称为绿宝石岛
*识记要点：
Why Ireland has been geographically compared （比喻）to a basin？（想象一下一个盆。。） :::-- Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands.
*识记要点：
The central plain area is characterized by many lakes, bogs（沼泽：bog->dog, 一只狗翻了个身，陷在沼泽里爬不出来了。看，d翻了个身就是b了，嘿嘿。） (wet areas) and low ridges（山脊）. 为了寻找绿宝石，人们在爱尔兰的中央平原胡找一气。[湖，沼泽，山脊]）
* The highest peak is Carrantuohill (1041m). (Car+ran+tuo+hill: 这座山的名字太容易记了，tuo拼音是驮，其它几个字用英文记，组合起来造句就是：爱尔兰的车最爱驮着大山到处跑，请想象！)
Variety is the main feature of the lowlands.
The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland.
*简答题：
What is the largest river in Ireland? Why is it very important?
:::-- The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It is very important because it provides electric power for much of the Republic. （爱尔兰山上的农民[山=Shan, 农=non]用河水发电供给大部分爱尔兰地区使用。）
*简答题：
Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape.
Irish Coasts
Plants and animals in Ireland (Ireland has a much lower variety of plants and animals than Britain.)
2. 爱尔兰共和国的气候
*简答题：
What are the characteristics of Ireland’s climate?
The weather of Ireland is described as ―mild, moist and changeable.‖ （爱尔兰的美眉[MM]变
[change]了，变得温和[mild]，眼睛很湿润[moist]。）
*识记要点：Excessive rainfall
Ireland suffers from excessive rather than deficient rainfall.
The Central Lowland is the area of the lightest rainfall in Ireland, with two areas that receive less than 762 mm per annum.
The climate of the Northeast is cooler throughout the year than in the rest of the country.
Winter temperatures: Monthly winter temperatures in the west are 6C to 7C from December to March and in the east 5C to 6C from November to March.
Summer temperatures: Summer temperatures range from 15C to 16C in the south and on the coasts of Donegal.
3. 爱尔兰共和国的人口和宗教
简答题：Loss of population and its reasons （Great Fammine / Emigration..）
The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland. （爱尔兰大饥荒：1845。想象：从爱尔兰的天空上伸下一只巨大的巴掌[18]把食物[45]都拿走了，人们都在忍饥挨饿。）
识记要点：
There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English.
Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe.
Today 93% of the Irish population is Roman Catholics.
The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination. (Anglo->Anglican,英国国教的)
Population of Ireland and its features
4. 爱尔兰共和国历史
Celtic tribes: Ireland was invaded by a number of Celtic tribes in prehistoric times. The most important were the Gaels.
Golden age of Irish culture: The arrival of in AD 432 was perhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture. The Golden age of Irish culture lasted from the 5th century to the 8th century.
Viking invastions: Towards the end of 8th century the Viking invasions began.
Invasion of the Anglo-Saxons and conflict between the English and Irish： In 1170 the Anglo-Saxons invaded Ireland. They gradually gained control of the island. Conflict between the English and the Irish went on for almost 800 years.
Irish natioalism and the Easter Uprising: Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Easter Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed.
Anglo-Irish Treaty: In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominison status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.
Ireland in WWII: Ireland kept out of WWII to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.
选择题： deprived Catholics and Dissenters of all legal rights.
In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic. (1949,和我国一样。)
A free trade area with the United Kingdom was established in 1966.
In 1973 the Republic was admitted to the EC.
5. 爱尔兰共和国的外交政策 (Foreign Policy)
Relations between the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain
简答题：
Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment.
Ireland established diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979.
第一部分：Political Structure
1. 简答题：
Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Constitution.
2. 识记：
The head of state is the president, elected by direct suffrage for a term of seven years. 国家元首是总统，直接投票选举产生，任期七年。
3. 选择题：
The government’s responsibility to the Dail （爱尔兰国会之下议院） is .
4. 识记：
All the legislative powers are vested in the national parliament.
The national parliament has two Houses. They are the House of Representatives and the Senate. TDs and Senators are elected for
第二部分：Political Parties
1. 识记要点：
Ireland has a bipolar political party system with two major parties: Fianna Fail and Fine Gael. （FF和FG）
They are both descended from . Now the largest political party in Ireland is Fianna Fail.
Sinn Fein was split in .
The only other national party of some size is the Labor Party.
2. 选择题：
The Irish is the
第三部分：The economy
1. 选择题：
Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sector.
2. 识记要点：
Ireland is one of the developed countries in the EC. Its small economy is marked by, .
3. 论述题：
What is the most significant recent development in Irish agriculture? Why do we say the most significant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community?
:::-- The most significant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. EC membership enabled Irish farmers to participate in the Community’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and export their products to a wider range of markets. (CAP：帽子，爱尔兰农民戴了顶大帽子)
4. 选择题：
Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.
（爱尔兰历尽千心万苦，终于成为欧洲最大的铅和锌的生产国。）
5. 简答题：
* is considered as a solid fuel in Ireland.
6. 识记要点：
Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total exports.
第四部分：Education
1. 选择题：
Ireland’s oldest university is the University of Dublin, of which Trinity College is a constituent. It was founded in 1591.
The National University is the nation’s second institution of higher learning.
第五部分：Media and Culture
1.Today the is the nation’s The Irish Independent is a best-selling daily. （爱尔兰人最爱独立，所以独立报卖得最好。） Some 250 magazines are published in Ireland. （二百五，哈哈）
2. 简答题：
Irish newspapers are forbidden to refer to the Irish Republican Army because the is an organization in Ireland.
3. 简答题：
The most well-known Irish writer of the modern period is is Joyce’s masterpiece. The novel describes the events of one day in the lives of several people in Dublin, and explores their （意识流）
补充内容：
What is the significance of the Peace Agreement on Northern Ireland signed on 10th April, 1998?
:::-- An agreement was signed on 10th April, 1998 by eight of Northern Ireland’s ten political parties and by representatives of the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom who were the cosponsors of the talks. The agreement would create a new provincial assembly establishing a power-sharing arrangement between the majority Protestants and minority Catholics and return a measure of self-government to Northern Ireland after 26 years of direct rule by the United Kingdom. It would establish a North-South council promoting cooperation between Northern Island and the Republic of Ireland. The significance of the Peace Agreement on Northern Ireland is that it would end the violence in Northern Ireland and lay the foundations of peaceful coexistence between the two communities in Northern Ireland and between the North and the South.
Part Three The United States of America
（请牢记10个数字的形状和谐音，记忆年代和历史事件的时候可以做奇特夸张的联想。用形状可以这么记：1=牙刷，2=鹅，3=耳朵，4=快艇，5=钩子，6=大象的鼻子，7=悬崖，8=雪人，9=气球，10=棒球。用谐音可以这么记：1=衣，2=鹅，3=山，4=寺，5=舞，6=柳，7=旗，8=叭儿狗，9=酒，10=石。）
第一部分：Location and Size
1. 美国的地理位置：
The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.
2. 识记：
The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental United States.
3. 简答：
Why does the United States have an ideal location for trade?
The United State has an ideal location for trade. Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australasia.
(澳大拉西亚: 一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚,新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿)
4. 美国最大和最小的州：
Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island is the smallest, but on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.
5. 美国两大主要山系：
the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains
6. 落基山脉的最高峰：the Elbert
7. 落基山脉--大陆分水岭：
The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.
8. 名词解释：the Continental Divide (金鸡落下[落基]，座北朝南[north-south line]，东边的翅膀沾满蜂蜜[密西西比]和墨水[墨西哥湾]；西边的翅膀挥舞着和太平洋边上的加州旅馆say “Hello”!)
:::-- The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide, it is an imaginary north-south line that separates the major river systems of the United States. The rivers that descend
from the eastern slopes of the Rockies flow into the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. Those that begin on the western slopes of the Rockies flow to the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California.
9. 有关 the Mississippi 的重点：(记密西西比的发源地：想象：秘密[密西西比]地从湖里舀了杯苏打[明尼苏达]水喝下去，嘻嘻地笑了)
Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the world’s great continental rivers—the Mississippi. The Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minnesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi has been called ―father of waters‖ or ―old man river‖. （英语里father=old man）
10. The Ohio River的别称：(鹅害鹅[Ohio]，鹅害怕，骑着鹿儿[Ruhr]，逃跑了。) The Ohio River has been called the American Ruhr (after the Ruhr River in Germany).
11. 太平洋沿岸的河流：
On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south, and the Columbia, which rises in Canada. (科学家和一哥们[科：科罗拉多；哥：哥伦比亚]在太平洋岸边信口开河，开出了两条大河。)
12. 美国的大湖区：
The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
注：可以用Homes 这个单词来帮助同学们记忆美国 的五大湖，H 代表 Lake Huron, O 代表Lake Ontario, M代表Lake Michigan, E代表Lake Erie, S代表Lake Superior. 其中Lake Superior是世界上最大的淡水湖, Lake Michigan完全在美国境内[为什么Lake Michigan完全在美国境内呢，因为它和America一样有个M字！]
13. 五大湖的重要性：
The Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of the Midwest, they provide cheap transportation for materials
14. 简答：
What are the benefits of the lakes, rivers and seacoasts of the United States? （想象：字头
H-N-H是不是都很象河流的形状呢，它们代表三个单词，Harbor-Network-Hydroelectric!） :::-- The long and irregular seacoasts provide many . A large of lakes and the Atlantic and Gulf rivers links the interior of the country with the coastal cities. Many swift rivers provide good sources of .
15. 论述：(这道题可以理解后记忆。四个因素，纬度/水/流(currents)/山. 谐音+想象：一根芦苇顺着水流到了山上。)
What are the factors which influence the climate of the United States?
(1). The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. Like China many seasonal changes are found there.
(2). The cilmate of the United States is influenced by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes. These large bodies of water help keep temperatures moderate in the regions bordering them.
(3). Ocean currents（水流） influence the climate over wide regions. The southeastern coast is warmed by the Gulf Stream. New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current, which enters the Gulf of Maine.
(4). The western mountain ranges have an important effect on the climate of the Far East. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges prevent westerly winds from bringing moisture to the intermountain region of the West. The Interior Plains of the Midwest, on the other land, are exposed to both the cold northern winds from Canada and the tropical winds from the Gulf of Mexico.
16. 有关 New England 的重点：（小故事记忆新英格兰：新英格兰是这么个小孩，一出生就和爸妈闹独立，自己上了三个大学，然后去打工，赚了很多钱，到处去旅游，洋洋得意，后来人们都叫他“扬基佬”）
:::New England is sometimes called the of America. It was the chief center of the American of 1776 and was also the nation’s:::New England is also well-known for its position in . Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are located here. (字头+谐音记这三个大学：雅
[Yale]马[马萨诸塞]哈[哈佛] ！)
:::Because of New England’s cool climate, beautiful scenery, and places of historic interest, :::New Englanders were originally known as , which came to stand for all Americans.
17. 为什么Midwest 的农业比较发达？(Midwest, 种田方法中西[Midwest]结合，农业当然发达！)
:::-- Midwest is a low area. Many parts are flat. The climate is humid continental. The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long. These factors make the Midwest America’s most important agricultural area.
18. 关于 Chicago：
Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area. Chicago is also the cultural capital of the Midwest.
19.
Omaha, known as the agricultural capital of the United States. （在美国的农业之都，人们每天都用白色的，香喷喷的藕[O]喂给马[ma]吃，马吃得很开心，哈哈[ha]大笑！）
20.
The South now contains 90% of the American textile industry.
21. The West 被分为三部分：
The West can be divided into three parts: the Great Plains; the Rocky Mountains; the Intermountain Basin and Plateaus. （想象：太阳下山了[暗指美国西部]，无数的公鸡落在[落基]一望无际的大草原上，在盆子[盆地]里啄着高高的原子弹[高原]。）
22.
Colorado has been called the steel city of the west.
23. 美国著名的国家公园：(好记啊：一只飞到一条饿晕了，拼命啄着，以为是黄色的谷子呢。)
Yellowstone National Park / Rocky Mountain National Park / Glacier National Park
24. 胡佛水坝（留着白站在高高的上，一脚踩在花[内华达]上，一脚踩在鸭梨[亚利桑那]上。）
Hoover Dam built on the border between Nevada and Arizona is one of the highest dams in the United States.
25. 科罗拉多大峡谷
The Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is one of nature’s most impressive sights. The bright colors of the canyon walls are a wonderful sight.
26. The Intermountain area 的各大城市及其特点：
::: and （凤凰是山里面最大的鸟，人们从四面八方跑来问它长生不老的秘密，然后在这里度假。） ::: Tucson is a well-known winter resort （Tucson=图生，谐音+想象：冬天用一大堆花花绿绿的图书生火取暖，所以是个Winter resort, 不怕冷啊，哈！）
::: Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American Peoples and is the site of New Mexico’s state university.
::: Salt Lake City is the centre of transportation and trade for a large part of the area. The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.
27. 关于 the region of the Pacific Coast 的重点：
The region of the Pacific Coast is characterized by a series of mountain ranges and fertile river valleys.
California’s Imperial Valley is one of the world’s most famous irrigated areas.
28. 关于Hawaii：（记Mauna Loa谐音：快告诉大家，夏[夏威夷]天很热的时候，火山爆
发喷出无数“玛瑙喽”！）
Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located on Hawaii and erupts from time to time.
Tourism is Hawaii’s most important industry.
Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.
1. 关于美国人口：
The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in July1992, is the third most population country in the world after China and India.
Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.
2. *The United States had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants .
*Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.（Ellis, [Elton的妹妹]你想移民美国吗，很简单，1。你的托福要格；2。你要经济独立）
3. 简答：
Why the United States has long been known as a nation of immigrants?
:::-- The United States has long been known as a nation of immigrants because many of its people descend from settlers who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new land then populated by native American tribes.
4. The first immigrants in American history came from England and the Netherlands.
5. 名词解释：indentured servants (indenture: 契约) [理解记忆：为别人打工做为路费去新大陆淘金。]
:::-- In early settlement in America, some came to the new Continent as indentured servants. These were poor people in Europe who wanted to seek better life in America yet had no money to pay the cross-Atlantic fare. They signed contracts with companies or individuals, committing to work for their masters a specified term in exchange for the journey’s expenses to America.
6. the largest immigration movement took place in 1815 （谐音+想象：1815=尾巴，一，舞。无数的移民挂在一条无比巨大的尾巴上一路欢歌跳舞，进入了美国。）
7. 论述题：
Say something about the three immigration waves. （三次移民潮[用衣，鹅，山代表一二三][大灰狼的故事：大灰狼是一个移民，刚到美国的时候穿了一件彩色的棒球衣，用尾巴（18）打棒球（10），它那不三不四(1830s and 1840s)的怪样子居然拿到了最高分（highest point），结果人们尊称它为―尾巴师父‖（1845）;后来大灰狼骑在一头鹅的背上，尾巴象柳枝（1860）一样摇摇摆摆的，象是喝醉酒（1890）；然后它跑到一座最大的山上用尾巴猜酒令（1890），
喝得烂醉如泥，要死（14=1914）要活的发酒疯。。]
:::-- The first immigration wave began in the mid 1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The third wave was the largest of he three, it happened between 1890 and 1914.
8.Mobility is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people.
9. 论述题：
Describe the 4 population movements in the U.S. （美国人口四次国内迁移）
答题要点：（关键字+想象：西进/城市化/黑人/阳光地带。西城区黑压压一大片乌云把太阳遮住了。1。内战的时候，战争这个巨人把人们象干草一样一把把拎[1880]到了西部。2。城里人都喜欢用尾巴行酒令[1890]，谁输了就要喝蚂蚁酒[19]，举哑铃[20，2象个小鸭子吧，嘿嘿]。3。数以万计的黑人，排成一条长龙，整齐地喊着拍子，2-4-6，2-4-6！[20，40，60年代]从南方移到其他地方。4。阳光地带，其实就是加州旅馆那里，在西部和南部，东北和中北的人们怕冷，都去了阳光地带。时间是60年代到现在，记住了第三点，自然就记住了60年代！）
*the first movement: from the end of the Civil War to 1880 ::: westward movement
*the second movement: from 1890 to 1920 ::: from rural areas to cities
*the third movement: from 1920 to 1960, with the 1940s, the war years, as the peak ::: a large number of black people move out of the South to other areas
*the forth movement: from the end of the 1960s till now ::: from the Northeast and Central North to the West and the South, that is, to the sunbelt areas
10. 有关 The blacks 的重点：
*The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the blacks.
*The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619 （谐音+想象：第一批几百个黑奴们骑在一头巨大的黑牛[16]上，每人喝着一瓶黑色的蚂蚁酒[19]，来到了北美.） *In order to keep the black slaves under control, the slave-owners resorted to brutal methods. *
*The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. （林肯撑着一把老伞[1863]，保护着无数的黑奴，扇了两下雨伞[指两年后的第13（雨伞）次修改]，把宪法给改了。）
*The poverty rate of the blacks is the highest among all racial and ethnic groups.
11. 简答或名词解释：
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 added protections for the blacks for the right to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities. （1964：姨舅很老实，所以享有公民权利）
12. 识记：
The Vote Rights Act of 1965 was meant to guarantee the blacks and others the right to vote （姨舅流下激动的眼泪，呜呜地哭，因为他终于有选举权了。。）
13. 名词解释：Hispanics
:::-- Hispanics refer to the Spanish-speaking population of the United States, who is large, diverse and rapidly growing one.
14. Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States, Mexican-Americans, or Chicanos, make up the largest group; the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.
（美丽的西班牙女郎把一滴巨大的墨[墨西哥裔]水滴在玻璃[玻多黎格]上，敲着腰鼓[古巴后裔]在玻璃上跳舞。）
15.The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their low education.
16. 有关 the Asian-Americans 的重点：
*The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.
*Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans: education, hard work, and family.
*The largest group of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans.
*Most of the Chinese settled in California.
17. 名词解释：powwow（谐音+想象：印第安人爱吃泡泡[pow]糖，哇哇[wow]乱叫，喜欢唱歌跳舞打鼓）
:::-- The American Indians are making efforts to keep and develop their cultures, one example is the reappearance of the ―powwow‖, a community celebration including crafts, food, dance, song and the playing of drums.
18. 名词解释：WASPs
:::-- Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
1. Discovery of the New World
*The ―first Americans‖: Indians
*Christopher Columbus: An Italian navigator supported by Spanish Queen led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now West Indies. He thought he had reached Aisa and didn’t know he had discovered a New Continent. 意的家伙[意大利人]，本来要去西藏[西班牙赞助]，却在西印度群岛上，看到一座寺庙就饿
[1492]了，不想走了。[哥伦布的老家和赞助商要记清]）
*Amerigo Vespucci: The navigator who proved that the land was no India, but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.
2. The Colonial Period
*The first English colony at Jamestown, Virginia （1607）[6形状是大象的鼻子，这么记：一头大象用鼻子（16）吹泡泡（0），泡泡飘得很高，挂满了整面旗帜（7），在Jamestown的上空迎风飘扬，猎猎作响。]
*The original 13 colonies: along the east coast of North America: Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia. (13: 雨伞。谐音想象：一把大花伞下面，你系着一条花围裙[Virginia=维吉尼亚]在和面[Maine]，面里放满了崭新的火腿[New Ham+pshire]，然后你吃着火腿面骑着马萨诸塞]，纽约]上[Road=Rhode][Maryland]里
[North Carolina and South Carolina]，新郎[New Jersey]和男傧相[宾州]站在桥[乔治亚州]上迎接新娘。)
*Causes for the colonization of the New World (理解记忆)
Opportunity was the magic word that drew people to America. It drew English nobles and skilled workmen to America and most of all it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. It offered people a chance to live a better life than they could hope for in the Old World.
*The Pilgrims: To escape , they left England and lived in Leyden, Holland, but they feared their children might become Dutchmen, so in 1620, 201 them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony. (他们刚到的那个冬天，有一半人都死了，后来印第安人教他们种玉米，丰收后，举行了第一个“感恩节”，Thanksgiving celebration, 其实他们应该感谢印第安人。)
（201个英国人装在一朵有一艘船那么大的五月花里，一溜[16]烟钻进了美国的天鹅洞
[20]。）
[The Pilgrims were artisans and peasants.]
*The Puritans and the Massachusetts Bay
The puritans were wealthy and well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England. The Puritans leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save. So in March 1630, the great Puritan migration began. From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to Massachusetts Bay colony. (下午四点半[PM4: 30=Puritans+Massachusetts; 4: 30=16:30=1630]开始，13分钟之内[1630+13=1643]，200条船运了2万个英国佬到马萨诸塞！)
*Features of the new colonies (可以出选择题，结合后来的美国文化，容易理解)
The features were representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.
3. The War of Independence
*Conflicts between the British government and the American people
随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要更多的权利；英国政府要控制殖民地的发展，并且要征收更多的税。贸易价格不公平。实施Stamp Tax给养军队。允许东印度公司低价销售茶叶，抢走
美国茶商的生意。
*The ―Boston Tea Party‖
In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the ―Boston Tea Party‖.
(在一个黑漆漆的晚上[1773]，几十个波斯顿人上船倒掉了价值7万5千美金的茶叶，他们一边倒茶，一边高兴地翩翩起舞。[75，可以记住7万5])
*The First Continental Congress
In September 1774, the First Congress was held in Philadelphia encouraging Amercians to refuse to buy British goods. Colonial militia units were organized.
(第一次代表大会1774在费城召开，组建民兵组织，口号是“让英国货一起去死吧！”[1774]，再也不花费[费城]一分钱买英国货！)
*Lexington and Concord
The shot of Lexington (1775) marked the start of the War of Independence.
*The Second Continental Congress
Three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia. The delegates agreed to support the war. The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy and appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration.
*George Washington: The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington, a Virginian militia (民兵) commander.
*Thomas Jefferson: Tomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the declaration. (Independence Day! 记忆1776：美国人个个是牛仔，喜欢一起骑牛[1776]庆祝独立。)
*The Declaration of Independence and the political theory behind the American Revolution
The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke. (独立宣言的理论来自英国哲学家约翰。洛克)
[独立的意思约[约翰]等于一把锁[Locke]，把门锁上，就算是独立了。]
(In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States.)
[1783, 巴黎条约签定，英国承认美国独立。美国正式独立了，人们高兴得一起爬山（1783）庆祝，拍着巴（巴黎条约）掌说give me five!]
*The American War of Independence and its significance （意义： 理解记忆） 束缚] of colonial rule, the American people which a chance for freer development. It had great overthrow Spanish colonial rule.
4. A New Form of Government
*The Articles of Confederation
With the approach of independence, it was obvious that a more permanent and legitimate union of
the states was necessary. A draft of a confederation was accepted by Congress in November 1777 and was presented to the states for their separate approaval or rejection. The document was accepted by all the states by March 1781. It was called the Articles of Confederation.
*The Constitutional Convention
A confernce was held in Philadelphia (很多会议都在费城召开，注意选择题，也许会考“以下哪个会议不是在费城召开的？”)in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articales of Confederation adequate. All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Constitutional Convention.
[The Articles of Confederation和The Constitutional Convention是有因果关系的，理解记忆。] *The ―Great Compromise‖
The ―Great Compromise‖ gave each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.
*Federalists and the Federalist Papers
Those who took the lead in urging constitution ratification called themselves Federalists. The Federalist Papers were Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. (想象：字头A。H=啊！J。M=加盟，J。J=举起的双手—>啊，我们高举双手赞成加盟联邦！！)
*The Bill of Rights
In 1791, the first ten amendments to the constitution were ratified. It’s called the Bill of Rights. By then, it’s agreed that the foundation of the American constitutional system was completed. (1791: 10 个改正错误的人[amendments]为了一部宪法一起就义[1791]！)
*The first federal government of the United States
1788: the first general election;. 1789, George Washington was chosen the President and took the oath of office in New York where housed the government. 1790, the government moved to Philadelphia.
(第一次大选，一起发发财[1788]，一起把酒[1789]喝，庆祝华盛顿当选总统，总统骑在牛[纽约]背上，嫌费事，把总统府打包，放在一起就拎[1790]到了费城)
5. The War of 1812 （可以出问答题）
*Causes of the war (记三个关键字把三个原因串起来：blockade[封锁]，seamen[海员]，territoriial expansion[领土扩张],联想：1812年战争=一只叭儿狗[18]和一只鹅[12]打仗，把各自的地盘封锁起来，然后带着无数的海员去占领别国的领土。)
The causes leading to the war were the following:
(1) A war was going on in Europe betweenneutrality and benefited from its trade with both sides. As the war intensified, both Britain and France started toStates, on its understanding that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the
(2) The Americans resented the of impressing or forcibly removing
from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.
(3) After President Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from France, there was a desire for among many frontiersmen. They wanted to take the advantage of the war in Europe, when British and France had no time to look after their interests in the New
World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This * Result of the war: In December 1814, British and American diplomats signed a peace treaty which said that all was to be as it had been before the war. (美国的国会大厦和白宫都被烧了。。) *Impact of the war on the development of the United States
(1) The war made people realize the importance of a strong national government.
(2) The war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. This feeling of
nationalism was particularly strong in the western part of the United States.
(3) For almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of
the western part of the continent.
(4) It made both Britain and the United States realize that their disputes should be solved through
negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into a lasting peace between the two countries. （一只叭儿狗和一只鹅打完仗之后，认识到强大政府的重要性，觉得还是要团结，爱国，不要再打架了，要共同做好西部大开发，有什么事情就好好商量，这样才能长久和平共处。）
6. Territorial Expansion and Westward Movement
*The Old Northwest
Present-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
*The Louisiana Purchase
The Americans’ crossing of the Mississippi in the 1790s helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisana Territory to the United States for only 15 million dollars.
*Armed uprising of the Americans in Texas
An armed uprising of the Americans in Texas, supported by the volunteers from the United States, defeated the Mexican army and won independence in 1836. In 1845, Texas was added to the Union.
*Implications of the ―Manifest Destiny‖
(1) The inevitability of the founding of the United States of America; (2) The legitimacy of the
expanstion of American Territory; (3) The spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the ―Lord’s‖ work.
*The War with Mexico
The War with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848. As a result of the peace treaty, Mexico was forced to agree to give California and New Mexico to the United States. In return, the United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million U.S dollars.
7. The Civil War
*Slavery in America
Slavery existed before the War of Independence.
*Slavery and the plantation system in the south
To meet a rising worldwide demand for cotton and tobacco, the planters farmed large areas of land. Slave labour seemed best suited for producing these crops.
*Extension of slavery and the Compromise of 1850
With the territorial expansion towards the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread tion these areas arose again. The Compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without legislation either for or against slavery and the more efficient machinery to be set up for returning runaway slaves to their masters.
*Abolitionist movement and anti-slavery reformers
Garrison / Frederick Douglass
*Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(记书和作者名字：汤姆大伯的小屋。可以出选择题，记住Bee 和Stow[装载]和小屋就能回忆起来。想象：汤姆大伯是个养蜂的老人，他的小屋里装满[stow]了蜂蜜，到处有蜜蜂[bee]在飞。)
*Abraham Lincoln
When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. However, Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union, so the Civil War broke out on April 12, 1861. （1865年内战结束）
（林肯和一只叭儿狗过六一儿童节[1861]，南方人看了不高兴，于是就打起来了。）
*Ulysses S. Grant (格兰特将军，后来成为总统。)
*Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
盖茨堡战役成为内战的转折点。林肯的演说。。
*The Emancipation Proclamation
*Robert E. Lee
（在西点军校的时候，李将军是格兰特的前辈，而且，格兰特从来不是个好学生！可是格兰特赢了！）
*The 13th Amendment, which banned slavery, was added to the Constitution in December 1865.
8. Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War （可以出问答题）
After the Civil War, the United States saw great developments in industry, agriculture, science and technology, and population. There were many reasons.
(1) With the war over, the United States again achieved a stable political environment. As a
result, both foreign and domestic capital became available for investment.
(2) Black slaves were free, and waves of European and Asian immigrants poured into the
U.S. So there was enough labour supply for the development of industries.
(3) Scinence and invention played a very important role in accelerating America’s
industrial development.
(4) The federal government put high taxes on foreign imports. This encouraged Americans
to buy American-made goods.
(5) The United States was rich in natural resources.
During this period both production and capital became increasingly concentrated. Monopoly by big business became a strong trend in the American economy.
（内战后资本主义快速发展的原因：政治环境+劳动力+科技+税收+自然资源。记住这五个关键字，加上理解，自己组织语言就可以回答了。想象：打完内战，正[政治环境]是劳[劳动
力]累的时候，打瞌[科技]睡[税收]也是很自然[自然资源]的事！）
必背细节
1． In 1913,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.1913年美国钢产量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。
（1913+钢：谐音想象，一瓶酒[19]大得想一座山[13]，酒香扑鼻，方圆几百里的人都能闻到。奇特的是酒瓶是钢做的，很牢固。1900+煤：我的姨舅[19]在美国挖煤，只挖了两个煤洞[00]，产量就名列世界第一！）
2． Large corporation ,urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20 th century.大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。
3． In 1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 1911,Glenn E.Curiss designed and flew a successful plane. 1903年，莱特兄弟发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦。E。库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。（1911年，一架穿着一件旧衣[1911]的飞机成功试飞，那件衣服是花格子涤纶料的。）
4． At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S.was impartial neither in action, nor in thought.It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality.第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。
5． The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标的时期。（看过那本―了不起的盖茨比‖吗，写的就是二十年代）
6． The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the late 1920S and 1930S.股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。
7． The aim of President Roosevelt’s New measures was to save American democracy and the capitalist system.罗斯福总统―新政：措施的目的在于‖拯救美国民主―及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济危机。
8． In the early 1930S,the American foreign policy was isolationism, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.在30年代初期，美国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。
9． During the WWII, the postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of the
American’s desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion.二战期间，美国延缓开辟第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速扩张的可能性
10． American diplomacy in WWII was largely diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet Union.There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities:1>to win the war;2>to establish postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.二战期间，美国的外交政策大体上是针对英国和前苏联的，所有外交政策的两个主导原则是：羸得战争，按美国利益建立战后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。
11． The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet Union and Britain met three times during the WWII.1>The first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943.At the conference it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched in May ,1944,which was codenamed Overlord.2>The second conference was held in Yalta in February,1945,it decided on the setting-up of a world organization: the United Nation .3>The third conference was held at Potsdam, which confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at Yalta.二战期间，英，美，苏三国领导人共会晤了三次，第一次是在1943年11月在德黑兰会议，该会义决定进行代号为―霸王行动‖的军事行动，向法国南部大举进攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅尔塔会议，本次会议决定建立联合国组织，第三次是在1945年7。8月间在柏林城外举行的波茨坦会议，该会主要确认了雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。（英美苏三国领导人在寺庙里跳舞
[45]，把鸭和鹅赶到宝塔[雅尔塔]上，让它们联合起来成立联合国。）
必背解释
1． The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者) （muck是粪肥，rake是耙子，哈哈）
The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.
2.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）
It was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.
3.laissez faire(放任主义)
it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property.
4.the Red scare(红色恐惧)
Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 and January 2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.
5.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党
The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It terrorized and attacked on not only blacks, but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc.
6.the New Deal(罗斯福新政)
It was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to ―save American democracy‖ and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.
The New Deal included the following contents:
(1) Establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and
currency systems, overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital.
(2) Federal government management of relief and establishment of social security systems such
as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority;
(3) Stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;
(4) Formulation and implementation of federal labour laws to raise the role of labour in the
relations of production;
(5) Improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.
(罗斯福新政的内容：理解+字头记忆：金蛇刺牢骚=一条金色的蛇在一堆螺丝里冬眠，突然给螺丝刺了一下，嘟嘟囔囔地发了顿牢骚，又睡着了。金=金融，整顿金融秩序；蛇=社=社会保障制度；刺=刺激=stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture; 牢=劳=劳工法；骚=少=少数民族；螺丝=罗斯福)
7.Isolationism(孤立主义)
it was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.
必背细节 （这里没有涉及到所有的知识点，请结合书本后面的考核要点复习！！）
1. On Feb 22,1946,George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S.policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.1946年2月22日，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南在他的电报中主张对苏联采取遏制政策。(想象：汤姆大叔[美国]用一个巨大的南[凯南]瓜把苏联困[containment]在里面！)
2． The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman on March 12,1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.1949年3月12日杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。
3． In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S.decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. This later came to be called 为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，此举后来被称作
―马歇尔计划。‖(汤姆大叔赶着成千上万的马，马不停蹄，不歇息，而是去西欧做经济支援。)
4． The North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed on April 4,1949,marked the beginning of U.S.efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.美国于1949年4月4日签订的北大西洋公约标志着美国开始致力于在苏联及其盟国周围建立军事同盟。（NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization）
5． When the Korean War broke out in June,1950,Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.1950年6月朝鲜战争爆发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。
6． The Montgomery boycott was led by Martin Luther King, Jr,a young black clergyman who later became a national leader of the Civil Rights movement.1955年的蒙哥马利联合抵制运动由小马丁。路德。金领导，他是一个黑人牧师，后来成为民权运动的全国领导人。
7． Since 1945 the United States had entered a twenty-five-year economic boom.The cornerstones were the automobile,housing,and defense industries.自1945年以来，美国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为汽车，住房和国防工业。
8． Between 1946 and 1961,more than 63.5 million babies were born in the U.S,making the baby-boom generation the largest by far in the American history.从1946年到1961年，是美国历史上的生育高峰期。
（想象：石榴[1946]是六一[1961儿童节小孩子的礼物，因为有许多的小孩[baby-boom]，所以准备了几千万个石榴！]
9． When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962,the president of American is Kennedy,the president of Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在位总统为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。
(把时间地点人物串起来：河边的渔夫[赫鲁晓夫]在一面大鼓上溜鸭[62]子，把鸭子赶去啃泥巴[肯尼迪]。)
10． Richard Nixon ,who was elected on a platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed the strategy into “Vietnamization” of the war building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force.里查德。尼克松以结束越战作为自己的竞选纲领，提出把战略改为战争越南化，即建立越南军队以其代替美国军队。
11． In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to look for a way to improve relations with China so as to get China’s help for its withdrawal from south Vietnam and to work with China against Soviet expansion.20世纪60年代末70年代初，美国改善对华关系的有两上：一是以便从越撤军时能得到中国的帮助，再是希望与中国合作联手对付苏联的扩张。
12． In February 1972,President Nixon visited China and met Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanhai Communique.This visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979.1972年2月尼克松与毛泽东会晤，双方签署了《上海联合公报》。（1972年尼克松骑[7]着一只美丽的天鹅[2]，在泥地上的一棵松树[尼克松]上面与毛泽东签了《上海联合公报》）
13． From 1972 to 1979,the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations remained the Taiwan problem.1972-1979年，影响中美关系的主要问题还是台湾问题。
14． Kennedy initiated the program called the New Frontier. Johnson also started a War on Poverty.肯尼迪执政时启动了―新边疆号召‖，约翰逊做总统时发动了反贫困大战。（好记啊：肯尼迪号召开垦边疆；约翰逊发动勤俭节约，反贫困。）
15． The two famous leaders of black movements in the U.S.in the 60s were Martin Luther King,who advocated non-violent Civil Rights movement,and Malcolm X,who advocated violence
in self defense,and attempted to separate themselves from whith society.60年代美国有名的黑人运动领袖为马丁。路德。金和迈克姆..X.
16． Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal ,the first president to do so in American history.水门事件使尼克松成为美国历史上第一位辞职的总统。
17． From the mid-seventies onwards ,the U.S suffered from‖stagflation‖,that is ,the occurrence of stagnation and inflation at the same time.从70年代中期开始，美国开始遭受―经济滞胀‖即经济停滞与通货膨胀的同时出现。
名词解释。
1． The Truman Doctrime 杜鲁门主义
2． The Marshal Plan(马歇尔计划)
3． McCarthyism（麦卡锡主义）
4． Montgomery bus boycott（蒙哥马利联合抵制运动）5． The New Frontier（新边疆号召）
6． The Counterculture （反文化运动）
7． Watergate Scandal（水门事件）2001年全国统考第52题已考
8． The little Rock Incident（小石城事件）
1． The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the world.It is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界首位。
2． Now American has more than half of the European market in transistors, oil refining,farm products,telecommunications,and computers.现在美国的晶体管，炼油，农产品，通讯和计算机占欧洲市场分额的一半多。
3． The U.S has less than 6% of the world’s populatinon.Yet it products about 25% of the total world output.美国拥有不到6%世界人口，却生产出占世界总产量的25%的产品。(2001,23题已考)
4． The U.S has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector. The privately owned and operated businesses, including farms,produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services. Of course,the government has always been an important element American economy.美国经济是以私营为主的自由市场经济。(2002,44)
5． In the postwar years government involvement was again emphasized when the U.S adopted the Keynesian theory in running the economy. But the American economy was still plagued by stagflation. In the early 1980s,under the Reagan Administration, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist policies.二战后美国采纳了凯恩斯理论来管理国这经济，再次强调政府于预。但美国经济还是出现连年的经济滞胀，于是，在80年代初期，在里根政府的领导下，传统的凯恩斯理论被新的货币主义政策所代替。
6． The cultivated land in the U.S makes up 21% of the total land, and people who are engaged in farming make up only 2.7% of the total population. Yet the U.S grows nearly one
fourth of the world’s grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products.在美国，耕地占国土总面积的21%，而从事农业生产的人口只占总人口的2。7%。然而，美国还生产出占全世界近1/4的粮食。美国是世界上最大的农产口出口国。
产了世界1/4的粮食，出口占世界出口总量的一半！)
7． The U.S ranks first in the production and export of corn. It produces nearly 50% of the corn in the world.The Corn Belt is in the Midwest. Iowa is the leading corn-producing state. The Midwest is the most important agricultural region of the U.S.美国的玉米产量几乎占到世界总产量的50%，是世界最大的玉米生产和出口国，玉米带主要位于中西部地区，爱荷华是主要的玉米生产州，中西部是美国最重要的农业区。
[IOWA人爱荷花，天天做在荷花上面吃玉米！]
8． Wheat is American’s most important food crop. It is second only to corn in production every year. The Wheat Belt is located near the Corn Belt in the Midwest.小麦是美国最重要的食用作物，小麦带也位于中西部地区。
9． The U.S ranks second in the export of rice in the world after Thailand.美国的大米出口量仅次于泰国，居世界第二位。
10． The Midwest is the nation’ leading center of heavy industry. Texas is the country’s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits.中西部是美国最重要的重工业中心，得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州。
（记得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州：得了咳嗽拼命吹萨克斯，吹出了石油和天然气！）
11． Huston is now the greatest commercial center of the Southwest and the chemical capital of the world. It is a center of petrochemical and synthetic rubber production . It is also the home of the space center.休斯敦被称作世界化工之都，是美国西南部地区最大的商业中心，也是石油化工和合成橡胶中心，还是宇航中心所在地。
（小石墩[休斯敦]是个矮个子种花工人[化工]，他用石油浇花[石油化工]，长出橡胶，用橡胶给宇航员做衣服。）
12． The state of California now has passed New York as the most populous state. It is now first in manufacturing ,especially the manufacture of aircraft parts and missiles ,and in shipbuilding ,as well as in food production.加利福尼亚为美国人口最大的州，其飞机和导弹加工业，造船业和食口加工业居世界首位。
13.Currently U.S. exports are about 15% of the world’s total. The U.S imports about 13% of all world imports,Canada is the largest single source of goods imports by the U.S., outside of North American, Europe is the largest source of imports.当前美国的出口额占世界总出口额的确良15%，进口额占到期13%，加拿大是美国进口产品的最大来源地，在北美以外，欧洲则是最大的进口来源。
14.Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the U.S.肥沃的土壤，广袤的森林，充足的水源和丰富的矿藏是美国的主要自然资源。[水木年华，土里藏金]
15.Unemploument, inflation ,financial deficit, and trade deficit are the trouble that always face the U.S.失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字是美国一直面临的问题。
16．The estimated number of people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which made up about 14% of the total population.据估计，1995美国生活在贫困线以下的人口达3570万人，占总人口的14%。
17，The leading farm products in the U.S are corn ,wheat ,rice ,soybeans, oranges, meat, milk, apple, oats, cotton, tobacco, etc.美国的主要农作物有玉米，小麦，大米，大豆，桔子，肉类，牛奶，苹果，燕麦和烟草等。
18．The Midwest round the Great Lakes, the Middle Atlantic state, the south, and the Pacific Coast are the major industrial regions of the U.S.五大湖区周围的中西部，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸为美国主要的工业区。
必背解释：
1。Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.
2。Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy. 简要论述美国经济迅速增长的几个因数：
The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors: 1> The geographical location of the U.S. provides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong.
2>the U.S has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.
3>American has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.
4>The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force. The American labor force is not only hard-working ,but also willing to experiment, to change and to learn new technology.
1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。
（美国宪法最老了，功力也最深厚，一[1]口气[7]把[8]气[7]吹到八瓶啤酒[89]上，然后一次把酒吸完。）
2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。
3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。
4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。
（好记：如果宪法不是3/4批准的话，那就是不3不4了！）
5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation. The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. The president election was held every 4 years .宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。（记至少35岁才能当总统：无厘头搞笑：美国人怕黑，只有上午[35]才有人出来当总统，下午天黑了就没有总统了。）
6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美国，嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。（Maine, 谐音，免了，所以免了赢者通吃的制度）
7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College. To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得270票。
8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an eath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S.
A president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席大法官主持的。
9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众议院人数宪法没有具体规定。
10． The Constitution requires that U.S. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每2年改选1/3的议员。
11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress. Today, the House is composed of 435 members. Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是
选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。
12． Each house of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。
13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate. He has no vote, except in a case of a tie. The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，-众议院议长。
14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。
15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution. The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟一有权解释宪法的机构，目前法院由一名首席大法官和8名助理法官组成。
16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.
17． In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。
18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派，联邦派和反联邦派，第三阶段从9世纪60年代到达9世纪20年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。（2002，21题）
19． In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.从1933年到1989年的28届众议院中，民主党在6届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有多数席位。
20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split. The main
faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德鲁。杰克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立辉格党
必背解释：
1. 联邦制：the Federal system
2. the Bill of Right <权利法案》
3. “winner-talk-al “system(羸者全羸)
必背问答：
1． What mechanism did the writers of the American Constitution introduce to provide safeguards? They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances.
2.According to the Constitution, what judicial power does the President have?
The president has the power to give reprieves(缓刑)and pardons(赦免)in dederal criminal cases.
3。 What are the two special powers of the Senate?
There are two special powers: one is to confirm presidential appointments of high officials of the federal government; the other is to ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote.
4. What is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties?
There are two major factors:1>the decline of patronage using the Party’s influence to bring material benefits to its followers;2>the wide use of direct primarsies in nominating candidates for public office.（1。利用党的影响给其追随者利益的特权减小了，2，广泛采用直接初选提名公职候选人）
1． It is a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. American believe that ,through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skill ,attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. Education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength。在美国，人们普遍认识是，每一个人都有受教育的权利和义务，通过受教育，人们可以更好的适应社会，提高自身的社会地位，教育有助于塑造社会，增强国家实力。（2000，46题，一句话回答）
2． Formal education in the U.S consists of elementary ,secondary and higher education, Elementary and secondary education,which forms public education, is free and compulsory.美国正规的教育由初等，中等和高等教育组成，初等，中等教育属公立教育，是免费和义务的。
3． In American ,there are more public elementary and secondary schools that private ones, while private colleges and universities outnumber public ones.在美国，公立中小学比私立多，而私立大学比公立大学多。
4． Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S Constitution, education was included among the responsibilities which were “reserved to the states or the people:.根据美国宪法第十修正案，教育是：保留给各州或人民：的责任之一。
5． There is not a national system of education in the United States, It is the state that establishes
policies for the education within its boundary, so many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states.美国没有全国统一的教育体制，而是由各州为自己辖区内的学校制订政策，所以50个州的教育体制相差很大。
6． Elementary and secondary education in the U.S covers 12 years for ages 6 through 18, All the states have laws that require children to go to school, generally until the age of 16, unless they are severely handicapped.美国初等和中等教育共12年，从6岁到期8岁，所有州要求孩子们上学上到期16岁，除非他们严重残疾。
7． In American, the total support for public schools is about 186 billion a year, about 7% of the gross national product(GNP)在美国，给公立学校的财政资助一年约1850亿美元，约占国民生产总值的7%。
8． Each local school district of American has a governing board whose major responsibilities are 1>the hiring of professional and support staff, 2>determining the most suitable local curriculum, 3>and developing and approving a budget to carry out educational programs. Usually the board of education employs a superintendent of school, who is the chief executive officer at the local level.每个地方学区都有一个由选民选举产生的管理委员会，它主要有三个职责，1。聘用教师和学校员工，2。决定适合当地的课程，3。制定和批准执行教育计划的预算，通常，教育委员会要选一位督学，作为地方一级的重要教育行政官员。
9． The typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary schools is that of graded schools. Usually, the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12.美国中小学典型的组织模式是年级制，通常，小学包括1到8年级，中学包括9到12年级。
10． There is a certain degree of similarity in the American elementary school curriculum. It mainly consists of mastery of the “basics” such as reading, writing, and arithmetic of mathematics.美国各小学的课程有某种程度的相似之处， 要是对―基础课的掌握，这些基础包括阅读，写作，和算术或数学等。
11． Higher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636.美国的高等教育始于1636年哈佛学院的建立。（2001，22选择）
12． The system of higher education in the U.S has three principal functions: teaching, research and public service.美国高等教育有三大职能：教学，研究，和公众服务。
13． In American, there are the best research universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia and MIT in the east, as well as Stanford and Berkeley on the west coast.美国最好的科研型大学有位于东部的哈佛，耶鲁，普林斯顿，哥伦比亚，和麻省理工大学，位于西海岸的斯坦福大学和伯克利大学。
14． The administration of most colleges and universities is quite separate from that of the school. But there are three State board that set policy for education at all levels in respective state, They are the State Boards of New York, Rhode Island ,and Michigan.大多数学院和大学的行政管
理是与中小学分开的，但有3个州例外，它们是纽约，罗得岛，和密歇根州。（这三个州字头串起来是MR. New=牛先生）
15． Except for some college sponsored by the Catholic Church, all college and universities in the U.S ,public or private, are governed by a board of trustees composed primarily of laymen.除了一些由天主教会赞助的大学外，美国所有的大学都是由一个主要的由外行人员组成的托管委员会管理。
16． The community college calls for education to serve the good of both the individual and society. It embodies Thomas Jefferson’s belief that an education should be practical as well as liberal.社区学院奉行教育既为个人又为社会服务的宗旨，它包含了托马斯。杰斐逊教育既是实用的又是自由这一信仰。
17． By the mid-1980s, a wave of education reform swept the country. These reform had two focuses:1>the raising of the standards of teaching and learning;2>the restructuring of the schools.到80年代中期席卷全国的教育改革的浪潮有两个重点1》提高教学标准2》学校的结构改革。
18． In 1983, a report entitled ―A Nation At Risk‖ was issued which cited high rates of adult illiteracy, declining SAT scores, the decline of educational standards. The report put forward five proposals.1983《危险中的国家》发表，引用了成人文盲比例高，学生技能下降，教育水准下降等例子，该报告提出了五点建议。
19． On April 18,1991, President Bush issued his plan‖ American 2000:An Education strategy‖ which set six goals.
必背简答：
1． What are the three principle functions of the system of higher education in the U.S? teaching、research and public service
2. What is the guiding principle of community college?
It is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual differences.
3.What is the difference between an academic high school and a technical high school?(2002,46已考)
4.who is the chief executive officer under the local board of education in America?
The superintendent of schools is the chief executive officer at the local level.
5.what are the three type of American high schools?
They are comprehensive , academic, vocational , and technical schools.
6.what are two focuses of the reforms in the 1980s when a wave of education reform swept the
country?(the answer is 17—答案是上述第17条)
7．Why does the number of graduate school enrollment in American keep climbing? Because an advanced degree is viewed as a key way to move ahead people’s careers.
8.According to the report entitled :A Nation At Risk” issued in 1983, what are the :new basics” for all students graduating from high school?The ―new basics‖ are four years of English , three year of mathematics, three years of science , three years of social studies, and a half-year of computer science.
1． Benjamin Franklin was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today ―Lost time is never found again‖, ―God helps those who help themselves ―are very famous saying in his Poor Richard’s Almanac.本杰明。富兰克大是殖民地时期唯一一位作家至今仍广为传诵的作家―光阴一去不复回‖―自助者，天助之，都是他《穷理查的年鉴》中的名言。
2． Benjamin Franklin’s uncompleted Autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.本杰明。富兰克林没完成的自传可能是第一本真正的美国作品，也是第一本用英语写的自传.
3． Washington Irving was the first American writer who gained international fame. His most famous book The Sketch Book contains two of the best-love stories from American literature: and .华盛顿.欧文是第一个获得国际知名度的美国作家，他最著名的一本书《见闻札记》，它包括了美国文学两个最受欢迎的故事《瑞普。凡。温克尔》和《睡谷的传奇》
4． In the early part of the 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing .Its writers were called :Knickerbockers and the period from 1810 to 1840 is called the “Knickerbockers Era” of the American literature. 19世纪早期，纽约城是美国的写作中心，这里的作家被称为纽约市人，从1810-1840年的三十年被称为美国文学的―纽约市人时期。
5． In 1936, Emerson published his famous book Nature, which is the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. In 1837, Emerson gave a speech at Harvard University: “The American Scholar”, which was considered the intellectual Declaration of independence.1836年，爱默生出版了其著作《自然》该书对先验主义作了最清楚的阐述，1837年，爱默生在哈佛大学发表了题为《美国的学者》的演讲，该演讲被认为是知识分子的独立宣言。
6． In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne consider the effect on an individual’s character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy, and of hatred.霍桑在代表作《红字》中对人物性格的内疚，虚伪和憎恨的外部影响提出了自己的看法。
7． Mark Twain’s famous works are:1> The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.汤姆。索亚历险记 2> the Adventures of huckleberry Finn( his masterwork)哈克贝利。费恩历险记
3>A Tramp Abroad 浪迹天涯
4>Life on the Mississippi 密西西比河上的生活
5>The Gilded Age 镀金时代
6>Innocents Abroad 无知者的国外游 （一句话简答的可能）
（马克。吐温的著作：.汤姆和哈克贝利都喜欢冒险，两人决定一起去浪迹天涯，去尝试密西西比河上的生活，后来他们开着一条镀金的船顺着密西西比河漂流到了国外，做了一次无知者的国外游。）
8．In Walt Whitman’s masterpiece Leaves of Grass, he praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man. ―Song of Myself‖ is Whitman’s very famous works. Whitman was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse.惠特曼是探索自由诗体可能性的第一个，他在他的代表作《草叶集》中歌颂了平等，民主的思想，赞美了尊严，自立精神和普通百姓的快乐，《自我之歌》是惠特曼又一名作。
9．Emily Dickson wrote nearly 1800 poems and only seven of them were published during her lifetime. Death was one of the great themes of her work and she seldom lost sight of the grave.死亡是迪金森作品的一大主题。
10．Sister Carrie is Theodore Dreiser’s first novel. Dreiser is also famous for his Trilogy of Desire(The Financier, The Titan, and The Stoic), and An American Tragedy, which is considered to be his best.《嘉丽妹妹》是德莱塞的第一部小说，德莱塞还因其〈欲望三部曲〉―金融家‖―巨人‖―斯多葛‖以及〈美国国悲剧〉而闻名于世，它也被认为是他最好的一部作品。（2001。46问答）
12． Thomas Sterns Eliot won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946. His masterpiece, ―The Waste Land‖ reveals the spiritual crisis of Post War Europe, and is considered the manifesto of the ―Lost Generation‖.托马斯。艾略特于1946年获得诺贝尔文学奖，《荒原》是其代表用，展现了战后欧洲的精神危机，被认为是―迷惘的一代的宣言书。
13． Ernest Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, The sun Also Rises is his important novel. His other important works include Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Old Man and the Sea.海明威1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖，《太阳照样升起》是他的第一部重要作品，他的其他著名作品还有《永别了，武器》，《丧钟为谁而鸣》《老人与海》（一句话简答的可能）（2001。24选择）
14． Hughes and Wright were the major figures of Black writers. Hughes was regarded as Black American’s poet laureate. In his masterpiece ―The Weary Blues‖, he explains the everyday life in Harlem. Native Son is Wright’s masterpiece. It is the first book by a Black author about the Black life. Black Boy was an autobiography relating the bitter experience of Wright’s youth.休斯和赖特是美国黑人作家的代表人物，休斯被认为是美国黑人―桂冠诗人‖，其代表作为《疲惫的黑人伤感歌》〈土生子〉是赖特的代表作，它是第一部关于赖特青年时期苦难经历的自传。
15． In the 1920s,Black Literature developed into an upsurge which has come to be known as the Harlem Renaissance.美国文学的：哈莱姆复兴―发生在20世纪20年代。
16． The first uniquely American contribution to architecture was the Skyscraper, which was perfected in the late 19th century by the Chicago architect, Louis Sullivan. Sears Tower is the tallest building in the world, which was completed in 1974 in Chicago.摩天大楼是美国人对建筑的第一个贡献，它是由芝加哥建筑师路易斯。沙利文完成的，西尔斯大厦是世界是最高的建筑物。
17． In American, Jazz, Rock and Role, Western and country music are the main type of popular music. Jazz is considered the U.S’ s unique contribution to music.爵士乐，摇滚乐和西部乡村音乐是美国流行音乐的几种形式，爵士乐被认为是美国人对音乐的特别贡献 (参考中文译文，注意各节日的由来和习俗。)
1. New Year’s Day
2. Martin Luther King’s Day (Third Monday of January)
3. Lincoln’s Birthday (February 12)
4. Valentine’s Day (February 14)
5. Washington’s Birthday (February 22)
6. Easter Sunday (A Sunday in March or April)
7. Memorial Day (Last Monday in May)
8. Independence Day (July 4)
9. Halloween (October 31)
10. Veterans’ Day
11. Thanksgiving Day (Fourth Thursday of November)
12. Christmas Day (December 25)
Canada (笔记只有主要的知识点，请注意其它考核要点)
Size and location
1. Canada covers about 2/5 of the North American continent. （记2/5：谐音想象，加拿大的天鹅[2]纷[分]纷起舞[5]，在北美洲的天空飞翔。）
2. Canada and the United States share a 6378 kilometres boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. （刘三[63]姐心里七上八下[78]，因为她要每家[美国，加拿大]每户给人们唱山歌，多累啊。。）
3. Nearly 89% of the land has no permanent population. (加拿大很多地方没有常住人口，主人都不在家，只有叭儿狗[8]在喝酒[9]，醉得东倒西歪。 ：)
4. 60% of the population is concentrated between Quebec City and the western end of lake Ontario. （加拿大人安[安大略湖]装了QQ[Quebec]以后考试就及格[60]了。）
5. Toroto, Canada's largest city, has a population of over 3.4 million. （多伦多，地方最大人最多，山巅寺[3.4]庙，百万人口）
6. Montreal is the second largest city with a population of over 2.9 million, and the third largest city is Vancouver where has a population of over 1.3 million. (记蒙特利尔第二大，温哥华第三大：蒙二[鹅]温三[伞]。下着蒙蒙[蒙特利尔]细雨，公鹅[2]温[温哥华]柔地为母鹅撑着雨伞
[3]。。)
Topography
1. The St. Lawrence plain and the interior continental plain are the principal cultivable areas. They are separated by a forested plateau rising from Lakes Superior and Huron. （圣人劳伦斯在内陆平原上劳动）
2. The highest peak in Canada is Mount Logan, which is in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada. （看过电视剧刘老根[Logan]吗，他就是加拿大最高的人，他在加拿大培了很多）
3. The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie (flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. 2th largset river of North America.) and the St. Lawrence. （我家门前有两条大河，一条河的河边有一匹战马，它两边分别背着一块盾牌[Shield]和一块巨大的岩石[Rocky]，然而马啃[Mac+ken]着青草，吃得很开心，发出吱吱[zie]的声音，这是北美第二长河；另一条河的河边，圣人劳伦斯在钓鱼。）
Geographical regions
1. Canada is made up of ten provinces and two territories. （我们家[加拿大]有10个婶婶，2只蛐蛐，她们每天分成两拨玩斗蛐蛐。哈哈。。）
2. Six geographical regions: Atlantic provinces, St. lawrence-Great Lakes provinces, the Canadian shield, prairie provinces, british Colombia, Northern provinces and territories.
3.The short growing season and thin, rocky soil of the Atlantic provinces have made farming difficult. However, potatoes grow well there and are particularly importamt in New Brunswick and Prine Edward Island. Dairing and raising animals for fur are other activities engaged by farmers in this region. (大西洋省当然出大土豆，象大西瓜一样大的土豆！)
4. Newfoundland, one of the world's great fishing grounds. （纽芬兰岛的鱼太多了，人们把鱼串在一起，一扭[纽芬兰]一扭地做成了绳子，挂在岛上晒鱼干。）
5. St Lawrence-Great Lakes is most highly developed part of Canada. It is the most densely populated and industrialized part of Canada. （好理解，有圣人的地方，有湖水的地方，人群比较集中，地方比较发达。）
6. Ottawa. the capital of Canada, is in the province of Ontario. （加拿大的屋子太豪华了。[渥太华]）
7. Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield/contians a wealth of minerals, much waterpower and great forests.
8. Winnipeg is the chief city of the region. All east-west rail traffic passes through Winnipeg.
9. The province of British columbia: the most important mountain ranges are Rocky Mountains and the Coast mountains.
10. Vancouver is British Columbia's largest city and the third largest city in Canada.
11. The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four-fifth of the country.
Climate
（用地理知识理解记忆）
1. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, Canada receives adequeate rainfall.
2. A humid continental climate can be found from eastern Canada to the Canadian prairie.
3. A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the south western part of British colombia.
4. North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga.(记taiga,针叶树林地带，tiger爱吃针叶树)
5. In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone.
6. The icy Labrador Current chills the shores of eastern Canada, and winds blowing across Hudson Bay make the interior of the country very cold.
The making of Canada
1. Jacques Cartier opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers. （一地鸭毛：地=殖民地，鸭=雅克[Jacques]，毛=fur trade）
2. Quebec Act of 1774 recognized the right of Catholic Church. (魁梧的北方人[魁北克]一起[17]把旗子[7]插在石头[4]上确定了天主教教堂的权利)
3. By Act of 1791, Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French) were created. （加拿大放在一起[17]不可救药[91]，所以就分为上下加拿大了。）
4. Wilfrid Laurier founded the Canadian Navy and tried to increase Canada's control over its foreign relations.
5. By the British Dominions, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain.
6. In 1949 Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.
7. The first British settles in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the war of American Independence.
8. In 1867, Canada (Quebec and Ontario), Brunswick, Nova Scotia already controlling their local affairs joined in a
9. During the year 1896-1911, the Liberal Party took over and Canada was ruled under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian.
10. Since 1931 Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of nations.
11. With the Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again, and given internal self-government in 1848.
Natural Resources
1. The flow of Canadian rivers represents almost one-tenth of the water carried by all the waterways of the world.
2. These waters generate three quarters of all electric power in Canada. Canada ranks third,
after the United States and Russia in the production of electricity from water power. （加拿大电力3/4来自水利发电，排名世界第三，紧跟美俄之后。）[我在家里撑着一把湿漉漉之大伞[四分之三]发电，看到一只美丽的天鹅飞进了我家[美国俄罗斯加拿大]]。
3. Canada has one of the longest coastlines of any country in the world.
4. Canada has become the world's largest exporter of fish and British columbia and the Atlantic provinces depend on the fishing industry for much of their income.（这两个省的字头正好组成ABC）
5. Almost half the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third, in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world. （加拿大绿化很好，有一半覆盖着郁郁葱葱的森林，木材产量世界排名第三！
6. Most of the trees in this forest belt are . Lumbering and the manufacture of pulp and paper products are among Canada's most importamt industries. （木材业和造纸业发达）
7. Canada is the largset producer of newsprint in the world, poviding close to 40% of the world total. （新闻用纸产量最大，供应量达世界40%）[想象：寺庙里的石头（40%）上晒着无数白花花的新闻纸，还有纸的香味呢。]
8. A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thirds of Canada's petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta. （2/3石油，4/5天然气。2。3。4。5。想象：Elton[Edmonton] 是个石油[petroleum]工人，他做了很多年石油工人，已经是个老伯伯[Alberta]了。呵呵。。）
Agriculture
1. On the drier parts of the Prairie, cattle and sheep grazing is an important occupation.
2. Eastern Canada is noted for a varisty of farm products.
3. The Canadian Pacific coast specializes in fruit growing and dairy farming. Fishing and mining are quite important.
Manufacturing
1. Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third. (记这三个制造业的顺序：食品加工以后经过交通工具运出去，卖了之后当然就收到了很多钞票啊，其实就是一张张的纸。。)
2. A total of about 4/5 of all foreign investment in Canada is American. （五分之四的投资来自美国。加拿大人来自五湖四海[五分之四]，他们当中最有钱投资的是美国人！）
The Economy Today
1. For decades, Canada has been shifting from a natural resource-based economy towards a
2. Nearly 25% of Canada's GNP comes from manufacturing. （加拿大的国内生产总值25%来自制造业。不能小瞧制造业，那可不是二百五，是百分之二十五！）
3. Most industries are highly mechanized and capital-intensive.
4. Canada is also one of the worls's most important trading nations. Some 25% of GNP comes from the sale of goods and services aboard. And about 25% of the country's manufactured production is exported.
5. Canada's main trading partner is the United States. Nearly two thirds of Canada's trade is with the United States including exports and imports. Other major trading partners are Japan, Britain, Germany, Venezuela and Italy. （2/3 贸易额+美国。记2/3，2=两=梁，3=山，加拿大和美国都是梁山好汉，做贸易的高手。记其它主要贸易伙伴： 日本因为得意[日本/英国/委内瑞拉/德国/意大利]，所以就和加拿大做贸易了。）
6. The ultimate authority for Canada's fiscal policy is in the hands of the federal, and provincial goverments.
7. 1/3 of all wage-earners belong to a labour union. The three largest are the Canada Union of Public Employees, the United Steelworkers and the Public Service Alliance of Canada. More than 70% of Union members are affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress. （三大工会字头：CUPE / US / PSAC; 加拿大工人拿着大酒杯[CUP]E饮而尽，美国[US]人怕死[PS]，爱惜
[AC]生命，不敢喝酒。）
The System of Government
1. Canada, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, is a federation of 10 provinces and two territories.
2. The provinces received exclusive jurisdiction over education, natural resources, civil rights, municipal government.
3. The tweo levels of government were granted concurrent powers in matters of agriculture, immigration and taxation.
4. The Constitution also comprises fundamental acts, customs and parliamentary traditions of
British origin.
5. With the passing of the Constitution Act of 1982, cutting the last legal tie between Canada and Britian, the act and the Contitutional amending power were transferred from the British governemnt to Canada.
6. The Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General, who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Governor-General who exercises all the special rights of the Canadian Crown is theoretically the source of executive power.
7. Cabinet, or the
8. All the legislative powers of the federal administration are vested in the Parlianent of Canada, which consists of the Crown, the senate and the House of Commons.
9. The Senate has 104 members. They are appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
10 The House of commons has 295 members.
11. A Lieutenant-Governor (appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the fedual Prime Minister) represents the Queen in each province.
12. Every province has an elected Legislative Assembly except in Quebec where it is called the
13. The territories of Canada, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Goverment and Parliament, but enjoy increasing autonomy and more responsible goverment.
14. Canada law has its source in acts and jucicial decisions, and also in British common law. The province of Quebec is an exception, since its system is based on French civil law, particularly in matters concerning the person, the family and property.
15. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada, the Fedural Court and various courts of special jurisdiction.
Population
1. It ranks second in land area but thirty first in population in the world.
2. Canada is a country with as many as 100 nationalities.
3. The origins of most Canadians are British(44.6%) and French(28.7%).
4. The native people, the Eskimo or Inuit and Indians.
(The word Inuit means ―the people‖ in their own language, Eskimo is an Indian word meaning ―eaters of raw flesh‖.)
5. Since Confederation in 1867, the popultion of Canadians of other ethnic has increased from 7% to 25%.
6. Most Inuit live in the northern provinces and territories of Canada.
7. 85% of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, consisiting of 81.9% of that province's population.
Immigration
1. Canada has shifted from immigration(1867-1898) to immigration(1896-1914) and from selected immigration to
2. The new federal Immigration Act (1978) explicitly affirmed for the first time the fundamental objectives of Canadian immigration law: family unification, non-discrimination, concern for refugees and the promotion of Canada's econmic, social, demographic and cultural goalds.
3. The new law provides for three admissible classes of immigration: the family class, convention refuggees and independent immigrants.
4. Canada is now shifting the balance of immigration towards more
Multiculturalism
1. Canada has a variety of minority groups who keep distinctive cultural characteristics-the Ukrainian, Italian, Greek and Chinese-communities.
2. Canada's Indians and Inuit comprise less than 2% of the total population, they account for 48% of the population of the North-west Territories.
3. Land rights for the native peoples have become an important issue in Canada.
Urbanization
1. Since Confederation in 1867, the Canadian population has expanded sixfold, but the urban population has increased by 25 times.
2. . The three cities occupy less 1% of Canada's area, but account for 40% of the country's gross national product.
3. The most rapidly expanding cities are Edmonton and Calgary, both in Alberta.
4. Canada's urbanized population ranges from a high of 82% in Ontario to a low of 38% in Prince Edward island. （记82%：想象安大略湖边一只叭儿狗[8]汪汪地叫着追逐着一只天鹅[2]。记38%，爱德华王子是38节那天在小岛上出生的。）
Religion
1. The three largest churches in Canada- Roman Catholic, United and Anglican. （字头：R U Angry? 你生气了吗）
Education
1. Virtually all Canadians devote at least .
2. The oldest university is （加拿大最老的大学：Laval U。La[o], 好记吧，对付选择题没问题。魁北克+1663，想象：魁梧的一棵柳树[16]，柳[6]树下，三[3]个学生在念：三人行，必有我师。）
3. The largest is the
Leisure
In Canada, swimming is the most popular form of recreation.
Hocky (曲棍球) is a traditionally popular Canadian sport in which many people take part.
Culture
―O Canada‖ is now used as Canada’s national anthem.
Canadian read more
1． Australia’s geographical features
Australia is popularly known in the West as “the Land Down Under”.
===范文6:英语国家概况8[下载]【以文搜文】===
Chapter 8
第八章
Justice and the law
法律与司法机构
There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.
联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。
I．Criminal Proceedings
刑事诉讼程序
1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute. 在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。
2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority. 在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，不许强迫被告提供证据。每位被告都有权雇佣律师为其辩护。如果他不能支付律师费，可以用公用费用提
供帮助。在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑，但陪审团决定是否有罪。陪审团一般由12人组成。如果陪审团不能做出一致判决，也必须是多数决定。
3.A verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.
“无罪”裁决意味着被告无罪，并且永远不得再以此罪名对其指控。
II. Criminal Courts
刑事法庭
1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales
英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭
Magistrates’ Courts which try summary offences and “either way” offences. A magistrates’ court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates-known as justices of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates’ court sits without a jury.
治安（警事）法庭，负责审理判决犯罪，也审理“任意方式”罪行。治安法庭对公众和媒体公开，通常由三位无薪的“外行”地方官——地方治安官组成，由懂得法律知识的书记员和助手给他们提供法律规定和程序方面的建议。治安法庭审察时没有陪审团。
Youth Court which try most cases involving people under 18.
青少年法庭，负责审理18岁以下青年的大多数案件。
The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and ‘either way” offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court.
皇家刑事法庭。负责审理最严重的罪行和由地方法官提交的“任意方式”罪行。皇家刑事法庭由高级法院法官，全职巡回法官和兼任刑事法官主持。为审理刑事案，英格兰和威尔士被分为六个巡回区，每个巡回区又分区域，每个区域有一个或多个高级法庭和皇家刑事法庭。
2. Criminal courts in Scotland
苏格兰的刑事法庭
There are three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.
英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法院；（3）区法院。英格兰有两种刑事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼。庄重诉讼里，被告由陪审团和法官审理。在即决诉讼中，法官独自审理，不用陪审团。
3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland
北爱尔兰的刑事法庭
Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates’ courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.
涉及轻微即决犯罪的案件由治安法庭听审，法庭由全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持。郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判.
III．Civil Courts
民事法庭
1. Civil Courts in England and Wales
英格兰和威尔士的民事法庭
Magistrates’ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division; (2) the Chancery Division; (3) the Queen’s Bench Division.
治安法庭只有一定的民事审判权。主要行使民事司法权的是民事法院，高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三个分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。
2. Civil Courts in Scotland
苏格兰的民事法庭
The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.
民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（最高中心法院）。
3. Civil Courts in Northern Ireland
北爱尔兰的民事法院
County Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates’ court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior civil law court.
郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭也审理某些有限类型的民事案件。高等法院就是高级民事
法院。
IV. The Judiciary
司法机构
There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.
英国没有司法机构。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官内政大臣和检察总长负责。在英格
兰和威尔士，娃哈哈官根据各部委员会的建议任命外行人员为治安官。娃哈哈官推荐高等法
官和巡回法官。最高级别的司法官任命由女王根据首相的建议做出。
V. Police
警察
The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms. 在内政大臣和苏格兰及北爱尔兰国务大臣的指导下，英国警察分地组建，并以地方管理为基
础。但伦敦警察署直接与内政大臣管辖。警察不得加入工会或罢工。他们通常不佩带手枪。
VI. Treatment of offenders
对违法者的处理
The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.
刑罚制度的主要目的是阻止潜在的违法者，并改造已判的违法者。
Capital punishment ( a sentence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy.
英国已废除对谋杀罪的死刑，但议会仍经常辩论要恢复死刑，判国罪和海盗罪仍可判死刑。
===范文7:英语国家概况3[下载]【以文搜文】===
1．第1题
Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War?
A.Imperial Airways
B.BritishAirways
C.Hawker-Siddeley Aviation
D.the British Aircraft Corporation
您的答案：A
2．第2题
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.In 1981, some convicted IRA prisoners went onA hunger-strike.
B.They demanded for the status of being “political prisoners” by starving themselv
C.Margaret Thatcher’s government gave in to their political demand.
D.The death of prisoners revitalized the political movement of Sinn Fein. 您的答案：C
3．第3题
Which of the following was first adopted in Australia?
A.The three-tier government system
B.Secret Ballots
C.The two-chamber parliament
D.The public services
您的答案：B
4．第4题
_________is the oldest newspaper in Australia.
A.The Sydney Morning Herald
B.The Australian
C.The Mercury
D.The Australian Financial Review
您的答案：A
5．第5题
Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?
A.The freedom of religion.
B.The freedom of searching a person’s home by police.
C.The freedom of speech and of the press.
D.The right to own weapons if one wishes.
您的答案：B
6．第6题
The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except ___
A.George Washington.
B.Thomas Jefferson.
C.William Penn.
D.Benjamin Franklin.
您的答案：C
7．第7题
Public servants in New Zealand are officials working in government departments
A.whose appointments are independent of political process.
B.whose appointments are determined by government ministers.
C.who will lose their positions when the government changes.
D.who are members of the party in power.
您的答案：A
8．第8题
Black Americans sang the anthem of the civil rights movements,
“_________” affirming their commitment to fight racial prejudice.
A.“Let it all hang out.”
B.“Hell, no, we won’t go.”
C.“We Shall Overcome.”
D.“Speak your heart without interruption”
您的答案：C
9．第14题
Which country/area is Australia’s largest export market for beef and veal?
A.Singapore
B.The United States
C.The Republic of Korea
D.The Middle East
您的答案：B
10．第15题
The three influential Canadian Prime Ministers have a lot of things in common. Which of the following is the exception?
A.They came from Quebec and could speak French as fluently as English.
B.They were educated as lawyers.
C.They shared the vision of a strong, united Canada and worked hard to overcome th
D. They belong to the same political party.
您的答案：D
11．第16题
In 1816 the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army staged a rebellion against British rule, recorded in history as ____.
A.the Easter Rising of 1916
B.the Home Rule Campaign
C.the Fenian movement
D.the national agrarian movement
您的答案：A
12．第17题
Judges are appointed by ____ on the advice of ____.
A.the Senate, the Government
B.the Parliament, the Prime Minister
C.the Prime Minister, the Parliament
D.the President, the Government
您的答案：D
13．第18题
What is the first official language of the Irish Republic?
A.English
B.Irish
C.Celtic
D.Gaelic
您的答案：B
14．第26题
Which group of people can NOT vote in the general election?
A.members in the House of Commons
B.Lords in the House of Lords
C.the UK citizens Above the Age of 18
D.the UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic
您的答案：B
15．第27题
Which of the following statements about the UK economy is NOT true?
A.Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies.
B. Britain has experienced A relative economic decline since 1945.
C.There has been A period of steady decreasing of living standards.
D.Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capita.
您的答案：C
16．第28题
In 1969, the British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland Street. They came first
A.to maintain traffic order in Northern Ireland.
B.to protect the Catholic people.
C.to protect the Protestant people.
D.to replace the Royal Ulster Constabulary since they were unable to keep social o
您的答案：B
17．第29题
In 1988, Canada established with _____ the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to help facilitate economic integration, and later _____ joined the group.
A.the United States, Mexico
B.Australia, New Zealand
C. Great Britain, France
D. Norway, Mexico
您的答案：A
18．第30题
Which of the following about the north region of Canada is NOT true?
A.The north is a scarcely populated area of ice and oceans.
B.Most of the inhabitants are Aboriginal people.
C.In 1999, there will be three administrative territories here.
D.People in this region depend only on arts and crafts for living. 您的答案：D
19．第31题
By 1985, how many per cent of immigrants were non-European?
A.30 per cent
B.80 per cent
C.60 per cent
D.50 per cent
您的答案：C
20．第32题
Who are qualified to vote at local elections?
A.Only Irish citizens
B.Irish and British citizens
C.Residents of Ireland and Northern Ireland
D.All residents of Ireland, regardless of citizenship
您的答案：D
21．第33题
When did the participation in second level education rise from about 45% to up to 90%?
A.After 1950
B.After 1960
C.After 1970
D.After 1980
您的答案：B
22．第36题
Which invention marked the beginning of “The Age of Visual Information”?
A.newspaper.
B.telegraph.
C.laundry machine.
D.television.
您的答案：D
23．第37题
In January 1965, President Johnson declared “____________” to eliminate poverty “by opening to everyone the opportunity to live in decency and dignity.”
A.war against Vietnam
B.war against poverty
C.war against Japan
D.New Frontier program
您的答案：B
24．第38题
The Maori word “Marae” means _________.
A.Maori culture
B.non-Maori or European
C.protocol
D.meeting house
您的答案：D
25．第39题
Which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern development of Europe?
A.The growth of capitalism.
B.The Renaissance.
C.The Religious Reformation.
D.The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.
您的答案：D
26．第40题
According to the text, when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, who considered the Japanese population in the west coast of North America a potential security threat?
A.the federal government of Canada
B.the local governments in Canada
C.the United Nations
D.Amnesty International
您的答案：B
27．第41题
Up until 1970’s the Irish economy was ____.
A.inward-looking
B.trade-dependent
C.based on service
D.based on manufacturing
您的答案：A
28．第42题
Under the Constitution, the President of Ireland is elected by ___.
A.the majority of the Parliament and Senate
B.the majority
C.direct vote from Irish people
D.indirect vote from Irish people
您的答案：C
In Ireland, writers can publish their works ______.
A.Only in Irish
B.Only in English
C.in either Irish or English
D.in neither Irish nor English
您的答案：C
30．第44题
The first Irish national state was set up in _____.
A.1919
B.1920
C.1922
D.1949
您的答案：C
31．第9题
Beef cattle is the livestock hat has the biggest number in the UK. 您的答案：错误
32．第10题
Service industry does not include steelmaking.
您的答案：正确
33．第11题
Mark Twain’s works are characterized by egotism.
您的答案：错误
34．第12题
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded in 1945. 您的答案：错误
35．第13题
During the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of a nuclear war when the US fought the Korean War. 您的答案：错误
36．第19题
Playing football is NOT an activity in Shakespeare’s time.
您的答案：错误
37．第20题
Rabbits have nothing to do with Easter.
您的答案：错误
38．第21题
Drama flourished the Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature.
您的答案：正确
39．第22题
Telephone led to the end of the Pony Express System.
您的答案：错误
The Australian government adopted a more interventionis role in the economic development of the country before the 1980s and after that period.
您的答案：正确
41．第24题
The Vietnam War lasted about 20 years.
您的答案：正确
42．第25题
The Clinton Administration made national security, contraction and economic prosperity the three pillars of American foreign policy. 您的答案：错误
43．第34题
In its imperial prime, Britain ruled two-thirds of the earth. 您的答案：错误
44．第35题
The Scottish Kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish state in the ninth century because they needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids.
您的答案：正确
45．第45题
If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called General Certificate of Education –Advanced. 您的答案：正确
46．第46题
The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：0.0
47．第47题
Many public houses were sold to the people under Thatcher’s administration.
您的答案：正确
48．第48题
Technical institutions are not mentioned in American higher education. 您的答案：错误
49．第49题
Emancipists were retired officials.
您的答案：错误
50．第50题
The Mabo Decision declared the rejection of the principle of “terra
nullius”. 您的答案：正确 作业总得分：98.0
===范文8:英语国家概况2[下载]【以文搜文】===
Chapter 2
第二章
The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)
英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）
I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）
早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）
1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.
人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利亚人。
2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland
约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。
3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。 4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞（不列颠）人的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)
罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年—410年）
1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.
有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，罗马将军朱略斯·凯撒两次入侵英国，均未成功。直到公元43年，克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里，英国人处于罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。
2. Roman’s influence on Britain.
The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.
罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还很好地利用了英国的自然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。
3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.
罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次，在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠人通婚。最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。
Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons’ invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.
(简要：这是第二章“国家的起源”的第二部分。在这一部分里，主要是介绍了英国从公元446年到1066年所发生的重要事件及人物。这些重要事件分别是盎格鲁—撒克逊人的入侵，北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵及诺曼征服)。
III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)
盎格鲁—撒克逊人（公元446—871年）
1． Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.
The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled
in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。
居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时也他们也把名字给了英国人。这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。
2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.
盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北部修士们的传教活动。
3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.
早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪。此
外，他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了议会(贤人会议)，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今天仍存在的枢密院的基础。
IV．Viking and Danish invasions
北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵
1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。9世纪，尤其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元867年时的基督教中心。到9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。
2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions
艾尔弗雷德国王（849-899）和他所做出的贡献
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.
He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”
阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。
他因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”（撒克逊军队），使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。”的称号。
V．The Norman Conquest (1066)
诺曼征服（公元1066年）
1．Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death. 威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。
2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences
诺曼征服及其产生的影响。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离。
3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.
英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。
===范文9:英语国家概况1[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况
英国部分
Chapter 1第一章
Land and People
英国的国土与人民
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分
1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.
地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.
不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh
苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。
(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫
(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。
5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries
that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.
英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。
II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征
1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置：
Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.
英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。
2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.
英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。
III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。
Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。
Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。
Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).
讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.
克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）
斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。
IV. Climate 气候
1. Britains favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：
Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.
英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。
2.The factors influence the climate in Britain: 影响英国气候的因素：
1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;
环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用；
2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;
一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜； 3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。
3.Rainfall 降雨量：
Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.
英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。
V. The People 人口
1.population distribution 人口分布：
Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).
英国人口约570万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为：英格兰人（81.5%），苏格兰人（9.6%），威尔士人（1.9%），爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民族居民。
2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:
英伦三岛民族的祖先：
The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.
英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁—萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。
3.The difference in character个性差别：
The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.
威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。
The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.
苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。 The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。
4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:
英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别：
Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English; In northern England, regional speech is usually
南方人讲的英语接近BBC，北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。
5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威尔士人以这样的方式使他们的语言及文化保持活力。
Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.
一年中他们有称之为“艺术年会”的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。
6.The main problem in Northern Ireland: 北爱尔兰存在的主要问题：
The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。
7.Immigrants: 移民：
About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.
自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作。
===范文10:英语国家概况6[下载]【以文搜文】===
考生答题情况
作业名称：《英语国家概况》作业6 出 卷 人：zuoye
作业总分：100 通过分数：60
起止时间： 2009-10-15 20:12:03 至 2009-10-15 20:19:12
学员姓名：zwf1983 学员成绩：88
标准题总分：100 标准题得分：88
详细信息：
题号:1 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
401.Great Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the ___ in the south.
选项:
A、Atlantic Ocean
B、 North Sea
C、 English Channel
D、 "Chunnel"
学员答案:
C
题号:2 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
402.Britain once ruled an empire, called the British Empire that had _______ of the world's people and land area.
选项:
A、one third
B、 one fourth
C、 one fifth
D、 one sixth
学员答案:
B
题号:3 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
403.The north and west of Great Britain are mainly ______.
选项:
A、lowlands
B、 plains
C、 lakes
D、 highlands
学员答案:
D
题号:4 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
404.______ is the largest and most populous of the three countries of Great Britain.
选项:
A、Scotland
B、 England
C、 Wales
D、 Northern Ireland
学员答案:
B
题号:5 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
405.Wales is in the ___ of Great Britain.
选项:
A、east
B、 north
C、 south
D、 west
学员答案:
D
题号:6 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
406.The Capital of Wales is _____.
选项:
A、London
B、 Edinburgh
C、 Cardiff
D、 York
学员答案:
C
题号:7 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
407.The capital of Scotland is ______.
选项:
A、London
B、 Belfast
C、 Manchester
D、 Edinburgh
学员答案:
B
题号:8 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
408.Britain has a favorable ______ climate.
选项:
A、maritime
B、 continental
C、 dry
D、 cold
学员答案:
A
题号:9 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
409.The prevailing winds in Britain are ____ winds which are also known as_____.
选项:
A、north, northlies
B、 south-west, Westerlies
C、 east, easterlies
D、 south-north, southern
学员答案:
B
题号:10 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
410.The average rainfall in Britain is over _____ mm.
选项:
A、7000
B、 1000
C、 500
D、 800
学员答案:
B
题号:11 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
411.Britain has a population of about ______ million.
选项:
A、57
B、 80
C、 60
D、 52
学员答案:
A
题号:12 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
412.About _____ of the British is urban and only ______ is rural.
选项:
A、90%, 10%
B、 80%, 20%
C、 70%, 30%
D、 60%, 40%
学员答案:
A
题号:13 题型:单选题 本题分数:
1
内容:
413.The English are _____ by origin.
选项:
A、Normans
B、 Romans
C、 Celts
D、 Anglo- Saxons
学员答案:
D
题号:14 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
414. The Scots, Welsh and Irish people are ______ who came to Britain after 700 BC.
选项:
A、Anglo-Saxons
B、 French
C、 Celts
D、 Danes
学员答案:
C
题号:15 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
415.It was the ______ conquerors that gave England its name Angle's land.
选项:
A、Roman
B、 Roman
C、 French
D、 Celtic
学员答案:
B
题号:16 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
416.Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly____ years.
选项:
A、100
B、 200
C、 400
D、 600
学员答案:
C
题号:17 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
417.Jutes, Angles and Saxons from ______ Europe started to invade England in the ______ century.
选项:
A、north, mid-5th
B、 central, mid-4th
C、 France, sixth
D、 south, 7th
学员答案:
A
题号:18 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
418.The foundation of the English state was laid by the ______ who divided the country into shires which are now called ______.
选项:
A、Romans, towns
B、 Anglo-Saxons, counties
C、 Celts, cities
D、 Normans, tow-ships
学员答案:
B
题号:19 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
419.One of the greatest English kings was ______ who resisted the invasion of the Danes in the 9th century.
选项:
A、Alfred the Great.
B、 William the Conqueror
C、 Henry II
D、 Harold
学员答案:
A
题号:20 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
420.The feudal system in England was completely established under the rule of __________.
选项:
A、Julius Caesar
B、 William the Conqueror
C、 Henry 11
D、 King Edward
学员答案:
B
题号:21 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
421.The English ______ was established in Henry II s reign and it replaced the various local customs for making judgments.
选项:
A、common law
B、 feudal system
C、 written law
D、 king's law
学员答案:
A
题号:22 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
422.In Henry II's day the ______ replaced the Norman trials by battle.
选项:
A、ordeals by fire
B、 ordeals by water
C、 police court
D、 jury system
学员答案:
D
题号:23 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
423.The Great Charter of 1215 is also known as _____.
选项:
A、People's Charter
B、 Magna Carta
C、 Company's Charter
D、 King's Charter
学员答案:
B
题号:24 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
424.The first English Parliament was held in 1265. In addition to the nobles, it included two ______ firm each county and two ______ from each town.
选项:
A、knights, citizens
B、 peasants, merchants
C、 landowners, workers
D、 serfs, t
radesmen
学员答案:
A
题号:25 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
425.One of the results of the Black Death (1348 -49) was that it reduced England's population from four million to ______ million.
选项:
A、2
B、 2.5
C、 3
D、 1.5
学员答案:
A
题号:26 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
426.In England the person who is in charge of local peace and order is called the________.
选项:
A、worker for peace
B、 councilor
C、 local leader
D、 Justice of the Peace
学员答案:
D
题号:27 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
427.In English history John Wycliff's followers who preached the equality of men before God were called the ______.
选项:
A、Levellers
B、 Lollards
C、 Reformists
D、 Equals
学员答案:
B
题号:28 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
428.The wars between the House bf Lancaster and the House of York from 1455 to 1485 were called ______.
选项:
A、Wars of the Roses
B、 Wars between Houses
C、 Thirty Years' Wars
D、 Wars between Nobles
学员答案:
A
题号:29 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
429.The English Reformation was started by _____ which was to reform the______ in England.
选项:
A、Henry II, the law court
B、 king John, Parliament
C、 William, society
D、 Henry VIII, church
学员答案:
D
题号:30 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
430.The head of the Church of England is the ______.
选项:
A、Pope
B、 Bishop
C、 Parliament
D、 king
学员答案:
D
题号:31 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
431.England showed its superiority as a naval power by destroying the Spanish_____ in _____ time.
选项:
A、Armada, Elizabeth I's
B、 army, James I's
C、 Colonists, Charles I's
D、 king, Henry Ml's
学员答案:
A
题号:32 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
432.In European history, the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years C1350~C1650, has been known as the ____.
选项:
A、transition time
B、 Reformation
C、 Renaissance
D、 Enlightenment
学员答案:
C
题号:33 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
433.The English Renaissance achieved its finest expression in the so-called ___________.
选项:
A、great novels
B、 classical poems
C、 industrial revolution
D、 Elizabethan drama
学员答案:
D
题号:34 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
434.The English Puritans called for a purer form of ______.
选项:
A、government
B、 worship
C、 king
D、 school
学员答案:
B
题号:35 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
435.The most famous of the Catholic conspiracies against James I was the ______ of 1605.
选项:
A、Puritan Revolution
B、 Gunpowder Plot
C、 Petition of Right
D、 Spanish invasion
学员答案:
B
题号:36
题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
436.The first group of 201 English Puritans who sailed to America in the ship Mayflower were later called ______.
选项:
A、Pilgrim Fathers
B、 First Colonists
C、 Pioneers
D、 Adventurers
学员答案:
A
题号:37 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
437.Both James I and his son Charles I believed in the _____ which gave the king absolute power.
选项:
A、Humanism
B、 Divine Right of kings
C、 Catholicism
D、 egalitarian attitudes
学员答案:
B
题号:38 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
438.The Fifth Parliament called by Charles I was also known as ______ because it existed for about 20 years during the English Civil Wars.
选项:
A、Great Council
B、 Short Parliament
C、 Long Parliament
D、 Revolutionary Parliament
学员答案:
C
题号:39 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
439.The battles between Charles I and the Parliament from 1642 to 1646 were called the ______ in English history.
选项:
A、First Civil War
B、 Religious War
C、 Wars of the Roses
D、 Independence War
学员答案:
A
题号:40 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
440.The English Civil War is also called the ______ Revolution.
选项:
A、Great
B、 Puritan
C、 Religious
D、 Industrial
学员答案:
B
题号:41 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
441.The English Civil War is regarded as the beginning of ______ history.
选项:
A、English
B、 European
C、 modern world
D、 new
学员答案:
A
题号:42 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
442.After Charles I was put to death, the Rump Parliament declared England a _______ with Cromwell as ______.
选项:
A、Kingdom, King
B、 Free State, Speaker
C、 United Kingdom, governor
D、 Commonwealth, Lord Protector
学员答案:
D
题号:43 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
443.The name Great Britain came into being when the Act of Union united England and Scotland in ______.
选项:
A、1066
B、 1688
C、 1485
D、 1707
学员答案:
D
题号:44 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
444.The ______ Revolution marked the beginning of English political parties.
选项:
A、Puritan
B、 Glorious
C、 Industrial
D、 Agricultural
学员答案:
B
题号:45 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
445.The first two political parties in Britain were the ______ and _____.
选项:
A、Liberals, Conservatives
B、 Lollards, Puritans
C、 Roundheads, Protestants
D、 Whigs, Tories
学员答案:
D
题号:46 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
446.Britain was the ___ country to industrialize in the 18th and 19th centuries.
选项:
A、first
B、 second
C、 third
D、 fourth
学员答案:
A
题号:47 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
447.The ______ in England in the 18th and 19th ce
nturies was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands.
选项:
A、open-field system
B、 foreign expansion
C、 foreign trade
D、 enclosure
学员答案:
D
题号:48 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
448.As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain became "the ______" by 1830.
选项:
A、colonists' country
B、 imperialist country
C、 workshop of the world
D、 leader of the world
学员答案:
C
题号:49 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
449.In the English workers' movement, those who attempted to destroy the hated machines were called ______.
选项:
A、revolutionaries
B、 trade union leaders
C、 destroyers
D、 Luddites
学员答案:
D
题号:50 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
450.In 1836,a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the _____ to demand equal rights.
选项:
A、Working Men's Association
B、 The Chartist Group
C、 Society of Friends
D、 Labor Party
学员答案:
A
题号:51 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
451.The Appalachian mountains are in the ____ part of the United States while the Rocky mountains are in the ____ part of the country.
选项:
A、north, south
B、 west, east
C、 south, northeast
D、 east, west
学员答案:
A
题号:52 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
452.The ___ River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.
选项:
A、Ohio
B、 Missouri
C、 Colorado
D、 Rio Grande
学员答案:
D
题号:53 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
453.All the five Great Lakes are located between Canada and the United States except Lake_______.
选项:
A、Huron
B、 Ontario
C、 Superior
D、 Michigan
学员答案:
B
题号:54 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
454.New Englanders were originally known as _ , which gradually came to stand for all Americans.
选项:
A、Puritans
B、 Christians
C、 Yankees
D、 Colonists
学员答案:
D
题号:55 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
455.The largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes is ______.
选项:
A、Detroit
B、 Boston
C、 New York
D、 Chicago
学员答案:
B
题号:56 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
456.Alaska is still a frontier state with _______ as its most valuable mineral product today.
选项:
A、forest
B、 coal
C、 coal
D、 oil
学员答案:
B
题号:57 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
457.The United States is the ______ most populous country in the world, with a population of ______ million.
选项:
A、fourth, 220
B、 third,255
C、 second, 280
D、 fifth,210
学员答案:
A
题号:58 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
458.The US population will increase sharply over the next 60 years as a result of____.
选项:
A、economic development
B、 higher immigration levels
C
、 higher birth rate
D、 territorial expansion
学员答案:
A
题号:59 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
459.In American history, ______ in the harbor of New York was an important immigration reception spot.
选项:
A、Manhattan
B、 Port Sumter
C、 Long Island
D、 Ellis Island
学员答案:
C
题号:60 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
460.The _______refers to the higher birth rate in America between 1946 and 1964.
选项:
A、population growth
B、 baby boom
C、 Beat generation
D、 population explosion
学员答案:
D
题号:61 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
461.Immigrants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-Atlantic fare and debts were called____ in American history.
选项:
A、indentured servants
B、 hired immigrants
C、 immigrant slaves
D、 black slaves
学员答案:
A
题号:62 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
462.One of the characteristics of the American people is ______ and it is said they are always _____.
选项:
A、liberty, debating
B、 aggressiveness, starting wars
C、 greediness, making money
D、 mobility, on the move
学员答案:
D
题号:63 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
463.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the _______ who account for about ______ per cent of the total population.
选项:
A、whites, 80
B、 blacks, 12
C、 Anglo-Saxons, 19
D、 Hispanics, 9
学员答案:
B
题号:64 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
464.The two famous novels giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves are ____ and ____.
选项:
A、The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms
B、 Gone with the Wind, Old Man and the Sea
C、 Sister Carrie, The Waste Land
D、 Roots, Uncle Tom's Cabin
学员答案:
D
题号:65 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
465.People of Hispanic background are called _____ in America.
选项:
A、Indians
B、 Hispanics
C、 Spaniards
D、 Historians
学员答案:
B
题号:66 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
466.In the 1980s, of the 120,000 first-rate scientists and engineers in the United States _______ were Chinese descendants.
选项:
A、20, 000
B、 30, 000
C、 40, 000
D、 50, 000
学员答案:
B
题号:67 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
467.Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans;_____ _____ and _____.
选项:
A、education, hard work, and family
B、 culture, history, work
C、 wisdom, thrift, mutual help
D、 intelligence, learning, friends
学员答案:
A
题号:68 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
468.Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called ______.
选项:
A、WASPs
B、 Chicanos
C、 New Englanders
D、 European people
学员答案:
A
题号:69 题型:
单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
469.In 1882 the US Congress passed the _____ Act which stopped Chinese immigration for 10 years.
选项:
A、No Chinese
B、 Stopping Chinese
C、 Chinese Exclusion
D、 Preventing Chinese
学员答案:
C
题号:70 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
470.The Plymouth colony was built by the ______ who came to the New World in a ship called ______ in 1620.
选项:
A、merchants, Britainnia
B、 Quakers, Good Hope
C、 Catholics, Prince Charles
D、 Pilgrims, Mayflower
学员答案:
D
题号:71 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
471.The Puritans insisted that high position and achievements were sign of "_______" from God.
选项:
A、eternal grace
B、 blessing word
C、 eternal happiness
D、 human justice
学员答案:
A
题号:72 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
472.The first o f the American War of Independence was fought at ______ in 1775 and the man who rode off on horseback to arouse the village was ____.
选项:
A、Boston, John Brown
B、 Lexington, Paul Revere
C、 Philadelphia, Madison
D、 New York, Jefferson
学员答案:
B
题号:73 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
473.In May, 1775, delegates from the colonies met again in Philadelphia and held the _____ which founded an army and adopted the Declaration of Independence drafted by ______.
选项:
A、First Continental Congress, Washington
B、 Colonial Meeting, Madison
C、 Second Continental Congress, Jefferson
D、 Independence Meeting, Washington
学员答案:
C
题号:74 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
474.The theory of the US Declaration of Independence mainly came from the_____ philosopher ______.
选项:
A、British, John Locks
B、 German, Kante
C、 French, St. Simon
D、 German, M. Luther
学员答案:
A
题号:75 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
475.The Articles of Confederation was unusual because it provided for ____.
选项:
A、absolute government
B、 federal government
C、 constitutional monarchy
D、 no king
学员答案:
D
题号:76 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
476.In 1787, delegates from the states held a meeting in Philadelphia to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. The meeting came to be called the ___.
选项:
A、Continental Congress
B、 Constitutional Convention
C、 Independent Convention
D、 Congress Meeting
学员答案:
B
题号:77 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
477.The Federalist Papers were written to support the ______.
选项:
A、constitution
B、 Articles of Confederation
C、 Bill of Rights
D、 Federalists
学员答案:
B
题号:78 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
478.President Jefferson bought the ______ territory from France for 15 million dollars.
选项:
A、Midwest
B、 Florida
C、 Mississippi
D、 Louisiana
学员
答案:
D
题号:79 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
479.The agreement of the Constitutional Convention to give each state an equal vote in the Senate and make representation in the House reflect the size of each state's population has been known as the ____.
选项:
A、Great Charter
B、 Great Compromise
C、 Rights Amendments
D、 Compromise of 1850
学员答案:
B
题号:80 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
480.After the Civil War ______ became a strong trend in the American economy.
选项:
A、monopoly by big business
B、 monopoly by big business
C、 nationalization of business
D、 Civil Rights Movement
学员答案:
A
题号:81 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
481.The basic cause of the American Civil War was ____, but the immediate cause was the ___ of the South.
选项:
A、conflicts over slavery, break-away
B、 westward expansion, Emancipation Proclamation
C、 debates in Congress, Uncle Tom's Cabin
D、 Lincoln's decision, anti-slavery reformers
学员答案:
A
题号:82 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
482.By the end of the 19th century, the United States had become the _____ producer of coal and steel.
选项:
A、second largest
B、 third largest
C、 largest
D、 4th largest
学员答案:
C
题号:83 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
483.By 1900, _____ controlled about 100,000 miles of American railroads.
选项:
A、Rockefeller
B、 J. P. Morgan
C、 du Pont
D、 Ford
学员答案:
B
题号:84 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
484.In 1908 _____ began to mass-produce cars known as the Model ______.
选项:
A、Henry Ford, T
B、 General Motors, G
C、 Rockefeller, R
D、 Chrysler, C
学员答案:
A
题号:85 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
485.With the increase in car registration, the United States was on the way to becoming a _____ by 1918.
选项:
A、nation with cars
B、 nation of drivers
C、 nation living in cars
D、 nation on wheels
学员答案:
D
题号:86 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
486.In 1903 two Americans known as____ flew an aeroplane for a brief 12 seconds for the first time.
选项:
A、Franklin and Einstein
B、 Carnegie brothers
C、 Wright brothers
D、 Bell and Ford
学员答案:
C
题号:87 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
487.At the turn of the 20th century, the reform-minded journalists who exposed various dark sides of American society were called the _______.
选项:
A、literature of exposure
B、 Muckrakers
C、 Abolitionists
D、 Antitrust reformers
学员答案:
B
题号:88 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
488.During the early years of the First World War, the United States followed a policy of _____.
选项:
A、pro-Ally partiality
B、 pro-Axis partiality
C、 real neutrality
D、 complete impartialit
y
学员答案:
A
题号:89 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
489.After the First World War, the Paris Peace Conference was dominated by .
选项:
A、America
B、 Britain
C、 President Wilson
D、 Big Four
学员答案:
D
题号:90 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
490.The 1920s in the United States has been described by historians as a period of material _____ and spiritual _____.
选项:
A、success, frustration
B、 richness, poverty
C、 failure, growth
D、 demand, misery
学员答案:
A
题号:91 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
491.Alter the First Word War, some reactionary Americans whipped up the so-called ____ and arrested several thousand suspected Communists and radicals.
选项:
A、Red Revolution
B、 Red Scare
C、 Anti-Communist movement
D、 intolerant nationalism
学员答案:
B
题号:92 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
492.October 24, 1929 was called the ______ because of the New York stock market crashed on that day.
选项:
A、crash day
B、 dark day
C、 Black Thursday
D、 memorial day
学员答案:
C
题号:93 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
493.In the first 100 days in the White House, Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to pass a large number of act which became known as the____ .
选项:
A、Fourteen Points
B、 New Freedom
C、 Progressive Program
D、 New Deal
学员答案:
D
题号:94 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
494.During the Second World War, Germany, Italy and Japan were called the_____.
选项:
A、Axis powers
B、 Triple Alliance
C、 Allies
D、 three country block
学员答案:
A
题号:95 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
495.The United States joined in the Second World War after the ______ incident in______.
选项:
A、Lugouchiao
B、 July, 1937
C、 German invasion, 1939
D、 Nazi, 1942
E、 Pearl Harbor, 1941
学员答案:
D
题号:96 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
496.The United States and Britain's grand strategy during the Second World War was _____.
选项:
A、to help China first
B、 to defeat Japan first
C、 Europe first
D、 Asia first
学员答案:
C
题号:97 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
497.The Teheran Conference proposed a large-scale attack on the south of France, the Second Front. The attack was codenamed _____.
选项:
A、Normandy
B、 D-day
C、 Invasion
D、 Overlord
学员答案:
D
题号:98 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
498.After the Second World War, America's policy towards the Soviet Union was _____ which was proposed by _____.
选项:
A、containment, George Kennar
B、 peace and war, Truman
C、 interference, Marshall
D、 iron curtain, Churchill
学员答案:
A
题号:99 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
499.The North Atlantic Treaty was signed i
n____ which established NATO.
选项:
A、April, 1949
B、 May, 1946
C、 March, 1953
D、 June, 1955
学员答案:
A
题号:100 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
500.The full-scale, anti-Communist hysteria in the United States between 1950 and 1954 was called ____.
选项:
A、Red Scare
B、 Civil Rights movement
C、 McCarthyism
D、 Cold War
学员答案:
C
%%%%%%
===范文1:英语国家概况复习资料及答案[下载]【以文搜文】===
《英语国家概况》复习资料及答案
1. The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by___.
A. King Arthur B. Robin Hood C. Oliver Cromwell D. William the Conqueror
2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government?
A. It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.
B. It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.
C. It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.
D. It has no written form of Constitution.
3. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?
A. William of Orange B. James Ⅱ C. Oliver Cromwell D. George Ⅰ
4. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK?
A. Beef cattle. B. Dairy cattle C. Chicken. D. Sheep.
5. Which group of people cannot vote in the general election?
A. Members in the House of Commons.
B. Lords in the House of Lords.
C. The UK citizens above the age of 18.
D. The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.
6. A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because ___________.
A. it plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government
B. it informs people of current affairs in the world.
C. it provides people with subjective reports.
D. it publishes short pamphlets for Parliament.
7．Of Which people is Robert Burns a national poet?
A. The Welsh people B. The Irish people C. The Scottish people D. The English people
8．. It was said that Christianity was introduced into Ireland by __________
A. the Vikings B. the Normans C. Brian Buru D. Saint Patrick
9. In the 17th century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland because _________.
A. they wanted to increase its control over Ireland
B. they had too many people and didn’t have enough space for them to live in Britain
C. they intended to expand their investment
D. they believed that Ireland was the best place for them
10. Which is the largest city in Scotland?
A. Cardiff B. Edinburgh C. Glasgow D. Manchester
二． 填空
1. Charles the First, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted to overrule___________ in the English Revolution.
2. The _________IRA believed that they had made enough progress so that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for_______.
3. It’s hard to make talks successful between the British and Irish governments without the participation of __________and____________.
4. The party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms _________and its party leader becomes __________-.
5. Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced ________ decline rather than _______ decline.
6. The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: ________industries, secondary industries and ________industries.
7. Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories .They are _________ , _________and history plays.
8. Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte are noted for their respective novel ________and __________which are largely the love stories of a woman for a man.
9. People usually dress up and show off their fashionable clothes and elaborate hats for the social event called __________.
10. Traditionally, people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants on ___________, which is the day after Christmas.
三．问答
1. Who introduced Christianity into Ireland?
2. What’s the full name of the UK?
3. What is the major function of the Parliament?
4. How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to win the
election?
5. Which party won 4 consecutive elections and was in power for quiet a long time from 1979 to
1997?
6. Name two of the tragedies written by Shakespeare.
7. Which is one of the largest government departments that deal with education?
四．名词解释
the quality paper
London
the Celts
the Anglo-Saxons
D A A D B A B D A C
1. the parliament 2. official election 3. Sinn Fein IRA 4.the government the Prime Minister 5. relative absolute 6. primary tertiary 7. tragedies comedies
8. Jane Eyre Wuthering Heights 9. the Royal Escort
10. Boxing Day
1. He was St. Patrick.
2. It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
3. It is to pass laws.
4. It needs at least 326.
5. It was the Conservative party.
6. They are Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet
7. It is the Ministry of Education.
名词解释见课本
===范文2:英语国家概况余志远版复习资料[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况
（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）
英国部分
1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom?
It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2. What are the two large island that make up the British Isles?
They are Great Britain and Ireland.
3. What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?
They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
4. Why does the United Kingdom have a mild climate, even though it lies farther north than our Heilongjiang Province?
Because Britain?s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream.
5. How many metropolitan areas does England have?
England has seven metropolitan areas.
6. What is the backbone of England?
It is the Pennines.
7. What is the largest lake in the British Isles?
It is Lough Neagh.
8. From what languages is English derived?
England is mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French languages.
9. What is an eisteddfod?
An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of poetry, music and other arts.
10. What have the Scottish people been famous for?
The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans, colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors.
11. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?
Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years.
12. Why was the Roman impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited?
The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited because the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class and they never intermarried with the native Britons.
13. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle in Britain?
The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the 5th century.
14. When did England begin to be Christianized?
England began to be Christianized in 579.
15. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire in 664?
The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries gained the upper hand over the Celtic missionaries.
16. What was Harold doing when he was informed of the invasion of Northumbria by Tostig and Harold Hardrada?
He was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy.
17. Where did Harold defeat Tostig and Hardrada?
Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge.
18. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey?
William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York.
19. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north?
He built a string of defense castles to ensure his military control of the whole country.
20. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England?
Yes. The Norman Conquest was the last successful invasion of England because England has never been invaded since.
21. Why did William I give his barons large estates in England?
William I gave large estates to his barons because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land?s produce.
22. What was the peculiar feature of the feudal system of England?
All landowners, big and small, took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.
23. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled?
William I had the Domesday Book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes.
24. What was William I ?s policy towards the church?
He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power.
25. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury?
He thought that Thomas Becket would assist him in carrying out legal reforms.
26. What brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury?
The exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket.
27. What are the two aspects of the Norman legacy that contributed to great domestic unrest in England in the 12th and 13th centuries?
One was England?s possession of territory in France. The other was Norman adherence to Roman Catholicism.
28. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year?s War who helped the French to drive the English out of France?
Joan of Arc.
29. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep down wages?
The government established rules for the first time to keep down wages in 1351.
30. How many peasant in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II ?s troops?
40,000 peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II?s troops.
31. What were the emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster?
The emblem of the House of York was a white rose and the emblem of the House of Lancaster was a red rose.
32. What was the impact of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England?
The Wars of the Roses dealt a death blow to feudalism in England.
33. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds?
She tried to avoid troubling Parliament by making strict economies at Court.
34. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?
These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.
35. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain in friendly relationship with France?
She managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France through her marriage alliances which were never materialized.
36. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed?
Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.
37. What did the destruction of the Spanish Armada show?
It showed England?s superiority as a naval power.
38. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot?
The long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot has been an annual celebration of November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged.
39. What was Puritanism noted for?
It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian attitudes.
40. What is a constitutional monarchy?
A constitutional monarchy is one whose power is limited by Parliament.
41. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century?
They stood for a reduction in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists, and care for the interests of merchants and bankers.
42. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century?
Changes in farming methods affected lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time.
43. What did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
They wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.
44. Why was King George III nicknamed “Farmer George”?
King George III was nicknamed “Farmer George” because he was very enthusiastic about agricultural changes at Winsor.
45. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes in the closing decades of the 18th century?
They were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.
46. When did the British begin to transport convicts to Australia?
The British began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788.
47. What was the result of the general strike of 1926?
The strike failed. The miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before. Yet, outside the mining district, the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes.
48. Why d4id Edward VIII abdicate in 1936 after a reign of 10 months?
Edward VIII abdicated because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American.
49. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community?
Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January,1973.
50. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990?
It was because of her opposition to European Union and her imposition of an extremely unpopular flat-rate “poll tax” in place of property taxes to pay or local government service.
61. Where does the Sovereign?s coronation take place?
The Sovereign?s coronation takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.
62. When is the Sovereign?s birthday officially celebrated?
It is officially celebrated in June every year.
63. What does the Duke of Edinburgh do when the Queen pays state visits to foreign governments? He accompanies her.
64. Where does the Queen?s expenditure arising from public duties come from?
The Queen?s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments.
65. What does the term “parliament” originally mean?
The term “parliament” originally means a meeting for a parley or discussion.
66. What is the main function of the House of Lords?
The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.
67. What is the Speaker?s task in the House of Commons?
His task is to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order.
68. How many counties are there in England and Wales?
There are 53 counties in England and Wales.
69. What are the three island areas where single-tier authorities were introduced in Scotland? They are the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Western Isles.
70. How do local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue?
They raise revenue through the council tax.
81. Are British people obliged to use the National Health Service?
No. They are not obliged to use the service.
82. What are services for elderly people aimed at?
Services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible.
83. What is the aim of the social security system?
The aim of the social security is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.
84. At what age do men and women generally retire?
Men generally retire at the age of 65, and women at the ate of 60.
85. What are the two established churches in Britain?
They are the Church of England in England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland.
86. How many provinces does the Church of England have?
The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York.
87. When were the first women priests ordained in Britain?
They were ordained in March 1994.
88. Who founded the Salvation Army in the East of London in 1865?
William Booth, a great follower of John Wesley, founded the Salvation Army.
89. Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations?
They go to Oxford Street, Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations.
90. Why is December 26th called “Boxing Day”?
December 26th is called Boxing Day because it was formerly the custom to give “Christmas boxes”, or gifts of money, to servants and tradesmen on this day.
91. How many kinds of state secondary schools are there in Great Britain?
Three. They are grammar school, secondary modern school and comprehensive school.
92. When was the Open University founded? When did it begin its first courses?
It was founded in 1969, and it began its first courses in 1970.
93. Why is the Open University so named?
It is so named because it is “open” to all to become students.
94. How much money is spent on press advertising every year in Great Britain?
About ￡5,100 million.
95. How much time do British people spend a day watching television?
People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television.
96. How are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed?
They are financed from the sale of television licences.
97. How are independent channels ITV and C4 funded?
They are funded entirely by advertising.
98. When did the BBC begin to provide regular television broadcasts?
The BBC began to provide regular television broadcasts in 1936.
99. Which sport is regarded as typically English?
Cricket is the most typically English sport.
100. What is a “copyright” library?
It is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom.
美国部分
1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area?
The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world in population and the fourth-largest country in area.
2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States?
They are the Appalachian Highlands and the Rocky Mountains.
3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide?
The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic.
4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States?
They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior.
5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they?
There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States.
6. What states are in New England?
New England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
7. Apart from Now York City, what other large cites are located in the Middle Atlantic region? Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and Newark.
8. What is the Midwest famous for?
The Midwest is famous for its large stretches of fertile soil.
9. What states make up the Pacific Coast Region?
The region known as the Pacific Coast includes the western parts of Washington and Oregon and
nearly all of California.
10. What role does tourism play in Hawaii?s economy?
Tourism is Hawaii?s most important industry.
11. What is the population of the United States? How does it rank in the world?
The United States is the third most populous country in the world after China and India, with a population of 267 million (estimated) in April 1997.
12. What is the reason for the growth of population in Florida?
It is because of its warm climate and convenience in doing business with and traveling to Central and South America.
13. Which are the five biggest cities, in terms of population, in the United States?
New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia.
14. Why are people moving so often in the United States?
People often move from one place to another for various reasons: to look for better job opportunity or for better climate or for other goals.
15. What are some of the consequences of the outflow of city residents to the suburbs?
The movement brings serious consequences to big cities: rising unemployment rate, the increase of the number of poor people, the worsening of city living conditions and the fall of government revenues.
16. Which are the three largest groups of Hispanics?
The Chicanos, the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.
17. Why do many Puerto Ricans go to the United States?
They are drawn to the United States by better job opportunities.
18. What explanation do experts give for the success of Asian-Americans?
The experts attribute the success to Asian cultural tradition: emphasis on education, hard work and family.
19. What was the fate of Japanese-Americans in WWII?
The Japanese-Americans were taken to relocation centers in isolated parts of the western mountain and plains states and stayed behind barbed wires.
20. Can you give an example to show the awakening of American Indians?
Many Indians are taking legal steps to demand compensation for land and resources grabbed from them illegally.
21. What is one of the explanations of how the early Indians came to the Americans?
One of the explanations is the Indians crossed from Asia on the landbridge that connected Siberia and Alaska.
22. How did the Plymouth settlers manage to survive?
The neighboring Indians came to teach them how to grow corn and they succeeded in having a good harvest.
23. In what way were the Puritans different from the Pilgrims?
The Pilgrims were mostly poor, labouring people while the Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen.
24. Did the War of Independence start with the adoption of the Declaration of Independence? No. It started when clashes took place at Concord and Lexington.
25. What was the chief weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
The chief weakness was the document failed to set up a government that could function.
26. What was the significance of the adoption of the Bill of Rights?
The adoption of the Bill of Rights in addition to the Constitution completed the foundation of the American constitutional system.
27. Why did American territorial expansion threaten British interest?
Because some Americans wanted to take advantage of the war in Europe to expand into Canada. This ran counter to British interest.
28. What was the Compromise of 1850?
The Compromise of 1850 was an arrangement which kept a balance between free and slave states in the Senate.
29. Why did the Civil War break out?
The Civil War broke out because the southern states left the Union and formed a new nation but president Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union.
30. How did the government help in the development of American economy?
The government carried out the policy of trade protectionism.
31. What were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century?
Large corporation, urbanization and new technology were the three features.
32. What was the basic demand of the Progressive Movement?
The basic demand was government regulation of economic and social conditions.
33. Why did the United States pursue a policy of pro-Ally partiality in the early part of WWI?
Because of ethnic ties, cultural tradition, social background, economic interests and successful British propaganda, the U.S. government pursued such a policy.
34. What were the immediate causes that led the United States into the war?
The immediate causes were Germany?s unlimited submarine warfare and Germany?s attempt to get Mexico into the war against the United States.
35. What government policies in the 1920s helped big business?
The policies of tariff protection, favorable tax rates and little government restrictions contributed to high profits of big businesses.
36. How did many Americans view their country after WWI?
They believed that American political, economic and social institutions were the best in the world.
37. What was the experience of WWI veterans demanding payment of bonuses in Washington D.C. in 1932?
They were driven out of the capital by military force directed by General McArthur.
38. What were some of the personal characteristics of F.D.R. that helped him in doing his work as president?
He had a sure sense of what was practical or possible, a strong sense of timing and was a great communicator.
39. What were the two guiding principles underlying American diplomatic activities in WWII?
The first was to win the war; the second was to bring the Soviet Union into a postwar world order under American leadership.
40. What was the basic reason for the postponement of the opening of the Second Front?
It was a reflection of the desire of not letting the Soviet Union expand into eastern and central Europe too quickly.
41. What was the postwar strategy of the United States?
The strategy was American leadership of the world and open market for American goods and capital.
42. What was the theory put forward by the Soviet Union in around 1946?
There could be no long-term peaceful co-existence between socialism and capitalism.
43. What was the immediate cause of the Berlin crisis in 1948?
The Soviet Union cut off Western routes to West Berlin.
44. What decision did President Truman make to deal with the Berlin crisis?
He decided to mobilize all possible American cargo planes to airlift supplies into West Berlin.
45. What effect did the Berlin blockade have on the people in West Berlin and western occupied zones?
it pushed the people in West Berlin and western occupied zones further to the side of the United States because they were grateful for American airlifts.
46. What measure did the United States take in the Cuban Missile Crisis?
The United States introduced a naval blockade around Cuba and demanded the dismantlement and withdrawal of the missiles from Cuba.
47. Did the allies of the United States give their full support to the U.S. in the Vietnam War?
No , some criticized the United States for escalation of the war, some refused to support American war efforts.
48. What is the significance of the Shanghai Communique?
The key thing is American commitment to a one China policy.
49. What is the importance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
The Act outlawed racial discrimination in housing and employment.
50. What is the Port Huron Statement about?
The Port Huron Statement was the platform of the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) which condemned racism, poverty amidst plenty, big corporations and the Cold War.
51. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in the total value of its economic production?
The United States ranks first among the countries of the world in the value of its economic production.
52. What kind of system is the United States economy based on?
The United States economy is based on a free enterprise system.
53. What are the factors that have helped build the United States into the economic giant it is today? The United States has one of the world?s most varied populations, and the vast space and resources of the land, the ideals of freedom and economic opportunity, and hard work by the people have helped build the United States into the economic giant it is today.
54. What are the major natural resources in the United States?
Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the United States.
55. What are some of the leading farm products in the United States?
They are corn, wheat, beef cattle, milk, soybeans, cotton, chickens and eggs, and hogs.
56. What has helped make U.S farms the most efficient in the world?
The use of modern farm machinery and agricultural methods has helped make U.S. farms the most efficient in the world.
57. What areas have long been major U.S centers of manufacturing?
The Midwest and Northeast.
58. How does California rank among the states in the value of its manufactured goods?
California ranks first among the states in the value of its manufactured goods.
59. What are the problems the U.S economy has faced form time to time?
They are recessions, depressions and inflation.
60. Why is the poverty rate higher in the United States than in several other industrialized nations, including Canada, Australia, and Germany?
Because they have more generous social programs for the poor and a higher minimum wage than the United States.
61. What role has the Constitution played?
The Constitution has been the basis for the evolution of governmental institutions and for political stability, economic growth and social progress in the United States.
62. What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
The weaknesses were: there was no national executive to enforce the laws and there was no national court system and Congress had no power to tax, nor to regulate trade between states.
63. What mechanism did the writers of the Constitution introduce to provide safeguards?
They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances.
64. What are the three branches of the government?
They are the legislative, the executive and the judicial.
65. How is the American president elected?
The voters vote for the electors and the electors vote for the president. But as soon as the votes of the voters are counted the number of electors for each candidate is known and who has won the election is known.
66. According to the Constitution, what judicial power does the President have?
He has the power to give reprieves and pardons in federal criminal cases.
67. How are the two chambers of Congress made up?
The Senate is composed of two members from each state, with a total number of 100 while membership in the House of Representatives is based on population. Currently the House has 435 members.
68. What are the two special powers of the Senate?
One is to confirm presidential appointments and the other is to ratify treaties by a tow-thirds vote.
69. What is the composition of the federal court system?
The federal court system consists of a supreme court, 11 courts of appeals, 91 district courts ( including one for the District of Columbia and one for Puerto Rico ) and three courts of special jurisdiction.
70. What is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties?
The near destruction of the patronage system and the wide use of direct primaries in the selection of delegates to the party national conventions contribute to the decline of the influence of political parties.
71. Is there any single sex educational institution in the U.S.?
Yes, there are quite a number.
72. Why is it that responsibility for education fall on the state?
Because it is laid down in the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution.
73. Why are there many variations in the education system of the 50 states?
Because each state is expected to develop policies for the education within its boundary.
74. Who is the chief executive officer under the local board of education?
The superintendent of schools.
75. What are the three types of high schools?
They are comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools.
76. Why does the number of graduate school enrollment keep climbing?
Because an advanced degree is viewed as a major way to move ahead in the career.
77. What are the fields favored by postgraduates?
Those fields that would not only make students easily employed but would provide them with rewarding jobs.
78. What is the guiding principle of community college?
It is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must mena equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual difference.
79. What are the two focuses of the reform in the 1980s?
They are the raising of the standards of teaching and learning and the restructuring of the schools.
80. Are the goals set out in the plan “America 2000” easy to achieve?
No, they are very difficult to achieve.
81. Who were the writers of the first American writings?
They were the first settlers.
82. How does the story “Rip Van Winkle” end?
When the story ends, Rip Van Winkle?s fierce wife is dead and he lives happily with his daughter.
83. What is Emerson?s view of man and nature?
He holds that man?s relationship with nature should not be confined to making use of nature.
84. Why did Hawthorne attack transcendentalism?
Because it glorified absolute individualism without any regard for social impact.
85. What does Mark Twain want to put across in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?
He wants to show the basic goodness and wisdom of ordinary people.
86. What does “leaf of grass” stand for?
It stands for all ordinary things and common people.
87. What were the two guides for Dickinson in her search for faith?
They wee the Bible and the philosophy of Emerson.
88. What contrast did Dreiser make in Sister Carrie?
He made sharp contrast of wealth and poverty in Chicago and New York.
89. What was the first uniquely American contribution to architecture?
It was skyscraper.
90. When did rock ?n? roll become the standard form of popular music for teenagers?
By the early 1960s it had become the standard popular m
91. What do people say to each other at Time Square when the clock strikes at twelve o?clock on New Year?s Day?
They say Happy New Year.
92. Why did Congress vote to set a day in honor of Martin Luther King?
Because he was respected and loved by the Americans, black and white, for his leadership of the Civil Rights Movement.
93. Why was Lincoln considered to be a man who lived out the American Dream?
Because Lincoln was born in a poor family in Kentucky and through hard work and study , honesty, he became America?s sixteenth President.
94. What do people usually do on Valentine?s Day?
It is popular to send cards decorated with hearts and flowers to express love.
95. Why do children eat cherry pies on Washington?s birthday?
Because they are familiar with the story of Washington and the cherry tree and they eat cherry pie to
remember him as an honest man.
96. What are the two symbols frequently associated with Easter
They are the egg and the hare ( or the bunny ).
97. What did a group of women in the south do on May 30, 1868?
They decorated the graves of both Union and Confederate soldiers.
98. Why were American children awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize for peace?
They were awarded the prize for their collection of money for UNICEF to help children in developing countries.
99. Why was the unknown soldier buried at Arlington in 1921 awarded two medals?
The honors were not for one but for all who had given their lives in the war.
100. What is the typical food for Thanksgiving dinner?
The typical food is roast turkey, pumpkin pie and cranberry sauce.
爱尔兰
1． Why is Ireland also called the Emerald Isle?
Rolling farmlands and pastures cover the central part of the island and they remain green all year round.
2． Why has Ireland been geographically compared to a basin?
Because the central part of the island is lowland and it has mountains around it near the coasts.
3． What is the largest river in Ireland?
The Shannon River is the largest river in Ireland.
4． What kind of climate does Ireland have?
It has a mild and moist climate all year round.
5． Why did the population of Ireland decrease from the 1840s until about 1970?
Because it had a high emigration rate.
6． What percentage of people are Roman Catholics? 93% of people are Roman Catholics.
7． What is the traditional tongue of Ireland? Irish.
8． When and how did the partition of Ireland occur?
The partition of Ireland occurred in 1921 under the Anglo Irish Treaty.
9． When did Eire become the Republic of Ireland? In April 1949.
11. Who is the head of state in Ireland? The president is the head of state in Ireland.
10. Who is the head of government in Ireland? The prime minister is the head of government in Ireland.
11. What kind of Language is Irish? Irish is a Celtic language.
加拿大
1. Where is Canada located?
Canada is located in the Western Hemisphere. Canada lies to the north of the United States.
2. How big is Canada? Which country is bigger than Canada?
Canada is the world?s second largest country after Russia. It is the largest country in the Western Hemisphere.
3. How could you describe Canada?s climate?
Because of its size, Canada has a great variety of climatic conditions. Generally speaking, the climate in Canada is unfavourable because much of the country has long and cold winters with deep snow.
4. What are Canada?s two largest lakes?
Canada?s two largest lakes are Lakes Superior and Huron.
5. Who founded the first permanent settlements at Quebec and Montreal in 1608?
Samuel de Champlain did.
6. What happened to the French colony after the Seven Years? War?
After the Seven Years? War the French were forced to give up every inch of land in North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule.
7. Who were the first British settlers in Canada?
They were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the War of American Independence.
8. What happened to Lower Canada and Upper Canada under the Act of Union in 1840?
Under the Act of Union in 1840 lower Canada and Upper Canada were united to form the province of Canada which had two sections: Canada West and Canada East.
9. What was the most important event that took place in Canada under Sir John Macdonald?
In 1869, under Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought from the Hudson Bay Company the vast middle west from which the province of Manitoba and other prairie provinces and northern territories were formed.
10. When and how did Canada become a sovereign nation?
By the Statute of Westminster in 1931 Canada became a sovereign nation.
澳大利亚
1. Why is Australia sometimes called the “land Down Under”?
Australia is sometimes called the Land Down Under because it is situated in the Southern Hemisphere. It is halfway around the world from England, its mother country.
2. Australia is generally divided into three topographical regions. What are they?
They are the Western Plateau, the Eastern Highlands and the Central Eastern lowlands.
3. What kind of climate does Australia have?
The interior of Australia has a hot and dry climate, but the coastal areas have a maritime climate.
4. What are the effects of such a climate?
(a) Most Australians live on the south-east coastland.
(b) Plants that can thrive in hot dry conditions are usually small plants such as grasses and shrubs.
5. What are the most common native plants and animals in Australia?
The most common native plants are eucalypts and wattles.
The most common native animals are kangaroos and emus.
6. There are many aspects of Australian way of life that are still British. Give two or three examples. (a) The system of government is modeled on the Westminster system.
(b) The Australian flag has the Union Jack in the top left corner.
(c)The head of the Australian government is the Queen of England.
7. Into what political divisions is Australia separated? List the names of the states and territories.
Australia is politically divided into six states and two territories. The six states are New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. The two territories are the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.
8. In terms of land area and population, which is the biggest state and which is the smallest state in Australia?
In terms of land area, the biggest is Western Australia and the smallest is Tasmania. In terms of population, the biggest is New South Wales and the smallest is Tasmania.
9. What are Australia?s major cities?
They are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Canberra.
10. Why is Australia regarded as one of the most urbanized countries in the world?
Because 80% of Australians live in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns.
新西兰
1． Where is New Zealand located?
New Zealand is located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, halfway between the equator and the South Pole.
2． How big is New Zealand? What countries are a similar size?
New Zealand has a area of 270,534 sq km. Britain and Japan are a similar size.
3． Where is the volcanic activity in New Zealand?
The volcanic activity in New Zealand is concentrated on the central plateau of North Island.
4． How could you describe the weather in New Zealand?
The climate of New Zealand can be described as mild, but because the country runs north and south, the climate varies from the south to north.
5． When did the first European come to New Zealand? What was his name and nationality? The first European to visit New Zealand was Abel Tasman from Holland in 1642.
6． Who are the Maoris?
The Maoris are a branch of the eastern Polynesian race living in New Zealand.
7． Who do Maori people say discovered New Zealand?
They say that Kupe discovered New Zealand.
8． What is Pakeha? Pakeha refers to European settlers in New Zealand.
9． What caused the land disputes between the Maori and the settlers?
The land disputes were mainly caused by the raped acquisition of Maori land by the government and pressure by settlers for direct purchase.
10．What are many Maori people determined to do with Maoritanga?
They are determined to keep the skills and knowledge of Maoritanga so that their treasured heritage can be shared with all New Zealanders.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（1）
Amerigo Vespucci:::-Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.
The Puritans:::-The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（2）
The Bill of Rights:::-In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.
The Emancipation Proclamation:::-After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（3）
Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day:::-The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.
The Chunnel:::-In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（4）
Eisteddfod:::-Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.
Cockney:::-A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（5）
Stonehenge:::-It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.
The Celts:::-The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（6）
Norman Conquest:::-The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
Alfred the Great:::-He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（7）
St. Augustine:::-In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew?s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.
Domesday Book:::-It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William
the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（8）
Geoffrey Chaucer:::-He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket?s tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.
The Black Death:::-It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（9）
The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争:::-the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.
The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命:::- In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（10）
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案:::-The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.
Blood Mary血腥玛丽:::-It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（11）
Thatcherism撒切尔主义:::-The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.
The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法:::-It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to
support strike action.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（12）
Agribusiness农业产业:::-The new farming has been called “agribusiness”, because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm.
British disease英国病:::-The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（13）
Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制:::-It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.
Privy Council枢密院:::-A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（14）
The National Health Service:::-It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.
Comprehensive schools:::-Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（15）
Reuters:::-It was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists and photographers. The Crown Court:::-A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time judge.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（16）
The Great lakes:::-The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States expect Lake Michigan.
The Mississippi:::-The Mississippi has been called “father of waters “or” old man river”. It and Its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world. It is the fourth longest river in the world and the most important river in the United States.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（17）
Uncle Tom?s Cabin:::-It was a sentimental but powerful antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It converted many readers to the abolitionist cause.
Gettysburg:::-It refer to the short speech President Lincoln made when he dedicated the national
cemetery at Gettyburg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（18）
The Red Scare:::-When the WWI was over, there existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism. Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened. On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radical were arrested.
The New Deal:::-In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（19）
Truman Doctrine:::-On Mar.12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.
Marshall Plan:::-It was announced by George Marshall on June.5, 1947, and was the economic aid plan for Western Europe. It was also used to prevent the loss of Western Europe into the Soviet sphere. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（20）
London smog:::-In 195, the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog. It left 4000 people dead or dying. Since then most cities in Britain have introduced “clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.
Family Doctor:::-In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner, sometimes known as a “family doctor”. The family doctor gives treatment or prescribes medicine, or, if necessary, arranges for the patient to go to hospital or to be seen at home by a specialist.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（21）
Marvellous Melbourne:::-After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s, there was an important revolution in transport, especially with the network of tram and railway systems. This changed the pace of urban life and the appearance of the city and soon people were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne”. But by the 1890s outsiders were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne” because of the bad smell of the city. Waitangi Day:::-In 1840 the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand was founded. The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.
英语国家概况名词解释系列（22）
Multiculturalism:::-The term multiculturalism was coined in Canada in the late 1960s. It was in official use in Australia by 1973. In other words, under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak their own language and maintain their own customs. Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes that social cohesion is attained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework.
Quiet Revolution:::-Ever since 1763, when France lost its empire in North America to England, French Canadians have struggled to preserve their language and culture. In the early 1960s French Canadians became more vocal in their protests. In particular, they complained that were kept out of jobs in government and in some large businesses because they spoke only French. They have been struggling
more rights common which was called “Quiet revolution”.
===范文3:《英语国家概况》[下载]【以文搜文】===
英 语 国 家 概 况 （00522） 
名词解释和简答题，仅供 参考。 名词解释： The Puritans 清教徒 The Puritans were wealthy， well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution ， the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save. Comprehensive schools Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. Indentured servants — — indenture servants refer to some immigrants who has to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-atlantic fare and debts. 契约佣工， 指一些移民 必须要在一个限定的时期 里为他们的雇主工作来偿 还他们横渡大西洋的费用 和债务。 e War Powers Act — —The War Powers Act in 1973 was that the president had to inform Congress whenever he committed American troops overseas. After 60 days ， the use of military power had to win specific congressional approval. 简答题： 1.Why is Alfred known as “ the father of the British navy”？ He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ The father of the British navy” 。 2.Which political party does Margaret Thatcher lead？ The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher 3.What is IRA stand for？ The full name for IRA is Irish Republican Army. 4.Which Act outlawed discrimination not only in public housing ， but also in employment on the basis of race，colour， religion， or national sex， orgin. The civil rights act outlawed discrimination not only in public housing ， but also in employment on the basis 
of race， colour， religion， the English had lost all services. At the bottom 1. The Domesday Book sex，or national orgin. the territories of France 5. six ， jury ， of the feudal scale were was completed except the French port of English ， Norman 6. the serfs. One peculiar in________. 民权法案， 宣布不仅在 —— ， Thomas Becket feature of the feudal 公共场所禁止种族歧视， 而 system of England was A. 1085 B. 1086 且在就业中所涉及的种族、 A .1337 ， 1453 ， 7. Mangna Carta， the that all landowners must C.1087 D.1088 答案： B 肤色、宗教、性别、国籍等 Flanders B .1337 ， 1453， Great Charter， 63 take the oath of 也禁止歧视。 Calais allegiance not only to 2. When William died 8. Joan of Arc ， their immediate lord ， in Normandy in 1087 he 5. Why is New Zealand C.1346 ， 1453 ， Calais 9. Black Death， but also to the king. left Normandy to the first country to get Argencourt D.1346，1453， two ________ ， and England the new day？ Brest 2. What were the to______. 10. yeomen contents and the Because New Zealand 10. In 1351 ， the significance of the Great A. William Rufus ； is just west of the English government III charter？ Robert B. Robert 
；Henry International Date Line， issued a Statute of—— ， C. Robert； William Rufus it is the first country to which made it a crime for 1.Domesday Book Contents ： no tax D. Henry； Robert 答案： get the new day. peasants to ask for more should be made without C wages . It is a book compiled the approval of the Grand 6.What is Canada made by a group of clerks under Council ； no freeman 3. The spirit of the up of？ A. Oxford B. the sponsorship of King should be arrested ， Great Charter was the Clarendon C. Labourers D. William the First in 1086. imprisoned， or deprived limitation of the powers Geographical Magna Carta The book was in fact a of his property except by of______， keeping them regions： ten provinces property record. It was the law of the land； the within the bounds of the and two territories. II Fill in the blanks the result of a general Church should possess all feudal law of the land. survey of England. It its rights ， together 1. Under William ， recorded the extent ， with freedom of A. the Archbishop of 第 三 章 Shaping of the — — system in value ， state of elections ； London and Canterbury B the barons C the Nation（练习题一） England was completely cultivation ， and other towns should retain the church D the king 答 established. ownership of the land. It their ancient rights and 案：D 1. Under William's was one of the important privileges ， and there rule， the—— were at 2. william replaced measures adopted by should be the same 4. The barons forced the bottom of the feudal the—— ， the council of William I to establish weights and measures the king of Henry 3 and system. the Anglo-Saxon kings， the full feudal system in throughout the country. his son Prince Edward to with the—— of his new England. Today ， it is It was a statement of the swear to accept the A. barons B. freemen tenants-in-chief. kept in the Public feudal and legal _____. C. villains D. lawyers Records Office in London. relationship between the 3. The property Crown and the barons， a A . Provisions of 2. William replaced record in William's time 2.lollards： 罗拉德派 guarantee of the freedom Oxford. B Provisions of the Witan，the council of is known as—— ， which of the Church and a York C Provisions of the Anglo-Saxon king ， was compiled in they were poor limitation of the power Westminster D provisions with—— priests and traveling of the king. of Canterbury 答案： A 4. ——was the first preachers who were john A. the Grand Council king of the House of wyclif's followers.they 3. Why and how did the 5 . Magna Carta was B. the House of Lords C. Plantagenet. played an important role English Parliament come signed in _______ at a the House of Corranons D. in the mental into being？ conference at ______. Parliament 5. In Henry II ' s preparations for the day ， the country was peasant uprising of Henry III's many A. 1066； Runnymede B. 3. William II was divided into — 
— 1381.they preaching the measures was brought 1215； Windsor C. 1215； known as William — — circuits ， and the — — equality of men before matters between he and Oxford D. 1215 ； because of his red system replaced old—— god. barons to a head. And the Runnymede 答案： D complexion. ordeals by fire and water barons force the king to and old trials by battle. 3.Joan of arc：圣女 swear and accept the 6. According to Magna A. Rufus B. the 贞德 Provisions of Oxford. Carta no tax should be Conqueror C. the 6. — — ' s grave Simon de Montfort made without the approval Confessor D. the Unready became a place of she was a national summoned in 1265 the of______. pilgrimage in and beyond heroine of France during Great Council to meet at 4. Henry II was the chaucer' s time after he the hundred year's war， Westminster ， together A. the Witan B the first king of the — — was murdered. she successfully led the with two knights from king C the Grand Council dynasty. france to drive the each country and two D the Commons 答案：C 7. In 1215 ， the English out of France. burgesses from each town， A. Windsor B. Tudor C. baron's charter， known a metting which has been 7 In 1265 Simon Malcolm D. Plantagenet as — — or — — was 4.The Black Death seen as that the earliest summoned the Great approved ， which parliament. Council to meet together 5. In Henry II ' s contained—— clauses. It is a modern name with two knights from reign ， a — — law was given to the dearly 4. What do you know each county and two gradually established in 8. In the Hundred bubonic plague ， an about Wat Tyler's ______ from each town. place of the customs of Years' war， the French epidemic disease spread Uprising？ the manor. heroine — — led the through Europe in the A burgesses B. French to drive the fourteenth century The uprising broke bishops C. clergymen D. A. local B. private C. English out of their particularly in out in Kent and Essex in yeomen 答案： A civil D. common country. By 1453，was the 1348-1349. It came 1381 and was led by Wat only part of France that without warning ， and Tyler and Jack Straw. 8 The Hundred Year's 6. The Great Council was still in the hands of without any cue. In Tyler led the mared War lasted from of Henry II drew up the the English. England ， it killed villagers to occupy _______to________. Constitutions of—— in almost half of the total London. The king was 1164 to increase the 9. — — was the population ， causing forced to accept their A. 1337； 1450 B. 1337； jurisdiction of the civil deadly bubonic plague， far-reaching economic demands. Most of the 1453 C. 1330 ； 1453 D. courts. which reduced England's consequences. rebels dispersed and went 1337；1455 答案： B home ， while Tyler and A. Labourers B. population from four 1.What was feudalism other leader stayed on 9 'Domesday Book' was Clarendon C. Oxford D. million to — — million like in England under th 
e for more rights. Tyler compiled during the rule Cambridge by the end of the 14th rule of William the was killed at a meeting of ______. Conqueror？ with the king ， who 7. The Great Charter century. suppressed the Uprising A William I B William was signed in and had— Under the rule of brutally. Although the II C Henry II D King — clauses. 10. One of the William the Conqueror， Uprising failed， it had Stephen 答案：A consequences of the the feudal system in great importance in A.1251， 63 B.1251， Uprising of 1381 was the England was completely English history. It 10 The Black Death 73 C.1215， 63 D.1215， 73 emergence of a new class established. According directed against the rich swept through England in of—— farmers. to this system， the king clergy， the lawyers and the summer of 8. In 1265 — — owned all the land the landowners. It _____without warning. summoned the Great Answers： personally. William gave effectively blew the Council， which has been his barons large estates serfdom， and a new class A 1374 B 1348 C 1349 seen as the earliest 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D in return for military of yeomen farmers D 1350 答案：B parliament. 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.C services and a proportion emerged， paving the way of the land's produce. for the development of 11 After the Hundred A. Henry B.the Pope C. II These estates were capitalism. Year's War ， power in Barons D. Simon de scattered all over the England was in the hands Montfort 1. feudal 2. Witan， king. Then， the barons 第 三 章 Shaping of of a number of rich and Grand Council parceled out land to the the Nation（练习题二） ambitious_________. 9. The Hundred Years' lesser nobles， knights war started in — — and 3 . Domesday Book， and freemen ， also in 选择题 A bishops B Merchants was ended in ， in which 1086 4. Henry II return for goods and C nobles D royal family 
�members 答案： C 
A .1337 ， 1453 ， Flanders B .1337 ， 1453， 2 In the reform of the 12 The causes of the Calais C.1346 ， 1453 ， Church Henry VIII Hundred Years War were Argencourt D.1346，1453， dissolved all of partly ______and Partly Brest 答案：B England's monasteries _______. and nunneries because 23 In 1351 ， the they were much more loyal A. political ； English government to _________then to their military B political ； issued a Statute English kings. economic C territorial； of_____ ， which made it religious D territorial； a crime for peasants to A. the Pope B. Jesus economic 答案：D ask for more wages . Christ C. Roman Catholic D. the bishops 13 The Hundred Years' A. Oxford B. War could be devided into Clarendon C. Labourers D. 答案：A _______outstanding Magna Carta 答案： C stages. 3 Thanks to Mary ， 一句话解释 Protestantism and A two B three C four _________ were now D five 答案：B 1 Which system was forever synonymous in completely established Britain. 14 Under William's under William in rule， the______ were at English 
？ A. Catholicism B. the bottom of the feudal prosecution C. the system. ' 答： feudal system Reformation The D was completely nationalism A. barons B. freemen established under C. villeins D. lawyers 答 William in English. 答案：D 案：C 2 What book was 4 For nearly thirty 15 William replaced Domesday Book？ year ， Elizabeth I the Witan，the council of successfully played off the Anglo-Saxon king ， 答：This book was the against each other the with ______ result of a general two great Catholic powers survey of England made in at the time，_________， A. the Grand Council 1085 ， and stated the and prevented England B. the House of Lords C. extents ， value ， the from getting involved in the House of Corranons D. population ， state of any major European Parliament 答案：A cultivation ， and conflict. ownership of the land. 16 William II was A. Spain and Germany known as William ______ 3 What's the role of B. France and Spain because of his red Simon's Parliaments？ complexion. C. Spain and Denmark 答：It's role was to D. France and Italy A. Rufus B. the offer advice，not to make Conqueror C. the decisions. 答案：B Confessor D. the Unready 答案：A 名词解释 5 _________was regarded as the second 17 Henry II was the 1 The Domesday Book. Magna Carta. first king of the ______dynasty. 答 ： This book ， A. The Petition of completed in 1086， was Right B. The Provision of A. Windsor B. Tudor C. the result of a general Oxford C. The Grand Malcolm D. Plantagenet survey of England made in Remonstrance D. The 答案：D 1085 ， and stated the Militia Bill extent ， value ， the 18 In Henry II ' s population ， state of 答案：A reign， a _______ law was cultivation ， and gradually established in ownership of the land. 6 The Renaissance place of the customs of began in north ______in the manor. 2 the Black Death the early ______century. A. local B. private C. 答：The Black Death civil D. common 答案：D was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic 19 The Great Council plague ， an epidemic of Henry II drew up the disease caused by rat Constitutions of ____in fleas. It spread through 1164 to increase the Europe in the 14th jurisdiction of the civil century. Particularly in courts. 1347-1350. It reduced between one half and A. Labourers B. one-third of English Clarendon C. Oxford D. population and caused a Cambridge 答案：B great economic loss. 20 The Great Charter was signed in ______ and had______ clauses. A.1251， 63 B.1251， 73 C.1215， 63 D.1215， 73 答案：C 21 In 1265 _____summoned the Great Council， which has been seen as the earliest parliament. 3 the Great Charter 答 ： The Great Charter ， also called Magna Carta ， was the first famous political document to limit the king's powers in English history. It was signed in 1215 by King John. It contains altogether 63 clauses. 
with powers limited by Parliament. 
B. 1893； Keir Hardic C. 答： After the Hundred 1906 ； keir Har 
dic D. Year's War， in order to 1922； Mac Donald 答案： A. the Commonwealth B. decide who would rule B the Federal Republic England， a war broke out between the House of 11.Britain's C. the Lancaster and the House colonial expansion began Constitutional Monarchy of York ， which were with ________. D. the special monarchy symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. A. James Cook's 答案：C The war lasted from 1455 discovery of Botany Bay to 1485. It is usually 11 Although the Wars regarded as the end of B. the colonization of the Roses were waged English Middle Ages. of Newfoundland intermittently for thirty years， ordinary 第五章 Rise and Fall C. the establishment people were of the British Empire of the East India Company _______affected and went about their business as 选择题 D. the Pilgrim usual. Fathers' settlement in 1. _______was the the New World. A. little B. a little forerunner of the C. much D. greatly Conservative Party. 答案：B 答案： A 
第四章 Transition to A. Henry B.the Pope C. the modern Age Barons D. Simon de Montfort 答案：D 1 The Wars of the Roses broke out shortly 22 The Hundred Years' after_______. war started in_____ and was ended in______， in A the Black Death B which the English had the Watt Tyler's Uprising lost all the territories C the Hundred Year's War of France except the D the Glorious Revolution French port of _____， 答案：C 
A The Liberal Party B. 12.The British East The Whigs C. The Tories D. India Company was 12 It was during the The Labour 答案：C established in _______. reign of ______，the name Great Britain came into 2. The open filed A. 1600 B. 1700 C. being in 1707. system lasted till 1840 D. 1848 答案：A _________ century. A. Elizabeth I B. 13.By 1900 more then Henry VIII. C. Charles I A. 14th B. 15th C. ________of Africa had D. Anne 16th D. 18th 答案：D been colonized by European countries. 答案：D 3. The spinning jenny was invented by A. 20% B. one-third C. 13 The last battle of _________. 9/10 D. half 答案：C the Wars of Roses was at ______in 1458. A. John Kay B. James 14. After the Opium Hargreaves C. Richard wars in 1840 the British A. Hastings B. Arkwright D. Samuel troops occupied Hong Kong Bosworth Field C. Naseby Crowpton 答案：B in _________. D. Oxford 答案：B 4.The Physical Force A. 1839 B.1840 C.1841 一句话解释： Chartists was led by D.1842 答案：C _______. 1 What was Queen Mary 15.The Beatles，the know as？ A. William Lovett B. popular band in 1960s， Feargus O' Conour C. came from ________. 答：She was known as Attwood D. Engles 答案： “ Bloody Mary” 。 B A. London B. Birmingham C. Edinburgh D. 2 Why do we call Mary 5. The Suez Canal was Liverpool 答案：D Tudor Bloody Mary？ built by ________ engineers. 16. In the late 18th 答 Because she at and early 19th centuries least burnt 300 Puritans A. English B. French radicals were active in as heretics. C. Dutch D. Portugal 答 English Parliament 案： 
B spreading radical ideas 3. Why were Puritans whose common aim was happy when James I came to 6. The Chartist thorough reform of the the throne？ Movement lasted from ________. _______ to _________. A. France ； 14th B. 答：Because James I A. political system B. Italy； 16th C. Italy； came from Scotland and A. 1840； 1848 B. 1840； religious system 14th D. England； 14th the Scottish Church was a 1845 C. 1836 ； 1840 D. pure Protestant Church 1836；1848 答案：D C. Parliamentary 答案：C with democratically system D. hereditary elected officials. 7.The People's monarchy 答案：C 7 In December 1653， charter made in 1838 had by an Instrument of 4 Who supported the _________points. 17.At the general Government ， Oliver king during the war？ election of 1945 Winston Gromwell became A. 3 B 4 C.5 D. 6 答 Churchill was heavily _______of the 答： Many nobles and 案：D defeated，because _____. Commonwealth of England. gentry supported the king. 8.Canada was A. he was A. Prime Minister B. established as a dominion old-fashioned King C. Lord Protector D. 5 What's the by_______. Emperor relationship between B. people did not Elizabeth I' s England A. the 1736 Treaty of support his postwar 答案：C and France？ Pairs B. the Quebec Act of policies 1774 8.In foreign affairs. 答 ： She managed to C. he was not Henry VIII was aided by maintain a friendly C. the Canada Act of qualified as a prime ________ ， Archbishop relationship with 1791 D. the British North minister in a peaceful and Lord Chancellor. France. America Act of 1867 答案： age D A. Thomas More B. 名词解释 D. people wanted to Thomas Becket C. Thomas 9.The foundations of forget about the war 答 Wolsey D. Martin Luther 1 Bloody Mary the welfare state ， in 案：D Britain ， were laid in 答案：C 答 ： Mary was Henry _________. 18.In the Industrial VIII' s daughter and she revolution ， changes 9 The Armada was was a Catholic. After she A. the 1940s B. the occurred earliest and defeated by England in became Queen ， she 1950s C. the 1960s C. the quickest in ______. ________. persecuted many people 1970s 答案：A for their Protestant A. hardware B. A. 1587 B. 1588 C. religious views and some 10.The Independent textiles C. pottery D. 1558 D. 1540 答案：B were put to death. As a Labour Party was formed chemicals result， people call her in _______ ， led 10 After the Glorious “Bloody Mary” 。 by________. 答案：B Revolution came the Age of ______ ， a monarchy 2. the wars of Roses A. 1893； Mac Donald 19.The Chartist 
�Movement was officially launched at a great and an emphasis on Birmingham meeting in law and order. _____， with the aim of pressing the Parliament 3. The welfare state to accept the People's Charter. It is a system of government by which the A. 1836. B. 1838. C. state provide the 1840. D. 1842. 答案：B economic and social 20.The English security of its citizens Renaissance was largely through its organization _______ 
. of health services， A. religious B. pensions and other ideological C. families. This system is philosophical D. founded Literary. out of national 答案：D insurance contribution and taxation. In Britain 一句话解释 the 
案：A 
1.What field did the term applies mainly Industrial Revolution to the National Health firstly occur in？ Service ， national insurance 答 ： The Industrial Revolution firstly and social security. occurred in the filed of textile. 4.constitutional monarchy 2. When did the Labour Party come to A constitutional power for the first monarchy is a country in time？ which head of the state is A. 20；500 B.21；500 B. Lire peers created a C.20； D.18； 800 400 答案： to assist the House in its 答： 1942 the Labour In B judicial duties. Party came to power for king or a queen. In the first time. practice， the Sovereign 8.The House of Common C. Senior bishops of reigns ， but does most is headed by________. the Church of England. 3. What are the two rule. major parties in A. the Prime Minister D. All other life Britain？ 5. Social security B. the Speaker peers. system 答 ： They are the C. the Lord 一句话解释 Conservative Party and Social Security Chancellor D. the Monarch the Labour Party. System is a part of 答案：B 1.How often is the welfare system which is general election held in 4. What did Britain designed 9.By tradition， the Britain？ become after the leader of the majority Industrial Revolution？ to secure a basic party is appointed 答 ： In Britain the standard of living for _________by the general election is 答 ： Britain became people in financial need， Sovereign in the United normally held every five the “ workshop of the Kingdom. years. world” 。 providing financial help for those who are A. the Prime Minister 2. What's the clerk 解释 elderly ， sick ， B. Member of Parliament of the parliament disabled， responsible for？ 1. Whigs and Tories C. Lord of Appeal D. unemployed ， Speaker of the House 答 答：The Clerk of the The Whigs was one of widowed ， bringing up 案：A Parliament is the two main political children or on very low responsible for the parties originating with incomes. 10.The British records of proceedings of the Glorious Revolution. Cabinet is presided by the House of Lords and for The Whigs opposed 第七章：Government _________. the text of Acts of absolute monarchy and and Administration Parliament supported the right to A. the Prime Minister religious freedom for 选择题 B. the Speaker 3. What did the term Nonconformists. In 19th “ parliament ” century the Whigs became 1. The United Kingdom C. the Lord originally mean？ known as the Liberal is governed in the name of Chancellor D. the Monarch party. The Tories was one _________， by_________. 答案：A 答 ： The term of the two main political “ parliament ” parties in the period of A. the king ； His 11.The Social and originally meant a the Glorious Revolution. Majes 
ty's Government Liberal Democratic Party meeting for parley or The Tories supported is the combination of the discussion. hereditary monarchy and B. the Queen ； Her Social Democratic Party were reluctant to remove Majesty's Government and _________. 4. What's the kings. The Tories were Speaker？ the forerunners of the C. the Sovereign ； A. the Conservative Conservative Party. Prime Minister Party B. the Labour Party 答： Speaker is the The head of the House of 2. Thatcherism D. the Sovereign ； C. the Liberal Party Commons. His or Her Majesty's D. the Green Party 答案： Mrs. Thatcher's government 答案：D C 5. What is the House policies were usually of Lords made up of？ called Thatcherism. It 2.__________is the 12.Which of the “supreme governor” of following about UK's 答：It is made up of included the return the Church of English. monarchy is not true？ the Lords Spiritual and to private ownership of the Lords Temporal. state-owned industries， A. The monarch B. The A. The United Kingdom the Archbishop is a constitutional 6. What did the monarchy. English Industrial use of monetarist C. The Archbishop of Revolution begin with？ policies to control Canterbury D. The Roman B. There is no inflation，the weakening Pope 答案：A written constitution in 答：It began with the of trade the United Kingdom. textile industry. 3. The United Kingdom unions ， the is a _______state. C. Today the Queen 7. Which war was strengthening of the role holds the real power in relatively smooth， with of market forces in the A. unitary B. federal UK. no bloodshed ， nor any economy， C. republic D. feudal 答 execution of the king in 
D. The continuity of Britain？ the monarchy has been 4.The British broken only. 答： is the Glorious It monarchy can be traced Revolution. back to at least 答案：C ________century. 8. What were the 13.The leader of the forerunners of the A. the 7th B. the 8th House of Lords is Liberal Party in C. the 9th D. the 10th 答 ________. Britain？ 案：C A. the Speaker B. the 答：They are Whigs. 5.In Britain the Monarch citizens aged _______ or 9. How many members over have the right to C. the Prime Minster are there in the House of vote. D. the Lord Chancellor 答 Commons？ 案：D A. 16 B. 18 C. 21 D. 答 ： There are 651 30 答案：B 14.Northern Ireland members in the House of is divided into Commons. 6.Local authorities _________districts. in Great Britain raise 10. What is the revenue through A. 20 B. 26 C. 36 D. difference between the _________. 40 答案：B ancestors of the English and Scots ， Welsh and A. the council tax B. 15.Which of the Irish？ the income tax following is not one of the members of the Lords 答：The ancestors of C. the capital Temporal？ the English are receipts D. the personal Anglo-Saxons， while the contribution 答案：A A. All hereditary Scots， Welsh and Irish peers and peeresses of are Celts. 7.In Britain a England ， Scotland ， candidate must be at Great 
Britain and the 11.What is the main least _______or over with United Kingdom （but not function of the House of the deposit of &_____. peers of Ireland） 。 Lords in Britain？ 
1 The Church of England is not free to change its form of worship， as laid down in __________ without the consent of Parliament. A. the Bill of Rights B. the Provisions of Oxford C. the Constitutions of Clarendon D. the Book of Common Prayer 答案：D 2 The position of the Church of Scotland was defined in the Treaty of Union，1707，and further safeguarded by the Church of Scotland Act， ______. A. 1921 B. 1922 C. 1923 D. 1924 答案：A 
3 The Salvation Army is served by 1 ， 800 officers （ ordained 答： main function ministers） and runs more Its is to bring the wide than _____ worship experience of its members centers. into the process of making law. A. 500 B. 1，000 名词解释 1. Constitutional Monarchy C. 1，500 答案：B D. 2，000 
4 The Free Church do Not include ＿＿＿＿。 答 ： The British monarchy is known as A the Methodist constitutional monarchy. Church It means the monarchy's powers are limited by law B the Church of and Parliament. The England monarchy actually has no real power. C the Baptists Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious D the United Reformed Revolution in 1688. Church. 2. the Privy Council 答案：C 
答： Privy Council The 5 ____ is not among was formerly the chief the Anglican Churches source of executive power in the United Kingdom. A The Church in Wales It's origins can be traced back to the King's B The Church of Council ， which in the Ireland 13th century gave the Sovereign advice on the C The Episcopal government of the country. Church in Scotland After the Glorious Revolution of 1688， it D The Baptists. Gradually lost its importance. Much of its 答案：D work was taken over by the Cabinet until the 18th 6 At Christmas， the century. Today it's role home is decorated with is largely formal ， the following except advising the Sovereign to _____. approve certain government decrees， and A. colorful paper issuing royal chains B. leaves of holly proclamations. and mistletoe 3. Social Security C. a young fir-tree D. System firecrackers 答：Social Security System is a part of welfare system which is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need ， providing financial help for those who are elderly， sick， disabled， unemployed， widowed ， bringing up children or on very low incomes. 第 九 章 Affairs 答案：D 7 Easter is traditionally associated with the following except ____. A. the resurrection of Christ B. the eating of Easter eggs 
C. the custom of Social giving presents 
�D. the coming of spring 答案：C 8. ______is the largest of the Free Churches. A. The Baptists B. The Methodist Church C. The Roman Catholic Church D. The Church in Wales 答案：B 9.Established Churches in Britain are ______. A. Church of England and Church of Wales. B. Chur 
ch of Wales and Church of Scotland C. the Churches. Anglican 
D. Church of England and Church of Scotland. 答案：D 10.______is more important than Christmas to Scots. A. Whit Sunday B. New Year's Day C. April Fools Day D. Easter 答案：B 一句话解释 
servants and tradesmen on It is the Church of this day. England. 第十章 英国文化 （练 9.What was the 习题一） Gunpowder Plot of 1605？ 1. Compulsory It was the most education begins at 5 in famous of the Catholic Great Britain and four in conspiracies. Northern Ireland， when children go to—— 名次解释 A. infant schools B. 1 Established junior schools C. Churches independent schools D. primary schools Established churches are those legally 2. About 90 per cent recognized as official of the state secondary churches of the State. school population in the UK attend—— 2 Church of England A. independent Church of England is schools B. public schools the most important C. grammar schools D. established church in comprehensive schools . Britain. It is legally recognized as official 3. There are some — church of the state. It is — universities ， uniquely related to the including the Open Crown in that the University. Sovereign must be a member of that Church and A.900 B.290 C.90 D.50 must promise to uphold it. The church is also linked 4. In Britain ， with the State through children from the age of the House of Lords， in 5 to 16 can —— by law. which the two archbishops and some other bishops A. receive have seats. It was two completely free provinces ： Canterbury education and York. B. receive parly free 3 The Salvation Army education C . receive no free education if their families are rich D. receive no free education at all 5. Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole？ A. chaotic. Education is is 
A. Cricket B. Golf C. Tennis D. Horse-racing 10. The most famous art festival in Britain is—— A. the Royal National Eisteddford of Wales B. the Llangollen Internationl Eisteddford 
4. Which sport is 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C regarded as typically English？ II Cricket is the most 1.5， 4， 16 typically English of sports. 2. eleven-plus ， comprehensive schools 第 十 章 Cultural Affairs（练习题二） 3. Eton ， Harrow ， Roedean 选择题 1 There are over ________nursery and primary schools and nearly _______secondary schools with a total student population of over 9 million in Britain. A. 25.000 5000. B. 5000 25.000. C. 5000. 2500 D 5000. 2500. 答案：A 
4. further C. the Edinburgh education ， high International Festival education of Music and Drama. 5. Oxford ， D. the Bath Festival Cambridge， 12th， 13th of Musis 6. dailies， Sundays II 7. quality， popular 1. Education in the mid-market UK is compulsory for all between the ages of—— 8. The British （ — — in Northen Broadcasting Corporation Ireland） and——。 （BBC） 38 ， 
1 What are the two It was founded by established churches in William Boot 
h in the East Britain？ of London in 1865， who was a follower of the They are the Church Methodist Church. Within of England in England and Britain， the Salvation the Church of Scotland in Army is second only to the Scotland. Government as a provider of social services. 2 How many provinces does the Church of 4 Bank Holidays England have？ Bank Holidays also The Church of England called official public has two provinces ： holidays. The term goes Canterbury and York. back to the Bank Holidays Act of 1871， which owes 3 When were the first its name to the fact that women priests ordained in banks are closed on the Britain？ days specified. They were ordained in March 1994. 5 Easter 
B. Education highly centralized. 
C . Education is rather independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom . D. Education is very expensive. 6. There are about — — daily and Sunday newspapers published in Britain. D.100 A.180 B.150 C.130 
Easter is the chief 4 Who founded the Christian festival ， Salvation Army in the which celebrates the East of London in 1865？ Resurrection of Christ， on the first Sunday after William Booth ， a the first full moon that great follower of John coincides with， or comes Wesley ， founded the after ， the spring Salvation Army. equinox （March 21st） 。 5 Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations？ They go to Oxford Street ， Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations. 6 What is the National Day in Britain？ The birthday of the British Monarch is a National Day in Britain. 7.What does Guy Fawkes Day come From？ Guy Fawkes Day comes from the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. 8. What is the most important established Church in Britain？ 6 Remembrance Sunday 
7. Which of the Remembrance Sunday following is not quality also called Armistice Day. newspapers？ It's the important patriotic festival and on A. Fincacial Times B. the Sunday nearest to The Sun C. The Guardian D. November 11. On this The Times Sunday， the dead of both world wars are remembered 8. Which of the in special church following is not the services and civic important weekly ceremonies. The royal reviews？ members and many important statesmen A. The Economist would lay wreathes to them. B. The New Statesman and society 7 Boxing Day C.The Spectato December 26th is called Boxing Day because D. Reader's Digest it was formerly the custom to give 9. —— is the most “Christmas boxes” or typically English of ， gifts of money ， to sports. 
2 In Britain there 2. In the past 9. Reuters are some children in Britain were _______universities allocated to different 10. football including the Open secondary schools on the cricket， Scotaland University. basis of selection tests known as—— ， which was 11. the West End A 90. B 100. C. 110. replaced by—— D.120. 12. copyright ， 3. The most famous public 答案：A public schools for boys are — — 。 — — ， 1.What do you know 3 About_______ of the 
Westminster and about state schools and secondary school Winchester. The Leading “public schools” in the population in Great girls' public schools are UK？ Britain attend and Cheltenham Ladies' comprehensive schools. College. About 90 percent of the state secondary A. 70% B 80% C. 90% D. 4. Education after 16 school populations in 100% in the UK is divided into Great Britain attend —— and—— comprehensive schools. 答案：C These take pupils without 5. The most-known reference to ability or 4 First degree universities in Britain aptitude and provide a courses are mainly full are — — and — — which wide-ranging secondary time and usually last date from the — — and education for all or most —— centuries. of the children in a ________years in district. Many of England ， Wales and 6. The national Britain's public schools Northern Ireland. newspapers in Britain can are private-run and be divided into national long-established and A.3 B. 4 C. 5 D 6 and national——。 have gained a reputation for their high academic 答案：A 7. National standards ， as well as newpapers are also their exclusiveness and 5 The usual age for popularly divide into— snobbery. transfer from primary to —。—— and ——papers secondary schools is on the basis of 2. What differences in style and distinguishes the Open _______ in England， content. University from all other Wales and Northern British Universities？ Ireland. 8.—— dominates the arwaves of Britain ， The Open University A.14. B.13. C.12. using English and other is a non-residential C.11. languages. university. It offers degree and other courses 答案：D 9. The principal new for adult students of all agencies in Britain are ages. It uses a 6 About _______daily — — ， the Press combination of specially and Sunday newspapers are Association and Extel produced printed texts， published nationwide in Financial Ltd. correspondence tuition， Britain. television and radio 10. The most popular broad casts and A. 100 B. 110. C. 120. sport in England is—— ， audio/video cassettes. D. 130. while — — is the most There is a network of typically English. The study centers for contact 答案：D home of golf is—— with part-time and counselors ， and with 7. Which of the 11. London has over fellow students. following is NOT the 100 theatres ， half of important regional which are in—— 3. What are the morning paper in differences between England？ 12. There are several quality papers and thousand libraries in popular papers？ A .The Daily Record. Britain which include the B. The Northern Echo. “ — — ” libraries ， Quality papers and libraries of other directed at readers who C. The Sunday Mercury. universities and learned want full information on D. The Eastern Daily institutions， and the— a wide range of public Press. — libraries. matters， while popular papers appeal to people 答案：A answers wanting news of a more entertaining cha 
racter ， 8.Of monthly I presented more magazines，________ has concisely. the highest circulation. 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.C 
�A. Economist B. Reader's Digest C. Spectator D. Scotsman. 答案：B 
答案：C 17. _______ Does NOT belong to popular dailies. 
9.Of the following four sports， _______ has A. Ness of the World the longest history. B. Daily Mirror C. Daily Star D. The Sun 答案：A A. cricket B. golf C. football D. rugby. 一句话解释 答案： A 
1.When was Reuters founded？ 10 The Edinburgh International Festival 答 ： Reuters was of Music and Drama takes founded in 1851 by the place for a period of German Julius Reuter. _____. 2. Where did bulk of A. 2 to 3 weeks B. 3 expenditure on education to 4 weeks C. 4 to 5 weeks come from？ D. 5 to 6 weeks 答案： B 答 ： The bulk of 11. David Hare's expenditure on education trilogy does not include comes from public funds. _________. 1 The United States 3. What is the most has a population of A .Racing Demon B. typically English of _______million in July The Phantom of Opera sports？ 1992， China， India and the Unites States have C. Murmuring Judges D. 答 ： Cricket is the the largest populations The Absence of War most typically English of in the world. sports. 答案：B A. 150. B. 255.5 C. 4. What is the oldest 320. D. 450. 12.______ is the home golf club in the world？ of golf. 答案：B 答：The oldest golf A. England B. club in the world is the 2.Most of the Scotland. C. Wales D. Honorable Company of Americans live in the Ireland. Edinburgh Golfers. _______. 
themselves the Beatles. D. this was the Unlike the famous solo period of high birth rate stars that had their of this age bracket songs written for them， the Beatles wrote their 答案：B own words and music. They wrote not only of love， 7. There were 21 big but of death and old age， cities with a population poverty and daily life. over 2 million in 1988， The Beatles had a close of which ______ was the personal relationship biggest one. with their audiences ， and they expected them to A. Chicago B. Los join in. As they Angeles C. New York D. developed ， their song Philadelphia became more serious. They finally won the affection 答案：C and admiration of people of all ages and social 8.The first blacks backgrounds. were brought to North America as slaves in 第 十 四 章 _______. Most blacks were Population ， Race and slaves before 1863. Ethnic Groups A. 1619. B. 1820. C. 选择题： 1719. D. 1680. 答案：A 
Act of 1964 is considered to be the most far-reaching act on civil rights in modern times， forbidding discrimination on the basis of race， color， religion ， gender and national origin. It's the result of a strong civil rights movement in the 1960s. The act added protections for the rights to vote， to use public facilities and to enjoying same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities. 
Convention 答案：B 8.American vi 
ctory at ________ was a great turning point of the war， leading directly to an alliance between the U.S. and France. A. Trenton B. Concord C. Saratoga D. Yorktown 答案：C 
9.After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from ________ ， there was a desire for territorial expansion among many 第 十 五 章 American frontier men. History（练习题一） A. England B. Holland 选择题 C. France D. Spain 
1.The “ first 答案：C Americans ” 9.The Civil Rights were_________. 10 The Compromise of Movement in the US was 1850 allowed _________ to take place in _______. A. the Black Slaves B. be a free state. the Pilgrims C. the A. 1950s. B.1960s. C. Indians D. the A. New Mexico B. Utah 1970s. D.1980s C. Pennsylvania D. Hispanics 答案：C California 答案：B 2.Puritan tradition 答案：D 10 The slavery was was mainly developed in legally abolished in 1865 ________ colony. 11.The beginning by __________ Amendment capital of the U.S. is in to the Constitution. A. Virginia B. ________. Massachusetts Bay C. A the fourteenth B. Pennsylvania C. New York A. Philadelphia B. 13. Copyright 名次解释 A. city area. B. town the fifteenth C. the New York C. Washington C. Libraries are those which C. village thirteenth D. the 答案：B Boston ________. 1 Reuters sixteenth 答案：C 答案：A 3.The Civil War cost 答案：B A. are the Libraries 答 ： The principal 一句话解释 America _______ lives. of universities and news agency in Britain is 3.The first 12.President Lincoln learned institutions. Reuters ， based in immigrants in American 1 Who were the first A. 60，000 B. 618， was shot dead five days London. history came from Americans？ 000 C. 6，180，000 D. 208， after ________. B. are public ________ and the 000 libraries. It was founded in Netherlands. 答 ： They were the A. a military victory 1851 by the German ， Indians. 答案： B of the Union force at C. are entitled to Julius Reuter. It is now A. Germany B. France Gettysburg receive a free copy of a publicly owned company， C. China. D. England 2 When did the higher 4. After the Civil every book published in employing over 11 ， 000 birth rate appear in the War， the United States B. he issued the the United Kingdom. staff in 80 countries. It 答案：D United Status？ saw great developments in Emancipation has more than 1， staff 300 ________. Proclamation D. are of other journalists and 4 By the year of 2050， 答 ： The birth rate universities and learned photographers. The American population is appeared during “ the A. agriculture B. C. he made a speech at institutions. company serves expected to climb to baby boom ” （ 1946 — — education C. foreign Gettysburg subscribers in 150 1964） 。 trade D. service 答案：C countries ， including _______. D. General Lee ， financial institutions； 3. What are the major industry 答案：A commanding general of the 14.Each year ______ commodities houses ； A. 256 million B. 275 racial 
and ethnic Confederate army hosts the London Film traders in currencies， million C. 300 million D. minorities in the United 5.Christopher surrendered his troops Festival. equities and bonds ； 383 million States？ Columbus was an ________ 答案： D major corporations ； navigator. A. the National Film government agencies ； 答案：D 答 ： They are black 13. After the Civil Theatre. news agencies ； Americans， Hispanics， A. British B. Italian War ， monopoly by big newspapers ； and radio 5 The Largest of the Asian-Americans ， C. foreign trade D. business became a strong B. the National Film and television stations. racial and ethnic American， and Indians. service industry trend in the American archive. minorities in the US is economy. Among the 2. Open University _______. 名词解释 答案：B. following individuals ， C. the National Opera ________ was NOT a big Theatre. 答：Higher education A. the Indians B. the 1 baby boom 6. The Constitution business dominator. in Britain is not Japanese C. the Chinese D. was first ratified by D. the National compulsory and students the Blacks. 答： It refers to a _____ in December 1787. A. John D. Ballet Theatre. 答案：A would have to pay fees， social phenomenon in the Rockefeller B. John but the government would 答案：D. United States occurred A. Massachusetts B. Wilkes Booth C. J.P 15.The state-run BBC give students financial between 1946 and 1966. New York C. Georgia D. Morgan D. du Pont 答案： is financed from ______. help if they need the help. 6.From1980 to 1989， After the low birth rate Delaware B There are about 90 the population between in the two decades ending A. the Government universities in Britain the age of 25 and 44 in 1945， came the higher 答案：D 14.During the 13 and the most famous ones increased by 28.1% rate during the “ baby years of Indian wars B. the sale of are Oxford and Cambridge. because _______. boom” Nearly 80 million 。 7.In September 1774， after ________ ， the television license. There is also the Open to Americans were born in _______ was held in Americans forced England all to become students， A. this was the this period. The group Philadelphia ， which to give up the old C. commercial mainly adult students. period of large inflow of born in the earlier encouraged Americans to Northwest. activities. immigrants at this age period of “baby boom” refuse to buy British 3. the Beatles bracket came to college age in the goods. A. the War of 1812 B. D. both B and C. 答 1960s ， so there was the Mexican War C. the 案：B 答： the early 1960s In B. those who were swelling of college A. the First US Civil War D. the War of a new cultures-the born during the period of students. They became the Congress Independence 16 The most famous Liverpool ， or baby boom reached this major force of the arts festival in Great Merseyside ， “ beat ” age bracket ， students' movement in the B.the First 答案：D Britain is 
held in emerged in Britain. The 1960s. Continental congress ______. people responsible for C. those who were 15.President Lincoln this new pop culture were born during the period of 2. the Civil Rights C. the Second issued the Emancipation A. London B. four Liverpool boys who World War II reached this Act of 1964. Continental Congress Proclamation in Llangollen C. Edinburgh D. joined together in a age bracket September 1862， because Stratford. group and called 答：The Civil Rights D. the Constitution _____. 
�A. he himself was an 24.There were abolitionist ______great population movements in the history B. he had no other of the United States. alternative A. five B. four C. C. he realized that three D. two he could win support for the Union at home and 答案： B abroad only by making the war a just war against 25 The largest land slavery. that the U.S. got from France was _________. D. he wanted to punish the slave-owners A. the Louisiana in those states which Territory B. Texas C. New broke away from the Mexico D. Old Northwest Union. 答案：A 答案： C 26.The Compromise of 16 The first English 1850 allowed ________ to colony in the American be accepted as a free was founded at ______ in state. _______. A. New Mexico B. Utah A. Boston ， C. Pennsylvania D. Massachusetts/1607 California 答案：D B. Plymouth ， Massachusetts/1733 C Jamestown ， Virginia/1607 D. Amsterdam/1607 答案：C 17 The US Constitutional was officially adopted on March 4，_____. A. 1776 B. ， 1781 C.1787 D.1789 答案：D 18 The United States had a more or less open-door policy to immigration from independence until________. New 
difficulties ， British Indies 2.When did the great Parliament pass the Tea Puritan Immigration Act of 1733， to allow the 2. The chief reason begin？ company to sell tea at a for early setters to come lower price in the to the New Continent was* 答： great Puritan colonies through its own d *. The immigration began in agents， this took away 1630. the tea business from A. to seek better American tea merchants. opportunity 3. Who drafted the The people in the Declaration of colonies opposed the B. to escape Independence？ unfair treatment and all religious persecution these Acts. On the night 答：Thomas Jefferson of December 16， several C. to satisfy the of Virginia drafted the dozen Boston residents urge for adventure Declaration of dressed as Indians Independence. boarded the ships and D. A & B threw $75，000 worth of 4. When was the East India Company's tea 3. What were the Declaration of into the Boston harbor. causes of the American Independence adopted？ This episode came to be War of Independence ？ D known as the “Boston Tea 答：The Declaration Party” 。 A. The development of of Independence was colonial economy led to adopted by the 3.The Constitutional demand for more Continental Congress on Convention July 4，1776. power to determine 答 ： The Congress their own business 5. Who were the first crea 
ted under the Americans？ Articles of B. the cruel 27.Lincoln's Confederation in 1781 had exploitation of the Emancipation 答 ： They were the no executive or judicial colonies by the British Proclamation and the Indians. powers. In May 1787， the government Thirteenth Amendment to Constitutional the Constitution 6 What is the bill of Convention met in C. the sale of tea in formally ended right？ Philadelphia to revise the colonies _________. the Arieles of 答： It is the term Confederation. For four D. A & B A. the immigration used for the first ten months ， the delegates movement B. the Civil War amendments to the argued about what the 4. The significance Constitution. government should be like. of the American War of C. the slave system D. Finally， they reached a Independence is that* the industrialization 答 7. Where is known as compromise， and drafted c .* 案：C the agricultural capital the of the U.S？ A. It paved the way 28.When Abraham Constitution of the for the development of Lincoln was elected 答：Omaha is known as United States ， which capitalism in North president ， the the agricultural capital provided the basis for America __________ states broke of the U.S. the creation of a federal away and found the government system in the B. It initiated a Confederate States of 8. Who drafted The United States. period of bourgeois America. Declaration of revolution against Independence in the U.S？ 第 十 五 章 American feudal rule the or A. northern B. History（练习题二） colonial rule western C. southern D. 答 ： He was Thomes eastern 答案：C Jefferson…… 考纲： C. both A & B D. None of the above 5. The Articles of Confederation was unusual because it provided for * d .* A. government government B. absolute federal 
B. industrial-commercial interests and landed interests C. one house or two houses for Congress D. A & B 8. The Bill of Rights Amendments* b .* A. dealt with procedural matters B. included not only procedural guarantees but also guarantees of basic rights for the individual C. were adopted merely to satisfy those who opposed the Constitution D. were reluctantly accepted by the Federalists 9. The Federalist Papers were Written to support the* a .* A. Constitution B. Articles Confederation C. Bill of Rights D. Federalists 10. President Jefferson bought the* d *territory from France for 15 million dollors . A. Midwest B. Florida C. Mississippi D. Louisiana 11. The implication of the “ Manifest Destiny” are * a .* A. the legitimacy of American territorial expansion and American obligation of the spread of American value and institution B. the legitimacy of the westward movement of 
29.The American 9 Which are some of American History A. the 1960s B. the Civil War broke out in the biggest cities in the （1600-1900） 1970s C. the 1980s D. the ________ and ended U.S？ 1990s in_______. 1.The 'discovery' of 答： They are New York， the Now world 答案：A A. 1850/1863 B. Los Angeles 
， Chicago， 1846/1848 C. 1861/1863 D. San Francisco ， and 2.Causes of the 19 The U.S. has a land 1861/1865 答案：D Philadelphia. colonization of the New area of _________ square World kilometers. 30 The ________ war 10. What is the full turned out to be name of the U.S？ 3.The original 13 A. 2 ， 575 B. 9.3 America's longest war it colonies million C. 9.3 thousand D. ever fought. 答：It is the United 4，500 States of America. 4.The American War of A. First World B. Independence and its 答案：B Second World C. Korean D. 11. Which three consequences Vietnam 答案：D counties have the largest 20 The American populations in the 5.Establishment of a Constitution is the 31.The War of world？ federal form of _________ written Independence started in government constitution in the __________ and ended in 答：China，India and world. __________. the United States have 6.Consequences of the largest populations territorial expansion A. oldest B. longest A. 1773/1774 B. in the world. and the Westward Movement C. youngest D. shortest 1775/1776 C.1776/1783 D. 1775/1783 答案 D 名词解释 7.The American Civil 答案：A War and its impact on the 31 The first 1 Independence Day development of the U. S. 22 The Declaration of immigrants in American Independence was adopted history came from _______ 答 ： It is a legal 8.Rapid growth of by the ________ and _______. holiday on July 4 capitalism after the Continental Congress on throughout the United Civil War July 4， ________. A. Ireland/France B. States. It is America's England/China C. most important patriotic American History A. First/1774 B. Scotland/England D. holiday， the birthday of （1600-1900） First/1776 C. England/the Netherlands the nation. Second/1774 D. 答案：D Ⅰ 。 Chooce the one Second/1776 2 Boston Tea Party that you think best 一句话解释 answers the question. 答案：D 答 ： In1773 ， the 1 When did the war British East Indian 1. The place that 23 The American with Mexico start and Company， a corporation Columbus landed was* d .* Constitutional was went end？ partly owned by the up to in _________. British government was in A. India B. islands 答 ： The war with serious financial in Asia C. the current A. 1776 B. 1781 C. Mexico started in 1846 difficulties. In order to territory of the USA D. 1787 D. 1791 答案：D and ended in 1848. help the company out of islands in the now West 
C. the Americans were doing the Lord's work in spreading American C. constitutional democracy to other places monarchy D. None of the above D. no king 12. The agreement of 6. In 1787 ， the Constitutional delegates from the states Convention to give each held a meeting in state and equal vote in Philadelphia to make the the Senate and make Articles of representation in the Confederation adequate. House reflect the size of The meeting came to be each state's population called the * b .* has been known as the * b .* A. Continental Congress A. Great Charter B. Constitutio 
nal Convention C. Convention Independent B. Great Compromise C. Rights Amendments D. Compromise of 1850 
13. The basic cause of the American Civil War 7. The contradiction was* a * ， but the that arose at the immediate cause was the Constitution Conference of the South. of 1787 was contradiction between * d .* A. conflicts over slavery， break-away A. big states and small states B. westward expansion， Emancipation 
D. Congress Meeting 
�Proclamation 
8. The Compromise of 1850 was an agreement， 4 The Progressive C. political C. debates in which kept a balance Movement was ________. confusion D. social Congress ， Uncle Tom's between free and slave reform cabin states in the Senate. A. an organized campaign with 答案：B D. Lincoln's 9. The Gettysburg clearly-defined goals. decision anti-slavery Victory was the turning 11 American wartime reformers point of the Civil War. B. a number of objectives included the diverse efforts at total destruction of 14. After the Civil 10.The direct cause political， social， and _______powers. War * a * became a strong of outbreak of Civil War economic reforms trend in the American was that the southern A Axis B. Asian C. economy. states left the Union and C. a movement aiming Allied D. European formed a new nation but at exposing the dark A. monopoly by big President Lincoln was sides of society. 答案：A business determined to maintain the Union. D.a movement aiming 12.Faced with the B. development of at improving people's serious economic crisis small business 11.The government living standard the Hoover carried out the Policy of administration_________ C. nationalization trade protectionism. 答案：B . of business 第 十 六 章 American 5 Versailles Treaty A. refused to take D. Civil Right History （1900-1945） System was the result of strong government action Movement Paris Conference in 选择题 ________. B. took some 15. Which of the effective measures following sentences is 1 Which of the A. Asia B. Europe C. not true？ * c * following statement North America D. Africa C. asked for help shows the tremendous 答案：B A. The Puritans came growth of American D. did nothing to America to escape economy between the end 6 In the United religious persecution of the Civil War and States， the Ku Klux Klan 答案：A and to establish what 1900？ terrorized and attacked they considered the one ________. 13.Which of the true church. A Steam and following that are electricity replaced A. blacks B. all concerned with President B. One of the slogans human muscle. progressives C.The stock Franklin D. Roosevelt is raised by the people in market crash D. both A and NOT ture？ the colonies was “ No B. Machines and oil B 答案：D taxation without were used. A. the New Deal B. the representation. 7 _______ was the Teheran Conference C. Steam took the beginning of a long C. British general place of iron；people and economic depression in C. the Yalta Cornwellis surrendered goods could be moved b 
y the U.S. Conference D. the Potsdam his whole army to George railroads. Conference Washington at Saratogo in A. The bankruptcy of Northern New York. D. All of the above. banks B. Serious 答案：D unemployment D. The “ Manifest 答案：D 14.The decision on Destiny”theory appeared C. The stock market setting - up of a world during the westward 2 Which of the crash D. Farm organization：the United movement to following does not foreclosures Nations was made at account for President _____. justify the conquest Theodore Roosevelt's 答案：C of the whole continent. contributions？ A Yalta Conference B. 8. American policy Potsdam Conference Answer： A. The initiation of towards the Soviet Union large-scale irrigation was centered on three of C. Teheran Ⅰ。1.d 2.d 3.d 4.c projects. the following Conference D. Paris 5.d 6.b 7.d 8.b 9.a 10.d except_______. Conference 答案： A 11.a 12.b 13.a 14.a 15. c B. The implementation of the A. to prevent the 15 The Great Ⅱ。 Sherman Anti-trust Act. United States from being Depression was induced by dragged into the war all the following causes 1. Christopher C. The adoption of but ________. Columbus discovered the the Hepburn Act of 1906. B. to keep the Soviet North America in the year Union in the war A. stock market 1492. D. The passage of the speculation B. credit Federal Reserve Act. C. to influence over-expansion 2. Jamestown in 1607. Soviet foreign policy 答案：D C. government 3. The Puritans were D. to get the Soviet involvement D. lack of wealthy， well educated 3The most important Union into the war control over the banking gentlemen， but Pilgrim features in the growth of against Japan system were mostly poor ， the American economy in laboring people. the early 20th century 答案：A 答案：C were_______. 4. The clash at 9 In 1932， in the 16. Alaska and Hawaii Concord and Lexington. A. the use of steam depth of the depression， were accepted into the and electricity as chief the American people chose United States of America 5. The chief weakness energy， the use of and _______as their next in _______. of the Articles of the development of president who promised to Confederation was that it railway get America out of the A. 1956 B. 1957 C. failed to set up a depression. 1958 D. 1959 government that could B. the appearance of function. airplane ， the use of A. Theodore 答案：D electricity on a large Roosevelt B. Franklin D. 6. He issued the scale and urbanization Roosevelt 17 When the ________ Emancipation War broke out in June， Proclamation for the C. the development of C. Woodrow Wilson D. 1950，Truman sent the 7th purpose of winning large corporation ， Herbert C. Hoover Fleet to the Taiwan support for the Union at urbanization and the Straits to prevent PLA home and abroad by making application in 答案：B from liberating Taiwan. the war a just war against production of new slavery. technology 10 The 1920s in the A. First world B. United States has been Seco 
nd World C. Korean D. 7. As a result of the D. the development of described by many Vietnam U.S. Mexican War the industry and large historians as a period of United States won cities， the expansion of _____. 答案：C California and New railroad network Mexico. A. material failure B. 18.Pushed by 答案：C spiritual frustration Progressive Movement ， 
Presidents Theodore ethnics C. Roosevelt （ 1901-1909 ） Asian-Americans D. and Woodrow Wilson Indians （1913-1921） initiated changes from the 19th 答案：C century tradition of ________. 28 The United States did not join the Second A monopoly B. laissez World War directly faire C. government until______ in December， regulation D. market 1941. control 答案：B A. Great Depression B. 19.The president of Pearl Harbor incident the United States is the head of the ________ C. the Japanese D. branch. the German attack on Poland. A. legislative B. executive C. private D. 答案：B corporate 29. The _______ 答案：B problem has been a key problem in U.S.- China 20.McCarthyism was a relations. full-scale ， ________hysteria in the A. Taiwan B. trade C. United Korea D. Vietnam. States in the 1950s. 答案：A 
A. Nazi B. Fascist C. 30.______ is the Communist D. leading commercial crop anti-Communist in the South of America. 答案：D 21. The American economy is characterized by a high degree of _____. A. Cotton B. Corn C. Wheat D. Rice 答案：A 
一句话问答 A. government B. individual ownership C. 1. What are the real corruption D. monopoly American Literature 答案：D begin？ 22. The Second World 答： began after the It War finally ended in American War of ______. Independence. A. 1945. B.1946. 2 Where is the C.1947 D. 1949 president of the United States official 答案：A residence？ 23.During the Second 答： White House is The World War ， American his official residence. wartime objectives were the total destruction of 3.What is the ____powers. American foreign policy in the early 1930s？ A the Axis B Asian C. the Allied D. European 答 ： In the early 1930s ， the American 答案：A foreign policy was isolationist. 24 The United States supplies almost _______ 4.What is the most of all the exports of central functions of the grain in the world. Congress in America？ A. one fourth B. one 答：It is the passage fifth C. a half D. two of laws. thirds. 5.Which three 25 ______ is the branches is the U.S. nation's leading center government divided of heavy industry in the into？ United States. 答 ： They are the A Northwest B. legislative ， the Midwest C. Southwest D. executive and the West judicial. 6. Who designed and flew a successful plane n 26. The ______ War 1911？ turned out to be America's Longest war it 答：Glenn E. Curiss ever fought. designed and flew a successful plane in 1911. A. First World B. Second World C. Korean D. 7 What policy did the Vietnam United States pursue during the early period 答案：D of WW.I . 27 _______ are the 答 ： The U 
nited fastest-growing racial States pursued a policy and ethnic group in the of pro-Ally partiality. United States. 8. When did the United States government A. Hispanics B. White declare war on Germany？ 答案：B 
�29._______ is the Doctrine was directed largest mainland state of against ________. 21.Under the the U.S. pressure of the Anti-war A. Nazi fascism B. 答案：D Movement，______ decided A. Texas B. Hawaii C. Communism C. Japan D. The not to run for the Rhode Island D. Alaska “free world” 12.On June 5，1947， presidency for a second ______ suggested that the term…… 答案： A 答案：B US should offer economic aid to Western Europe so A. Truman B. Nixon C. 30.The American 39. The largest land as to protect the region Johnson D. Kennedy Constitutional was went that the U.S got from from Soviet expansion. up to in ________. France was ________. 答案：C A. George Marshall B. A. 1776 B.1781 C.1787 A. the Louisiana 解释题 C. President Truman Franklin D. Roosevelt C. 22.The Standard Oil D.1791 Territory B. Texas C. New made the open declaration George Kennan D. Company was founded by Mexico D. Old 1.Progressive of the containment anti-Communist ________. 答案： D Movement policy. Northwest 答案：A 答案：A A. Morgan B. Ford C. 31. Pushed by the 答：A movement at the D. The Civil War in Rockefeller D. Dupent Progressive Movement ， 40.Woman obtained turn of the century， it China broke out. 13.McCarthyism was a Presidents Theodore voting right from the demanded government full-scale ， ________ 答案：C Roosevelt （1901-1909） _______ Amendment to the regulation of the economy 答案：C hysteria in the United and Woodrow Wilson Constitution. and social conditions. States in the 1950s. 23.Abraham Lincoln （1913-1921） initiated Therefore ， it was a 5.In December，1956， belonged to _________. changes from the 19th A. 17th B. 18th C. number of diverse efforts the Supreme Court A. Nazi B. Fascist C. century tradition of 19th D. 20th at political， social， declared ________ 's Communist D. A. the Federalist ______. and economic reforms. segregation laws anti-Communist Party B. the Whig Party 答案：C unconstitutional. A. monopoly B. 2. New Deal 答案：D C. the Republican laissez faire 41.MCCarthyism was a A.California B. Party D. the Democratic full-scale ， _________ 答：The program put Oregon C. Arizona D. 14.Marshall Plan was Party C. government hysteria in the United forward by President Alabama announced on June 5 ， regulation D. market States in the 1950s. Franklin D. Roosevelt in _______. 答案： C control 1932 to deal with the 答案： D A. Nazi B. Fascist C. Great Depression. A.1947 ， B.1948 24._________ was 答案：B Communist D. Roosevelt made Congress 6.From the C.1949 D.1950 meant to guarantee the anti-Communist pass a large number of New mid-seventies onwards ， blacks and others the 32.Kennedy proposed Deal acts and helped to the United States 答案： A right the pro 
gram of_______. 答案：D set up many efficient suffered from “______” ， social economical and that is， the occurrence 15.Education was to vote. A. New Freedom B. New 42. Presidential financial systems. The of stagnation and made a function of the Deal C. New Frontier D. election is held every New Deal did help inflation at the same state under the _______ A. Emancipation War on Poverty _________ years in overcome the most serious time. Amendment to the US Proclamation in 1863 November in the U.S.A. economic crisis of the Constitution. 答案：C capitalist system up to A. stagflation B. B.The Civil Rights A. tow B. three C. that time. crisis C. depression D. A. Tenth. B. Eleventh Act of 1964. 33. The United States four D. five crash C. Twelfth D. Thirteenth has a free market economy 3. the KKK C. The Thirteenth with a dominant 答案： C 答案： A 答案：A Amendment to the 答：The Ku Klux Klan Constitution in 1865. _______sector. 43.Of the following was first organized in 7.Of the three 16 Of the following， subjects ， ________ is 1866 and then reformed in cornerstones of the ________ is not a D. The Voting Rights A. state-owned B. not one of the “basics ” 1867 after the Civil War postwar economic boom， nationally observed Act of 1965 collective C. private D. of elementary school in the South. The KKK _______ was not related holiday. corporate curriculum. terrorized and attacked to the upsurge in births. 答案： D not only blacks，but also A. Christmas B. 答案：C A. reading B. writing. progressives ， labour A. automobile B. Thanksgiving Day C. New 25.The President C. history D. mathematics union organizers ， defense industries C. Year's Day D. Easter cannot veto a law if 34.The president of communist or socialist housing D. all of the Sunday. Congress passes it by a the United States is the 答案：C party members above 答案：B _______ vote at the head of the 答案：D second time. _________branch…… 44.The symbols of egg 第十七章 American in 8.After the Second and hare are most Postwar Era（1945-1980s） World War， both the US 17.The United States A. one-third B. half A. Legislative B. frequently associated and the Soviet Union is by far the ______ C. two-thirds D. executive C. judicial D. with ______. 选择题 first industrial country in the three-fourths party world. A. Thanksgiving Day B. 1 Since 1945 the at tempted to 答案 ： C 答案：B Easter C. Independence United States had entered exercise control over A. biggest B. second Day D. Halloween 答案：B a twentyfive of ________. biggest C. third biggest 26.Elementary and 35.The community economic boom，______did D. fourth biggest. 答案： secondary education in college made its 45. In America， the NOT experience great A. Middle East B. A the United States covers appearance in the early constitution provides development. Eastern Europe C. Western ______ years. ________. that____ shall be Europe D. North Korea 答 18.The safeguards 
President of the Senate. A. automobile B. 案： B against misuse of powers A. 10 B. 11. C. 12 D. A. 1700s B.1800s. computer C. housing D. come in the form of 13. C.1900s D.1990s A. Speaker B. defense 9. During the Missile _______. President C. chief Crisis ， Soviet Union 答案：C 答案：C Justice. D. Vice 答案： B sent missiles to Cuba A. separation of President except ______. powers B. executive 27.The tallest 36.In the early part 2.The Truman orders C. presidential building in the world is of the 19th century ， 答案：D Administration decided A. long-range elections D. party Sears Tower in_______. _______ City was the to provide aid for missiles B. medium political center 46. Military _____-to avoid these two missiles C. Chinese Civil A. New York B. institutions belong to countries fall into the D. Vietnam Civil 答案：A Washington D.C C. Chicago of American writing. _______. hands of Soviet Union in D. Detroit 1947. 答案： A 19.In America ， A. Boston B. A. research junior colleges include 答案： C Philadelphia C. Chicago D. universities B. Doctoral A. Greece and Turkey 10. From 1948 to 1966 the following colleges New York universities C. Junior B. France and Italy C. the average yearly growth in except _______ one. 28. By vote of colleges D. specialized U.K. and France D. Poland real spendable earnings Congress in 1968 ， the 答案：D and Czech was _______ percent in A. junior B. Bible C. third Monday of every 答案： D the United States. community D. technical January is now a federal 37. The aim of 答案： A holiday in the honor of President Roosevelt's 47. The Mississippi A. 1.1 B. 2.1 C. 3.1 答案：B ________. New Deal was to “ save proper rises in the lake 3.Since 1945 他 和 D. 4.1 American” 。 region in North ________. United States had entered 20.The second A. Martin Luther King a _______ years economic 答案： B busiest port in the B. Abraham Lincoln A. economy B. A. Minnesota B. the boom. United States is ______. politics C. society D. meeting Gulf of Mexico C. 11. The United States C. George Washington democracy Montana D. Pennsylvania. A.ten B. fifteen C. and the People's Republic A. New York B. D. Thomas Jefferson 答案：A twenty D. twenty-five of China established Houston C. Los Angeles D. 答案：D diplomatic relations in New Orleans 答案：A 48. The Compromise of 答案：D _____. 38.The Truman 1850 allowed __________ 答： United States The 4. Which of the government declared war following statements did on Germany on April 6， not happen in 1947？ 1917. A. Britain informed 9. What's the aim of the U.S. that it would end the New Deal measures？ financial support of Greece and Turkey. 答： aim of the New The Deal measures was to save B. The Secretary of American democracy and State announced the the capitalist system. Marshall Plan. A. 1972. B. 1974. C. 1978 D. 1979 
答案： D 
�to be accepted as a free Plains D. The 1846/1848 C. 1861/1863 D. 76._________ is the state. inte 
rmountain area. 1861/1865 largest city of the Great Plains. A. New Mexico B. Utah 答案：A 答案：D C. Pennsylvania D. A. Colorado B. Denver California 答案：D 58.Lincoln's 67.During the Second C. Cleveland D. Chicago Emancipation World War ， American 49.The American Proclamation and the objectives were the total 答案：B economy is characterized Thirteenth Amendment to destruction of ______ by a high degree of the Constitution powers. 77.Of the five Great ________. formally ended _______. Lakes on the border A. the Axis B. Asian between Canada and the A. government A. the immigration C. the Allied D. European United States._____ is regulation B. individual movement B. the Civil War the only one entirely in ownership C. corruption 答案：A the U.S. A. Lake Huron B. C. the slave system D. Lake Ontario C. Lake D. monopoly 答案：D the industrialization 68.The Watergate Michigan D. Lake Erie Scandal in 1973 made 50.The heads of the 答案： C __________ resigned，the 答案：C various executive first president to do so departments form a 59.The Cuban Missile in U.S. history. 78 Christopher council of advisers Crisis happended in f____ Columbus discovered the generally know as the A. Truman B. Johnson New World in _______. President's _______. A. 1960 B.1961 C.1962 C. Reagan D. Nixon D.1963. A. 1492 B. 1607 A.Advisory Group B. 答案：D C.1733 D.1750 Executive Office C. 答案：C Special Commission D. 69.The United States 答案：A Cabinet 答案：D 60._________ must supplies almost first come from the House _______of all the exports 79.The _______ War 51.At the master's of Representatives. of grain in the world. turned out to be level the program is America's longest war it primarily _______ A. Appointments of A. one fourth B. one ever fought. oriented， an extension high officials B. Revenue fifth D. a half E. two of undergraduate study in bills thirds A. First World B. America. Second World C. Korean D. C. Military bills D. 答案：C Vietnam A. research B. course Banking bills C. vocation D. doctoral 70._______ is the 答案：D 答案：B nation's leading center 答案：B of heavy industry in the 80.From the 61.Higher education United States. mid-seventies onwards ， 52. Mark Twain's in the United States the United States masterwork was _______. began with the founding A. Northwest B. suffered from“______” ， of _______ in 1636. Midwest C. Southwest D. that is the occurrence of A. The Sketch Book B. West stagnation and inflation The Adventures of A. Harvard College B. at the same time. Huckleberry Finn Yale C. MIT D. Princeton 答案：B A. stagflation B. C. Nature D. Leaves 答案：B 71.The most function crisis C. depression D. of Grass of the Congress is to crash 62.Jazz began in the ________ in America. 答案：B early 20th century as a 答案：A music of ________. A. pass laws B. 53 The biggest and appoint officials C. make 81.Except for some best-loved holiday in the A. black Americans B. investigations D. c 
arry colleges sponsored by the United States is ______. Indians C. Asians D. out executive orders Catholic Church ， all Hispanics colleges and A. New Year's Day B. 答案：A universities in the Independence Day C. 答案：A United States are Thanksgiving Day 72.About ________ governed by a ________ 63.All Americans can American adults composed primarily of D. Christmas Day enjoy a three-day weekend participate in an lamen when they organized learning group （non-professionals） 。 答案：D celebrate_____. each year. A. board of education 54.Hawaii is in the A. Washingtong's A. a half B. one in B. school district C. _____ Ocean. Birthday B. Independence three C. one in four D. board of trustees Day one in five A. Atlantic B. D. superintendent Pacific C. Oceania D. C. Memorial Day D. 答案：C Indian Veterans Day 答案：C 73.Theodore Dreiser 答案：B 答案：C was the representative of 82.Veteran's Day __________. originally celebrated 55.The slavery was 64.The continental the end of the _________. legally abolished in 1865 United States lies in A. Knickerbockers B. by ________ Amendment to central North America Transcendentalists. C. A. Civil War B. First the Constitution. with _____ Ocean to its Lost Generation D. World War C. Second World east. Naturalists. War D. Vietnam War A. the fourteenth B. the fifteenth C. the A. Atlantic B. 答案：D 答案：B thirteenth D. the Pacific C. Oceania D. sixteenth 答案：C Indian 74.For the four 83.The Two major following high schools' tributaries of 56.The Constitution 答案：A ________ aims to prepare Mississippi are _______. allows the President to students for college. give ______ and pardons 65. The most A. the Ohio and the in federal criminal important obstacle to A. comprehensive B. Colorado B. The Missouri cases. Hispanic success in the academic C. vocational D. and the Potomac labor market is their technical A. absolutions B. ______. C. the Missouri and reprieves C. testimonies 答案：C the Ohio D. the Columbia D. amnesties A. race B. language C. and the St. Lawrence 答 poverty D. low education 75.In America， the 案：C 答案： B New Right did not opposed 答案：D _______. 84 In his inaugural 57.____-is speech，_______said that American's most 66.The American A. abortion B. “ the only thing we have important agricultural Civil war broke out in affirmative action C. tax to fear is itself ” 。 area. _______ and ended in rising D. education _______. A. Abraham Lincoln B. A. The Midwest B. New 答案：D Theodore Roosevelt England. C. The Great A. 1850/1863 B. 
C. Woodrow Wilson D. to offer economic aid to Franklin Roosevelt according to the Marshall Plan？ 答案：D 答 ： According to 85._________ are the Marshall Plan， the U.S. fastest-growing racial decided to offer economic and ethnic group in the aid to Western Europe. United States. 2.What did the U.S. A. Hispanics B. White decide to do when faced ethnics C. with the Berlin blockade Asian-Americans D. at l 
ast？ Indians 答：To start a large 答案：C airlift food， fuel and other supplies. 86. The War of Independence started in 3. Who was Martin ______ and ended in Luther King. Jr？ _______. 答：He was a national A. 1773/1774 B. leader of the Civil 1775/1776 C.1776/1783 Rights Movement. D.1775/1783 4. Who made an 答案：D declaration of the US containment policy 87.The United States towards the did not join the Second World War directly Soviet Union on March until____ in December， 12. 1949？ 1941. 答： Harry Truman made A. Great Depression B. an open declaration of Pearl Harbor incident the U.S containment policy towards the Soviet C. the Japanese Union on March 12，1949. attack on china D. the German attack on Poland. 解释 答案：B 1 the Truman Doctrine 
88.Each state is 答：In his speech to entitled to _______ the congress in 1949 Senators. Truman said，“it must be the policy of the United A. two B. three C. States to support free four D. five peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation be 答案：A armed minorities or by outside pressures.”That 89.The Harlem is to say ， the U.S. Renaissance happened in government would support the _______. any country which said it was fighting against A.1920s B. 1930s C. communism. This is the 1940s D. 1950s Truman Doctrine. 答案：A 2.Watergate Scandal 
90.The first 答：On June 17，1972， immigrants in American police at the Watergate history came from _____ apartment office and ______. arrested 5 men who illegally broke into the A. Ireland/France B. offices of the Democratic England/China C. National Committee. Scotland/England D. These 5 men proved to be England/ the Netherlands working for Richard Nixon's committee to 答案：D Re-elect the President. Later in 1973 ， one of 91 New Freedom was Nixon's aides，disclosed the program of that Nixon had a taping ___________. system installed in A. Woodrow Wilson B. the White House， and Theodore Roosevelt that conversations about Watergate had been C. Franklin recorded. Nixon had to Roosevelt D. Henry Truman surrender the tapes at last. On August 9， 1973， 答案：A he resigned， the first president to do so in U.S. 92.______ is history. After responsible for the Watergate ， Americans' protection of American disillusion grew. abroad and of foreign nationals in the United 3 The Marshall Plan States. 答 ： In order to A. The Presidnet B. protect Western Europe Congress from possible Soviet expansion ， the U.S. C. The Secretary of decided to offer Western States D. The Department European countries of State. economic aid. This plan was announced by 答案：A Secretary of State George Marshall on June 5，1947， 一句话解释 so it was called the Marshall Plan. With the 1 Who did U.S. decide aid from the U.S. ， the 
�production of Western Europe recovered and began to show signs of development 第十八章 The economy of U.S. 一、单选 1.The United States has less than _____of the world's population.Yet 
it produces about _____0f the total world output. 
the United States has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil ， together with a moderate climate. Third， America has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labour necessary for a constantly expanding economy. Fourth， factor is the quality of available labour . 
6.The Democratic Party led by Andrew 1.It refers to the Jackson represented the principle that the interests of_______. national government is split into three A.northern branches： legislative， industrialists executive and judicial. B.southern slave owners in the legislative C.frontiersmen D.Both B branch， power is split and C further into two houses. 7.Abraham Lincoln 2. This is a major was elected President as principle of the American candidate of_______ governmental system by which each branch of the A.the Democratic government exercises a Party B.the Republican check on the actions of Party C.the Whig Party the others. if one branch D.None of the above abuses its powers， the others can check it. 8.The two major Separation of powers and parties today have checks and balances limit ________difference in government's power by policy orientation. pitting power against power. For example， the A.no B.little C.some president checks D.great Congress by holding veto power. Congress has the 9.The writers of the purse strings， and the Constitution worked out Senate approves the checks and balances presidential in order to_____. appointments. 
other is to compel unwilling witnesses to testify ， he will be charged with contempt of congress ； if he gives false testimony， he will be charged with perjury. 
provinces were created ， they were A ontario and quebec B manitoba and british columbia 
3 、 The A. 6% 25% B.7% 25% characteristics of the C.6% 23% D.7% 23% economic system of the United States ？ 2.The privately owned and operated （ 1） a free market business ， including economy with a dominant farms ， produce about private sector ____of the total output of goods and services. （ 2 ） flexible government involvement A. 82% B.80% C. 85% D.83% （3）a high degree of monopoly. 3. After a period of prosperity ， government 4、what are the three involvement in the giants in the automobile economy increased during industry of U.S. ？ _____. A.prevent the They are General government from misusing A. the Great Motors ， Ford and its power B.prevent the Depression B. World War Chrysler. Ⅰ C. World War Ⅱ D. the government from Cold War 第十九章 being strong C.pacify those who opposed the 4.Currently U.S. 1.Article 1 of the Constitution D.meet the exports are about ____of Constitution grangts all demands of small states . the world's total ， legislative power of the imports about ____of all federal gowernment to a 10.The House Speaker world imports. Congress composed of two and the temporary chambers ， they are President of the Senate A. 25% 23% B.13% 1 
5% ______and ________. are usually _____. C. 15% 13% D.23% 25% A.a Senate ，a House A.elected by the 5._____is the of Representatives majority party B.chosen largest single source of B.Democrats ， from the majority and goods imported by the Republicans minority parties U.S. ， accounting for nearly 30% of the total. C.the Executive ， the C.members of the Judicial Brach D.the majority party D.chosen A. Britain B. Canada Judicial Brach ， the freely from the C. Australia D.Japan Supreme court Congressmen and Senators 答案： 一、选择 A C A C B 2.The supreme court 名词解释： has original jurisdiction in 1.separation __________. powers 
of 
A.all kinds of cases 2.checks and B.two kinds of cases balances C.cases involving 1 、 New monetarist foreign citizens D.cases 3.the federal system policies — — Such involving a state policies sought to fight 4.patronage inflation by increase 3. The Chief Justice supply and reducing of the Supreme Curt 5.two — — party demand.On the one hand ， _______ system taxes were cut to increase economic A.has much greater 简答： dynamism. On the other power than other justices hand ， interest rates B.has no greater voting 1. What are the three were raised to reduce the power than other justices branches of the supply of money. lf the Supreme Court government？ D.has greater voting 三、简答 power than other justices 2. According to the lf the Supreme Court Constitution ， what 1、 What problems does judicial power does the the American economy have 4.There have President have？ today？ been_________periods in the development lf 3. What are the Unemployment ， American political fuctions of the inflation ， financial parties in the United Congress？ deficit ， and trade States. deficit are the troubles 4. What is the that always face the A.four B.three composition of the United States. C.five D. two federal court system？ 二、名词解释 2、The factors that 5.The Federalists 5. What is the contributed to the fast advocated_________. characteristics lf the growth of the American two major parties？ economy ？ A.a strong federal governments B.strong 答案： First ， the state government C.the geographical location of adoption of Bill of 一、选择 the United States Rights provides very good 1A 2B 3B 4A 5A conditions for the D. limits on the 6D 7B 8C 9A 10C country to grow and federal government become strong. Second， 二、名词解释 
3. It is a system of government in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central government and regional ， or sub divisional governments .Each level 2 Canada's largest must have some domain in city is which its policies are dominant and some genuine A Montréal B Toronto political or C Ottawa D Vancouver constitutional guarantee of its authority. 3 the longerst river in canada is 4. Patronage means rewarding faithful party A the mackenzie B the workers and followers st. Lawrence C the severn with government D the 
yukon employment and contracts. Some would appoint their 4 canada is bounded supporters to on the east by administrative jobs which is called political A the pacific ocean B appointment. 5the party the atlantic ocean C the system means that the two indian ocean D the arctic major political parties ocean ——now the Democrats and the Republicans — — 5 who was the first compete with each other european to discover to dominate politics at canada the federal， state， and local levels. A john cabot B facques cartier C samuel 简答： de champlain D henry hudson 1.they are the legislative ， the 6 who founded the executive and the first permanent judicial. settlements at quebec and montreal on the 2.he has the power to st.lawrence river？ give reprieves and pardons in federal A john cabot B criminal cases. facques cartier C samuel de champlain D henry 3.the most central hudson function of the congress is the passage of law. 7.when was canada legislation can be divided into upper canada introduced in either and lower canada chamber but revenue bills must first come from the A in 1763 B in 1774 C house of representatives. in 1791 D in 1840 The senate has the function of confirming 8 when was canada presidential given internal appointments and self-government？ ratification of treaties. The congress also has A in 1791 B in 1840 C non-legislative in 1848 D in 1867 functions. one is the function of 9 in 1949____became investigation in the form canada'tenth province of congressional hearings. this is a tool A newfoundland B available to members of prince edward island C the congress to inform labrador D britain the citizens and arouse columbia public interests in national issues. the 10 in 1905 two more 
C Alberta and 4. The federal court Saskatchewan D system consists of a Newfoundland and prince supreme court，11 courts Edward island of appeals ， 91district courts （including one for 11 who was the frist the district lf Columbia prime minister of the nes and one for puerto rico） Canada？ and three courts of special jurisdiction. A sir john MacDonald B sir Wilfred Laurie C 5. One is to confirm robert borden D mackenzie presidential king appointments and the other is to ratify 12 in 1896___took treaties by a two-thirds over and the country was vote. ruled under sir wilfrid laurier. 第二十二章，加拿大 A the conservative 一、选择 party B the liberal party C the labor party D the 1，canada is located new democratic party in 答案 1.B 2 B 3 A 4 B A the southern 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 A 10 C hemisphere B the northern 11 A 12 B hemisphere 二、简答 C the western hemisphere D the eastern 1 canada is located hemisphere in the western hemisphere 2 superior and huron 3 samuel de champlain 4 canada is the world's second largest country 5 by the statute of westminster in 1931 三、名解 1.the seven years'war ended with the signing of the treaty of paris in 1763.by the treaty of paris ，new france with its 65000 settlers was ceded to b 
ritain. The french colony on the st.lawrence was regrganized as the british province of quebec 2.Henry Hudson was an english explorer ， in 1610 ， he reached greenland and discovered the huge bay in the centre of canada.the bay was named after him 3.samuel de champlain was a french explorer ， in 1608 he founded the first permanent settlement at quebec and montreal on the st.lawrence river.heunderstood that a monoploy of the inland fur trade could be better protected there ， where the river narrowed ，rather than at sites on the open coast of acadia.consequently.fre nch colonization began to focus on the 
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===范文4:英语国家概况(下)[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况（下） 名词解释
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He participated in
writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S. Constitution.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the chief
author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.
the Bill of Rights
The bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on,
a federal system
a federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.
stock
When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks
for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company. If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it. Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop – they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk. three faiths in the U.S.
By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were
considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish, the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.
The “Beat Generation”
The
Francisco. The name referred simultaneously to the rhythm of Jazz music, to their sense that society was worn out, to the interest in new forms of experience, through drugs, alcohol or Eastern mysticism. Alan Ginsburg’s poem Howl set for them a tone of social protest.
the “Lost Generation”
In the aftermath of World War 1, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some
lived abroad They were known as the
Mark Twain
captured a peculiarly American sense of humor. He represented a new American voice. His major
work was The Adventures Huckleberry Finn (1884), which has been called the greatest novel in
American literature.
The naturalists
They were novelists who concentrated upon the grim aspects of reality and a deterministic view of life. They were linked with European naturalists such as French novelist Zola. The most representative naturalists in American literature were Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London.
Boards of education
Boards of education refer to groups of people who make policies for schools at the state and/or
district level. They also make decisions about the school curriculum, teacher standards and certification, and the overall measurement of student progress.
12. The Counter Culture
In the wake of Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians
called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.
They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct
different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through
dropping out, drugs. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the
counter cultural assault on traditional American society. The counter culture exerted a great influence
upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.
white-collar crime
White – collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud,
false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution, tax evasion and so
on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overlook white-collar crimes. In fact, white-collar
crimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies. Some sociologists argue that the higher classes
may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon was the former President of the United States. In the early 1970s, he was involved in
the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.
The Pony Express System
This was a system of using riders and horses (ponies) to transmit messages and mail orders in the
Wild west in mid-19th century. It was replaced by the telegraph system.
PC
PC is shortened form for Personal Computer, also called desktop computer. It was first developed by
two amateur inventors and was mainly meant for computing. But today, the most widespread use of the PC is for word processing and communications.
Disneyland
Disneyland is America's most well-known amusement park. It was founded by and named after the
movie and cartoon producer Walter Disney. The older park (Disneyland) was located in Los Angeles, California; the other one (Disneyworld) was in Orlando, Florida.
NBA
NBA stands for National Basketball Association. Founded in 1950, it is the association of
professional teams in the US. It has two divisions: the Eastern Division and Western Division.
the Canadian identity
It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian, which is different from other countries, and which is the very reason for making Canada so special. For example, two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.
the Canadian Mosaic
Canada is a nation of immigrants. When Canada is described as a mosaic, it means the each of
the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their old customs, languages and traditions, because
there is no particular concept of an overarching Canadian identity. This resembles a mosaic of
different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.
21.“WASP” culture
“WASP”, which stands for “White Anglo-Saxon Protestant”, is believed to be the basis of the mainstream culture of the United States.
22.Elementary school
In the United States, elementary school usually means grades kindergarten (k) through 8. But in some places, it includes only k-6. Many American refer to elementary grades as “grammar school”. Elementary schools teach mathematics, language, arts, social studies and some other subjects.
23.Henry Ford
Henry Ford was an American entrepreneur in the late 19th century. He was the first to use assembly line for manufacturing cars. The method significantly lowered unit cost and made it affordable to ordinary Americans.
24Niagara Falls
Niagara Falls are a group of awesome waterfalls on the US-Canada border. The torrent falls over a precipice for a distance of 55 meters and makes roaring sound. There are two sections of falls: the larger section located in Canada is called the Horseshoe Falls; the smaller section in the US is called the American falls.
25.the Scarlet Letter
A novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark
drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing; the sin of adultery. In this novel Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotional repression.
26. migrant workers
Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore:::-such as picking crops. Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked. They are known as migrant workers.
27.The National Monument
The National Monument is an unusual artistic project -- four enormous portraits of American
Presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt, are sculpted on Mt Rushmore in the State of South Dakota.
28. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King. Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of
23. service industries
Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product. Service industries
range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era”.
英语国家概况（下）模拟题
I. Directions:
There are 20 questions in this part. Each question is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the correct answer to each of the questions and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
1. Which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern development of
Europe?
A. The growth of capitalism B. The Renaissance
C. The Religious Reformation
2.
3. B. Puritans C. Quakers D. Church of England
Which of the following is NOT a power of the president?
A. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.
B. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur.
C. The president has broad power with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives
regarding the work of the federal departments.
4. The United States produces as much as half of the world’s _______.
A. Wheat and rice
B. Cotton
C. Tobacco and vegetable oil 5. In the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons except _____________.
A. for getting together with friends
C. for having a place in a community 6. ___________ was NOT written by Hemingway.
B. The Sun Also Rises
C. A farewell to arms
D. For Whom the Bell Tolls
7. The following authors were women writers who wrote novels in the late 19th and early 20th century B. Edith Wharton C. Willa Cather D. Kate Chopin
8. A. Universities and colleges C. Technical institutions D. Undergraduate institutions
9. In the 1970s, although the income of the black family increased greatly, the total black-white income gap was widened, which of the following was the main factor contributing to this situation?
More white families moved into high-paying jobs.
B. There were more children in black families.
C. White families had increased their authority over others.
10. Drug abuse in the United States is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. Which of the following is NOT a dysfunction caused by drug abuse?
A. There are great economic losses because of drug abuse.
B. Drug dependence takes a significant toll in terms of personal health and safety.
11. ___________ made the first desktop PC.
A. IBM B. Bill Gates C. Apple Computers
A. Boston B. New York D. Philadelphia
A. Volleyball C. soccer
D. field hockey
14. Jazz music gains acceptance in all classes in American society because of the following reasons.
Which is the exception?
A. It initially appealed to the young and rebellious.
B. Jazz musicians worked Indian American music into the music.
Jazz music was made modified and became more refined.
and C.
A. Schroon Lake C. Atlanta
D. Washington, D.C.
A. 1910 C. 1930
D. 1916
17. Which of the following provinces are densely populated in Canada?
B. Quebec and Manitoba
C. Manitoba and Saskatchewan D. Saskatchewan and Ontario
18. In V
B. Mandarin Chinese C. French D. English
19. What idea is most powerfully
presented in Margaret Laurence’s work, making her highly
representative of contemporary Canada?
A. women’s position B. self-analysis C. political environment
20. When Britain lost its status as a world power after World War Ⅱ, Canada became a junior partner
helping ________ global interests.
A. Indian B. Australian D. Soviet Russian
2. “No taxation without representation” was the rallying cry of __________.
The settlers of Virginia B. The people of Pennsylvania
The colonists in New England
3. A. J.F. Kennedy C. George Washington
D. Thomas Jefferson
5. Three of the following are characteristics of Emily Dickinson’s poem. Which one is not?
A. Her poems mix gaiety and gloom.
D. Her poems show that she was fascinated by both life and death.
7. In the United States school systems, which of the following divisions is true?
A.
B. Elementary school, junior high school
D. Junior high school, senior high school
8. A historic moment of the civil rights movement was the March on Washington of August 28,1963
A. John F
. Kennedy B. President Johnson D. Mario Savio
9. The one group within the counter culture best known for their pursuit of happiness as their only goal
in life was called ___________.
A. the “Me Generation” the “Hippies” D. the “Beat Generation”
A. tax evasion B. bribery
D. false advertising
11. ___________ led to the end of the Pony Express System.
A. Telephone
C. railroad D. steamboat
A. the Appalachian Mountains
C. the Green Mountains D. the Blue Ridge Mountains
14. Ronald Reagan used to be a _____________.
basketball player
C. conservative political columnist D. sports writer
15. Which of the following invention facilitated the out-migration-movement into suburban locations?
B. Electric lawn mower C. Mechanical reaper D. telephone
16. In January 1965, President Johnson declared “___________” to eliminate poverty “by opening to
A. War against Japan D. New Frontier program
17. Black Americans sang the anthem of the civil rights movement,
“____________” affirming their commitment to fight racial prejudice.
“Let it all hang out.” B. “Hell, no, we won’t go.”
“We Shall Overcome”
D. “Speak your heart without interruption”
18. The three influential Canadian Prime Ministers have lot of things in common. Which of the following is the exception?
A. They came from Quebec and could speak French as fluently as English.
B. They were educated as lawyers.
C. They shard the vision of a strong, united Canada and worked hard to overcome the regionalism
of the country.
19. Around the beginning of 20th century, Chinese laborers came to Canada to ____________？
A. do fur trade B. open shops
D. work as farmers and miners
20. In which period have Canada’s most famous and successful writes appeared?
B. period of nation-building
C. early colonial period D. pre-European period
1. The United States was rated _____ in the world in terms of land area and the size of population.
A. second B. third
D. fifth
3. Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes?
A. The executive C. The judicial D. The president
A. Protestant B. Judaism
D. Catholic
6. _________ was mainly interested in writing about Americans living in Europe.
A. William Dean Howells C. Mark Twain
D. Stephen Crane
A. student tuition B. government funding
D. endowments
9. Due to his firm belief in nonviolent peaceful protest in the spirit of India’s leader Gandhi, ______ was
A. Ella Baker C. John F. Kennedy D. James Farmer
10. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Slavery was mainly in the South.
B. Racial discrimination existed throughout the United States in American history.
Racial segregation after the Civil War existed only in the South.
12. Which invention marked the beginning of “The Age of V
A. newspaper B. telegraph
C. laundry machine
13. The State of California is on _________.
A. the Atlantic Coast B. the Gulf of Mexico
D. Caribbean Sea
14. The one group within the counter culture best known for their pursuit of happiness as their only goal in life was called ___________.
B. the “Hippies”
15. Three of the following factors contribute to the higher arrest rates among minority groups. Which is
B. Racial prejudice against them.
C. Low social status of these groups. D. Poverty and unemployment among minority groups.
16. Drug abuse in the United States is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. Which of the following is NOT a dysfunction caused by drug abuse?
A. There is a strong association between drug use and crime.
D. There are great economic losses because of drug abuse.
B. German
C. Japanese D. Finnish
19. Who is the most influential person in the Canadian government?
A. A Cabinet Minister B. The Governor General C. The Queen
B. She is a member of the Cabinet.
C. She is a symbol of Canada. D. She is a symbol of parliamentary democracy.
A. The executive C. The judicial D. The president
A. William Dean Howells
C. Mark Twain
D. Stephen Crane
10. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Slavery was mainly in the South.
B. Racial discrimination existed throughout the United States in American history.
13. The State of California is on _________.
A. the Atlantic Coast
B. the Gulf of Mexico D. Caribbean Sea
I. 1. The theory of American Revolution and American politics originated mainly from
A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. John Adams
A. New York
C. Connecticut D. Georgia
ork C. Y
ale University D. Princeton University
B. Racial prejudice against them
C. Low social status of these groups D. Poverty and unemployment among minority groups
9.Cyrus H McCormick invented _____
A. the electric bulb B. the revolver
D. the railroad
2. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. George Washington D. Benjamin Franklin
6. Whitman’s poetry has the following except _____
__ .
A. Long irregular lines B. Free – flowing structure
ed haunting images D. Celebrating the American spirit
7. The following authors were women writers
who wrote novels in the late 19th and
early 20th century with the exception of _______ .
A. Kate Chopin B. Willa Cather C. Edith Wharton ily Dickinson
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in American higher education? _______
Universities and colleges B. Technical institutions
h institutions D. Undergraduate institutions
13. Ronald Reagan used to be a _____________.
A. sports writer B. basketball player
ouncer D. conservative political columnist
15. ___________ w
e of Winter Olympics.
B. Schroon Lake e Placid C. Atlanta D. Washington , D.C.
16. The complex drumming in the rhythm section of early jazz music was brought over
to America by __________ .
A. British colonists from Asia. Black slaves from West Africa.
C. The Creole from the West India. D. War against Vietnam.
Ⅱ. There are altogether 15blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and writer your answer
at the corresponding places on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)
A. The first permanent settlement in North America was established in today’s __in the year of _22. 1607 B. located in
ork City.
C. “WASP” stands for _25. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant___ .
and _27. government funding___.
__ during the 1960s had been deeply rooted in U.S. history. F. Former President Nixon said that __30. crime __ is America’s “number one enemy.”
G. About 25% of all schools of higher education in America are privately operated organizations __.
H. Possibly the most significant technology of the latter part of 20th century is I. American society is a stratified one in which ___ are unequally distributed among the population.
B. The Three Faiths in the U.S. refer to 22. Protestant _, _23_Catholic _ and _24 Jewish _.
E. Many people use the notion that American society is a _____28_ melting pot _____while Canada is F. Canada’s preferred to establish a nation based on___30 peace ___, __31 order ____ and ___32 good H. Two major political parties of the United States are 34 the Democratic party_ and 35 the
A. Mark Twain’s ____23_novel in American literature.
The civil rights movement, together with ____24_ The youth anti-war and 25. the women’s
B. The two most well-known computer companies are____26IBM__ and ___; now the
largest software company is ____ whose director is __
C. America’s movies are mostly made in _____ in South California.
D. Jazz music, as a musical form, initially performed and appreciated by . E. In area, Canada is the ____
G. About 25% of all schools of higher education in America are privately operated by _
H. Possibly the most significant technology of the latter part of 20 century is
_.
III. Directions: (20%)
There are 10 questions in this part. Answer each of the questions in one full sentence and write you answer on the answer sheet. (20%)
36. What is the symbol of the Democratic Party?:::::: It is the donkey.
37. Who is the first Secretary of Treasury of the United States?:::- Alexander Hamilton
38. Please name three novels written by Ernest Hemingway.
:::::: The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls
39. Which event proclaimed the birth of a new American nation?:::-- The American Revolution
40.Which of F.Scott Fitzgerald’s novel was about youth’s golden dream turning to disappointment?
::::::- The Great Gatsby
41. What does the NBA stand for?:::::: NBA stands for National Basketball Association.
42. What continues to gain more rights and opportunities for women in the Unites States?
:::::: Women’s movement
43. Are Rocky Mountains the main mountain range in the west of US stretching from the Canadian border to New Mexico? :::::: Yes.
44. Which two major foreign forces greatly influenced Canada’s political system?- American and Britain
45. Which province is the manufacturing heartland of Canada? :::::: Ontario
36. What church do the majority of Americans belong to?::: They belong to the Protestant Church.
38. What is the best-known stock exchange in the United States?:::- New York Stock Exchange
39. Is The Waste Land written by Hemingway? :::-- No.
40. What is the symbol of the Republican Party? :::- It is the Elephant.
41. Is research institutions mentioned in American higher education? :::-- No.
42. What are two basic characteristics of all social movements according to a professor of history?
:::-- Structure and spontaneity.
43. When was voice and music first transmitted over the radio? :::-- Christmas Eve 1905
44. Did the counter culture exert a great influence upon people’s attitudes towards social mores, marriage, career and success? :::::: Yes.
36. How many states were there when the United States was founded? ::::::13.
38. What does “K” stands for in the term of “K to 12 education”?:::-- It stands for the kindergarten.
39. What does the WASP stand for?:::-- WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
th
40. Who contributed to the development of the American system of manufacture in the 20 century? :::::: Henry Ford
41. What are two basic characteristics of all social movements according to a professor of history?:::::: Structure and spontaneity
42. What continues to gain more rights and opportunities for women in the Unites States? -- Women’s movement -
44. What’s the greatest difference between Canada and the UK? ::: Canada is a federation:::that is, it is ten provinces and two territories, each with their own government, which have joined to form one country.
45. Which two major foreign forces greatly influenced Canada’s political system? ::: American and Britain
38. How many amendments to the U.S. Constitution? :::-26.
39. Which event proclaimed the birth of a new American nation?
::::::-- The American Revolution
《英美国家概况2》平时作业
一．Fill in the blanks:
1.American Indians had developed three brilliant civilizations before the Europeans arrived. These three civilizations were ____the Aztecs____, __the Incas____ and ____the Mayas_____________ .
2.Columbus discovered the New World in the year of _________.
3. _____The American Revolution_____ officially proclaimed the birth of a new American nation.
5.After the War of Independence was won, the national government was called _and the agreement that guided the government was ___6.The US federal government consists of the following three branches: _the executive______, _7.There are _____ amendments to the US Constitution.
2.The representative work of the “Beat Generation” was Alan Ginsberg’s poem ___Howl___.
3. “The Sound and the Fury” was written by _5. ____ and the two major writers of the post-Revolutionary period.
7.The Three Faiths in the US refer to ____.
8.The first Catholic president in the US was ___J. F. Kennedy_____________.
9.T. S. Eliot’s long poem _10.Some of the programs to equalize educational opportunities for all groups were called _action programs_________.
1. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who make up about
percent of the population．
5. Those who worked in the civil rights movement included __black and white young people，and some ____professionals________ and some house wives．
6. According to a professor of history, all social movements have two basic characteristics: 11 th
“___” and “___”.
1. The New World of America was peopled as a result of two long-continuing immigration movements, the first one from (1)___Asia__ and the second from (2)__Europe_ and (3)_Africa___ .
2. The Constitutional Convention was held in the year of (4)______ and the president of the Convention was (5)_3. A great economist in the Industrial Revolution Era was an Englishman named (6)____ .
4. The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from
(7)__Ireland_________, (8)__Italy__ _and Poland.
6.About (11)________percent of American students go to public schools and
(12)______8.American slavery was finally abolished by (15)__the Civil War______, (16)_Lincoln’s emancipation th_______.
9.Before telegraph was invented, (18)_____ was used in the Wild West for transmitting messages.
12
===范文5:英语国家概况1[下载]【以文搜文】===
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 英国的历史分四部分: 1.The Origins of a Nation 2.The Shaping of the Nation 3.Transition to the Mordern Age 4.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 1 取关键词Origins的字头O 2 取关键词Shaping的字头S 3 取关键词Mordern的字头M 4 取关键词Empire的字头E 连起来就是OSME=O+S+ME=O(哦),S(是)ME(我)! 接着每个部分的标题串在一起,用一句话来记忆.要好好记住每句话里所包括的每个字母代表 的是什么标题.可以看几遍这个情景对话,熟悉了之后可以不费吹灰之力就能记住整个英国历 史的线索.有了这条线,你再把主要的记忆点,象珠子一样地穿起来,这样回忆就非常容易了.可 谓既见树木,又见森林.一切尽在掌握. History of UK (:::O.S.M.E:::) 哦（O） ，是（S）我（ME） O: Early settlers -> Roman Britain -> Anglo-Saxons -> the Viking and Danish Invations -> the Norman Conquest O（哦） ：eravidan=era(时代)+vida(维达,女名)+n(诺曼征服) 句子： （老公看着一本英语国家概况在那里自言自语）哦，原来英国的新时代是伟大的维达 小姐实现诺曼征服之后开始的。 S: Norman Rule -> the Great Charter -> the Hundred Years' War with France -> the Blackdeath and the peasant uprising S(是)：ng（拼音：ng=嗯）+hb(hubby丈夫，的缩写)[N+G+H+B] 句子： （老婆在看电视，漫不经心地说）是的，嗯, 老公。 M: the English Reformation -> Elizabeth I -> the English Renaissance -> James I -> Charles I -> the Civil War -> the commonwealth -> the Glorius Revolution M(我): reelrejam cha cw cw revolution = re+el+re+jam+cha+cw+cw+revolution reel（卷轴）re（又）jam(果酱) cha(茶)cw+cw (与wc厕所相反)revolution(革命，旋转) 句子： （老公一边看书一边倒着果酱，突然果酱洒了）不好了，我（ME的第一个字母M）的 卷轴又洒满果酱了，赶快拿点茶去WC洗洗，啊？怎么两个WC都写反了(CW+CW)，快旋转 回来！ E(我): Two parties (Whigs and Tories) -> Agricultural changes -> the Industrial Revolution -> the Chartist Movement -> Trade unions and the Labour Party -> Colonial Expansion -> in the two World Wars E：TAICHA TCW=T+A+I+CHA+T+C+W 句子： （老婆赶紧跑过来说）我（ME的第二个字母E）的天啊，这什么厕所呀，简直太（TAI） 差（CHA）了嘛，我踢（T）这个该死的CW！ Chapter 1 Land and People
7. 识记要点： Most cities in Britain have introduced ―Clean air zones‖ , whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel. 英国的很多城市都有―洁净空气区‖，在这些地区工厂和家庭只能燃烧无烟燃料。 第五部分 The People 1. 识记要点： 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural 2. 识记要点： There is a great concentration of population in England. 3. 选择题/简答题： The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 4. 选择题： The Celts came to Britain after 700 BC. Later they were conquered by the Romans. 5. 选择题/简答题： The Germanic conquerors give England it’s name ―Angle‖ land. 6. 选择题/ 简答题： It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and English language were born. 正是由于诺曼征服者与被击败的盎格鲁—撒克逊人的结合，英国人和英语诞生了。 7. 识记要点： The English have many differences in regional speech. The chief division is between southern England and northern England. Generally speaking southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English. 8. 名词解释：Cockney (伦敦东区人) A Cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells--the bells of the church of St. Mary LeBow in east London. 9. 选择题： Regional speech is usually
Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from Teutonic gods.分别是战神，天神，风暴之神与和 平之神。 5. 简答题： In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. 公元 597 年,教皇格里高利一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰 , 其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. 公元 579 年圣奥古斯丁成为坎特伯雷大主教. （这是书里的错误吧，我上网查过应该是 602 年。 ） 6. 课后第五题： What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to the English state? :::-- The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires; They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system; They also established the manorial system; They created the Witan to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. ( Witan=council or meeting of the wisemen.) (县城里的农民全跑到庄园里开会了。) 第四部分：The Viking and Danish Invasions 1. 识记要点： The Danes gained control of the north and the east of England (―the Danelaw‖) 丹麦人控制了英格兰北部和西部（叫―丹麦法区） 。 2. 名词解释：Alfred the Great (Alfred is known as ―the father of the British navy‖) 课后第七题： What do you know about king Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of
No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges, and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. 没有大议会批准不准征税；不得随意逮捕，拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；教 会拥有权利和选举自由；伦敦和其他城市应保留其古老的权利和特权；全国应统一度量衡。 3. 论述题： （重点） What was the significance of Magna Carta? :::-- Magna Carta was regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. 大宪章被认为是英国自由的基础， 它陈述的是国王和贵族之间的封建关系和法律关系， 保证 了教会的自由，限制了国王的权利。 3. 简答题：(重点) What do you know about the spirit of the Magna Carta? :::--The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 大宪章的实质是限制王权，置王权于封建法律约束下。 Henry III：Son of King John. Simon de Montfort: The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III’s brother-in-law, rebelled. They forced the king and his son Prince Edward to swear to accept the Provisions of Oxford. Provisions of Oxford: The two main clauses of the Provisions of Oxford: Henry should appoint a new Grand Council of 24 members, half of whom were to be nominated by the barons themselves; and the King should have a permanent body of 15 nobles and bishops to advise him, without whose authority the king could not act. The Lords and the Commons: In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster. Each county was asked to send two knights and each town to send two representatives to the Great Council. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Common known as a parliament. 4. 选择题： Under Edward I, Henry III’s son, Wales was conquered and came under the English Crown. 在亨利三世的儿子爱德华一世的统治下，征服了威尔士。 5. 简答题： Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since. 第三部分：The Hundred Years’ War with France 1. 名词解释： Joan of Arc :::-- Joan of Arc was a naitonal heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France. 2.选择题： By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. Causes of the war: The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. P36 The battle of Argencourt: Henry V won the victory and was recognized to the French throne in 1420. Consequences of the war: The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and the wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was
总的来说，伊丽莎白能与议会合作，这是因为下议院中的清教徒仍忠于女王；此外伊丽莎白 在皇宫内厉行节约避免向议会要钱。 3. 选择题/简答题： Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compromise of views. 伊丽莎白的宗教改革是各种观点的妥协。 Elizabeth’s religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics. 伊丽莎白的宗教和解定位既不被极端的新教徒所接受，也不被虔诚的天主教徒所接受。 4. 选择题： The defeat of the Spanish Aramada the following year (1588) put an end to Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth. 1588 年，西班牙无敌舰队的大败彻底结束了针对伊丽莎白的天主教阴谋活动。 5. 选择题： The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England’s superiority as a naval power. 西班牙无敌舰队的灭亡表明英国海上强国的优势。 6. 选择题： King James VI of Scotland was also James I of England, where he was the first of the Stuarts to take the throne. 苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世，也是英国国王詹姆斯一世，他是英国斯图亚特王朝的首位君主。 第四部分：The English Renaissance 1. 名词解释：the Renaissance :::-- Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. The word is from French, meaning ―rebirth‖. Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times. The Renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change. 文艺复兴是欧洲历史上古典文学和艺术形式的重新兴起。 此词出自法语，意为―重生‖。文 艺复兴处于中世纪向现代的过渡时期，文艺复兴时期是取得重大成就和变化的时期。 2. 选择题： The Renaissance began in northern Italy in the early 14th century, and was typified by the universal genius of Leonardo Da Vinci. 文艺复兴始于 14 世纪初的意大利北部，代表人物是全才莱奥纳多· 达芬奇。 3. 简答题： In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485. 英国的文艺复兴通常被认为开始于 1485 年都铎家族的继位。 4. 简答题： The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics. (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe. (3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them. (4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly.
第一部分：Whigs and Tories 1. 名词解释：the Whigs :::-- Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious to freedom for Nonconformists. 辉格党是指那些反对绝对王权的，支持宗教自由的异教徒。 2. 名词解释：the Tories :::-- The Tories was those who supported hereditary monarch and were reluctant to removing kings, Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England. 3. 名词解释：the Radicals :::-- The Radicals were those who wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of problems. Their common aim was thorough reform of the Parliamentary system. 4. Jeremy Bentham’s ideal known as ―Utilitarianism‖: He suggested that government’s function should be to achieve ―the greatest happiness of the greatest number‖. (政府要高效率，少干预) 第二部分：Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 1. 名词解释：the Enclosure Acts :::-- The Enclosure Acts refer to those acts which enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide into enclosed fields. 《圈地法》 是那些使得较富裕的土地主摄取佃农们不能证明合法的土地， 并把之划入圈地内 的法案。 2. 选择题： George III 被誉为 ―farmer George‖ 3. 论述题： What is your comment on land enclosures in England? (关键字记忆：FM DI HOST，F=Farms, M=More, DI=disaster, Host=Hostility, 想象收音机调频[FM]的[DI]主持[HOST]正在讲圈地运 动的好坏) :::-- Agriculture enclosure had good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small. (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their land by the enclosures. (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 第三部分：The Industrial Revolution (1780--1830) 1.名词解释：The Industrial Revolution :::-- The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是 18 世纪末、19 世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及由此而导致的社会结构和经 济结构的变化。 2. 关于英国成为第一个工业化国家的原因这道论述题 2003 年刚刚考过，今年再考的可能性 不大，但其中的一些原因有可能成为简答题的内容： (3) The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.
In the south of England and the Midlands, the depression hit less hard and recovery was faster, mainly due to the rapid growth of the moto, electrical and light engineering industries. 8. 选择题： Sir Winston Churchill received massive popular support as a war leader and led his country to final victory in 1945. 温斯顿.丘吉尔爵士作为战争领袖受到群众普遍欢迎，他领导英国在 1945 年获胜。 9. 选择题： One of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened the end of Britain’s empire. 二战最为深远的结果之一是加速了大英帝国的瓦解。 10. 选择题： In January, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community. 11. 选择题/简答题： The French President, General de Gaulle, had twice vetoed Britain’s application for membership because he believed that Britain was too closely involved with the United States to make a satisfactory member of the European Community. 法国总统戴高乐两次否决了英国加入的申请，因为他认为，英国与美国关系太密切，不能成 为欧洲经济共同体令人满意的成员国。 12. 名词解释：Thatcherism :::-- The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Mrs. Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her polices are popularly referred to Thatcherism. 1979 年的选举令保守党再次上台，玛格丽特.撒切尔成为英国首位女首相。撒切尔夫人极力 主张自力更生以及私有化。她的政策被广泛称为撒切尔主义。 13. 论述题： Thatcherism 的主要内容： :::-- It included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies (the supply of money in Britain) to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 本章重点课后题： 2. What is your comment on land enclosures in England? :::-- Agriculture enclosure in England had good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small. (2) more vegetables, more milk and mire dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their land by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to a mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers’ hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture’s new prosperity. 3. What was the industrial revolution? :::-- The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes
III．Parliament 议会 1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。 2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day. 议会的主要作用是： （1）通过立法； （2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金； （3）检查政府政 策和行政管理，包括拨款提议； （4）当天的议题辩论。 3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elected House. 贵族院 （上议院） 由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。 它的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。 换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。 4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. 下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由 651 名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。 5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals. 英国被划分为 651 个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。大选必须五年举行一次，但经常不 到五年就进行一次选举。 6.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and ―shadow cabinet ‖. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government. 英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党—保守党和工党。从 1945 年以来，两党一直轮流执 政， 在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府， 多数党领袖由君主 任命为首相。获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为―反对党‖，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反 对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经常给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。 III.The Cabinet and Ministry 内阁和内阁部长 1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues. 首相主持内阁， 负责分配大臣们的职能， 在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。 内阁在 首 相的主持下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。 2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual
法院。 IV. The Judiciary 司法机构 There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. 英国没有司法机构。中央政府的司法工作主要由大法官、内政大臣和检察总长负责。在英格 兰和威尔士， 大法官根据各部委员会的建议任命外行人员为治安官。 大法官推荐高等法官和 巡回法官。最高级别的司法官任命由女王根据首相的建议做出。 V. Police 警察 The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms. 在内政大臣和苏格兰及北爱尔兰国务大臣的指导下， 英国警察分地组建， 并以地方管理为基 础。但伦敦警察署直接与内政大臣管辖。警察不得加入工会或罢工。他们通常不佩带手枪。 VI. Treatment of offenders 对违法者的处理 The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender. 刑罚制度的主要目的是阻止潜在的违法者，并改造已判的违法者。 Capital punishment ( a sentence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy. 英国已废除对谋杀罪的死刑，但议会仍经常辩论要恢复死刑，叛国罪和海盗罪仍可判死刑。 第九章 Social Affairs 英国社会 I. Health and Social Services 全国医疗保健计划 1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security. 英国被认为是福利制度的国家。此制度的所需资金来源于全国保险税和赋税。在英国，这主 要是指国民保健制度，国民保险和社会保障制度。 2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health service in Great Britain id funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes. 不管个人收入如何，国民保健制度为每个居民提供全面医疗服务。英国于 1948 年确立此制 度。英国国民保健制度 82%以下的费用来自普通税收，其他部分来自（1）国民保险金中的
英语国家概况串讲 <第四季> 日期：2004-12-28 作者：翔飞
Part Two The Republic of Ireland
本章概论：
1. 爱尔兰共和国的地理特征
::: the Emerald Isle: Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside. （看看白居易的诗歌：忆江南。 江南好，风景旧曾谙。 日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝。蓝（兰）是一种很绿的草，所以说―绿如蓝‖。爱尔兰，爱，谐音Isle，兰=绿，意思就是绿色的小岛。他们不知道中国江南的草，就只能用绿宝石来比喻了。呵呵。。。） 简答题：
Why Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle?
:::-- Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside.
爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫葱葱而被称为绿宝石岛
*识记要点：
Why Ireland has been geographically compared （比喻）to a basin？（想象一下一个盆。。） :::-- Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands.
*识记要点：
The central plain area is characterized by many lakes, bogs（沼泽：bog->dog, 一只狗翻了个身，陷在沼泽里爬不出来了。看，d翻了个身就是b了，嘿嘿。） (wet areas) and low ridges（山脊）. 为了寻找绿宝石，人们在爱尔兰的中央平原胡找一气。[湖，沼泽，山脊]）
* The highest peak is Carrantuohill (1041m). (Car+ran+tuo+hill: 这座山的名字太容易记了，tuo拼音是驮，其它几个字用英文记，组合起来造句就是：爱尔兰的车最爱驮着大山到处跑，请想象！)
Variety is the main feature of the lowlands.
The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland.
*简答题：
What is the largest river in Ireland? Why is it very important?
:::-- The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It is very important because it provides electric power for much of the Republic. （爱尔兰山上的农民[山=Shan, 农=non]用河水发电供给大部分爱尔兰地区使用。）
*简答题：
Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape.
Irish Coasts
Plants and animals in Ireland (Ireland has a much lower variety of plants and animals than Britain.)
2. 爱尔兰共和国的气候
*简答题：
What are the characteristics of Ireland’s climate?
The weather of Ireland is described as ―mild, moist and changeable.‖ （爱尔兰的美眉[MM]变
[change]了，变得温和[mild]，眼睛很湿润[moist]。）
*识记要点：Excessive rainfall
Ireland suffers from excessive rather than deficient rainfall.
The Central Lowland is the area of the lightest rainfall in Ireland, with two areas that receive less than 762 mm per annum.
The climate of the Northeast is cooler throughout the year than in the rest of the country.
Winter temperatures: Monthly winter temperatures in the west are 6C to 7C from December to March and in the east 5C to 6C from November to March.
Summer temperatures: Summer temperatures range from 15C to 16C in the south and on the coasts of Donegal.
3. 爱尔兰共和国的人口和宗教
简答题：Loss of population and its reasons （Great Fammine / Emigration..）
The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland. （爱尔兰大饥荒：1845。想象：从爱尔兰的天空上伸下一只巨大的巴掌[18]把食物[45]都拿走了，人们都在忍饥挨饿。）
识记要点：
There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English.
Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe.
Today 93% of the Irish population is Roman Catholics.
The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination. (Anglo->Anglican,英国国教的)
Population of Ireland and its features
4. 爱尔兰共和国历史
Celtic tribes: Ireland was invaded by a number of Celtic tribes in prehistoric times. The most important were the Gaels.
Golden age of Irish culture: The arrival of in AD 432 was perhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture. The Golden age of Irish culture lasted from the 5th century to the 8th century.
Viking invastions: Towards the end of 8th century the Viking invasions began.
Invasion of the Anglo-Saxons and conflict between the English and Irish： In 1170 the Anglo-Saxons invaded Ireland. They gradually gained control of the island. Conflict between the English and the Irish went on for almost 800 years.
Irish natioalism and the Easter Uprising: Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Easter Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed.
Anglo-Irish Treaty: In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominison status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.
Ireland in WWII: Ireland kept out of WWII to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.
选择题： deprived Catholics and Dissenters of all legal rights.
In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic. (1949,和我国一样。)
A free trade area with the United Kingdom was established in 1966.
In 1973 the Republic was admitted to the EC.
5. 爱尔兰共和国的外交政策 (Foreign Policy)
Relations between the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain
简答题：
Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment.
Ireland established diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979.
第一部分：Political Structure
1. 简答题：
Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Constitution.
2. 识记：
The head of state is the president, elected by direct suffrage for a term of seven years. 国家元首是总统，直接投票选举产生，任期七年。
3. 选择题：
The government’s responsibility to the Dail （爱尔兰国会之下议院） is .
4. 识记：
All the legislative powers are vested in the national parliament.
The national parliament has two Houses. They are the House of Representatives and the Senate. TDs and Senators are elected for
第二部分：Political Parties
1. 识记要点：
Ireland has a bipolar political party system with two major parties: Fianna Fail and Fine Gael. （FF和FG）
They are both descended from . Now the largest political party in Ireland is Fianna Fail.
Sinn Fein was split in .
The only other national party of some size is the Labor Party.
2. 选择题：
The Irish is the
第三部分：The economy
1. 选择题：
Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sector.
2. 识记要点：
Ireland is one of the developed countries in the EC. Its small economy is marked by, .
3. 论述题：
What is the most significant recent development in Irish agriculture? Why do we say the most significant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community?
:::-- The most significant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. EC membership enabled Irish farmers to participate in the Community’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and export their products to a wider range of markets. (CAP：帽子，爱尔兰农民戴了顶大帽子)
4. 选择题：
Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.
（爱尔兰历尽千心万苦，终于成为欧洲最大的铅和锌的生产国。）
5. 简答题：
* is considered as a solid fuel in Ireland.
6. 识记要点：
Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total exports.
第四部分：Education
1. 选择题：
Ireland’s oldest university is the University of Dublin, of which Trinity College is a constituent. It was founded in 1591.
The National University is the nation’s second institution of higher learning.
第五部分：Media and Culture
1.Today the is the nation’s The Irish Independent is a best-selling daily. （爱尔兰人最爱独立，所以独立报卖得最好。） Some 250 magazines are published in Ireland. （二百五，哈哈）
2. 简答题：
Irish newspapers are forbidden to refer to the Irish Republican Army because the is an organization in Ireland.
3. 简答题：
The most well-known Irish writer of the modern period is is Joyce’s masterpiece. The novel describes the events of one day in the lives of several people in Dublin, and explores their （意识流）
补充内容：
What is the significance of the Peace Agreement on Northern Ireland signed on 10th April, 1998?
:::-- An agreement was signed on 10th April, 1998 by eight of Northern Ireland’s ten political parties and by representatives of the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom who were the cosponsors of the talks. The agreement would create a new provincial assembly establishing a power-sharing arrangement between the majority Protestants and minority Catholics and return a measure of self-government to Northern Ireland after 26 years of direct rule by the United Kingdom. It would establish a North-South council promoting cooperation between Northern Island and the Republic of Ireland. The significance of the Peace Agreement on Northern Ireland is that it would end the violence in Northern Ireland and lay the foundations of peaceful coexistence between the two communities in Northern Ireland and between the North and the South.
Part Three The United States of America
（请牢记10个数字的形状和谐音，记忆年代和历史事件的时候可以做奇特夸张的联想。用形状可以这么记：1=牙刷，2=鹅，3=耳朵，4=快艇，5=钩子，6=大象的鼻子，7=悬崖，8=雪人，9=气球，10=棒球。用谐音可以这么记：1=衣，2=鹅，3=山，4=寺，5=舞，6=柳，7=旗，8=叭儿狗，9=酒，10=石。）
第一部分：Location and Size
1. 美国的地理位置：
The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.
2. 识记：
The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental United States.
3. 简答：
Why does the United States have an ideal location for trade?
The United State has an ideal location for trade. Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australasia.
(澳大拉西亚: 一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚,新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿)
4. 美国最大和最小的州：
Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island is the smallest, but on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.
5. 美国两大主要山系：
the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains
6. 落基山脉的最高峰：the Elbert
7. 落基山脉--大陆分水岭：
The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.
8. 名词解释：the Continental Divide (金鸡落下[落基]，座北朝南[north-south line]，东边的翅膀沾满蜂蜜[密西西比]和墨水[墨西哥湾]；西边的翅膀挥舞着和太平洋边上的加州旅馆say “Hello”!)
:::-- The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide, it is an imaginary north-south line that separates the major river systems of the United States. The rivers that descend
from the eastern slopes of the Rockies flow into the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. Those that begin on the western slopes of the Rockies flow to the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California.
9. 有关 the Mississippi 的重点：(记密西西比的发源地：想象：秘密[密西西比]地从湖里舀了杯苏打[明尼苏达]水喝下去，嘻嘻地笑了)
Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the world’s great continental rivers—the Mississippi. The Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minnesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi has been called ―father of waters‖ or ―old man river‖. （英语里father=old man）
10. The Ohio River的别称：(鹅害鹅[Ohio]，鹅害怕，骑着鹿儿[Ruhr]，逃跑了。) The Ohio River has been called the American Ruhr (after the Ruhr River in Germany).
11. 太平洋沿岸的河流：
On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south, and the Columbia, which rises in Canada. (科学家和一哥们[科：科罗拉多；哥：哥伦比亚]在太平洋岸边信口开河，开出了两条大河。)
12. 美国的大湖区：
The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
注：可以用Homes 这个单词来帮助同学们记忆美国 的五大湖，H 代表 Lake Huron, O 代表Lake Ontario, M代表Lake Michigan, E代表Lake Erie, S代表Lake Superior. 其中Lake Superior是世界上最大的淡水湖, Lake Michigan完全在美国境内[为什么Lake Michigan完全在美国境内呢，因为它和America一样有个M字！]
13. 五大湖的重要性：
The Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of the Midwest, they provide cheap transportation for materials
14. 简答：
What are the benefits of the lakes, rivers and seacoasts of the United States? （想象：字头
H-N-H是不是都很象河流的形状呢，它们代表三个单词，Harbor-Network-Hydroelectric!） :::-- The long and irregular seacoasts provide many . A large of lakes and the Atlantic and Gulf rivers links the interior of the country with the coastal cities. Many swift rivers provide good sources of .
15. 论述：(这道题可以理解后记忆。四个因素，纬度/水/流(currents)/山. 谐音+想象：一根芦苇顺着水流到了山上。)
What are the factors which influence the climate of the United States?
(1). The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. Like China many seasonal changes are found there.
(2). The cilmate of the United States is influenced by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes. These large bodies of water help keep temperatures moderate in the regions bordering them.
(3). Ocean currents（水流） influence the climate over wide regions. The southeastern coast is warmed by the Gulf Stream. New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current, which enters the Gulf of Maine.
(4). The western mountain ranges have an important effect on the climate of the Far East. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges prevent westerly winds from bringing moisture to the intermountain region of the West. The Interior Plains of the Midwest, on the other land, are exposed to both the cold northern winds from Canada and the tropical winds from the Gulf of Mexico.
16. 有关 New England 的重点：（小故事记忆新英格兰：新英格兰是这么个小孩，一出生就和爸妈闹独立，自己上了三个大学，然后去打工，赚了很多钱，到处去旅游，洋洋得意，后来人们都叫他“扬基佬”）
:::New England is sometimes called the of America. It was the chief center of the American of 1776 and was also the nation’s:::New England is also well-known for its position in . Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are located here. (字头+谐音记这三个大学：雅
[Yale]马[马萨诸塞]哈[哈佛] ！)
:::Because of New England’s cool climate, beautiful scenery, and places of historic interest, :::New Englanders were originally known as , which came to stand for all Americans.
17. 为什么Midwest 的农业比较发达？(Midwest, 种田方法中西[Midwest]结合，农业当然发达！)
:::-- Midwest is a low area. Many parts are flat. The climate is humid continental. The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long. These factors make the Midwest America’s most important agricultural area.
18. 关于 Chicago：
Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area. Chicago is also the cultural capital of the Midwest.
19.
Omaha, known as the agricultural capital of the United States. （在美国的农业之都，人们每天都用白色的，香喷喷的藕[O]喂给马[ma]吃，马吃得很开心，哈哈[ha]大笑！）
20.
The South now contains 90% of the American textile industry.
21. The West 被分为三部分：
The West can be divided into three parts: the Great Plains; the Rocky Mountains; the Intermountain Basin and Plateaus. （想象：太阳下山了[暗指美国西部]，无数的公鸡落在[落基]一望无际的大草原上，在盆子[盆地]里啄着高高的原子弹[高原]。）
22.
Colorado has been called the steel city of the west.
23. 美国著名的国家公园：(好记啊：一只飞到一条饿晕了，拼命啄着，以为是黄色的谷子呢。)
Yellowstone National Park / Rocky Mountain National Park / Glacier National Park
24. 胡佛水坝（留着白站在高高的上，一脚踩在花[内华达]上，一脚踩在鸭梨[亚利桑那]上。）
Hoover Dam built on the border between Nevada and Arizona is one of the highest dams in the United States.
25. 科罗拉多大峡谷
The Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is one of nature’s most impressive sights. The bright colors of the canyon walls are a wonderful sight.
26. The Intermountain area 的各大城市及其特点：
::: and （凤凰是山里面最大的鸟，人们从四面八方跑来问它长生不老的秘密，然后在这里度假。） ::: Tucson is a well-known winter resort （Tucson=图生，谐音+想象：冬天用一大堆花花绿绿的图书生火取暖，所以是个Winter resort, 不怕冷啊，哈！）
::: Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American Peoples and is the site of New Mexico’s state university.
::: Salt Lake City is the centre of transportation and trade for a large part of the area. The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.
27. 关于 the region of the Pacific Coast 的重点：
The region of the Pacific Coast is characterized by a series of mountain ranges and fertile river valleys.
California’s Imperial Valley is one of the world’s most famous irrigated areas.
28. 关于Hawaii：（记Mauna Loa谐音：快告诉大家，夏[夏威夷]天很热的时候，火山爆
发喷出无数“玛瑙喽”！）
Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located on Hawaii and erupts from time to time.
Tourism is Hawaii’s most important industry.
Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.
1. 关于美国人口：
The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in July1992, is the third most population country in the world after China and India.
Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.
2. *The United States had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants .
*Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.（Ellis, [Elton的妹妹]你想移民美国吗，很简单，1。你的托福要格；2。你要经济独立）
3. 简答：
Why the United States has long been known as a nation of immigrants?
:::-- The United States has long been known as a nation of immigrants because many of its people descend from settlers who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new land then populated by native American tribes.
4. The first immigrants in American history came from England and the Netherlands.
5. 名词解释：indentured servants (indenture: 契约) [理解记忆：为别人打工做为路费去新大陆淘金。]
:::-- In early settlement in America, some came to the new Continent as indentured servants. These were poor people in Europe who wanted to seek better life in America yet had no money to pay the cross-Atlantic fare. They signed contracts with companies or individuals, committing to work for their masters a specified term in exchange for the journey’s expenses to America.
6. the largest immigration movement took place in 1815 （谐音+想象：1815=尾巴，一，舞。无数的移民挂在一条无比巨大的尾巴上一路欢歌跳舞，进入了美国。）
7. 论述题：
Say something about the three immigration waves. （三次移民潮[用衣，鹅，山代表一二三][大灰狼的故事：大灰狼是一个移民，刚到美国的时候穿了一件彩色的棒球衣，用尾巴（18）打棒球（10），它那不三不四(1830s and 1840s)的怪样子居然拿到了最高分（highest point），结果人们尊称它为―尾巴师父‖（1845）;后来大灰狼骑在一头鹅的背上，尾巴象柳枝（1860）一样摇摇摆摆的，象是喝醉酒（1890）；然后它跑到一座最大的山上用尾巴猜酒令（1890），
喝得烂醉如泥，要死（14=1914）要活的发酒疯。。]
:::-- The first immigration wave began in the mid 1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The third wave was the largest of he three, it happened between 1890 and 1914.
8.Mobility is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people.
9. 论述题：
Describe the 4 population movements in the U.S. （美国人口四次国内迁移）
答题要点：（关键字+想象：西进/城市化/黑人/阳光地带。西城区黑压压一大片乌云把太阳遮住了。1。内战的时候，战争这个巨人把人们象干草一样一把把拎[1880]到了西部。2。城里人都喜欢用尾巴行酒令[1890]，谁输了就要喝蚂蚁酒[19]，举哑铃[20，2象个小鸭子吧，嘿嘿]。3。数以万计的黑人，排成一条长龙，整齐地喊着拍子，2-4-6，2-4-6！[20，40，60年代]从南方移到其他地方。4。阳光地带，其实就是加州旅馆那里，在西部和南部，东北和中北的人们怕冷，都去了阳光地带。时间是60年代到现在，记住了第三点，自然就记住了60年代！）
*the first movement: from the end of the Civil War to 1880 ::: westward movement
*the second movement: from 1890 to 1920 ::: from rural areas to cities
*the third movement: from 1920 to 1960, with the 1940s, the war years, as the peak ::: a large number of black people move out of the South to other areas
*the forth movement: from the end of the 1960s till now ::: from the Northeast and Central North to the West and the South, that is, to the sunbelt areas
10. 有关 The blacks 的重点：
*The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the blacks.
*The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619 （谐音+想象：第一批几百个黑奴们骑在一头巨大的黑牛[16]上，每人喝着一瓶黑色的蚂蚁酒[19]，来到了北美.） *In order to keep the black slaves under control, the slave-owners resorted to brutal methods. *
*The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. （林肯撑着一把老伞[1863]，保护着无数的黑奴，扇了两下雨伞[指两年后的第13（雨伞）次修改]，把宪法给改了。）
*The poverty rate of the blacks is the highest among all racial and ethnic groups.
11. 简答或名词解释：
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 added protections for the blacks for the right to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities. （1964：姨舅很老实，所以享有公民权利）
12. 识记：
The Vote Rights Act of 1965 was meant to guarantee the blacks and others the right to vote （姨舅流下激动的眼泪，呜呜地哭，因为他终于有选举权了。。）
13. 名词解释：Hispanics
:::-- Hispanics refer to the Spanish-speaking population of the United States, who is large, diverse and rapidly growing one.
14. Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States, Mexican-Americans, or Chicanos, make up the largest group; the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.
（美丽的西班牙女郎把一滴巨大的墨[墨西哥裔]水滴在玻璃[玻多黎格]上，敲着腰鼓[古巴后裔]在玻璃上跳舞。）
15.The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their low education.
16. 有关 the Asian-Americans 的重点：
*The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.
*Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans: education, hard work, and family.
*The largest group of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans.
*Most of the Chinese settled in California.
17. 名词解释：powwow（谐音+想象：印第安人爱吃泡泡[pow]糖，哇哇[wow]乱叫，喜欢唱歌跳舞打鼓）
:::-- The American Indians are making efforts to keep and develop their cultures, one example is the reappearance of the ―powwow‖, a community celebration including crafts, food, dance, song and the playing of drums.
18. 名词解释：WASPs
:::-- Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
1. Discovery of the New World
*The ―first Americans‖: Indians
*Christopher Columbus: An Italian navigator supported by Spanish Queen led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now West Indies. He thought he had reached Aisa and didn’t know he had discovered a New Continent. 意的家伙[意大利人]，本来要去西藏[西班牙赞助]，却在西印度群岛上，看到一座寺庙就饿
[1492]了，不想走了。[哥伦布的老家和赞助商要记清]）
*Amerigo Vespucci: The navigator who proved that the land was no India, but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.
2. The Colonial Period
*The first English colony at Jamestown, Virginia （1607）[6形状是大象的鼻子，这么记：一头大象用鼻子（16）吹泡泡（0），泡泡飘得很高，挂满了整面旗帜（7），在Jamestown的上空迎风飘扬，猎猎作响。]
*The original 13 colonies: along the east coast of North America: Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia. (13: 雨伞。谐音想象：一把大花伞下面，你系着一条花围裙[Virginia=维吉尼亚]在和面[Maine]，面里放满了崭新的火腿[New Ham+pshire]，然后你吃着火腿面骑着马萨诸塞]，纽约]上[Road=Rhode][Maryland]里
[North Carolina and South Carolina]，新郎[New Jersey]和男傧相[宾州]站在桥[乔治亚州]上迎接新娘。)
*Causes for the colonization of the New World (理解记忆)
Opportunity was the magic word that drew people to America. It drew English nobles and skilled workmen to America and most of all it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. It offered people a chance to live a better life than they could hope for in the Old World.
*The Pilgrims: To escape , they left England and lived in Leyden, Holland, but they feared their children might become Dutchmen, so in 1620, 201 them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony. (他们刚到的那个冬天，有一半人都死了，后来印第安人教他们种玉米，丰收后，举行了第一个“感恩节”，Thanksgiving celebration, 其实他们应该感谢印第安人。)
（201个英国人装在一朵有一艘船那么大的五月花里，一溜[16]烟钻进了美国的天鹅洞
[20]。）
[The Pilgrims were artisans and peasants.]
*The Puritans and the Massachusetts Bay
The puritans were wealthy and well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England. The Puritans leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save. So in March 1630, the great Puritan migration began. From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to Massachusetts Bay colony. (下午四点半[PM4: 30=Puritans+Massachusetts; 4: 30=16:30=1630]开始，13分钟之内[1630+13=1643]，200条船运了2万个英国佬到马萨诸塞！)
*Features of the new colonies (可以出选择题，结合后来的美国文化，容易理解)
The features were representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.
3. The War of Independence
*Conflicts between the British government and the American people
随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要更多的权利；英国政府要控制殖民地的发展，并且要征收更多的税。贸易价格不公平。实施Stamp Tax给养军队。允许东印度公司低价销售茶叶，抢走
美国茶商的生意。
*The ―Boston Tea Party‖
In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the ―Boston Tea Party‖.
(在一个黑漆漆的晚上[1773]，几十个波斯顿人上船倒掉了价值7万5千美金的茶叶，他们一边倒茶，一边高兴地翩翩起舞。[75，可以记住7万5])
*The First Continental Congress
In September 1774, the First Congress was held in Philadelphia encouraging Amercians to refuse to buy British goods. Colonial militia units were organized.
(第一次代表大会1774在费城召开，组建民兵组织，口号是“让英国货一起去死吧！”[1774]，再也不花费[费城]一分钱买英国货！)
*Lexington and Concord
The shot of Lexington (1775) marked the start of the War of Independence.
*The Second Continental Congress
Three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia. The delegates agreed to support the war. The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy and appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration.
*George Washington: The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington, a Virginian militia (民兵) commander.
*Thomas Jefferson: Tomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the declaration. (Independence Day! 记忆1776：美国人个个是牛仔，喜欢一起骑牛[1776]庆祝独立。)
*The Declaration of Independence and the political theory behind the American Revolution
The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke. (独立宣言的理论来自英国哲学家约翰。洛克)
[独立的意思约[约翰]等于一把锁[Locke]，把门锁上，就算是独立了。]
(In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States.)
[1783, 巴黎条约签定，英国承认美国独立。美国正式独立了，人们高兴得一起爬山（1783）庆祝，拍着巴（巴黎条约）掌说give me five!]
*The American War of Independence and its significance （意义： 理解记忆） 束缚] of colonial rule, the American people which a chance for freer development. It had great overthrow Spanish colonial rule.
4. A New Form of Government
*The Articles of Confederation
With the approach of independence, it was obvious that a more permanent and legitimate union of
the states was necessary. A draft of a confederation was accepted by Congress in November 1777 and was presented to the states for their separate approaval or rejection. The document was accepted by all the states by March 1781. It was called the Articles of Confederation.
*The Constitutional Convention
A confernce was held in Philadelphia (很多会议都在费城召开，注意选择题，也许会考“以下哪个会议不是在费城召开的？”)in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articales of Confederation adequate. All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Constitutional Convention.
[The Articles of Confederation和The Constitutional Convention是有因果关系的，理解记忆。] *The ―Great Compromise‖
The ―Great Compromise‖ gave each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.
*Federalists and the Federalist Papers
Those who took the lead in urging constitution ratification called themselves Federalists. The Federalist Papers were Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. (想象：字头A。H=啊！J。M=加盟，J。J=举起的双手—>啊，我们高举双手赞成加盟联邦！！)
*The Bill of Rights
In 1791, the first ten amendments to the constitution were ratified. It’s called the Bill of Rights. By then, it’s agreed that the foundation of the American constitutional system was completed. (1791: 10 个改正错误的人[amendments]为了一部宪法一起就义[1791]！)
*The first federal government of the United States
1788: the first general election;. 1789, George Washington was chosen the President and took the oath of office in New York where housed the government. 1790, the government moved to Philadelphia.
(第一次大选，一起发发财[1788]，一起把酒[1789]喝，庆祝华盛顿当选总统，总统骑在牛[纽约]背上，嫌费事，把总统府打包，放在一起就拎[1790]到了费城)
5. The War of 1812 （可以出问答题）
*Causes of the war (记三个关键字把三个原因串起来：blockade[封锁]，seamen[海员]，territoriial expansion[领土扩张],联想：1812年战争=一只叭儿狗[18]和一只鹅[12]打仗，把各自的地盘封锁起来，然后带着无数的海员去占领别国的领土。)
The causes leading to the war were the following:
(1) A war was going on in Europe betweenneutrality and benefited from its trade with both sides. As the war intensified, both Britain and France started toStates, on its understanding that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the
(2) The Americans resented the of impressing or forcibly removing
from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.
(3) After President Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from France, there was a desire for among many frontiersmen. They wanted to take the advantage of the war in Europe, when British and France had no time to look after their interests in the New
World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This * Result of the war: In December 1814, British and American diplomats signed a peace treaty which said that all was to be as it had been before the war. (美国的国会大厦和白宫都被烧了。。) *Impact of the war on the development of the United States
(1) The war made people realize the importance of a strong national government.
(2) The war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. This feeling of
nationalism was particularly strong in the western part of the United States.
(3) For almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of
the western part of the continent.
(4) It made both Britain and the United States realize that their disputes should be solved through
negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into a lasting peace between the two countries. （一只叭儿狗和一只鹅打完仗之后，认识到强大政府的重要性，觉得还是要团结，爱国，不要再打架了，要共同做好西部大开发，有什么事情就好好商量，这样才能长久和平共处。）
6. Territorial Expansion and Westward Movement
*The Old Northwest
Present-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
*The Louisiana Purchase
The Americans’ crossing of the Mississippi in the 1790s helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisana Territory to the United States for only 15 million dollars.
*Armed uprising of the Americans in Texas
An armed uprising of the Americans in Texas, supported by the volunteers from the United States, defeated the Mexican army and won independence in 1836. In 1845, Texas was added to the Union.
*Implications of the ―Manifest Destiny‖
(1) The inevitability of the founding of the United States of America; (2) The legitimacy of the
expanstion of American Territory; (3) The spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the ―Lord’s‖ work.
*The War with Mexico
The War with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848. As a result of the peace treaty, Mexico was forced to agree to give California and New Mexico to the United States. In return, the United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million U.S dollars.
7. The Civil War
*Slavery in America
Slavery existed before the War of Independence.
*Slavery and the plantation system in the south
To meet a rising worldwide demand for cotton and tobacco, the planters farmed large areas of land. Slave labour seemed best suited for producing these crops.
*Extension of slavery and the Compromise of 1850
With the territorial expansion towards the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread tion these areas arose again. The Compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without legislation either for or against slavery and the more efficient machinery to be set up for returning runaway slaves to their masters.
*Abolitionist movement and anti-slavery reformers
Garrison / Frederick Douglass
*Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(记书和作者名字：汤姆大伯的小屋。可以出选择题，记住Bee 和Stow[装载]和小屋就能回忆起来。想象：汤姆大伯是个养蜂的老人，他的小屋里装满[stow]了蜂蜜，到处有蜜蜂[bee]在飞。)
*Abraham Lincoln
When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. However, Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union, so the Civil War broke out on April 12, 1861. （1865年内战结束）
（林肯和一只叭儿狗过六一儿童节[1861]，南方人看了不高兴，于是就打起来了。）
*Ulysses S. Grant (格兰特将军，后来成为总统。)
*Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
盖茨堡战役成为内战的转折点。林肯的演说。。
*The Emancipation Proclamation
*Robert E. Lee
（在西点军校的时候，李将军是格兰特的前辈，而且，格兰特从来不是个好学生！可是格兰特赢了！）
*The 13th Amendment, which banned slavery, was added to the Constitution in December 1865.
8. Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War （可以出问答题）
After the Civil War, the United States saw great developments in industry, agriculture, science and technology, and population. There were many reasons.
(1) With the war over, the United States again achieved a stable political environment. As a
result, both foreign and domestic capital became available for investment.
(2) Black slaves were free, and waves of European and Asian immigrants poured into the
U.S. So there was enough labour supply for the development of industries.
(3) Scinence and invention played a very important role in accelerating America’s
industrial development.
(4) The federal government put high taxes on foreign imports. This encouraged Americans
to buy American-made goods.
(5) The United States was rich in natural resources.
During this period both production and capital became increasingly concentrated. Monopoly by big business became a strong trend in the American economy.
（内战后资本主义快速发展的原因：政治环境+劳动力+科技+税收+自然资源。记住这五个关键字，加上理解，自己组织语言就可以回答了。想象：打完内战，正[政治环境]是劳[劳动
力]累的时候，打瞌[科技]睡[税收]也是很自然[自然资源]的事！）
必背细节
1． In 1913,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.1913年美国钢产量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。
（1913+钢：谐音想象，一瓶酒[19]大得想一座山[13]，酒香扑鼻，方圆几百里的人都能闻到。奇特的是酒瓶是钢做的，很牢固。1900+煤：我的姨舅[19]在美国挖煤，只挖了两个煤洞[00]，产量就名列世界第一！）
2． Large corporation ,urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20 th century.大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。
3． In 1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 1911,Glenn E.Curiss designed and flew a successful plane. 1903年，莱特兄弟发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦。E。库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。（1911年，一架穿着一件旧衣[1911]的飞机成功试飞，那件衣服是花格子涤纶料的。）
4． At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S.was impartial neither in action, nor in thought.It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality.第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。
5． The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标的时期。（看过那本―了不起的盖茨比‖吗，写的就是二十年代）
6． The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the late 1920S and 1930S.股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。
7． The aim of President Roosevelt’s New measures was to save American democracy and the capitalist system.罗斯福总统―新政：措施的目的在于‖拯救美国民主―及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济危机。
8． In the early 1930S,the American foreign policy was isolationism, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.在30年代初期，美国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。
9． During the WWII, the postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of the
American’s desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion.二战期间，美国延缓开辟第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速扩张的可能性
10． American diplomacy in WWII was largely diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet Union.There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities:1>to win the war;2>to establish postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.二战期间，美国的外交政策大体上是针对英国和前苏联的，所有外交政策的两个主导原则是：羸得战争，按美国利益建立战后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。
11． The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet Union and Britain met three times during the WWII.1>The first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943.At the conference it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched in May ,1944,which was codenamed Overlord.2>The second conference was held in Yalta in February,1945,it decided on the setting-up of a world organization: the United Nation .3>The third conference was held at Potsdam, which confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at Yalta.二战期间，英，美，苏三国领导人共会晤了三次，第一次是在1943年11月在德黑兰会议，该会义决定进行代号为―霸王行动‖的军事行动，向法国南部大举进攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅尔塔会议，本次会议决定建立联合国组织，第三次是在1945年7。8月间在柏林城外举行的波茨坦会议，该会主要确认了雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。（英美苏三国领导人在寺庙里跳舞
[45]，把鸭和鹅赶到宝塔[雅尔塔]上，让它们联合起来成立联合国。）
必背解释
1． The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者) （muck是粪肥，rake是耙子，哈哈）
The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.
2.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）
It was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.
3.laissez faire(放任主义)
it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property.
4.the Red scare(红色恐惧)
Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 and January 2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.
5.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党
The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It terrorized and attacked on not only blacks, but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc.
6.the New Deal(罗斯福新政)
It was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to ―save American democracy‖ and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.
The New Deal included the following contents:
(1) Establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and
currency systems, overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital.
(2) Federal government management of relief and establishment of social security systems such
as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority;
(3) Stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;
(4) Formulation and implementation of federal labour laws to raise the role of labour in the
relations of production;
(5) Improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.
(罗斯福新政的内容：理解+字头记忆：金蛇刺牢骚=一条金色的蛇在一堆螺丝里冬眠，突然给螺丝刺了一下，嘟嘟囔囔地发了顿牢骚，又睡着了。金=金融，整顿金融秩序；蛇=社=社会保障制度；刺=刺激=stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture; 牢=劳=劳工法；骚=少=少数民族；螺丝=罗斯福)
7.Isolationism(孤立主义)
it was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.
必背细节 （这里没有涉及到所有的知识点，请结合书本后面的考核要点复习！！）
1. On Feb 22,1946,George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S.policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.1946年2月22日，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南在他的电报中主张对苏联采取遏制政策。(想象：汤姆大叔[美国]用一个巨大的南[凯南]瓜把苏联困[containment]在里面！)
2． The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman on March 12,1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.1949年3月12日杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。
3． In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S.decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. This later came to be called 为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，此举后来被称作
―马歇尔计划。‖(汤姆大叔赶着成千上万的马，马不停蹄，不歇息，而是去西欧做经济支援。)
4． The North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed on April 4,1949,marked the beginning of U.S.efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.美国于1949年4月4日签订的北大西洋公约标志着美国开始致力于在苏联及其盟国周围建立军事同盟。（NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization）
5． When the Korean War broke out in June,1950,Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.1950年6月朝鲜战争爆发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。
6． The Montgomery boycott was led by Martin Luther King, Jr,a young black clergyman who later became a national leader of the Civil Rights movement.1955年的蒙哥马利联合抵制运动由小马丁。路德。金领导，他是一个黑人牧师，后来成为民权运动的全国领导人。
7． Since 1945 the United States had entered a twenty-five-year economic boom.The cornerstones were the automobile,housing,and defense industries.自1945年以来，美国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为汽车，住房和国防工业。
8． Between 1946 and 1961,more than 63.5 million babies were born in the U.S,making the baby-boom generation the largest by far in the American history.从1946年到1961年，是美国历史上的生育高峰期。
（想象：石榴[1946]是六一[1961儿童节小孩子的礼物，因为有许多的小孩[baby-boom]，所以准备了几千万个石榴！]
9． When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962,the president of American is Kennedy,the president of Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在位总统为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。
(把时间地点人物串起来：河边的渔夫[赫鲁晓夫]在一面大鼓上溜鸭[62]子，把鸭子赶去啃泥巴[肯尼迪]。)
10． Richard Nixon ,who was elected on a platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed the strategy into “Vietnamization” of the war building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force.里查德。尼克松以结束越战作为自己的竞选纲领，提出把战略改为战争越南化，即建立越南军队以其代替美国军队。
11． In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to look for a way to improve relations with China so as to get China’s help for its withdrawal from south Vietnam and to work with China against Soviet expansion.20世纪60年代末70年代初，美国改善对华关系的有两上：一是以便从越撤军时能得到中国的帮助，再是希望与中国合作联手对付苏联的扩张。
12． In February 1972,President Nixon visited China and met Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanhai Communique.This visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979.1972年2月尼克松与毛泽东会晤，双方签署了《上海联合公报》。（1972年尼克松骑[7]着一只美丽的天鹅[2]，在泥地上的一棵松树[尼克松]上面与毛泽东签了《上海联合公报》）
13． From 1972 to 1979,the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations remained the Taiwan problem.1972-1979年，影响中美关系的主要问题还是台湾问题。
14． Kennedy initiated the program called the New Frontier. Johnson also started a War on Poverty.肯尼迪执政时启动了―新边疆号召‖，约翰逊做总统时发动了反贫困大战。（好记啊：肯尼迪号召开垦边疆；约翰逊发动勤俭节约，反贫困。）
15． The two famous leaders of black movements in the U.S.in the 60s were Martin Luther King,who advocated non-violent Civil Rights movement,and Malcolm X,who advocated violence
in self defense,and attempted to separate themselves from whith society.60年代美国有名的黑人运动领袖为马丁。路德。金和迈克姆..X.
16． Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal ,the first president to do so in American history.水门事件使尼克松成为美国历史上第一位辞职的总统。
17． From the mid-seventies onwards ,the U.S suffered from‖stagflation‖,that is ,the occurrence of stagnation and inflation at the same time.从70年代中期开始，美国开始遭受―经济滞胀‖即经济停滞与通货膨胀的同时出现。
名词解释。
1． The Truman Doctrime 杜鲁门主义
2． The Marshal Plan(马歇尔计划)
3． McCarthyism（麦卡锡主义）
4． Montgomery bus boycott（蒙哥马利联合抵制运动）5． The New Frontier（新边疆号召）
6． The Counterculture （反文化运动）
7． Watergate Scandal（水门事件）2001年全国统考第52题已考
8． The little Rock Incident（小石城事件）
1． The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the world.It is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界首位。
2． Now American has more than half of the European market in transistors, oil refining,farm products,telecommunications,and computers.现在美国的晶体管，炼油，农产品，通讯和计算机占欧洲市场分额的一半多。
3． The U.S has less than 6% of the world’s populatinon.Yet it products about 25% of the total world output.美国拥有不到6%世界人口，却生产出占世界总产量的25%的产品。(2001,23题已考)
4． The U.S has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector. The privately owned and operated businesses, including farms,produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services. Of course,the government has always been an important element American economy.美国经济是以私营为主的自由市场经济。(2002,44)
5． In the postwar years government involvement was again emphasized when the U.S adopted the Keynesian theory in running the economy. But the American economy was still plagued by stagflation. In the early 1980s,under the Reagan Administration, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist policies.二战后美国采纳了凯恩斯理论来管理国这经济，再次强调政府于预。但美国经济还是出现连年的经济滞胀，于是，在80年代初期，在里根政府的领导下，传统的凯恩斯理论被新的货币主义政策所代替。
6． The cultivated land in the U.S makes up 21% of the total land, and people who are engaged in farming make up only 2.7% of the total population. Yet the U.S grows nearly one
fourth of the world’s grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products.在美国，耕地占国土总面积的21%，而从事农业生产的人口只占总人口的2。7%。然而，美国还生产出占全世界近1/4的粮食。美国是世界上最大的农产口出口国。
产了世界1/4的粮食，出口占世界出口总量的一半！)
7． The U.S ranks first in the production and export of corn. It produces nearly 50% of the corn in the world.The Corn Belt is in the Midwest. Iowa is the leading corn-producing state. The Midwest is the most important agricultural region of the U.S.美国的玉米产量几乎占到世界总产量的50%，是世界最大的玉米生产和出口国，玉米带主要位于中西部地区，爱荷华是主要的玉米生产州，中西部是美国最重要的农业区。
[IOWA人爱荷花，天天做在荷花上面吃玉米！]
8． Wheat is American’s most important food crop. It is second only to corn in production every year. The Wheat Belt is located near the Corn Belt in the Midwest.小麦是美国最重要的食用作物，小麦带也位于中西部地区。
9． The U.S ranks second in the export of rice in the world after Thailand.美国的大米出口量仅次于泰国，居世界第二位。
10． The Midwest is the nation’ leading center of heavy industry. Texas is the country’s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits.中西部是美国最重要的重工业中心，得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州。
（记得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州：得了咳嗽拼命吹萨克斯，吹出了石油和天然气！）
11． Huston is now the greatest commercial center of the Southwest and the chemical capital of the world. It is a center of petrochemical and synthetic rubber production . It is also the home of the space center.休斯敦被称作世界化工之都，是美国西南部地区最大的商业中心，也是石油化工和合成橡胶中心，还是宇航中心所在地。
（小石墩[休斯敦]是个矮个子种花工人[化工]，他用石油浇花[石油化工]，长出橡胶，用橡胶给宇航员做衣服。）
12． The state of California now has passed New York as the most populous state. It is now first in manufacturing ,especially the manufacture of aircraft parts and missiles ,and in shipbuilding ,as well as in food production.加利福尼亚为美国人口最大的州，其飞机和导弹加工业，造船业和食口加工业居世界首位。
13.Currently U.S. exports are about 15% of the world’s total. The U.S imports about 13% of all world imports,Canada is the largest single source of goods imports by the U.S., outside of North American, Europe is the largest source of imports.当前美国的出口额占世界总出口额的确良15%，进口额占到期13%，加拿大是美国进口产品的最大来源地，在北美以外，欧洲则是最大的进口来源。
14.Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the U.S.肥沃的土壤，广袤的森林，充足的水源和丰富的矿藏是美国的主要自然资源。[水木年华，土里藏金]
15.Unemploument, inflation ,financial deficit, and trade deficit are the trouble that always face the U.S.失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字是美国一直面临的问题。
16．The estimated number of people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which made up about 14% of the total population.据估计，1995美国生活在贫困线以下的人口达3570万人，占总人口的14%。
17，The leading farm products in the U.S are corn ,wheat ,rice ,soybeans, oranges, meat, milk, apple, oats, cotton, tobacco, etc.美国的主要农作物有玉米，小麦，大米，大豆，桔子，肉类，牛奶，苹果，燕麦和烟草等。
18．The Midwest round the Great Lakes, the Middle Atlantic state, the south, and the Pacific Coast are the major industrial regions of the U.S.五大湖区周围的中西部，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸为美国主要的工业区。
必背解释：
1。Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.
2。Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy. 简要论述美国经济迅速增长的几个因数：
The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors: 1> The geographical location of the U.S. provides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong.
2>the U.S has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.
3>American has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.
4>The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force. The American labor force is not only hard-working ,but also willing to experiment, to change and to learn new technology.
1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。
（美国宪法最老了，功力也最深厚，一[1]口气[7]把[8]气[7]吹到八瓶啤酒[89]上，然后一次把酒吸完。）
2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。
3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。
4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。
（好记：如果宪法不是3/4批准的话，那就是不3不4了！）
5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation. The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. The president election was held every 4 years .宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。（记至少35岁才能当总统：无厘头搞笑：美国人怕黑，只有上午[35]才有人出来当总统，下午天黑了就没有总统了。）
6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美国，嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。（Maine, 谐音，免了，所以免了赢者通吃的制度）
7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College. To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得270票。
8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an eath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S.
A president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席大法官主持的。
9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众议院人数宪法没有具体规定。
10． The Constitution requires that U.S. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每2年改选1/3的议员。
11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress. Today, the House is composed of 435 members. Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是
选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。
12． Each house of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。
13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate. He has no vote, except in a case of a tie. The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，-众议院议长。
14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。
15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution. The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟一有权解释宪法的机构，目前法院由一名首席大法官和8名助理法官组成。
16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.
17． In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。
18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派，联邦派和反联邦派，第三阶段从9世纪60年代到达9世纪20年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。（2002，21题）
19． In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.从1933年到1989年的28届众议院中，民主党在6届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有多数席位。
20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split. The main
faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德鲁。杰克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立辉格党
必背解释：
1. 联邦制：the Federal system
2. the Bill of Right <权利法案》
3. “winner-talk-al “system(羸者全羸)
必背问答：
1． What mechanism did the writers of the American Constitution introduce to provide safeguards? They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances.
2.According to the Constitution, what judicial power does the President have?
The president has the power to give reprieves(缓刑)and pardons(赦免)in dederal criminal cases.
3。 What are the two special powers of the Senate?
There are two special powers: one is to confirm presidential appointments of high officials of the federal government; the other is to ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote.
4. What is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties?
There are two major factors:1>the decline of patronage using the Party’s influence to bring material benefits to its followers;2>the wide use of direct primarsies in nominating candidates for public office.（1。利用党的影响给其追随者利益的特权减小了，2，广泛采用直接初选提名公职候选人）
1． It is a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. American believe that ,through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skill ,attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. Education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength。在美国，人们普遍认识是，每一个人都有受教育的权利和义务，通过受教育，人们可以更好的适应社会，提高自身的社会地位，教育有助于塑造社会，增强国家实力。（2000，46题，一句话回答）
2． Formal education in the U.S consists of elementary ,secondary and higher education, Elementary and secondary education,which forms public education, is free and compulsory.美国正规的教育由初等，中等和高等教育组成，初等，中等教育属公立教育，是免费和义务的。
3． In American ,there are more public elementary and secondary schools that private ones, while private colleges and universities outnumber public ones.在美国，公立中小学比私立多，而私立大学比公立大学多。
4． Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S Constitution, education was included among the responsibilities which were “reserved to the states or the people:.根据美国宪法第十修正案，教育是：保留给各州或人民：的责任之一。
5． There is not a national system of education in the United States, It is the state that establishes
policies for the education within its boundary, so many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states.美国没有全国统一的教育体制，而是由各州为自己辖区内的学校制订政策，所以50个州的教育体制相差很大。
6． Elementary and secondary education in the U.S covers 12 years for ages 6 through 18, All the states have laws that require children to go to school, generally until the age of 16, unless they are severely handicapped.美国初等和中等教育共12年，从6岁到期8岁，所有州要求孩子们上学上到期16岁，除非他们严重残疾。
7． In American, the total support for public schools is about 186 billion a year, about 7% of the gross national product(GNP)在美国，给公立学校的财政资助一年约1850亿美元，约占国民生产总值的7%。
8． Each local school district of American has a governing board whose major responsibilities are 1>the hiring of professional and support staff, 2>determining the most suitable local curriculum, 3>and developing and approving a budget to carry out educational programs. Usually the board of education employs a superintendent of school, who is the chief executive officer at the local level.每个地方学区都有一个由选民选举产生的管理委员会，它主要有三个职责，1。聘用教师和学校员工，2。决定适合当地的课程，3。制定和批准执行教育计划的预算，通常，教育委员会要选一位督学，作为地方一级的重要教育行政官员。
9． The typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary schools is that of graded schools. Usually, the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12.美国中小学典型的组织模式是年级制，通常，小学包括1到8年级，中学包括9到12年级。
10． There is a certain degree of similarity in the American elementary school curriculum. It mainly consists of mastery of the “basics” such as reading, writing, and arithmetic of mathematics.美国各小学的课程有某种程度的相似之处， 要是对―基础课的掌握，这些基础包括阅读，写作，和算术或数学等。
11． Higher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636.美国的高等教育始于1636年哈佛学院的建立。（2001，22选择）
12． The system of higher education in the U.S has three principal functions: teaching, research and public service.美国高等教育有三大职能：教学，研究，和公众服务。
13． In American, there are the best research universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia and MIT in the east, as well as Stanford and Berkeley on the west coast.美国最好的科研型大学有位于东部的哈佛，耶鲁，普林斯顿，哥伦比亚，和麻省理工大学，位于西海岸的斯坦福大学和伯克利大学。
14． The administration of most colleges and universities is quite separate from that of the school. But there are three State board that set policy for education at all levels in respective state, They are the State Boards of New York, Rhode Island ,and Michigan.大多数学院和大学的行政管
理是与中小学分开的，但有3个州例外，它们是纽约，罗得岛，和密歇根州。（这三个州字头串起来是MR. New=牛先生）
15． Except for some college sponsored by the Catholic Church, all college and universities in the U.S ,public or private, are governed by a board of trustees composed primarily of laymen.除了一些由天主教会赞助的大学外，美国所有的大学都是由一个主要的由外行人员组成的托管委员会管理。
16． The community college calls for education to serve the good of both the individual and society. It embodies Thomas Jefferson’s belief that an education should be practical as well as liberal.社区学院奉行教育既为个人又为社会服务的宗旨，它包含了托马斯。杰斐逊教育既是实用的又是自由这一信仰。
17． By the mid-1980s, a wave of education reform swept the country. These reform had two focuses:1>the raising of the standards of teaching and learning;2>the restructuring of the schools.到80年代中期席卷全国的教育改革的浪潮有两个重点1》提高教学标准2》学校的结构改革。
18． In 1983, a report entitled ―A Nation At Risk‖ was issued which cited high rates of adult illiteracy, declining SAT scores, the decline of educational standards. The report put forward five proposals.1983《危险中的国家》发表，引用了成人文盲比例高，学生技能下降，教育水准下降等例子，该报告提出了五点建议。
19． On April 18,1991, President Bush issued his plan‖ American 2000:An Education strategy‖ which set six goals.
必背简答：
1． What are the three principle functions of the system of higher education in the U.S? teaching、research and public service
2. What is the guiding principle of community college?
It is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual differences.
3.What is the difference between an academic high school and a technical high school?(2002,46已考)
4.who is the chief executive officer under the local board of education in America?
The superintendent of schools is the chief executive officer at the local level.
5.what are the three type of American high schools?
They are comprehensive , academic, vocational , and technical schools.
6.what are two focuses of the reforms in the 1980s when a wave of education reform swept the
country?(the answer is 17—答案是上述第17条)
7．Why does the number of graduate school enrollment in American keep climbing? Because an advanced degree is viewed as a key way to move ahead people’s careers.
8.According to the report entitled :A Nation At Risk” issued in 1983, what are the :new basics” for all students graduating from high school?The ―new basics‖ are four years of English , three year of mathematics, three years of science , three years of social studies, and a half-year of computer science.
1． Benjamin Franklin was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today ―Lost time is never found again‖, ―God helps those who help themselves ―are very famous saying in his Poor Richard’s Almanac.本杰明。富兰克大是殖民地时期唯一一位作家至今仍广为传诵的作家―光阴一去不复回‖―自助者，天助之，都是他《穷理查的年鉴》中的名言。
2． Benjamin Franklin’s uncompleted Autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.本杰明。富兰克林没完成的自传可能是第一本真正的美国作品，也是第一本用英语写的自传.
3． Washington Irving was the first American writer who gained international fame. His most famous book The Sketch Book contains two of the best-love stories from American literature: and .华盛顿.欧文是第一个获得国际知名度的美国作家，他最著名的一本书《见闻札记》，它包括了美国文学两个最受欢迎的故事《瑞普。凡。温克尔》和《睡谷的传奇》
4． In the early part of the 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing .Its writers were called :Knickerbockers and the period from 1810 to 1840 is called the “Knickerbockers Era” of the American literature. 19世纪早期，纽约城是美国的写作中心，这里的作家被称为纽约市人，从1810-1840年的三十年被称为美国文学的―纽约市人时期。
5． In 1936, Emerson published his famous book Nature, which is the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. In 1837, Emerson gave a speech at Harvard University: “The American Scholar”, which was considered the intellectual Declaration of independence.1836年，爱默生出版了其著作《自然》该书对先验主义作了最清楚的阐述，1837年，爱默生在哈佛大学发表了题为《美国的学者》的演讲，该演讲被认为是知识分子的独立宣言。
6． In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne consider the effect on an individual’s character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy, and of hatred.霍桑在代表作《红字》中对人物性格的内疚，虚伪和憎恨的外部影响提出了自己的看法。
7． Mark Twain’s famous works are:1> The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.汤姆。索亚历险记 2> the Adventures of huckleberry Finn( his masterwork)哈克贝利。费恩历险记
3>A Tramp Abroad 浪迹天涯
4>Life on the Mississippi 密西西比河上的生活
5>The Gilded Age 镀金时代
6>Innocents Abroad 无知者的国外游 （一句话简答的可能）
（马克。吐温的著作：.汤姆和哈克贝利都喜欢冒险，两人决定一起去浪迹天涯，去尝试密西西比河上的生活，后来他们开着一条镀金的船顺着密西西比河漂流到了国外，做了一次无知者的国外游。）
8．In Walt Whitman’s masterpiece Leaves of Grass, he praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man. ―Song of Myself‖ is Whitman’s very famous works. Whitman was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse.惠特曼是探索自由诗体可能性的第一个，他在他的代表作《草叶集》中歌颂了平等，民主的思想，赞美了尊严，自立精神和普通百姓的快乐，《自我之歌》是惠特曼又一名作。
9．Emily Dickson wrote nearly 1800 poems and only seven of them were published during her lifetime. Death was one of the great themes of her work and she seldom lost sight of the grave.死亡是迪金森作品的一大主题。
10．Sister Carrie is Theodore Dreiser’s first novel. Dreiser is also famous for his Trilogy of Desire(The Financier, The Titan, and The Stoic), and An American Tragedy, which is considered to be his best.《嘉丽妹妹》是德莱塞的第一部小说，德莱塞还因其〈欲望三部曲〉―金融家‖―巨人‖―斯多葛‖以及〈美国国悲剧〉而闻名于世，它也被认为是他最好的一部作品。（2001。46问答）
12． Thomas Sterns Eliot won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946. His masterpiece, ―The Waste Land‖ reveals the spiritual crisis of Post War Europe, and is considered the manifesto of the ―Lost Generation‖.托马斯。艾略特于1946年获得诺贝尔文学奖，《荒原》是其代表用，展现了战后欧洲的精神危机，被认为是―迷惘的一代的宣言书。
13． Ernest Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, The sun Also Rises is his important novel. His other important works include Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Old Man and the Sea.海明威1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖，《太阳照样升起》是他的第一部重要作品，他的其他著名作品还有《永别了，武器》，《丧钟为谁而鸣》《老人与海》（一句话简答的可能）（2001。24选择）
14． Hughes and Wright were the major figures of Black writers. Hughes was regarded as Black American’s poet laureate. In his masterpiece ―The Weary Blues‖, he explains the everyday life in Harlem. Native Son is Wright’s masterpiece. It is the first book by a Black author about the Black life. Black Boy was an autobiography relating the bitter experience of Wright’s youth.休斯和赖特是美国黑人作家的代表人物，休斯被认为是美国黑人―桂冠诗人‖，其代表作为《疲惫的黑人伤感歌》〈土生子〉是赖特的代表作，它是第一部关于赖特青年时期苦难经历的自传。
15． In the 1920s,Black Literature developed into an upsurge which has come to be known as the Harlem Renaissance.美国文学的：哈莱姆复兴―发生在20世纪20年代。
16． The first uniquely American contribution to architecture was the Skyscraper, which was perfected in the late 19th century by the Chicago architect, Louis Sullivan. Sears Tower is the tallest building in the world, which was completed in 1974 in Chicago.摩天大楼是美国人对建筑的第一个贡献，它是由芝加哥建筑师路易斯。沙利文完成的，西尔斯大厦是世界是最高的建筑物。
17． In American, Jazz, Rock and Role, Western and country music are the main type of popular music. Jazz is considered the U.S’ s unique contribution to music.爵士乐，摇滚乐和西部乡村音乐是美国流行音乐的几种形式，爵士乐被认为是美国人对音乐的特别贡献 (参考中文译文，注意各节日的由来和习俗。)
1. New Year’s Day
2. Martin Luther King’s Day (Third Monday of January)
3. Lincoln’s Birthday (February 12)
4. Valentine’s Day (February 14)
5. Washington’s Birthday (February 22)
6. Easter Sunday (A Sunday in March or April)
7. Memorial Day (Last Monday in May)
8. Independence Day (July 4)
9. Halloween (October 31)
10. Veterans’ Day
11. Thanksgiving Day (Fourth Thursday of November)
12. Christmas Day (December 25)
Canada (笔记只有主要的知识点，请注意其它考核要点)
Size and location
1. Canada covers about 2/5 of the North American continent. （记2/5：谐音想象，加拿大的天鹅[2]纷[分]纷起舞[5]，在北美洲的天空飞翔。）
2. Canada and the United States share a 6378 kilometres boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. （刘三[63]姐心里七上八下[78]，因为她要每家[美国，加拿大]每户给人们唱山歌，多累啊。。）
3. Nearly 89% of the land has no permanent population. (加拿大很多地方没有常住人口，主人都不在家，只有叭儿狗[8]在喝酒[9]，醉得东倒西歪。 ：)
4. 60% of the population is concentrated between Quebec City and the western end of lake Ontario. （加拿大人安[安大略湖]装了QQ[Quebec]以后考试就及格[60]了。）
5. Toroto, Canada's largest city, has a population of over 3.4 million. （多伦多，地方最大人最多，山巅寺[3.4]庙，百万人口）
6. Montreal is the second largest city with a population of over 2.9 million, and the third largest city is Vancouver where has a population of over 1.3 million. (记蒙特利尔第二大，温哥华第三大：蒙二[鹅]温三[伞]。下着蒙蒙[蒙特利尔]细雨，公鹅[2]温[温哥华]柔地为母鹅撑着雨伞
[3]。。)
Topography
1. The St. Lawrence plain and the interior continental plain are the principal cultivable areas. They are separated by a forested plateau rising from Lakes Superior and Huron. （圣人劳伦斯在内陆平原上劳动）
2. The highest peak in Canada is Mount Logan, which is in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada. （看过电视剧刘老根[Logan]吗，他就是加拿大最高的人，他在加拿大培了很多）
3. The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie (flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. 2th largset river of North America.) and the St. Lawrence. （我家门前有两条大河，一条河的河边有一匹战马，它两边分别背着一块盾牌[Shield]和一块巨大的岩石[Rocky]，然而马啃[Mac+ken]着青草，吃得很开心，发出吱吱[zie]的声音，这是北美第二长河；另一条河的河边，圣人劳伦斯在钓鱼。）
Geographical regions
1. Canada is made up of ten provinces and two territories. （我们家[加拿大]有10个婶婶，2只蛐蛐，她们每天分成两拨玩斗蛐蛐。哈哈。。）
2. Six geographical regions: Atlantic provinces, St. lawrence-Great Lakes provinces, the Canadian shield, prairie provinces, british Colombia, Northern provinces and territories.
3.The short growing season and thin, rocky soil of the Atlantic provinces have made farming difficult. However, potatoes grow well there and are particularly importamt in New Brunswick and Prine Edward Island. Dairing and raising animals for fur are other activities engaged by farmers in this region. (大西洋省当然出大土豆，象大西瓜一样大的土豆！)
4. Newfoundland, one of the world's great fishing grounds. （纽芬兰岛的鱼太多了，人们把鱼串在一起，一扭[纽芬兰]一扭地做成了绳子，挂在岛上晒鱼干。）
5. St Lawrence-Great Lakes is most highly developed part of Canada. It is the most densely populated and industrialized part of Canada. （好理解，有圣人的地方，有湖水的地方，人群比较集中，地方比较发达。）
6. Ottawa. the capital of Canada, is in the province of Ontario. （加拿大的屋子太豪华了。[渥太华]）
7. Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield/contians a wealth of minerals, much waterpower and great forests.
8. Winnipeg is the chief city of the region. All east-west rail traffic passes through Winnipeg.
9. The province of British columbia: the most important mountain ranges are Rocky Mountains and the Coast mountains.
10. Vancouver is British Columbia's largest city and the third largest city in Canada.
11. The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four-fifth of the country.
Climate
（用地理知识理解记忆）
1. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, Canada receives adequeate rainfall.
2. A humid continental climate can be found from eastern Canada to the Canadian prairie.
3. A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the south western part of British colombia.
4. North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga.(记taiga,针叶树林地带，tiger爱吃针叶树)
5. In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone.
6. The icy Labrador Current chills the shores of eastern Canada, and winds blowing across Hudson Bay make the interior of the country very cold.
The making of Canada
1. Jacques Cartier opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers. （一地鸭毛：地=殖民地，鸭=雅克[Jacques]，毛=fur trade）
2. Quebec Act of 1774 recognized the right of Catholic Church. (魁梧的北方人[魁北克]一起[17]把旗子[7]插在石头[4]上确定了天主教教堂的权利)
3. By Act of 1791, Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French) were created. （加拿大放在一起[17]不可救药[91]，所以就分为上下加拿大了。）
4. Wilfrid Laurier founded the Canadian Navy and tried to increase Canada's control over its foreign relations.
5. By the British Dominions, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain.
6. In 1949 Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.
7. The first British settles in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the war of American Independence.
8. In 1867, Canada (Quebec and Ontario), Brunswick, Nova Scotia already controlling their local affairs joined in a
9. During the year 1896-1911, the Liberal Party took over and Canada was ruled under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian.
10. Since 1931 Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of nations.
11. With the Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again, and given internal self-government in 1848.
Natural Resources
1. The flow of Canadian rivers represents almost one-tenth of the water carried by all the waterways of the world.
2. These waters generate three quarters of all electric power in Canada. Canada ranks third,
after the United States and Russia in the production of electricity from water power. （加拿大电力3/4来自水利发电，排名世界第三，紧跟美俄之后。）[我在家里撑着一把湿漉漉之大伞[四分之三]发电，看到一只美丽的天鹅飞进了我家[美国俄罗斯加拿大]]。
3. Canada has one of the longest coastlines of any country in the world.
4. Canada has become the world's largest exporter of fish and British columbia and the Atlantic provinces depend on the fishing industry for much of their income.（这两个省的字头正好组成ABC）
5. Almost half the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third, in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world. （加拿大绿化很好，有一半覆盖着郁郁葱葱的森林，木材产量世界排名第三！
6. Most of the trees in this forest belt are . Lumbering and the manufacture of pulp and paper products are among Canada's most importamt industries. （木材业和造纸业发达）
7. Canada is the largset producer of newsprint in the world, poviding close to 40% of the world total. （新闻用纸产量最大，供应量达世界40%）[想象：寺庙里的石头（40%）上晒着无数白花花的新闻纸，还有纸的香味呢。]
8. A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thirds of Canada's petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta. （2/3石油，4/5天然气。2。3。4。5。想象：Elton[Edmonton] 是个石油[petroleum]工人，他做了很多年石油工人，已经是个老伯伯[Alberta]了。呵呵。。）
Agriculture
1. On the drier parts of the Prairie, cattle and sheep grazing is an important occupation.
2. Eastern Canada is noted for a varisty of farm products.
3. The Canadian Pacific coast specializes in fruit growing and dairy farming. Fishing and mining are quite important.
Manufacturing
1. Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third. (记这三个制造业的顺序：食品加工以后经过交通工具运出去，卖了之后当然就收到了很多钞票啊，其实就是一张张的纸。。)
2. A total of about 4/5 of all foreign investment in Canada is American. （五分之四的投资来自美国。加拿大人来自五湖四海[五分之四]，他们当中最有钱投资的是美国人！）
The Economy Today
1. For decades, Canada has been shifting from a natural resource-based economy towards a
2. Nearly 25% of Canada's GNP comes from manufacturing. （加拿大的国内生产总值25%来自制造业。不能小瞧制造业，那可不是二百五，是百分之二十五！）
3. Most industries are highly mechanized and capital-intensive.
4. Canada is also one of the worls's most important trading nations. Some 25% of GNP comes from the sale of goods and services aboard. And about 25% of the country's manufactured production is exported.
5. Canada's main trading partner is the United States. Nearly two thirds of Canada's trade is with the United States including exports and imports. Other major trading partners are Japan, Britain, Germany, Venezuela and Italy. （2/3 贸易额+美国。记2/3，2=两=梁，3=山，加拿大和美国都是梁山好汉，做贸易的高手。记其它主要贸易伙伴： 日本因为得意[日本/英国/委内瑞拉/德国/意大利]，所以就和加拿大做贸易了。）
6. The ultimate authority for Canada's fiscal policy is in the hands of the federal, and provincial goverments.
7. 1/3 of all wage-earners belong to a labour union. The three largest are the Canada Union of Public Employees, the United Steelworkers and the Public Service Alliance of Canada. More than 70% of Union members are affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress. （三大工会字头：CUPE / US / PSAC; 加拿大工人拿着大酒杯[CUP]E饮而尽，美国[US]人怕死[PS]，爱惜
[AC]生命，不敢喝酒。）
The System of Government
1. Canada, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, is a federation of 10 provinces and two territories.
2. The provinces received exclusive jurisdiction over education, natural resources, civil rights, municipal government.
3. The tweo levels of government were granted concurrent powers in matters of agriculture, immigration and taxation.
4. The Constitution also comprises fundamental acts, customs and parliamentary traditions of
British origin.
5. With the passing of the Constitution Act of 1982, cutting the last legal tie between Canada and Britian, the act and the Contitutional amending power were transferred from the British governemnt to Canada.
6. The Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General, who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Governor-General who exercises all the special rights of the Canadian Crown is theoretically the source of executive power.
7. Cabinet, or the
8. All the legislative powers of the federal administration are vested in the Parlianent of Canada, which consists of the Crown, the senate and the House of Commons.
9. The Senate has 104 members. They are appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
10 The House of commons has 295 members.
11. A Lieutenant-Governor (appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the fedual Prime Minister) represents the Queen in each province.
12. Every province has an elected Legislative Assembly except in Quebec where it is called the
13. The territories of Canada, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Goverment and Parliament, but enjoy increasing autonomy and more responsible goverment.
14. Canada law has its source in acts and jucicial decisions, and also in British common law. The province of Quebec is an exception, since its system is based on French civil law, particularly in matters concerning the person, the family and property.
15. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada, the Fedural Court and various courts of special jurisdiction.
Population
1. It ranks second in land area but thirty first in population in the world.
2. Canada is a country with as many as 100 nationalities.
3. The origins of most Canadians are British(44.6%) and French(28.7%).
4. The native people, the Eskimo or Inuit and Indians.
(The word Inuit means ―the people‖ in their own language, Eskimo is an Indian word meaning ―eaters of raw flesh‖.)
5. Since Confederation in 1867, the popultion of Canadians of other ethnic has increased from 7% to 25%.
6. Most Inuit live in the northern provinces and territories of Canada.
7. 85% of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, consisiting of 81.9% of that province's population.
Immigration
1. Canada has shifted from immigration(1867-1898) to immigration(1896-1914) and from selected immigration to
2. The new federal Immigration Act (1978) explicitly affirmed for the first time the fundamental objectives of Canadian immigration law: family unification, non-discrimination, concern for refugees and the promotion of Canada's econmic, social, demographic and cultural goalds.
3. The new law provides for three admissible classes of immigration: the family class, convention refuggees and independent immigrants.
4. Canada is now shifting the balance of immigration towards more
Multiculturalism
1. Canada has a variety of minority groups who keep distinctive cultural characteristics-the Ukrainian, Italian, Greek and Chinese-communities.
2. Canada's Indians and Inuit comprise less than 2% of the total population, they account for 48% of the population of the North-west Territories.
3. Land rights for the native peoples have become an important issue in Canada.
Urbanization
1. Since Confederation in 1867, the Canadian population has expanded sixfold, but the urban population has increased by 25 times.
2. . The three cities occupy less 1% of Canada's area, but account for 40% of the country's gross national product.
3. The most rapidly expanding cities are Edmonton and Calgary, both in Alberta.
4. Canada's urbanized population ranges from a high of 82% in Ontario to a low of 38% in Prince Edward island. （记82%：想象安大略湖边一只叭儿狗[8]汪汪地叫着追逐着一只天鹅[2]。记38%，爱德华王子是38节那天在小岛上出生的。）
Religion
1. The three largest churches in Canada- Roman Catholic, United and Anglican. （字头：R U Angry? 你生气了吗）
Education
1. Virtually all Canadians devote at least .
2. The oldest university is （加拿大最老的大学：Laval U。La[o], 好记吧，对付选择题没问题。魁北克+1663，想象：魁梧的一棵柳树[16]，柳[6]树下，三[3]个学生在念：三人行，必有我师。）
3. The largest is the
Leisure
In Canada, swimming is the most popular form of recreation.
Hocky (曲棍球) is a traditionally popular Canadian sport in which many people take part.
Culture
―O Canada‖ is now used as Canada’s national anthem.
Canadian read more
1． Australia’s geographical features
Australia is popularly known in the West as “the Land Down Under”.
===范文6:英语国家概况8[下载]【以文搜文】===
Chapter 8
第八章
Justice and the law
法律与司法机构
There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.
联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。
I．Criminal Proceedings
刑事诉讼程序
1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute. 在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。
2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority. 在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，不许强迫被告提供证据。每位被告都有权雇佣律师为其辩护。如果他不能支付律师费，可以用公用费用提
供帮助。在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑，但陪审团决定是否有罪。陪审团一般由12人组成。如果陪审团不能做出一致判决，也必须是多数决定。
3.A verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.
“无罪”裁决意味着被告无罪，并且永远不得再以此罪名对其指控。
II. Criminal Courts
刑事法庭
1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales
英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭
Magistrates’ Courts which try summary offences and “either way” offences. A magistrates’ court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates-known as justices of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates’ court sits without a jury.
治安（警事）法庭，负责审理判决犯罪，也审理“任意方式”罪行。治安法庭对公众和媒体公开，通常由三位无薪的“外行”地方官——地方治安官组成，由懂得法律知识的书记员和助手给他们提供法律规定和程序方面的建议。治安法庭审察时没有陪审团。
Youth Court which try most cases involving people under 18.
青少年法庭，负责审理18岁以下青年的大多数案件。
The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and ‘either way” offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court.
皇家刑事法庭。负责审理最严重的罪行和由地方法官提交的“任意方式”罪行。皇家刑事法庭由高级法院法官，全职巡回法官和兼任刑事法官主持。为审理刑事案，英格兰和威尔士被分为六个巡回区，每个巡回区又分区域，每个区域有一个或多个高级法庭和皇家刑事法庭。
2. Criminal courts in Scotland
苏格兰的刑事法庭
There are three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.
英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法院；（3）区法院。英格兰有两种刑事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼。庄重诉讼里，被告由陪审团和法官审理。在即决诉讼中，法官独自审理，不用陪审团。
3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland
北爱尔兰的刑事法庭
Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates’ courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.
涉及轻微即决犯罪的案件由治安法庭听审，法庭由全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持。郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判.
III．Civil Courts
民事法庭
1. Civil Courts in England and Wales
英格兰和威尔士的民事法庭
Magistrates’ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division; (2) the Chancery Division; (3) the Queen’s Bench Division.
治安法庭只有一定的民事审判权。主要行使民事司法权的是民事法院，高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三个分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。
2. Civil Courts in Scotland
苏格兰的民事法庭
The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.
民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（最高中心法院）。
3. Civil Courts in Northern Ireland
北爱尔兰的民事法院
County Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates’ court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior civil law court.
郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭也审理某些有限类型的民事案件。高等法院就是高级民事
法院。
IV. The Judiciary
司法机构
There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.
英国没有司法机构。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官内政大臣和检察总长负责。在英格
兰和威尔士，娃哈哈官根据各部委员会的建议任命外行人员为治安官。娃哈哈官推荐高等法
官和巡回法官。最高级别的司法官任命由女王根据首相的建议做出。
V. Police
警察
The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms. 在内政大臣和苏格兰及北爱尔兰国务大臣的指导下，英国警察分地组建，并以地方管理为基
础。但伦敦警察署直接与内政大臣管辖。警察不得加入工会或罢工。他们通常不佩带手枪。
VI. Treatment of offenders
对违法者的处理
The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.
刑罚制度的主要目的是阻止潜在的违法者，并改造已判的违法者。
Capital punishment ( a sentence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy.
英国已废除对谋杀罪的死刑，但议会仍经常辩论要恢复死刑，判国罪和海盗罪仍可判死刑。
===范文7:英语国家概况3[下载]【以文搜文】===
1．第1题
Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War?
A.Imperial Airways
B.BritishAirways
C.Hawker-Siddeley Aviation
D.the British Aircraft Corporation
您的答案：A
2．第2题
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.In 1981, some convicted IRA prisoners went onA hunger-strike.
B.They demanded for the status of being “political prisoners” by starving themselv
C.Margaret Thatcher’s government gave in to their political demand.
D.The death of prisoners revitalized the political movement of Sinn Fein. 您的答案：C
3．第3题
Which of the following was first adopted in Australia?
A.The three-tier government system
B.Secret Ballots
C.The two-chamber parliament
D.The public services
您的答案：B
4．第4题
_________is the oldest newspaper in Australia.
A.The Sydney Morning Herald
B.The Australian
C.The Mercury
D.The Australian Financial Review
您的答案：A
5．第5题
Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?
A.The freedom of religion.
B.The freedom of searching a person’s home by police.
C.The freedom of speech and of the press.
D.The right to own weapons if one wishes.
您的答案：B
6．第6题
The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except ___
A.George Washington.
B.Thomas Jefferson.
C.William Penn.
D.Benjamin Franklin.
您的答案：C
7．第7题
Public servants in New Zealand are officials working in government departments
A.whose appointments are independent of political process.
B.whose appointments are determined by government ministers.
C.who will lose their positions when the government changes.
D.who are members of the party in power.
您的答案：A
8．第8题
Black Americans sang the anthem of the civil rights movements,
“_________” affirming their commitment to fight racial prejudice.
A.“Let it all hang out.”
B.“Hell, no, we won’t go.”
C.“We Shall Overcome.”
D.“Speak your heart without interruption”
您的答案：C
9．第14题
Which country/area is Australia’s largest export market for beef and veal?
A.Singapore
B.The United States
C.The Republic of Korea
D.The Middle East
您的答案：B
10．第15题
The three influential Canadian Prime Ministers have a lot of things in common. Which of the following is the exception?
A.They came from Quebec and could speak French as fluently as English.
B.They were educated as lawyers.
C.They shared the vision of a strong, united Canada and worked hard to overcome th
D. They belong to the same political party.
您的答案：D
11．第16题
In 1816 the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army staged a rebellion against British rule, recorded in history as ____.
A.the Easter Rising of 1916
B.the Home Rule Campaign
C.the Fenian movement
D.the national agrarian movement
您的答案：A
12．第17题
Judges are appointed by ____ on the advice of ____.
A.the Senate, the Government
B.the Parliament, the Prime Minister
C.the Prime Minister, the Parliament
D.the President, the Government
您的答案：D
13．第18题
What is the first official language of the Irish Republic?
A.English
B.Irish
C.Celtic
D.Gaelic
您的答案：B
14．第26题
Which group of people can NOT vote in the general election?
A.members in the House of Commons
B.Lords in the House of Lords
C.the UK citizens Above the Age of 18
D.the UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic
您的答案：B
15．第27题
Which of the following statements about the UK economy is NOT true?
A.Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies.
B. Britain has experienced A relative economic decline since 1945.
C.There has been A period of steady decreasing of living standards.
D.Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capita.
您的答案：C
16．第28题
In 1969, the British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland Street. They came first
A.to maintain traffic order in Northern Ireland.
B.to protect the Catholic people.
C.to protect the Protestant people.
D.to replace the Royal Ulster Constabulary since they were unable to keep social o
您的答案：B
17．第29题
In 1988, Canada established with _____ the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to help facilitate economic integration, and later _____ joined the group.
A.the United States, Mexico
B.Australia, New Zealand
C. Great Britain, France
D. Norway, Mexico
您的答案：A
18．第30题
Which of the following about the north region of Canada is NOT true?
A.The north is a scarcely populated area of ice and oceans.
B.Most of the inhabitants are Aboriginal people.
C.In 1999, there will be three administrative territories here.
D.People in this region depend only on arts and crafts for living. 您的答案：D
19．第31题
By 1985, how many per cent of immigrants were non-European?
A.30 per cent
B.80 per cent
C.60 per cent
D.50 per cent
您的答案：C
20．第32题
Who are qualified to vote at local elections?
A.Only Irish citizens
B.Irish and British citizens
C.Residents of Ireland and Northern Ireland
D.All residents of Ireland, regardless of citizenship
您的答案：D
21．第33题
When did the participation in second level education rise from about 45% to up to 90%?
A.After 1950
B.After 1960
C.After 1970
D.After 1980
您的答案：B
22．第36题
Which invention marked the beginning of “The Age of Visual Information”?
A.newspaper.
B.telegraph.
C.laundry machine.
D.television.
您的答案：D
23．第37题
In January 1965, President Johnson declared “____________” to eliminate poverty “by opening to everyone the opportunity to live in decency and dignity.”
A.war against Vietnam
B.war against poverty
C.war against Japan
D.New Frontier program
您的答案：B
24．第38题
The Maori word “Marae” means _________.
A.Maori culture
B.non-Maori or European
C.protocol
D.meeting house
您的答案：D
25．第39题
Which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern development of Europe?
A.The growth of capitalism.
B.The Renaissance.
C.The Religious Reformation.
D.The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.
您的答案：D
26．第40题
According to the text, when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, who considered the Japanese population in the west coast of North America a potential security threat?
A.the federal government of Canada
B.the local governments in Canada
C.the United Nations
D.Amnesty International
您的答案：B
27．第41题
Up until 1970’s the Irish economy was ____.
A.inward-looking
B.trade-dependent
C.based on service
D.based on manufacturing
您的答案：A
28．第42题
Under the Constitution, the President of Ireland is elected by ___.
A.the majority of the Parliament and Senate
B.the majority
C.direct vote from Irish people
D.indirect vote from Irish people
您的答案：C
In Ireland, writers can publish their works ______.
A.Only in Irish
B.Only in English
C.in either Irish or English
D.in neither Irish nor English
您的答案：C
30．第44题
The first Irish national state was set up in _____.
A.1919
B.1920
C.1922
D.1949
您的答案：C
31．第9题
Beef cattle is the livestock hat has the biggest number in the UK. 您的答案：错误
32．第10题
Service industry does not include steelmaking.
您的答案：正确
33．第11题
Mark Twain’s works are characterized by egotism.
您的答案：错误
34．第12题
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded in 1945. 您的答案：错误
35．第13题
During the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of a nuclear war when the US fought the Korean War. 您的答案：错误
36．第19题
Playing football is NOT an activity in Shakespeare’s time.
您的答案：错误
37．第20题
Rabbits have nothing to do with Easter.
您的答案：错误
38．第21题
Drama flourished the Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature.
您的答案：正确
39．第22题
Telephone led to the end of the Pony Express System.
您的答案：错误
The Australian government adopted a more interventionis role in the economic development of the country before the 1980s and after that period.
您的答案：正确
41．第24题
The Vietnam War lasted about 20 years.
您的答案：正确
42．第25题
The Clinton Administration made national security, contraction and economic prosperity the three pillars of American foreign policy. 您的答案：错误
43．第34题
In its imperial prime, Britain ruled two-thirds of the earth. 您的答案：错误
44．第35题
The Scottish Kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish state in the ninth century because they needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids.
您的答案：正确
45．第45题
If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called General Certificate of Education –Advanced. 您的答案：正确
46．第46题
The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：0.0
47．第47题
Many public houses were sold to the people under Thatcher’s administration.
您的答案：正确
48．第48题
Technical institutions are not mentioned in American higher education. 您的答案：错误
49．第49题
Emancipists were retired officials.
您的答案：错误
50．第50题
The Mabo Decision declared the rejection of the principle of “terra
nullius”. 您的答案：正确 作业总得分：98.0
===范文8:英语国家概况2[下载]【以文搜文】===
Chapter 2
第二章
The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)
英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）
I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）
早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）
1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.
人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利亚人。
2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland
约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。
3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。 4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞（不列颠）人的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)
罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年—410年）
1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.
有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，罗马将军朱略斯·凯撒两次入侵英国，均未成功。直到公元43年，克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里，英国人处于罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。
2. Roman’s influence on Britain.
The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.
罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还很好地利用了英国的自然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。
3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.
罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次，在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠人通婚。最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。
Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons’ invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.
(简要：这是第二章“国家的起源”的第二部分。在这一部分里，主要是介绍了英国从公元446年到1066年所发生的重要事件及人物。这些重要事件分别是盎格鲁—撒克逊人的入侵，北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵及诺曼征服)。
III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)
盎格鲁—撒克逊人（公元446—871年）
1． Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.
The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled
in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。
居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时也他们也把名字给了英国人。这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。
2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.
盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北部修士们的传教活动。
3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.
早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪。此
外，他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了议会(贤人会议)，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今天仍存在的枢密院的基础。
IV．Viking and Danish invasions
北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵
1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。9世纪，尤其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元867年时的基督教中心。到9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。
2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions
艾尔弗雷德国王（849-899）和他所做出的贡献
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.
He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”
阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。
他因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”（撒克逊军队），使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。”的称号。
V．The Norman Conquest (1066)
诺曼征服（公元1066年）
1．Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death. 威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。
2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences
诺曼征服及其产生的影响。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离。
3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.
英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。
===范文9:英语国家概况1[下载]【以文搜文】===
英语国家概况
英国部分
Chapter 1第一章
Land and People
英国的国土与人民
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分
1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.
地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.
不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh
苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。
(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫
(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。
5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries
that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.
英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。
II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征
1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置：
Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.
英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。
2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.
英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。
III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。
Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。
Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。
Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).
讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.
克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）
斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。
IV. Climate 气候
1. Britains favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：
Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.
英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。
2.The factors influence the climate in Britain: 影响英国气候的因素：
1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;
环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用；
2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;
一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜； 3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。
3.Rainfall 降雨量：
Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.
英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。
V. The People 人口
1.population distribution 人口分布：
Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).
英国人口约570万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为：英格兰人（81.5%），苏格兰人（9.6%），威尔士人（1.9%），爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民族居民。
2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:
英伦三岛民族的祖先：
The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.
英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁—萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。
3.The difference in character个性差别：
The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.
威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。
The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.
苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。 The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。
4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:
英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别：
Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English; In northern England, regional speech is usually
南方人讲的英语接近BBC，北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。
5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威尔士人以这样的方式使他们的语言及文化保持活力。
Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.
一年中他们有称之为“艺术年会”的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。
6.The main problem in Northern Ireland: 北爱尔兰存在的主要问题：
The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。
7.Immigrants: 移民：
About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.
自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作。
===范文10:英语国家概况6[下载]【以文搜文】===
考生答题情况
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作业名称：《英语国家概况》作业6 出 卷 人：zuoye
作业总分：100 通过分数：60
起止时间： 2009-10-15 20:12:03 至 2009-10-15 20:19:12
学员姓名：zwf1983 学员成绩：88
标准题总分：100 标准题得分：88
详细信息：
题号:1 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
401.Great Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the ___ in the south.
选项:
A、Atlantic Ocean
B、 North Sea
C、 English Channel
D、 "Chunnel"
学员答案:
C
题号:2 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
402.Britain once ruled an empire, called the British Empire that had _______ of the world's people and land area.
选项:
A、one third
B、 one fourth
C、 one fifth
D、 one sixth
学员答案:
B
题号:3 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
403.The north and west of Great Britain are mainly ______.
选项:
A、lowlands
B、 plains
C、 lakes
D、 highlands
学员答案:
D
题号:4 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
404.______ is the largest and most populous of the three countries of Great Britain.
选项:
A、Scotland
B、 England
C、 Wales
D、 Northern Ireland
学员答案:
B
题号:5 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
405.Wales is in the ___ of Great Britain.
选项:
A、east
B、 north
C、 south
D、 west
学员答案:
D
题号:6 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
406.The Capital of Wales is _____.
选项:
A、London
B、 Edinburgh
C、 Cardiff
D、 York
学员答案:
C
题号:7 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
407.The capital of Scotland is ______.
选项:
A、London
B、 Belfast
C、 Manchester
D、 Edinburgh
学员答案:
B
题号:8 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
408.Britain has a favorable ______ climate.
选项:
A、maritime
B、 continental
C、 dry
D、 cold
学员答案:
A
题号:9 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
409.The prevailing winds in Britain are ____ winds which are also known as_____.
选项:
A、north, northlies
B、 south-west, Westerlies
C、 east, easterlies
D、 south-north, southern
学员答案:
B
题号:10 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
410.The average rainfall in Britain is over _____ mm.
选项:
A、7000
B、 1000
C、 500
D、 800
学员答案:
B
题号:11 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
411.Britain has a population of about ______ million.
选项:
A、57
B、 80
C、 60
D、 52
学员答案:
A
题号:12 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
412.About _____ of the British is urban and only ______ is rural.
选项:
A、90%, 10%
B、 80%, 20%
C、 70%, 30%
D、 60%, 40%
学员答案:
A
题号:13 题型:单选题 本题分数:
1
内容:
413.The English are _____ by origin.
选项:
A、Normans
B、 Romans
C、 Celts
D、 Anglo- Saxons
学员答案:
D
题号:14 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
414. The Scots, Welsh and Irish people are ______ who came to Britain after 700 BC.
选项:
A、Anglo-Saxons
B、 French
C、 Celts
D、 Danes
学员答案:
C
题号:15 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
415.It was the ______ conquerors that gave England its name Angle's land.
选项:
A、Roman
B、 Roman
C、 French
D、 Celtic
学员答案:
B
题号:16 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
416.Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly____ years.
选项:
A、100
B、 200
C、 400
D、 600
学员答案:
C
题号:17 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
417.Jutes, Angles and Saxons from ______ Europe started to invade England in the ______ century.
选项:
A、north, mid-5th
B、 central, mid-4th
C、 France, sixth
D、 south, 7th
学员答案:
A
题号:18 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
418.The foundation of the English state was laid by the ______ who divided the country into shires which are now called ______.
选项:
A、Romans, towns
B、 Anglo-Saxons, counties
C、 Celts, cities
D、 Normans, tow-ships
学员答案:
B
题号:19 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
419.One of the greatest English kings was ______ who resisted the invasion of the Danes in the 9th century.
选项:
A、Alfred the Great.
B、 William the Conqueror
C、 Henry II
D、 Harold
学员答案:
A
题号:20 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
420.The feudal system in England was completely established under the rule of __________.
选项:
A、Julius Caesar
B、 William the Conqueror
C、 Henry 11
D、 King Edward
学员答案:
B
题号:21 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
421.The English ______ was established in Henry II s reign and it replaced the various local customs for making judgments.
选项:
A、common law
B、 feudal system
C、 written law
D、 king's law
学员答案:
A
题号:22 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
422.In Henry II's day the ______ replaced the Norman trials by battle.
选项:
A、ordeals by fire
B、 ordeals by water
C、 police court
D、 jury system
学员答案:
D
题号:23 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
423.The Great Charter of 1215 is also known as _____.
选项:
A、People's Charter
B、 Magna Carta
C、 Company's Charter
D、 King's Charter
学员答案:
B
题号:24 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
424.The first English Parliament was held in 1265. In addition to the nobles, it included two ______ firm each county and two ______ from each town.
选项:
A、knights, citizens
B、 peasants, merchants
C、 landowners, workers
D、 serfs, t
radesmen
学员答案:
A
题号:25 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
425.One of the results of the Black Death (1348 -49) was that it reduced England's population from four million to ______ million.
选项:
A、2
B、 2.5
C、 3
D、 1.5
学员答案:
A
题号:26 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
426.In England the person who is in charge of local peace and order is called the________.
选项:
A、worker for peace
B、 councilor
C、 local leader
D、 Justice of the Peace
学员答案:
D
题号:27 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
427.In English history John Wycliff's followers who preached the equality of men before God were called the ______.
选项:
A、Levellers
B、 Lollards
C、 Reformists
D、 Equals
学员答案:
B
题号:28 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
428.The wars between the House bf Lancaster and the House of York from 1455 to 1485 were called ______.
选项:
A、Wars of the Roses
B、 Wars between Houses
C、 Thirty Years' Wars
D、 Wars between Nobles
学员答案:
A
题号:29 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
429.The English Reformation was started by _____ which was to reform the______ in England.
选项:
A、Henry II, the law court
B、 king John, Parliament
C、 William, society
D、 Henry VIII, church
学员答案:
D
题号:30 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
430.The head of the Church of England is the ______.
选项:
A、Pope
B、 Bishop
C、 Parliament
D、 king
学员答案:
D
题号:31 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
431.England showed its superiority as a naval power by destroying the Spanish_____ in _____ time.
选项:
A、Armada, Elizabeth I's
B、 army, James I's
C、 Colonists, Charles I's
D、 king, Henry Ml's
学员答案:
A
题号:32 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
432.In European history, the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years C1350~C1650, has been known as the ____.
选项:
A、transition time
B、 Reformation
C、 Renaissance
D、 Enlightenment
学员答案:
C
题号:33 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
433.The English Renaissance achieved its finest expression in the so-called ___________.
选项:
A、great novels
B、 classical poems
C、 industrial revolution
D、 Elizabethan drama
学员答案:
D
题号:34 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
434.The English Puritans called for a purer form of ______.
选项:
A、government
B、 worship
C、 king
D、 school
学员答案:
B
题号:35 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
435.The most famous of the Catholic conspiracies against James I was the ______ of 1605.
选项:
A、Puritan Revolution
B、 Gunpowder Plot
C、 Petition of Right
D、 Spanish invasion
学员答案:
B
题号:36
题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
436.The first group of 201 English Puritans who sailed to America in the ship Mayflower were later called ______.
选项:
A、Pilgrim Fathers
B、 First Colonists
C、 Pioneers
D、 Adventurers
学员答案:
A
题号:37 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
437.Both James I and his son Charles I believed in the _____ which gave the king absolute power.
选项:
A、Humanism
B、 Divine Right of kings
C、 Catholicism
D、 egalitarian attitudes
学员答案:
B
题号:38 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
438.The Fifth Parliament called by Charles I was also known as ______ because it existed for about 20 years during the English Civil Wars.
选项:
A、Great Council
B、 Short Parliament
C、 Long Parliament
D、 Revolutionary Parliament
学员答案:
C
题号:39 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
439.The battles between Charles I and the Parliament from 1642 to 1646 were called the ______ in English history.
选项:
A、First Civil War
B、 Religious War
C、 Wars of the Roses
D、 Independence War
学员答案:
A
题号:40 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
440.The English Civil War is also called the ______ Revolution.
选项:
A、Great
B、 Puritan
C、 Religious
D、 Industrial
学员答案:
B
题号:41 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
441.The English Civil War is regarded as the beginning of ______ history.
选项:
A、English
B、 European
C、 modern world
D、 new
学员答案:
A
题号:42 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
442.After Charles I was put to death, the Rump Parliament declared England a _______ with Cromwell as ______.
选项:
A、Kingdom, King
B、 Free State, Speaker
C、 United Kingdom, governor
D、 Commonwealth, Lord Protector
学员答案:
D
题号:43 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
443.The name Great Britain came into being when the Act of Union united England and Scotland in ______.
选项:
A、1066
B、 1688
C、 1485
D、 1707
学员答案:
D
题号:44 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
444.The ______ Revolution marked the beginning of English political parties.
选项:
A、Puritan
B、 Glorious
C、 Industrial
D、 Agricultural
学员答案:
B
题号:45 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
445.The first two political parties in Britain were the ______ and _____.
选项:
A、Liberals, Conservatives
B、 Lollards, Puritans
C、 Roundheads, Protestants
D、 Whigs, Tories
学员答案:
D
题号:46 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
446.Britain was the ___ country to industrialize in the 18th and 19th centuries.
选项:
A、first
B、 second
C、 third
D、 fourth
学员答案:
A
题号:47 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
447.The ______ in England in the 18th and 19th ce
nturies was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands.
选项:
A、open-field system
B、 foreign expansion
C、 foreign trade
D、 enclosure
学员答案:
D
题号:48 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
448.As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain became "the ______" by 1830.
选项:
A、colonists' country
B、 imperialist country
C、 workshop of the world
D、 leader of the world
学员答案:
C
题号:49 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
449.In the English workers' movement, those who attempted to destroy the hated machines were called ______.
选项:
A、revolutionaries
B、 trade union leaders
C、 destroyers
D、 Luddites
学员答案:
D
题号:50 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
450.In 1836,a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the _____ to demand equal rights.
选项:
A、Working Men's Association
B、 The Chartist Group
C、 Society of Friends
D、 Labor Party
学员答案:
A
题号:51 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
451.The Appalachian mountains are in the ____ part of the United States while the Rocky mountains are in the ____ part of the country.
选项:
A、north, south
B、 west, east
C、 south, northeast
D、 east, west
学员答案:
A
题号:52 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
452.The ___ River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.
选项:
A、Ohio
B、 Missouri
C、 Colorado
D、 Rio Grande
学员答案:
D
题号:53 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
453.All the five Great Lakes are located between Canada and the United States except Lake_______.
选项:
A、Huron
B、 Ontario
C、 Superior
D、 Michigan
学员答案:
B
题号:54 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
454.New Englanders were originally known as _ , which gradually came to stand for all Americans.
选项:
A、Puritans
B、 Christians
C、 Yankees
D、 Colonists
学员答案:
D
题号:55 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
455.The largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes is ______.
选项:
A、Detroit
B、 Boston
C、 New York
D、 Chicago
学员答案:
B
题号:56 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
456.Alaska is still a frontier state with _______ as its most valuable mineral product today.
选项:
A、forest
B、 coal
C、 coal
D、 oil
学员答案:
B
题号:57 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
457.The United States is the ______ most populous country in the world, with a population of ______ million.
选项:
A、fourth, 220
B、 third,255
C、 second, 280
D、 fifth,210
学员答案:
A
题号:58 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
458.The US population will increase sharply over the next 60 years as a result of____.
选项:
A、economic development
B、 higher immigration levels
C
、 higher birth rate
D、 territorial expansion
学员答案:
A
题号:59 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
459.In American history, ______ in the harbor of New York was an important immigration reception spot.
选项:
A、Manhattan
B、 Port Sumter
C、 Long Island
D、 Ellis Island
学员答案:
C
题号:60 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
460.The _______refers to the higher birth rate in America between 1946 and 1964.
选项:
A、population growth
B、 baby boom
C、 Beat generation
D、 population explosion
学员答案:
D
题号:61 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
461.Immigrants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-Atlantic fare and debts were called____ in American history.
选项:
A、indentured servants
B、 hired immigrants
C、 immigrant slaves
D、 black slaves
学员答案:
A
题号:62 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
462.One of the characteristics of the American people is ______ and it is said they are always _____.
选项:
A、liberty, debating
B、 aggressiveness, starting wars
C、 greediness, making money
D、 mobility, on the move
学员答案:
D
题号:63 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
463.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the _______ who account for about ______ per cent of the total population.
选项:
A、whites, 80
B、 blacks, 12
C、 Anglo-Saxons, 19
D、 Hispanics, 9
学员答案:
B
题号:64 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
464.The two famous novels giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves are ____ and ____.
选项:
A、The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms
B、 Gone with the Wind, Old Man and the Sea
C、 Sister Carrie, The Waste Land
D、 Roots, Uncle Tom's Cabin
学员答案:
D
题号:65 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
465.People of Hispanic background are called _____ in America.
选项:
A、Indians
B、 Hispanics
C、 Spaniards
D、 Historians
学员答案:
B
题号:66 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
466.In the 1980s, of the 120,000 first-rate scientists and engineers in the United States _______ were Chinese descendants.
选项:
A、20, 000
B、 30, 000
C、 40, 000
D、 50, 000
学员答案:
B
题号:67 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
467.Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans;_____ _____ and _____.
选项:
A、education, hard work, and family
B、 culture, history, work
C、 wisdom, thrift, mutual help
D、 intelligence, learning, friends
学员答案:
A
题号:68 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
468.Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called ______.
选项:
A、WASPs
B、 Chicanos
C、 New Englanders
D、 European people
学员答案:
A
题号:69 题型:
单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
469.In 1882 the US Congress passed the _____ Act which stopped Chinese immigration for 10 years.
选项:
A、No Chinese
B、 Stopping Chinese
C、 Chinese Exclusion
D、 Preventing Chinese
学员答案:
C
题号:70 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
470.The Plymouth colony was built by the ______ who came to the New World in a ship called ______ in 1620.
选项:
A、merchants, Britainnia
B、 Quakers, Good Hope
C、 Catholics, Prince Charles
D、 Pilgrims, Mayflower
学员答案:
D
题号:71 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
471.The Puritans insisted that high position and achievements were sign of "_______" from God.
选项:
A、eternal grace
B、 blessing word
C、 eternal happiness
D、 human justice
学员答案:
A
题号:72 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
472.The first o f the American War of Independence was fought at ______ in 1775 and the man who rode off on horseback to arouse the village was ____.
选项:
A、Boston, John Brown
B、 Lexington, Paul Revere
C、 Philadelphia, Madison
D、 New York, Jefferson
学员答案:
B
题号:73 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
473.In May, 1775, delegates from the colonies met again in Philadelphia and held the _____ which founded an army and adopted the Declaration of Independence drafted by ______.
选项:
A、First Continental Congress, Washington
B、 Colonial Meeting, Madison
C、 Second Continental Congress, Jefferson
D、 Independence Meeting, Washington
学员答案:
C
题号:74 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
474.The theory of the US Declaration of Independence mainly came from the_____ philosopher ______.
选项:
A、British, John Locks
B、 German, Kante
C、 French, St. Simon
D、 German, M. Luther
学员答案:
A
题号:75 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
475.The Articles of Confederation was unusual because it provided for ____.
选项:
A、absolute government
B、 federal government
C、 constitutional monarchy
D、 no king
学员答案:
D
题号:76 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
476.In 1787, delegates from the states held a meeting in Philadelphia to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. The meeting came to be called the ___.
选项:
A、Continental Congress
B、 Constitutional Convention
C、 Independent Convention
D、 Congress Meeting
学员答案:
B
题号:77 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
477.The Federalist Papers were written to support the ______.
选项:
A、constitution
B、 Articles of Confederation
C、 Bill of Rights
D、 Federalists
学员答案:
B
题号:78 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
478.President Jefferson bought the ______ territory from France for 15 million dollars.
选项:
A、Midwest
B、 Florida
C、 Mississippi
D、 Louisiana
学员
答案:
D
题号:79 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
479.The agreement of the Constitutional Convention to give each state an equal vote in the Senate and make representation in the House reflect the size of each state's population has been known as the ____.
选项:
A、Great Charter
B、 Great Compromise
C、 Rights Amendments
D、 Compromise of 1850
学员答案:
B
题号:80 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
480.After the Civil War ______ became a strong trend in the American economy.
选项:
A、monopoly by big business
B、 monopoly by big business
C、 nationalization of business
D、 Civil Rights Movement
学员答案:
A
题号:81 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
481.The basic cause of the American Civil War was ____, but the immediate cause was the ___ of the South.
选项:
A、conflicts over slavery, break-away
B、 westward expansion, Emancipation Proclamation
C、 debates in Congress, Uncle Tom's Cabin
D、 Lincoln's decision, anti-slavery reformers
学员答案:
A
题号:82 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
482.By the end of the 19th century, the United States had become the _____ producer of coal and steel.
选项:
A、second largest
B、 third largest
C、 largest
D、 4th largest
学员答案:
C
题号:83 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
483.By 1900, _____ controlled about 100,000 miles of American railroads.
选项:
A、Rockefeller
B、 J. P. Morgan
C、 du Pont
D、 Ford
学员答案:
B
题号:84 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
484.In 1908 _____ began to mass-produce cars known as the Model ______.
选项:
A、Henry Ford, T
B、 General Motors, G
C、 Rockefeller, R
D、 Chrysler, C
学员答案:
A
题号:85 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
485.With the increase in car registration, the United States was on the way to becoming a _____ by 1918.
选项:
A、nation with cars
B、 nation of drivers
C、 nation living in cars
D、 nation on wheels
学员答案:
D
题号:86 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
486.In 1903 two Americans known as____ flew an aeroplane for a brief 12 seconds for the first time.
选项:
A、Franklin and Einstein
B、 Carnegie brothers
C、 Wright brothers
D、 Bell and Ford
学员答案:
C
题号:87 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
487.At the turn of the 20th century, the reform-minded journalists who exposed various dark sides of American society were called the _______.
选项:
A、literature of exposure
B、 Muckrakers
C、 Abolitionists
D、 Antitrust reformers
学员答案:
B
题号:88 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
488.During the early years of the First World War, the United States followed a policy of _____.
选项:
A、pro-Ally partiality
B、 pro-Axis partiality
C、 real neutrality
D、 complete impartialit
y
学员答案:
A
题号:89 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
489.After the First World War, the Paris Peace Conference was dominated by .
选项:
A、America
B、 Britain
C、 President Wilson
D、 Big Four
学员答案:
D
题号:90 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
490.The 1920s in the United States has been described by historians as a period of material _____ and spiritual _____.
选项:
A、success, frustration
B、 richness, poverty
C、 failure, growth
D、 demand, misery
学员答案:
A
题号:91 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
491.Alter the First Word War, some reactionary Americans whipped up the so-called ____ and arrested several thousand suspected Communists and radicals.
选项:
A、Red Revolution
B、 Red Scare
C、 Anti-Communist movement
D、 intolerant nationalism
学员答案:
B
题号:92 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
492.October 24, 1929 was called the ______ because of the New York stock market crashed on that day.
选项:
A、crash day
B、 dark day
C、 Black Thursday
D、 memorial day
学员答案:
C
题号:93 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
493.In the first 100 days in the White House, Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to pass a large number of act which became known as the____ .
选项:
A、Fourteen Points
B、 New Freedom
C、 Progressive Program
D、 New Deal
学员答案:
D
题号:94 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
494.During the Second World War, Germany, Italy and Japan were called the_____.
选项:
A、Axis powers
B、 Triple Alliance
C、 Allies
D、 three country block
学员答案:
A
题号:95 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
495.The United States joined in the Second World War after the ______ incident in______.
选项:
A、Lugouchiao
B、 July, 1937
C、 German invasion, 1939
D、 Nazi, 1942
E、 Pearl Harbor, 1941
学员答案:
D
题号:96 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
496.The United States and Britain's grand strategy during the Second World War was _____.
选项:
A、to help China first
B、 to defeat Japan first
C、 Europe first
D、 Asia first
学员答案:
C
题号:97 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
497.The Teheran Conference proposed a large-scale attack on the south of France, the Second Front. The attack was codenamed _____.
选项:
A、Normandy
B、 D-day
C、 Invasion
D、 Overlord
学员答案:
D
题号:98 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
498.After the Second World War, America's policy towards the Soviet Union was _____ which was proposed by _____.
选项:
A、containment, George Kennar
B、 peace and war, Truman
C、 interference, Marshall
D、 iron curtain, Churchill
学员答案:
A
题号:99 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
499.The North Atlantic Treaty was signed i
n____ which established NATO.
选项:
A、April, 1949
B、 May, 1946
C、 March, 1953
D、 June, 1955
学员答案:
A
题号:100 题型:单选题 本题分数:1
内容:
500.The full-scale, anti-Communist hysteria in the United States between 1950 and 1954 was called ____.
选项:
A、Red Scare
B、 Civil Rights movement
C、 McCarthyism
D、 Cold War
学员答案:
C