List of pharaohs

This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3100 BCE through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BCE.
Note that the dates given are approximate. The list of pharaohs presented below is based on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.
==Existing primary old lists of pharaohs==
The texts of existing primary old lists of pharaohs are incomplete:
* Palermo stone
* Turin Royal Canon
* Manetho's Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt)
* Abydos King List
* Karnak Tablet
* South Saqqara Stone (discovered 1923, includes dyn. 6)
* Saqqara Tablet (discovered 1861, includes dyn. 1-12)
Archibald Sayce gave comparative data on several of these lists in his book The Ancient Empires of the East (1884),Dynastic Tables: Kings of Egypt in addition to the lists found in Herodotus, Diodorus, Eratosthenes, and even a fanciful list found in "the Arabic writers". Yet another fanciful list that does not appear in Sayce, is found in the Book of Sothis that George Syncellus attributed to Manetho.
==Legendary period==
In the texts of the Palermo, Turin and Manetho king lists, there are different versions of names of eight god kings that ruled Egypt in the beginning.Problems with Manetho's "Reign of the Gods" Page with different versions of god king lists
Turin King List	Manetho(Egyptian equivalent) 	Function
Ptah 	Hephaestus(Ptah) 	Craftsmen & Creation
Ra 	Helios(Ra) 	Sun
- 	Sosis or Agathosdaimon (perhaps Sothis?)(Shu)	Air
Geb 	Chronos(Geb) 	Earth
Osiris 	Osiris 	Afterlife
Set 	Typhon(Set) 	Evil
Horus 	Horus 	War
Thoth 	 	Knowledge
Ma'at 	 	Order
These god kings are followed by differing sets of semi-divine rulers.
Turin King List 	Length 	Manetho 	Length
Second dynasty of gods 	unknown	Dynasty of Halfgods 	unknown
3 Achu-Dynasties 	unknown	30 Kings from Memphis	1790 years
Dynasty of Disciples of Horus	unknown	10 Kings from This 	350 years
==Archaic period==
The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms.
===Early Dynastic: Lower Egypt===
Lower Egypt, known as the Black People, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta. The following list may not be complete:
Name 	Comments 	Dates
Hsekiu 	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Khayu 	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
TiuBreasted (1909) p.36	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Thesh 	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Neheb 	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Wazner 	Only known from the Palermo stone	c. 3100 BCE?
Mekh 	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
===Early Dynastic: Upper Egypt===
Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence):
Name 	Comments 	Dates
Scorpion I 	Oldest tomb at Umm el-Qa'ab had scorpion insignia 	c. 3200 BCE?
Iry-Hor 	kingship uncertain 	c. 3150 BCE?
KaRice (1999) p.86Wilkinson (1999) pp.57f.	— 	c. 3100 BCE
King Scorpion 	Potentially pronounced Serqet, but uncertain; possibly the same person as Narmer.	c. 3100 BCE
Narmer 	The king who combined Upper and Lower Egypt.Shaw (2000) p.196 	c. 3100 BCE
===First Dynasty===
The First Dynasty ruled from approximately 3050 BCE to 2890 BCE, by some chronological schemes. (There are no precise or agreed-upon year dates for any of the Old or Middle Kingdom periods, and reign estimates differ widely from one Egyptologist to the next.)
Name 	Comments 	Dates
Narmer 	Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt.	
Hor-Aha 	— 	c. 3050 BCE
Djer 	— 	41 years
Djet 	— 	23 years
Merneith 	Regent or Den 	—
Den 	— 	14 to 20.1 years
Anedjib 	— 	10 years
Semerkhet	— 	9 years
Qa'a 	— 	2916?–2890 BCE
===Second Dynasty===
The Second Dynasty ruled c. 2890 — 2686 BCE.
Name 	Comments 	Dates
HotepsekhemwyWilkinson (1999) pp. 83-84 	— 	38 years
RanebWilkinson (1999) p. 84 	— 	39 years
NynetjerWilkinson (1999) p. 79 	— 	40 years
WenegWilkinson (1999) pp 87-88 	— 	8 years
SenedjPascal Vernus, Jean Yoyotte, The Book of the Pharaohs, Cornell University Press 2003, p.27	— 	20 years
Seth-Peribsen 	— 	17 years
Sekhemib-Perenmaat 	— 	
Khasekhem(wy) King Khasekhem King Khasekhemwy 	?–2686 BCE	17 to 18 years
==Old Kingdom==
The Old Kingdom is the period in the third millennium BCE when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BCE). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period -- or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."
The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".
===Third Dynasty===
The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BCE.
Name 	Image 	Comments 	Dates
Sanakhte 	 	— 	2686-2668
DjoserToby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258	 	Had the Step Pyramid constructed by ImhotepVerner (2001)	2668–2649; Radiocarbon date start reign between 2691 and 2625Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, [i]Science[/i] 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554 - 1557
SekhemkhetClayton (1994) p.32 	—	— 	2649–2643
Khaba 	—	— 	2643–2637
Qahedjet 	 	— 	?
HuniClayton (1994) p.42 	 	— 	2637–2613
===Fourth Dynasty===
The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BCE and included the pharaohs who had the Great Pyramids built, Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menkaura (Mycerinus).
Nomen (Praenomen) 	Image 	Comments 	Dates
Sneferu 	 	Built the Bent Pyramid, which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, known as the Red Pyramid. Some say that he was buried at the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried at the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body. 	2613–2589
Khufu 	 	Greek form: Cheops. Built the Great Pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, name, and monuments have perished for one reason or another. 	2589–2566
Djedefra (Radjedef)	 	Believed to have created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash however this pyramid is no longer intact as it is believed the Romans recycled the materials it was made from. Before being demolished by the Romans, according to a documentary aired by the History Channel, the pyramid may actually have been the highest ever built (about 20 meters taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza although this is due to its elevated location rather than the size from base to tip).	2566–2558
Khafra 	 	Greek form: 
Chephren His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Built the Sphinx of Giza. 	2558–2532
— 	–	Here some authorities insert Bikheris, following Manetho 	—
Menkaura 	 	Greek form: Mycerinus. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. 	2532–2503
Shepseskaf 	 	Broke with the tradition of pyramid building and instead had the Mastabat el-Fara'un made for himself 	2503–2498
Djedefptah 	–	– 	—
– 	–	Here some authorities insert Thampthis, following Manetho 	—
===Fifth Dynasty===
The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BCE.
Name 	Image 	Comments 	Dates
Userkaf 	 	Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara 	2498–2491
Sahure 	 	Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir	2490–2477
Neferirkare Kakai	 	— 	2477–2467
Shepseskare Isi 	 	— 	2467–2460
Neferefre 	 	— 	2460–2425
Nyuserre Ini 	 	— 	2425–2422
Menkauhor Kaiu 	 	— 	2422–2414
Djedkare Isesi 	—	— 	2414–2375
Unas 	—	— 	2375–2345
===Sixth Dynasty===
The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BCE.
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Teti 	 	Was possibly murdered by his successor. 	2345–2333
Userkare 	 	Usurped the throne at the expense of Teti 	2333–2332
Meryre Pepi I 	 	— 	2332–2283
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I	 	— 	2283–2278
Neferkare Pepi II 	 	Possible unto 2224 which would explain the following 4 kings. 	2278–2184
Neferka 	 	Only mentioned in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. 	2200–2199
Nefer 	 	Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day according to Turin Canon 	2197–2193
Aba 	 	Reigned for 4 years and 2 months. Reign dates do not follow Turin Canon. Highly unlikely. 	2193–2176
Unknown king 	 	Unknown king attested here 	
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73	 	Uncertain pharaoh. 	2184
Neitiqerty Siptah 	 	This king may have been confused in later years as a supposed female ruler Nitocris.Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87–100.	2184–2181
==First Intermediate Period==
The First Intermediate Period (2181-2060 BCE) is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.
The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age.
The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.
Around 2160 BCE, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. In the meantime, a rival line based at Thebes was reuniting Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.
Around 2055 BCE, a descendant of the pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, founded the Eleventh Dynasty and ruled as Mentuhotep II, the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.
===Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)===
The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from 2181 to 2160 BCE.
(This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html)
Name 	Comments 	Dates
Neferkara I 	- 	
Netjerkare 	- 	
Menkare 	- 	
Neferkare II 	- 	
Neferkare III Nebi 	- 	
Djedkara Shemai 	- 	
Neferkare IV Khendu 	- 	
 	Some authorities place here Merenhor	
Neferkamin Seneferka 	- 	
Nikara 	- 	
Neferkare V Tereru 	- 	
Neferkahor 	- 	
Neferkare VI Pepyseneb	- 	
Neferkamin Anu 	- 	
Qakare Ibi 	Built the last pyramid at Saqqara 	2169-2167
Neferkara II 	- 	2167-2163
Neferkawhor Khuwihap 	- 	2163-2161
Neferirkara 	- 	2161-2160
===Ninth Dynasty===
The Ninth DynastyTurin Kinglist, Columns IV,18 to V,10, Ancient Egypt dot org. Accessed 10 February 2010. ruled from 2160 to2130 BCE. The Turin King List has eighteen kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.
Name 	Comments 	Dates
— 	Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty.	2160– ?
— 	- 	?
Neferkare III 	- 	?
Khety (Acthoes II) 	- 	?
Senenh— or Setut	- 	?
— 	- 	?
Mer[ibre Khety] 	- 	?
Shed— 	- 	?
H— 	- 	?
===Tenth Dynasty===
The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BCE.
Name 	Comments	Dates
Meryhathor 	— 	2130– ?
Neferkare IV 	— 	?
Wankare (Acthoes III)	— 	?
Merykare 	— 	? –2040
===Eleventh Dynasty===
The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BCE.
Name 	Comments	Dates
Mentuhotep I Tepy-a 	— 	
Sehertawy Intef I 	— 	2134–2117
Wahankh Intef II 	— 	2117–2069
Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III	— 	2069–2060
==Middle Kingdom==
The Middle Kingdom (2060-1802 BCE) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the Hyksos.
===Eleventh Dynasty continued===
The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
Name	Image 	Comments 	Dates
Nebhetepre Mentuhotep II
Labib Habachi: King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 19 (1963), p. 16-52	 	Gained all Egypt 2040, Middle Kingdom begins. 	2060–2010
Sankhkare Mentuhotep III
Grajetzki (2006) pp. 23-25	 	Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom	2010–1998
Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV
Grajetzki (2006) pp. 25-26	—	— 	1997–1991
=== Twelfth Dynasty ===
The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BCE, and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty.
Name 	Image 	Comments 	Dates
Sehetepibre Amenemhat I
 Amenemhat IGrajetzki (2006) pp.28-35	 	Seized power after overthrowing Mentuhotep IV. Died assassinated. 	1991–1962
Kheperkare Senusret I
Murnane (1977) p.2 (Sesostris I)	 	Built the white chapel 	1971–1926
Nubkaure Amenemhat II
Murnane (1977) p.7	 	— 	1929–1895
Khakheperre Senusret II
Murnane (1977) p.9 (Sesostris II)	—	— 	1897–1878
Khakaure Senusret III
Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251 (Sesostris III)	100px 	Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs. 	1878–1860
Nimaatre Amenemhat III
Grajetzki (2006) pp.56-61	100px 	— 	1860–1815
Maakherure Amenemhat IV	 	Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso.	1815–1807
Sobekkare Sobekneferu
Grajetzk (2006) pp.61-63	—	A rare female ruler. 	1807–1802
==Second Intermediate Period==
The Second Intermediate Period (1802-1550 BCE) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties, made their appearance in Egypt.
The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt. The provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.
The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BCE took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na). The Hyksos, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, overran Egypt during the reign of Dedumose I.
Around the time Memphis fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes declared its independence and set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia
===Thirteenth Dynasty===
The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BCE and lasted 153 or 154 Yrs according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty
Name 	Comments 	Dates
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep or Wegaf	Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is attested by several Nile Records and Papyri.	1802–1799 4 years.
Sekhemkare 	Amenemhat V Senebef, brother of Sekhemre Khutawy. 3 Yrs. 	—
Amenemhat 	— 	1795–1792
Sehetepre 	— 	? –1790
Iufni 	— 	?
Seankhibre 	— 	?
Semenkare 	— 	?
Sehetepre 	— 	?
Sewadjkare 	— 	?
Nedjemibre 	7 months 	?
Khaankhre Sobekhotep I 	— 	?
Renseneb 	4 months 	c. 1775
Awybre Hor I? 	Famous for his Ka statue 	c. 1775?
Sedjefakare 	A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. 	c. 5 to 7 years.
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep 	Compare Wegaf 	c. 1767
Khendjer 	Minimum 4 years and 3 months 	c. 1765
Imyremeshaw 	— 	?
Antef V 	— 	?
Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III 	4 years and 2 months 	c. 1755
Khasekhemre Neferhotep I 	11 years 	1751–1740
Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV 	10 or 11 years 	1740–1730
Khahotepre Sobekhotep V 	— 	c. 1730
Wahibre Ibiau 	10 years and 8 months 	c. 1725–1714
Merneferre Ay 	23 years and 8 months 	c. 1714–1691
Merhotepre Ini 	2 years and 2 months 	?
Sankhenre Sewadjtu 	— 	?
Mersekhemre Ini 	— 	?
Sewadjkare Hori 	— 	?
The position of the following kings is uncertain:
Name 	Comments	Dates
Dedumose I 	— 	c. 1654
Dedumose II 	— 	?
Senebmiu 	— 	?
Mentuhotep V	— 	?
Senaaib 	— 	?
===Fourteenth Dynasty===
The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois, that ruled from around 1705 to around 1690 BCE.
Name 	Comments	Dates
Nehesy 	- 	c. 1705
Khakherewre ?	- 	?
Nebefawre 	- 	c. 1704
Sehebre ? 	- 	?
Merdjefare 	- 	c. 1699
Sewadjkare ? 	- 	?
Nebdjefare 	- 	c. 1694
Webenre ? 	- 	?
— 	- 	?
Djefare? 	- 	?
Webenre 	- 	c. 1690
The position of the following pharaohs are uncertain:
Name 	Comments	Dates
SheshiKings of the 2nd Intermediate Period	— 	
Yakubher 	— 	?
The Turin King List provides an additional 25 names, some fragmentary, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.
===Fifteenth Dynasty===
The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BCE.
Name 	Comments	Dates
Salitis 	 	
Sakir-Har	- 	?
Khyan 	- 	30-40 years
Apepi 	- 	40 years or more
Khamudi 	- 	1555-1544
===Sixteenth Dynasty===
The Sixteenth Dynasty was a local native kingdom from Thebes who ruled Egypt for between 80 and 100 years, according to Kim Ryholt.
Name 	Comments 	Dates
— 	Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered 	-
Djehuti (Sekhemresementawy) 	– 	3 years
Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemreseusertawy)	– 	16 years
Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) 	– 	1 year
Mentuhotep VI (Sankhenre) 	– 	1 year
Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenre) 	– 	26 years
Nebiriau II 	– 	
Semenre 	– 	
Bebiankh(Seuserenre) 	– 	12 years
(Sekhemre Shedwast) 	– 	
— 	The names of five kings are lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered. Their identity is uncertain	-
Some sources include as many as six more names –
===Seventeenth Dynasty===
The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BCE:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Sekhemrewahkhaw Rahotep 	- 	- 	c. 1620 BCE
Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I	 	Reigned at least 7 years 	-
Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf 	- 	- 	-
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 	 	- 	-
Nubkheperre Intef 	 	Reigned more than 3 years 	-
Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 	 	- 	-
Senakhtenre Ahmose 	- 	- 	c. 1558
Seqenenre Tao 	- 	Died in battle against the Hyksos.	c. 1558 - c. 1554
Kamose 	 	Died in battle against the Hyksos.	c. 1554 - c. 1549
==New Kingdom==
The New Kingdom (1550-1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th century BCE to the 11th century BCE, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.
Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.
Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, and Ramesses II, who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.
=== Eighteenth Dynasty ===
The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BCE:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Nebpehtire Ahmose I, Ahmosis I 	 	Successor to Kamose, above. 	c.1550-1525 BCE; Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570-1544 BCE, the mean point of which is 1557 BCEChristopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554-1557.
Djeserkare Amenhotep I 	 	- 	1541-1520
Aakheperkare Thutmose I 	 	- 	1520-1492
Aakheperenre Thutmose II 	 	- 	1492-1479
Menkheperre Thutmose III 	100px	Often called the "Napoleon of Egypt." Dominated early in his reign by his stepmother Hatshepsut; after she died, he began expanding Egyptian rule into the Levant. 	1479-1425
Maatkare Hatshepsut 	 	The second known female ruler, though quite possibly the seventh (the reigns of five other women are likely, but disputed). Recent evidence suggests she died of bone cancer.Tooth clinches identification of Egyptian queen 	1473-1458
Aakheperrure Amenhotep II 	 	- 	1425-1400
Menkheperure Thutmose IV 	 	- 	1400-1390
Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The Magnificent King	100px	His name means Lord of the truth is Ra. He ruled Egypt at the peak of her glory, his mortuary temple was the largest ever built, but was destroyed by Rameses II to build his own temple. Recent DNA testing proved he was the Grandfather of Tutankhamun 	1390-1352
Neferkheperure-waenre Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten	100px	Founder of brief period of a solar-centered religion (Atenism). His original name means "Amun is pleased." 	1352-1334
Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare 	 	Co-regent and successor of Akhenaten. The identity of this individual is uncertain and disputed. Usually believed to be either a son or son-in-law of Akhenaten but sometimes identified as Akhenaten's wife Nefertiti. Other scholars distinguish two individuals between Akhenaten and Tutankhamun, namely Smenkhkare, who is then seen as male, and a female ruler, who is then most often identified as Akhenaten's eldest daughter Meritaten	1334-1333
Nebkheperure Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun 	 	Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, probably reinstated the polytheistic religion and the name change reflects the change in primary deity from Aten to Amun. He is also known as the boy king. 	1333-1324
Kheperkheperure Ay 	 	- 	1324-1320
Djeserkheperure-setpenre Horemheb 	100px	Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun. Obliterated images of the Amarna queens and kings (all except Amenhotep III and Tiye). 	1320-1292
=== Nineteenth Dynasty ===
The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BCE and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Menpehtire Ramesses I 	 	- 	1292-1290
Menmaatre Seti I 	 	- 	1290-1279
Usermaatre-setpenre Ramesses II the Great	 	The ruler usually associated with Moses; he reached a stalemate with the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BCE, after which a peace treaty was signed in 1258 BCE	1279-1213
Banenre Merenptah 	 	A stele describing campaigns in Libya and Canaan contains the only extant reference to "Israel" in Ancient Egyptian records. 	1213-1203
Menmire-setpenre Amenmesse 	 	- 	1203-1200
Userkheperure Seti II 	 	- 	1203-1197
Sekhaenre/Akhenre Merenptah Siptah 	 	- 	1197-1191
Satre-merenamun Tausret 	 	A rare female ruler also known as Tawosret in some places, she was probably the wife of Seti II. 	1191-1190
=== Twentieth Dynasty ===
The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BCE:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Userkhaure Setnakht 	 	- 	1190-1186
Usermaatre-meryamun Ramesses III 	 	Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BCE 	1186-1155
User/Heqamaatre-setpenamun Ramesses IV 	 	- 	1155-1149
Usermaatre-sekheperenre Ramesses V 	 	- 	1149-1145
Nebmaatre-meryamun Ramesses VI 	 	- 	1145-1137
Usermaatre-setpenre-meryamun Ramesses VII 	 	- 	1137-1130
Usermaatre-akhenamun Ramesses VIII 	 	- 	1130-1129
Neferkare-setpenre Ramesses IX 	 	- 	1129-1111
Khepermaatre-setpenptah Ramesses XGrimal (1992) p.291	 	- 	1111-1107
Menmaatre-setpenptah Ramesses XI 	 	Ended rule sharing power with High Priest of Amun Herihor ruling in the south and Smendes I ruling in the north, a period known as wehem mesut.	1107-1077
==Third Intermediate Period==
The Third Intermediate Period (1077-732 BCE) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.
===Twenty-First Dynasty===
The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BCE
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Hedjkheperre-setpenre NesbanebdjedCerny p.645 	 	Also known as Smendes I	1077-1051
Neferkare Heqawaset Amenemnisu 	 	- 	1051-1047
Aakheperre Pasebakhenniut I (Psusennes I) 	 	- 	1047-1001
Usermaatre Amenemope 	 	- 	1001-992
Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon (Osorkon the Elder)	 	- * ( Osochor ) 	992-986
Netjerikheperre-setpenamun Siamun-meryamun 	 	- 	986-967
Titkheperure Pasebakhenniut II (Psusennes II) 	 	- 	967-943
===Twenty-Second Dynasty===
The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 943 to 720 BCE:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Hedjkheperre-setepenre Shoshenq I	 	 	943-922
Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I 	 	- 	922-887
Heqakheperre Shoshenq II 	 	- 	887-885
Takelot I 	 	- 	885-872
Hedjkheperre Harsiese 	100px	A rebel, at Thebes	880-860
Usermaatre-setepenamun Osorkon II	 	- 	872-837
Usermaatre-setepenre Shoshenq III	 	- 	837-798
Shoshenq IV 	 	- 	798-785
Usermaatre-setepenre Pami 	 	- 	785-778
Aakheperre Shoshenq V 	 	- 	778-740
Aakheperre-setepenamun Osorkon IV	100px	- 	740-720
===Twenty-Third Dynasty===
The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c.735 BCE:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Hedjkheperre-setpenre Takelot II 	 	Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd	837-813
Usermaatre-setepenamun Pedubast 	 	A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II 	826-801
Usermaatre-setepenamun Iuput I 	 	- 	812-811
Usermaatre Shoshenq VI 	 	Successor to Pedubast 	801-795
Usermaatre-setepenamun Osorkon III	 	Son of Takelot II- recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king 	795-767
Usermaatre-setpenamun Takelot III 	 	- 	773-765
Usermaatre-setpenamun Rudamun 	 	- 	765-762
===The Libu===
Not recognised as a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta from 805 to 732 BCE.
Name 	Image	Comments	Dates
Inamunnifnebu	 	- 	805-795
? 	 	- 	795-780
Niumateped 	 	- 	780-755
Titaru 	 	- 	763-755
Ker 	 	- 	755-750
Rudamon 	 	- 	750-745
Ankhor 	 	- 	745-736
Tefnakht 	 	- 	736-732
=== Twenty-Fourth Dynasty ===
The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two Pharaoh ruling from 732 to 720 BCE.
Name 	Image	Comments	Dates
Shepsesre Tefnakhte 	 	- 	732-725
Wahkare Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)	 	- 	725-720
== Late period ==
The Late Period runs from 732 BCE to Egypt becoming a province of Rome in 30 BCE, and includes periods of rule by Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians.
=== Twenty-fifth Dynasty ===
Nubians invaded Egypt in 732 BCE and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BCE.
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Usermaatre Piye 	 	King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years 	747-716 according to Peter Clayton
Neferkare Shabaka 	 	- 	716-702 according to Peter Clayton
Djedkaure Shebitku 	 	- 	702-690 according to Peter Clayton
Khuinefertemre Taharqa	 	- 	690-664
Bakare Tantamani 	100px	lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year.	664-653
They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BCE-4th century. CE).
=== Twenty-sixth Dynasty ===
The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BCE.
Name 	Image	Comment	Dates
Menkheperre Nekau I (Necho I) 	 	- 	672 – 664 BCE
Wahibre Psamtik I (Psammetichus I) 	 	- 	664 – 610 BCE
Wehemibre Necho II (Necho II) 	 	- 	610 – 595 BCE
Neferibre Psamtik II (Psammetichus II) 	 	- 	595 – 589 BCE
Haaibre Wahibre (Apries) 	 	- 	589 – 570 BCE
Khnemibre Ahmose II (Amasis) 	100px	- 	570 – 526 BCE
Ankhkaenre Psamtik III (Psammetichus III)	 	- 	526 – 525 BCE
=== Twenty-seventh Dynasty ===
Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BCE and annexed by the Persians until 404 BCE. The Achaemenid shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Metsuire Cambyses (Cambyses II)	 	Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC	525 – 521 BCE
Smerdis (Bardiya) 	 	Son of Cyrus the Great 	522 – 521 BCE
Setutre Darius I the Great 	 	- 	521 – 486 BCE
Xerxes I the Great 	 	- 	486 – 465 BCE
Artabanus the Hyrcanian 	 	- 	465 – 464 BCE
Artaxerxes I Longhand 	 	- 	464 – 424 BCE
Xerxes II 	 	claimant 	424 – 423 BCE
Sogdianus 	 	claimant 	424 – 423 BCE
Darius II 	 	 	424 – 404 BCE
===Twenty-eighth Dynasty===
The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only six years, from 404 to 398 BCE, with one Pharaoh:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Amyrtaeus	 	Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians.	404 – 398 BCE
===Twenty-ninth Dynasty===
The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BCE:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Baenre Nefaarud I 	 	Also known as Nepherites	398 – 393 BCE
Psammuthes 	 	- 	393 BCE
Khenemmaatre Hakor (Achoris)	 	- 	393 – 380 BCE
Nefaarud II 	 	- 	380 BCE
===Thirtieth Dynasty===
The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BCE:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Kheperkare Nekhtnebef (Nectanebo I) 	 	Also known as Nekhtnebef 	380 – 362 BCE
Irimaatenre Djedher (Teos) 	 	- 	362 – 360 BCE
Senedjemibre Nakhthorhebyt (Nectanebo II)	 	Last native ruler of ancient Egypt	360 – 343 BC
===Thirty-first Dynasty===
Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BCE are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Artaxerxes III 	 	Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time 	343–338 BCE
Artaxerxes IV Arses	 	Only reigned in Lower Egypt 	338–336 BCE
Khababash 	 	Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt 	338
–335 BCE
Darius III 	 	Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BCE	336
–332 BCE
===Argead Dynasty===
The Macedonians under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BCE:
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Setepenre-meryamun Alexander III (Alexander the Great)	 	Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt 	332–323 BCE
Philip III Arrhidaeus 	 	Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III the Great	323–317 BCE
Haaibre Alexander IV 	 	Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana 	317–309 BCE
===Ptolemaic Dynasty===
The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies ruled Egypt from 305 BCE until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BCE (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, who in modern times is known simply as Cleopatra, and who had affairs with Mark Antony and Julius Caesar.
Name 	Image	Comments 	Dates
Ptolemy I Soter (Setepenre-meryamun Ptolemy) 	 	Abdicated in 285 BCE; died in 283 BCE 	305–285 BCE
Berenice I 	 	Wife of Ptolemy I 	?-285 BCE
Ptolemy II Philadelphos (Weserkare-meryamun Ptolemy)	 	- 	288–246 BCE
Arsinoe I 	 	Wife of Ptolemy II 	284/81-ca. 274 BCE
Arsinoe II 	 	Wife of Ptolemy II 	277-270 BCE
Ptolemy III Euergetes I 	 	- 	246–222 BCE
Berenice II 	 	Wife of Ptolemy III 	244/3-222 BCE
Ptolemy IV Philopator 	 	- 	222–204 BCE
Arsinoe III 	 	Wife of Ptolemy IV 	220-204 BCE
Hugronaphor 	 	Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South 	205-199 BCE
Ankhmakis 	 	Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South 	199-185 BCE
Ptolemy V Epiphanes 	 	Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BCE 	204–180 BCE
Cleopatra I 	 	Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority 	193-176 BCE
Ptolemy VI Philometor 	 	Died 145 BCE 	180–164 BCE
Cleopatra II 	 	Wife of Ptolemy VI 	173-164 BCE
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 	 	Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BCE; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BCE. Died 116 BCE 	171–163 BCE
Ptolemy VI Philometor 	 	Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BCE–163 BCE; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BCE 	163-145 BCE
Cleopatra II 	 	Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BCE and became sole ruler of Egypt. 	163-127 BCE
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 	 	Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II 	145-144 BCE
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 	 	Restored 	145-131 BCE
Cleopatra III 	 	Second wife of Ptolemy VIII 	142-131 BCE
Ptolemy Memphitis 	 	Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII 	131 BCE
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 	 	Restored 	127-116 BCE
Cleopatra III 	 	Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. 	127-107 BCE
Cleopatra II 	 	Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. 	124-116 BCE
Ptolemy IX Soter II 	 	Died 80 BCE 	116–110 BCE
Cleopatra IV 	 	Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III 	116-115 BCE
Ptolemy X Alexander I 	 	Died 88 BCE 	110–109 BCE
Berenice III 	 	Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later 	81-80 BCE
Ptolemy XI Alexander II 	 	Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III 	80 BCE
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) 	 	Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BCE 	80– 58 BCE
Cleopatra V Tryphaena 	 	Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV 	79 -68 BCE
Cleopatra VI 	 	Daughter of Ptolemy XII 	58 - 57 BCE
Berenice IV 	 	Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but has him strangled. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BCE. 	58–55 BCE
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 	 	Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death 	55–51 BCE
Cleopatra VII 	 	Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; also known simply as Cleopatra	51–30 BCE
Ptolemy XIII 	 	Brother of Cleopatra VII 	51–47 BCE
Arsinoe IV 	 	In opposition to Cleopatra VII 	48-47 BCE
Ptolemy XIV 	 	Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII 	47–44 BCE
Ptolemy XV 	 	Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over. 	44-30 BCE
==Rome==
Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman Dictator Julius Caesar and Roman General Marc Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Marc Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus) that Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BCE. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. One Egyptian king-list lists the Roman Emperors as Pharaohs up to and including Decius who died in 251 CE.
==Notes==
==References==
* J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909
* J. Cerny, 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08691-4
*
* Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
* Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76.
* Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992)
* Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977
* Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999
* Ryholt, Kim & Steven Bardrum. 2000. "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris." Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127
* Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt., Oxford University Press, 2000.
* Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1
* Verner, Miroslav, The Pyramids - Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8
* Egypt, History & Civilisation By Dr. R Ventura. Published by Osiris, PO Box 107 Cairo.
==External links==
* Egyptian Royal Genealogy
* Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists
* Problems with Manetho's "Reign of the Gods" Page with different versions of god king lists
* Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English
* Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings
* Digital Egypt for Universities
* List of all female Pharaohs
Category:Ancient Egypt
Category:Lists
Category:Rulers
Category:Deified people