Romantisme

Romantisme: Ex id deutsch romantisch ("rittersk, romanlik")
Definition: Id lexis Romantik prehpt in Deutschland, yant 1798, bi iens Schlegel braters. Id kyeust preter id Medievalo literature inspiren ab ritterdem ed christianisme, witerom id "classic" spirit iom XVIIt-XVIIIt secules keihnd ef hellen-latin Antiquitat; dind emt sien wi maynen os artistic movment ios XIXt secule. Deutsch romantisme ne est tik un esthetic movment, quayque id ijapt ad art un privilegen place; est unschi mentrend comprindend un speculative dimension quod sessiet maung-ye minter pregnant in alter lands quer ids influence acsiet. 
 Ies Schlegel braters eent ies dwo deutsch literature-Historians, philosophs ed mutarjems August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767-1845) ed Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829). Bo comghehlde con ir esors Caroline Schelling ed Dorothea Schlegel ka comdehtors ios aus romantisme. Ies Schlegel braters comedihr id literar journal Athenaeum, in quod ex 1798 do 1800 tracteer id romantic literature. 
==Ia origins os romantisme (end XVIIIt - XIXt secules)==
Romantisme biht mohldt yant medsu id XVIIIt secule samt id convergence os un certaino numer themen : nature, id mund om khisses ed passions, id historic nostalgia quod hamraht id raunstehgen os Pompei ed id mode iom ruines. 
In Deutschland, unte ia 1770tias, id movment ios Sturm und Drang ("Storm ed Elan"), yeji id titule uns Tragedia ab Klinger, jamiyet autors kam Goethe, Schiller ed iom philosoph Herder. Biht influencen ab id irrationalisme os Hamann, uno mystic, duschman iom Lumens. Qui rallient tod movment pamrlane contra id classicism ed ia normes ios sell gust imposen ab France; rehabilient iens megil barrocos, besonters Shakespeare (1564-1616); advoquent id reiken os nature ed antplehcent un Esthetique ios genie : el creator dehlct abdehe ud se vasya reuls ed conventions. Maghe also bihe udwekwnt id illuminisme quod antslehnct in sem branches os frankmassonrie ed id theosophia ios svensk ingenieur Swedenborg (1688-1772) qui, sekwos drehms ed mystic onirs, relat in sien Arcana caelestia quo ei buit revelet de Div, angels ed ansus. 
In France, preromantic sensibilitat se expremt in id vogh ios Rousseau os La Nouvelle Héloïse (1761). In id Uniet Roydem, unte ia 1805-1830 wetsa, ies poets saygen Lakists (Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley, Coleridge) sont romantic pre id werd se dwinght. 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) buit un Englisch poet, literaro critiquer, philosoph ed theologo qui, con sien prient William Wordsworth, buit un dehtor ios Romantic Movment in England ed uno member im Lakists. Scripsit ia poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ed Kubla Khan, tem quem id majoro prosenwehrg Biographia Literaria. Eys critique wehrg, besonters de William Shakespeare, buit hog-ye influent, ed is hohlp ad introduce id Deutsch idealiste philosophia do id anglicisant Culture. Coleridge creit maung familiar werds ed phrases, pati-ya "suspension os incredulitat" (suspension of disbelief). Is hieb uno major influence ep Ralph Waldo Emerson ed US transcendentalisme. 
==Romantisme ed Lumens==
Kam sayct G.Gusdorf in Fondements du savoir romantique (1982), "id aiwo iom Lumens quod inkapt med id mahel os Galileo akapt med id mahel os Newton", yani id mahel ios analytic, quantitative ed mecaniste Science. In id nam os nature, i romantics diweident quantum est mechanic, artificial, construct. Sient se definihes med ir nostalgia uns lusen harmoniaintel el mensc ed id Hol. Itak, unte id hol XIXt secule, romantisme ghehdsiet cristallise id reject om science, machinisme ed industrialisation. Maghmos, dayir to, kaue id romantic tonalitat om sema muassir ecologic movments. 
Id critique strehct tun do politique ed anthropologia. In politique, i romantics diweident id atomisen ed Individualisen conception os un societat quod, brehgend ia traditional diemens, traitet i menscens ka mer interchangeable jetons. Id functional Stat im Modernes biht libter comparet uni fabric. Fin-ye, i romantisms redahskwsient ei psychic innerses id profunditat bohndt ei notion "atmen" : refusent id empiriste dayi unios ment quod esiet tik uno mer collection om sensations. 
 Gnahn in un pau baygat noble familia, Alphonse de Lamartine (1790-1869) spendt sieno miegve in Milly, alen ab un baygh zakir mater ed abbato Dumont. Unte sien studies bi iens Jesuits oisbeudt sien literar vocation. In 1811, un safer do Italia gnopeiht iom id antique culture ed un prest liubh con iam futur model os Graziella. Weikspoti os Milly, unte sem wakt jiwey os Ludvic XVIII, is act inschi Paris un aundiscipline gwit. Eys bragv liaison in 1816 con Julie Charles, qua mehrt posuti, inspiret Le Lac, sohkwn ab ia hol Méditations poétiques, kitab quod maschoureiht Lamartine. Gwehme poskwo divers kitabs os lyter audience, bayna-ya ia Nouvelles Méditations poétiques ed La Mort de Socrate (1823). 
Recepto do id Académie française in 1830, is publiceiht ye id sam yar ia Harmonies poétiques et religieuses. Parallel-ye, is act un diplomatic carriere in Naples, dind Florence (1825). Un safer do Orient unte-yod eys dugter mehrt (1832) daht un rationaler orientation eysi religieus men, sensible in id Voyage en Orient ed Jocelyn. 
Electo ka deputeit in 1833, is evolvt levtro tiel id 1848 Revolution kun, member ios rlinji gouvernement ed minister iom Gospoti Res, is proclamet id Respublic. Id adgumt ios Dwoter Empire in 1851 deht un fin eysi politic carriere. 
Unte id fin siens gwit, upermakrouse, is hat neid alyo cheus quem bihe un "literaro romuscha". Plact ab apoplexia in 1867, succumbhsiet dwo yars serter un dwoter adfall.
==Romantisme ed historia==
Ye id moment ios Napoleonian invasion wardhe, in Deutschland, ia prest koims os romantic inspiration : Jena, Heidelberg, Vienna ed bad Berlin. Ia wakyas qua sehkwnt id Franceois Revolution buir preter primen lyric-ye : buir tallen id elan quod animit id, idso swesgenmenos generositat ed idso tienxia schaecheing. Bet ia europay elites mox hant prispohcen id execution ios roy, id Terror, dind id revolutionar Weir, liberationscruceade quod oku vikwehct kam un imperialiste krig : quetos un profundo disarray ed id resurgence ios antifranceois national sentiment, quod se hieb ja express in id esthetique ios Sturm und Drang. 
Ex un existencial vidpoint, romantisme uperwehrt un profund crose os conscience quod se deilt inter pamrlan, refuse ed nostalgia : id aw aurdhen biht abolihn, bet id riawdals iom dayis iom Lumens kwehct kam un cruoric deuysen. I romantics gwive tragic-ye id impossibilitat os concilye ideal ed realitat. Ia convulsions os historia dreibhe comstrehbhen, id reiken iom mystic ed religieus aspirations, id taala os art ka alternative ei rational men. Ighi romantics vahnt oppones, retrehvend-ye Herders inspiration, id gwiv ed multiple rewos iom national cultures, ir "genie" ed ir folklores, ei abstract rewos os cosmopolitisme. Tod sok po raudhs uperwehrt-se med alyo vision os historia : id meiwrntisu neti trehct kyun constructu future, sontern kyun retrehftu prev. To expliet od pos 1815, id deutsch romantisme sehkwt id itner os politic conservatisme, os religieus integrisme ed approbet id aurdhen ios Saint-Alliance. Bet in France, circum 1848, romantisme maghsiet unie-se ei revolutionar aspiration, kam schahiden ab id engagement poeten kam Lamartine, au id evolution os Hugo, ex royalisme do liberal, dind socialiste democratia, ed opposition ad Napoleon III. 
Romantisme ghi hat cristallisen id pamrlan contra id industrial mund ed id domination os Burgesia, yed id hat ghyant dwo witer vias : uter aspirend id reiken iom awen creden, alter expremend un vansch os emancipation quod udleitiet ia limites om politique ed juridique kay instaure un tienxia swesgenmenos.
 Novalis (1772-1801), quos druv nam eet Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg, buit un deutscho scriptor os aus romantisme ed un philosoph.
==Artistic expressions ed philosophic programme os romantisme==
Europay romantisme skeipt un fasc om artistic, sammel variat ed baygh-ye coherent, experiments : 
- in Poesis : Hölderlin, Kleist, Novalis (Deutschland); Hugo, Lamartine, Musset, Vigny (France); Shelley, Wordsworth, Byron (England)...
- in Theatre (Drame) : Hugo, Vigny, Musset...
- in prose (roman, Basmo) : Hugo, Balzac, Stendhal, ies Grimm braters...
- in historia : Michelet...
- in pingen : Delacroix, Gericault, Turner, Friedrich...
- in music : Beethoven, Brahms, Schumann, Schubert, Berlioz, Liszt, Chopin, Wagner...
It, in id romantic moveina, wardhe id studye iom oriental bahsas, id enevidencen ios oraryios, id aunstehgen iom folklores ed folkstraditions af Herder. Arnim ed Bretano publient Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1806-1809), kitab inspiren ab folkspoesis quod bihsiet pertonen ab Schubert ed Schumann; id Opera con Verdi au Wagner se pinwsiet med id romantic influence. 
Id philosophic programme os romantisme biht antplohct in id Systemfragment (1797) ios deutsch philosoph Schelling. Tod texte preter expremt id reject ios mecaniste science; volt "redahe ptergs" ad Physique. Ex tod vidpoint, dwo wirts sont taalet : gwit, ka organic dastur, ed art, quod biht un cleich os weida. Id supreme act os raison esthetic. El Artiste, stayg promoven do gvaedd, magem au prophet, releift el mualim au el philosophia pro id revelation ios Ses. Id philosophia os nature est un reiken om speculations os neoplatoniste type. Id paursct id Hol quod exgheut-se do ia singule jects, ed bemehnt ia singule jects ka emanend ex id absolut. Nature est un immense artwehrg, id visible face os Div. Politic-ye, bihnt sammel critiquet id abstract individualisme ed id conception ios Stat ka unios mer Mercatios : id industrial mund est neid communitat, sontern id mund ios "khalwani menegh". Tod critique vaht there id hol XIXt secule tiel nos. Fin-ye, Schellings religieus programme leit hina kwenchaue cree un nov Religion. I romantics linkwsient tod projecto kay rallie daydey catholicisme. Lakin, subsist un vol os rehabilite mythologia, synthese inter poesis ed philosophia : mythologia dehlct bihe philosophic, ed philosophia mythologic. Id wagnersk opera sessiet un incarnation tos project. 
 Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-1883) eet un deutsch compositor, dramaturg, poet, scriptor, theatregisseur ed dirigent. Med siena musical drames ghehldt is ka oin im importantst udnovers ios europay music ios XIXt secule. Is changit id expressivitat ios romantic music ed ia theoric ed practice suls os opera, aynd-ye ia dramatic actions ka Gesamtkunstwerk ed scribend-ye ia librettos ed ia deikens pro music ed regie. Is sul festivals exclusive-ye consecret ei skau om wi wehrgs in id Bayreuther Festspielhaus plant ab se. Eys innovations in harmonia influer id antslehnken os music tiel id Muassir zaman. Med sien script Das Judenthum in der Musik contet is spiritual-ye bayna i obsessive tarafdars os antischemisme.
==Romantisme ka vision ios mund==
Pamrlan: Romantisme est preter un refuse attitude dia id mund kam id est, un pamrlan contra id aurdhen iom jects : Pnehgo in id universe, ja scripsit Rousseau. Tod radical insatisfaction dia id present, quod vaht bihe kalt id mal du siècle, udbrehct yant ia prest yars ios XIXt secule ed Chateaubriand, scribend-ye René (1802), biht is djogan uns hol generation. I romantics volge predilection-ye kyens megil mythic rjienbwutsens os pamrlan : Cain, Satan, Faust au Promanthus. 
Ei rationalisme ios secule iom Lumens bihnt opposen ia luxuries os imagination, ia vibrations os sensibilitat : quanto dreibht el mensc exter elsa limites (drehm, passion, follia) est prefert ei sense om tula, harmonia, ed ei meid wi ad classicism. Vice impones sien loy ei mund perambh se ed ad nature, el romantic menscis medvent-se linkwnd-ye se ibs forces uper se ed communiend-ye con tod nature quod pro el ne est un object sontern un subject.
Id fascination pro irrational sessiet uperwohrt, bi sems, ab un nov interesse dia religion ed, bi alyens, ab un acut gusto dia esoterisme ed besonters dia illuminisme. Unte tod contexte antslehnct un nov jor : fantastique. 
Dohrt conscience: El romantic mensc, qual aspirations de aunfinia stundent protie ia angh limites ios mund, est un ses os aunmeidia quell oscillet inter id meist frenetic taala ed id meist-ye tragic desperation. Pro id biedan conscience, dwo attitudes sont possible. Auter comstrehbht-se el el romantic heroy kay skape uno mund quer l'action n'est pas la soeur du rêve (Vigny). We id pamrlan se uperwehrt med un promanthusic vol os transforme id mund : also, sem poets kam Lamartine au Hugo inflecte romantisme kyun politic ed social progressisme. 
Id place al poet: in vasya falls, kweter remant wohrten kyid inner aventure we ghyaht ei mund, romantisme proe-hat ka ambition os tyices eine innere Regenerations des Gesamtlebens, wie sie Novalis angekündigt hatte (Eichendorff), quo beuwt id un alyo jecto quem uno mer literar phenomen. El poet assumpt un novo vision : mentor, xiengi, prophet, is neiht menscgenos, "staur ed khalwani", kam is Moses os Vigny. 
Ye id literar nivell, i romantics mutalbe id totalo leudhert al creator : vasya schinghays contra classic gust, vasya transgressions iom reuls ed conventions sont sellgwohmen, ed est autoriset mixe jors, tons ed ragas. 
 Touraine aristocrat alen in id regret ios Awios Regime, Alfred de Vigny (1797-1863) spreuft baygh aus id khisses uns inadaptation ei moderne gwit. Destinet uni militar carriere, is proe-gnoht idso servitude petis quem ids megdos inter 1815 ed 1825. Pos linkwus id armee, is decidt se consecre ad literature : ad poesis med ia Poèmes antiques et modernes, ei historic romani med Cinq-Mars, ad theatre med id adaptation do franceois os Shakespeares Othello (Le More de Venise, 1829). Med sien drame Chatterton, se affirmet ka oin im magnen romantic scriptors. 
Pos id mohrt sienias mater ed id rupture con sien parika, actrice Marie Dorval, is cheust age un "kalugher gwit" kay maturihes ed scribe ia megil philosophic ed moral poems iom Destinées. Decepen ab id deuysen ios 1848 Revolution - isghi hat rallien id Respublic -, is dombehndt-se do un "saint khalwa" tiel sien mohrt, dien 17 September 1863.
==Artistic ed esthetic movments==
Romantisme hat bright un nov dayi de culture. In ids moveina, ia europay cultural references hant plauterasct, preter wakt-ye, med id raunstehgen os Mediev, bohnden ei nostalgia os religieus unitat, betschi med id rehabilition iom folklores ed folkstraditions. Poskwo rewos-ye, Orient ed, besonters, Hind fascine; terschi biht paursken un lusen spiritualitat. Tod attraction kye Orient habsiet uno megil influence in pingen, bilhassa bi Delacroix, ed in ia deutsch ed franceois poesis, kam schahidet ab Goethes West-östlicher Divan (1819) ed Hugos Les Orientales (1829). Romantisme hat relativisen ed udnoven ia europay esthetic normes ed jors qua ghyahnt ad primitive, barroco ed jorenmix. Artistic activitat richerasct, profunderasct, biht inner safer au total experiment. 
Bet romantisme comprindt semschi contestable aspects : rehabilitend-ye illumination, enthusiasme, is ghyant id itner uni certain irrationalisme (occultisme, spiritisme, hatta satanisme). Fin-ye, id romantic dayi nation, organic communitat samt sien wi genie, bahsa ed culture, bant universalisme quos bertor eent ia Lumens, compromitt id kantsko speh uns pace keihnd ep cosmopolitisme.