Gypsum recycling

Gypsum recycling is the process of turning gypsum waste into recycled gypsum hereby generating a raw material that can replace virgin gypsum raw materials in the Gypsum Industry.
== Gypsum waste definition and types ==
Gypsum waste primarily consists of waste from gypsum boards. A gypsum board is a wall or ceiling panel made of a gypsum core with paper lining around it. Such boards are also referred to as plasterboards, drywall, wallboards and gyprock. Gypsum waste main also in some countries consist of gypsum blocks and plaster, among others.
Three main types of gypsum waste based on their origin can be distinguished:European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=4191 Retrieved 3 October 2013
* Gypsum waste from the manufacturing of gypsum products.
:This waste, which arises at the industrial gypsum production sites, consists of rejects and non-spec materials generated during the manufacturing of gypsum products. The recycling of this waste stream is usually part of the waste avoidance activity of the gypsum plants. The waste is referred to as gypsum manufacturing or production waste and the recycled gypsum obtained from the recycling of this is known as “production waste derived recycled gypsum”.WRAP, Technical Report. Life Cycle Assessment of Plasterboard. 2008. http://www2.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Life_Cycle_Assessment_of_Plasterboard.2a99ccc6.5313.pdf Retrieved 26 September 2013.
:
* Gypsum waste from new construction.
:Gypsum waste from new construction activities is typically a clean waste, and primarily consists of off-cuts of plasterboard (drywall, wallboard or gyprock) when the boards have been cut to fit the dimensions of the wall or ceiling. The waste may constitute 15% of the gypsum materials used on the site. Such waste is generally referred to as new construction gypsum waste, and can be reduced by ordering boards “made-to-measure”, but in most markets less than 10% of all orders are “made-to-measure”.
* Gypsum waste from demolition and reconstruction
:This waste arises when already installed plasterboards (drywalls, wallboards or gyprock boards), that usually have been installed many years ago, are taken out in connection with that the building is demolished or renovated. For this reason some refer to this waste as “old gypsum waste”, whereas the trade usually refer to this waste as “demolition waste”. Different from the two other types of gypsum waste described above, this type of gypsum waste from renovation, refurbishment and demolition works is more likely to present a certain degree of contamination, which can be in the form of nails, screws, wood, insulation, wall coverings etc. For this waste to be recyclable it is required that the equipment processing the waste is capable of separating such contamination from the gypsum to arrive at a pure recycled gypsum. New construction and demolition gypsum waste is both arising after the gypsum products have left the manufacturing sites, and together these two waste types are referred to as post consumer gypsum waste. 
The recycled gypsum obtained from this is known as post-consumer recycled gypsum.WRAP, Technical Report. Life Cycle Assessment of Plasterboard. 2008. http://www2.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Life_Cycle_Assessment_of_Plasterboard.2a99ccc6.5313.pdf
Retrieved 26 September 2013.
== Gypsum recycling process ==
Gypsum waste can be turned into recycled gypsum by processing the gypsum waste in such a way that the contaminants are removed and the paper facing of the plasterboard is separated from the gypsum core through mechanical processes including grinding and sieving in specialised equipment. Gypsum waste such as gypsum blocks and plaster do not require the removal of paper, as they are not made with paper from the beginning.
It is typical for the gypsum recyclers to accept up to 3 per cent of contamination from other materials. The professional recyclers are capable of handling gypsum waste with nails and screws, wall coverings etc.
== Why should gypsum waste be recycled? ==
Gypsum materials consist of calcium sulfate dihydrate (·2). Sulfate-reducing bacteria convert sulfates to toxic hydrogen sulphide gas; they are killed by exposure to air, but the moist, airless, -containing environment in a landfill is a good habitat for them. So gypsum put into landfill will decompose, releasing up to a quarter its weight in hydrogen sulfide.Recycling Council of British Columbia. Why can't I put my leftover gyproc/drywall in the garbage? Retrieved from <http://rcbc.bc.ca/education/faqs/hazard9> Moreover, methanogenic bacteria also thrive in such an environment, and convert the paper in the plasterboard to methane gas which is a potent greenhouse gas.Environmental Protection Agency. State of Ohio. Fact Sheet: Methane and Hydrogen Sulfide Gases at C&DD Landfills. Retrieved from <http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/34/document/guidance/gd_669.pdf>M.A.K. Khalil. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. Vol. 24: 645-661 (Volume publication date November 1999)
Recycling gypsum waste also reduces the need for the quarrying and production of virgin gypsum raw materials.
Recycling one ton of the ordinary gypsum will save 1,000 pounds of black alkali, 1 ton of lactic acid and 500 kwh of energy.
Recycling one metric ton of gypsum will save 28 kwh of energy and 4 pounds of .
== Rationale for choosing closed loop recycling ==
Gypsum is fully and eternally recyclable EUROGYPSUM, Environmental and Raw Material Committee. Factsheet on: What is gypsum? http://www.eurogypsum.org/_uploads/dbsattachedfiles/whatisgypsum.pdf Retrieved 26 September 2013. and, as a consequence, gypsum waste is one of the few construction materials for which closed loop recycling is possible.
Closed loop recycling of gypsum products involves the collection and processing of the gypsum waste, and the delivery of the obtained recycled gypsum to the manufacturer of gypsum products. It is therefore essential that the recycled gypsum achieves a pre-determined quality suitable for the manufacturing of new gypsum products. Presently there is no European or American standard pre-determining the recycled gypsum's quality and the criteria vary from plant to plant.
By choosing closed loop recycling the need for manufacturers to acquire virgin gypsum is reduced, contributing therefore to promote a sustainable manufacturing process.
The most advanced plants, and most of these are found in the Nordic countries in Europe, have substituted up to 30 per cent of virgin gypsum raw materials with recycled gypsum.Saint-Gobain Gyproc Finland. Letter written by the Plant Director. June 2013
== Gypsum recycling in Europe ==
Gypsum recycling in Europe was started by the Danish company Gypsum Recycling International A/S in Denmark, in 2001. After a few years the recycling system received waste from approximately 85 per cent of all public civic amenity/recycling centres and a recycling rate of 60 per cent of all gypsum waste was achieved.WRAP. Plasterboard Case Study. International practice in plasterboard recycling: Denmark. Gypsum Recycling International A/S. The system has been exported to cover other European countries.
Today also new recyclers have emerged and gypsum recycling systems have been introduced in more countries, like the UK, France and in the Benelux, but the highest recycling rates for gypsum waste are still found in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. 
January 1, 2013 the European Life + project “Gypsum to Gypsum” Gypsum to Gypsum: From Production to Recycling, a Circular Economy for the European Gypsum Industry with the Demolition and Recycling Industry. LIFE11 ENV/BE/001039. <http://gypsumtogypsum.org/> Retrieved 26 September 2013. started, with the overall aim of transforming the gypsum demolition waste market to achieve higher recycling rates of gypsum waste, thereby helping to achieve a resource efficient economy. One of the drivers for the project is the target set by the European Union to achieve that 70 per cent of construction and demolition waste is recycled by 2020.The European Parliament and The Council of the European Union. Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive). Official Journal L 312 , 22/11/2008 P. 0003 - 0030. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0098:EN:NOT Retrieved 9 October 2013.
== Gypsum recycling in North America ==
New West Gypsum Recycling began recycling of wallboard waste in Canada in 1985. The recycled material is a blend of pre- and post-consumer, wet and dry gypsum waste that is a source of raw material for use in the manufacture of new drywall products. Gypsum Agri-cycle is one of the first companies to recycle drywall in the USA. Gypsum Agri-cycle is another North American recycler of new construction drywall located in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania does not allow Gypsum Agri-cycle to recycle demolition drywall.
==See also==
* Recycling by product
* Henrik Lund-Nielsen
* Gypsum Recycling International
==References==
Category:Recycling