Science fiction

Id concept Science Fiction buit introducen ye id prest ker ab iom britisch poet ed essayiste William Wilson (circum 1826 - 1886) ka titule os Capitel 10 os eys buk A little earnest book upon a great old subject; is Luxembourg-gnahn US inventor, autor ed editor Hugo Gernsback nud in Aprile 1926 in sien revue Amazing Stories id lexis "scientifiction" ed sub ids definitive forme ab 1929 ka "science fiction" kay bestehme un jor. 
Id neud ab fiction iom daten os science au os technologia se articulet quasi-necessar-ye con ia prospects os anticipation, quos colors maghent gwehme ender prevision, utopic prophetisme au dystopias, pati qua ghyanend apocalyptic perspectives. Itak, id historia os science fiction confundt-se con Historia ex id XIXt do id XXIsto secule : tod uns crehscend suspecen dia ia wehlpens qua positivisme hiebit piwt in ia technic ed scientific Progressa. Maghmos vide in id parution ios roman ab iam Englisch M.Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the modern Prometheus (1818), quod oistart id genti em foll mualims, em experienters qui khakent kwenchaue ia destructor consequences irs invention, id signe tos wehnd in ia fikers ios future ghyanen ab science. 
 
==Ex optimisme do sweurgh==
Id fid in un sakib future schohnken ab science hat oistarten med New Atlantis, id utopia ab iom Englisch Bacon (1627) quod consecret ia spehs os modernitat (modifications ios gwiv, yuwent alixires). Ia technic Innovations bringhe mensdeh ed pace, yed nel-ye modifient id utopic imaginarium os un societat ud-yod idsa tares hant est abdeht. Id sam ghehldt pro L'Autre Monde (1657) ab Cyrano de Bergerac qui neudt id safer do ia Stats ios meun ed ios sol kay scribe id satire ios obscurantisme siens tid. Shayad wehst ter id model os un certain type os roman quod ghehdiet bihe identifiet ka tyehcend un anticipation ye id present : id wehrct med planens ab ia gnohsas ed technologias ios tid.
 Son uns wakile os Nantes, Jules Verne (1828-1905), qui sollit succedde sien pater, ablinkwt sien studyes os Ieus, prefert-yibs Theatre (is oiscript divers pieces). In Paris, is biht broker bet est bilhassa interessen ab Physique, geographia ed ia scientific aunstehgens qua ghyane kyid possibilitat unios nov mund. Stohmen ab editor Jules Hetzel, is linkwt id via ios vaudeville quod is hiebit preter sohkwn, kay se lance, in 1862, do id redactionios "roman os science" : eys Voyages extraordinaires dans les mondes connus et inconnus comprindsient sixgim penk jasamats quom prest, Cinq semaines en ballon, sehlt fauran success, ed qua is vaht nascribe unte quargim yars. 
Riche ed maschour, Jules Verne sgwehmt yed, ye id end siens gwit, do un beghspace khalwa quod prehpt in id pessimisme eysen senst wehrgs.
Is maschourst ed representativest autor tos trend est J.Verne. Unis mualim introduct un revolutionar technic innovation (rakete, robot), bet tod, kam id Nautilus os Capitano Nemo, biht irremediable-ye destrugen : id vernesk romano ne kwenchaut ia politic ed social taraghs induct ab Technique. Tod type os roman gwehmt petis ender id "scientific roman", samt gwaukan-ye pedagogic ziel, hatta ender id "scientific daumost", subjor quod naduresiet tiel ia 1960tias. Smad sehgne de id "teleportation" familiar im pritors os Star Trek (ab G.Roddenberry, yant ia 1960tias): keiht ep id sam technologic imaginarium quem The Time Machine (1895) ab iom Englisch Wells : id sogn os abolishes ia barriers qua rewos ed wakt oppone ibs menscendesires. Etileikwt od Star Trek pont id hypothese uns apocalypse quod hat ducen i menscens ad endergwehme do space. Ti bihnt hakimer per id contacto con extraterrans, kam kwohr ies persons ios Micromégas (1752) ab Voltaire au ios imaginar safer ab Cyrano de Bergerac : optimisme ne hat dispariht ex id US vision. 
Europe est skeuder. Idge topic ios waktsafer, kam emen tsay ab iom Franceois Barjavel in Le Voyageur Imprudent (1943) articulet technic innovation ad societal dystopia : id exploration ios future hat permiss aunstehge kam menscgenos leit do sien gughehren. Ia catastrophes mohldt ab Der Untergang des Abendlandes (1918) os Spengler passe do fiction - eys influence est clar-ye mutalbet ab iom US scriptor Lovecraft (1890-1937). Wells, ops kalen is Englisch Verne, biht echo ios fin ios mund ob armes os masse destruction in The World Set Free (1914) au ios manipulation ios menscengenome in The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896).
 Herbert George Wells (1866-1946), biadet gnoht ka H.G.Wells, eet un Englisch scriptor. Eet prolific in maung jors, scribus douzens romanen, novelas, ed wehrgs de social commente, satire, biographia ed autobiographia, hatta pati dwo buks de Weirleiks. Est nundiens-ye meist mohmt ob sien science fiction romans ed est ops kwit ka "pater os science fiction", nieb Jules Verne ed Hugo Gernsback. 
Unte sien jumiung, lakin, is eet meis prominent ka prospective, hatta prophetic social critiquer qui wugv sien literar talents ei antslehnken uns progressive vision ye global scala. Ka futuriste, scripsit uno numer om utopiste wehrgs ed previs id adgumt iom plavs, pancertanks, space safer, nuclear armes, satellite television ed semjecto samkwehkend id Wiswen Webh. Eyso science fiction imaginit space safer, extraterran invasion, invisibilitat, ed biologic ingenieurie. Eys notablest science fiction wehrgs include The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897) ed The War of the Worlds (1898). Is buit quars nominet pro id Literature Nobelpris. 
==Muassir science fiction==
Muassir science fiction est prect ab id influence ios Russian-US American Asimov (1902-1992), qui hat inventen id werdo "robotique" - kam is Belg J.-H.Rosny aîné (1856-1940) id werd "astronautique" - ed mukhtmel-ye inspiren pelu innovations in tod xeimen. Asimov combinet technologic presaygens con ia visions uns future unte-yod collabe ia imperia. Science fiction yunct ithan id technologic imaginarium ibs present - besonters politic - kaurs. Con ia reflexions de magh ed ids abuses articulent-se ia questions os noster zaman. Isge US-American F.Herbert, autor ios Dune cycle (starten in 1965), invitet ad mehne de ecologia. Ia sweurghs suwt ab id ingenieurie ios gwiv kamta iom nov Technologias om information ed communication hant dadwn nov topics ad science fiction. Instar iom aunconteste mayster ios jor, iom US American P.K.Dick (1928-1982), science fiction interroget id possibilitat unios mutation ios menscgenos. El cyborg figuret un "augen" ensania, biht tadrijan tayn in fictions med el replicant, mensclikihn robot, quell transpont do fiction ia suagehnia presaygens ios US biolog L.M.Silver (gnahn in 1952). Alyo recurrent topic in muassir science-fiction : id trouble os realitat. I robots (au replicants) ignore ir buhsa, i mensci sont, kam in id maschour filmo Matrix (ab iens Wachowski braters, 1999), inspiret ex id mund os P.K.Dick, mergen do un alternative realitat.
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Kam vasya jors preter ayna minor, id science fiction roman hat ghyant creative vias qua ei hant tadrijan daht semo noblesse. Id men ois ta dystopias animet nuntos sem romans qua mutalbent preter id status os literar wehrg aun bane sib id neud om proceddats ois science fiction. Est id fall ios roman Les Particules élémentaires (1998) ab iom Franceois M.Houellebecq quer oin im principal persons invent in un prokwem future un genetic mutation quod vaht duce do id extinction os menscgenos. 
Un nov voln om viyazgen romans enscenet uno menscgenos mutaformen sekwos mutations, kweter leit de un reiken do wildgwit ed anthropophagia pos un catastrophe (The Road, C.McCarthy, 2006) au de un talg genetic mutation quem id beuwt menscens do vampires (I am a Legend, R.Matheson, 1954), do zombies au stragnens mutantens (Breathers : A Zombie's Lament, S.G.Browne, 2006, au Метро 2033, D.Glukhovski, 2005). Ia scientific-technic prospects, ta im utopia-makhers kam ta im brukhschaghirds hant disparihn. Tik etileikwnt ia consequences om destructor acts au mutations quos origino ne est udwekwnt. Kwe ta romans denunce uno mund quod vampiriset menscgenos we expreme id baysa, quod ghehdiet ses tik alter face uns vansch, an vidmos id disparihes ?