Campanian

The Campanian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch (or, in chronostratigraphy: the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous series). The Campanian spans the time from 83.6 ± 0.7 Ma to 72.1 ± 0.6 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.See Gradstein et al. (2004) for a detailed version of the geological timescale
==Stratigraphic definition==
The Campanian was introduced in scientific literature by Henri Coquand in 1857. It is named after the French village of Champagne in the département Charente-Maritime. The original type locality was an outcrop near the village of Aubeterre-sur-Dronne in the same region. Due to changes of the stratigraphic definitions, this section is now part of the Maastrichtian stage.
The base of the Campanian stage is laid at the extinction of crinoid species Marsupites testudinarius. A GSSP had not yet been ratified in 2009. One possible candidate is in a section near a dam at Waxahachie, Texas.
The top of the Campanian is defined as the place in the stratigraphic column were the ammonite Pachydiscus neubergicus first appears.
===Subdivision===
The Campanian is sometimes subdivided into Lower, Middle and Upper subages. In the Tethys domain, the Campanian encompasses six ammonite biozones. They are, from young to old:
* zone of Nostoceras hyatti
* zone of Didymoceras chayennense
* zone of Bostrychoceras polyplocum
* zone of Hoplitoplacenticeras marroti/Hoplitoplacenticeras vari
* zone of Delawarella delawarensis
* zone of Placenticeras bidorsatum
==Paleontology==
During the Campanian age, a radiation among dinosaur species occurred. In North America, for example, the number of known dinosaur genera rises from 4 at the base of the Campanian to 48 in the upper part. This development is sometimes referred to as the "Campanian Explosion". However, it is not yet clear if the event is artificial, i.e. the low number of genera in the lower Campanian can be caused by a lower preservation chance for fossils in deposits of that age. The generally warm climates and large continental area covered in shallow sea during the Campanian probably favoured the dinosaurs. In the following Maastrichtian stage, the number of North American dinosaur genera found is 30% less than in the upper Campanian.See Weishampel et al. (2004)
Animals that lived in the Campanian include:
===†Ankylosaurs===
Ankylosaurs of the Campanian	Ankylosaurs of the Campanian	Ankylosaurs of the Campanian 	Ankylosaurs of the Campanian 	Ankylosaurs of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Aletopelta 	 	Point Loma Formation, California, USA 	A medium-sized ankylosaurid, estimated to be around 6 m (20 ft) long. 	
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Antarctopelta 	 	Santa Marta Formation, James Ross Island, Antarctica 	A stocky ankylosaur protected by armor plates embedded in the skin. Although a complete skeleton has not been found, the species is estimated to have reached a maximum length of 4 meters (13 ft). Displays characteristics of both ankylosaurids and nodosaurids. 	
thumb|center|200px| Pinacosaurus
Edmontonia 	Campanian to Maastrichtian 	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada 	A bulky nodosaurid at roughly 6.6 m (22 ft) long. It had small, ridged bony plates on its back and many sharp spikes along its body sides. The four largest spikes jutted out from the shoulders on each side, two of which were split into subspines in some specimens. Its skull had a pear-like shape when viewed from above.	
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Euoplocephalus 	 	 	 	
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Nodocephalosaurus 	 	 	 	
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Panoplosaurus 	 	Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada; Montana, USA	A 5.5–7 m long nodosaurid. 	
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Pinacosaurus 	 	 	 	
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Saichania 	 	 	 	
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Shanxia 	 	 	 	
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Struthiosaurus 	 	 	 	
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Tarchia 	 	 	 	
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Tianzhenosaurus 	 	 	 	
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===Birds (avian theropods) ===
Birds of the Campanian	Birds of the Campanian	Birds of the Campanian	Birds of the Campanian 	Birds of the Campanian	
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images 	
Hesperornis 	 	 	 	 	
Neogaeornis wetzeli 	 	 	A marine bird from Chile. It had the midfeet of a foot-propelled diving bird, but its relationships are enigmatic. The only known species is from the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary.	 	
Ichthyornis 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
===Bony Fish===
Bony fish of the Campanian	Bony fish of the Campanian	Bony fish of the Campanian	Bony fish of the Campanian	Bony fish of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Xiphactinus 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===Cartilaginous Fish===
Cartilaginous fish of the Campanian	Cartilaginous fish of the Campanian	Cartilaginous fish of the Campanian	Cartilaginous fish of the Campanian	Cartilaginous fish of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Chlamydoselachus 	 	 	 	
†Schizorhiza 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===†Ceratopsians===
Ceratopsians of the Campanian	Ceratopsians of the Campanian	Ceratopsians of the Campanian	Ceratopsians of the Campanian	Ceratopsians of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Achelousaurus
#Achelousaurus horneri	74.2 million years ago 	 	 	
Agujaceratops
#Agujaceratops mariscalensis	77 million years ago 	 	 	
Albertaceratops
#Albertaceratops nesmoi	 	 	 	
Anchiceratops
#Anchiceratops longirostris	 	 	 	
Avaceratops
#Avaceratops lammersi	 	 	 	
Bagaceratops
#Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi	 	 	 	
Bainoceratops
#Bainoceratops efremovi	 	 	 	
Brachyceratops
#Brachyceratops montanensis	 	 	 	
Breviceratops
#Breviceratops kozlowskii	 	 	 	
Centrosaurus
#Centrosaurus apertus	 	 	 	
Cerasinops
#Cerasinops hodgskissi	 	 	 	
Ceratops
#Ceratops montanus 	 	 	 	
Chasmosaurus
#Chasmosaurus russelli
#Chasmosaurus belli	 	 	 	
Coahuilaceratops
#Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna	 	 	 	
Coronosaurus
#Coronosaurus brinkmani	 	 	 	
Diabloceratops
#Diabloceratops eatoni	 	 	 	
?Dysganus
#Dysganus encaustus
#Dysganus bicarinatus
#Dysganus peiganus	 	 	 	
Einiosaurus
#Einiosaurus procurvicornis	 	 	 	
Graciliceratops
#Graciliceratops mongoliensis	 	 	 	
Gryphoceratops
#Gryphoceratops morrisoni	 	 	 	
Judiceratops
#Judiceratops tigris	 	 	 	
Kosmoceratops
#Kosmoceratops richardsoni	 	 	 	
Lamaceratops
#Lamaceratops tereschenkoi	 	 	 	
Magnirostris
#Magnirostris dodsoni	 	 	 	
Medusaceratops
#Medusaceratops lokii	 	 	 	
Monoclonius
#Monoclonius crassus	 	 	 	
Nasutoceratops
#Nasutoceratops titusi	 	 	 	
Pachyrhinosaurus
#Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis
#Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai
#Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum	 	 	 	
Pentaceratops
#Pentaceratops sternbergii	 	 	 	
Prenoceratops
#Prenoceratops pieganensis	 	 	 	
Platyceratops
#Platyceratops tatarinovi	 	 	 	
Protoceratops
#Protoceratops andrewsi
#Protoceratops hellenikorhinus	 	 	 	
Rubeosaurus
#Rubeosaurus ovatus	 	 	 	
Spinops
#Spinops sternbergorum	 	 	 	
Styracosaurus
#Styracosaurus albertensis	 	 	 	
Titanoceratops
#Titanoceratops ouranos	 	 	 	
Udanoceratops
#Udanoceratops tschizhovi	 	 	 	
Unescoceratops
#Unescoceratops koppelhusae	 	 	 	
Utahceratops
#Utahceratops gettyi	 	 	 	
Vagaceratops
#Vagaceratops irvinensis	 	 	 	
Xenoceratops
#Xenoceratops foremostensis	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===Crocodylomorphs===
Crocodylomorphs of the Campanian	Crocodylomorphs of the Campanian	Crocodylomorphs of the Campanian	Crocodylomorphs of the Campanian	Crocodylomorphs of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
†Deinosuchus 	 	 	 	
===Mammals===
Mammals of the Campanian	Mammals of the Campanian	Mammals of the Campanian	Mammals of the Campanian	Mammals of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Alphadon 	 	 	 	
Didelphodon 	 	 	 	
Kamptobaatar 	 	 	 	
Kennalestes 	 	 	 	
Zalambdalestes 	 	 	 	
===†Ornithopods===
Ornithopods of the Campanian	Ornithopods of the Campanian	Ornithopods of the Campanian 	Ornithopods of the Campanian 	Ornithopods of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Aralosaurus 	85.8 mya 	Asia 	Aralosaurus was about the size of an elephant. Although very little is known about Aralosaurus (only one near complete skull has been found); it was identified by a beak with nearly 1,000 small teeth in 30 rows. These teeth were used for breaking up plant matter by chewing, a feature common in herbivorous dinosaurs, but unusual for reptiles.The back of an Aralosaurus skull was wide, a feature suggestive of large jaw muscles used to power its chewing apparatus. 	
Brachylophosaurus 	76.5 mya 	Montana, USA; Alberta, Canada 	Brachylophosaurus was a typical hadrosaur which reached an adult length of 9 meters (30 ft). 	
Corythosaurus 	77-76.5 mya 	Alberta, Canada 	Corythosaurus weighed in at 4 tonnes and measured roughly 10 metres (33 ft) from nose to tail. Like other hadrosaurs it had a toothless beak, the back of the jaws contained a dental battery composed of hundreds of small, interlocking teeth. These were used to crush and grind plant matter and were continually replaced as they wore away. 	
Diclonius 	75 mya 	Montana, USA 	 	
Edmontosaurus 	73.0-76.5 mya 	Canada 	Edmontosaurus included some of the largest hadrosaurid species, measuring up to 12 metres (39 ft) long and weighing around 4.0 metric tons (4.4 short tons). 	
Gasparinisaura 	85 mya 	Argentina 	Gasparinisaura was a small bipedal herbivore. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated the length at 1.7 metres, the weight at thirteen kilogrammes. 	
Gilmoreosaurus 	70 mya 	Mongolia 	 	
Gryposaurus 	83-75.5 mya 	Alberta, Canada 	Gryposaurus was a hadrosaurid of typical size and shape. 	
Hadrosaurus 	79.5 mya 	New Jersey, USA 	It was likely bipedal for the purposes of running, but could use its forelegs to support itself while feeding. 	
Hypacrosaurus 	75-67 mya 	Alberta, Canada 	Hypacrosaurus is most easily distinguished from other hollow-crested duckbills by its tall neural spines and the form of its crest. The neural spines, which project from the top of the vertebrae, are 5 to 7 times the height of the body of their respective vertebrae in the back,[4] which would have given it a tall back in profile. The skull's hollow crest is like that of Corythosaurus, but is more pointed along its top, not as tall, wider side to side, and has a small bony point at the rear	
Hypsibema 	 	North Carolina and Missouri, USA 	 	
Kritosaurus 	73 mya 	North America 	The type specimen of Kritosaurus navajovius is only represented by a partial skull and lower jaws, and associated postcranial remains. 	
Lambeosaurus 	76-75 mya 	Alberta, Canada 	 	
Lophorhothon 	80 mya 	Alabama, USA 	 	
Maiasaura 	76.7 mya 	Montana, USA 	Maiasaura was large, attaining an adult length of about 9 metres (30 ft) and had the typical hadrosaurid flat beak and a thick nose. It had a small, spiky crest in front of its eyes. The crest may have been used in headbutting contests between males during the breeding season. 	
Mandschurosaurus 	 	Asia 	 	
Microhadrosaurus 	 	China 	 	
Mochlodon 	 	Austria 	A rhabdodontid. 	
Naashoibitosaurus 	73 mya 	New Mexico, USA 	Naashoibitosaurus, based as it is on a single partial skeleton, is not well known in terms of anatomy. Its skull, the most thoroughly described portion, has a low nasal crest that peaks in front of the eyes, but does not strongly arch as in Gryposaurus. 	
Nipponosaurus 	 	Russia 	 	
Orodromeus 	76.7 mya 	Montana, USA 	Orodromeus was a small fast bipedal herbivore that probably coexisted with dinosaurs such as Daspletosaurus and Einiosaurus. Its length was estimated by Horner & Weishampel at 2.5 metres. 	
Parasaurolophus 	76.5-73 mya 	Alberta, Canada; New Mexico and Utah, USA	 	
Prosaurolophus 	76-75 mya 	Alberta, Canada 	Prosaurolophus was a large-headed duckbill; the most complete described specimen has a skull around 0.9 meters long (2.9 ft) on a ~8.5 meter long skeleton (~28 ft).[2] It had a small, stout, triangular crest in front of the eyes; the sides of this crest were concave, forming depressions. The upper arm was relatively short. 	
Pteropelyx 	 	Montana, USA 	 	
Rhabdodon 	70 mya 	France; Spain; Haţeg Island, Romania 	It is unclear whether it was an iguanodont or a hypsilophodont, and may be a "missing link" between the two. Current evidence indicates it is an iguanodont similar to Tenontosaurus. 	
Saurolophus 	69.5-68.5 mya 	North America, Asia 	Saurolophus is known from material including nearly complete skeletons, giving researchers a clear picture of its bony anatomy. S. osborni, the rarer Albertan species, was around 9.8 meters long (32 feet), with its skull a meter long (3.3 feet). Its weight is estimated at 1.9 tonnes (2.1 tons). S. angustirostris, the Mongolian species, was larger; the type skeleton is roughly 12 meters long (39.4 ft), and larger remains are reported. 	
Shantungosaurus 	70 mya 	China 	It is one of the longest and largest known hadrosaurids; the composite skeleton of a medium-sized individual mounted at the Geological Institute of China in Beijing measures 14.72 metres (48.3 ft) in length. 	
Tanius 	 	China 	 	
Trachodon 	77 mya 	Montana, USA 	 	
Tsintaosaurus 	70 mya 	Southern China 	 	
Velafrons 	72 mya 	Mexico 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===†Pachycephalosaurs===
Pachycephalosaurs of the Campanian	Pachycephalosaurs of the Campanian	Pachycephalosaurs of the Campanian 	Pachycephalosaurs of the Campanian 	Pachycephalosaurs of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Alaskacephale 	 	Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA	 	
Colepiocephale 	 	Alberta, Canada 	The oldest known pachycephalosaurid. 	
Goyocephale 	 	Mongolia 	 	
Gravitholus 	 	 	 	
Hanssuesia 	 	Alberta, Canada; Montana, USA 	Distinguished from other pachycephalosaurs by having a depressed parietal region, wide frontoparietal dome, broad nasal characteristics, reduced prefontal lobes, and a reduced parietosquamosal shelf.	
?Heishansaurus 	 	 	 	
Homalocephale 	 	Mongolia 	Sporting a flat, wedge-shaped skull roof, Homalocephale was different from other pachycephalosaurs. 	
?Micropachycephalosaurus 	 	 	 	
Ornatotholus 	 	 	 	
Prenocephale 	 	 	 	
Sphaerotholus 	 	 	 	
Stegoceras 	 	 	 	
Tylocephale 	 	 	 	
Wannanosaurus 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===†Plesiosaurs===
Plesiosaurs of the Campanian	Plesiosaurs of the Campanian	Plesiosaurs of the Campanian	Plesiosaurs of the Campanian 	Plesiosaurs of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
†Elasmosaurus 	80.5 mya 	Pierre Shale, Kansas, USA 	Elasmosaurus is a genus of plesiosaur with an extremely long neck.	
†Styxosaurus 	83.5-80.5 mya 	Logan County, Kansas 	Styxosaurus is an Elasmosaurid plesiosaur. 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===†Pterosaurs===
Pterosaurs of the Campanian	Pterosaurs of the Campanian	Pterosaurs of the Campanian 	Pterosaurs of the Campanian 	Pterosaurs of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Geosternbergia 	 	USA, North America 	Geosternbergia was originally a species of Pteranodon and is famous for its oddly shaped crest. 	
Nyctosaurus 	 	mid-western United States 	Nyctosaurus is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur. 	
Pteranodon 	 	Kansas, USA, North America 	Pteranodon is a genus of pterosaurs which included some of the largest known flying reptiles, with wingspans over 6 metres 	
Quetzalcoatlus 	 	Texas, USA 	Quetzalcoatlus was a pterodactyloid pterosaur known from the Late Cretaceous of North America and one of the largest known flying animals of all time.	
Piksi 	 	Montana, USA 	Piksi is a genus of pterosaurs containing the single species Piksi barbarulna. 	
Navajodactylus 	 	New Mexico, USA, and Alberta, Canada	Known primarily from forearm elements; tentatively assigned to Azhdarchidae, though most likely not part of it. 	
Montanazhdarcho 	 	Montana, USA 	Small azhdarchoid pterosaur, probably a tapejarid 	
Volgadraco 	 	Saratov, Russia 	Azhdarchid pterosaur. 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===†Sauropods===
Sauropods of the Campanian	Sauropods of the Campanian	Sauropods of the Campanian 	Sauropods of the Campanian 	Sauropods of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Alamosaurus 	 	Southwestern United States 	Alamosaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. It was a large quadrupedal herbivore.	
Andesaurus 	 	Neuquén Province, Argentina 	Andesaurus is a genus of basal titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur. 	
Dreadnoughtus 	 	Cerro Fortaleza Formation, Argentina	Dreadnoughtus is one of the largest titanosaurs known. 	
Huabeisaurus 	 	North East, China 	A member of the Euhelopodidae sauropods. 	
Overosaurus 	 	Neuquén Province, Argentina 	Small-sized titanosaur. 	
Quaesitosaurus 	 	Shar Tsav, Mongolia 	Quaesitosaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod. 	
Saltasaurus 	 	north-west Argentina; Uruguay 	Saltasaurus is a genus of titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur. An estimated length of 12 metres (39 feet) and a mass of 7 tonnes (8 tons). 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===Squamates===
Squamates of the Campanian	Squamates of the Campanian	Squamates of the Campanian 	Squamates of the Campanian	Squamates of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Halisaurus 	 	 	 	thumb|center|200px| Mosasaurus
Mosasaurus 	 	 	 	thumb|center|200px| Mosasaurus
Plotosaurus 	 	 	 	thumb|center|200px| Mosasaurus
Taniwhasaurus 	 	New Zealand, Japan, Antarctica	 	thumb|center|200px| Mosasaurus
Tylosaurus 	 	 	 	thumb|center|200px| Mosasaurus
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===Testudines===
Testudines of the Campanian	Testudines of the Campanian	Testudines of the Campanian	Testudines of the Campanian	Testudines of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
†Archelon 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
===†Theropods (non-avian)===
David J. Varrichio observes that during the late Campanian Alberta and Montana had very similar theropods despite significant differences in the types of herbivorous dinosaur faunas.
Non-avian theropods of the Campanian	Non-avian theropods of the Campanian	Non-avian theropods of the Campanian 	Non-avian theropods of the Campanian 	Non-avian theropods of the Campanian
Taxa 	Presence 	Location 	Description 	Images
Abelisaurus 	 	Allen Formation?, Anacleto Formation?, Argentina	Bipedal carnivore that probably reached 7 to 9 meters in length; known from only one partial skull. 	
Albertosaurus 	 	 	 	
Appalachiosaurus 	 	 	 	
Archaeornithomimus 	 	 	 	
Bambiraptor 	 	 	 	
Byronosaurus 	 	 	 	
Citipati 	 	 	 	
Carnotaurus 	 	 	 	
Chirostenotes 	 	 	 	
Daspletosaurus 	 	 	 	
Dromaeosaurus 	 	 	 	
Dromiceiomimus 	 	 	 	
Dryptosaurus 	 	 	 	
Gorgosaurus 	 	 	 	
Harpymimus 	 	 	 	
Khaan 	 	 	 	
Lythronax 	 	Wahweap Formation, Utah 	A 7-meter tyrannosaurid known from a partially complete skull, some vertebrae and a complete pubis 	
Luanchuanraptor 	 	 	 	
Mononykus 	 	 	 	
Noasaurus 	 	 	 	
Ornithomimus 	 	 	 	
Oviraptor 	 	Mongolia 	 	
Pyroraptor 	 	Var, France 	 	
Saurornithoides 	 	 	 	
Saurornitholestes 	 	 	 	
Shuvuuia 	 	 	 	
Struthiomimus 	 	 	 	
Troodon 	 	 	 	
Variraptor 	 	Var, France 	 	
Velociraptor 	 	Mongolia and China 	 	
Xenotarsosaurus 	 	 	 	
Zhuchengtyrannus 	 	Wangshi Group, Zhucheng, China 	One of the largest tyrannosaurids at between 10–12 meters. Known from a lower jaw and maxilla slightly smaller than those of the later Tyrannosaurus.	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
==Footnotes==
==References==
* ; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
* Varricchio, D. J. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana.
* ; 2004: Dinosaur distribution, in: (eds.): The Dinosauria, University of California Press, Berkeley (2nd ed.), ISBN 0-520-24209-2, pp 517–606.
==External links==
*GeoWhen Database - Campanian
*Late Cretaceous timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
*Stratigraphic chart of the Late Cretaceous, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
*Campanian Microfossils: 75+ images of Foraminifera
 
 
*05
Category:Geological ages
Category:Cretaceous geochronology