Harry Potter Franchise in Translation

The Harry Potter series has been translated from the original English into several other languages.
==List of translations by language==
The original British English versions of the book were published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury. Official translations have been done in the following languages (languages are listed twice if more than one translation was prepared, once if the difference is merely a difference of country and distributor):
#English (non-UK editions, no translations): Australia, Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd (Distributor); Canada, Bloomsbury/Raincoast;From http://www.raincoast.com/faq: Raincoast Books was the joint publisher of Harry Potter series in Canada in conjunction with Bloomsbury Plc of London from 1999 until 2010. The Canadian editions of all the Harry Potter books have the original British text intact, the same title and feature the original cover artwork. New editions are only made if there are significant changes to the text or format. In new editions, J.K. Rowling has corrected some parts of the text. South Africa, Jonathan Ball Publishers (Distributors)
#English (American), United States: Arthur A. Levine Books
Some sources refer to translations "from Arabic to Zulu", but the books have never officially been translated into Zulu.
Some translations, such as those to the dead Latin and Ancient Greek, were done as academic exercises, to stimulate interest in the languages and to give students of those languages modern texts to read. The Ancient Greek version, according to the translator, is the longest text translated into Ancient Greek in over 1500 years, and took one year to complete.
Note that in some countries, such as Spain and India, the book has been translated into several local languages (see section on publishers); sometimes the book has been translated into two dialects of the same language in two countries (for example, Portuguese versions for Brazil and Portugal).
==Issues in translation==
As with many texts, the Harry Potter series presents some special challenges to translators:
===Culture===
The cultural environment of the book is decidedly English. The stories follow a familiar theme in English children's books, that of adventures at boarding school, and many of the cultural nuances will be unfamiliar to readers in translation. Such things require careful and creative translating.
===Language===
The language of the books, reflected, for example, in Hagrid's manner of speaking, reveals much about the various characters. Various expressions and forms of speech are regional. Scholastic executives chose to issue the books with some adaptations to American EnglishList of changes in the American editions, a practice which is quite common with books that "cross the pond" in either direction, but which was met with a certain amount of reader outrage in the case of Harry Potter.A significant change was made to the American edition of the first book (which was also reflected in the title of the first movie when distributed in that country) in that Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was retitled Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (with applicable changes to the text). Although translated titles often result in wording changes, this is a rare care when a non-UK edition in a common language, English, was so retitled.The varying word order in different languages often presented a problem for translators in cases where characters were interrupted before finishing their sentence. For instance, in , Ron Weasley asks "Why in the name of Merlin's saggy left..." before being interrupted by Arthur Weasley, who tells him not to speak to his mother like that. This presented problems in languages such as Spanish and Hebrew where nouns are used before adjectives, since Ron never states what body part or object of Merlin is saggy and on his left side. This forced translators to either rearrange the sentence or simply guess what the noun was supposed to be. 
===Invented words and proper nouns===
Several words and phrases in the books such as spells, incantations, magical words, items and place names were invented by Rowling. Many of the spells are drawn from or inspired by Latin, and have a certain resonance with English speakers. For example, priori incantatem (a spell which causes the last spells performed by a wand to be reproduced in reverse order) would be familiar to many English-speaking readers as the words prior ("previous") and incant ("recite, utter"). Some translators have created new words themselves, others have resorted to transliteration.Names such as Knockturn Alley and the Pensieve are extremely difficult to translate. The latter is a magical bowl into which memories and thoughts can be placed and examined at leisure, and is a portmanteau of two words: pensive, meaning "musingly or dreamily thoughtful", and sieve, a type of bowl with perforations through which fine particles of a substance (such as flour) may be passed to separate them from coarser ones. The name Knockturn Alley, an unsavoury section of Diagon Alley (the place where London's magic market is located), suggests something beaten up or twisted, and is also semi-homophonous with "nocturnally", suggesting darkness and, by extension, evil. Translators must use creativity and sensitivity in rendering such names, and some are more successful than others. Some translators chose completely different names, like in the Danish editions, where Knockturn Alley is called Tusmørkegyden, which means "Twilight Alley" and the Pensieve is called Mindekarret, which means "The Memory Bowl".
===Anagrams===
The name "Tom Marvolo Riddle", first mentioned in , is rearranged to spell "I am Lord Voldemort". This has required translators to alter Riddle's name to make the anagram work. Sometimes translators manage to alter only one part of the name: Tom Riddle's middle name of Marvolo was changed to Servolo in Brazilian Portuguese, Vandrolo in Hebrew, Marvoldo in Turkish, Vorlost in German, Marvoloso in Slovak, and Orvoloson in Italian.In other languages, translators replaced the entire name to preserve the anagram. Some translations use a name that is somewhat similar to the original, such as Tom Mervolodomos Ridl in the second Serbian edition (the first edition lacked the anagram and the original name Tom Marvolo Riddle was copied), Tom Sorvolo Ryddle in Spanish, Tom Rojvol Raddle in Czech, Tom Narvolo Reddl in Russian, and Tom Musvox Ruddle in Latin.Other translations use an entirely different name, such as in French, where Tom Elvis Jedusor ("Jedusor" is phonetically the same as "jeu du sort", which means literally "game of spell") forms an anagram for "Je suis Voldemort" ("I am Voldemort"). In Icelandic, his name is Trevor Delgome, which becomes "(Ég)Eg er Voldemort" ("I am Voldemort"), but his middle name is not used for the anagram and stays as Marvolo. In Finnish, his name is "Tom Lomen Valedro", and the anagram is "Ma(ä) olen Voldemort", meaning "I am Voldemort". In Dutch, his name is "Marten Asmodom Vilijn", an anagram of "Mijn naam is Voldemort", or "My name is Voldemort". In Norwegian, his name is Tom Dredolo Venster, an anagram of "Voldemort den store", which means "Voldemort the Great". In Swedish, his name is "Tom Gus Mervolo Dolder", an anagram of "Ego sum Lord Voldemort", where "ego sum" is Latin, not Swedish, for "I am". In Danish, his name is "Romeo G. Detlev Jr.", which becomes "Jeg er Voldemort" meaning "I am Voldemort". Here, the "G" stands for "Gåde" which means "Riddle" thus incorporating the original surname. Mostly, Romeo Gåde is used when referring to Voldemort's real name. In Ukrainian, his name is "Tom Yarvolod Redl" ("Том Ярволод Редл"), an anagram of "Ya Lord Voldemort" ("Я Лорд Волдеморт"), or "I'm Lord Voldemort"; "Yarvolod" is a fake Old Slavic name, made-up of real parts, with "yary" meaning wrathful or fervorous, and "volodar" meaning ruler or owner.In many cases, these changes to the name created a problem in later books: in the English edition, a line of dialogue mentions that Tom Riddle shares his given name with Tom the bartender of the Leaky Cauldron, and this becomes a plot point. Translators who could not have foreseen this development had, in fact, given different names to Tom the bartender and to Tom Riddle, resulting in this reference having to be erased.
===Plot points===
In some cases, English-speaking fans have sought clues to the story's mysteries by examining the way certain parts of the books have been translated in foreign editions. The most famous case of this is the identity of the mysterious R.A.B., a character mentioned in who is thought by many to be Regulus Black, the brother of Sirius Black. The Dutch edition of the book translates R.A.B. as 'R.A.Z'. As 'Zwart' is Dutch for 'black' (Sirius Black is called Sirius Zwarts in the Netherlands), this has been taken by some as proof of the Regulus Black theory. However, it has never been noted by Rowling, that any additional information is given to translators, so whether or not these presumptions are accurate, is still unknown. It is also interesting to note that in the Hebrew version the note had the same initials as the English version (transliterated into the Hebrew letter equivalent, ר.א.ב.). However, throughout the series, the name 'Black' is not translated into the Hebrew equivalent (שָׁחוֹר), thus leaving it the same name as in the English versions -- בְּלַק.Similarly, the title for did not make it obvious whether Order referred to a group of people or to a directive. The information that it was a group of people was then determined by viewing the title in some other languages.
===Other issues===
It has happened that translators forget that they had translated a name, thus creating more characters and objects. In the Danish translation, Millicent Bulstrode is translated to 'Polly Pitbull' in Chamber of Secrets, but not in any of the other books.Also, in the Danish edition of Prisoner of Azkaban, two parts were mistakenly omitted (most of pages 148 and 260-261 in the British hardback edition).A number of issues were presented in the Hebrew translations of the novels, as it was believed the predominately Jewish readers would not understand the various references to Christianity. In some cases, this was resolved by replacing them with similar references to Judaism. For instance, in , Sirius Black sings a parody of the Christmas carol "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen." In the Hebrew version, this is replaced with a parody of the traditional Chanukah song "Mi Yimalel."
==Pirate translations==
From the first book in the series onwards, individuals have illegally produced unauthorised "pirate" translations of the novels, some of which have been released far ahead of the official translation in some languages.Harry Potter and the Internet Pirates One notable example occurred in Venezuela in 2003, when an illegal translation of the fifth book, , appeared soon after the release of the English version and five months before the scheduled release of the Spanish translation. The pirate translation was apparently so bad that the translator added messages, including "Here comes something that I'm unable to translate, sorry," and "I'm sorry, I didn't understand what that meant" in some sections. Two people were arrested by the Venezuelan National Police in connection with the pirated version."Potter pirate sorry for mistakes", BBC News, 3 September 2003
There was also a pirate translation in Spain of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince that reached Latin America and became very popular but was a very bad one. The title of the pirate version was Harry Potter y el príncipe mestizo (the literal translation), while the official publishing in Spain was Harry Potter y el misterio del príncipe—literally translated as "Harry Potter and the mystery of the prince". This title, however, was the same one given to the movie translation in both Latin America and Spain regions.
There was also a pirate translation for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows made in Latin America. This translation wasn't very popular, however, and the most sold version was the official one, titled as Harry Potter y las Reliquias de la Muerte; literally translated.
Another notable example was an internet community, Harry auf Deutsch,Harry auf Deutsch formed to translate the Harry Potter books into German more rapidly. After being prevented by the German publisher from openly releasing their translations, they converted their project a community site which (1) translates the books for the enjoyment of their own members (thus avoiding copyright issues, apparently), (2) translates fan fiction, (3) discusses discrepancies in the official translations, and (4) creates their own lexicon.
The agents representing J. K. Rowling have stated in the past that they can not and do not intend to prevent individuals from translating Rowling's books for their own personal enjoyment, as long as the results are not made available to the general public.
In 2007, there was a now defunct Spanish webpage titled Spanish Hallows in which there was a pirate translation of Deathly Hallows, however, the site was destroyed by hackers not long ago.
==Fake translations==
Whereas "pirate translations" are unauthorised translations of true Harry Potter books, "fake translations" have also appeared, which are published pastiches or fanfics that a foreign publisher has tried to pass off as the translation of the real book by Rowling. There have been several such books, the most famous of which is probably Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong which was written and published in China in 2002, before the fifth book in the series, , was released.
Other fake Harry Potter books written in Chinese include Harry Potter and the Porcelain Doll,Harry Potter and the Porcelain Doll Harry Potter and the Golden Turtle,Harry Potter and the Battle of the International Copyright Law and Harry Potter and the Crystal Vase. In Bengali, Harry Potter Kolkataye (Harry Potter in Calcutta), written by Uttam Ghosh, has appeared.
==Notes and references==
==External links==
*Article from "Translorial", Part I, Part II
*The Sphinx's Song in 13 languages
*international cover gallery
*Harry Potter name and word equivalents in many languages
*Database of Harry Potter terms and chapter titles in different languages
*Dictionary of Dutch Harry Potter terms
*Dictionary of Norwegian Harry Potter terms and names
*Harry Potter in Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese translation
*English - German Dictionary + Lexicon of Harry Potter terms and names
*Platform 9 3/4: Crown Publishing (Taiwan) site containing lists of names, books, spells, quidditch terms, etc. in Chinese and English
*Article about American English "translation"
*short article on translation differences in Harry Potter
*Harry Potter terms in Japanese
*Financial Times article
*Petition to help publish an Esperanto translation of Harry Potter
Translations