Paupertat

In Januar 2017, id Britisch NGO OXFAM denuncet in sien report id consternant concentration os opnos tienxia. Also, ies tienxia richest oct wirs (Bill Gates, Amancio Ortega, Carlos Slim, Jeff Bezos, Mark Zuckerberg, Larry Ellison ed Michael Bloomberg) xeihnti tant reys quem id ormer dwidel os tienxia population, quo skeipti 3,6 milliards leuden. Naiwo buit tod fark inter richest ed pauperst tem important. In 2016, 62 leuds ieygweer tant quem id ormsto dwidel os tienxia population. In 2015, eent 80, ed 85 unte id prever yar. 
Oik numers daht ab id Uniet Nations Antslehnkensprogramme permitte habe un dayi de paupertat ed masseninegalitats in nundiens mund. Also kehnst id UNAP od 20% os tienxia population xeiht 90% os opnos. Meis ghyalir, sekwent id NGO Oxfam, oct anghens xeihnti tant reys quem ia 3,5 milliards em tienxia ormstens, yani id dwidel ios population. 
Eti, meis quem oino milliard ensanen gwive med minter quem oin dollar cadadien, ed 2,8 milliards leuden, yani takriban id dwidel os tienxia population, gwive med minter quem 2 dollars cadadien. 
Sam-ye, 448 milliards em magvens ne sont kafi gwaur, menxu meis quem oino milliard leuden ne hant access ad kiest wed. Also, cadadien, 300 000 minter quem penkat magvi ob siuges qua habient ghohdt bihe vergihn. 
==Ia figures os paupertat==
In 2005, Serge Paugam in sien wehrg Les Formes élémentaires de la pauvreté hat enderkwiten tri meg differencyen figures os paupertat : 
1- Integren paupertato descript id situation om economic-ye skept lands au regions. In tod gjashels, chunke paupertat est plaut-ye spohrn diutos, paupers ne bihnti stigmatisen ab id reste ios population, ed brunge familial solidaritat au socialisation dank un ops intense dyin. Ter wehst un informal economia quod gehnt un aunexclusion paupertat, quo impliet od exclusion, sei id tyehct, sehkwt sien wi dynamique sonter paupertat. 
2- Marginal paupertat correspondt id paupertat os uno smulk part ios population eni un prosper societat. Ti paupers ayn "social falls", inadapten ei moderne mund bihnt akster-ye stigmatisen.
3- Fin-ye, disqualifiant paupertat concernt ia posindustrial difficultats hiht ab economic difficultats ed id fin os plenorbatia. I stets kathirer paupers bihnti stigmatisen per id image ios pehden au decheance. Id angsto de beghsorbatia ed exclusion heiht id hol societat. 
Appliend-ye ia categorias definihn ab Serge Paugam ibs different lands os Europe maghmos wey tun tente mape sociologic-ye paupertat ed exclusion eni ta. Sud Europe (Italia, Hellad, Portugal, Espania) gnoht meg important paupertatsratios (sonti meis paupers ed ti sonti nidehner quem in Nord Europe), yed paupers sont sua-integren do id population ed sont ter minter stigmatisen. In id Nord, in ia scandinav lands, id preventive systeme est baygh antplohcen ed manteint id gwitstandard im paupers po un angho control irios privatia. Paupertat esti ter marginal. Albatta, leit tik de general orientation, yed in regard om bo situations, France ed id Uniet Roydem poitte bihe classet do "disqualifiant paupertat").
==Est paupertat uno naudh ?==
Id proschgumt quod buit tod ios sociology Pierre Bourdieu est lyt-ye different ud tod os Serge Paugam. In id collective wehrg La Misère du Monde (1993), Bourdieu ed eys collaborators hant chosen presente paupertat ab un double kaur quod esti sammel om methodologic ed ethic aurdhen, in id sense od ia retranscriben tolks hant ka declaren ziel favoriser la libération d'une parole en souffrance, tod ios misere ios mund. Bet "misere" est her awietu in ia etymologic maynens om "paupertat" ed "bieda", idghi mank os ressurce biht ops yuct ad desperation, mal gwit, acculturation, sentiment os reject. Bourdieu imdadhskwt i "misereusens" ad insafe id necessitarisme irs condition, societat ghi sekwent iom repeteiht aunfin ia sam inegalitats qua beuwnt id franceoisum societat un "dual" societat. I riches herite id opnos iren parents, i paupers "heriteihnt" ir purts ir paupertat, ed scol participet sekwent iom tod mecanisme esend-ye un fundamental-ye inegalitar instrument chunke id reproducti ta sam inegalitats med sien selections. Kam id economic capital, id "cultural capital" biht heriten, bifanghen, rlungdwanen. Est tem quem denars un instrument om domination ed segregation, pro idschi ghehldt id adagio sekwent-yod on ne prête qu'aux riches. 
Tod "theoric necessitarisme", quod ghehdt duce ei passive acception siens condition, yed ne dehlct myehrsihes nos od prist-ye hat id franceoisum societat tenten pamrlane contra tod dualitat : preter unte ia 1960tias med id reject ios consummsocietat ed id endergumt uns part os yuwent do "spiritualer" wirts, quos oino iom expressions buit id communitarisme ed id orientalisme ios hippy movment. Med nundiens id alterglobalisationsmovment quod, jidalend-ye pro un "prabh torg", tentet diwides id inegal daysa os opnos tienxia. Id rlungdwan iom reys ios mund ab un infim minoritat em individus ed nations, menxu ia tri quardels ios planete gwive ender id paupertatsoyl, schockt ia consciences.
==Social exclusion==
Meis quem paupertato hat id theme os social exclusion occupet id actualitat ios mediatic scene os nundiens. Idghi crehscend augen ios numer netogen in Europe hat buwen exclusion oino iom centren ios muassir social ed politic debat. Id phenomen exclusiono ne est ios sam buhsa quem paupertat. Kay ghabe idsum sonterkweit, tehrpt bihe mehmiht od prevst eent i excludens "saygway", menxu sonti nundiens urbi. Also, in id antique mund eet exclusion un kyasen, kam bim Athenays, qui forbien pro dec yars qui hieb haben id nedecos os "bihe hiht med ostracisme", kam buit Themistokleus, is victor ios boi os Salamis, accusen sekwos-ye ob esus pior ambitieus ed pior staur. Id werd "exclusion" quod gwehmt ex latin excludere (clud - ex) tun suaexpremt id dayi od i aunstohmti civs sont ex ia cluden dwors ios citad. 
Nundiens, i excludens sont eni id gordos ios citad, ed ir conditiono ne est id resultat uns diksdenda ni uns politic decision, sontern gwehmt ex un fracture in idpet kerd ios societat. El excluden ne est el pauper, we ne tik el pauper, idghi lexis paupertat concernt meg diversa social types, samt meg relative criteria. Eti, anghen maght ses pauper yed inclus in id societat (habe un orbat, un logement...). Id exclusion im "netogs" oiskeipti bilax id extreme degree os marginalisation, ed hatta, nos mantheiht el sociolog Alain Touraine, "alter ios sociologia", todghi ilm dehlct nuntos se strehnge ad bemehne quo lyehct exter id object os idso science (social gwit, societat). Itak Alain Touraine neudt uno meg suggestive metaphor : nuntos, id social fracture, id dual societat, neti maghe bihe bemohnen sekwent un vertical opposition, "ti ub ed ti ghom" (yani i richest ed i pauperst), sontern sekwent id prabhil uns horizontal secture : "ti eni ed ti exo". 
Prever, pre id adgumt ios consummsocietat, quo bestohm id nivell ios social stand eet pre quant id possession maalen, id volume siens "capital". Nuntos, sont i includens, ti qui participe id gwit ios societat, samt quodkwe economic nivell, ed i excludens, ti qui neti participe id. Tod phenomen impliet id coexistence om dwo parallel munds exclusive ud mutu, ed sammel i excludens izharnt poldam iro presence ibs okwims pretern, provoquend yando reactions os reject, sub id forme, lients, où "antitaskar decisions" emt in certain weiks. I excludens besweurghe, aggredde, vinovateihnt, renquestione. Bisweurghent ob vasyi includens baynt "vigwehme tetro", yani baynt exclusion pro seswo au ir nityens. Vinovateihnt i includes ob hant quanto menxu i hant neid. Incarnent id deuysen ios Stat, idghi finalitat ios politic association est realise id bilkull gohdst integration tim ep qui id waldh vanscht impones sien gouvernement. Ap kam ghehdt anghen bunges sien rol es civ in id citad, kun anghen est aun baytel, aun orbat, aun ressurces ?
==Ia schengkjiens de exclusion==
Recent wehrgs hant tenten enluces ia social fikers ed schengkjiens qua teupe apter id werd "exclusion". Also hat Patrick Declerck dict in Les Naufragés od id lexis "exclusion", per sien saulo logosneud, organiset ia fikers tyeicend-ye un operation samt multiple dimensions : 
1- Creet, namend-ye id, un general ed ambghehrdend social identitat quod jamiyet categorias em persons meg different inter se. I excludens poitte ses, aun difference, paupers, emigrants, beghsorbats, narcomaniaks, rlaurjiens, homosexuals, delinquents, clochards, mental sieugs, physic invalids. 
2- Assignet un bfuaymey cause wiswims yed divers situations. 
3- Est vaya ios denegation os cada transgression bohnden tibs divers stands, chunke "excluden" subjects - per definition - ne sagvient bihvs it voluntar-ye. 
Paytten men est tun ayt ka intim-ye bohndt ei arken ud societat, noroc de wehsti sammel implicit-ye bohndt ad inclusion ed ei normal social functionment. Id logos os exclusion kwehleiht it implicit-ye uno normalisant theoria os social felicitat, quod legitimiset insidieus-ye id establien aurdhen. 
Alya orbats hant betrohft id enleucen iom magnen psychologic ed sociologic mecanismen ducend do exclusion. Bi-sabab id complexitat iom causen ducend tei situation, ed id sonterkweit os cada individual historia, sociologs hant inkapen bemehne id phenomen med "riskfactors", lyt sekwent id model im lieks, qui tolke de riskfactors pro id fall iom siugen. Ta buir clar-ye identifien : abandon ye id nivell os affective gwit, divorce, leus uns employ, ed forloncto beghsorbatia, scoldeuysen, psychologic fragilisation gwiven ab leuds qua buir abandonen au dustraiten unte ir miegve, rupture con sien hemfamilia, physic au mental handicap, etc. Id conjunction, unte un destull angh sunyin, om plurs ex ta factors multipliet muhim-ye id risk, bet, nieb to, buirschi rawt un certaino numer om "objective" factors, qua ne orgwehme direct-ye ex ia hasards ios individual historia es un subject. Ta objective factors oiskeipe tri distincta types os causalitat : 
1- Un politic ed cultural causalitat, bohnden ei general decline iom institutions, ios becadren ed iom collective fikers (Stat, Scol, syndicats, civic wirts); 
2- Un socio-economic causalitat bohnden khaliban ei employcrise
3- Un local ed communitar causalitat, bohnden ei absence om sociabilitatsnetwehrgs in ia mier urbs, ei crise ed ei spraneg os familia ed iom jawardiemens, fragiliset-yod el individu.
==Ghabe intos id gwit im dusyen==
Maung autors hant amet describe "intos" id gwit ios dusyenmund, mysterieus universe, sammel fascinant ed repulgend, kam ep id leizdo ios civilisen gwit. Nos mantheihnt id universe al netog, in-yod regnet id loy al nertst, obkwehct hostile ed naudht quankwe jidal ed mistrust kay survive. Ta gwitsconditions implient un important ed quasi-permanent stress. El individu quel biht netog dehlct se adapte tei nov mund ed to hat repercussions do mult xeimens. Id notion meiwrntia est oino iom affecen aspects. Elghi netog leust cada ghab de long au medio meiwrnt, ar el biht mobilisen ab id faurania. Kun el heunghert, el tehrpti trehve pitu strax. Also, vasya waktnischans disprehpe, dwinghend al netog sib cree sema novs unte id duren. In tod hostile universe, grupps maghe wardhe, bet ir cohesion est fragil. Leitghi meis de samghats em individus quem de grupps-pet, dat id absence om real khisses os bayghen. Ir wahid stabilitatselement gwehmskwt ex tik oin geographic loc : un table, un park, un benk, etc. 
Id mund al netog posdehrjt kathalika un sontersibia dia sieune. Ex tod fact, el netog khacti tules sieugasce, dat id jidal el acti cadadien kay survive. Siuge remant lakin un realitat quod esti dar meis difficil ad gwive in un talg mund. Biht kathalika kwahn ka harbant, bi-sabab un ja niwirten swo-image. Kun est present, elswo netog trendti diagnose sien edwoln kay gwupes hatta tik uno minimal control uper sien gwit ed seswo. Mult syndromes sont bohnden ad gwito stradi : incontinence, cataract, diabetes, stomakelkos, kerdrythme troubles, pleuritis, etc. Pleist netogs, quando gwahnt consulte, preter schikaynti de respirator au dermatologic problemes.