Kedoshim

:This page is about Kedoshim, a parshah in the yearly Torah cycle. See Kodashim for the Order of the Mishnah by that name.
Kedoshim, K’doshim, or Qedoshim (קדושים — Hebrew for "holy ones,” the 14th word, and the first distinctive word, in the parshah) is the 30th weekly Torah portion (parshah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the seventh in the book of Leviticus. It constitutes Jews in the Diaspora generally read it in late April or May.
The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 54 weeks, the exact number varying between leap years and regular years. In years with 54 weeks (for example, 2008, 2011, and 2014), parshah Kedoshim is read separately on the 30th Sabbath after Simchat Torah. In years with fewer than 54 weeks (for example, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2015), parshah Kedoshim is combined with the previous parshah, Acharei, to help achieve the needed number of weekly readings.
Some Conservative congregations substitute readings from for the traditional reading of in the Yom Kippur Minchah service. (See Mahzor for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Edited by Jules Harlow. United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. ISBN 0874411483.) And in the standard Reform prayerbook for the High Holidays (machzor), 9–18, and 32–37 are the Torah readings for the afternoon Yom Kippur service. (Gates of Repentance: The New Union Prayerbook for the Days of Awe. Edited by Chaim Stern, 452–55. New York: Central Conference of American Rabbis, Revised ed. 1996. ISBN 0-88123-069-3.)
Kodashim is also the name of the fifth order in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Talmud. The term "kedoshim" is sometimes also used to refer to the six million Jews murdered during the Holocaust, whom some call "kedoshim" because they fulfilled the mitzvah of Kiddush Hashem.
==Summary==
===Holiness===
God told Moses to tell the Israelites to be holy, for God is holy. () God's instruction, considered by scholars to be part of the Holiness Code, then enumerates how people can be holy. God instructed the Israelites:
*To revere their mothers and fathers () 
*To keep the Sabbath () 
*Not to turn to idols () 
*To eat the sacrifice of well-being in the first two days () 
*Not to reap all the way to the edges of a field, but to leave some for the poor and the stranger () 
*Not to steal, deceive, swear falsely, or defraud () 
*To pay laborers their wages promptly () 
*Not to insult the deaf or impede the blind () 
*To judge fairly () 
*Not to deal basely with their countrymen, profit by their blood, or hate them in their hearts () 
*To reprove kinsmen but incur no guilt because of them ()
*Not to take vengeance or bear a grudge ()
*To love others as oneself ()
*To observe God's laws ()
*Not to interbreed different species or sow fields with two kinds of seed ()
*Not to wear cloth from a mixture of two kinds of material ()
*A man who has carnal relations with a slave woman designated for another man must offer a ram of guilt offering ()
*To regard the fruit of a newly-planted tree as forbidden for three years, set aside for God in the fourth year, and available to use in the fifth year ()
*Not to eat anything with its blood ()
*Not to practice divination or soothsaying ()
*Not to round off the side-growth on their heads or destroy the side-growth of their beards ()
*Not to make gashes in their flesh for the dead ()
*Not to degrade their daughters or make them harlots ()
*To venerate God's sanctuary ()
*Not to turn to ghosts or inquire of spirits ()
*To rise before the aged and show deference to the old ()
*Not to wrong strangers who reside in the land, but to love them as oneself ()
*Not to falsify weights or measures ()
===Penalties for Transgressions===
God then told Moses to instruct the Israelites of the following penalties for transgressions.
The following were to be put to death:
*One who gave a child to Molech ()
*One who insulted his father or mother ()
*A man who committed adultery with a married woman, and the married woman with whom he committed it ()
*A man who lay with his father's wife, and his father wife with whom he lay ()
*A man who lay with his daughter-in-law, and his daughter-in-law with whom he lay ()
*A man who lay with a male as one lies with a woman, and the male with whom he lay ()
*A man who married a woman and her mother, and the woman and mother whom he married ()
*A man who had carnal relations with a beast, and the beast with whom he had relations ()
*A woman who approached any beast to mate with it, and the beast that she approached ()
*One who had a ghost or a familiar spirit ()
The following were to be cut off from their people:
*One who turned to ghosts or familiar spirits ()
*A man who married his sister, and the sister whom he married ()
*A man who lay with a woman in her infirmity, and the woman with whom he lay ()
The following were to die childless:
*A man who uncovered the nakedness of his aunt, and the aunt whose nakedness he uncovered ()
*A man who married his brother's wife, and the brother's wife whom he married ()
God then enjoined the Israelites faithfully to observe all God's laws, lest the Promised Land spew them out. () For it was because the land's former inhabitants did all these things that God dispossessed them. () God designated the Israelites as holy to God, for God is holy, and God had set the Israelites apart from other peoples to be God's. ()
==In classical rabbinic interpretation==
===Leviticus chapter 19===
Rabbi Judah ben Pazzi deduced from the juxtaposition of the sexual prohibitions of and the exhortation to holiness in that those who fence themselves against sexual immorality are called holy, and Rabbi Joshua ben Levi taught that wherever one finds a fence against sexual immorality, one will also find sanctity. (Leviticus Rabbah 24:6.)
A midrash interpreted God's message to Israel in to mean: “My children, as I am separate, so you be separate; as I am holy, so you be holy.” (Leviticus Rabbah 24:4.)
Rabbi Abin likened the two exhortations to holiness in and 20:7 to the case of a king who rewarded his drunkard watchmen twice as much as his sober watchmen. Similarly, God twice exhorted the Israelites to holiness, because the Evil Inclination sways people like drunkards, whereas the Evil Inclination does not exist among celestial beings. Similarly, Rabbi Abin likened the two exhortations to holiness to the case of the citizens who made three crowns for the king, and the king placed one on his own head and two on the heads of his sons. Similarly, every day the celestial beings crown God with three sanctities, calling him, in the words of “Holy, holy, holy.” God then places one crown of holiness on God's own head and two crowns of holiness on the head of Israel. (Leviticus Rabbah 24:8.)
Rabbi Hiyya taught that the section beginning at was spoken in the presence of the whole Israelite people, because it includes most of the essential principles of the Torah. And Rabbi Levi said it was because it includes each of the Ten Commandments, noting that: (1) says, “I am the Lord your God,” and says, “I am the Lord your God”; (2) says, “You shall have no other gods,” and says, “Nor make to yourselves molten gods”; (3) (20:7 in NJPS) says, “You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain,” and says, “And you shall not swear by My name falsely”; (4) (20:8 in NJPS) says, “Remember the Sabbath day,” and says, “And you shall keep My Sabbaths”; (5) (20:12 in NJPS) says, “Honor your father and your mother,” and says, “You shall fear every man his mother, and his father”; (6) (20:13 in NJPS) says, “You shall not murder,” and says, “Neither shall you stand idly by the blood of your neighbor”; (7) (20:13 in NJPS) says, “You shall not commit adultery,” and says, “Both the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death; (8) (20:13 in NJPS) says, “You shall not steal,” and says, “You shall not steal”; (9) (20:13 in NJPS) says, “You shall not bear false witness,” and says, “You shall not go up and down as a talebearer”; and (10) (20:14 in NJPS) says, “You shall not covet . . . anything that is your neighbor's,” and says, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” (Leviticus Rabbah 24:5.)
A Baraita cited the words of “You shall fear every man his mother and his father, and you shall keep My Sabbaths,” to teach that one's duty to honor one's parent does not supersede one's duty to keep the Sabbath. (Babylonian Talmud Yevamot 5b.)
A midrash noted that everywhere else, Scripture mentions a father's honor before the mother's honor. (E.g., (20:12 in NJSP), (5:16 in NJPS), 27:16) But mentions the mother first to teach that one should honor both parents equally. (Genesis Rabbah 1:15.)
Tractate Peah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Jerusalem Talmud interpreted the laws of the harvest of the corners of fields in (Mishnah Peah 1:1–8:9; Tosefta Peah 1:1–4:21; Jerusalem Talmud Peah 1a–73b.)
Tractates Nedarim and Shevuot in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of vows in and 19:12, and (Mishnah Nedarim 1:1–11:11; Tosefta Nedarim 1:1–7:8; Jerusalem Talmud Nedarim 1a–; Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 2a–91b; Mishnah Shevuot 1:1–8:6; Tosefta Shevuot 1:1–6:7; Jerusalem Talmud Shevuot 1a–; Babylonian Talmud Shevuot 2a–49b.)
In a Baraita, the Rabbis reasoned that had said simply, “You shall not hate your brother,” one might have believed that one should simply not smite, slap, or curse him; therefore states “in your heart” to cover intentions as well as actions. Scripture speaks of hatred in the heart. (Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 16b.)
In a Baraita, the Rabbis deduced from the command in that “you shall surely rebuke your neighbor” that one is obliged to reprove a neighbor whom one observes doing something wrong. And they deduced from the emphatic words “you shall surely rebuke” that if one has rebuked one's neighbor and the neighbor does not accept the rebuke, then one must rebuke the neighbor again. But the Rabbis deduced that continues to say “you shall not bear sin because of him” to teach that one should not rebuke a neighbor to the neighbor's embarrassment. (Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 16b.) 
Rabbi Tarfon wondered whether anyone in his generation could accept reproof, for if one told another, “Remove the mote from between your eyes,” the other would answer, “Remove the beam from between your eyes!” Rabbi Eleazar ben Azariah wondered whether anyone in his generation knew how to reprove. Rabbi Johanan ben Nuri said that he would often complain about Akiba to Rabban Gamaliel Beribbi, causing Akiba to be punished as a result, but Akiba all the more showered love upon Rabbi Johanan ben Nuri, bearing out what says: “Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate you; reprove a wise man, and he will love you.” (Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 16b.)
Rabbi Judah the son of Rabbi Simeon ben Pazzi asked his father whether it was preferable to reprove honestly or to forgo reproof out of false modesty. Rabbi Simeon answered that restraint out of true modesty is better still, for a Master said modesty is greatest of all. Thus false modesty is also preferable, he reasoned, for Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that one should engage in Torah study and good deeds, even if not for their own sake, because through doing good for an ulterior motive one will come to do good for its own sake. To illustrate honest reproof and forbearance out of false modesty, the Gemara told how Rav Huna and Hiyya bar Rav were sitting before Samuel, when Hiyya bar Rav complained about how Rav Huna was bothering him. Rav Huna undertook not to bother Hiyya bar Rav anymore. After Hiyya bar Rav left, Rav Huna told Samuel how Hiyya bar Rav had done this and that wrong thing. So Samuel asked Rav Huna why he had not told Hiyya bar Rav to his face. Rav Huna replied that he did not want to put the son of Rav to shame (and thus chose insincere forbearance over honest rebuke). (Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 16b.)
The Gemara discussed how far one should reprove another. Rav said that one should reprove until the one reproved strikes the reprover. Samuel said that one should reprove until the one reproved curses the reprover. Rabbi Johanan said that one should reprove only until the one reproved rebukes the reprover. The Gemara noted a similar dispute among Tannaim. Rabbi Eliezer said until the one reproved strikes the reprover. Rabbi Joshua said until the one reproved curses the reprove. Ben Azzai said until the one reproved rebukes the reprover. Rav Nahman bar Isaac said that all three cited to support their positions. says: “Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan and he said to him: ‘You son of perverse rebellion, do not I know that you have chosen the son of Jesse (David) to your own shame, and to the shame of your mother's nakedness?’” And shortly thereafter, says: “And Saul cast his spear at him to smite him.” Rabbi Eliezer said “until the one reproved strikes” because says “to smite him.” Rabbi Joshua said “until the one reproved curses” because says: “to your own shame and to the shame of your mother's nakedness.” Ben Azzai said “until the one reproved rebukes” because says: “Then Saul's anger was kindled.” The Gemara asked how Ben Azzai, who said “until the one reproved rebukes,” explained how also mentions beating and cursing. The Gemara reasoned that Jonathan risked his life even further (and rebuked even more than required) because of his great love of David. (Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 16b.)
200px|thumb|right|Hillel (sculpture at the Knesset Menorah, Jerusalem)
But Rabbi Il'a said in the name of Rabbi Eleazar son of Rabbi Simeon that just as one is obliged to say words of reproof that will be accepted, so one is obliged not to say words of reproof that will not be accepted. Rabbi Abba said that it is a duty to forgo reproof that will not be accepted, as says: “Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate you; reprove a wise man, and he will love you.” (Babylonian Talmud Yevamot 65b.)
Once a gentile came before Shammai and said, “I will convert to Judaism, on the condition that you teach me the whole Torah while I stand on one foot.” Shammai pushed him away with a builder's ruler. When the gentile repeated his challenge before Hillel, Hillel said to him (paraphrasing ), “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah, and the rest is the explanation -- go and learn it.” (Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 31a.)
Rav Nahman said in the name of Rabbah bar Abbuha that requires that even when executing a person, one must choose for the condemned an easy death. (Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 37b, Sanhedrin 45a.)
And other Rabbis counseled that prohibits taking actions that would make one's spouse unattractive. Thus Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that requires a man not to become engaged to a woman before he sees her, lest he subsequently see something in her that might make her repulsive to him. (Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 41a.) Similarly, Rav Hisda taught that prohibited one from engaging in marital relations during the daytime, and Abaye explained that this was because one might observe something that should make one's spouse repulsive. (Babylonian Talmud Niddah 17a.)
Tractate Kilayim in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Jerusalem Talmud interpreted the laws of mixing plants, cloth, and animals in (Mishnah Kilayim 1:1–9:10; Tosefta Kilayim 1:1–5:27; Jerusalem Talmud Kilayim 1a–.)
 calls on the Israelites to obey God's “statutes” (hukim) and “ordinances” (mishpatim). The Rabbis in a Baraita taught that the “ordinances” (mishpatim) were commandments that logic would have dictated that we follow even had Scripture not commanded them, like the laws concerning idolatry, adultery, bloodshed, robbery, and blasphemy. And “statutes” (hukim) were commandments that the Adversary challenges us to violate as beyond reason, like those relating to shaatnez (in and ), halizah (in ), purification of the person with tzaraat (in ), and the scapegoat (in ). So that people do not think these “ordinances” (mishpatim) to be empty acts, in God says, “I am the Lord,” indicating that the Lord made these statutes, and we have no right to question them. (Babylonian Talmud Yoma 67b.) Similarly, Rabbi Joshua of Siknin taught in the name of Rabbi Levi that the Evil Inclination criticizes four laws as without logical basis, and Scripture uses the expression “statute” (chuk) in connection with each: the laws of (1) a brother's wife (in ), (2) mingled kinds (in and ), (3) the scapegoat (in ), and (4) the red cow (in ). (Numbers Rabbah 19:5.)
Tractate Orlah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Jerusalem Talmud interpreted the laws of the prohibition in against using the fruits of a tree in its first three years. (Mishnah Orlah 1:1–3:9; Tosefta Orlah 1:1–8; Jerusalem Talmud Orlah 1a–42a.) 
Judah ben Padiah noted Adam's frailty, for he could not remain loyal even for a single hour to God's charge that he not eat from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, yet in accordance with Adam's descendants the Israelites waited three years for the fruits of a tree. (Genesis Rabbah 21:7.)
===Leviticus chapter 20===
Mishnah Sanhedrin 7:7 and Babylonian Talmud 64a–b interpreted the laws prohibiting passing one's child through the fire to Molech in 20:1–5, and 
The Mishnah asked about the command of that the animal be killed: If the person had sinned, in what way did the animal sin? The Mishnah concluded that Scripture ordered it killed because it enticed the person to sin. Alternatively, the Mishnah explained that the animal was killed so that it should not pass through the streets provoking people to say, “This is the animal on account of which so and so was stoned.” (Mishnah Sanhedrin 7:4; Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 54a.)
The Gemara reported a number of Rabbis’ reports of how the Land of Israel did indeed flow with “milk and honey,” as described in and 17, and and and and 15, and Once when Rami bar Ezekiel visited Bnei Brak, he saw goats grazing under fig trees while honey was flowing from the figs, and milk dripped from the goats mingling with the fig honey, causing him to remark that it was indeed a land flowing with milk and honey. Rabbi Jacob ben Dostai said that it is about three miles from Lod to Ono, and once he rose up early in the morning and waded all that way up to his ankles in fig honey. Resh Lakish said that he saw the flow of the milk and honey of Sepphoris extend over an area of sixteen miles by sixteen miles. Rabbah bar Bar Hana said that he saw the flow of the milk and honey in all the Land of Israel and the total area was equal to an area of twenty-two parasangs by six parasangs. (Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 111b–12a.)
==Commandments==
According to Sefer ha-Chinuch, there are 13 positive and 38 negative commandments in the parshah:
*To revere one's father and mother () 
*Not to turn to idolatry () 
*Not to make an idol () 
*Not to eat meat left over from sacrifices () 
*Not to reap a corner of one's field () 
*Not to reap the very last end of one's field () 
*To leave gleanings () 
*Not to gather the gleanings () 
*To leave a part of a vineyard unreaped, for the poor () 
*Not to gather the gleanings of a vineyard () 
*To leave the unformed clusters of grapes () 
*Not to pick the unformed clusters of grapes () 
*Not to steal () 
*Not to deny possession of something entrusted to you () 
*Not to swear in denial of a monetary claim () 
*Not to swear falsely in God's Name () 
*Not to withhold wages or fail to repay a debt () 
*Not to rob openly () 
*Not to delay payment of wages past the agreed time () 
*Not to curse any upstanding Jew () 
*Not to put a stumbling block before nor give harmful advice (Lifnei iver) to a trusting person () 
*Not to pervert justice () 
*A judge must not respect the great man at the trial. () 
*To judge righteously () 
*Not to speak derogatorily of others () 
*Not to stand idly by if someone's life is in danger () 
*Not to hate fellow Jew () 
*To reprove a sinner () 
*Not to embarrass others () 
*Not to take revenge () 
*Not to bear a grudge () 
*To love other Jews () 
*Not to crossbreed animals () 
*Not to plant diverse seeds together () 
*Not to eat fruit of a tree during its first three years () 
*The fourth year crops must be totally for holy purposes. ()
*Not to eat like a glutton or drink like a drunkard () 
*Not to be superstitious () 
*Not to engage in astrology () 
*Men must not shave the hair off the sides of their head. () 
*Men must not shave their beards with a razor. () 
*Not to tattoo the skin ()
*To show reverence to the Temple () 
*Not to act as a medium () 
*Not to act as a magical seer () 
*To honor those who teach and know Torah () 
*Not to commit injustice with scales and weights () 
*Each individual must ensure that his scales and weights are accurate () 
*Not to curse one's father or mother () 
*The courts must carry out the death penalty of burning () 
*Not to imitate idolaters in customs and clothing () 
 
(Sefer HaHinnuch: The Book of [Mitzvah] Education. Translated by Charles Wengrov, 3:3–163. Jerusalem: Feldheim Pub., 1984. ISBN 0-87306-297-3.)
==Haftarah==
The haftarah for the parshah is:
*for Ashkenazi Jews: Amos 9:7–15 
*for Sephardi Jews: Ezekiel 20:2–20
When parshah Kedoshim is combined with parshah Acharei (as it is in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2015), the haftarah is still the haftarah for parshah Kedoshim.
==In the liturgy==
God's characteristic of holiness in is reflected in and in turn in the Kedushah section of the Amidah prayer in each of the three prayer services. (Reuven Hammer. Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals, 4. New York: The Rabbinical Assembly, 2003. ISBN 0916219208.)
==Further reading==
The parshah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:
===Biblical===
*Exodus 19:6 (being holy).
* (Molech); 23:22 (corners of fields).
*Deuteronomy 18:10 (passing children through the fire); 24:14–15 (paying wages promptly).
*1 Kings 11:4–8, 33 (Molech).
*2 Kings 16:3 (son pass through fire); 17:17 (children pass through fire); 21:6 (son pass through fire); 23:10–14 (Molech).
*Isaiah 57:9 (Molech or king).
*Jeremiah 7:31 (child sacrifice); 16:6 (shaving); 22:13–14 (paying wages); 32:35 (Molech); 41:5 (shaving); 48:37 (shaving); 49:1–3 (Molech or Malcam).
*Ezekiel 16:20–21 (sacrificing children); 18:5–7 (the just does not rob); 23:6–12 (violations of the Holiness Code); 23:37 (sacrifice of sons).
*Amos 5:25–27 (Molech or king).
*Zephaniah 1:4–6 (Molech).
*Psalms 41:2 (consideration for the poor); 82:2 (unrighteous judgment); 135:4 (God's choice of Israel); 140:13 (the poor).
*2 Chronicles 33:6 (children pass through fire).
===Ancient===
*Confucius. The Analects 3:15:23. (“Tsze-kung asked, saying, ‘Is there one word which may serve as a rule of practice for all one's life?’ The Master said, ‘Is not Reciprocity such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.’”). China, circa 5th Century B.C.E.
*Aristotle. 4th Century B.C.E. (“We should behave to our friends as we would wish our friends to behave to us.”) Quoted in Diogenes Laërtius. Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, 5:11. 3rd Century C.E. Translated by C.D. Yonge. 19th Century. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0548116822.
===Early nonrabbinic===
*James 2:8 (“If you really keep the royal law found in Scripture, ‘Love your neighbor as yourself,’ you are doing right.”). Circa 45–62 C.E.
*Galatians 5:14 (“The entire law is summed up in a single command: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’”). Circa 49–58 C.E.
*Romans 13:8–9 (“Let no debt remain outstanding, except the continuing debt to love one another, for he who loves his fellowman has fulfilled the law. The commandments . . . are summed up in this one rule: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’”). Greece, circa 58 C.E.
*Mark 12:31 (“The second is this: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’ There is no commandment greater than these."). Circa 70 C.E.
*Matthew 7:12 (“So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets.”); 19:19 (“‘love your neighbor as yourself.’”); 22:39–40 (“And the second is like it: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’ All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments.”). Circa 70–100 C.E.
*Luke 6:31 (“Do to others as you would have them do to you.”). Circa 80–150 C.E.
*Acts 7:42–43 (Molech). Circa 80–150 C.E.
===Classical rabbinic===
*Mishnah: Peah 1:1–8:9; Kilayim 1:1–9:10; Sheviit 1:8; Terumot 3:9; Orlah 1:1–3:9; Shekalim 1:1; Yevamot 8:6; Nedarim 9:4, 11:3; Kiddushin 1:7, 1:9; Bava Kamma 5:7; Bava Metzia 5:11, 7:7; Sanhedrin 1:3–4, 3:7, 7:4, 7:6–8, 7:10–11, 9:1; Makkot 3:5–6, 3:8–9; Keritot 1:1, 2:4–6, 6:9. Land of Israel, circa 200 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 14–36, 49–68, 70, 100, 158–66, 251, 356, 424, 428, 489, 515, 544, 548, 583–84, 589, 597–98, 602, 617–18, 836, 840, 851. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4.
*Tosefta: Peah 1:1–4:21; Demai 5:2; Kilayim 1:1–5:27; Maasrot 3:12; Orlah 1:1–8; Bikkurim 2:4; Shabbat 15:9; 17:1; Megillah 3:24; Sotah 5:11; 15:7; Gittin 2:7; Kiddushin 1:4; Bava Metzia 10:3; Bava Batra 5:7; Sanhedrin 3:1; 6:2; 9:11; 12:1; Shevuot 3:1. Land of Israel, circa 300 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 1:47–76, 103, 251–76, 292, 341–43, 349, 415, 423, 650, 853, 891, 901, 925–26; 2:1084, 1115, 1150, 1164, 1178, 1185, 1229. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 2002. ISBN 1-56563-642-2.
*Sifra 195:1–210:2. Land of Israel, 4th Century C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., Sifra: An Analytical Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 3:85–159. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. ISBN 1-55540-207-0.
*Jerusalem Talmud: Berakhot 60a; Peah 1a–73b; Kilayim 1a–; Sheviit 12a, 59a; Maasrot 37b; Maaser Sheni 49b, 51a; Orlah 1a–42a; Bikkurim 23a–b; Shevuot 1a–. Land of Israel, circa 400 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, vols. 2–3, 6a–b, 9–10, 12. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006–2009.
*Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon 49:3; 45:1–2; 61:1; 62:1, 3; 66:1; 74:4; 76:3; 77:3. Land of Israel, 5th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Mekhilta de-Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai. Translated by W. David Nelson, 218, 249–50, 278, 282, 284–85, 294, 348, 355, 359. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2006. ISBN 0-8276-0799-7.
*Leviticus Rabbah 19:4; 24:1–25:8; 26:7; 27:3; 30:10; 35:3; 36:1. Land of Israel, 5th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Leviticus. Translated by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon, 4:242, 304–24, 330–36, 346, 391, 448, 456. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
*Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 10b, 21b, 35a, 36a–b; Shabbat 23a, 31a, 69b, 71b, 108a, 149a; Eruvin 17b; Pesachim 3a, 16b, 22b, 75a, 78a, 113b; Yoma 18b, 23a, 36a–b, 43a, 69a, 81b, 85b; Sukkah 34b–35a; Beitzah 3b, 5a, 14b, 25b, 28b; Rosh Hashanah 2a, 9b, 31b; Taanit 6b; Megillah 7b, 17b; Moed Katan 2a–b, 4b–5a, 9a, 14b, 17a; Chagigah 4a, 7a, 16a, 25b; Yevamot 2b, 4a–6b, 37b, 46b–47a, 54a–55b, 65b, 94b–95a, 97a, 122a; Ketubot 29a, 30b, 36a, 37b, 46a, 80a; Nedarim 2a–91b; Nazir 29a, 37a, 41a, 57b, 58b; Sotah 7a, 8b, 43b; Gittin 39b, 41b, 43a–b, 47a, 53a–b, 54b, 59b, 85a; Kiddushin 6a, 19a, 23a, 29a, 30b, 31b–32b, 33b, 34b, 35b, 37a, 39a, 41a, 54b, 56b; Bava Kamma 16b, 28a, 51a, 54b–55a, 68b–69b, 70b, 76b, 80b, 94a, 99a, 101a, 105b, 113a; Bava Metzia 5b, 9b, 10b, 12a, 21b, 26b, 31a, 32a, 49a, 55b, 59b, 61b, 75b, 83b, 90b–91a, 92b, 94b, 101a, 110b–11b; Bava Batra 24a, 27a, 36a, 89b, 94a; Sanhedrin 2a, 3a, 15a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32b, 33b, 39a, 40b, 45a, 46a, 50b–53a, 54a–55a, 57a, 60a, 63a, 64a–65a, 66a, 67b, 69a, 70a, 73a, 75a–76a, 84b, 85b–86a; Makkot 4b, 5b, 7b, 8b, 13b–14b, 16a–b, 20a–22b; Shevuot 2a–49b; Avodah Zarah 6a–b, 10b, 22a, 54b, 62a, 64a, 65b, 68a; Horayot 4a, 11a; Zevachim 5b, 23b, 28a–b, 44a, 47a, 56b, 72a; Menachot 5b–6a, 16b, 25a, 69b, 90b, 110a; Chullin 3a, 7b, 13a, 26b, 29a, 31a, 71a, 74b, 78b–79a, 82b, 85a, 95b, 114a–15b, 120b, 121a, 130b–31b, 134b, 135b, 137a, 138a, 141a–b; Arakhin 16b; Temurah 3a, 4a, 6a, 28b; Keritot 3a–b, 5a, 9a–b, 10b–11a, 12b, 15a, 16a, 21a–b, 22b, 24a, 28a; Meilah 2a, 10a, 16b–17a, 18a; Tamid 27b; Niddah 17a, 41b, 50a, 51a, 57a. Babylonia, 6th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 vols. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
===Medieval===
*Rashi. Commentary. Leviticus 19–20. Troyes, France, late 11th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi’s Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, 3:225–59. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994. ISBN 0-89906-028-5.
*Judah Halevi. Kuzari. 3:11; 4:3. Toledo, Spain, 1130–1140. Reprinted in, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Intro. by Henry Slonimsky, 148, 203. New York: Schocken, 1964. ISBN 0-8052-0075-4.
*Zohar 3:80a–88a. Spain, late 13th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., The Zohar. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 vols. London: Soncino Press, 1934.
===Modern===
*Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 3:40. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, 503–04. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982. ISBN 0140431950.
*Immanuel Kant. Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Second Section. Germany, 1785. (“There is therefore but one categorical imperative, namely, this: Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”).
*Thomas Mann. Joseph and His Brothers. Translated by John E. Woods, 79, 82–83, 152–53, 189, 201–02, 226–27, 336, 351, 384–86, 927. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4001-9. Originally published as Joseph und seine Brüder. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
*Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, 27–28, 40–41. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0548080003.
*James A. Michener. The Source, 106–20. New York: Random House, 1965.
*Aaron Wildavsky. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel, 3–4. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993. ISBN 1-56000-081-3.
*Jacob Milgrom. “Does the Bible Prohibit Homosexuality? The biblical prohibition is addressed only to Israel. It is incorrect to apply it on a universal scale.” Bible Review. 9 (6) (Dec. 1993).
*Jacob Milgrom. “How Not to Read the Bible: I am not for homosexuality, but I am for homosexuals. When the Bible is distorted to make God their enemy I must speak out to set the record straight.” Bible Review. 10 (2) (Apr. 1994).
*Jacob Milgrom. “The Most Basic Law in the Bible: It is easy to ‘love’ the war-ravaged Bosnians, the AIDS-stricken Zaireans or the bereaved of Oklahoma City. But what of the strangers in our midst, the vagrants on our sidewalks?” Bible Review. 11 (4) (Aug. 1994).
*Jacob Milgrom. “‘The Alien in Your Midst’: Every nation has its ger: the permanent resident. The Torah commands us, first, not to oppress the ger, and then to befriend and love him.” Bible Review. 11 (6) (Dec. 1995).
*Marc Gellman. “Cutting Corners.” In God’s Mailbox: More Stories About Stories in the Bible, 80–84. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1996. ISBN 0-688-13169-7.
*Calum M. Carmichael. Law, Legend, and Incest in the Bible: Leviticus 18–20, at 1–44, 62–198. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8014-3388-6.
*Mary Douglas. Leviticus as Literature, 37, 42, 46, 84, 92, 99, 109, 123–24, 151, 156, 216, 231, 233, 237–40, 246, 250. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-924419-7.
*Adin Steinsaltz. Simple Words: Thinking About What Really Matters in Life, 48. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. ISBN 068484642X.
*Jacob Milgrom. Leviticus 17–22, 3A:1594–790. New York: Anchor Bible, 2000. ISBN 0-385-41255-X.
*Joseph Telushkin. The Book of Jewish Values: A Day-by-Day Guide to Ethical Living, 4–6. New York: Bell Tower, 2000. ISBN 0-609-60330-2.
*Susan Ackerman. “When the Bible Enters the Fray: As Vermont legalizes civil unions for same-sex couples, both sides of the debate turn to the Bible for support. They might do better to turn to Bible scholars, too.” Bible Review. 16 (5) (Oct. 2000): 6, 50.
*Joseph Telushkin. The Ten Commandments of Character: Essential Advice for Living an Honorable, Ethical, Honest Life, 18, 32–34, 55–56, 129–32, 181–86, 259–62, 290–91, 300–04, 307–10. New York: Bell Tower, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4509-6.
*Golden Rule: The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions. Edited by Jacob Neusner and Bruce D. Chilton. Continuum, 2009. ISBN 1847062954.
==External links==
*Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation
*Hear the parshah chanted
Category:Weekly Torah readings
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