Hungry ghost

thumb|300px|right|A Taoist ceremony to placate hungry ghosts during Ghost Festival in Hong Kong.
Hungry ghosts are not the same as ghosts in Chinese tradition. Traditional belief is that people become ghosts when they die.Venerable Yin-shun. The Way to Buddhahood. Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications: 1998. It was originally thought that ghosts did not have eternal life, but would slowly weaken and eventually die a second time.目次：冥報記白話Eberhard, Stephen F. The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. New Jersey: Princeton University Press: 1988. Hungry ghosts in traditional thought would only be an issue in exceptional cases such as if a whole family were killed or when a family no longer venerated their ancestors. With the rise in popularity of Buddhism the idea that souls would live in space until reincarnation became popular. In the Taoist tradition it is believed that hungry ghosts can arise from people whose deaths have been violent or unhappy. Both Buddhism and TaoismOldstone-Moore, Jennifer. Taoism. USA: Oxford University Press: 2003. share the idea that hungry ghosts can emerge from neglect or desertion of ancestors. According to the Hua-yen Sutra, evil deeds will cause a soul to be born in one of six different realms.Baroni, Helen J. Ph.D. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Incorporated: 2002. It is believed that the highest degree of evil deed will cause a soul to be reborn as a denizen of hell, a lower degree of evil will cause a soul to be reborn as an animal, and the lowest degree of evil will cause a soul to be reborn as a hungry ghost.Gregory, Peter N., ed. Inquiry Into the Origin of Humanity. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press: 1995. Evil deeds that lead to becoming a hungry ghost are killing, stealing and sexual misconduct. Desire, greed, anger and ignorance are all factors in causing a soul to be reborn as a hungry ghost because they are motives for people to perform evil deeds.
==Stories of origin ==
There are many stories of the origin of hungry ghosts. In the Buddhist tradition there are stories from Chuan-chi po-yuan ching ("Sutra of One Hundred Selected Legends") that is from the early third century.Teiser, Wolfram. Chinese Festivals. New York: Abelard-Schuman Ltd.: 1958. Some examples of these stories are as follows:
One story is of a rich man who traveled selling sugar-cane juice. One day a monk came to his house looking for the juice to cure an illness. The man had to leave, so he instructed his wife to give the man the drink in his absence. Instead of doing this, she secretly urinated in the monk's bowl, added sugar cane juice to it and gave it to the monk. The monk was not deceived, he poured out the bowl and left. When the wife died she was reborn as a hungry ghost.
Another such tale is of a man who was giving and kind. One day he was about to leave his house when a monk came by begging. The man instructed his wife to give the monk some food. After the man left his house his wife was overcome with greed. She took it upon herself to teach the monk a lesson, so she locked the monk in an empty room all day with no food. She was reborn as a hungry ghost for innumerable life times.
Most times the legends speak of hungry ghosts who in a previous lifetime were greedy women who refused to give away food. Other stories in the Buddhist tradition come from Kuei wen mu-lien ching ("The Sutra on the Ghosts Questioning Mu-lien"). One of the stories tells of a man who was a diviner who constantly misled people for his own avarice and is now a hungry ghost. There is another story in "The Legend of Mu-lien Entering the City and Seeing Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts". The story is about five hundred men that were sons of elders of the city they lived in. When monks came begging to the city for food, the sons denied them because they thought the monks would keep coming back and eventually take all their food. After the sons died they were reborn as hungry ghosts.
==Celebrations and practices ==
right|thumb|250px|Hell bank notes and imitation gold ingots are offered to hungry ghosts during Ghost month in Hong Kong.
The Hungry Ghost Festival is celebrated during the 7th month of the Chinese calendar. It also falls at the same time as a full moon, the new season, the fall harvest, the peak of monastic ascerticism, the rebirth of ancestors, and the assembly of the local community.Teiser, Stephen. The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton University Press, 1996 . During this month, the gates of hell are believed to be opened up and the hungry ghosts are free to roam the earth where they seek food and entertainment. These ghosts are believed to be ancestors of those who have forgotten to pay tribute to them after they died.Family members should offer prayers to their deceased relatives and burn joss paper, better known as "hell money". It is believed that "hell money" is a valid currency in the underworld, which is why it is burnt to allow hungry ghosts to live comfortably in the afterlife. People also burn other things such as paper houses, cars and televisions to please the ghosts."Hungry Ghost Festival". Essortment, 2002. Retrieved Oct 20, 2008. .
Families also pay tribute to other unknown wandering ghosts so that these homeless souls do not intrude on their lives and bring misfortune. A big feast is held for the ghosts on the 15th day of the 7th month, where people brings samples of food and place them on an offering table to please the ghosts and ward off bad luck. Live shows are also put on and everyone is invited to attend. The first row of seats is always empty as this is where the ghosts are supposed to sit to better enjoy the live entertainment. The shows are always put on at night and at high volumes, so that the sound attracts and pleases the ghosts."Chinese Culture: Hungry Ghost Festival" These acts are better known as "Merry-making"."Ghost Festival" ChinaVoc 2001-2007 , .
The chief Taoist priest of the town wears an ornate crown of five gold and red panels, a practice borrowed from Buddhism. This represented the five most powerful deities (The Jade Emperor, Guan Yu , Tu Di Gong, Mazu, Xiwang Mu). He represents their voices on earth.
right|thumb|250px|Offerings are prepared for hungry ghosts during Ghost month in Hong Kong.
A sacrificial altar and a chair are built for a priest either at street entrances or in front of villages. The Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha sits in front of the chair. Under the chair are plates of rice flour and peaches. Sitting on the altar are three spirit tablets and three funeral banners. After noon, sheep, pigs, chicken, fruits, and cakes are donated by families that are displayed on the altar. A priest will put a triangular paper banner of three colors with special characters on every sacrifice. After the music begins to play, the priest hits the bell to call the ghosts back to the table. He then throws the rice and peaches into the air in all directions to distribute them to the hungry ghosts.
During the evening, incense is burnt in front of the doors of households. Incense stands for prosperity so the more incense is burnt, the greater the prosperity. During the festival, shops are closed so that the streets are open for the ghosts. In the middle of each street stands an altar of incense with fresh fruit and sacrifices displayed on it. Behind the altar, the monks will sing songs that it is believed only the ghosts can understand. This rite is called shi ge'r, meaning "singing ghost songs".
Fifteen days after the feast, to make sure all the hungry ghosts find their way back to hell, people float lanterns on water and set them outside their houses. These lanterns are made by setting a lotus flower-shaped lantern on a piece of board. The lanterns are used to direct the ghosts. They are believed to have found their way back when the lanterns go out.
==Types of spirits ==
It is believed that the soul contains elements of both yin and yang. The yin is the kui, or demon part, and the yang is the shen, or spirit part. When death occurs, the kui should return to earth, and the shen to the grave or family shrine. If a ghost is neglected, it will become a kui. The shen, or ancestral spirits watches over its descendants, and can bring fortune if properly worshipped."Zhongyua Festival - Hungry Ghost Festival". China Daily. 2004 Aug 30. Retrieved 2008 Oct 20. 
According to the Buddha Dharma, there are three main groups of hungry ghosts: those with no wealth, those with a little and those with a lot. Those with wealth are broken into three groups: the torch or flaming mouths, in which food and drink become flames; the needle mouths, whose throats are so tiny that food cannot pass through; and the vile mouths, whose mouths are so decomposed and smelly that they cannot ingest anything. The ghosts with a little wealth are able to eat small amounts. The ghosts with great wealth are also of the three subgroups: the ghosts of sacrifices, who live off sacrifices offered by humans, the ghosts of losses, who live off lost objects from the human world; and the ghosts of great powers, like yakshas and rakshasas, who are the powerful rulers of ghosts. The ghosts of sacrifices and losses sometimes suffer from hunger and thirst, whereas the ghosts of great powers have pleasures close to those of divine beings. Among hungry ghosts, however, most have little or no wealth and are extremely hungry
Sixteen hungry ghosts are said to either live in hell or in a region of hell. Unlike other hell dwellers, they can leave hell and wander. They look through garbage and human waste on the outskirts of human cities. They are said to be invisible during the daylight hours but visible at night. Some hungry ghosts can only eat corpses, or their food is burnt up in their mouths, sometimes they have a big belly and a neck as thin as a needle (this image is the basic one for hungry ghosts in Asian Buddhism).
==Superstitions ==
There are many superstitions and taboos surrounding the Hungry Ghost Festival. Spirits are thought to be dangerous, and can take many forms, including snakes, moths, birds, foxes, wolves, and tigers. Some can even use the guise of a beautiful man or woman to seduce and possess. One story refers to a ghost who takes the form of a pretty girl and seduces a young man until a priest intervenes and sends the spirit back to hell. Possession can cause illness and/or mental disorders.
During the 7th month of the Chinese calendar children are advised (usually by an elder in the family) to be home before dark, and not to wander the streets at night for fear a ghost might possess them. Swimming is thought to be dangerous as well, as spirits are believed to have drowned people. People will generally avoid driving at night, for fear of a "collision", or spiritual offence, which is any event leading to illness or misfortune.DeBernardi, Jean Elizabeth, and Jean DeBernardi. Rites of Belonging: Memory, Moderninity & Identity in a Malaysian Chinese Community. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2004. While "ghosts" is a common term used throughout the year, many people use the phrase "backdoor god" or "good brother" instead during Ghost month so as not to anger the ghosts. Another thing to avoid is sampling any of the food placed on the offering table, as doing this can result in "mysterious illness". Any person attending a show at an indoor entertainment venue (Getais) will notice the first row of chairs is left empty. These seats are reserved for the ghosts, and it is considered bad form to sit in them.Peel, Janette. "What is the Hungry Ghost Festival." Helium. 2002-2008. Retrieved 2008 Oct 20. . After an offering has been burnt to the hungry ghosts, stepping on or near the burnt area should be avoided, as it is considered an "opening" to the spirit world and touching it may cause the person to be possessed.
==See also==
*Ghost Festival
*Ghost Festival in Malaysia
*Bon Festival
*Day of the Dead
*Halloween
*Buddhism in China
*Buddhism in Hong Kong
*Buddhism in Taiwan
*Taoism
*Confucianism
==References==
Category:Buddhism in China
Category:Taoism
Category:Chinese mythology
Category:Ghosts