Kenya

==Events==
==Significant project==
*The Kakuma Refugee Camp was the first to receive a large scale solar cooking project - The Kakuma Refugee Camp was formed in 1972 when Sudanese refugees first arrived in Kakuma, Kenya. Introducing solar cooking to the camp was Solar Cookers International’s first and largest refugee project, beginning in January 1995. Kakuma had considerable refugee turnover, but by 2004, when Solar Cookers International (SCI) concluded the project, the camp had tripled in size to nearly 90,000 refugees. Though rapid growth posed problems for assisting all those who wanted to solar cook, SCI ultimately served over 15,000 families. This project was one of the earliest to use the CooKit solar panel cooker to introduce solar cooking. The program also extended solar cooker technology to schools, especially primary schools, through demonstrations, poems, songs and drama. Community members of Kibandaongo in Kinango, in South Coast Mombasa get taken through Integrated Solar Cooking by Samuel Odhiambo courtesy of Stitchting Tulburg. It was a great success!
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*January 2025: Solar box cookers headed to Kakuma - Organized by Solar Cookers International and implemented by collaborator Eco-Impact Hub CBO, 124 solar box cookers have been manufactured for families at the Kakuma Refugee Camp. The cookers were built at the Kiini Institute in Chuka, Kenya, using locally sourced materials. The ovens are built to last around 15 years according to the open-source design. Program participants will receive hands-on training in solar cooker use, along with ongoing guidance throughout the program cycle. Learn more...
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*November 2024: The Clean Cooking Association of Kenya Conference held in Kajiado was a great success, bringing together various organizations involved in promotion of renewable energy in Kenya. Asulmacentre Selvhelpgrp, Nairobi, (Asulma Centre Self Help Group), and Farmers With A Vision, Bumala, also took part with the primary objectives of creating awareness, networking, and seeking further tax exemption relief for materials used in production of solar cookers. These concerns were directed to those involved in policy formulation.
*October 2024: Kakamega Solar Oven Project - The Kakamega Solar Oven Project, which took place in Kakamega, Kenya, was initiated by the Lions Club of Helsinki Pohjois-Haaga in Finland. They trained users and distributed 1,500 solar box ovens between 2017 and 2021. It has been estimated, that the cost of the solar oven can be recovered in about half a year due to less expenditure on fuelwood, charcoal, biogas, kerosene or electricity. A follow-up study of the use of the ovens was carried out in July 2022, and the women in the households receiving the solar ovens report being very satisfied with the performance and practicality of the ovens.Read more...
*October 2024: South Coast Mombasa demonstration - Asulmacentre Selvhelpgrp reports community members of Kibandaongo in Kinango, in South Coast Mombasa get taken through Integrated Solar Cooking by Samuel Odhiambo courtesy of Stitchting Tilburg. It was a great success!
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*March 2024: Nicholas Kithembe of the Tonembee Association reports a successful solar cooking demonstration by Kithuia Integrated Solar Cookers at the primary school games, attended by over 1,000 people at Kithuia Village in Kenya. 
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*March 2024: Producing more Funnel solar cookers: - Didacus Pius Odhiambo has provided photos of assembling several more Funnel solar cookers for Farmers with a Vision.
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*October 2023: A celebration at the completion of a successful integrated solar cooking workshop in Kenya’s Kwale district, led by the engineer Penina Nzioka, with coordination assistance from Bernhard Müller.
*September 2023: Camily Wedende of Sun Cookers International provided a solar cooking demonstration to Kenyan locals in West Pokot County. Attendance was greater than expected, so food portions had to be rationed some. Camily used a collection of Haines 1 solar panel cookers provided by Roger Haines to prepare a midday meal. Participants witnessed solar cooking in action for the first time, and were quite impressed.
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Camily 1, 9-13-23.png|Participants pose with the Haines 1 solar cookers
Camily 3, 9-13-23.png|Preparing the ingredients for the solar cookers
Camily 2, 9-13-23.png|Dinner is shared
*April 2023: Nicholas Kithembe of the Tonembee Association has provided photos of a recent Integrated Cooking Method demonstration at Kithuia Village sponsored by Sub Country Sports. They displayed the use of the CooKit, Haines 1 , Haines 2.0 solar cookers, the water purification WAPI indicator, and how to use a fireless basket for heat-retention cooking.
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Tonembee 2, 4-6-23.png|Unpacking the tools for integrated cooking
Tonembee 3, 4-6-23.png|Explaining the basics of the solar cooker
Tonembee 4, 4-6-23.png|The cook pot uses a polycarbonate clear sleeve to help retain the heat
*March 2023: Solar Cookers International in partnership with the Ecomandate Foundation - The organizations have implemented an ongoing solar cooking project at the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya. Solar Cookers International emphasizes and applies best practices in project development and project monitoring and evaluation. Ecomandate Foundation brings hands-on construction, their local experience as part of the community, and familiarity with local customs, practices, and languages. Read more...
*February 2023: A multi-day solar cooker construction and use workshop took place in Eldoret Kenya. It became a reality through the efforts of a number of supporting individuals, non-profit organizations, and manufacturers. The solar panel cooker materials were provided by Haines Solar Cookers, with general funding by the Rotary Club of San Diego. Solar Education Project founders, Mary Buchenic and Jennifer Gasser wrote workbooks and translated them into Swahili for the participants. Additional project support was provided by Solar Household Energy. The workshop leader was Grace Chepkemei, who was assisted by local solar cooking advocate Camily Wedende. Participants were excited about the training, and surprised at the variety and excellent taste of the foods they prepared. 
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*December 2022: Visit to Farmers with a Vision by Joshua Katagwa of Mayunge, Uganda and Maimuna Nangobi of Jinja Renewable Consult, Uganda. They were shown how the solar box cooker and the evacuated tube solar cooker are operated, and assembled. 
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Farmers with a Vision is visited, 12-30-22 copy.png|Using the solar box oven is explained
Farmers with a Vision is visited, 12-30-22 (2).png|Visiting the FWAV facility
Farmers with a Vision is visited, 12-30-22 (3).png|The operation of the evacuated tube solar cooker is demonstrated
 
:::::::::::::::*Photo credits: Farmers with a Vision
*December 2022: In April 2022 Bernhard Müller made a video how to make a fireless cookers at Armstrong Women Empowerment Centre in Kisumu, Kenya under the leadership of Elva Rebecca "Beckie" Ondiek. "It took two full days of intense work to make. The video was first published with German subtitles on YouTube. It took me a very long time to look for somebody to help me editing the video in English language. Eventually, Sara Hjalmarsson of Engineers Without Borders - Sweden (EWB-S) did this absolutely stunning work." The video is now available by clicking on the link: DIY Heat Retention Baskets - Fireless Cookers
*December 2022: Kihuha Bruno has been a longtime advocate of using solar cooking, particularly with those having limited resources. He has worked frequently at the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya demonstrating the effectiveness of Haines Solar Cookers, thereby avoiding deforestation from firewwood collection, and respiratory illness from using open fires for cooking. 
*August 2022: fireless cookers: Samuel Odhiambo from AfriShiners ran a fireless cooker workshop in Nairobi recently.
*May 2022: Solar and heat retention cooking workshop - The Solar Education Project reports that Grace Chepkemei shared her skill and knowledge about solar cooking and heat-retention basket cooking at a workshop at the Kakuma Refugee Camp. These skills demonstrate how the Integrated Cooking Method will benefit the trainees and community.
*January 2022: Solar tunnel dryer design for Kenya and Uganda: - Bernhard Müller offered his design skills in helping to create a new solar tunnel dryer for his partners in Kenya and Uganda. A 10W solar panel powers a fan providing air flow and enables the people who work with the dryer to charge their phones simultaneously. 
*September 2021: Solar cooking demonstration in Mwandogo - Penina Nzioka conducted a workshop to demonstrate the potential of solar box cookers in her hometown, located nearby to Mombasa. 
*June 2021: Taxes help and hinder solar cooker sales in Kenya - Previously, there has been a value-added tax on the purchase of raw materials used for manufacturing solar cookers within the country. Amounting to roughly 16% in additional cost, manufacturers said the savings will be passed on to the consumer. However the government has also removed the tax exemption for clean cooking appliances, as well as other less polluting technologies. This will discourage wider adoption and slow the improvement of air quality. Still widely used, charcoal, retains its tax-exempt status. Read more...
*May 2021: Bernhard Müller reports in the AfriShiners Newsletter that Millicent Anyango maintains a supply of Baba Moto improved combustion stoves and fireless cookers from her location in Migori County, Kenya. She also organizes clean-cooking and fireless cooking workshops throughout western Kenya. Penina Nzioka, another AfriShiner member from Mwandogo nearby to Mombasa, trains the women in her village in the use of fireless cookers, and how to process coconut oil in a solar box cooker.
*March 2021: The Solar Cookers International Order of Excellence annual award for 2020 has been given to the Republic of Kenya for including solar cooking in its Voluntary National Review (VNR) to track progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The award recognizes the most outstanding people and organizations whose sustained efforts have contributed most to empowering people to cook food and pasteurize water with solar energy.  
*January 2021: John Amayo conducted a workshop on the Integrated Cooking Method in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants learned about using solar cookers, heat retention cooking baskets, and improved-combustion stoves to best effect in both sunny and cloudy conditions.
*December 2020: Solar Household Energy has adopted the 100 Families Project that provides groceries, cooking devices, and other support for 100 families locked down in the Kariobangi slum in Nairobi Kenya.
*December 2020: Samuel Odiambo of the Asulma Centre, in conjunction with Didacus Pius Odhiambo of Farmers with a Vision, trained Grace Mubi and Sarah Ndunyo, of Shambani Millers Self Help Group, and a group of villagers from Kitui, Kenya, about the techniques of Integrated Solar Cooking.
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Villagers learn about solar panel cookers.png|Villagers learn about solar panel cookers
Heat retention cooking is explained to interested villagers.png|Heat retention cooking is explained to workshop participants
Several types of solar cookers are demonstrated..png|Several types of solar cookers are demonstrated
::Gallery photo credit: Farmers with a Vision
*November 2020: SCI shares successes at the ReEnergy Africa E-Summit - SCI's Executive Director Caitlyn Hughes discusses the impact of solar cooking around the world and shared success stories from Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya. Watch video
*November 2020: A new local partner agreement has been signed between Engineers Without Borders - Sweden and the Asulma Centre Self Help Group to diffuse solar cooking to more areas of Kenya.
*October 2020: Ksh.500M released for 14 counties in off-grid solar project - Citizen Digital
*October 2020: Counties get Sh500m for solar, clean cooking kits - Business Daily
*May 2020: Kenya inventor wins American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) award for solar cooker boiler - "Ecobora invented a “solar cooking boiler”, which stores solar energy in a repurposed oil tank with waste motor oil as carbon sink tank, eliminating need for firewood and allowing use to cook round the clock. Rural marginalized schools in Kenya are using money saved from not buying wood to equip science and computer labs." More information
*March 2020: Global Off-Grid Solar Forum & Expo - The three-day forum and exposition opened in Nairobi on February 18th with many contributing experts from various parts of the world. The President of Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta, was also present on the first day of the Expo to assure his government's enthusiastic support for the development of off-grid solar products for use in Kenya. The science of solar cooking and e-cooking were also featured topics of discussion at the forum. More information...
*February 2020: In 2019, Solar Cookers International provided 300 people, women and their families, with solar cookers and the training to use them in the Kakuma Refugee Camp. More information...
*November 2019: Community bakery - GoSol.org reports that one of their solar array cookers, first put into use in 2017 in the Kisumu area, in Kenya is still in use. It was later transferred to Friends of Ndere, a very active baking community, which already had a GoSol concentrator. In spite of this being one an early pilot unit, they are still using this unit to bake bread. Below is a video in Swahili showing the concentrator in action. More information...
::thumb|none|400 px|Solar Energy for SMEs (English)
::thumb|none|400 px|A video in Swahili showing the concentrator in action
*April 2019: Kenya learns to cook with solar power - even when the sun doesn't shine - (Reuters) In Busia County, in western Kenya, as many as 1,500 households have turned to solar cooking, mostly over the last four years, according to county Ministry of Energy figures. Other families have adopted more efficient charcoal or firewood stoves. The changes in large part have been driven by Farmers with a Vision (FWA), a local community organization based in Bumala Township.
*June 2019: Dr. Alan Bigelow's Journal on Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya - Solar Cookers International
*June 2019: Solar Cookers International opens new PEP testing center at the University of Nairobi, Kenya - SCI’s PEP test allows manufacturers and consumers to know the cooking power of solar cookers without brand bias and to develop a baseline for comparison. PEP testing demonstrates to solar cooker users and investors the power, in watts, they can expect from a specific model of solar cooker. SCI PEP results are trustworthy because the PEP test is based on an internationally accepted protocol for testing and reporting solar cooker performance. SCI also has centers in Lalitpur, Nepal; New York, USA; and California, USA. Having global locations for SCI PEP testing centers is important to advancing the adoption of solar cooking worldwide and affirms SCI’s role as the leader within the solar cooking sector. Local testing of solar cookers supports the regional economy, job growth and builds capacity in the sector. Global Solar Council newsletter - June 2019
*June 2019: Solar Cookers International has recently brought life-saving solar cooking to more than 300 people in the Kakuma Refugee Camp. Before you stepped in, women were often forced to sell their precious food rations for cooking fuel, putting their children at risk of malnutrition. If they dared to journey outside of the camp to collect firewood, they risked violence. 
*March 2018: The fireless cooker workshops held at the Armstrong Women Empowerment Centre in Rabuor are made possible with donations from Lernen - Helfen - Leben e.V. in Germany. The workshop is led by Faustine Odaba of Natural Resources and Waste Management Alliance (NAREWAMA) based in Nairobi.
*February 2018: New Scheffler cooker installed by Altener Solar: Facebook video
*January 2018: The Tonembee Association reports that it distributed 150 solar cookers in Kithuia Village in April, 2017 and held three educational events in the area between February and June, 2017.
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*Discussion of eastern Africa's suitability for solar cooking
*Solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables 
==Resources==
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* June 2022: - Solar Education Project, Solar Household Energy, Haines Solar Cookers
* June 2022: - Excel pdf image with backup data for the 11-month evaluation, showing that 100% of the Pop Opens were still in use after 11 months, and they were used an average of 4.6 times per week.
* April 2015: 
*October 2008: - An independent evaluation of the Sunny Solutions Project in Nyakach Constituency, Nyanza Province, Kenya. The report examines the impact of solar cooking on the area, associated variables, the results of the project, and recommendations for how to improve future projects.
*September 2008: - An independent economic analysis of the Sunny Solutions Project focusing on how the business model for similar projects could be improved in the future.
*March 2007: - A summary of economical, environmental, and health-related issues in rurual Kenya that have the potential to be remedied with the use of solar cookers. Report includes conclusions of the project and lessons learned.
*April 2006: - A general summary of long-term effects of solar cooker use in refugee camps in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Bolivia.
*December 2003: - The final evaluation of the Solar Cookers International project at the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya. Report discusses the decreased dependence on wood as fuel, environmental effects, and socio-cultural impacts.
*August 1998: - A paper discussing the methods and findings of a pilot study conducted in the Kakuma Refugee Camp to determine the effects of solar cooker use on fuelwood savings.
===Reports===
*March 2023: - Grace Chepkemei 
*March 2023: - Alaa Abdul Sater & Johanna Tolly
*April 2020: - Mount Kenya Energy Project
*July 2019: 
*May 2017: - Godfrey Mawira Kaburu
*January 2017: - Jean Golden and Peter Haastrup
*October 2013: The Goal is Zero: A Strategy to Eliminate Water-Borne Disease in Lower Nyakach, Kenya ( and )
*June 2010: Solar Cooking Demonstration at the Mara in Narok; Kenya
*July 2008: 
*May 2008: SCI’s Kenya Program: Sunny Solutions and Beyond - Karyn Ellis
*September 2006: The Special Challenges of Solar Cooking
*June 2006: Lasting Impacts of Solar Cooking in Kenya - Melanie Szulczewski, Ph. D.
*A page with chronological reports from the Solar Cookers International solar cooking project in the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya.
*May 2003: A Market-Based Strategy for Introducing Passive Solar Ovens in Kenya
===Articles in the media===
* September 2024: – Kenya News Agency
*September 2023: 2023 Summit: Kano ACReSAL Project Coordinator atins Other Experts at Africa Climate Summit In Nairobi in building solar cooking resilience - Solace Base
*February 2023: Mirror solar cooker invention to reduce deforestation - STAR
*February 2023: Kenyan solar-stove may cut cancer risks caused by burning wood -Africa News
*October 2020: Ksh.500M released for 14 counties in off-grid solar project - Citizen Digital
*October 2020: Counties get Sh500m for solar, clean cooking kits - Business Daily
*June 2020: Experts oppose tax proposal on solar and cookstoves product - Standard
*November 2019: Kenyan Ministry of Energy launches first national Gender Policy in the energy sector ever - Energia
*November 2019: Long way to Kenya’s dream of clean energy - The East African
*April 2017: Kenya learns to cook with solar power – even when the sun doesn’t shine - Reuters
*October 2016: EcoZoom meets Mama Solar! - Ecozoom UK
*May 2016: Kenya’s Young Inventors Shake Up Old Technology - Inter Press Service
*February 2016: Solar ovens help fuel future - The Whig
*December 2015: India's Solar Initiative and the Challenge of Climate-Safe Development (included in interview is President Kenyatta) - Living on Earth
* October 2009: Kenya: Entrepreneurs Cashing in on Green Campaign - Business Daily (Nairobi)
*November 2007: Kenya safe water project to include innovative testing, pasteurizing tools - Solar Cooker Review
*November 2007: Kenya: Solar power on the rise - East African Standard
*May 2007: Sacramento’s Solar Cookers International uses the sun to improve quality of life, one village at a time - Sacramento News Review
*February 2007: Rural Kenyan women on vanguard of African solar revolution - Agence France Presse
*December 2006: Student sows seeds of community-helping technology in Africa - News@Princeton
*November 2006: Kenyan women look to the sun for cooking - Mail and Guardian
*March 2006: Truckee Rotary clubs heat things up in Kenya - Sierra Sun
===Audio and video===
*February 2020: 
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*May 2017:
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*January 2017:
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*January 2017:
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*2014:
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*December 2014:
::thumb|none|400 px|Solar Cooking: What if the Sun does not Shine?
*March 2013:
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*August 2012: 
*August 2010:
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*February 2008:
::thumb|Tusk Trust documentary of introducing the CooKit in Kenya in 2008.|none|400 px
===Documents in local languages===
====Luo====
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Solar Cookers International has rated Kenya as the #13 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: ). The estimated number of people in Kenya 
with fuel scarcity but ample sun in 2020 is 5,900,000. Solar cooking must be introduced in an area with sunshine for at least 6-9 months a year for the technology to be deemed useful. Highlands are often cloudy and overcast and so people tend to go back to their old ways.
Fuelwood provides 79% of Kenya’s total energy use. Each day Kenyans burn 37 million kilos of wood and 6 million kilos of charcoal.
Statistics indicate that nearly 25 per cent daily income of urban folks is spent on fuel. This money could be channeled into more pressing needs like education, medicine, housing or other investments if this new technology were to be embraced.
Mattias Goldmann of the NGO Tricorona reports that he was told that several Kenyan tribes have a "strong taboo" against cooking outside.http://www.admittingfailure.com/failure/mattias-goldmann/
Dinah Chienjo of Friends of the Old reports, "The people have since time immemorial believed that water was blessed from the beginning and cannot cause any diseases but through the education and by showing them the results of the tested waters and telling them the dangers of the germs on the body, they are beginning to change their drinking habits and looking back many people agree that the many stomach related diseases they have suffered in the past have been a result of the bad river or pond water they have been drinking." See Water pasteurization.
The Kenyan government has banned the use of plastic bags. This makes the use of these as a glazing in a solar cooker impossible. See alternatives to plastic bags in the Glazing article.
==See also==
* - Solar Household Energy
*November 2019: Long way to Kenya’s dream of clean energy - The East African
*Cookbook: 
* The Special Challenges of Solar Cooking - Charles Onyango-Oloo
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* View an interactive map of Kenya
* Now that the Kenyan Government has banned plastic bags, it might necessary to use other simple glazings to surround the cooking pot
* Discussion of eastern Africa's suitability for solar cooking
* Solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables
*Clean Cooking Association of Kenya
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Kenya has been the center of solar cooking activity in East Africa. A number of organizations have endeavored to promote the technology in this country, which has been the commercial hub of the area for several decades. Its capital, Nairobi, is also well served by air, making access to the nation and region readily available, using Nairobi as entry point.
The promotion of solar energy is decades old in Kenya. As far back as 1977, GTZ
(the Germany's official technical aid agency) initiated and later abandoned a project in Nairobi. The reason given had to do with the fact that the products used were made in Germany, and were not available in East Africa. Two different Catholic missions in rural Kenya tried solar cooking introduction, but no information is available on the outcomes. As early as 1991, a few solar ovens were exported to Tanzania (through Trans World Radio, perhaps), indicating that the product presented a business opportunity. In 1992, an Earthwatch grant permitted an academic, Dr. Daniel Kammen, to begin a multi-year study of renewable energy technologies, including solar cookers, using volunteers in short-term Earthwatch projects.
Other early efforts included the work of Trans World Radio to promote solar use, within the Girl Guides organization. It was a large project begun under the auspices of the Institute for Cultural Affairs, and also with the effort of a remarkable Peace Corp Volunteer. In the mid-1990s, with assistance of Solar Cookers International (SCI), a national coordinating body for the purpose of sharing information and strengthening progress by collective action around the topic of solar cooking was formed in Nairobi.
Among those early efforts was the activity of Trans World Radio (TWR). TWR work began in the early 1990s. A conference proceedings on Renewable Energy Policies in East Africa, held in 1993, included a paper by TWR coordinator [[Clive 
Wafukho]] on their work in solar cooking. This organization promoted solar cooking on its radio programs, made and sold box cookers in the Nairobi environs, and worked also in a distant refugee camp. They pioneered solar cooking in Kakuma Refugee Camp, where SCI later established another project. TRW estimated that in the period between 1992 
and 2001, they distributed a total of 2,350 cookers in the camp and other localities in Kenya. Logistics and staff support were always problems in the remote areas. In 2000, there was an attempt to solve that problem with the training of refugees as carpenters to be able to build the cookers within the camp itself. TRW reported the production of 400 cookers. 
The cookers were large and well suited to the needs of the Sudanese population living in extended family compounds, and required cooking for 10-20 people daily. Trans-World Radio demonstrated remarkable staying power in this difficult to serve area, which had a population that could not afford to buy the expensive box cookers. Therefore, most were given away free, with funds raised for the most part outside of Africa. TWR estimated that two-thirds of the cookers are used regularly.
In roughly the same time period, U.S.Peace Corps volunteer, Barbara Ross, was assigned to an area in western Kenya. Her responsibilities were varied, but, but aside frome of her assigned tasks, she began to promote of solar cooking. Ms. Ross recruited and trained a number of women where she worked, who then formed themselves into a Housewives' Club, and proceeded in turn to teach others. They made solar box cooker of cardboard, which worked very well in a propitious climate, and solar cooking was on its way in this part of Kenya.
The interest of Girl Guides with solar cooking also goes back to roughly the same time period. An early training program was initiated in Kenya by Barby Pulliam, chief promoter of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. Little remains of that single demonstration, but it did serve as a foundation for later work that was developed more fully in the late 1990s. An interesting offshoot of that program was a unique program begun by a Girl Guide troop in Kakuma refugee camp. It was run by individuals originally inspired by the work of Ms. Pulliam. 
The Institute for Cultural Affairs, (ICA), which had a long term presence in the development community, focused on empowering local communities to define their own needs and plan their own 
development strategies. Solar cooking was somewhat of a side interest for ICA, though 
obviously related to its larger mission. To carry out the solar cooking mission, a Swiss volunteer, long interested and skilled in the technology and in training others, joined the Nairobi staff of ICA, for the specific purpose of promoting solar cooking. ICA created a solar box cooker construction course at a local technical school, which ultimately produced all the cookers used by ICA in the communities where they worked. ICA used a classical community development approach in their work. In community meetings, workers persuaded community members to define their needs and existing barriers, which prevent adoption of solar cooking. Fuel shortage was a major problem, and hence solar cooking promotion became an ongoing part of the program in many areas of Kenya. Unfortunately, the solar activity more or less ceased after the very effective volunteer returned to her home.
The agencies described above formed the core of the solar cooking consortium 
formed in 1994, with some financial aid from SCI. The purpose of the consortium 
formed around solar cooking was to share information with one another, and to enlist 
additional person power for promotional activities. SCI provided financial and moral 
support to the effort for some years. One conference was held in Nairobi, and one in outstate Kenya, with the hope of involving additional people in the effort. Ultimately, the logic of solar power technology dictated that purveyors and promoters of photovoltaic technologies would also be included in the group. Over time, and after finally achieving NGO status in Kenya (not an easy task), the organization came to be dominated by the larger and considerably-more powerful community of business and industrial photovoltaic personnel in Kenya and thus of less value to solar cooking promoters.
Shortly after the creation of the consortia arrangement in 1994, SCI accepted an invitation from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to embark on a demonstration project in a refugee camp. The story of the project in the Kakuma refugee camp has been recounted elsewhere, therefore recounting here will be brief. The program was carefully planned (insofar as that was possible for an organization, which had not previously worked in an overseas setting) and carefully monitored throughout the project. Kakuma is located in the semi-arid Rift Valley in the far northeast corner of the nation, reachable only by air (or 20 hours on a rickety bus). The camp grew from what seemed a very large 28,000 initially to almost 100,000 at one point, with major changes in the ethnic makeup. Logistical problems were always difficult, as the camp, being so remote, was not easily accessible. Eventually, a Kenyan staff was formed, and the camp work in 2004 (8 long years later), phasing into a refugee-run cooperative with similar purposes to the original SCI project, i.e., a demonstration that people in need can and 
will adopt solar cooking, save fuel and scarce financial resources, while inflicting less harm on the already fragile environment.
After a successful start at Kakuma camp, Solar Cookers International was invited to initiate a similar project at remote Aisha refugee camp in Ethiopia.
The November 2003 issue of Solar Cooker Review carries to recount of Sunshine does let them eat cake about a woman refugee, Mumina Baraka, who has operated a small-scale bakery in Kakuma, selling in small quantities to make a living, and to provide baked goods for other refugees to purchase. She planned to take her CooKit back to Ethiopia with her when that became feasible.
Somewhat later, a Rotary project in Nairobi was started, but turned out to be less than wholly successful, perhaps showing the difficulty of working in urban areas. The need is considerable, but space, security of food and cooker, etc. are difficult issues in congested poorer urban areas.
During the early years of the Kakuma camp program, the solar cooking program 
generated considerable interest in refugee circles. All visitors were taken to the training sites and, when advance notice made it possible, given a meal cooked by the sun. SCI's refugee coordinator, a Zairean woman who spoke excellent English, became almost a camp staff person, and was frequently called on to accompany visitors, to translate for them, and to provide demonstrations. One of the visitors in the early years was a UNHCR staff person from the head offices of the UN agency in Geneva. He was integral to beginning the program in Ethiopia. In addition, he discussed the possibility with SCI of working in Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya, located on the Somali border, to the east and north of Nairobi. That camp, almost entirely Somali in population, was far bigger than Kakuma (with about 100,000 residents) and differently structured, with three separate sub-camps, each located at a distance from the central offices of the organizations which served the camp.
The camp administrator in Dadaab was enthusiastic about starting a solar cooking 
program. Activities directed at energy conservation were well underway in the 
camp, under the direction of the German technical assistance agency, Deutsche 
Gemeinshaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), which had been implementing an 
improved stove program for some years. That program used an interesting model of 
"work for a stove" in which individuals were given 25 tree seedlings to plant and 
cultivate at their own homestead. At the end of three months, if they had successfully nurtured the seedlings, the "gardener" was given a voucher to obtain a stove. The devices used were a somewhat larger version of a charcoal stove in use in Kenya for some years, one in which the fire bed was made of ceramic, then encased in a metal shell. The stoves were manufactured in a workshop run by GTZ, and were considerably more efficient than traditional three-stone fires. Trained "animatrices" were assigned to various parts of the camp, where they did extensive workshops showing people how to use the new equipment.
By the time GTZ heard about the solar program, the Dadaab staff had already provided stoves for over 90% of the camp's residents. Both GTZ and SCI agreed that adding solar cookers to the mix would be one more way to cut down on the use of wood fuel, which by that time had been declared unlawful by the Kenya government but was still routinely used. The team of GTZ extension workers, already trained in promotion of wood stoves, were given additional training in solar technologies, thus adding another tool to their fuel-saving repertoire. Eventually, SCI trained additional Dadaab women as trainers, in order to proceed at a faster rate in this huge camp.
An unfortunate event occurred next in Dadaab, one that effectively put an end to 
the solar cooking project and considerably dampened the improved stove project as well. A delegation of American congresspersons visited the camp. They were told stories of the dangers that women were exposed to in the collection of wood (unlike Kakuma, refugees were allowed to collect wood in the area, even though it was unlawful by order of the government). Dadaab is located only about 15 miles from the border with Somalia; the lawlessness of that country spilled over into the nearby camp. Cars were routinely hijacked, necessitating convoy travel to the campsites. Security was certainly a high concern. Some refugees had been robbed, a few killed, and some women raped and murdered while searching for wood. Naturally, this gained the sympathy of the congresspersons. On return to the US, they managed to add a rider to legislation already in process that provided several million dollars for the purchase of fuelwood for Dadaab.
Both GTZ and SCI were horrified at this well-meaning, but ultimately destructive act, which harmed the fuel-efficient stove program and effectively ended the solar cooking project. Obviously, free fuelwood was a far more attractive option. Two years later, the money for fuel was finished, and the programs promoting alternatives to fuelwood were no longer present in the camp. In the US, SCI attempted to protest, but was unsuccessful in obtaining a hearing on this emotional issue, taken up in good faith by ill-informed U.S. representatives. The solar cooking program in Dadaab program of SCI was closed and has not been restarted.
A Swiss woman named Alison Curtis, working for an NGO called the Solar Health and Education Project (SHEP), provided a number of workshops in the coastal and other coastal regions of Kenya. The initial group of trainers was made up of teachers and public health workers, in order to encourage the introduction of simple solar technologies into school curricula and thus into everyday life. Both cooking and water pasteurization techniques were demonstrated and taught to participants. A second group of new solar cooks was simply introduced to the concept and practice of solar cooking in a basic training workshop, while a third group of experienced cooks reviewed progress in their respective villages (based on earlier training and promotion).
A second cluster of workshops was held in an area with a pastoral population that 
had not been previously exposed to solar cooking. The group made their own CooKits from recycled Tetra pack cartons (small boxes used to hold milk, lined with foil, which became the CooKit's shiny surface). After construction of the CooKits, the smaller groups cooked their meals, with the assistance of the trainers. As is common, amazement was the hallmark of the day! They loved the food and could hardly believe it had been cooked with the sun. In good pastoral style, one of the participants told Ms. Curtis "this initiative is like a cow given to us. We, the Masai, consider the cow the greatest gift one can offer. Let's utilize it". After the praise was given, a promotion committee was appointed to create an action plan to spread the technology in their area.
Working on behalf of the NGO in 2002, Solar Household Energy, Inc. (SHE, Inc.]] basically a team of graduate students from the University of Michigan, as a part of an assignment for a class in their MBA program, conducted an extensive market survey of solar cookers in Kenya. The students, supported by a generous donor to the school, conducted both phone and in-person interviews with knowledgeable sources in the U.S., Mexico, and within Kenya itself. The result was a comprehensive review of past and present solar cooking projects in Kenya, their market strategies, successful or failing, along with the views of a large number of opinion leaders from the government, the non-governmental community, and pertinent entrepreneurs and manufacturers. The students brought their knowledge from business school courses to bear on the problem, resulting in a useful document for promotion of solar cooking in the country. The document also served as a model for other related market research endeavors. Sponsored by SHE, Inc., this unusual effort turned out to be not only an excellent learning experience for students but also a quite useful document for different disciplines.
Perhaps of most interest, was a different program by SCI. The project, called Sunny Solutions, was established in an area near Lake Victoria. The project was located in Upper and Lower Nyakach divisions, not far from Kisumu, the third largest city in Kenya. Local organizations were recruited as partners and an intense awareness campaign involving a range of stakeholders from government, women's groups, churches, etc., was initiated. Initially, 150 women were invited to try the solar cooking at home; they were provided with CooKits, the cardboard cooker used in areas where families have limited resources and were given intensive training and an extended follow-up. In early 2003, a team of research consultants conducted an evaluation exercise to serve as a baseline for later program assessment of accomplishments in terms of fuel savings and health benefits.
In May 2003, fifteen women were recruited as trainers from the original pool of 150 solar cooks and sixteen women's groups. The trainers learned to solar cook all types of foods, carry out sales and home visits, keep sales records, and test and pasteurize water.
In July of 2003, the formal kickoff of the program began with a proper Kenya style 
community celebration, including solar cooked food, singing and dancing, visits 
from government officials and community leaders. Banners were strung over the site 
touting the wonders of the sun. The project was well organized with continuous careful monitoring to assure that the project remained on course as it moved towards its goals.
In 2005, hand-assembled CooKits were introduced in the community and given the nickname used to describe people of Nyakach - OYWA. Hand-assembly meant an increase in the profit margin received by the seller and a lower retail price for each cooking kit (a Cookit, plastic bags, WAPI, and instruction booklet). Those involved in the assembly process also received commissions for each well-assembled unit. By the end of 2006, the sales team had grown to 23 expert women, called Solar Cooker Representatives (SCOREPS); 4000 CooKits were sold; over 95% of the people of Nyakach were aware of the benefits of solar cooking; and Sunny Solutions had grown to include two more sites, Kadibo, a flood-prone area just outside Kisumu, and Kajiado, a drought prone area on the main highway from Nairobi to Tanzania.
Reports of other small-scale programs exist in Kenya; the ones desribed above are 
the longest lasting and largest known currently.
Category:Countries
Category:Africa
Category:East Africa
Category:Kenya
Category:Countries with the greatest solar cooking potential