Almah

Almah (עלמה) or plural: alamot (עלמות) is a Hebrew feminine noun, for a girl who has reached puberty but is still under the shielding protection of her family; she is a young, marriageable (i.e. unmarried) girl. In Bibles, almah is typically translated as virgin, maiden, young woman, damsel or girl. For theological reasons, the meaning and definition of this word (especially the definition of "virgin") can be controversial, particularly when applied to Isaiah 7:14.
== Definitions and etymology ==
The masculine root of almah is elem ("עלם") meaning "youth" or "young man of the age of puberty". Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for '`elem (Strong's 05958) ' " . Blue Letter Bible. 1996–2002. 22 Jun 2006. Feminizing these terms would result in "young woman" or "young woman of the age of puberty". Gesenius defines the word as a "girl of marriageable age". The Gesenius Hebrew Lexicon says that almah is "the female of (elem); a girl of marriageable age." This sense of the word continues to the modern Hebrew where almah still means "damsel" (a young woman or girl) and "miss" (a young or unmarried woman).Webster's New World Hebrew Dictionary, Hayim Baltsan, Prentice Hall, 1992. Note that 'almah neekhbadah means "Dear Miss".
Almah seems to be the only word in the Biblical Hebrew language which unequivocally signifies an unmarried womanThe Book of Isaiah- A Commentary by Edward J. Young, Erdman's Publishing Company, 1997, Volume 1 page 288. and children born to an almah would be illegitimate. Die Immanuel Botschaft im Rahmen des königlichen Zionsfestes, Wilhelm Vischer, Zollikon-Surich, 1955, p 50 as cited by Young op. cit. The English word that corresponds most closely to this concept is maiden or maid which means "an unmarried girl (especially a virgin)". Definition of "Maid" found in WordNet 2.0, © 2003 Princeton University
As already indicated, the notion of marriageability is typically part of the definition of almah. In the ancient Near East girls had value as potential wives and bearers of children Carolyn S. Leeb points out: "A wife, who came into her husband's household as an outsider, contributed her labor and her fertility. Her task was to build up the bet 'ab by bearing children, particularly sons". More detailed information about the status and value of women related to childbearing is found in her article The widow: homeless and post-menopausal.(term "widow" in the Bible), Biblical Theology Bulletin; 12/22/2002 which may explain a recurring sense of marriageability regarding alamot or girls who had entered puberty. This same sense of marriageability does not accrue to the masculine elem even though they also have entered puberty, but it does apply to "bachur" or "young warrior", when boys have matured to the point of being able to support a new household.
Some authorities believe that almah is derived from alma, a verb meaning "to hide, to conceal". Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for '`alam (Strong's 05956) ' " . Blue Letter Bible. 1996–2002. 22 Jun 2006. Adam Clarke speculated upon the association between alma and almah: "A virgin ... had not been uncovered, she had not known man." Adam Clarke, Clarke's Commentary, 6 Vols. (New York: Phillips & Hunt, n.d.), 4:58. 
Almah is a modern Egyptian word for belly dancer or singer On Line Etymological Dictionary and some linguists see this as derived from the ancient semitic word almah for "girl".
In Roman alphabets almah is correctly spelled with an initial spiritus asper mark (‘almah), indicating the word is spelled with an initial ayin. The ayin is either silent or pronounced as an initial soft glottal stop (like a breathy "kh" sound). This pronunciation is also suggested by the Ugaritic cognate word glmt, meaning "damsel". Cyrus H Gordon, Ugaritic Handbook, text 77, line 7
== The age of an almah == 
Alfred Edersheim describes 'almah' as one of a list of sequential "terms, each depicting a fresh stage of life"Sketches of Jewish Social Life, Chapter 7, "The Upbringing of Jewish Children". Edersheim adds 'bachur - young warrior" to the list, but this applies to young men and is excluded here. (spellings per Gesenius translated to English):
* yeled or yaldah - newborn boy or girl.
* yonek or yanak - suckling baby.
* olel - suckling who also eats food. Translated as "young child" in Lamentations 4:4 (KJV).
* gamal - weaned child (under 3 years old).
* taph - young child, one who still clings to mother. Derived from the word for brisk, small, tripping steps of young children.
* elem or almah - firm and strong child 
* na'ar (masc) or na'arah (fem.) - "independent or free child" (from a root meaning "to shake off"). Also "handmaid", "servant" or just "girl".
In relative order and by its connotation of firmness and strength, the almah (or elem) in Edersheim's list suggests the period of rapid growth in adolescence (particularly early adolescence) but prior to independent responsibility or freedom.
== Bible usage == 
The meaning of almah is most often determined by referring to its uses in the Bible. Unfortunately, there are only nine passages that use this term (and only two more use the masculine form elem). This results in a very small number of examples from which we may extract a definition. This small number is further reduced because only a few of these verses contain clear and unambiguous meanings. These few instances do not necessarily clarify the meaning of almah in the remaining passages. The problem is further compounded when one considers that these various texts were recorded by different authors living centuries apart. Languages tend to evolve over time and ancient Hebrew was no different. 
=== Genesis (Bereshit in Standard Israeli Hebrew and Judeo-Spanish, Bereshis in Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish) 24:43 ===
A servant of Abraham recounts how he met Rebeccah. He prayed to the Lord that if an almah came to the well, and he requested a drink of water from her, that should she then provide him with that drink and also water his camels he would take that as a sign that she was to be the wife of Isaac. In this passage Rebeccah, a young, unmarried girl is that almah and most Bibles use "virgin" or "maid" as the translation.
=== Exodus (Shemot) 2:8 === 
The older sister of an infant boy is an almah. She is old enough to be entrusted to watch the baby Moses and she takes thoughtful action to reunite the baby with his mother by offering to bring the baby to a Hebrew nurse maid (her mother). Most translations use the word "girl" to describe Moses' sister.
=== 1 Chronicles (Divrey HaYamim Alef) 15:20 and Psalms (Tehilim) 46 (intro)===
In both of these passages the psalm is to be played "on alamot" -- a musical meaning that has become lost with time. It most probably refers to a certain type of 10 or 12 stringed lute instrument, so named because of its pitch resembling that of girls' singing voices. Biblical Musical Instruments It may also refer to a feminine manner of singing or playing, such as a girls choir. A third theory is that "alamoth" refers to an instrument made in the city of "Alameth". Discussion of "alamoth" as a musical instrument. Translators have difficulty with this term and many simply transliterate the Hebrew into English as "alamoth". However, a few versions make speculative attempts such as "soprano voices", "high voices" or "small harps", while other versions simply ignore this reference and do not include it in the translation. (The Latin Vulgate, and consequently the Douay-Rheims Bible, uniquely translates the word as "mystery").
===Psalms (Tehilim) 68:25/26===
In a victory parade, the participants are listed in order of appearance: 1) the singers; 2) the musicians; and 3) the "alamot" playing cymbals or tambourines. Most Bible versions translate this instance of alamot as "maidens" or "young women".
===Song of Songs (Shir Hashirim) 1:3===
A poetic chant of praise toward a man, declaring that all the alamot adore him. Thus, he is attractive to marriageable "maidens" or "young women" according to most translations.
===Song of Songs (Shir Hashirim) 6:8 === 
The woman, who is the object of this love poem, is favorably compared to a harem of 60 Queens (wives of the King), 80 Concubines (Secondary Wives) and numberless alamot; indicating that these alamot were neither wives nor concubines of the king.
===Proverbs (Mishle) 30:19===
In addition to the standard translations such as "maiden", "virgin" and "young woman" a difference between the Hebrew texts and the Septuagint leads some versions to dramatically revise this verse or translate it with different words. (To some extent, this is also an attempt to develop a dynamic translation of the passage that is clear to the modern reader.) The focus of the text is consternation over an adulterous wife. The author compares this adulterous wife's acts to things he claims are hard to understand: a bird flying in air, the movement of a snake over a rock, navigation of a ship through the sea and the how a (strong) man is with an almah. (The Septuagint reads "and the way of a man in his youth" instead.) The sense may be that a strong man forcing himself upon a weaker girl is like the bird, the snake, the ship and the adulterous woman. In each instance there is no lasting, visible evidence of the action. However, this is not the only view and there are a variety of translations of the final phrase in verse 19:
::* "why adolescents act the way they do" - "The Message"
::* "how a man loves a woman" - "The New Living Translation"
::* "(how) people fall in love" - "Contemporary English Bible"
::* "the way of a man with a young woman / maiden" - Most Versions
The many variations of wording and implied meaning makes this verse particularly difficult for those seeking a precise definition for almah.
===Isaiah (Yeshayah) 7:14===
Ahaz, the wavering King of Judah—or possibly the royal Court of David's descendants Isaiah 7: 13, uses the second person plural and refers to the "house of David."—is told of a sign to be given that the Lord is in charge and will protect the kingdom. The sign given is that almah will give birth to a son who will still be very young when Judah's current enemies will be destroyed. Because Matthew 1:23 treats Isaiah 7:14 as a prophecy of Jesus' birth, most Christians insist that almah means "virgin". Jewish readers, however, assert that the passage refers only to events contemporary with Isaiah and Ahaz. (See the Isaiah 7:14 Controversy Below). Versions of the Bible can be found to support both views. Nevertheless, with some notable exceptions (such as the Revised Standard Version), most versions of the Bible that include the New Testament translate "almah" in Isaiah 7:14 as "virgin," while those translating only the Hebrew scriptures use "young woman."
== Comparison of Bible translations ==
This table compares the translation of each instance of 'almah or 'alamot in the Bible. (references per KJV)								
Bible Version	Year	Gen 24:43 	Ex 2:8 	Ps 68:25 	Prov 30:19 	SS 1:3 	SS 6:8 	Isa 7:14 	1 Cr 15:20 	Ps 46
JPS 	1917	maiden 	maiden 	damsels 	young woman	maidens 	maidens 	young woman 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
JPCT 	 	maiden 	girl 	maidens 	young woman	maidens 	maidens 	young woman 	Alamoth 	alamoth
KJV 	1611	virgin 	maid 	damsels 	maid 	virgins 	virgins 	virgin 	Alamoth 	-
ESV 	2001	virgin 	girl 	virgins 	virgin 	they 	virgins 	virgin 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
NKJV 	1982	virgin 	maiden 	maidens 	virgin 	virgins 	virgins 	virgin 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
KJ21 	1994	virgin 	maid 	damsels 	maid 	virgins 	virgins 	virgin 	Alamoth 	-
ASV 	1901	maiden 	maiden 	damsels 	maiden 	virgins 	virgins 	virgin 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
NASB 	1995	maiden 	girl 	maidens 	maid 	maidens 	maidens 	virgin 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
Dohay Rheims 	1609	virgin 	maid 	damsels 	youth** 	maidens 	young maidens	virgin 	mysteries 	-
Darby 	1890	damsel 	damsel 	maidens 	maid 	virgins 	virgins 	virgin 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
YLT 	1898	virgin 	virgin 	virgins 	youth** 	virgins 	virgins 	virgin 	virgins 	Virgins
New Life 	1969	girl 	girl 	young women	woman 	young women	young women 	young woman & (virgin)	high sounds 	-
NIV 	1978	maiden 	girl 	maidens 	maiden 	maidens 	virgins 	virgin 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
Amplified 	1987	maiden 	girl 	maidens 	maid 	maidens 	virgins 	young woman & virgin 	Alamoth 	trebel voices
The Message 	1993	young woman	girl 	maidens 	** 	everyone** 	** 	girl 	melody 	-
CEV 	1995	young woman	girl 	young women	** 	young women	others 	virgin 	smaller harps	-
New Living 	1996	young woman	girl 	young women	woman 	young women	virgins 	virgin 	(alamoth) 	soprano voices
NIRV 	1996	virgin 	girl 	young women	young woman	young women	virgins 	virgin 	high notes 	alamoth
Holman 	 	virgin 	girl 	young women	young woman	young women	young women 	virgin 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
NEB 	 	young woman	girl 	girls 	girl 	maidens 	young women 	young woman 	lutes 	**
NET 	 	young woman	young girl	young women	woman 	young women	young women 	young woman 	Alamoth 	Alamoth
** = Not Directly Translated 
== Isaiah 7:14 controversy ==
From the earliest days of Christianity, Jewish critics have argued that Christians were mistaken in their reading of almah in Isaiah 7:14. Dialogue of Justin Martyr, with Trypho, a Jew, LXIII Because the author of Matthew 1:23, believed that Jesus was born of a virgin, he quoted Isaiah: "Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son" as a proof-text for the divine origin of Jesus. Jewish scholars declare that Matthew is in error, that the word almah means young woman (just as the male equivalent elem means young man). It does not denote a virgin or sexual purity but age. Because a different Hebrew word, bethulah ("בתולה"), is most commonly used for virgin even in modern Hebrew, the prophet could not have meant virgin in Isaiah 7:14.
Many Christian apologists respond that throughout the Old Testament, in every other instance where a girl is described as almah, she is a girl who has never known a man carnally or had intercourse. Moreover, the word bethulah is sometimes used to describe women who are arguably not virgins (Joel 1.8 and Esther 2:8-17), and in at least two cases (Genesis 24: 16 and Judges 21: 12), an additional phrase in the text explains that that the bethulah has "not known a man." Thus, they argue, almah refers to virgins more consistently than does bethulah. Most importantly, the Jewish scholars who translated and compiled the Hebrew scriptures (the Torah first and then later the Prophets and the Writings) into a Greek version of the Old Testament, translated almah in Isaiah 7:14 as parthenos, which almost always means "virgin"The NAS New Testament Greek Lexicon.
Some scholars contend that debates over the precise meaning of bethulah and almah are misguided because no Hebrew word encapsulates the idea of certain virginity. Charles D. Isbell, Biblical Archaeological Review, June 1977, "Does the Gospel of Matthew Proclaim Mary’s Virginity?" Martin Luther also argued that the debate was irrelevant, not because the words do not clearly mean virgin, but because almah and bethulah were functional synonyms. Martin Luther, "That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew," in Luther's Works, vol. 45: The Christian in Society II, ed. H. T. Lehmann (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1962).
It has also been noted that in the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament), in Genesis 34:2–4 the Greek word parthenos refers to Dinah after she was raped.http://www.outreachjudaism.org/matthew.html. Therefore, that same Greek word as used in Matthew does not always necessarily mean “virgin”, but it can also mean “young woman”.
== See also ==
* Virgin Birth
==External links==
*Lexicon Results for `almah (Strong's 05959)
*Translation Commentary supporting 'virgin'
*Translation Commentary supporting 'young woman'
==References==
Category:Judeo-Christian topics
Category:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible
Category:Christian terms