Pietro Ottoboni (cardinal)

Pietro Ottoboni (July 2, 1667 – February 29, 1740) was an Italian cardinal and grandnephew of Pope Alexander VIII (who was also born Pietro Ottoboni). He is remembered especially as a great patron of music and art. Ottoboni was the last person to hold the curial office of Cardinal-nephew, which was abolished by Alexander VIII's successor, Pope Innocent XII, in 1692. Ottoboni "loved pomp, prodigality and sensual pleasure, but was in the same time kind, ready to serve and charitable".Handel as Orpheus: voice and desire in the chamber cantatas by Ellen T. Harris 
== Overview ==
Pietro was born in Venice to the noble Ottoboni family, whose most prominent member had been his granduncle Pope Alexander VIII (1689–1691). The family had bought their way into Venetian nobility in the 17th century.
He received the clerical tonsure and the minor orders on October 20, 1689 and was created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 7, 1689, receiving the red hat on November 14. He was superintendent general of the affairs of the Apostolic See, and governor of the cities of Fermo and Tivoli, as well as of the territory of Capranica. 
He held the office of vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from November 14, 1689 until February 29, 1740. He was cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1725, cardinal-bishop of Frascati, 1730, Cardinal-bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina, 1734, and vice-dean then dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals (September 3, 1738). Ottoboni was also Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica, secretary of the Roman Inquisition, Archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran Basilica (from 1730) and Grand prior of Ireland.
==Patron of the arts==
Ottoboni was one of the great patrons of his generation. He resided in the Palazzo della Cancelleria, where he had begun to construct a theatre in 1689. Being the favourite of Cardinal Ottoboni Andrea Adami, a castrato was appointed master of the papal choir in the Sistine Chapel.Handel as Orpheus: voice and desire in the chamber cantatas by Ellen T. Harris Between 1709 and 1710 Filippo Juvarra entered the court and enlarged the theatre. Domenico Paradisi (?) and Angelo de Rossi were responsible for decoration of the palace suites. 
Ottoboni supported Arcangelo Corelli, the finest violinist of his generation, at his Monday night concerts called "academies". Through these concerts, Corelli was introduced to Handel. When Corelli died in 1713, he left his estate, including his valuable pictures, to the Cardinal, who distributed the sizable funds among Corelli's relations and erected a princely tomb for the musician in the Pantheon. Other protegés of the cardinal were Alessandro Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi and Antonio Caldara. Ottoboni even wrote texts of cantatas for some of them. When opera was banned in Rome, performances withdrew to Ottoboni's Cancelleria. His triumphal return to Venice in 1726 was celebrated with musical festivities that included a serenata Andromeda liberata, with arias contributed by various Venetian masters, including Vivaldi.
The young Sicilian architect Giovanni Battista Vaccarini and painters Sebastiano Conca, Sebastiano Ricci and Francesco Trevisani, a resident of the court for almost four decades, also benefited from his patronage. One of his most important commissions were the Seven Sacraments executed in 1712 by Giuseppe Maria Crespi (now in the Museum of Dresden). In 1735 he donated his Roman sculptures and other antiquities to the Capitoline Museums. The last decade of Ottobini's life was his most active as a patron. 
Ottoboni was considered paphili, but left the conclave with a fever. He died three days later. His heirs took advantage of the vacant papacy and removed everything portable from the Cancelleria. There is a full description of the cardinal's paintings and locates them by room. It present a clear picture of his extensive acquisitions over a periode of fifty years. Listed are almost 530 paintings, some he inherited from his great-uncle: the most important painters are mentioned above, others were by Benedetto Luti, Guido Reni, Giovanni Batista Gaulli, Tintoretto, Pusini, Giuseppe Chiari, Pietro da Cortona, Francesco Albani, Jacopo Bassano, Giovanni Baglione, Giacinto Brandi, Giuseppe Cesari, and Veronese. In Rome Ottoboni had acquired a tast for Northern European paintings like Caspar van Wittel and Gerrit van Honthorst. The Ottoboni possessions were disposed of in four sales, and as a result dispersed throughout the world. Final settlements of all accounts were made in 1752. 
According to Charles Montesquieu Pietro Ottoboni had between 60 and 70 children. Portraits of his maîtresses as saints, like Margarita Pio Zeno of Savoy (1670-1725), decorated his bedroom.
==Debt and dispersal==
Despite his numerous benefices, and his alliance with the French crown, the expenses of the cardinal were perpetually exceeding his income. Upon his death, his estate was subsequently liquidated to settle his debts.
His music library was dispersed after his death, but the so-called "Manchester Concerto Part-books" have survived with sets of separate parts for 95 compositions, mostly concertos; the manuscript scores came into the possession of Charles Jennens, the librettist for Handel's Messiah. The diverse contents of the concerto collection suggest that Ottoboni's musicians acquired and performed music from artistic centres elsewhere (notably Venice and Bologna) as well as works composed in Rome. 
Ottoboni was also a gifted opera and oratorio librettist and a member of the Academy of Arcadia. Pietro Metastasio was his godchild.
==Notes==
== External links ==
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
* Paul, Major, "Giuseppe Valentini, Sinfonia in D": the Manchester Concerto Part-books
* Manchester Libraries: Manchester Concerto Part-books
*Musei Capitolini
==Sources==
*Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (1667-1740) And The Vatican Tomb Of Pope Alexander VIII Edward J. Olszewski (2004) DIANE Art & Art Instruction ISBN 087169252X 
* The Inventory of Paintings of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (1667-1740) Edward J. Olszewski (2004) AUS, Series XX Fine Arts, Vol. 36. ISBN 0820463736
* Michael Ranft (1769) Leben und Thaten aller in diesem XVIII Jahrhundert gelebten und theils noch lebenden Cardinäle der Römischen Kirche in III Theilen, p. 268-281. 
Category:1667 births
Category:1740 deaths
Category:People from Venice (city)
Category:Deans of the College of Cardinals
Category:Italian cardinals
Category:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati
Category:Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
Category:Cardinal-bishops of Porto
Category:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina
Category:Italian art collectors
Category:Cardinal-nephews
Category:Members of the Holy Office
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