Nintendo 公式チャンネル

Nintendo (Japanese: 任天堂) is a Japanese multinational gaming company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It is well known for the creation of various video game franchises including Super Mario, Legend of Zelda, Pokémon, Animal Crossing, Splatoon, Metroid, and more.
==History==
===Pre-video game era===
Nintendo was founded on September 23, 1889 by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan. During this era, the newly found company began producing hanafuda, a type of traditional Japanese playing card. With the increase of the cards' popularity, Yamauchi hired newly recruits to mass-produce and satisfy the demand. Despite the start, Nintendo began to experience a financial struggle due to operating in a niche market, the slow and expensive manufacturing process, high product price, alongside long durability of the cards, which impacted sales due to the low replacement rate. As a solution, Nintendo produced a cheaper and lower-quality line of playing cards, Tengu, while also conducting product offerings in other cities such as Osaka, where card game profits were higher in stakes. In addition, local merchants were interested in the prospect of a continuous renewal of decks, thus avoiding the suspicions that reusing cards would ever generate. 
The company's first western-style card deck was put on the market in 1902, but eventually stalled in 1907, mainly due to the impending Russo-Japanese War. The most recent war foreshadowed considerable difficulties for companies in the leisure sector, which were subject to new levies. Nintendo subsisted and, in 1907, entered into an agreement with Japan Tobacco to advertise its cards to various cigarette stores throughout the country. A promotional calendar distributed by Nintendo from the Taishō era dated to 1915 was found.
In 1929, Sekiryo Kaneda was named the next president of Nintendo. Around the same time, Nintendo was the largest card game company in Japan. In 1933, Kaneda invested in the construction of a new corporate headquarters located next to the original building, near the Toba-kaidō train station. As World War II was in progress, this heavily impacted the company as Japanese authorities prohibited the distribution of foreign card games, and as the priorities of Japanese society shifted, its interest in recreational activities waned. In 1947, Sekiryo founded the distribution company Marufuku Co. Ltd.
In 1950, Sekiryo's health began to deteriorate, and Hiroshi Yamauchi stepped in as the next president of Nintendo. In 1952, two years after being sworn in, Yamauchi centralized the production of cards in the Kyoto factories, which led to the expansion of the offices. The company's new line of plastic cards resulted in considerable success in Japan. Some of the company's employees, accustomed to a more cautious and conservative leadership, viewed the new measures with concern and the rising tension led to a call for a strike. However, the measure had no major impact, as Yamauchi resorted to the dismissal of several dissatisfied workers.
In 1959, Nintendo contracted with Walt Disney to incorporate his company's animated characters into the cards. Nintendo also developed a distribution system that allowed it to offer its products in toy stores. By 1961, the company had sold more than 1.5 million card packs and held a high market share, for which it relied on televised advertising campaigns. The need for diversification led the company to list stock on the second section of the Osaka and Kyoto stock exchanges, in addition to becoming a public company and changing its name to Nintendo Co., Ltd. in 1963. In 1964, Nintendo had a net revenue of ¥150 million.
Although the company was experiencing a period of economic prosperity, the Disney cards and derived products made it dependent on the children's market. The situation was exacerbated by the falling sales of its adult-oriented hanafuda cards caused by Japanese society gravitating toward other hobbies such as pachinko, bowling, and other nightly outings. When Disney card sales began to show signs of exhaustion, Nintendo realized that it had no real alternative with which to alleviate the situation. After the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Nintendo's stock price plummeted to its lowest recorded level of ¥60.
Between 1963 and 1968, Yamauchi invested in several business lines for Nintendo that were far from its traditional market and, for the most part, were unsuccessful. Among these ventures were packages of instant rice, a chain of love hotels, and a taxi service named 'Daiya'. Although the taxi service was better received than the previous efforts, Yamauchi rejected this initiative after a series of disagreements with local unions.
Yamauchi's experience with the previous initiatives led him to increase Nintendo's investment in a research and development department directed by Hiroshi Imanishi, an employee with a long history in other areas of the company. In 1969, Gunpei Yokoi joined the department and was responsible for coordinating various projects. Yokoi's experience in manufacturing electronic devices led Yamauchi to put him in charge of the company's games department, and his products would be mass-produced. During this period, Nintendo built a new production facility in Uji City, just outside of Kyoto, and distributed classic tabletop games such as chess, shogi, go, and mahjong, as well as other foreign games under the Nippon Game brand. The company's restructuring preserved a couple of areas dedicated to hanafuda card manufacturing.
In the early 1970s, Nintendo release Japan's first electronic toy, the Nintendo Beam Gun, an optoelectronic pistol designed by Masayuki Uemura. In total, more than a million units were sold. Nintendo partnered with Magnavox to provide a light gun controller based on the Beam Gun design for the company's new home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, in 1971. Other popular toys released at the time included the Ultra Hand, the Ultra Machine, the Ultra Scope, and the Love Tester, all designed by Yokoi. The Ultra Hand sold more than 1.2 million units in Japan. Around the same time, Nintendo began trading on the main section of the Osaka stock exchange and opened a new headquarters.
With Nintendo's continued success, Yamauchi further expanded the offices, for which he acquired the surrounding land and assigned the production of cards to the original Nintendo building. Meanwhile, Yokoi, Uemura, and new employees such as Genyo Takeda, continued to develop innovative products for the company. The Laser Clay Shooting System was released in 1973 and managed to surpass bowling in popularity. Though Nintendo's toys continued to gain popularity, the 1973 oil crisis caused both a spike in the cost of plastics and a change in consumer priorities that put essential products over pastimes, and Nintendo lost ¥7 billion.
===Birth of video games===
In 1974, Nintendo released a skeet shooting simulator arcade game called Wild Gunman, which consisted using a 16-millimeter image projector with a sensor that detects a beam from the player's light gun. The recent releases of the Laser Clay Shooting System and Wild Gunman were also introduced to outside continents, including Europe and North America. Despite the recent success, other companies such as Bandai and Tomy seemed to have gained the upper hand. Prices for the newly released products began to skyrocket, which led to the discontinuation of some of Nintendo's light gun products.
Looking onto the success of Atari and Magnavox with their own game consoles, Yamauchi made an agreement to acquire the Japanese distribution rights for the Magnavox Odyssey in 1974. It went through, and other agreements succeeded with Mitsubishi Electric to develop similar products between 1975 and 1978, including the first microprocessor for video games consoles. It was until 1977 that Shigeru Miyamoto joined the company and was assigned with Yokoi's team with the responsibility of designing the casing for the Color TV-Game consoles. By 1978, Nintendo split its development department into four R&D facilities.
===Game & Watch and arcade games===
In 1979, Nintendo opened an American establishment in New York City. In 1980, Nintendo released its first handheld systems with the title of Game & Watch, which was created by Yokoi from the technology used in portable calculators. This became one of Nintendo's most successful products, with over 43.4 million units sold worldwide during its production period, and for which 59 Game & Watch sub-games were made in total. During the same year Game & Watch showed success, an arcade game called Radar Scope was released, which seemed like a rival doppelganger to Namco's Galaxian. Radar Scope didn't garner much success, and it eventually foreshadowed a financial crisis for Nintendo.
In 1981, Nintendo released their next arcade game, Donkey Kong. It turned out to have paved the way towards the company's superstardom, with Mario and Donkey Kong becoming principal characters in future releases. In 1983, Nintendo opened a new production facility in Uji and was listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Uemura, taking inspiration from the ColecoVision, began creating a new video game console that would incorporate a ROM cartridge format for video games as well as both a central processing unit and a picture processing unit. The Family Computer, or Famicom, was released in Japan in July 1983 along with three games adapted from their original arcade versions: Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Jr. and Popeye. As the 80s decade wore on, several video game consoles proliferated in the United States, as well as low-quality games produced by third-party developers, which oversaturated the market, eventually causing a crash. A recession hit the American video game industry, where the revenues went from $3 billion all the way down to $100 million between 1983 and 1985.
===Famicom and Nintendo Entertainment System===
Trying to pick up the pieces from a massive financial downfall, Nintendo needed to act swiftly, and they reached a consensus by coming up with an idea to develop a console that seemingly resembled a VCR and using games as lockout chips for insertion and ejection. The console would be the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), released in North America and Europe in late 1985. The same time the console was released, various titles, which included 10-Yard Fight, Baseball, Clu Clu Land, Duck Hunt, Excitebike, Golf, Gyromite, Hogan’s Alley, Ice Climber, Kung Fu, Pinball, Soccer, Stack-Up, Super Mario Bros., Tennis, Wild Gunman, and Wrecking Crew. The entire lineup garnered great success; Super Mario Bros. turned out to be the most successful of all.
In 1986, Nintendo introduced The Legend of Zelda, which was released for the Famicom and then for the NES a year later. This also was a massive success, with Link becoming a future hall of fame character. With the Miyamoto era on the run, it was revealed that Takashi Tezuka also helped out with the designing and programming, while Koji Kondo did the music composing.
===Game Boy and Super Nintendo Entertainment System===
By 1988, Yokoi was in the works of a handheld console that would run on batteries. It would turn out to be the Game Boy, which was released on August 31, 1989. The console featured a 4-inch LCD screen in monochrome with an on-off flicker switch. Its launch titles were Tetris and Super Mario Land, which were both greatly successful. Super Mario Land featured a different damsel in distress, whose name is Daisy, and this character would later become a successful audition to later Mario spin-off games.
In 1991, Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The console featured improved graphics with 16-bit scenery. Launch titles included Super Mario World, F-Zero, Pilotwings, SimCity, and Gradius III. 46 million units combined with Super Famicom and SNES consoles were sold worldwide. In 1993, Star Fox was released for the NES, which was the first video game to make use of the Super FX chip, especially for handling 3D polygonal graphics. Around the same time, there was controversy due to complaints about graphic violence in Mortal Kombat. This would eventually foreshadow the establishment of the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) in 1994, a company that mandates ratings to games after reviewing for age safety.
In 1995, Nintendo released a 32-bit tabletop console called the Virtual Boy, which was capable of handling #D stereoscopic graphics, but the run involving the console only lasted for merely a year with only just 22 games being released for it. Around the same time, rival companies, especially Sony, released the PlayStation, which foreshadowed titles outselling Nintendo games, causing Nintendo's stocks to plummet.
===Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color===
On September 29, 1996, Nintendo released its next generation console, the Nintendo 64. Launch titles featured Super Mario 64 and Mario Kart 64. Although the Nintendo 64 began to compete with the PlayStation, many third-party companies across the globe declared their intentions to release newer titles for the PlayStation. Several months before the 64 was released, the Game Boy Pocket was released, a thinner version of the Game Boy requiring two Double-A batteries instead of four. Only a week after the Game Boy Pocket released, Gunpei Yokoi resigned from Nintendo and relocated with Bandai to help out with a new console, the WonderSwan. Around the same time, Game Freak released Pokémon Red & Green exclusively in Japan for the Game Boy, which later hit the market in the United States and other countries. In 1997, Gunpei passed away after injuries sustained in a car accident.
In November 1998, Nintendo released a new handheld console known as the Game Boy Color, capable of handling 8-bit color graphics on a handheld console. Within the passing months, select titles were only compatible for the Game Boy Color and not the original Game Boy. Around the same time, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time was released for the Nintendo 64, which turned out to be one of the greatest games of all time. In early 1999, Super Smash Bros. was released for the 64, a crossover fighting game consisting of many rising rising Nintendo characters. Later that year, Donkey Kong 64 was released, which required an Expansion Pak to play. In late 2000, The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask released for the 64, which also required the Expansion Pak.
==Game Boy Advance and GameCube==
In late 2001, a new generation of gaming was about to approach. The Game Boy Advance was released on June 11, 2001 that featured a wider screen and capabilities of playing 16-bit games, especially for most of what were remakes in the coming years for the console, including the launch title, Super Mario Advance. On November 18, 2001, the GameCube was released, which featured launch titles, including Luigi's Mansion, Pikmin, and Super Smash Bros. Melee. Melee turned out to be the most successful release for the GameCube, although it was granted a teen rating by the ESRB.
At the same time the GameCube era unfolded, rival consoles, including the PlayStation 2 manufactured by Sony and Xbox provided by Microsoft, gained more popularity due to third-party companies adjusting their attention to the two rivaling consoles. This caused Nintendo's stock to fall. Needed to form a regime that would rigorously get something going, Hiroshi Yamauchi resigned as president of Nintendo in May 2002 with Satoru Iwata succeeding. Super Mario Sunshine was released for the GameCube by the end of the summer in 2002, but it didn't sell as much as its predecessor, Super Mario 64. By early 2003, The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker released for the GameCube, which was heavily criticized by its cartoonish graphics, but nevertheless did well. Only weeks later, the Game Boy Advance SP was released, a newer type of handheld console capable or running on a rechargeable battery.
Although other GameCube titles such as Soul Calibur II and Mario Kart: Double Dash!! gained highly positive reviews, the GameCube wasn't selling very well. Later that year, the European Commission revealed that Nintendo used aggressive tactics by engaging in some anticompetitive price-fixing business practices dating at least as far back as the early 1990s. Eventually, Nintendo was fined €149 million, one of the heftiest antitrust fines applied in the history of the European Commission.
===Nintendo DS and Wii===
With the GameCube era still struggling to compete fluently in the gaming arena, Nintendo revealed its next handheld console during E3 2004, the Nintendo DS, a dual screen console where the lower screen acts as the touch screen, and the upper screen enacts as the main screen. The DS became capable of handling 3D graphics for most forth-and-coming titles. The Nintendo DS was released on November 21, 2004 with its launch title being Super Mario 64 DS, a remake of Super Mario 64. The GameCube had very little showing in 2004, except for a few known titles such as Pokémon Colosseum and Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, both of which were highly successful.
By early 2005, Nintendo opened its first retailer known as the Nintendo World Store at Rockefeller Center in New York City. Around the same year, the Nintendo DS was steadily gaining ground, especially with the release of Mario Kart DS late in the year. By the fourth quarter of 2005, the Game Boy Micro was released, a smaller version of the Game Boy Advance. Few GameCube titles, such as Mario Superstar Baseball, Shadow the Hedgehog, Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness, and Super Mario Strikers gained success.
By mid-2006, New Super Mario Bros. was released for the Nintendo DS, which achieved massive success. Around the same time, a newer DS console titled the Nintendo DS Lite was released. By E3 of that year, a new home console known as the Nintendo Wii was introduced. The previous year, it was under the prototype name "Revolution". There were also corporate restructures at the North American headquarters, with Reggie Fils-Aimé becoming the president and COO for Nintendo of America. The Wii released on November 19, 2006 and sold out swiftly upon its release. Wii Sports was bundled with the console, while other launch titles featured The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, which also released for the GameCube, becoming hugely successful on both consoles.
With 2007 approaching, the Wii was on the rise in the competition with Sony releasing the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft releasing the Xbox 360 to commerce the next generation of gaming. Third-party companies expanded their licenses and ranges, having been mostly capable of releasing newer games for all three consoles respectively. Pokémon Diamond and Pearl were the most notable games to be released for the Nintendo DS that year. Notable third-party releases came in late October of 2007, which included Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, and it was easily a best seller for the Wii. Also near the climax of 2007 came Super Mario Galaxy, the next main series Mario game that went on to achieve stardom, especially with the introduction of a new character, Rosalina.
In early 2008, Super Smash Bros. Brawl released for the Wii, which became one of the most successful releases for the console, despite its release date being pushed back multiple times. More third-party games began to strike gold on the market, which included Rock Band, which released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 2 several months prior. Other notable games in relation solely with Nintendo featured Mario Kart Wii and Mario Super Sluggers. Near the climax of 2008, other third-party titles, including Guitar Hero: World Tour and Rock Band 2 dominated sales.
2009 saw very little action to start with until the Nintendo DS witnessed a special edition of Diamond and Pearl called Pokémon Platinum. Around the same time, a newer DS console known as the Nintendo DSi was released, which featured the majority of the DS Lite mechanics, and it was the first handheld console to feature downloadable content. It would be near the climax of the year when The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks released for the DS, while the Wii saw notable titles such as New Super Mario Bros. Wii, Guitar Hero 5, and The Beatles: Rock Band. The mentioned titles for the Wii near the climax of 2009 were all successful sellers with highly positive reviews.
2010 for Nintendo was again off to a slow start until Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver released for the Nintendo DS. It would once more be until the climax of the year that newer titles hit the market, which featured those for the Wii, including Kirby's Epic Yarn, Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock, and Rock Band 3.
===Nintendo 3DS and Wii U===
In early 2011, the Nintendo 3DS was released, where the top screen closely resembled a widescreen TV capable of handling automated stereoscopic 3D scenery. It was also the same time Pokémon Black & White were released for the original DS, thus commencing the fifth generation of Pokémon. During E3 2011, Nintendo revealed a new home console called the Wii U, which featured the Game Pad as a lead controller having a screen on its own. By late 2011, Shigeru Miyamoto revealed that he was on the verge of retiring, which caused Nintendo stock to fall by $500,000,000 in a single day. However, other executives with Nintendo stated that Miyamoto "was not going anywhere". Notable 3DS titles including The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D, a remake of the original N64 game, Super Mario 3D Land, Star Fox 64 3D, and Mario Kart 7. As the Wii was approaching its climax, The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword and Kirby's Return to Dream Land were the most notable titles for the console to wrap things up for 2011.
The Nintendo Wii U released on November 18, 2012, merely six years after its predecessor. Nintendo Land was bundled with the console. Even though the Wii U was on the rise, third-party companies began to stray their development for games on the console, which would adapt to Microsoft's Xbox One the very next year. Still, the Wii U was the first Nintendo console to support high-definition resolutions in 720p and 1080p respectively. It also featured the Nintendo eShop, just like the Nintendo 3DS did, to download certain games at a certain price or even purchase titles for a full price that were in retails. For example, New Super Mario Bros. U was one of a few notable Nintendo games to contain DLC, with an expansion being titled New Super Luigi U. The Wii U saw a very few releases near the climax of 2013, including Super Mario 3D World, while the 3DS had Pokémon X & Y to commence the birth of the sixth generation.
2014 for the Wii U still wasn't garnering much from third-party affiliated companies, but Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze was the next big thing to have success. Later in 2014, the fourth installment of Super Smash Bros. was released for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. Although SSB4 was successful, many became skeptical about the playable characters and their color variants. Even as SSB4 had DLC, speculation broadened, and there was extreme criticism for putting Cloud Strife in as a playable DLC character, even though the proceeding character had no blue to white collar Nintendo experience.
On July 11, 2015, Satoru Iwata passed away after a battle with bile duct growth cancer. Three months later, Tatsumi Kimishima was the next man in as president and CEO of Nintendo. Months before Iwata's death, a new 3DS console called the New Nintendo 3DS was released to support the release of Xenoblade Chronicles 3D. The new 3DS had higher specifications of those over an original 3DS with faster loading and downloading times. Xenoblade 3D was originally intended for the first 3DS, but hardware issues and dropping frames proved to be a serious toll as Monster Games, the co-developer of the title stated that there needs to be a newer Nintendo 3DS to run the game properly. 2015 also marked the 30th anniversary since the release of Super Mario Bros., which led to the release of Super Mario Maker.
===Nintendo Switch===
By mid-2016, the Wii U was struggling to release third-party titles as the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 were steadily gaining the upper hand. On October 16, 2016, a new console known as the Nintendo Switch was shown in a teaser trailer. The Switch was featured as a tablet console where a player can attach controllers known as Joy-Cons to the console or a grip supporter to play. The Switch also featured a dock where the tablet attaches to it and an HDMI port on the dock plugs into the TV, enabling up to a native 1080p resolution and full-fledged surround sound. The Switch was released on March 3, 2017 and sold out quickly upon launching. Notable launch titles included The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, which also released for the Wii U. Around the same time, Nintendo began developing mobile apps intended for iOS and Android devices, and the first title was Super Mario Run. Other notable Switch games featured Mario Kart 8 Deluxe and Super Mario Odyssey.
By early 2018, more corporate restructuring was made to Nintendo as Reggie Fils-Aimé resigned as president and CEO of Nintendo of America, eventually being succedded by Doug Bowser. In addition, Shuntaro Furukawa succeded Tatsumi Kimishima as president and CEO of Nintendo overall.
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