Mûmakil

Mûmakil (known in Westron as Oliphaunts) were large creatures resembling elephants, often used in battle by the Haradrim. Oliphaunt was the name given to them by Hobbits.
== History ==
=== Third Age ===
In southern Harad during the Third Age, there lived beasts of vast bulk thought to be ancestors of elephants, which would be much smaller in size.The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter I: "Of the Beginning of Days" According to the Red Book, they were bigger than a house.
In the years of the War of the Ring, the fierce warriors of Harad came north to Gondor at the call of Sauron, and with their legions they brought the great Mûmakil, which they used as beasts of war. The Mûmakil that the Haradrim brought to the Battle of the Pelennor Fields were harnessed with red banners, bands and trappings of gold and brass, and on their backs great war towers from which archers and spearmen fought. They had a natural blood-lust, and many foes were crushed beneath their feet. With their trunks they struck down many foes, and their tusks were red with the blood of their enemies. They could not be fought effectively by mounted men, for horses refused to go near them, nor by footmen, who were quickly crushed or shot from above. In war, they would frequently stand as towers that could not be captured; shield walls broke before them and armies were routed around them.
These thick-skinned beasts were almost invulnerable to arrows; their eyes were vulnerable, however, as Mûmakil could be blinded or even killed by arrows released with great force. When blinded they went into a rage of pain, often destroying masters and foes alike in their rampages.
On March 5 in the year 3019 of the late Third Age,The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers, Book Four, "The Black Gate is Closed" Samwise Gamgee once recited a short comic poem about the beast based on traditional bestiary lore.The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book, "Preface"
== Physical description ==
Mûmakil had an appearance akin to that of an elephant, sporting thick, arrow-resistant skin, and sharp tusks. Their most defining feature was their vast size, allowing the armies of Mordor to erect war towers on their backs. In the films they are depicted with four tusks, similar to the prehistoric elephant Stegotetrabelodon.
== Outfitting ==
Presumably, Mûmakil could be coerced to kneel or lie down so that a tower could be hauled into place, and tied from under the belly. Their elevated position gave arrows and spears a greater range for those riding in the tower.
== Etymology ==
thumb|left|Mûmakil featured on the book cover of Tolkien's World: A Fantasy Coloring Book
The word Oliphaunt is a variant spelling of the archaic word oliphant meaning "elephant", "ivory", "elephant-tusk", "musical horn made of an elephant tusk", or "a musical instrument resembling such a horn". It appears in Middle English as olifant or olifaunt, and was borrowed from Medieval French olifanz. The French word owes something to both Old High German olbenta "camel", and to Latin elephantus "elephant", a word of Greek origin. OHG olbenta is a word of old Germanic origin; cf. Gothic ulbandus also meaning "camel". However, the form of the OHG and Gothic words suggests it is also a borrowing, perhaps indeed directly or indirectly from Greek elephas (ελεφας), meaning "ivory", though apparently with some confusion as to the animal the word referred to. The word survives as the surname "Oliphant" found throughout the English-speaking world. Olifant is also the Dutch word for elephant.
The most famous use of the oliphant is in The Song of Roland "The oliphant is set to Roland's Lips;" Roland fails to call for help at the Battle of Roncevaux in 778 until it is too late for him and his comrades. The oliphant is echoed in The Lord of the Rings by Boromir's Horn of Gondor and counterpoised by Helm's horn and the horns of Buckland.
Men of Gondor called an Oliphaunt a mûmak (plural mûmakil). The word Oliphaunt is only used by hobbits.
== In adaptations ==
=== The Lord of the Rings film trilogy ===
In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, the Haradrim managed to attach war-harnesses to the backs of the Mûmakil, made of canvas and bamboo. They are depicted as 10 to 15 meters (35–45 feet) tall, each with four to six tusks. They were designed after the extinct proboscidean Palaeoloxodon antiquus, commonly named the straight-tusked elephant.
The props for the dead Mûmakil shown on the field after the battle were the largest props used in production.The Art of The Return of the King, Introduction, pg. 8
=== Rankin/Bass The Return of the King===
Two Mûmakil are briefly seen pulling the war machine Grond. Others are shown earlier in the same battle, breaking Gondor's defensive battle-lines. They are depicted in this film as giant woolly mammoths with red eyes. 
=== Video games ===
In the Pelennor Fields level of the Return of the King video game, the player must kill two to a multitude of Mûmakil (depending on how much the Witch-king is damaged each round). They must be killed with ranged weapons. There is also one featured in the Southern Gate level.
In LEGO Dimensions and in LEGO Lord of the Rings, the player must defeat multiple Oliphaunts.
In The Battle for Middle-earth I and II, the Mordor faction can train Mûmakil. Mûmakil are the strongest and largest regular unit, with their powers only overshadowed by a few heroes and summoned units. A Mûmak is highly resilient against melee attacks, quite vulnerable to pikes, and has five active archers in its tower.
In The Lord of the Rings: Conquest, three Oliphaunts must be killed before they reach the defense zone. In the Pelennor Fields level of the War of the Ring campaign, they can be killed easily with a catapult or by sabotage. They can be controlled on the Rise of Sauron level Weathertop or in the Pelennor Fields level (in Instant action; Team Deathmatch mode only).
In The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age, Mûmakil are enemies at the Pelennor Fields in Good Mode and are playable at the same place in Evil Mode.
In The Lord of the Rings Online, Mûmakil appear in Eastern Gondor as an enemy and are part of several quests.
Rome: Total War includes a mod "The Lord of The Rings: Total War", in which Mûmakil are a unit of the Haradrim army; and another unit called the greater Mûmakil are a used as a bodyguard for the general.
==Translations==
Foreign Language	Translated name
Chinese 	猛獁 or 猛獁象 (literally meaning "mammoth")
Danish 	Mûmakil or Olifant
Finnish 	Mûmakil or Olifantti
French 	Mûmak or Oliphant
Hebrew 	מומאקיל
Japanese 	ムマキル or オリファント or ムーマク or 獣 (meaning "beast")
Portuguese 	Olifantes (Brazil)
Russian 	Mumak, Mumakil or Mamun (depending on translator)
== References ==
Category:Creatures
Category:Servants of Sauron
Category:Army of Mordor
Category:Minions of Angmar
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fr:Oliphants
it:Mumak
pl:Mûmakile
ru:Мумакил