Durin's Day

Durin's Day was a yearly event noted by the Dwarves, "when the last moon of Autumn and the first sun of Winter appear in the sky together" (i.e. until sunset) on the first day of the Dwarves' New Year, which was "the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter."
Since each lunar cycle takes about 29.5 days and autumn (by the American definition of winter) in the northern hemisphere runs until about December 21st, the first day of the last new moon of autumn could take place any time between about November 22 and December 21. However in The History of The Hobbit, Tolkien set 19 October as the Durin's Day. That would place the beginning of winter for the Dwarves of Erebor at the beginning of November.
The writing on the map that Gandalf had received from Thráin II, as read by Elrond, instructed, "Stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks, and the setting sun with the last light of Durin's Day will shine upon the key-hole" (of the secret side-door into the Lonely Mountain). And later on in the story, this is what happened.