Eldvörp–Svartsengi

Eldvörp–Svartsengi (ˈɛltvœr̥p–ˈsvar̥(t)sˌeiɲcɪ); "fire cones–black meadow" in Icelandic also Svartsengi volcanic system) is a volcanic system in the southwest of Iceland on the Southern Peninsula, southeast of Keflavík International Airport and north of the town of Grindavík. Made up of fissures, cones, and volcanic craters, it had not been very active for several centuries, but it became subject to notable seismic activity in 2020, 2022, and 2023 in connection with nearby Fagradalsfjall eruptions, and erupted itself in late 2023.
==Geography==
===Location===
Eldvörp–Svartsengi is located in the southwest of Iceland, in the west of the Southern Peninsula, which forms the southwest tip of the country.
The Icelandic toponym Svartsengi, literally "black meadow", designates a small valley at the foot of Sýlingarfell. From here, Keflavík and its eponymous international airport are 15 km to the northwest, the port town of Vogar is 11 km to the north, the port town of Grindavík is 4 km to the south, and the cape Reykjanes 16 km to the southwest. Reykjavik, the national capital, is about 30 km to the northeast. The Svartsengi Power Station and the Blue Lagoon, served by routes 43 and 426, are located on the volcanic system. At the top of Þorbjörn, the highest point of the Svartsengi, there are relay antennas; and to the south, on the edge of the volcano, stand the antennas of the Naval Radio Transmitter Facility Grindavik.
The majority of Svartsengi is located in the municipality of Grindavíkurbær, except the northeastern end of the fissures which are found in that of Vogar, both in the region of Suðurnes.
===Geology===
Lacking a central volcanic cone, the Svartsengi volcanic system consists of a set of fissures, cones and volcanic craters aligned over 30 km in length and 7 km in width, oriented north-east to south-west and surrounded by fields of lava: Þorbjörn (243 m), Sýlingarfell (206 m), Stóra-Skógfell (188 m) and Litla-Skógfell (85 m) as noted from the southwest to the northeast. Two other volcanic systems surround Svartsengi, namely Reykjanes to the west and Fagradalsfjall to the east, both also consisting of a set of fissures, cones, and craters oriented in a parallel manner. Thus, although they have similar geological and topographical characteristics, and function on the same tectonic principle in a rift context, they also possess notable differences in the geochemical composition of their lavas, and also a certain individuality in their topography and location, which has tended volcanologists to consider them with time as systems distinct from each other.:³⁰ Together with Reykjanes, Fagradalsfjall, Krýsuvík and Brennisteinsfjöll, Svartsengi is part of the Reykjanes volcanic belt.
The lavas emitted by the Svartsengi are exclusively basalts -- notably picrite and tholeite -- and emerge through effusive eruptions with a volcanic explosivity index of 1 to 3, which produce lava flows and limited projections of tephras.
==History==
thumb|Aerial view from the west of the Svartsengi: lava fields and fissures extend from the foot of Þorbjörn. At its feet to the left, the Blue Lagoon and the Svartsengi Power Station, from which plumes of steam rise.
During the Holocene, the Svartsengi experienced between twelve and fifteen eruptive periods – a periodicity of approximately 1,000 years – as evidenced by the lava flows associated with it. These recurring activities are represented by a close succession of eruptions over a period of several decades. The last of these eruptions took place in the 13th century with the "Reykjanes fires", a series of effusive eruptions on Svartsengi and Reykjanes, which took place between 1210 and 1240 and which produced lava flows with an area of 50 km² for Svartsengi alone.
==2023–2024 earthquakes and eruptions==
In December 2019 volcanic activity began near the hyaloclastite mountain Þorbjörn, which indicated that the Reykjanes Peninsula was beginning a new volcanic cycle after 800 years of inactivity. In the following four years, five magmatic intrusions have formed in the Eldvörp-Svartsengi volcanic system, the first four of which stalled before reaching the surface. During this time volcanic unrest on the peninsula was mostly associated with the neighboring Fagradalsfjall system, where three out of four confirmed magmatic intrusions culminated in volcanic eruptions.
On 24 October 2023, a new magmatic intrusion underneath the area caused a swarm of intense earthquakes to begin. Several hundred tremors were detected daily with hypocenters between 6 and 1.5 kilometers deep, the vast majority of magnitude less than 3 but a few exceeding this value, up to 4.5 for the most powerful. On 27 October the alert level for aviation was reassessed to yellow. By 1 November, 10,000 tremors had already been recorded, including 26 exceeding a magnitude of 3. At the same time, the ground rose by more than five centimeters, mainly at around 1.5 kilometers to the southwest of the Blue Lagoon and northwest of Þorbjörn. These phenomena were interpreted as the intrusion of magma at a depth of four or five kilometers below the sector most affected by soil uplift. Such events had already occurred in 2020 and 2022 in the same sector without this leading to an eruption. On 9 November, seismicity reached levels close to 5 on the Richter scale, which led to the decision to close the Blue Lagoon as a precaution. The frequency and intensity of the earthquakes dramatically increased on 10 November, with 20,000 tremors recorded by that time, the largest of which exceeded magnitude 5.3.
An evacuation was ordered in the town of Grindavík, which is located near the area of the seismic activity. Large-scale subsidence in and around the town is reported to have caused significant damage. This was due to the movement of magma into a dike beneath the Sundhnúkur craters, which subsequently propagated southwest under the town. From the beginning of the earthquakes until 10 November, the land at Svartsengi rose by more than 10 cm within a span of 16 days. Following substantial subsidence of 35 cm on that date, a new phase of activity led to a land rise of about 30 cm by December 8 which surpassed the level that was previously reached before 10 November.
On the evening of 18 December 2023, a volcanic eruption began near Hagafell, about 4 km (2.5 miles) north-east of Grindavík, following a series of small earthquakes that began at around 21:00 local time. The Icelandic Meteorological Office stated that the eruption stemmed from a fissure with a length of about 3.5 km, with lava flowing at a rate of around 100 to 200 cubic meters per second. An Icelandic Civil Defence official told RUV that the eruption had happened quickly and appeared to be "quite a large event". Following an earthquake swarm warning in the early hours of the 14 January 2024, those that had returned to the town of Grindavík were re-evacuated shortly before further fissure eruptions, with lava entering the town.
==Activities==
The proximity to the most populated cities in the country, including Reykjavik, and the significant geothermal potential of the site led to the construction of the Svartsengi Power Station, commissioned in 1977. The water discharged near the power plant was heavily loaded with minerals, most notably in silica, and formed a silty body of water in the lava field, leading eventually to the construction of the Blue Lagoon in 1992. During the seismic activity of November 2023, work was begun on measures to protect the plant in case of an eruption. This included substantial protective walls and a diversionary dike.
==References==
Category:Rift volcanoes
Category:Volcanoes of Iceland
Category:Mountains of Iceland
Category:Volcanic systems of Iceland
Category:Reykjanes Volcanic Belt