19 S Homework Chapters Western Cultures

==以往各学期教过的课，课名课本都不一样，但每周作业仍有很多是和本学期完全相同==
# 18 F Western Cultures
# 18 F Homework Chapters Western Cultures
# 19 S Western Cultures
# 19 S Homework Chapters Western Cultures
#18 S American History
#18 S Talkshows
#17 F spwrIE
#17 F English Headway
#17 S English and Culture Announcement Log
#17 S American History Announcement Log
#16 F Inside Reading Announcement Log
#16 S Headway Announcement Log
#16 S Charles Beard Announcement Log
#15 F Announcement Log C
#15 F Announcement Log B
#15 F Announcement Log A
以往用过的网上资源
#American Resources
#English Diary
#individual talkshow
#Wikinews English
==*==
==*==
==已经稍微调整了顺序，目前最合理顺序应为： Jefferson 1-3, Guggenheim 4-5, Clinton 6-7, Zuckerberg 8-9, Reagan 10-11, Harvard 12-13==
阅读美国册课本网上课文全书
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/19_S_Western_Cultures2
美国-西方册： 记住这个“每周优惠章口诀”就行了，只有“优惠章”全做完了关键词-页码 能得2分。 非优惠章则不能得二分。 打星的是我以前没布置过的章：
* 1-3周 Jefferson： US 3始,4政,/ 5经,14外 （任何其他老师认为有一定关联的美国章可能也能算）； Western 只算 W2罗*，3犹*，7启*; Long rhyme any US chapter.
* 4-5周 Guggenheim： US 11认，15体，16流，/ 8教，13技 （任何其他老师认为有一定关联的美国章可能也能算）； Western 只算 W10现*,12艺*; Long rhyme any US chapter.
* 6-7周 Clinton： US 6宗,9六,10问,12妇,/ 5经，14外，7文 （任何其他老师认为有一定关联的美国章可能也能算）； Western 只算 W3犹, 4基*, 11意*; Long rhyme any US chapter.
* 8-9周 Zuckerberg： US 8教，13技 / 5经，14外，7文 （任何其他老师认为有一定关联的美国章可能也能算）； Western 任何chapter只能算一分。 ; Long rhyme any US OR Western chapter.
* 10-11周 Reagan： Western W11意,9哲* （任何其他老师认为有一定关联的西方章可能也能算）； US 只能算 5经,14外; Long rhyme any Western chapter.
* 11-12周 Harvard： Western W1希*，5日*，6复*，9哲，8自* （任何其他老师认为有一定关联的西方章可能也能算）； US 只能算 US 7文; Long rhyme any Western chapter.
* 13周开始： ; Long rhyme any Western chapter.
*
==春学期前八周，美国册+西方册 分成6个 “组脱口秀” Project。 请留意前八周、及后八周每周对应哪几个美国册“优惠章”及它们的西方册“对应章”。本页除了列出各优惠章与各周的对应关系，还列出每个 project 中的“课后头脑风暴2”所要用到的所有美-西对应章后的 Questions==
===一： Jefferson 历史、上层建筑、文明传统 project (1~3周： 该板块为“Magna-Churchill”的延申): (:美3始 :美4政) + (:西2罗 :西3犹* :西7启) (另： 必须在该几周做关键词-页码作业： Proj. Reagan :美5经 :美14外 )===
====头脑风暴A====
Project Jefferson (pre)-brainstorm A topics:
* (1. Why study so and so questions. wk1a)
* Why study the West?
* Did China and Japan learn from UK, France or Germany? Why not all of them together, the whole European experience? Then, who is the New World country that mixes all the best stuffs from European traditions?
* This New World country, how does it see itself? Just a part of the Anglosphere tradition? Or something that dates further back?
* How far back does it want to go, in order to see itself not merely as a "child of England"?
* Cicero, Moses, Voltaire, who are these three guys? Recognizing them as forefathers, makes you a... "child of whom"?
* (2. Gauguin: Where did it come from questions. wk1b)
* What can you think of, when I say the name of this country?
* Is it a country of peace, or a country of war?
* Is it more "free market" or more "socialist"?
* Is its "dream" for everybody? You know "Chinese Dream" right?
* Is it so "patriotic" that it becomes self-obsessed? Or is it more open to a cosmopolitan, diverse world outside?
* Is it more conservative, or more "avant-garde"/progressive?
* Are Northerners more religious than the Southerners?
* What is the one word that characterizes its soul?
* Why do we want to know "from what path this country came from"... its history?
* (3. Like father like son questions. wk2a)
* Who is the "father" of this country?
* Is it an ... (Empire?) like its "father"?
* What does its "topography" (land, terrain, mountains and plains) tell you about this country, compared to... other countries...China?
* Is it geographically more "open" or more "closed, self-contained, self-involved"?
* How fast does its cities develop?
* What does its biggest cities tell you about its economy: Why are they where they are?
(wk2b is for Brainstorm B)
* (4. Founding fragments questions Wk3a1)
* Can you say, or can you not say: itsleader is xenophobic (don't like foreigners)?
* Who started this country (three different groups of people)?
* (5. Conflict and Independence + Foudation of the Union + West and Jacksonian questions Wk3a2)
* Cicero, Moses, Voltaire, who are these three guys? Recognizing them as forefathers, makes you a... "child of whom"?
* In this newly independent country, where is the influence of Cicero? Where is the influence of Moses? Where is the influence of Voltaire?
* From Adams to Jefferson, why is this country like a "little fish gobbled up by a big fish"?
* From Jefferson to Jackson, why is this country like "the big fish gobbled up by an even bigger fish"?
* Why did these farmers make a war on the Bank?
* Why did the cowboys create an sort of an "empire"? Why do we call it, "a nation of cowboys"?
* Why is the fate of this "empire", intertwined with Hispanic nations, and Hispanic people of the Western Hemisphere?
(wk3b is for Brainstorm B)
====头脑风暴B:美3始====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 1 American Beginnings
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 3 American Beginnings
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:美4政====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 2 The Political System in the United States
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 4 The Political System in the United States
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:西2罗====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 西方册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Chapter 2罗 Culture in Ancient Rome
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:西3犹*====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and The Old Testament
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 西方册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Chapter 3犹 Jewish Culture and The Old Testament
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:西7启====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 7 Culture during the Enlightenment
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 西方册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Chapter 7启 Culture during the Enlightenment
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B====
===二： Guggenheim 流行文化、音乐、媒体体育、艺术史 project (4~5周： 该板块为“Banksy-Beckham 的延申”): (:美16流 :美15体 :美11认) + (:西10现 :西12艺) (另： 必须在该几周做关键词-页码作业： Proj. Zuckerberg:美8教 :美13技)===
====头脑风暴A====
====头脑风暴B:美16流====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 12 Early Amrican Jazz
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 16 American Popular Culture: Movies and Music
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:美15体====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 11 Sports in America
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 15 Sports and Scenic Spots in America
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:美11认====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* 无
:* 
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 11 American Way of Life: A Search for Credible Generalizations
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:西10现====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 10 The Modernist Movement and Literary Achievement
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 西方册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Chapter 10西现 The Modernist Movement and Literary Achievement
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:西12艺====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 12 Artistic Development in the 20th Century
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 西方册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Chapter 12西艺 Artistic Development in the 20th Century
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B====
===四： Clinton 当代社会、多元文化、宗教传统、党派政治 project (6~7周： 该板块为“Banksy-Beckham 的延申”): (:美6宗 :美12妇 :美9六 :美10问 ) + (:西3犹 :西4基 :西11意 ) (另： 必须在该几周做关键词-页码作业： Proj. Reagan :美5经 :美14外 及 Proj. Harvard: 美7文 ) ===
====头脑风暴A====
====头脑风暴B:美6宗====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 4 Religions in United States
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 6 Religion in the United States
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:美12妇====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* 无
:* 
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 12 The Womens Liberation Movement in America
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:美9六====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 7 Social Movements of the 1960s
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 9 Social Movements of the 1960s
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:美10问====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 8 Social Problems in the United States
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 10 Social Problems in the United States
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:西3犹====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and The Old Testament
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 西方册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Chapter 3犹 Jewish Culture and The Old Testament
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:西4基====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 4 Christianity and The New Testament
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 西方册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Chapter 4基 Christianity and The New Testament
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:西11意====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 西方册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Chapter 11意 Ideology Developments of the Modern Age
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B====
===六： Zuckerberg 美国教育科技 project (8~9周： 该板块为“Oxford” 的延申): (:美8教 :美13技) (另： 必须在该几周做关键词-页码作业： Proj. Reagan :美5经 :美14外 及 Proj. Harvard: 美7文 ) ===
====头脑风暴A====
====头脑风暴B:美8教====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 6 Education in the United States
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 8 Education in the United States
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:美13技====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 9 Technology in America
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 13 Technology in America
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B====
===五： Reagan 经济、外政、党派政治*、思想传统* project (10~11周： 该板块为“Magna-Churchill”的延申): (:美5经 :美14外 ) + (:西11意* :西9哲* )===
====头脑风暴A====
====头脑风暴B:美5经====
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Homework_Chapters_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 3 American Economy
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
https://laoshi.wikia.com/wiki/18_F_Western_Cultures
目录Contents， 点击：
* 问 美国册 After chapter questions, and other questionnaires
:* Unit 5 American Economy
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B:美14外====
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* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* 无
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
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:* Unit 14 Post-WWII American Foreign Policy
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====头脑风暴B:西11意*====
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* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 11 Ideology Developments of the Modern Age
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
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:* Chapter 11意 Ideology Developments of the Modern Age
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====头脑风暴B:西9哲*====
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* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
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:* Chapter 9哲 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries
(尤其是 QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHTS 部分，是作为“头脑风暴B”所有问题之一)
====头脑风暴B====
===三： Harvard 文学、思想传统、民族传统 project (11~12周： 该板块为“Oxford” 的延申): (:美7文) + (:西1希 :西5日 :西6复 :西9哲 :西8自 // )===
====头脑风暴A====
====头脑风暴B:美7文====
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* 美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions
* Chapter 5 American Literature
:* III. Questions for Thought
:*
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:* Unit 7 American Literature
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====头脑风暴B:西1希====
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* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
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:* Chapter 1希 Culture in Ancient Greece
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====头脑风暴B:西5日====
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* Chapter 5 The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
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:* Chapter 5日 The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture
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====头脑风暴B:西6复====
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* Chapter 6 Culture during the Renaissance
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
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:* Chapter 6西复 Culture during the Renaissance
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====头脑风暴B:西9哲====
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* 西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文
* Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
:*
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:* Chapter 9哲 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries
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====头脑风暴B:西8自====
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* Chapter 8 Romanticism,Realism and Naturalism
:* QUESTIONS & EXERCISES
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====头脑风暴B====
====头脑风暴B====
==*==
==*==
==*==
==美国册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions==
《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上册）
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====Chapter 1  American Beginnings====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. In 1782, the Frenchman who settled in Pennsylvania first asked the question "what is an American" in his book_______.
2. The New World of America was peopled as a result of two long-continuing immigration movements, the fast one_______ from _______ and the second from _______ and _______.
3. American Indians had developed three brilliant civilizations before the Europeans arrived. These three civilizations were _______, _______ and _______.
4. Columbus discovered the New World in the year of ________
5. The English king claimed the territory of North America based on the voyage of _______.
6. _______ was the first to start the Religious Reformation and the next important leader of the Reformation was _______.
7. The first permanent settlement in North America was established in today's _______ in the year of _______
8. The crop. _______ that was transplanted from the West Indian saved Virginia.
9. Lord Baltimore who set up the colony of _______ was _______ in religion.
10. New England was founded by a group of religious believers called _______ while Pennsylvania was planted by _______ who was a _______ in religion.
II. Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions:
1. Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the American Revolution?
A. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants.
B. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with American Indians.
C. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacks.
D. The American had the blood of the English and their descendants only.
2. Which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern  development of Europe?
A. The growth of capitalism.              
B. The Renaissance.
C. The Religious Reformation.
D. The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.
3. The following were the main Reformation leaders except
A. Martin Luther.
B. Martin Luther King.
C. John Calvin.
D. The English King Henry VIII.
4. The following were some of the characteristics of Protestantism except
A. challenging the authority of the Pope.
B. salvation through faith.
C. salvation through the church.
D. establishing a direct contact with God.
5. Which of the following American values did NOT come from Puritanism?
A. separation of state and church.
B. respect of education.
C. intolerant moralism.
D. a sense of mission.
6. Lord Baltimore's feudal plan failed because
A. there were more Protestant than Catholics in Maryland.
B. the wilderness of the continent made the plan impossible.
C. there was plenty of land while labor was scarce.
D. the English king did not like the plan.
7. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except
A. George Washington.
B. Thomas Jefferson.
C. William Penn.
D. Benjamin Franklin.
8. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from
A. George Washington.
B. Thomas Jefferson.
C. John Adams.
D. John Locke
9. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism?
A. Catholics.
B. Puritans.
C. Quakers.
D. Church of England.
10. "No taxation without representation" was the rallying cry of
A. the settlers of Virginia.
B. the people of Pennsylvania.
C. the colonists in New England.
D. the people of the 13 colonies on the eve of the American Revolution.
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       What is an American? Comment on the answer to the question by Crevecoeur.
2.       How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?
3.       What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?
4.       In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?
5.       How is it that American development was characterized with capitalism from the very beginning? Why do you think the feudal system failed in early America?
6.       Comment on the Holy Experiment by William Penn.
7.       What were some of the causes of the American Revolution? Explain the Declaration of Independence.
====Chapter 2  The Political System in the United States====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. After the War of Independence was won, the national government was called _______, and the agreement that guided the government was _______.
2. The city where the Declaration of Independence was signed and where the U.S. Constitution was made is _______.
3. The Constitutional Convention was held in the year of _______ and the president of the Convention was _______.
4. The Constitution set up a federal system with _______
5. A federal system is one in which _______ is shared between _______and                _______with some rights reserved to each.
6. The U.S. federal government consists of the following three branches: _______, _______ and _______
7. The Congress is divided into _______ with _______ members who serve two-year terms, _______and _______ with lawmakers who serve six-year terms.
8. Groups who try to persuade Congressmen to vote for or against a bill are known as _______
9. The Supreme Court is composed of _______ chief justice and ~ associate justices.
II. Choose the correct answer of the following questions:
1. Which of the following statements was NOT correct? When the War of Independence was over,
A. each new state had its own government.
B. each new state made its own laws and handled all of its internal affairs.
C. the national government was called the Congress with little power.
D. the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly
defined.
2. According to the author, the Articles of Confederation failed because of the following reasons. Which is not true?
A. The new states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other.
B. Some new states wanted to be free from the Union.
C. The Congress could not raise money to pay the national army and to pay debts owed
to France and other nations.
D. The Congress had no power to tax any citizen.
3. Which of the following states refused to participate in the Constitutional Convention?
A. Virginia.
B. Rhode Island.
C. New York.
D. Maryland.
4. Which of the following statements was NOT correct? When the Constitution was written,
A. there was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.
B. there was no Bill of Rights.
C. The Constitution did not have any words guaranteeing the freedoms or the basic
rights and privileges of citizens.
D. a "Bill of Rights" was added to the Constitution 4 years after the Constitution was
made.
5. Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal
taxes?
A. The executive.    B. The legislative.    C. The Judicial.    D. The president.
6. Which of the following is NOT a power of the president?
A. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.
B. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur.
C. The president can make laws.
D. The president has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments.
7. The Bill of Rights consists of
A. 10 very short paragraphs in an amendment.
B. 10 amendments adopted in 1787.
C. 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791.
D. the amendments concerning the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press and the freedom of religion.
8. Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?
A. The freedom of religion.
B. The freedom of searching a person's home by police.
C. The freedom of speech and of the press.
D. The right to own weapons if one wishes.
9. The following were NOT written into the Constitution in 1787 except
A. the Bill of Rights.
B. the judicial review.
C. the political party system
D. the powers of the president.
10. The New Deal was started by
A. Franklin Roosevelt.
B. J.F. Kennedy.
C. George Washington.
D. Thomas Jefferson.
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time?
2.       What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?
3.       What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?
4.       What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?
5.       What are the two political parties in the United states? Do you think they are fundamentally different?
====Chapter 3  American Economy====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The first Secretary of Treasury of the United States was _______.
2. When starting a business or launching new ventures, money was needed. That money was known as _______
3. One advantage of corporation over sole proprietorship and partnership is that it has _______so investors risked only the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.
4. The best-known stock exchange is _______ located in _______ area of New York City.
5. A great economist in the Industrial Revolution Era was an Englishman named _______.
6. The Constitution of The United States bars all kinds of internal _______, so manufacturers do not have to worry about _______ when shipping goods from one part of the country to another.
7. _______ and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the United States' GNP (_______ ) than any other endeavor.
8. About one-third of the cropland in the United States is planted in crops destined for     _______ to Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Agricultural import lags far behind, leaving a _______ in the agricultural balance of trade.
9. A period of economic difficulty began in the early 1980s. Agricultural exports _______partly due to the high value of the US dollar (which _______the cost of American products to foreign buyers.)
10. Another problem with agriculture is that critics accuse both corporate and family farmers of damaging the_______. Since the 1940s, American farmers have multiplied their use of _______ and _______designed to kill weeds and insect pest and to protect against crop diseases.
II. Choose the correct answer to the following questions:
1. The first factory in the United States was a cotton textile mill in Pawtucket, in the state of
A. New York      B. Rhode Island      C. Connecticut      D. Georgia
2. The "American system" of mass production was first used in
A. car industry      B. textile industry      C. firearms industry      D. agriculture
3. The United States had the first standard paper currency in _______.
A. 1839           B. 1880        C. 1863         D. 1913
4. The United States was rated No. 1 in terms of production capacity in the world _______.
A. in 1920      B. in 1950      C. in 1945      D. in 1960
5. Service industry does not include _________
A. banking      B. management consultation      C. airline      D. steel making
6. The United States was rated _______ in the world in terms of land area and the size of population.
A. second      B. third      C. fourth      D. fifth
7.  The United States produces as much as half of the world' s
A. wheat and rice  B. cotton   C. tobacco and vegetable oil   D. soybeans and corn
8. Institutional factors that contributed to the success of American business and industry include
A. laissez-faire  B. bountiful resources  C. vast dimensions  D. entrepreneurial spirit
9.  _______ have extolled the virtues of farmers.
A. Thomas Jefferson   B. Alexander Hamilton    C. Adam Smith  D. Eli Whitney
10. The latest technology that farmers have adopted is
A. artificial fertilizers     B. pesticide     C. tractors     D. computers
====III. Questions for Thought====
1. Do you agree that "cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens"? Give your reasons.
2. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?
3. Give examples of industries which are declining, and industries which are fast developing in the United States.
====Chapter 4  Religiond States====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. "WASP, stands for _______.
2. The Great Awakening of the 1740s tried to breathe new Feeling and strength into religion, and cut across the lines of
3. According to John Locke, the right to govern comes from an agreement or _______ voluntarily entered into by free people.
4. _______ believes that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs.
5. The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from _______, _______ and Poland.
6. Prayer and Bible reading in public schools in the U.S. are _______.
7. The Three Faiths in the U.S. refer to _______, _________ and _______
8. According to the text, in England, _______ percent of the people except Catholics go to church less than once a month; in Sweden _______go to church at all. Yet _______of American Protestants are active church members.
9. Freedom of religious belief or non-belief is provided in the _______in the U.S. Constitution.
10. The first Catholic president in the U.S. was _______ _______.
'II. Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions':
1. Which of the following was NOT a Protestant denomination?
A. The Baptists.             B. The Catholics.
C. The Methodists.          D. The Presbyterians.
2. Which of the following is unconstitutional in the United States?
A. Catholics can build their own schools and hospitals.
B. Non-Catholics can go to Catholic-run schools.
C. Public money is provided to support religious schools.
D. Women have the right to abortion.
3. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the three basic religious beliefs?
A. Protestant.      B. Catholic.      C. Islamic.      D. Judaism.
4. Which of the following is true?
A. Many Catholics are not opposed to abortion.
B. Many evangelical Protestants do not object to abortion.
C. Orthodox Jews are for abortion.
D. Liberal Protestants and Jews join non-believers in maintaining that abortion is a basic
right for women.
5. Which of the following continues to have an all-male clergy?
A. The Catholic Church.
B. The Protestant Episcopal Church.
C. The United Methodist Church.
D. Jewish Congregations.
6. The following are distinctively American features of religion except
A. Various religious groups have coexisted in the U.S. more harmoniously than Europe.
B. Scientific and economic advance and material prosperity have not been accompanied
by a decline in religious faith.
C. There has been little concentration on doctrine or religion argument in the U. S.
D. There has been very much concentration on doctrine or religious argument in the U.S.
7. In the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons except
A. for finding a job in society.
B. for having a place in a community.
C. for identifying themselves with dominant values.
D. for getting together with friends.
8. Which of the following statements is NOT correct according to the author?
A. American mainstream culture is based on Protestantism.
B. Protestant Church is an established church by law in the U.S.
C. The Catholic Church is the largest single religious group in the U.S.
D. The largest church is of the Protestant faith in the U.S.
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?
2.       What is the relationship between government and religion in America?
3.       What promotes the diversity in American religion?
4.       What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?
====Chapter 5  American Literature====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. _______ and _______ are the two major writers of the post-Revolutionary period.
2.  "The Masque of the Red Death" and "The Fall of the House of Usher" were stories Written by _______.
3. In 1852, a New England woman named Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel titled_______, which intensified the political debate on slavery.
4. Mark Twain's _______ is considered the greatest novel in American literature.
5. Henry James' major works include _______ and _______. His works often described Americans living in _______.
6. Upton Sinclair's novel _______exposed the horrible lives of meat-packing factory workers.
7. Ezra Pound's poetry is famous for _______, the use of strong, concrete images.
8. T.S. Eliot's long poem _______ revealed a pessimistic view of post-World War I society. He dominated the so-called _______movement in poetry.
9. After World War I, many novelists produced literary works of disillusionment. Some of them lived abroad and were known as the" _______"
10. F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel _______was about youth's golden dream turning to disappointment.
11. Name three novels written by Ernest Hemingway: _______, _______ and _______.
12.  Thee Sound and the Fury was written by _________, whose prose style was experimental.
13. Name two plays written by Eugene O'Neill: _______ and _______.
14. John Steinbeck' s The Grapes of Wrath was a portrait of a poor family during the period of _______.
15. Richard Wright wrote the novel _______, and Ralph Ellison wrote the novel _______.Both were _______ writers.
16. The representative work of the "Beat Generation" was Alan Ginsberg's poem _______.
17. _______ won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993, the first Afro-American writer to receive this honor. Two of her best novels are _______ and _______.
II. Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions:
1. Which of the following was a writer of the post-Revolutionary period?
A. Edgar Allan Poe    B. Natty Bumppo
C. Washington Irving   D. Rip Van Winkle
2. Which of the following is considered an American masterpiece?
A. The Last of the Mohicans      B. The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow
C. "The Masque of the Red Death"  D. Moby Dick
3. Which of the following was written by Thoreau?
A. Nature    B. Walden    C. The Scarlet Letter  D. The Fall of the House of Usher
4. Whitman's poetry has the following characteristics except
A. fragmented haunting images      B. long irregular lines
C. celebrating the American spirit    D. free-flowing structure
5. Mark Twain's works are characterized by the following except
A. sense of humor      B. egotism      C. jokes      D. tall tales
6. Three of the following are characteristics of Emily Dickinson' s poems. Which one is not?
A. Her poems mix gaiety and gloom.
B. Her verses are filled with the names of faraway, exotic places.
C. Her poems are very long and powerful.
D. Her poems show that she was fascinated by both life and death.
7. _______ was mainly interested in writing about Americans living in Europe.
A. Henry James    B. Mark Twain    C. William Dean Howells  D. Stephen Crane
8. _______ is NOT included in the group of naturalists.
A. Sherwood Anderson
B. Stephen Crane
C. Jack London
D. Theodore Dreiser
9. Three of the following authors are Nobel Prize winners. Which one is not.
A. Ernest Hemingway
B. Eugene O'Neill
C. William Faulkner
D. F. Scott Fitzgerald
10.  _______ does NOT belong to the "Lost Generation".
A. John Dos Passos
B. Ernest Hemingway
C. F. Scott Fitzgerald
D. John Steinbeck
11. _______ was NOT written by Hemingway.
A. Light in August
B. The Sun Also Rises
C. A Farewell to Arms
D. For Whom the Bell Tolls
12. Which of the following is NOT a black author?
A. Richard Wright
B. Alan Ginsberg
C. James Baldwin
D. Ralph Ellison
13. The following authors were women writers who wrote novels in the late 19th and early 20th century with the exception of________
A. Emily Dickinson
B. Edith Wharton
C. Willa Cather
D. Kate Chopin                           
14. The following writers represent new American voices except.
A. Toni Morrison
B. Alice Walker
C. T. S. Eliot
D. Maxine Hong Kingston
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?
2.       What theories does Ralph Emerson explain in his essays? Why are they so influential?
3.       Why is Walt Whitman considered one of the most important poets in America?
4.       Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad?
5.       What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation" ?
====Chapter 6  Education in the United States====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1.  About ________.percent of American students go to ________ schools and _________ percent attend private schools.
2. The Puritans introduced _________ education for all children and public taxation for________ in the 17th century.                                          I
3. The goal of education in the United States is to achieve universal __ and provide  individuals with________ and ________necessary to promote the welfare for individuals and the general public.
4. Every state in America has its own laws about  ________and all states require young people to. ________. Thus, every child in America is guaranteed up to ________ years of education.
5. Every year more than ________ million students graduate from secondary schools, only about ________ million students go on for________.
6. Public and private colleges depend on three sources of income: ________, endowments and ________
7.  Some colleges in America are small and others are large. A small one has fewer than ________students, but a large university has a total enrollment of ________ students.
8. After earning a certain number of credits (about 120) in four years of college, the undergraduate student gets a_______ degree. The other two higher degrees are________ and ________.
9. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act promised to give financial aid to ________ after the end of World War II.
10. Some of the programs to equalize educational opportunities for all groups were
called________
11. About 25% of all schools of higher education in America are privately operated by ________.
II. Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions:
1.  Which of the following subjects are NOT offered to elementary school students?
A. Mathematics and languages.
B. Politics and business education.
C. Science and social studies.
D. Music and physical education.
2. The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by __
A. teachers                        B. students
C. headmasters                     D. boards of education
3. In the United States school systems, which of the following divisions is true?
A. Elementary school, grammar school.
B. Elementary school, junior high school.
C. Elementary school, secondary school.
D. Junior high school, senior high school,
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in American higher education?
A. Universities and colleges
B. Research institutions
C. Technical institutions
D. Undergraduate institutions
5. Three of the following factors have contributed to the flourishing of large universities in America, which is the exception?
A. Large universities offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research.
B. Large universities provide students with "mainframe" computers.
C. Large universities offer scholarships to all students.
D. Large universities attract students with modem laboratories.
6. Nearly all students want to get into more desirable institutions because________
A. they find it easy for them to get jobs after having graduated from one of them
B. they enjoy the high prestige of these institutions
C. they like the teachers and surroundings in these institutions   
D. they prefer to have the Scholastic Aptitude Tests
7. In order to go to university, secondary school students must meet the following
requirements except that
A. they have high School records and recommendations from their teachers
B. they make good impressions during the interviews
C. they get good scores in the Scholastic Aptitude Tests
D. they pass the college entrance examinations                       ..
8. Three of the following universities have large endowments from wealthy benefactors. Which is the exception?
A. Harvard University
B. the State University of New York
C. Yale University
D. Princeton University
9. Both public and private universities depend on the following sources of income except
A. investment                    B. student tuition
B. endowments                   D. government funding
10. To get a bachelor’s degree, an undergraduate student is required to do the following except
A. attending lectures and complete assignments
B. passing examinations
C. taking certain subjects such as history, language and philosophy
D. earning a certain number of credits at the end of the four years at college
====III. Questions for Thought====
1. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.
2. How did American education begin to develop?
3. What do you think some of the characteristics in education that are particularly American?
 
====Chapter 7  Social Movements of the 1960s====
I. Fill in the following blanks:
1. On February 1, 1960, 4 black students from a black college in ________ , North Carolina, began their protest against the racial segregation laws by such tactics as ________, thus beginning the civil rights movement.
2. The civil rights movement, together with ________ and ________during the 1960s had been deeply rooted in U.S. history.
3. Those who worked in the civil rights movement included________ , black and white young
people, and_______  ________ and some housewives.
4. When the civil rights movement began, ________direct action tactics like________                  "and were used to protest segregation laws. Later, anti-war activists added to educate people about the war in Vietnam.
5. According to a professor of history, all social movements have two basic characteristics : ________  and  ________
6. The spontaneous action of nonviolent civil disobedience of ________, was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement.
7. The strongest leadership of the civil rights movement came from the ________ , the other being________ and ________
8. In the summer of 1963, hundreds of thousands of peaceful demonstrators marched to Washington, D.C., where ________ gave the famous  ________ speech.
9. Contrary to King's nonviolent tactics________ spoke in favor of black separatism and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination.
10. In 1964, ________ signed into law the Civil Rights Act passed by Congress to improve the racial relations.
II. Choose the correct answer to the following questions:
1. Black Americans sang the anthem of the civil rights movement," ________ " affirming their
commitment to fight racial prejudice.
A. "Let it all hang out."           B. "Hell, no, we won't go."
C. "We Shall Overcome"          D. "Speak your heart without interruption"
2. The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as ,
A. the Black Muslims   B. Federal Bureau of Investigation
C. Student for A Democratic Society    D. Ku Klux Klan
3. The reason why many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960s was that
A. they resented traditional white male values in U.S. society
B. they love America so much
C. they thought they knew better than their teachers
D. they viewed the adult world with grave doubt
4. In addition to such tactics as sit-ins, young students also added________ to educate people about the war in Vietnam.
A. teach-in   B. rock 'n' roll music   C. class boycott     D. "march against fear"
5. According to the author, three civil rights groups provided the leadership, the tactics, and the people to fight against Southern segregation. Which is the exception?
A. the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
B. the Congress of Racial Equality
C. the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
D. the Student for a Democratic Society
6. A historic moment of the civil rights movement was the March on Washington of August 28,1963 when delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech.
A. John F. Kennedy       B. President Johnson
C. Martin Luther King,Jr.   D. Mario Savio
7. In January 1965, President Johnson declared to eliminate poverty "by opening to everyone the opportunity to live in decency and dignity."
A. war against Vietnam    B. war against poverty
C. war against Japan      D. New Frontier program
8. Unlike Martin Luther King, ________ the chief spokesperson of Black Muslims advocated violence in self defense and black pride.
A. Malcolm X    B. Stokeley Carmichael    C. Ella Baker    D. James Farmer
9. During the early stages of the civil rights movement, the major integration strategy initiated by the Congress of Racial Equality was known as to integrate interstate buses and bus stations in the South.
A. free speech    B. sit-ins at lunch counters
C. teach-ins at interstate train stations          D. freedom rides
10. Due to his firm belief in nonviolent peaceful protest in the spirit of India's leader Gandhi,.              was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.
A. John F. Kennedy   B. James Farmer   C. Ella Baker   D. Martin Luther King, Jr.
11. The one group within the counter culture best known for their pursuit of happiness as their
only goal in life was called
A. the "Hippies"          B. the "Beat Generation"
C. the "Me Generation"         D. the "Lost Generation"
12. In the 1960s, feminism was reborn. Many women were dissatisfied with their lives, and in 1963, with the publication of ________ by  ________ , they found a voice"
A. The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan
B. Profiles in Courage, John F. Kennedy
C. The Other America, Michael Harrington
D. Catcher in the Rye, J. D.Salinger
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?
2.       Who were the participants of the social movements of the 1960s?
3.       What are the basic characteristics of a social movement?
4.       The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?
5.       Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?
6.       What are the legacies of the social movements of the 1960s? What are their effects, positive and negative, upon contemporary U.S. society?
 
====Chapter 8  Social Problems in the United States====
I. Fill in the blank:                                                                                           
1. American society is a stratified one in which ________, ________, and ________are unequally distributed among the population.
2. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is ________ who make up
about________ percent of the population.
3. Former President ________said that crime is America's "number one enemy."
4. Name two of the illegal acts by the FBI: ________ and ________.
5. Name two of the illegal acts by the CIA: ________and ________.
6. The dominant group in American society that has taken control of economic assets and political power from the beginning of the nation is________.
7. American slavery was finally abolished by________, ________ and ________.
8. After the abolition of slavery, many states ________to keep the races apart in schools, housing, restaurants and public facilities, and kept blacks in the lowest-paid jobs.
9. Those arrested for crimes are disproportionately likely to be ________, ________, and a________ city resident.
10.  ________ had tested variety of drugs, including LSD, on many people who were unaware that they were being used as ________ and had caused several deaths in the process.
II Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions:
1. Which of the following is NOT true ?
A. Slavery was mainly in the South.
B. Racial discrimination existed throughout the United States in American history.
C. Racial segregation after the Civil War existed only in the South.
D. Racial segregation existed throughout the U. S. after the Civil War.
2. Three of the following changes among many, blacks took place after the 1960s. Which of them is NOT true?
A. Blacks felt more and more confident that they would be fully integrated into the mainstream of American life.
B. Blacks felt that the black community ought to coexist with other groups.
C. Blacks felt that ',black is beautiful."
D. Blacks felt more and more proud of themselves.
3. In the 1970s, although the income Of the black family increased greatly, the total
black-white income gap was widened. Which of the .following was the main factor
contributing to this situation?
A. More white families moved into high-paying jobs,
B. Blacks had low positions and low pay in the workplace hierarchy.
C. There were more children in black families.
D. White families had increased their authority over others.
4. Three of the following factors contribute to the higher arrest rates among minority groups. Which is the exception?
A. The aggressive nature of these groups.
B. Racial prejudice against them.
C. Low social status of these groups.
D. Poverty and unemployment among minority groups.
5. Which of the following does NOT belong to the white-collar crime?
A. bribery
B. tax evasion
C. false advertising
D. robbery
6. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. The Northern states had outlawed slavery by 1830.
B. Slavery was finally abolished in the South in 1865.
C. The Northern states did not have racial discrimination.
D. Segregation laws continued to be enforced in Southern states until the 1950s.
7. Drug abuse in the United States is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. Which of the following is NOT a dysfunction caused by drug abuse ?
A. There is a strong association between drug use and crime.
B. Drug dependence takes a significant toll in terms of personal health and safety.
C. Drug abuse is a major cause of unemployment.
D. There are great economic losses because of drug abuse.
8. If white-collar crimes were included in the Crime Index and if authorities were more vigorous in their enforcement of law, the profile of a typical criminal in the United States would be
A. older
B. wealthier
C. whiter
D. living near city centers
9. Which of the following used human beings as guinea pigs to test drugs including LSD ?
A. The FBI.
B. The CIA.
C. Congress.
D. Richard Nixon.
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this book.
2.       Use examples from this text to support the author's argument that American society is a stratified one, in which power, wealth and prestige are unequally distributed among the population.
3.       Discuss the origins, development and current situation of the black-white relations in the United States.
4.       What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?
5.       Why does the drug issue always excite the strong emotion among Americans? Why is it perceived as a major threat to American society ?
6.       Why is crime "the number one enemy" in the United States ?
7.       What is the profile of a typical criminal according to the reports by the FBI? Why is it so ? If the white-collar crime is included, and if the authorities are more vigorous in their enforcement of law, what changes will take place in the profile of a typical criminal ? Why? Pick up some examples from the text to show how the government and corporations have abused power in the United States.
====Chapter 9  Technology in America====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1 ". The invention of the ________ by  ________made it possible to obtain higher profits from  agriculture. US agriculture was moving away from subsistence fanning towards a food marketing enterprise.
2. The ________ family made significant contribution in the history of transportation.
3. The inventor of the telegraph codes was________.
4. Before telegraph was invented, ________ was used in the Wild West for transmitting messages.
5. Among the things that Thomas Alva Edison invented are: electric bulb ________and ________ circuit.
6. According to the theory of James Clerk Maxwell, light and sound Were ________, which
could be transmitted over the distance. This was the basis for the invention of________.
7. In the post World War I age, commercial radio served many functions. In the countryside,
radio provided ________ and  ________; For the urban newcomers, the radio served to
connect them with neighbors; Radio was also beginning to become a chief media
for________ for consumer goods.
8. Name some household inventions in the mid-20th century which led to easier life for housewives: ________,
9. The central part of a computer where the transistors are incorporated together with no
wiring is called
10. When computer was fast invented, it was mainly meant for ________; Few people realized that today the  most widespread use of PC would be for ________                 and ________
II Choose the correct answer to each of the following:
1. According to the author, the person who was to be credited with developing the "American system of production" in the early nineteenth century was
A. Eli Whitney        B. John H Hall        C. Thomas Edison   D. Henry Ford
2. Cyrus H McCormick invented.
A. the electric bulb     B. the revolver    C, the mechanical reaper  D. the railroad
3.  ________ led to the end of the Pony Express System.
A. Telephone        B. Telegraph        C. Railroad        D. Steamboat
4.  ________ had the title "the Wizard of Menlo Park".
A. Thomas A Edison     B. John Stevens     C. Charlie Chaplin   D. Robert Fulton
5.  ________ contributed to the development of the American system of manufacture in the
twentieth century.
A. James K Maxwell    B. Cyrus H McCormick   C. Lee De Forest   D. Henry Ford
6, When was voice and music first transmitted over the radio?
A. 1901   B. end of 19th century  C. New Year's Eve 1905  D. Christmas Eve 1905
7. When did the first commercial radio station began broadcasting?
A. 1910     B, 1920      C, 1930      D. 1916
8. Which of the following invention facilitated the out-migration - movement into suburban locations?
A. automobile   B. electric lawn mower   C. mechanical reaper   D. telephone
9. Which invention marked the beginning of "The Age of Visual Information"?
A. newspaper      B. telegraph     C. laundry machine    D. television
10. ________ made the first desktop PC.
A. Bill Gates                         B. IBM
C. Two young amateur inventors         D. Apple Computers
11. ________ made the first liquid propellant rocket.
A. Robert H Goddard      B. Nazi Germany
C. J. Robert Oppenheimer  D. US military
12. ________ invented the telephone.
A. Samuel F.B.Morse        B. Alexander Graham Bell
C. Thomas Alva Edison      D. Reginald Fessenden
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       What role does technology play in our lives? Does it only provide new conveniences or does it sometimes change our life style? Give examples from the text to illustrate your ideas.
2.       What do you think is the greatest invention so far? Why?
3.       Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.
4.       Why are solitary, possibly eccentric inventors being replaced by research teams? Is it still possible for an individual to come up with significant invention?
====Chapter 10  Scenic America====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The Grand Canyon is carved away for nearly 6 million years by the waters of the ________River.
2. Within the Painted Desert National Park, there is ________, a field of fallen trees that have turned to stone by a process of materialization known as petrifaction.
3. The Hoover Dam was named after President ________
4. Yosemite National Park has a spectacular scenery of valleys carved out by
5. America's movies are mostly made in________, near the city of ________in South California.
6. Stretching south of Miami is a chain of islands called the ________. The farthest island is ________, which is a favorite resort for US President Harry Truman, and the site of home of  novelist
7. Visitors to Charleston should not overlook Fort Sumter National Park, as this was the site of ________the first battle in April 1861.
8. Nashville, TN might be an interesting city to many visitors because of the ________ home to country folk music, sometimes balled  ~
9. ________in New Jersey used to be a quiet town; but now it is the site of legalized gambling.
10. The enormous peninsula shaped like a flexed arm that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean is called ________.
11. The name of the boat taking visitors to the very base of the Niagara Fails is ________.
II. Choose the correct answer to each of the following:
1. The main mountain range in the west of US stretching from the Canadian border to New Mexico is
A. the Appalachian Mountains        B. the Rocky Mountains
C. the Green Mountains             D. the Blue Ridge Mountains
2. The State of California is on..
A. the Atlantic Coast        B. the Gulf of Mexico
C. the Pacific Coast         D. Caribbean Sea
3. ________ has vestiges of old Southern plantations.
A. New Orleans   B. San Francisco  C. Los Angeles    D. San Diego
4. One of the oldest towns (landed in 1513) in the US is___________.
A. New York      B. Boston       C. Philadelphia    D. St Augustine
5. The Granite State in the US is___________.
A. New Hampshire  B. New York State  C. Pennsylvania  D. Florida
6 .________ was twice the site of Winter Olympics.
A. Schroon Lake     B. Lake Placid     C. Atlanta      D. Washington, D.C.
====III. Questions for Thought====
1. After reading this chapter, which of the places mentioned in the text do you want to visit most? Why?
2. List what you consider to be the ten most interesting places to visit in China.
====Chapter 11  Sports in America====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The two conferences for American football are AFC, which stands for________and ________ NFC, which stands for ________.
2. In playing football, the team having possession of the ball is the ________ whose objective
is to advance the ball over the ________ 's goal line.
3. When defensive players try to stop the player with the ball, this is called ________/
4. When either team calls for a stop, this is called________
5. ________may still be the great American game, even though it is also popular in other countries.
6. Demolition of the color barrier began with the hiring of the first superb black athlete ________ by Brooklyn Dodgers manager ________.
7. In baseball game, the pitcher-- the person throwing the ball -- is from the ________         team, and the person who attempts to hit the ball is the ________; the offensive team is the team.
8. In basketball game, the time within which a team has to score is called ________.
9. The leading player of Boston Celtics is ________ and the leading player of Los Angeles Lakers is ________.
10. There are two divisions in National Basketball Association, ________and ________.
II. Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions:
1.  O.J.Simpson used to be a well-known athlete who plays
A. football        B. basketball       C. baseball      D. handball
2.  ________ can be watched in a more relaxed and lazy way.
A. football        B. basketball        C. baseball     D. handball
3. Ronald Reagan used to be a
A. basketball player                   B. sports radio announcer
C. conservative political columnist       D. sports writer
4. In playing basketball, when the player bounces the ball on the floor as he moves around the court, this is called
A. pass    B. walk    C. steal    D. dribble
5. In playing basketball, misbehavior or unsportsmanlike acdorts may result in
A. time out    B. overtime    C. technical foul    D. foul
6. Which of the following is not a team game?
A. volleyball    B. bowling    C. soccer    D. field hockey
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       Why do you think a lot of people love sports? In what way do sports reflect American culture? Compare your opinion with the author's comment
2.       Football, baseball, and basketball are the three most popular sports in the US. Are they popular in China? Why/Why not?
3.       What types of sports are Chinese athletes good at? Why?
4.       Comment on the role of television in sports competition. Do you like to watch a match via television at home or would you prefer to watch in the stadium?
====Chapter 12  Early Amrican Jazz====
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Jazz music, as a musical form, initially performed and appreciated by________
2. The reasons why jazz music becomes generally accepted by people from all walks of life are 1) ________, 2) ________
3. It was in ________, that a new combination of________, blended together in the form known as________, a clear contribution from the ________ of ________
4. Early jazz was identified by its ________ brought over to America by________
6. In jazz, drums also contributed to the ________of the ensemble, e.g. in the drumming of the famous drummer________ one can hear the ________
7. Not only did jazz bands play dance music, marches, they also played ________, which is a type of strutting dance, ________and_________
8. In the early 1920's, jazz music flourished in two American cities, one in ________, and New York, which had its ________ jazz musicians in the Afro-American district called________.
9. Before he joined Joe Oliver's orchestra is Chicago, Louis Armstrong was already such a great player that he acquired the nickname __________
10. During the 1920's the famous Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, who began her career in ________  dominated the U.S. blues scene.
II. Choose the correct answer in each of the following questions:
1. According to the author, jazz music gains acceptance in all classes in American society because of the following reasons. Which is the exception?
A. It initially appealed to the young and rebellious.
B. Jazz musicians worked Indian American music into the music.
C. Jazz music was made modified and became more refined.
D. Both A and C.
2. According to the author, a defining mark of the early New Orleans jazz was
A. a group of musicians improvised their notes without the constraints of an agreed upon melody.
B. individual player was encouraged to play like every other in a jazz band.
C. Jazz musicians are required to have a highly developed musical sense and to be familiar with the musical thinking of one's companions.
D. an ensemble of musicians improvising their notes in changing chords around a specific melodic line.
3. ________ is NOT included in the "front line" of the jazz ensemble.
A. A trumpet     B. A clarinet     C. A piano     D. A trombone
4. The complex drumming in the rhythm section of early jazz music was brought over to America by
A. Spanish missionaries from Europe.   B. Black slaves from West Africa.
C. British colonists from Asia.         D. the Creole from the West India.
5. Blues was derived from a blend of field chantey and spiritual which is
A. a form of rock 'n' roll singing popular among American teenagers.
B. a form of operatic singing originated from Southern European countries.
C. a form of country music singing.
D. a form of hymn singing prevalent in African-American Christian churches.
6. Recording groups such as the Hot Five and the Hot Seven organized by Louis Armstrong made a series of recordings which represent
A. the origin of the Chicago style jazz.   B. the influence of New Orleans style jazz.
C. the beginning of the New York style jazz.    D. the impact of ragtime music.
7. Primarily employed in taverns and houses of pleasure, the piano was used
A. for establishing rhythm section.         B. for sounding out melodies.
C. for accompanying blues singing in the Southern part of the United States.
D. for announcing the melodies in addition to establishing a rhythm.
8. In the 1920' s. a new, distinctive style of piano playing called 'stride' piano emerged in
A. in Harlem in New York.         B. in San Francisco in California.
C. in Chicago in Illinois.           D. in Nashville, Tennessee.
9. The first popular ragtime tune was
A.     "Maple Leaf Rag" by Scott Joplin in 1896.
B.      "Handful of keys" by Fats Waller in 1929.
C. "A Monday Date" by Earl Hines in 1928.
D. "The Sheik of Araby" by Albert Ammons in the 1930s.                                                                                                                     
10. The tradition of the vocal ballad which contributed to the blues form was usually accompanied by
A. a guitar.        B. a piano.       C. a banjo.     D. a trombone and a cymbal.
====III. Questions for Thought====
1.       Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spread throughout the country?
2.       Why was music, jazz music in particular, an important part of the lives of African-Americans at the end of the 19"sup"th"/sup" century?
3.       What are the major differences and similarities between the New Orleans style jazz and that of Chicago style?
4.       What is ragtime music? What are the similarities between ragtime and Boogie and Woogie music ?
5.       What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music ?6. In what way does Jazz music reflect American culture?
==西方册 逐章 课后习题 五类 I Decide II Choose III Fill IV Tell V Questions==
==*==
==西方册 逐章 课后习题 QUESTIONS 答题例文==
===Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece===
Greek culture dates back to the Neolithic Age (about 4000 BC). By its Bronze Age (about 2800 BC), Greek culture had come to a stage of substantial development in view of its ability to produce useful tools and articles and weapons in bronze, as were evidenced by the unearthed artifacts in the neighborhood of the Aegean Sea. The Aegean Civilization or the Stone and Bronze Age Civilization was thus shaped and included Cretan Civilization and Mycenaean Civilization, which appeared subsequently, with a high level of cultural development, as was demonstrated in its architecture, art and crafts as well as the pictographic script which had been used widely.
After the Dorian invasion, Greece was further divided into a number of tribes before they were organized into the citystates. The ancient Greek economy heavily depended on slave labor, the most popular resource for production at that time, and laid the foundation for the success of Greek culture. In the 5th-4th centuries BC, the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak during Pericles’ reign, providing a comparatively free environment for the development of Greek culture. However, split occurred between the two strongest city-states and wars among most poleis caused the decline of Greek Civilization, and it was conquered by Roman Empire before 146 BC.
Historically, Greek culture is of a rich variety, lasting value and wide influence around the world. Under the administration of the city government and its stimulation on cultural exchange, cultural prosperity rose up in architecture, philosophy, literature, arts and sports. Such an intellectual climate hence led to the emergence of a number of famous philosophers, artists and historians who produced their remarkable contributions to Greek Civilization.
To get a brief view of the history and development of Greek Civilization To be familiar with Greek culture in mythology, religion, philosophy, history, literature and arts To know some representative philosophers and their contributions
I. The Early Period of Greek Civilization II. The Development and the End of Greek Civilization III. Greek Culture
Characters & Cultural Achievements
2600 BC–2000 BC, the Neolithic
2000 BC–1600 BC, social classes appeared; Minos－a unified country from smaller city-states. During 1600 BC–1125 BC, Minoan Dynasty was weakened and toppled.
Stage 1: PreCretan historical Civilization Age (5000 years ago)
Stage 2: Mycenae was a country where slaves Mycenaean were commonly used in agricultural PreCivilization and handicraft production. Mycenaean historical culture benefited much from Cretan (ended in Age the 12th culture on its social and economic century BC) development. The period is between the coming of the Greeks to Thessaly and the Greeks’ returning from Troy and Heroic culminates in the Trojan War. The Trojan War had Age helped to produce two famous epics, Odyssey and Iliad.
Dark Age Golden Age
It was peopled with many legendary 1200 BC– names like Hercules, Ajax, Achilles 800 BC and Agamemnon. the 8th – It can be divided into three periods: the archaic period, the central period the 4th century BC and the period of dependence.
The Neolithic 新石器时代: It is a period in the development of human technology, beginning in about 9500 BC in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic is a measured progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and the use of domesticated animals.
Minos 米诺斯: In Greek mythology, Minos was a king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades. The Minoan Civilization of pre-Hellene Crete has been named after him by the archaeologist Arthur Evans.
Multiple choice. (1) ____ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.
A. Ancient European culture
B. Ancient Greek culture
C. Ancient Chinese culture
D. Ancient Egyptian culture
Multiple choice. (2) Greek culture can date back to____.
A. the Neolithic Age
B. the Bronze Age
C. the Stone and Bronze Age
D. the Old Stone Age
Multiple choice. (3) Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____.
A. farming
B. handicraft and trade
C. religion
D. philosophy
Multiple choice. (4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.
A. the Heroic Age
B. the Golden Age
C. the Cretan Civilization
D. the Mycenaean Civilization
Multiple choice. (5) The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.
A. archaic
B. central
C. dependent
D. dark
Give a brief introduction to the Trojan War and check references to know more about the war.
The Trojan War broke out at the end of the Mycenaean Civilization. All the city-states in Mycenae sent troops to help form a coalition army for the battles. Not long after the war, the Dorians from the northwest of Greece invaded and destroyed Mycenae in about the12th–11th centuries BC.
Introduction from Wikipedia: In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war was among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told
in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedies and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid. The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked “for the fairest”. Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as “the fairest”, should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all
women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen’s husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris’ insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods’ wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and
many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern-day Italy. The ancient Greeks thought the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modernday Turkey near the Dardanelles. By modern times both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in this area which he identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars.
Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194 BC – 1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa.
Since the 8th Century BC, Greece stepped into an important period when iron tools were universally used as a substitute for bronze. With further coastal economic development, the city-states were founded one after another, numbering more than a hundred altogether in either Dorian or Ionian dominance. Among them, Athens and Sparta were the most developed and powerful. Later Miletus became an even larger and more important city than Athens after the Persian conquest of Asia Minor in the 6th century BC. In politics, the newly founded city-states were usually ruled by the slave-owning aristocrats or kings who were formerly
formerly military leaders. But some states could be ruled by the archons such as Draco and Solon, Peisistratus and Cleisthenes, etc., who would proceed with their reforms. Thus it led to a period of business and patriarchal aristocratic democracy. There were two legislatures during that period: one was the general assembly, known as the Ecclesia which passed policies, and the boule led by ten archons enforced them; the other was the supreme council which supervised and checked the behavior of the local officials and teachers. The strength of the system was the highly democratic features which controlled the power of aristocrats.
Greek Civilization came to its peak during Pericles’ reign and then began to decline, during which two wars broke out with profound meanings. One is the war between Greek citystates and Persian invaders (499 BC–449 BC). The victory laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of Greece. However, peace and stability did not last long after the victory because a split occurred between the two strongest city-states (459 BC–404 BC) , thus leading to the decline of Athens and most poleis involved in the war. Till 146 BC, the regions of Greek Peninsula and Aegean Sea islands were all seized and conquered by Roman troops and merged into the map of Roman Empire.
ostracism 陶片放逐制 : In ancient Greece, when a citizen was considered dangerous to the state, he would be banished for a certain number of years as a punishment, decided by popular votes. Now it relates to any social exclusion.
Thebes 底比斯: A Mycenaean city, located in east-central Greece, northwest of Athens. It was at the height of power and splendour in the 4th century BC. In 336 BC it was ruined by Alexander the Great.
Sparta 斯巴达: an ancient Greek city-state of Dorian Greeks in the southeast Peloponnesus，which was widely known for its military power, and reached its peak in the 6th century BC when Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian Wars (460– 404) and then became the leader of the union of Greek citystates before it was toppled by the Thebans in 371 BC
Justinian I ( Justinian the Great ) 查士丁尼一世 : The emperor of Byzantium who resisted the Persian aggression at the eastern frontier of his empire and then re-occupied the former Roman territories in Africa, Italy and Spain. Eastern Orthodox Christians respects him as a saint.
Cleon克里昂（?–422 BC): One of the Athenian political and military leaders during the Peloponnesian War. He was the first prominent example of the commercial class who was considered as a warmonger and demagogue by his contemporaries.
Pericles 伯利克里 (c.495 BC – 429 BC): A famous and influential Athenian leader. He was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides, a historian. His reign (461 BC– 429 BC) was known as the “Age of Pericles”. He promoted the literature and arts and built many buildings. For this reason, Athens became the educational and cultural centre of ancient Greece. Furthermore, Pericles made contribution to the Athenian democracy.
Please match the following names of political leaders to their reformist ideas. (1) Draco (2) Cleisthenes a. supreme council check the behavior of leaders b. punish trivial crimes with the death sentence c. abolish slave labor d. carry out legislative reform e. advocate peasants’ welfare and popular entertainments
(3) Peisistratus
(4) Solon (5) Pericles
How did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history? Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.
(1) Greek Mythology and Religion Greek mythology is based on a religion which took shape during the Homeric Age and was developed from animism and fetishism into polytheism. The religious tales became fully developed myths in the Homeric epic and thus contributed greatly to the later development of all Greek arts. In Greek myth, all the gods live on Mount Olympus. There’s a list of a group of 12 gods (The Olympians) who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans.
God & Goddess Zeus Poseidon Hades
Character the heavenly king of the gods and ruler of mankind the moody god of the seas the gloomy god of the underworld
Hestia
Hera Ares Athena
the calm goddess of the hearth
the mature goddess of the family the fierce god of the war the sophisticated goddess of wisdom and arts
Apollo Aphrodite
the youthful god of the sun and the music the sensual goddess of love and beauty
Hermes
Artemis Hephaestus
the cunning god of the trade
the wild goddess of the hunt the ill-favored god of metallurgy
(2) Greek Philosophy Greek philosophy emerged from the bondage of religion and went through a process of fruitful theoretical research combined with practical experience before it achieved its high point in the history of human intellectual development. It has influenced much of Western thought with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric and aesthetics.
Early Greek Philosophers and Their Noble Ideas School Name Thales Main Idea The world originated in water and predicted a total eclipse of the sun.
The origin of everything in the Anaximander world is unlimited and all things split into two opposites. Materialism Heraclitus
Fire is the fundamental substance in the universe, and the universe is in a state of ongoing change, struggle or flux.
Materialism Democritus
Material world is composed of tiny, inseparable particles called atoms. Everything is numbers. And it is possible to acquire mystical knowledge. Man is the measure of all things.
Idealism
Pythagoras Protagoras
The Most Influential Philosophers in Greece Life & Main Notable Name Works Achievements Interests Ideas Socrates a classical epistemology, Socratic Socratic (470 BC Greek Athenian ethics method, dialogues – 399 BC) philosopher, Socratic written by one of the irony his founders of students Western Plato and philosophy Xenophon
Plato a classical (427 BC Greek – 347 BC) philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, founder of the Academy in Athens, and one of the founders of Western philosophy and science
rhetoric, art, Platonic writer of literature, realism philosophiepistemology, cal justice, dialogues, virtue, Apology, politics, Protagoras, education, Gorgias, family, Phaedo, militarism Symposium, Padres, The Republic, The Law
Aristotle a Greek physics, golden The Categories, (384 BC philosopher, metaphysics, mean, The Peri – 322 BC) a student of poetry, reason, Hermeneias, The Plato, one theatre, logic, Prior Analytics, of the most music, syllogism, The Posterior important rhetoric, passion Analytics, Topics founding politics, and the Sophistical figures in government, Refutations, Western ethics, Physics, The philosophy biology, Politics, On the zoology Parts of Animals, Zoology and History of Animals
(3) Literature Greek literature is considered to consist of epic, lyrical poetry and drama. Category Type Epic Poetry
Writer’s Name
Homer
Character
Works
narrative poems Iliad, about the period Odysseus of Trojan War
Lyric Callimachus elegiac poems
Hymns
Theocritus Aratus
hymns & epigrams
The Syracusan Woman, The Graces, The Sorceresses
hexameters Phenomena scientific poems love poems Theriaca
Poetry
Lyric
Nicander Sappho
Pindar
odes
the 14 Olympian Odes
Drama
Prometheus Bound, The Persians, 70–90 Agamemnon, The tragedies, Phrygians, The Aeschylus only 7 Seven against Thebes, survived The Suppliant Maidens and The Tragedy Oresteia Sophocles
about Euripides women Oedipus the King, Electra and Antigone Andromache, Medea and Trojan Women
Drama
sense of Comedy Aristophanes Knights comic
(4) History and Dissident Ideas Greek history has contributed considerably to the constitution of Greek and Western civilization with its abundant documents of a variety of historical events and figures scattered in social, political, military and cultural fields. The most famous historians are Herodotus(485 BC–425 BC) and Thucydides(about 460 BC–404 BC). ? Herodotus is generally acknowledged as the first reputed historian of Greece. His writing Histories objectively describes the war between Persians and Greece.
Thucydides is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest of ancient Greece for his truthfulness, conciseness and imagination. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century BC, as the first recorded political and moral analysis of a nation’s war policies. Besides, Polybius produced Histories about Alexandria with 40 volumes in all, coving the growth of Rome in 120 years from the beginning of the First Punic War till the surrender of Greece. But unfortunately it hasn’t survived intact and only some fragments were preserved.
As well, there were some dissident scholars in ancient Greece, whose viewpoints were quite abnormal or even different from the mainstream opinions of the day. Their chief representatives were Isocrates and Xenophon. Isocrates was a rhetorician, regarded as one of the ten Attic orators. In his time, he was probably the most influential rhetorician in Greece and made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works. His works are Panegyricus, Areopagiticus, On the Peace, etc. Xenophon was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, and a contemporary admirer of Socrates. He is known for his writings on the history of his own times, the 4th century BC,
preserving the sayings of Socrates, and descriptions of life in ancient Greece and the Persian Empire. His works are Hellenica, Memorabilia, Apology, etc.
(5) Art and Science ? Art
Aspect
Architecture Sculpture Painting
Representatives
Phidias
Character
the grandest building in Athens－Parthenon
famous for its noble Myron, Polyclitus simplicity and calm grandeur vase decoration Stage 1: typical in mythological scenes
Stage 2: portrayal of elements of beauty in objects with mythological subjects Painting vase decoration Stage 3: various forms of technical skills developed in a number of schools in Athens, and other city-states
Science Fields Achievements
Scientist
Pytheas
Hipparchus
explored the northern parts of Europe, measured shadows with the geography aid of a sort of sundial called a gnomon, and calculated the circumference of the earth perfected measuring instruments astronomy and calculated the movements of stars
Euclid
established the science of plane mathematics geometry
discovered the ratio of radius of a mathematics circle in mathematics, found out the Archimedes & physics relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere
Mount Olympus 奥林匹斯山 : The highest mountain in Greece, well-known as the “home of the gods” in Greek mythology. The deities who dwelled on this mountain were ruled by Zeus, included his wife, his brothers, his sisters and his children.
Thespis 泰斯庇斯: He was thought as a singer of dithyrambs by Aristotle. He won a great reputation for important innovations and reformation in Greek play. Today it is a general term for an actor. In some literature, he was depicted as the first well-known actor in written plays on stage ，and he introduced the first principal actor in addition to chorus. His great contribution to drama is his original Greek tragedy as we know today.
Ptolemy 托勒密: An Egyptian dynasty ruled by Macedonian kings from 323 BC to 30 BC. The Ptolemies lasted the long period from Ptolemy I (367?–283?), who was ever a general in Alexander the Great’s army and then became the king of Egypt as Alexander ’s successor (323–285), to Ptolemy XV (47–30), and who shared the throne (44–30) with his mother, Cleopatra.
The Battle of Cnidus 奈达斯战役 (394 BC): The naval battle which happened in 394 BC between the joint Athenian-Persian fleet and the Spartan fleet. Finally the Spartan fleet was defeated owing to lack of the experience, thus breaking Sparta’s dream of naval supremacy. After this battle the antiSpartan union was strengthened and attacked the Spartan hegemony during the Corinthian War.
Myron 米隆 (c.480 BC–440 BC): A Greek sculptor, born in Eleutherae and lived in Athens. He was considered the first to achieve lifelike representation in Art. He is well-known for his bronze sculpture of athletes in action. However, nowadays only two of his works are left, including the group of Athena and Marsyas, and the “Discobolos” (Discus Thrower).
Polyclitus 波利克里托斯: A noted Greek bronze sculptor in the 5th and the early 4th centuries BC. He belonged to the school of Argos. His works included the colossal gold and ivory statue of Hera，a famous bronze male nude known as the “ Doryphoros ” ( “ Spear-carrier ” ) and other statues “ Discobolus ” ( “ Discus-bearer ” ), “ Diadumenos ” (“Diadem-wearer”). Under the influence of Polyclitus and Phidias, the Classical Greek style was created and shaped, modelled on Polykleitos’ school which lasted for about three generations as the earliest one in Greek sculpture history.
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science. Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture. Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”. Plato established the Academy － the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public. In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples. Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture. Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy. The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.
Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.
Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.
The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship ” and “courage ”.
Plato established the Academy － the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic ” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.
In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.
(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.
Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.
Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.
The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.
Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
1. Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion,
philosophy, literature and science.
Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age ，and featured polytheism with gods
taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature,
philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology ，Greek philosophy started with
Thales (640 BC-547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water，The core Greek
philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato
established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.Literary representation
centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey。
2 What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western Civilization as a
whole? Give examples.
Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western Civilization and has had an enormous impact
on Western culture The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature,
art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on Western Civilization.
The second significant influence was that of philosophy，give sound guidance to later year people
to improve and change the world outside themselves。
1. ____ is the major foundation in the western culture and makes a powerful impact on the
development of human civilization?
A. Ancient European culture
C.Ancient Chinese culture B. Ancient Greek culture D.Ancient Egypt culture
2. Greek culture can be dated back to____.
A. Neolithic Age B. Bronze Age C. Stone and Bronze Age D. the Old Stone Age
3. ____was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides and in his reign the slave -based
democracy politics in Athens reached its peak.
A. Justinian I B. Cleon C. Pericles D. Ptolemy
4. Herodotus, father of Greek History, focuses on describing the war between ____ in his book, The
Histories.
A. Thebes and Sparta
C. Athens and Sparta B. Persians and Syracuse D. Greeks and Persians
5. ____established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.
A. Plato B. Socrates C. Aristotle D. Heraclitus
===Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome===
1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In
Ancient Rome, once the largest empire in the world, was originated from some villages located on the Apennine Peninsula along the Mediterranean Sea in the 10th century BC. In 509 BC, Augustus built a republic country of Rome. During the 4th century BC, Rome unified Italy by military conquest, and after years of wars, it conquered Carthage, Greece, Macedon, etc. and built up a vast Roman Empire with a territory stretching across three continents. During this period, Rome succeedingly experienced the rule of Sulla Felix, the first Triumvirate, and the second Triumvirate. In 27 BC, Octavian called himself “Augustus” and held together in his own grasp all the military, administrative, judicial and religious powers, becoming the Emperor of Roman Empire. In the two
centuries after Augustus came to power, the Roman Empire reached its culmination in economy, culture, military force and trade. However, beginning from the 5th century or so, the Roman Empire embarked on a path of decline. Economic problems, social problems and frequent wars finally split the Roman Empire into two parts: Eastern and Western Parts. In 476, Western Roman Empire came to an end. Romans succeeded in putting into effect the ideas of rulership borrowed from ancient Greece. The Greek democracy provided the preliminary basis for the later form of Western government which would appear more open and less autocratic. The society has a clearly defined social status.
Romans also borrowed many other cultural ideas from ancient Greece, including daily customs, laws and architectural designs as well as literary styles and creative methods which greatly added to the taste and charm of daily life before the Greek and Roman cultures came around as classical culture as it was termed by later eras. However, it still attributed greatly to the Western culture in mythology, religion, literature, history, philosophy, architecture and art.
To get a brief view of the history and development of ancient Rome To get to know the Roman social structure and economic conditions To be familiar with major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture in mythology, religion, philosophy, history, literature and arts
I. The Historical Development of Ancient Rome II. The Roman Social and Economic Conditions III. Roman Cultural Achievements
The History of Ancient Rome
Origin: small village in central Italy
During 700 BC–800 BC, Seven Hill Ally took shape and cities and tribes came into being.
After three Punic wars, in the 4th century BC, a vast unified Roman Empire was established with territory stretching across three continents.
Development: In 509 BC, Augustus built up Roman Republic.
Three powerful rulers: L.Sulla Felix, the 1st Triumvirate, the 2nd Triumvirate In 27 BC, Octavian called himself Augustus and built up a centralized Rome. Decline: In 33 AD, Roman Empire was divided into two parts. End: In 476, West Rome was defeated by German troops and came to an end.
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 卢修斯?塔克文?苏佩 布(？– 496 BC): Superbus was the 7th emperor of the Roman Kingdom Etruscan，ruling from 535 BC to the Roman revolt in 509 BC which led to the establishment of the Roman Republic.
Romulus and Remus 罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯： Romulus (771 BC–717 BC) and Remus (771 BC–753 BC) were the twin brothers, who were said to be the founders of Rome. In Roman mythology, their parents were Mars and Rhea Silvia, the daughter of Latin King. The twins were ordered to be drowned by the new king who dethroned the Latin King. However, they were saved and raised by a she-wolf. When they grew up, the twins built their own city, but Remus was killed
by his brother who became the first king of Rome. Nowadays, Romulus is regarded as a mythological figure, whose name is the origin of Rome.
Punic Wars布匿战争: A series of wars between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. The main cause is the conflict of interests between the Carthaginian Empire and the Roman Republic. There are three largest wars: First Punic War (264 BC– 241 BC), Second Punic War (218 BC–201 BC), Third Punic War (149 BC–146 BC). Eventually, after more than a hundred years, Rome conquered the Carthaginian Empire and became the most powerful state in the classical world.
Triumvirate 三头统治: A political group of three powerful persons in Rome. The First Triumvirate was an informal governing alliance composed of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey in the mid-1st century BC. The Second Triumvirate was a formal one consisting of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
Octavian屋大维：Octavian（Augustus） （63 BC –14 AD）was adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 BC. He was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD. In 40 BC，he was called Augustus by the Senate, who had power to rule Rome’s religious, civil and military affairs. He made great achievements in his ruling time: the long peace after civil war, the sound currency, the highway system, constructions of bridges and buildings,
the growth of literature. The Roman Empire subdued Spain, Gaul, etc. and annexed Egypt and most of Europe. He was viewed as a god in the hearts of the Romans as a result.
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
Multiple choice. (1) Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of ____ to the end of the Roman Empire, which had lasted about 1200 years throughout. A. Roman Republic B. Byzantium C. Pax Romana D. Seven Hill Ally
Multiple choice. (2) ____ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.
A. Octavian and Caesar
B. Caesar and Remus C. Romulus and Remus D. Romulus and Octavian
Multiple choice. (3) ____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.
A. Caesar
B. Octavian
C. Remus
D. Pompey
Multiple choice. (4) The First Triumvirate consisted of ____.
A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, Sulla
B. Pompey, Crassus, Cleopatra
C. Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar
D. Octavian, Brutus, Marius
Multiple choice. (5) Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and ____.
A. Greek
B. Sicily
C. Spain D. Carthage
Please give a brief introduction to the development of ancient Rome. Analyze the reasons that attributed the conversion of Roman Republic to Roman Empire. Reasons: a. Roman rulership inherited largely from ancient Greece. Under the Republic, senators were elected by the people to run the government. b. Territory expanse caused rich landowners and merchants to be able to buy up most of the country land, which led to instability of Roman military.
c. Fights among powerful rulers, such as the fight in the first Triumvirate, and in the second Triumvirate, gave chance to get the supreme power to only one person instead of the people.
Roman society was divided into a number of social classes. There was a distinction made between citizens and noncitizens, patricians and plebeians, and patrons and clients. These social divisions determined rights and privileges in the Roman Republic.
Distinctions Field Aspect upper class Characters
social class
lower class
senatorial class: Based on politics. Inherited nobles, consuls. equestrian class: Based on economy. Primarily involved in the types of business prohibited to senators. plebs: All other free-born Roman citizens. Women could not vote or hold political office.
Field
Aspect
lower class
Characters freed people: Slaves who had bought their freedom. Lots of restrictions on their rights. slaves: Property of their owners by law, without freedom and legal rights in the society. They were forced to perform physical labor or other manual labor, or play gladiatorial games in the public arenas as entertainment for the Romans.
Field construc -tions
Aspect city
Characters great economic development, better constructions. The system for water supply was at an advanced level of engineering.
countryside poverty stricken family life
absolute obedience by women and maleother junior family members to their dominated fathers, husbands, brothers and even sons
Field
Aspect
Characters
family life
names
The Roman males had three names: forename, middle name, and last or family name. Women were only given one name: feminine name for the clan or for the family.
?
Social entertainment
a. attending banquets b. watching games (famous for public wrestling and fights between men and wild animals, or chariot-racing) c. joining in a get-together with families d. playing musical instruments e. reading, or engaging in carefree conversation
?
Roman laws: famous for Justinian Law and the Law of Twelve Tables
Law of the Twelve Tables 十二铜表 法：The law of the Twelve Tables was the oldest oral law made by ten magistrates called decimvir, which was inscribed on the bronze and wooden tablets in 450 BC. The original tables were destroyed in 390 BC. They are a series of articles about various private rights and the strict penalties. The code is the basis of Roman laws, existing for almost 1000 years.
Circus Maximus 马克西穆斯竞技场: An ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its later Empire. It measured 621m (2,037ft) in length and 118m (387ft) in width, and could accommodate about 150,000 spectators. In its fully developed form, it became the model for circuses throughout the Roman Empire. The site is now a public park.
The Colosseum (or the Coliseum) 罗马圆 形斗兽场: An elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.
Toga 托加长袍: A distinctive garment of ancient Rome, a cloth of perhaps 6m (20ft) in length which was wrapped around the body and was generally worn over a tunic. The toga was made of wool, and the tunic under it was often made of linen. After the 2nd century BC, the toga was a garment worn exclusively by men, and only Roman citizens were allowed to wear the toga.
True of false question. F (1) In ancient Rome, freed slaves could become Roman citizen __ without any restrictions on their legal rights. F (2) All free-born citizens could get married in Roman society. __ F (3) All Romans got their daily needs from war ravages and __ looting in other defeated countries or areas. T (4) In Roman society, women had more chances to do some __ social activities than those in the East. T (5) The Romans usually entertained at the risk of slaves’ lives. __
Please illustrate the social status of women in Roman society. The major role the Roman women played was the child bearer. a. In politics, they have no right to vote or hold political office. b. In families, they had to be absolutely obedient to their fathers, husbands, brothers and even sons. c. In name assignations, women were usually given only one name, either the feminine name for the clan or the feminine name for the family. d. In education, some of the Roman women could go to public primary school, and they have more chances to do some social activities.
The Romans conquered the Greek by their tremendous force, while on the other hand were beaten by Greek abundant culture. Roman culture was deeply influenced by Greek culture from myth, religion, philosophy to literature, architecture and art.
Myth and Religion Compared with the other religious believers, the ancient Romans were never steady or firm enough in keeping a consistent and universal deity as the basis for their national religion. They completely adopted the Olympian pantheon of gods and then modified them in their own way. The average Roman had freedom to choose his or her god to believe in. From 4th century, Christian became Roman national religion.
?
God & Goddess Jupiter Juno Mars
Greek name Zeus Hera Ares
Character the master of the gods and main god of the Romans the queen of the gods, the goddess of women and fertility the god of war, the strongest and most fearsome god except for Jupiter
Venus Minerva
Aphrodite the goddess of love and beauty Athena the goddess of wisdom, learning, art crafts and industry
God & Goddess Neptune Ceres Vulcan Diana
Greek name
Character
Poseidon the powerful god of the sea Demeter the goddess of the harvest Hephaestus the blacksmith of the gods and a god of the underworld Artemis the goddess of hunting and a goddess of the moon
Bacchus Mercury
Dionysos Hermes
the god of wine and partying the messenger of the gods
God & Goddess Vesta Pluto Apollo Cupid
Greek name Hestia Hades Apollo Eros
Character the goddess of the hearth and home the god of death the god of the sun the god of love
Literature (1) Roman Poetry
?
Name Virgil Horace
Character famous for his epic poems a poet and critic, famous for his poetic forms, his sincerity and frankness in his self-portraitures,
Works Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid Book of Satires, Odes and Epistles
Name
Character his patriotism, his urbanity and his humour and good sense
Works Book of Satires, Odes and Epistles
Ovid
a fluent, simple, witty and ingenuous writer, neat in rhyming and wording, expert in vivid and lucid story telling, with many charming plays of fancy and picturesque descriptions
Metamorphoses, Philomon and Baucis, Ceyx and Halcyone, Apollo and Daphne, Narcissus
(2) Roman Drama Name Character Works
Titus Maccius Plautus
Terence
a famous playwright The Twin Brothers, on comedies The Boastful Armyman and A Pot of Gold The second The Mother-in-Law, important Roman Two Brothers comic dramatist. His style is clear, simple and finished.
(3) Prose Writers Name Gaius Julius Caesar Character Works An eminent politician, Commentaries on the commander and poet. His Gallic War, The Civil War two works were written in unadorned, straightforward and detached style. a famous orator and statesman 57 speeches and about 900 letters. Brutus, Orator, On the Crown and De Optimo Genere Oratorum.
Cicero
History Name Character Works
Polybius a Greek aristocrat and Roman historian
Livy Octavian’s contemporary
The History recorded the rapid and dramatic rise of Roman supremacy in the Mediterranean, from the beginning of the 2nd Punic war to the end of the 3rd Macedonian war. The History of Rome consisted of 142 volumes, covering the whole history of Roman society.
Name
Character
Works
Tacitus
governor of a minor province, consul of the empire, famous historian
The Histories dealt with the reigns of the emperors from Galba to Domitian. The Annals dealt with the earlier period from the accession of Tiberius to the death of Nero. Style: narrative
Philosophy Roman philosophy was greatly influenced by the Greek philosophers, especially by the Stoic and Epicurean schools. They also provide practical explanation and application of philosophical principles. There are two philosophers famous for their contribution to the interpretation of Greek philosophy, namely Lucretius and Seneca.
?
(1) Lucretius was a famous Epicurean scholar and poet. In his poem On the Nature of Things, he expounded the atomic explanation of the nature of the universe put forward by Democritus. He set forth the atomic theory of Epicurus, and insisted that the soul, material in its nature, is mortal and dies with the body.
(2) Seneca was a senator and a prominent Stoic scholar at the time. Like Epicureanism, Stoicism also received widespread attention from the Roman scholars. The general intention of Stoicism as developed by Seneca and his successors were to become more practical and more human. The tranquility was seen attainable by fortitude and self-control in ordinary life.
? Architecture
and Art (1) Roman Architecture The architecture of ancient Rome adopted classical Greek architecture for their own purposes, and created two new architectural styles, which are considered to be one category of classical architecture. They got a wealth of knowledge essential for their future architectural solutions in terms of hydraulics and in the construction of arches. Roman architecture used the arch, the vault and the dome as the popular form of buildings, and discovered how to make concrete. Examples include the channels of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla, the Pantheon, the Basilicas and the Colosseum.
(2) Roman Art Ancient Rome is famous for its sculptures of wellpreserved figures. It started to take up its own character from the Augustan era onwards when Octavian ensured that his Roman spirit was reflected both in literature and art. Artists tried to find their own style of being diverse, general and vital. Romans sculpted quite a large number of portrait busts, some of which are reputed to be the finest of all Roman portrait busts.
From 750 BC to 419 AD, Roman art entered its golden period covering painting, mosaic work and sculpture in addition to such minor categories as ivory carving, figuring glass, pottery, metal work, gem engraving and coin die as part of ancient Roman culture. Ancient Roman mural paintings were typically colorful and decorative. Between the 4th and 6th centuries, panel painting and the wooden painting were gradually replaced by wall paintings, mosaic ceiling and floor work, which started to flourish as a new fashion of art of the time.
Macedonian War 马其顿战争: The Macedonian and Seleucid wars were a series of conflicts fought by Rome during and after the Second Punic War, in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the Aegean. Along with the Punic wars, they resulted in Roman control or influence over the entire Mediterranean basin.
Epicureanism 伊比鸠鲁学派: A system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus, founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an atomic materialist, following in the steps of Democritus. His materialism led him to a general attack on superstition and divine intervention.
Stoicism 斯多葛学派: A school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics believed that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of “moral and intellectual perfection”, would not suffer such emotions. The Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life. Later Stoics, such as Seneca and Epictetus, emphasized that because “virtue is sufficient for happiness”, a sage was immune to misfortune.
Please match the following artists with their great works.
(1) Livy (2) Terence (3) Virgil (4) Gaius Julius Caesar (5) Ovid a. The Mother-in-Law b. History of Rome c. Appollo and Daphne d. The Civil War e. The Aeneid
(1) Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.
In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the eclectic aspect in their culture，i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields.
Before Christianity appeared in Roma, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others’ culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become subject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production. In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For example, Italian poet
Dante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for creative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley and T.S. Eliot.
A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books, History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare. The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices
edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered how to make concrete. The Roman culture introduced the Roman realism and realistic style in Western culture in painting and sculpture through modern times. Roman culture nourished emerging Western culture, and even the world culture. Such a splendid culture has greatly enriched cultural heritage of human kind.
(2) In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples. It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with
the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greek influence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome. In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of
traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s best known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds. All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuse to take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.
1. Further Reading 2. Reference Books
Roman Slaves Slaves were very important to the Romans. Without slaves, the wealthy of Rome would not have been able to lead the lifestyles that they wanted to. Who were slaves? They were people who were frequently captured in the battle and sent back to Rome to be sold. However, abandoned children could also be brought up as slaves. The law also stated that fathers could sell their older children if they were in need of money.
A wealthy Roman would buy a slave in a market place. Young males with a trade could fetch quite a sum of money simply because they had a trade and their age meant that they could last for quite a number of years and, as such, represented value for money. Someone who was a cook by trade could be very expensive. Once bought, a slave was a slave for life. A slave could only get their freedom if they were given it by their owner or if they bought their freedom. To buy his freedom, he had to raise the same sum of money that his master had paid for him － a virtually impossible task.
If a slave married and had children, the children would automatically become slaves. The parents sometimes killed their young children rather than let them become slaves. No one is sure how many slaves existed in the Roman Empire. Even after Rome has passed its days of greatness, it is thought that 25% of all people in Rome were slaves. A rich man might own as many as 500 slaves and an emperor usually had more than 20,000 at his disposal. A logical assumption is that slaves led poor lives simply because they were slaves. In fact, a good master looked after a
good slave as an equally good replacement might be hard to acquire － or expensive. A good cook was highly prized as entertaining was very important to Rome’s elite and rich families who tried to outdo each other when banquets were held － hence the importance of owning a good cook. Those slaves who worked down mines or had no trade/skill were almost certainly less well looked after as they were easier and cheaper to replace. Spartacus was a famous Roman slave who did manage to escape and call on a group of slaves who defeated the Roman army
army in battle. However, their success did not last for long as the slave owners managed to stop more slaves from joining Spartacus and killed those who had survived the battle. The Roman writer Seneca（辛尼卡，古希腊哲学家） believed that masters should treat their slaves well as a welltreated slave would work better for a good master rather than just do enough begrudgingly （ 吝啬地）. Seneca did not believe that masters and their families should expect their slaves to watch them eat at a banquet when many had only had access to poor food.
Question: Could you briefly illustrate the life of Roman slaves and their social position at that time?
Introduction to Augustus The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana ([拉丁语] "公元前27年至公元 180年"罗马帝国统治下的和平), or Roman peace. Despite continuous wars on the frontiers, and the one-year-long civil war over the imperial succession, the Mediterranean area remained at peace for more than two centuries. Augustus enlarged the empire dramatically, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia (达尔马提亚，南斯拉夫一地区), Pannonia(潘诺尼亚，古 罗马中欧省份，在多瑙河和萨瓦河之间), and Raetia(瑞提
亚，多瑙河以南一地区）, expanded possessions in Africa, and completed the conquest of Hispania（西班牙）. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with client states, and made peace with Parthia（帕提亚，亚洲西部古国，在伊朗东北部） through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard （ 禁 卫 军 ） , and created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome. Much of the city was rebuilt under the reign of Augustus; and he wrote a record of his own accomplishments, known
known as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, which was well preserved. Upon his death in AD 14, Augustus was declared a god by the Senate－to be worshipped by the Romans. His names Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and the month of Sextilis([ 拉丁语 ] 罗马历法的第六月 ) was renamed “Augustus”(now August) in honour of him. He was succeeded by his adopted son (also stepson and former son-inlaw), Tiberius.
Question： What impression do you have on Augustus after reading this introduction passage about him?
Norman Davies. 1997. Europe: A History. Pimplico. Paul Harvey(ed.). 1984. The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press. Robert Audi (general editor). 1999. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. Hugh Honour and John Fleming. 1982. A world History of Art. Macmillan Reference Books. 杨俊明、兰奇光，2004，《古罗马文化知识图本》，广州： 广东人民出版社。 张隆溪，1987，《二十世纪西方文化述评》，三联书店。
 1. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture. In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. 2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples. Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.
1. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.
In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,
Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.
2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.
Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.
1. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated
in religion, poetry, history and architecture.
In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other
cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the
foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’
culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,
Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited
by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for
its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.
2.In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained
from Greek culture? Give examples.
Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.
In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare
with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find
examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are
closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.
3.Roman culture, combined with Greek culture, marks the dawn of Western culture with a
heritage rich enough to build up a powerful civilization in the successive centuries. Try to draw
up some helpful lessons from the Roman cultural development by focusing on one or two aspects
in relation to the development of other cultures.
It is generally agreed that a nation needs to build up its culture on the basis of what has been
achieved by its ancestors. At the same time this nation has to pick up something new from other
advanced culture sources.Thus the nation has to face a problem of how to handle the relationship
between inheritance and learning, We could see the Romans had such a choice in the early days
But they were clever enough to make the right choice.they took measures to ensure everything to
their benefit, They were so sincere and serious in adopting Greek culture ,In this sense Romans
won another victory in addition to their military victory. The lesson of Roman history is that we
should try to be humanitarian, generous, tolerant and magnanimous at the moment of crisis or
conflict and try to minimize the losses.
A. Multiple Choice
1. Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of ____ to the end of the Roman
Empire, which had lasted about 1200 years throughout.
A. Roman Republic, B. Roman Republic, Byzantium c. Roman Empire, Pax Romana D.
Byzantium, Roman Empire
2. ____ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.
A. Octavian and Caesar B. Caesar and Remus C.Romulus and Remus D. .Romulus and
Octavian
3. ____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.
A. Caesar B. Octavian C. Remus D. Pompey
4. Italian poet Dante regards ____ as his teacher in The Divine Comedy.
A. Virgil B. Horace C. Ovid D. Chaucer
5. The law of the Twelve Tables was inscribed in ____
A ．450 BC, B. 200 BC C. 40 BC D. 400 BC
===Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and The Old Testament===
The Formation, Division and Fall of Israel
before 16th century BC belonged to Semitic race, and descended from Abraham
Formation
16th century BC
settled in north Egypt. entered Canaan Saul became the first king of Israel
12th century BC
1040 BC – 1012 BC
1012 BC – 972 BC
Formation
972 BC – 932 BC
David, king of Israel, declared the founding of a unified Israel country and made Jerusalem the capital. Solomon became the king of Israel and built imperial palaces and celestial temples.
Division
932 BC – 914 BC 722 BC
Israel divided into two kingdoms: Judah and Israel.
The Assyrian King sacked Jerusalem (Assyrian Captivity), and Israel was ruined.
Babylonia King attacked Judah, and then Judah and Israel were non-existent as independent countries.
Fall
586 BC
The Suffering and Departure of the Jews
Later on, Alexander the Great of Macedonia with his powerful army, took place of the Persian reign, which led to a temporary period of freedom for the Jews. But it was not too long before the Romans arrived. The Jews could not bear the Romans’ cruelty and subsequently revolted against Romans as a protest about the cruelty of the latter, which cost a great loss of Jewish lives. Consequently they had to leave their homeland and went once and for all on a centuries-long Diaspora. Subsequently, Jews’ footprints spread over almost every corner
of Europe, yet found no settlement in one country after another although they demonstrated their great capabilities and diligence in whatever they were engaged in or happened to do during the endless exiles around the Mediterranean, from continent to continent, country to country, suffering from racial discrimination, persecution and even genocide. However, much of Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews.
The Babylonian Captivity 巴 比伦之囚 : The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation of Babylonia, in 586 BC, who had conquered the city of Jerand imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, the king usalem. The event had far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism and the ter
later history of Jewish culture. The Jews reflected on their humiliations and frustrations that they had undergone and prepared themselves spiritually for the later revival of Jewish people as a nation and culture.巴比伦被掳指巴比伦王国的魅力,公 元前586年,他已经征服了犹太人的城市 Jerand监禁,尼布甲尼撒二世国王usalem。 事件的发展有深远的影响犹太教和内涵犹 太人反映在他们的屈辱和挫折,他们已经经 历了,准备自己精神上后复兴的犹太人作为 一个国家和文化
Jerusalem 耶路撒冷（古代以色列都城）: Jerusalem in the east-central part of Israel in the West Bank is a holy city to Jews, Moslems, and Christians. The history of city can be dated back as far as 4000 BC. Originally King David settled there, making it the capital in 1000 BC, but it was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 600 BC. It was later ruled successively by Greeks, Romans, Persians, Arabs, European Christian Crusaders, and Turks and finally by Great Britain under a League of Nations mandate. From 1967, Israeli took control of the city as the capital.
Sadducee (or Zadokites) 古犹太教的撒都该教派: A group of Jews opposed to the Pharisees (today’s Rabbinical Jews), founded in the 2nd century BC. They ceased to exist sometime after the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem (Herod’s Temple) in 70 AD. A member of a Jewish sect.
Essene 古犹太教的苦修派信徒: A Jewish religious group that flourished from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. Being much fewer in number than the Pharisees and the Sadducees (the other two major sects at the time), the Essenes lived in various cities but congregated in communal life dedicated to asceticism, voluntary poverty, and abstinence from worldly pleasures, including marriage and daily baptisms. A member of an ascetic Jewish sect.
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
Multiple Choices (1) The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.
A. 586 BC
B. 450 BC
C. 330 BC
D. 586
Multiple Choices (2) In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.
A. David and Solomon
B. Moses and David
C. Jacob and David
D. Jacob and Solomon
Multiple Choices (3) Jerusalem was established as the capital in ___.
A. 585 BC
B. 1000 BC
C. 1000 AD
D. 588 BC
Multiple Choices (4) ___ won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1978.
A. Pulitzer Joseph
B. Saul Bellow
C. Singer
D. Hemingway
Multiple Choices (5) The ancestor of the Jews is ___.
A. Greek
B. Germanic
C. Hebrew
D. Roman
How was the Jewish Civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification?
The major explanation for the development of the Jewish Civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality, which supports its unsubmissive and persistent advance by putting up its three spiritual and physical pillars as one of the scholars suggests: ―the national identity based on the Jewish cultural tradition, the common belief and values enshrined in Judaism, and the community network centered on the synagogue‖.
潘光，2007，《犹太人在亚洲：比较研究》，前言和导 论，上海三联出版社。
Much of the Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews. Under the guidance of rabbis, they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. They collected and systematically recomposed the scattered legends and manuscripts into the Torah and the Mishna before they compiled finally the Talmud. The Jewish Civilization had thus progressed with each passing day until the Haskalah Movement came forward in the 18th century，which brought about spiritual awakening and a drastic change of their cultural and social conditions.
From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, which enabled them to secure a position for themselves as a race by keeping pace with the advanced levels of social, economic and cultural developments. Most of the Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position whatever it was though they had not yet established or recovered their own land. Thus they have prepared personnel of various kinds for the revival of their civilization
civilization and once that country was founded, they could quickly turn it into a well-developed nation in spite of its small size and small population just as what has happened in Israel in recent decades.
Shmuel Agnon (1888 – 1970) 萨缪尔?约瑟 夫?阿格农: An Israeli writer born in Poland. He was adept at writing dramatic novels in Hebrew. His important work is A Guest for the Night (1939). He shared the 1966 Nobel Prize for literature for his novel Only Yesterday.
Joseph Pulitzer (1847 – 1911) 约瑟夫?普利策: A famous Hungarian-born American journalist and newspaper publisher. He run newspapers in St. Louis and New York City and established and endowed the Pulitzer Prizes.
Saul Bellow (1996 – 2005) 索尔·贝娄: A Canadian-born American writer. His important works are The Dangling Man (1944), Herzog (1967), and Humboldt’s Gift (1975), expressing the concern about ―an alienated individual within an indifferent society‖. He was winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1976.
Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904 – 1991) 艾萨 克 · 甚 圣 维 斯 · 辛 格 : A Polish-born American writer who wrote his works in Yiddish. He published the collections Gimpel the Fool (1957) and Passions (1975). In 1978, he won the Nobel Prize for literature.
Please match the following names of great philosophers and writers with their achievements. (1) Isaac Israeli (2) Baruch Spinoza (3) Sholem Aleyshem (4) Issac Singer (5) Shmuel Agnon a. pan-theological philosopher b. follower of Neo-platonism c. the Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1978 d. the Mark Twain of Jews e. the Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1966
How did Jewish Enlightenment influence Jewish literature? Jewish Enlightenment, starting in Germany, helped Jewish people think in more scientific and rational ways. Jewish literature changed and began to draw on the real life of Jewish people. Jewish Enlightenment also brought its literature to a new stage: Modern Jewish Literature.
Messiah 弥赛亚（希伯来语，《圣经》中提到的救世主）:
A term used in Judaism, Christianity and Islam for the redeemer figure expected in one form or another by each religion. More loosely, the term Messiah denotes any redeemer figure and the adjective Messianic is used in a broad sense to refer to beliefs or theories about an
eschatological improvement of the state of humanity or the world.术语用于犹太教、
基督教和伊斯兰教的救赎主图将在一种或另一种形式的每 个宗教。更松散,弥赛亚这个词表示任何图和形容词弥赛亚 的救赎主用于广义指信仰或理论的末世论的改善人类或世 界的状态。
Ezekiel 以西结（希伯来语、基督教中提到的圣徒、先知）： In Judaism, Christianity and Islam, Ezekiel is acknowledged as a Hebrew prophet. In Judeo-Christianity, he is also viewed as the author of the Book of Ezekiel that reveals prophecies regarding the destruction of Jerusalem and the Millenia Temple visions.
Fill in the blanks. (1)
(2) Jehovah _______ is worshipped as the chief god of the country of Israel. Ezekiel _______ helped Jewish people spread the religion of Judaism and finally confirmed it during the Babylonian Captivity and later period. The core of Judaism is _______________________ and Moses’ Ten Commandments __________________________________________ . the rabbis’ interpretations of the prophet’s doctrines
(3)
Fill in the blanks. the sunset of Friday (4) The Sabbath begins from ________________ and lasts to the sunset of Saturday __________________ , which was set apart by ______ Moses ______ as a holy day, for ___ and worship in commemoration of rest the completion of __________. the creation Rosh Hashanah (5) The Jewish New Year is called _____________.
(1) What is the essence of Moses’ Ten Commandments? From moral perspective, what do you learn from it？ The essence of Moses’ Ten Commandments is to love God, and love others … (Open for discussion.) (2) Please introduce major Jewish Festivals. For more information, please consult the following websites: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/People/ Jewish%20Festivals%20in%20Israel
The Old Pentateuch Testament (5 books) (39 books)
Contents God’s creation of the Genesis world how Moses led the people of Israel out of Exodus Egypt in the 13th or 14th century
book of laws and Leviticus proprieties
Contents how Jews fought against Canaanites and won under the leadership of Josue
the final teachings of Deuteronomy Moses
Prophets the Former (21 books) Prophets
the Latter Prophets
Jewish stories from the conquest of Canaan to their captivity in Babylon (Josue, Judges, Samuel, the Kings) 3 principal prophets and 12 minor prophets (Amos, Hosea, Isaias, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Esdras, etc.)
Parts Hagiographa & Apocrypha Nehemias (13 books)
Books Ruth
Contents history of the Jews
Jonah
a fable which teaches Israelites to pass God’s knowledge to foreigners as their duty
Hagiogra- Job pha & Apocrypha Nehemias Odes, Elegy (13 books)
Contents a philosophical play
poems which vividly portray the religious emotions of the Hebrews.
Maccabees, Apocrypha Tobias, Solomon’s Wisdom
Noah’s Ark 诺亚方舟: The vessel which, according to the book of Genesis (chapters 6 – 9) and the Quran (surah hud), was built by Noah at God’s command to save himself, his family, and the world’s animals from a worldwide deluge. As a flood myth, the story of Noah and the Ark may be derived from older Mesopotamian stories. As a religious text, it features in the traditions of a number of Abrahamic religions. It is part of the biblical canons of Judaism and Christianity but it is also an important story in other Abrahamic traditions like Islam.
True or False Questions.
___ (1) The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and F most important of which are the first 10 books. ___ (2) The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the T three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. ___ (3) Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of F Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including their life in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. ___ (4) The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. T ___ (5) Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old T Testament because of their uncertain authorship or legendary.
(1) How much do you learn about Judaism and the Old Testament?
Judaism is one of the earliest monotheistic religions practised today. In the beginning，Judaism was composed of a series of beliefs and practices originating in the Tanakh. It was later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other Judaist scripts. Judaism presents itself as the covenantal relationship between the Children of Israel (later, the Jewish nation) and God. The principles and ethics of Judaism had influenced Christianity and Islam, as well as some
some non-Abrahamic religions. Many of its texts and traditions are central to other Abrahamic religions and provided the foundation for Western Christianity. Its influence is seen in both secular and ecclesiastical affairs in the Western society, just as the frequent occurrences of classical and Christian cultures via conversations or discussions on different occasions, either public or private, formal or informal.
The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.
1. Further Reading 2. Reference Books
Solomon’s Wisdom and Justice Solomon was twelve years old when he succeeded his father to the throne. When the mourning period following his father’s death ended, Solomon went to Gibeon(吉比恩，巴勒斯坦古都, 位于耶路撒冷西北)to offer sacrifices to God. While Solomon was in Gibeon, God appeared to him and asked him what he desired. Solomon replied that all he asked was an understanding heart to lead and judge his people. Solomon’s request pleased God, since Solomon had not asked for long life, nor for riches, nor
nor for the death of his enemies, but for wisdom to rule his people with justice and understanding. God fulfilled his request and, in addition, assured him riches and honor, if he would continue to cling to the ways of the Torah（犹太律法，希伯来 文意为“教谕”。狭义专指《旧约全书》前五卷中的律法， 据说是上帝授予摩西的。“托拉”也往往用以指《旧约》 的前五卷。由于预言书的重要性和宗教著作日益增加， “托拉”有时也用来指所有这些著作，当时是神启示的教 谕和经典。）
Solomon was gifted with divine wisdom, which made him the wisest of all men that had ever lived. Soon an occasion arose which made Solomon’s wisdom renowned. Two women appeared before him with a live child and a dead one. Both had given birth at the same time, but one mother, having crushed her infant in her sleep, had exchanged the corpse for the living child of the other. It was impossible to determine who the real mother was, for each claimed the living child as hers. Solomon announced that he was going to cut the child in half so that each one
one of them might have a share in the child. Hearing this judgment, the true mother begged that the child be spared and given to the other woman, whereas the other woman was prepared to see the child cut in two. Solomon then turned the child over to the compassionate mother. The case became the talk of all the people, and they knew that never had there lived a wiser king on earth.
Genesis 2 Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all their multitude. And on the seventh day God finished the work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all the work that he had done. So God blessed the seventh day and hallowed (使成为神圣) it, because on it God rested from all the work that he had done in creation. These are the generations of the heavens and the earth when they were created.
In the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens, when no plant of the field was yet in the earth and no herb of the field had yet sprung up — for the Lord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was no one to till the ground; but a stream would rise from the earth, and water the whole face of the ground — then the Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and the man became a living being. And the Lord God planted a garden in Eden, in the east; and there he put the man whom he had formed. Out of the ground the Lord God made to grow every tree
tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to till it and keep it. And the Lord God commanded the man, ―You may freely eat of every tree of the garden; but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall die.‖ Then the Lord God said, ―It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper as his partner.‖ So out of the
ground the Lord God formed every animal of the field and every bird of the air, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them; and whatever the man called each living creature, that was its name. The man gave names to all cattle, and to the birds of the air, and to every animal of the field; but for the man there was not a helper as his partner. So the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then he took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. And the rib that the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. Then the man said,
“This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; this one shall be called Woman, for out of Man this one was taken.‖ Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife, and they become one flesh. And the man and his wife were both naked, and were not ashamed. Question: How does Genesis of the Old Testament influence Jewish customs?
1. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population . 2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament. The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts： Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars， many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.
1. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.
From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .
2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.
The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.
`1. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification?
The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness
and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.
From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the
restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews
thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in
their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size
and small population .
2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.
The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：
Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated
into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book.
It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.
3. What would you say about the Jewish contribution to Christianity and Western culture?
Give examples to show how Jewish culture relates to and differs from the other cultures,
such as Greek and Arabic cultures.
The Jewish culture has done much for Christianity and Western culture, such as the Jewish
contribution to the transmission of Western culture .One of the examples isJewish assistance to the
estalishment of Christianity. It was the Jews who worked as the early organizers and participants
in the underground activities of the Christians.Another example concerns Philo, the major
Jewish-Hellenistic philosopher of the early period, combined both the Greek philosophical
element and Jewish theology.
A. Multiple Choices
1．The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.
A. 586 BC B. 450 BC C.330 BC D.586
2. In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.
A. David and Soloman B. Moses and David C. Jacob and David D. Jacob and Soloman
3. Jerusalem was established as the capital in ___.
A. 585 BC B.1000 BC C.1000 D. 588 BC
4. ___ won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1978
A. Pulitzer Joseph B. Saul Bellow C Singer D. Hemingway
5. The ancestor of the Jews is __
A. Greek, B.Germanic ,C. Hebrew, D. Roman
===Chapter 4 Christianity and The New Testament===
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
1. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe? (1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture; Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity: (2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors: 1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role. 2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance. 3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, 4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property
could thus be secured in the changed circumstances. 2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism? In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them. First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .
1. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?
(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;
Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:
(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:
1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.
2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.
3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,
4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property
could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.
2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?
In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.
First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .
1. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?
(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;
Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of
Christianity:
(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:
1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum.
Christianity could play such a role.
2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.
3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,
4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property
could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.
2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?
In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic
differences between them.
First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like
fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located
in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in
theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the
Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .
3．Try to give reasons why Christianity could keep its dominant position in the spiritual
world of the West for over two thousand years.
The first reason for the dominant position of the Christian Church is its representation of Western
cultural tradition under the cover of what could be a hypocritical mask as often confirmed in
historical development.
The second reason is the division of political and ideological dominances in the form of a tacit
understanding between feudal autocracy and the church
The third reason is the church’s contribution to the successful handling of political and social
events as an arbitrator,
The fourth reason is its flexible strategy and assessible ability to adapt itself to the changes in
social and cultural conditions .The above reasons might serve to explain why Christianity could
come such a long way without being toppled like its secular contemporaries. This does not mean,
however, that Christianity is perfect or faultless..
A. Multiple Choices
1. Christianity is the system of religious belief and practice about ___ and started at the turn of ___ .
A. Mary, 1st century AD B. Jesus Christ, 1st century AD C. Jehovah 1st century BC D Jesus Christ, 1st century BC.
2. On 27 February___, Roman Emperor ___ accepted Christianity as the official religion.
A. 380, Alexander the Great B.380, Theodosius C.400, Octavian D. 100, Jesus Christ
3._____, Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church seated.
A.In 1054 B. In 1054 BC C.In 1055 D. In 380
4. _____is 2nd book of the Old Testament, telling the history of the Hebrews led by Moose’s flight out of Egypt.
A. Exodus B. the Gospel C . Genesis D. Job
5. ____is the cradles of many civilizations, such us Trojan, Phrygian, Achaemenid, Greek, Armenian, Roman and Byzantine.
A. Asia Minor B.Egypt C.Jerusalem D.Aegean Sea
Jacob’s Ladder 天梯: A Biblical term suggesting a ladder to heaven which appeared in the Book of Genesis. When the Biblical patriarch Jacob fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven.
Fill in the blanks. (1) Owing to the repeated conquests of Jerusalem by various aggressors, like _________________ Alexander the Great and __________ the Romans , the Jews suffered a great deal from the violent suppression and the final loss of their homeland. (2) _____ Plato ’s ideas provided a more intellectual and reasonable framework for the basic beliefs of pious Jewish people.
True of false questions.
F (1) When Jesus Christ fled from his brother Esau, he imagined __ the ladder to heaven. T (2) Christianity is a kind of culture. __ T (3) Before the 4th century, Christians had been persecuted in __ Roman Empire. F (4) Jewish culture and religion were immensely enriched by __ Christianity and Western culture. T (5) The Trinity is the unity of Holy Father, Holy Son and Holy __ Spirit in one divine being.
Fill in the blanks.
(1) _______ Baptism is to wash off one’s original sin by sprinkling water over one’s body to indicate that one’s original sin is washed off and that one is admitted into the church. (2) __________ Anointment is a ritual where a priest put specially-made oil on the dying to show benefaction and forgiveness of the sin in that person’s lifetime. (3) ________ Purgatory is a state or place of temporary punishment for the removal of sins not possible in any other ways.
Comprehension Exercise
Fill in the blanks. The Mass is a formal rite, ceremony or service of religious (4) ________ worship. (5) _______________ Excommunication means a Christian is partly or completely expelled from the church, usually with the loss of his citizenship.
Multiple choice. (1) _____, the Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
A. In 1054
B. In 1054 BC
C. In 1055
D. In 380
Multiple choice. (2) In 451 AD, the archbishop of Roman Church, ____________, made himself Pope.
A. St. Peter
B. Saint Leo I
C. Martin Luther
D. John Calvin
Multiple choice. (3) The largest and earliest of non-Roman Catholic Groups in the West is ___________.
A. Lutheran Church
B. Anglicanism
C. Presbyterian
D. Free Churches
Comprehension Exercise
Fill in the blanks. (1) The New Testament contains altogether ___ 27 parts, and the earliest manuscript was written in _____ Greek. (2) The New Testament consists of the four _______ Gospels , a book of ________________ Acts of the Apostles , ______ The Revelations of John . Letters and ____________________
(3) ___________________ The Gospel of Matthew mainly talks about the story of Jesus’ life.
(4) ______________________ The Revelations of St John is considered the most remarkable and most imaginative book of the New Testament.
Comprehension Exercise
Fill in the blanks. (5) Most part of Letters in the New Testament was written by ______ St Paul .
===Chapter 5 The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture===
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
Multiple choice. (1) After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved into _____.
A. the modern era
B. the Middle Ages
C. the new period
D. the Renaissance
Multiple choice. (2) The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _______. A. French
B. Italians
C. Slavs
D. Tartars
Multiple choice. (3) The northern tribes were mostly ruled by_______. A. the elder leader B. the military chief
C. the wise man
D. the nobleman
Multiple choice. (4) The Carolingian Dynasty was expanded by_______.
A. seizing territories
B. staging wars
C. collecting treasures
D. inter-marriage
Multiple choice. (5) Charlemagne offered his reign through the court which worked for the emperor in the guise of the people as symbolized by ______. A. ministers B. generals
C. general assembly
D. deputies
True or false questions. __ T (1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latter’s strong influence on the barbarous tribes. __ F (2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations. __ F (3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. __ T (4) The legends in Charlemagne’s life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance and later periods. __ T (5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different forces of the God, struggling against the primeval giants.
Fill in the blanks.
(1) Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of ______ Greece and _____ Rome with Eastern culture. the ______ (2) Neo-Platonism ____________ is a philosophy linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism, which focused on the power of spirit and transcendentalism. (3) Spiritually and culturally, 14th ____ century in Byzantium showed remarkable vitality.
Fill in the blanks. poems , (1) The early medieval literature was represented by ______ hymns expressing the intense religious particularly by ______ feelings of love of God. (2) The artistic achievements of the Medieval Ages mostly related religion , since it was the focal point in people’s lives and to _______ church was the principal promoter of artistic work. the ______ (3) Construction of major buildings during the Middle Ages, consisted mainly of large numbers of churches, generally in Romanesque and Gothic _____ styles. ___________
True or false questions. __ F (1) Since the medieval culture retarded during almost 1000 years development, this period never enhanced Western human civilization in history. __ T (2) The division of the Frank Empire into three parts after Charlemagne’s death signified the weakening of the centralized system. __ T (3) The spirit of the Goths formed one part of the central features of the Christian Trinity. __ T (4) The hierarchical levels of the priesthood during Medieval Ages begin with the Pope as supreme leader, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the parish priest.
Comprehension Exercise
F (5) In medieval society, God permanently served as an image __ of severity and solemnity, without change until the renaissance.
===Chapter 6 Culture during the Renaissance===
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
1.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance. It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes. (2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples. The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.
1.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.
It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.
(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.
The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.
The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.
1.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.
It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism
had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and
more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture
were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.
2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples
The achievements were seen principally in the six areas, namely painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction,
drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural .Instances could be located in
these areas, The great artists started to focus on the images,linking classicalism with human
nature .
3. Say something about the significance of the Renaissance with respect to its influences on the later development of social and economic and intellectual conditions in the West.
The most significant aspect of the Renaissance is its reassertion of the necessity for ideological
emancipation and intellectual freedom, Thanks to heavy pressure, social development showed
little change. Intellectual progress almost came to a stop,Therefore, the people in this period
eventually took action to oppose the accepted subservience to authority by evoking classical idea
as a major weapon to show their dissatisfaction, With those early achievements in art and literature,
the longing for change and progress began to spread to political and economic domains. More and
more people became conscious of the importance of the Renaissance and joined in the movement
The religious people also wanted to have free choices with their personal beliefs and actions. All
these were under way and prepared for some more changes .
A. Multiple Choices
1. The bourgeoisie was a result of _________ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.
A.mass; B. agricultural; C. industrial; D. commercial;
2. The Renaissance was the ________stage of the Middle Ages before the modern epoch.
A.transitional; B. last; C. initial; D. preparatory;
3. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______.
A. Berlin; B. Rome; C. Bologna; D.Oxford;
4. The Renaissance made its first appearance in the city of _______.
A. Venice, B. Paris; C. Florence; D. London;
5.The core idea of the Renaissance was___________.
A. rationalism; B. realism; C. humanism; D. classicism;
===Chapter 7 Culture during the Enlightenment===
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.
The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.
2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. Voltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.
Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the
principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing the nature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.
For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.
Immanuel Kant 康 德 (1724– 1804): An 18th-century German philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment.
Fill in the blanks. (1) The Enlightenment first started in ______ France . (2) In the 17th century, France became more powerful in economic and military achievements due to the measures and reforms taken by _________ Louis XIV . (3) In ____ 18th century, France lost its initial domination at the sea to England. (4) The Enlightenment was influenced by British __________ empiricism and dissemination of _________________ scientific knowledge . (5) With the worsening situation of France in 18th century, more and more people, led by newly emerging __________ Bourgeoisie strongly demanded for political reforms. ,
True or false questions. T (1) Locke rejects the idea of innate knowledge and argues __ for the acquisition of knowledge from the senses. T (2) The late Renaissance focused on the metaphysical and __ rationalist philosophy, while the Enlightenment was based on epistemology and empiricism. F (3) Locke rejected the division of legislative power and __ administrative power. T (4) Berkeley was the father of a philosophical school called __ phenomenalism. T (5) Hume’s empiricist philosophy greatly influenced __ Immanuel Kant’s critical philosophy.
Multiple choice.
(1) Which of the following philosophers first put forward the idea of the division of power?
A. David Hume. B. John Locke. C. George Berkeley. D. Voltaire.
Comprehension Exercise
Multiple choice. (2) The French Declaration of Human Rights and the American Declaration of Independence owed much of their sources and inspiration to _________Spirit of Laws(1748). A. Montesquieu’s B. Voltaire’s C. Rousseau’s D. Diderot’s
Comprehension Exercise
Multiple choice. (3) Montesquieu’s theory of the division of power divides the political authority into_________. A. legislative, administrative and judicial powers B. legislative, executive and judicial powers C. legislative, executive and electoral powers D. legislative, executive and law enforcement powers
Comprehension Exercise
Multiple choice. (4) Rousseau is famous for his idea of _________. A. the divine right of the king B. the social contract C. the divine right of the human beings D. empiricism
Comprehension Exercise
Multiple choice.
(5) The Enlightenment is not opposed to____________. A. superstition
B. feudalism
C. rationalism
D. absolutism
Match the following English writers with their works.
(1) Henry Fielding (2) Jonathan Swift a. Paradise Lost b. Robinson Crusoe
(3) Daniel Defoe
(4) John Bunyan (5) John Milton
c. Gulliver’s Travels
d. Pilgrim’s Progress e. Tom Jones
True or false questions. T (1) The Enlightenment is characterized by reason, which is a __ critical tool allowing man to get rid of prejudice and change the world, dominating nature through science. F (2) The Enlightenment overcame the prejudice against __ female, and regarded both genders as equal in the society. F (3) The major agents of change in the arts, governments and __ economy were enlightened kings and priests. T (4) The Enlightenment laid an ideological foundation for the __ breakout of the French Revolution. __ T (5) The Enlightenment unveiled the inauguration of the modern era and laid a solid foundation for the later process of the Western modernization.
===Chapter 8 Romanticism,Realism and Naturalism===
1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In
The 18th and 19th centuries were not only an important period for political stage, but also a period of important cultural change. A great host of forms and styles came to the fore in the scene of Western literature and art. They included romanticism, realism and naturalism. Generally realism is based on the mode of reproducing reality, while romanticism focuses on emotion and nature and ontological naturalism refers more to reality being limited to the observable world. The 18th-century Enlightenment firmly established the rational capacity of the Europeans. But by the end of the century and into the early part of the 19th century, people began to realize that man is an emotional and organic individual. Therefore, the man of reason became the new man
of feeling. By the 1830s and 1840s, the Romantic Movement began to wane, while the trend towards realism started to rise. Realism in fact, as a reaction to romanticism, shared and maintained its focus upon the freedom of the artistic mind. But compared with romanticism, realism puts more value upon the mind and observations of the outside world. Realism emphasizes the truthful and objective representation of reality. In literature, prose fiction, especially the novel, becomes its most often employed means to achieve the goal. Naturalism is the further development of realism in the sense that a naturalistic representation tends more to expose the essence of the object by means of inherent social and environmental factors. Realism preceded impressionism in the 19th century and survived into the 20th century, notably as the social realism of left-wing movements in art and literature.
? To understand the origin and the major concerns of romanticism ? To be familiar with the Romanticist School and its achievements in France, Germany and England ? To know the characteristics of realism ? To get to know the birth of naturalism and its development in literature and arts
I. Romanticism II. Realism III. Naturalism
The Birth and Characteristics of Romanticism Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment and against the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It began as early as Rousseau. He held that human natural feelings pointed to the right direction while reason would lead man astray. Under Rousseau’s influence, romanticism became discernible first in France, and its substantial achievements were made in Germany and England. Romantic’s emphasis was the individual and the subjective viewpoint. They delighted in irrational, imaginative, personal, natural, emotional, visionary, and transcendental elements of experience. The most typical of romanticism was a deepened
appreciation of the beauties of nature. As well, romanticism preferred to turn into the self, to examine human into personality and to value heroic qualities. Romanticism has involved itself in the literary and artistic areas as poetry, painting and music by exhibiting the features of individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, nationalism and disillusionment.
The Romanticist School and Its Achievements
Goethe: Faust, drama Storm and The sorrow of Young Werther In Germany Stress Schiller: The Robber Movement music Beethoven, Hayden, Mozart, Schubert and Schumann
painting In France
E. Delacroix: Freedom Leads the People, Dante and Virgil in the Hell Thé odore Gé ricault: The Raft of the Medusa Fran? ois Rude: Marseillaise
sculpture
Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads, The Lake Poets Prelude Coleridge: Kubla Khan, The Ancient Mariner In England poetry young Byron: Beppo, Don Juan radical Shelley: Queen Mab, poets Ode to the West Wind Keats: Ode to Nightingale, Ode on Melancholy
Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744 – 1803) 赫尔德：A German philosopher, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang (“狂飙突进”运动), and Weimar Classicism(魏玛古典主义).
Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) “狂飙突进”运动：The name of a movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s through the early 1780s in which individual subjectivity and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in response to the confines of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aesthetic movements. The main representatives were Herder, Goethe and Schiller.
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759 – 1805) 席勒: A German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist. During the last few years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang Goethe, with whom he greatly discussed issues concerning aesthetics, encouraging Goethe to finish works he left merely as sketches; this thereby gave way to a period now referred to as Weimar Classicism.
The Lake Poets湖畔诗人: The Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single ―school‖ of thought or literary practice then known. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The main figures are William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
Multiple choice. (1) Romanticism first began in the ideas of ____. A. Wordsworth B. Coleridge C. Rousseau D. Byron
Multiple choice. (2) English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by _____.
A. Wordsworth and Southey
B. Coleridge and Southey C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D. Southey and Blake
Multiple choice. (3) The most famous German romantic writer is Goethe whose representative works include ___.
A. Faust and The Robber
B. Faust and The Sorrows of Yong Werther C. Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther D. Faust and The Divine Comedy
Multiple choice. (4) With the works of Freedom Leads the People and Dante and Virgil in the Hell, was named as the greatest French Romantic painter. A. Baron Antoine Gros
B. Theodore Gericault
C. P. O. Runge D. Eugene Delacroix
Multiple choice. (5) Which of the following is not the ode written by John Keats?
A. Ode to Nightingale.
B. Ode on Melancholy. C. Ode to the West Wind. D. Ode on Indolence.
Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples.
Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.
To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom. The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.
?The Background and Definition of Realism
Background Political situation in Europe: French Revolution opened a wide road for capitalist development. The principles of equality, freedom and philanthropy were widespread. The bourgeois democratic revolution removed the barriers of the forces defending the monarchies. In the 19th century, the capitalist mode of production in Europe became more effective and established. Nonetheless, consequent social contradictions between the aspirations of bourgeoisie and the proletariat sharpened. Socialist ideology grew from the utopian stage to the practical stage, and thus Marxism, Darwinism and Positivism were born.
Definition and Performance Realism as a mode of writing or creative expression dates back to ancient times. As early as Aristotle’s Poetics, realism was defined as a mode of copying from reality. It has been pursued universally in the arts and refers to the accurate, detailed, nonornamented depiction of nature or human life. In the 19th century, realists inclined themselves to the exposition of social reality and condemnation of social evil and darkness.
?Realist Fiction and Painting Writer Works
Common Feature of the Works
i. criticism of the dark Charles Bleak House, forces of society Dickens Oliver Twist, David Copperfield ii. sympathy for the poor, Fiction the good and the weak William Vanity Fair iii. attacks against the Thackeray system or other deeprooted social evils Leo Anna Karenina, Tolstoy The Resurrection iv. a mixture of diverse ideas Antony The Seagul, Chekhov The Three sisters
Painter
Works Burial at Ornans, Stone Breakers The Sower, The Gleaners
Gustave Courbet
Painting Jean-Francois Millet
Honore Daumier
The Third-Class Wagon
Positivism 实证主义: It refers to a set of epistemological perspectives and philosophies of science which hold that the scientific method is the best approach to uncovering the processes by which both physical and human events occur. Though the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of Western thought from the ancient Greeks to the present day, the concept was developed in the early 19th century by the philosopher and founding sociologist, Auguste Comte.
Barbizon School 巴比松画派: The Barbizon school (c. 1830–1870) of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest, France, where the artists gathered. They aimed to reproduce the local character of the landscape. The Barbizon painters were part of a movement towards realism in art which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time. The leaders of the Barbizon school were Thé odore Rousseau, Charles-Fran? ois Daubigny, and JeanFran? ois Millet.
“The Eight” 八人派：It is a group of American artists who exhibited as a group only once, at the Macbeth Gallery in New York in 1908. The show, which created a sensation, subsequently toured the US under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. ―The Eight‖ are remembered as a group, despite the fact that their works were very diverse in terms of style and subject matter. Later, five of the artists (Henri, Sloan, Glackens, Shinn, and Luks) painted the gritty urban scenes that characterized the Ashcan School.
Neue Sachlichkeit（The New Objectivity） 新即物派：It is an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as a natural development of, and in opposition to, expressionism. The movement essentially ended in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazis to power. The term is applied to works of pictorial art, literature, music, and architecture.
True or false questions. ____ F Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection put forward in his Survival of the Fittest dealt a fatal blow to the Christian Creationism. ____ T Realism refers to the accurate, detailed, non-ornamented depiction of nature or human life. ____ T English realism finds its best expression in novels. ____ F The most representative works of Charles Dickens are Vanity Fair, Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. ____ T As a major painter of the Barbizon School, Miller often painted rural scenes or conventional images with a real sense of daily life.
Although the realistic writers made their works in different styles and perspectives, they shared the common points of realism. Can you generalize these common points? All the realistic novels share the following points: i. criticism of the dark forces of society ii. sympathy for the poor, the good and the weak iii. attacks against the system or other deep-rooted social evils iv. a mixture of diverse ideas
? The Birth and Features of Naturalism The French nation was thrown into a state of depression and pessimism after the failure of Napoleon’s war. Later, Louis Bonarparte built up the second republic until he made himself emperor. In the war against German troops, the French army was beaten. French humiliation and despair culminated when German soldiers went into Paris. Under such circumstances, many Frenchmen, especially the writers and intellectuals, became more pessimistic, seeing more of the dark side of the human society and human weakness. Some writers tried to use comparatively natural ways to reflect and represent real life, with the various characters and aspects of society. Such a method is similar to the realistic way of writing.
But the naturalist way of writing emphasizes more of the influence on human nature and behavior of inheritance and environment, ignoring the social and historical role employed by fiction.
? Naturalistic Novels and Art Writer Emile Zola Goncourt brothers Novel Guy de Maupassant Jack London Theodore Dreiser Works Rougon-Macquart Germinie Lacerteux The Necklace (short story) The Sea-Wolf, A Piece of Steak (short story) Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy
Theatre Art Painting
Thé ? tre Libre / Free Theatre: founded by AndréAntoine in Pais Freie Buhne / Free Stage: founded by Otto Brahm in Berlin Vincent van Gogh: The Potato Eaters
Les Rougon-Macquart 《 卢 贡 · 马卡尔家 族》: It is the collective title given to a cycle of twenty novels by French writer ?mile Zola. Subtitled ―Histoire naturelle et sociale d’une famille sous le Second Empire‖ (Natural and social history of a family during the Second Empire), it follows the life of a fictional family living during the Second French Empire (1852–1870) and is an example of French naturalism. The series begin from La Fortune des Rougon, and Grminal makes Zola’s climax of writing career.
The Thé ? tre Libre (French: Free Theatre) 自 由 剧 场 : It was a theatre company that operated from 1887 to 1896 in the Montmartre district of Paris, France. T h e Thé ? tre Libre combined Realism with Naturalism, and emphasized ensemble acting. AndréAntoine, its primary director, became known as the father of Naturalistic Staging. He sought to make every play as real as possible, such as when real beef carcasses were used on stage.
Freie Bü hne (German: “Free Stage”) 自由剧院: It is an independent Berlin theatre founded in 1889 by 10 writers and critics and supervised by the writerdirector Otto Brahm for the purpose of staging new, naturalistic plays. Like AndréAntoine’s Thé ? tre Libre in Paris, Brahm’s company gave private performances to theatre subscribers only.
Please match the following writers with their works.
1. Emile Zola 2. Goncourt brothers 3. Guy de Maupassant 4. Jack London 5. Theodore Dreiser
a. Germinie Lacerteux b. The Necklace c. An American Tragedy d. The Sea-Wolf e. Rougon-Macquart
What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism? The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to
the cause or motivation of certain events or behaviours; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behaviour by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.
1. Further Reading 2. Reference Books
About Lyrical Ballads Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 (see 1798 in poetry) and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic Movement in literature. The immediate effect on critics was modest, but it became and remains a landmark, changing the course of English literature and poetry. Most of the poems in the 1798 edition were written by Wordsworth, with Coleridge contributing only four poems to the collection, including one of his most famous works, ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Excerpted from Part I) (The land of ice, and of fearful sounds where no living thing was to be seen.) And through the drifts the snowy clifts Did send a dismal sheen (惨淡的光芒); Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken （"古"看到）－ The ice was all between.
The ice was here, the ice was there, The ice was all around; It cracked and growled, and roared and howled, Like noises in a swound（昏眩）! (Till a great sea-bird, called the Albatross（信天翁）, came through the snow-fog, and was received with great joy and hospitality.) At length did cross an Albatross, Thorough the fog it came; As if it had been a Christian soul, We hailed it in God’s name.
It ate the food it ne’er（"诗"永不，决不）had eat, And round and round it flew. The ice did split with a thunder-fit; The helmsman steered us through!
The Chinese translation (for reference only): 冰山射出惨淡的光芒， 在飘流的云雾中若明若灭； 四周既无人迹也无鸟兽—— 只有一望无际的冰雪。 这儿是冰雪，那儿是冰雪， 到处都是冰雪茫茫； 冰雪在怒吼，冰雪在咆哮， 像人昏厥时听到隆隆巨响！
终于飞来了一头信天翁， 它穿过海上弥漫的云雾， 仿佛它也是一个基督徒， 我们以上帝的名义向它欢呼。 它吃着从未吃过的食物， 又绕着船儿盘旋飞舞。 坚冰霹雳一声突然裂开， 舵手把我们引上了新途！
Discussion: Can you analyze this poem from the perspective of Romanticism?
Novel Excerpt From David Copperfield By Charles Dickens Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show. To begin my life with the beginning of my life, I record that I was born (as I have been informed and believe) on a Friday, at twelve o’clock at night. It was remarked that the clock began to strike, and I began to cry, simultaneously. In consideration of the day and hour of my birth, it was declared by the nurse, and by some sage women in the neighbourhood who had taken a lively interest in me several months before there was any possibility of our becoming
personally acquainted, first, that I was destined to be unlucky in life; and secondly, that I was privileged to see ghosts and spirits; both these gifts inevitably attaching, as they believed, to all unlucky infants of either gender, born towards the small hours on a Friday night. I need say nothing here, on the first head, because nothing can show better than my history whether that prediction was verified or falsified by the result. On the second branch of the question, I will only remark, that unless I ran through that part of my inheritance while I was still a baby, I have not come into it yet. But I do not at all complain of having been kept out of this property; and if anybody else should be in the present enjoyment of it, he is heartily welcome to keep it.
Discussion: Do you know the story of David Copperfield? Try to get the plot of the novel and share it with your classmates.
Berlin, Isaiah. 1999. The Roots of Romanticism. London: Chatto & Windus. Breckman, Warren. 2007. European Romanticism: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Tekiner, Deniz. 2000. Modern Art and the Romantic Vision.University Press of America. Baron, Christine and Engel, Manfred(ed.). 2010. Realism/Anti-Realism in 20th-Century Literature. NL: Rodopi. Morris, Pam. 2003. Realism. London: Routledge.
1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.
To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.
The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.
2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism? The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to the to East for the neijiang-Kunming highway bridge across the River, maming Creek Bridge, pond bridge, bridge, rongzhou bridge, and South Bridge. There are two bridges across the minjiang River: minjiang River Bridge on neikun highway bridge. Inner-city transportation: Shu Nan road, binjiang road, North Road, the minjiang River, the Yangtze River Road, lingang
cause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.
Multiple choice. (1) Romanticism first began in the ideas of ____. A. Wordsworth B. Coleridge C. Rousseau D. Byron
Multiple choice. (2) English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by _____.
A. Wordsworth and Southey
B. Coleridge and Southey C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D. Southey and Blake
Multiple choice. (3) The most famous German romantic writer is Goethe whose representative works include ___.
A. Faust and The Robber
B. Faust and The Sorrows of Yong Werther C. Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther D. Faust and The Divine Comedy
Multiple choice. (4) With the works of Freedom Leads the People and Dante and Virgil in the Hell, was named as the greatest French Romantic painter. A. Baron Antoine Gros
B. Theodore Gericault
C. P. O. Runge D. Eugene Delacroix
Multiple choice. (5) Which of the following is not the ode written by John Keats?
A. Ode to Nightingale.
B. Ode on Melancholy. C. Ode to the West Wind. D. Ode on Indolence.
True or false questions. ____ F Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection put forward in his Survival of the Fittest dealt a fatal blow to the Christian Creationism. ____ T Realism refers to the accurate, detailed, non-ornamented depiction of nature or human life. ____ T English realism finds its best expression in novels. ____ F The most representative works of Charles Dickens are Vanity Fair, Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. ____ T As a major painter of the Barbizon School, Miller often painted rural scenes or conventional images with a real sense of daily life.
Please match the following writers with their works.
1. Emile Zola 2. Goncourt brothers 3. Guy de Maupassant 4. Jack London 5. Theodore Dreiser
a. Germinie Lacerteux b. The Necklace c. An American Tragedy d. The Sea-Wolf e. Rougon-Macquart
===Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries===
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.
Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an
investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and epistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of reality of the “things in themselves” remains forever unaccessible to the human mind and what we
can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought. 1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.
Multiple choice. 1. The parliamentary reform of 1832 in England enabled ___________ to come to power on behalf of the interests of the bourgeoisie. A. the Conservative Party B. the Liberal Party C. the Whig Party D. the Tories
Multiple choice. 2. Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism is founded on two principles: the psychological principle of the association of ideas and _________. A. the achievement of the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people B. the achievement of the greatest happiness of the minority of people C. the achievement of the greatest happiness of the elite D. the achievement of the greatest happiness of the laboring classes
Multiple choice. 3. Utilitarianism is established by Jeremy Bentham and perfected by __________.
A. Robert Owen
B. John Stuart Mill
C. David Hume
D. Kant
Multiple choice. 4. According to Jeremy Bentham, both right and obligation should come from law and they both have three aspects: ______. A. political, religious and moral
B. political, natural and moral
C. natural, religious and moral D. natural, religious and political
Multiple choice. 5. The difference between Bentham and Mill on utilitarianism is: _______.
A. Utilitarianism means the doctrine for achieving the greatest happiness B. Utilitarianism includes not only the pursuit of happiness, but also the avoidance of pain C. Utility could differ by degree and in quantity D. Utility is different in quality and happiness could be classified by advantages
True or false questions. ___ F 1. “Things in themselves” is Kant’s major philosophical idea. Fichte was influenced greatly by it and perfected the idea. ___ T 2. Nietzsche is generally regarded as the initiator of the modern philosophy of human life. ___ T 3. The modern term of “alienation” can be traced back to Nietzsche. ___ T 4. Schopenhauer’s philosophical view of human nature is basically pessimistic. ___ T 5. To Hegel, the best type of state is in the polity of the constitutional monarchy.
Fill in the blanks.
The Wealth of Nations is acknowledged as the 1. Adam Smith’s ___________________ sign of the inception of classical economics. 2. Classical economists reoriented economics away from an analysis of the ruler’s personal interests to ___________ a class-based interest. 3. Adam Smith is most often recognized for the expression ________________ “the invisible hand” , which he used to demonstrate how selfinterest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nation’s economy, with public welfare coming as a by-product.
Fill in the blanks. 4. David Ricardo defined rent as “the difference between the produce obtained by the employment of two equal quantities of ______ capital and _____ labor . 5. Malthus’s hypothesis implied that ______________ actual population always has a tendency to push above the food supply.
True or false questions.
___ F 1. The earliest utopian doctrine came from Meyer’s book Utopia. ___ T 2. Utopian socialism started from mechanical materialism and had theoretical significance in the formation of Marxism. ___ T 3. The utopian representatives held that socialism and communism both had a rational basis. ___ F 4. The utopian socialist thinkers shared a similar view to change the society by violent means. ___ T 5. One of the limitations of utopian socialism is that it emphasized the anticipated change in man, denied the need for the class struggle and regarded their version of socialism as non-political socialism.
===Chapter 10 The Modernist Movement and Literary Achievement===
1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In
Modernism was born at the turn of the 20th century and swept many countries. Many social and psychological problems found expression in cultural and literary form, thus representing the real mood and emotion of the ordinary people in the West who were torn by countless troubles arising out of the social, political and cultural contradictions and clashes. At this juncture, the emergence of a number of schools of social ideology in the late 19th century, such as Freud’s theory of psycho-analysis, Bergson’s theory of intuitionalism as well as the seemingly irrational ideas of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche helped define and clarify the spiritual needs of those intellectuals. These ideological varieties further emancipated people’s mind and gave them both courage and direction to tap the new area of human knowledge and ideology.
In a way the change of the cultural and intellectual climate in this period had something to do with romanticism and cultural trend of the time. More radical modes of creation appeared, first in poetry and then spread to other forms of writing and art. They were more rebellious, more radical, more opposed to tradition and social reality and more concerned with their own forms of subjective representation. Such a changed approach moved eventually into modernism. Symbolism as an aesthetic movement opened the way for the eventual arrival of modernism, a grand and complicated cultural movement taking form at the beginning of the 20th century. It included literature and art and embraced many schools of ideological rebellion and alternative forms of artistic representation. It marked the inception of a really new era in terms of cultural and intellectual development.
To understand the background and definition of modernism
To compare the different modernist trends of literature ? To get familiar with the major modernist figures ? To get to know the literary and cultural criticism of new era
?
I. A General Account of Modernism
II. Modernist Trend of Literature III. Modernist Literature in Britain and Other English-speaking Countries IV. Literary and Cultural Criticism of New Era
The early signs of Modernism (the middle of the 19th century in France) — Baudelaire in poetry/Manet in painting/Flaubert in prose fiction two schools of arts and letters: impressionism and symbolism ? The definition of Modernism (by Morris Bib)— i. two extremes: the reestablishment of religious faith on the one hand and the defence of individualist, anarchist culture on the other ii. one middle line: the vacillation between faith and bewilderment, belief and suspicion
a salient characteristic of Modernism—individual awareness ? The core of Modernist thought— i. the sense of despair, bitterness and anxiety: the death of all modern idols: God, man, reason, science, progress and history age of anxiety: anxiety of meaninglessness (loss of a spiritual center, faith and values) ii. the maturation of the modernist movement: literary revolution by the “lost generation”: to rebel against the senseless slaughter of WWI and the traditional values artistic revolution by the Dada: to break with the values of the 19th century and its philosophical and personal materialism and its rationalism
Modernist performances in literature and art— features: represent both progressive and radical tendencies; insist upon the subjectivity expressive means: expressionism, cubism, postimpressionism, futurism, etc. emblem: the adversary culture major figures among writers: T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Virginia Woolf major figures among composers: Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern major figures of modern dance: Emile Jaques-Delcroze, Rudolf Laban, Loie Fuller
major figures among painters: Edouard Manet major figures among architects: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier Modernist Influence— to bring about a variety of Modernist genres and groups: Bolshevik tendencies, International Style, avant-garde activity, etc. to revolt against the values of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois conservative values to cause a series of cultural and artistic works different from traditional form of art to open a way of thinking and creation to human cultural and spiritual development, and move to the Postmodernist era
Realpolitik (power policy) 实力政策: It refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises. In this respect, it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism. Realpolitik is a theory of politics that focuses on considerations of power, not ideals, morals, or principles. Balancing power to keep the European pentarchy was the means for keeping the peace, and careful Realpolitikers tried to avoid arms races. The most famous German advocate of ―Realpolitik‖ was Otto von Bismarck.
the Lost Generation 迷惘的一代: A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and others.
Dada or Dadaism 达达主义: A cultural movement that began in Zurich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature—poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. In addition to being anti-war, Dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchist in nature.
International Style 国际风格: A major architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of Modernist architecture. The term had its origin from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson written to record the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932 which identified, categorized and expanded upon characteristics common to Modernism across the world. As a result, the focus was more on the stylistic aspects of Modernism. Hitchcock’s and Johnson’s aims were to define a style of the time, which would encapsulate this modern architecture. They identified three different principles: the
expression of volume rather than mass, balance rather than preconceived symmetry and the expulsion of applied ornament.
avant-garde activity 先锋派运动: Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The notion of the existence of the avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, as distinct from postmodernism. Many artists have aligned themselves with the avant-garde movement and still continue to do so, tracing a history from Dada through the situationists to postmodern artists such as the language poets around 1981.
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
Fill in the blanks. 1. The early signs of Modernism emerged in the middle of the 19th century. In the arts and letters, two schools originating in France had particular impact. They were ____________ impressionism and symbolism. 2. The broadly acceptable definition of Modernism was given by Morris Bib, who stated that Modernism should contain ___________ two extremes and one middle line. 3. The artists who rebelled against the senseless slaughter of the WWI and raised the literary revolution in the 1920s were called _________________ the ―lost generation‖ .
Fill in the blanks. 4. In the visual arts the roots of Modernism are often traced back to painter _____________ Edouard Manet , who broke away in the 1860s from inherited notions of perspective, modeling, and subject matter. 5. The second stage of Modernism is _______________ Postmodernist era , a period with more reflection on and positive attitude towards the past.
Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and farreaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the ―traditional‖ forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.
Modernism — despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could not reject all
the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, that they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.
Major Schools of Modernism
ideas
deny rational knowledge and logical thinking; ignore reality and use intuitional power; express idealistic beauties in abstract image
Symbolism
tone of works themes
characterized by pain, frustration and sorrow
death, dusk, autumn, fallen leaves, tolls at grave, burned-out candles, etc.
Baudelaire, Rimbaud representatives Verlaine, Moreas Mallarme, Valery
Futurism
ideas
deny the importance of past cultural heritage; eulogize modern urban life and the machineage civilization; advert formalism; use mathematical symbols to create ―future art‖
representatives Marinetti, D’Annunzio
ideas
Imagism
image being the essence of intuitional language; catch images in life by intuitional power
representatives Ernest Hulme, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot
social crisis and man’s alienation are the central concern dramatists: Eugene O’Neil, Express Bertolt Brecht, -ionism Johan August Stindberg, representatives novelist: Kafka Metamorphosi The Trial and The Castle Modernist Techniques of Expression i. preference for the symbolic ii. fascination with the absurd iii. disillusionment with the traditional (anti-fiction, anti-drama) iv. representation of inwardness
ideas
cubism 立体主义: A 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. The first branch of cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second phase, Synthetic Cubism, the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.
surrealism 超现实主义: A cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader AndréBreton was explicit in his assertion that surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.
the stream of consciousness 意识流: a modernist literary school emphasizing psychological representation, featured by interior monologue and associative (and at times dissociative) leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.
existentialism 存在主义: A term applied to the work of a number of philosophers since the 19th century who, despite large differences in their positions, generally focused on the condition of human existence, and an individual’s emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts, or the meaning or purpose of life. Existential philosophers often focused more on what they believed was subjective, such as beliefs and religion, or human states, feelings, and emotions, such as freedom, pain, guilt, and regret, as opposed to analyzing objective knowledge, language, or science. The early 19th century philosopher S? ren Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of existentialism.
Match the following schools of modernism with their representatives. Schools (1) symbolism (2) futurism (3) imagism (4) expressionism Representatives a. Ezra Pound b. Baudelaire c. Eugene O’Neill d. Marinetti
Tell the major schools of modernism and their common techniques of expression. The major schools of modernism are: symbolism, futurism, imagism, expressionism, etc. Although they have diversities in their representative methods, the common techniques of expression they share are: preference for the symbolic; fascination with the absurd; disillusionment with the traditional (anti-fiction, anti-drama); representation of inwardness.
Early Modernist Events and Figures
Events Figures Hulme
Works
Themes of Works
initiation of imagism
Ezra Pound
Hugh Selwyn anguish and depression of Mauberley social turmoil
post-war AngloAmerican modernism
D.H. Lawrence
sickness of modern The Rainbow, civilization, human psyche, Women in psychological alienation, Love intellectual decline dark side of modern western society, spiritual emptiness and rootlessness of modern existence
Prufrock and Other, T. S. Eliot Observations, The Waste Land
Irish Writers
Writers Works Themes or Methods of Writing
W.B. Yeats
The Wild Swans at Coole, creativity, selfhood, the Michael Robartes and individual’s relationship to the Dancer, nature, time and history The Tower, The Winding Stair
Dubliners, partly realistic partly symbolic, A Portrait of the Artist individual awareness of human as a Young Man James Joyce Ulysses the stream of consciousness polyglot idiom of puns and portmanteau words, abundant songs and stories of both history and present time
Finnegans Wake
Feminist Writing
Writers Works Features of the Works
To the Lighthouse, Virginia The Waves, Woolf Between the Acts
the use of stream of consciousness, a new view and treatment of subjectivity, time and history, to create a certainty about the need to modify traditional forms of fiction
Modernist Writing after the WWII
The Angry Young Men George Orwell William Golding subject of works representative novels works works upward social mobility Kingsley Amis’ Lucky Jim, Angus Wilson’s No Laughing Matter, Alan Sillitoe’s Saturday Night and Sunday Morning Animal Farm, Nineteen Eighty-four Lord of the Flies, The Inheritors, Pincher Martin, Free Fall, etc.
Postcolonial Writing
Writers
Works Features of Writing stylistic miscellaneousness, to evoke controversy and misunderstanding from outside Britain to the extent of a death threat be occupied with myth, magic, and fable, to counter the ―patriarchal discourse‖
Midnight’s Children, Salman Shame, Rushdie The Satanic Verses
The Bloody Angela Chamber and Carter Other Stories
the first half of the 20th century
American Literature Features or Themes of Major Representative Writing Writers Works Beyond the sophisticated, featured Horizon, either with expressionism O’Neill Anna Christie, or naturalism, wide range The Hairy Ape, in subject matter Strange Interlude The Sun Also Rises, full of the existential A Farewell to disillusionment of Hemingway America’s ―lost Arms, The Old Man and the Sea generation‖ expatriates
Faulkner
The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, The Hamlet
the use of stream-ofconsciousness techniques combined with the social history of the American south
Steinbeck
the social struggles of In Dubious Battle, migrant farm worker in The Grapes of California during the Wrath Great Depression
Norman Mailer the post- Irwin Shaw war period Kurt Vonnegut Jr.
The Naked and the Dead The Young Lions, Catch-22 Slaughterhousefive
themes: cultural impact, social upheavals and political uncertainties writing techniques: black humour, absurdist fantasy
poetry from 1945 to Theodore 1960 Roethke
Robert Lowell
spiritual torments and family history revealed a genius for ironic lyricism
the Beat Poets: Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, etc.
Modernist Literature in Other English-Speaking Countries
Countries
Representatives
New Zealand Katherine Mansfield Australia Furnley Maurice, Christena Stead, Frederic Manning, Patrick White poets: A.J.M. Smith, F. R. Scott, A.M. Klein, Dorothy Livesay novelists: Morley Callaghan
Canada
the Great Depression 经济大萧条 : A severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century.
metaphysical poetry 玄学诗派: A term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them, and whose work was characterized by inventiveness of metaphor. Their poetry was influenced greatly by the changing times, new sciences and the debauched scene of the 17th century. John Donne was one of the most famous metaphysical poets.
the Beat Poets美国“垮掉派”诗人: Poets of the Beat Generation, a term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the late 1950s, and also the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired: a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality. The representatives were Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, etc.
Multiple choice.
(1) Ezra Pound is the leading spokesman of the _______ . A. Imagist Movement B. Chartist Movement C. Modernist Movement D. Romantic Movement
Multiple choice.
(2) Which of the following American novels can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of literary modernism? A. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. B. The Sound and the Fury. C. Daisy Miller. D. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
Multiple choice.
(3) James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are usually associated with _________. A. the Imagist Movement B. the Feminist Movement C. the Stream of Consciousness technique D. Futurism
Multiple choice.
(4) Which of the following is not true about modernist techniques of expression? A. Preference for the symbolic. B. Fascination with the absurd. C. Disillusionment with the traditional. D. Representation of the outward reality.
Multiple choice. (5) Ernest Hemingway’s early works like The Sun Also Rises were full of the existential disillusionment of America’s .
A. Beat Generation B. Lost Generation C. Fail Generation D. Angry Generation
Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work. James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake (1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners (1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel,
which takes place in a single day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.
Feminism stand for the defence of woman’s interests, personality and struggles against sexual Ideas discrimination; oppose the traditional differentiation between man and woman First Period born in the 19th century from 1960s
Second Wave representatives
Kate Millet, Sexual Politics Virginia Woolf: A Room of One’s Own Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex
from 1980s the French school: care for the analysis of language and structure Third Period fell into two the American-British school: focus on schools the implication of the text and the feminist image
post-colonialist Criticism
Represent -atives Works Ideas or Influence
Beginning (1952)
Frantz Fanon
Heyday (1960s)
Edward Said
promoted the Black Skins development of colonial White Masks theory and colonial independence three-fold implications of orientalism: academically, Orientalism stylistically, and in terms of history and material sense
Represent -atives Gayatri Later Develop- Spivak ment (from the end of the Homi K. 1970s) Bhabha
Works
Ideas or Influence
combined structuralism, Marxism and feminism in postcolonial cultural studies focused on a combination of Freud’s psychoanalysis and Western Marxism
New Historicism and Cultural Materialism Formation
first appearance in Roy Rearse’s Historicism New Once More in 1969; Historicism thrown into fashion by Stephen Greenblatt
Ideas
assert the importance of inter-textual study based on the historical background to grasp the essence of prose within the framework of a certain text
first appearance in Cultural Stephen Greenblatt’s Materialism Renaissance SelfFashioning
refer to the cultural nature of a text; concern more about political power tendencies; expand the lower-class voices; expose the sins of unconscious politics; heighten awareness of past wrongdoings
Western Cultural Theory Beginning F. R. Leavis—the first cultural researcher Richard Hoggart: establish the Birmingham Centre of Development Contemporary Culture Raymond Williams culturalists’ on ―the form of life‖ study Later Development structural on ―symbols‖ study
representatives 1970s(French theory)
ideas
Pierre Bourdieu, Michel de Certeau, Michel Foucault emphasize diversity and variety of individual lifestyles and backgrounds; emphasize more of the independence of each part of social areas
New Cultural features Study new branches
concentrate on issues as racism, sexuality, the cultural industry, supraclass issues and globalization; focus on self-value, personality development and ethical norm; combined with hi-tech developments and globalization mass culture; cultural policy research
orientalism 东方主义 : A term used for the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artists, as well as having other meanings. In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more specifically “the Middle East including North Africa”, was one of the many specialisms of 19th century Academic art. In 1978, the Palestinian-American scholar Edward Said published his influential and controversial book, Orientalism, which “would forever redefine” the word; he used the term to describe a pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries.
the Marlboro brand 万宝路香烟商标: A brand of cigarette of the US. It is famous for its billboard advertisements and magazine ads of the Marlboro Man.
Ronald Reagan美国前总统里根 (1911–2004) : The fortieth President of the United States (1981–1989), the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). And prior to that, he was a radio, film actor.
Mrs. Margaret Thatcher 英国前首相 撒切尔夫人 (1925– ) : Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to hold either post.
True of false questions. ___ F (1) Feminism was first put forth by American woman critic Kate Millet in her Sexual Politics. ___ T (2) The term ―orientalism‖ was re-defined by Edward Said in his book Orientalism. Cultural materialism was extended from Stephen ___ T (3) Greenblatt’s cultural poetics and it refers to the cultural nature of a text rather than the textual historical essence.
True of false questions. ___ T (4) The French theory in cultural studies is different from the traditional theory of Western social democracy and politics. It emphasizes more of the independence of each part of social areas. ___ F (5) As a new branch of cultural studies, mass culture originated from Foucault’s claim that culture itself is not purpose but a mechanism to transmit ―governmental form‖.
Compared with the traditional colonial theory, what kind of new ideas were raised by the post-colonialist criticism? The ultimate goal of post-colonialism is accounting for and combating the residual effects of colonialism on cultures. It is not simply concerned with salvaging past worlds, but learning how the world can move beyond this period together, towards a place of mutual respect. This section surveys the thoughts of a number of postcolonialism’s most prominent thinkers as to how to go about this.
Post-colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions which underlie the ―logic‖ of colonialism are still active forces today. Exposing and deconstructing the racist, imperialist nature of these assumptions will remove their power of persuasion and coercion. Recognizing that they are not simply airy substances but have widespread material consequences for the nature and scale of global inequality makes this project all the more urgent.
A key goal of post-colonial theorists is clearing space for multiple voices. This is especially true of those voices that
have been previously silenced by dominant ideologies －
subalterns. It is widely recognized within the discourse that this space must first be cleared within academia. Edward Said,
in his book Orientalism, provides a clear picture of the ways
social scientists, specifically Orientalists, can disregard the views of those they actually study－preferring instead to rely on the intellectual superiority of themselves and their peers.
1. Further Reading 2. Reference Books
Pound and Imagism The art of creating an object-like structure in words was taken virtually to its limit in this famous poem In a Station of the Metro: The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals, on a wet, black bough. The poem itself perhaps requires little commentary. Like a Romantic lyric, it attempts to capture a moment of heightened aesthetic awareness, but it does so with a pronounced economy of means. There is no ―poet‖ present, no ―I‖, not even a main
verb. Instead there is just a location given, in the title, an image of faces brie?y evoked, and, by means of a juxtaposition (并列), a further image introduced which serves as a simile or analogue of the first. Although Pound remarks in his commentary on this poem that ―it is meaningless unless one has drifted into a certain vein of thought‖, in fact the opposite could be asserted: that such a work demands very little in the way of emotional assent or intellectual participation from the reader. It is what it is: a juxtaposition
juxtaposition of images of the starkest kind. While we can adduce a certain type of aesthetic emotion on the part of the poet whom we imagine undergoing this experience in the Parisian Metro, this remains not only understated but unstated, a mere possibility left, undiscussed, in the background. Discussion: How can you understand imagism in Pound’s short poem In a Station of the Metro?
The Sun Also Rises and the Lost Generation The first book of The Sun Also Rises is set in mid-1920s Paris. Americans were drawn to Paris in the Roaring Twenties （兴旺的20年代）by the favorable exchange rate, with as many as 200,000 English-speaking expatriates living there. Hemingway had more artistic freedom in Paris than in the US at a period when Ulysses, written by his friend James Joyce, was banned and burned in New York.
The themes of The Sun Also Rises are apparent from its two epigraphs. The first is an allusion to the ―Lost Generation‖, a term coined by Gertrude Stein referring to the post-war generation; the other epigraph is a long quotation from Ecclesiastes（传道书）: ―What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun? One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose.‖ Hemingway told his editor Max Perkins that the book was not so much about a generation being lost, but that ―the earth abideth forever‖. He thought the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been ―battered‖ but were not lost.
Discussion: Have you read Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises? Can you understand the existential disillusionment of America’s ―lost generation‖ expatriates in the novel?
? Weston, Richard. 2001. Modernism . Phaidon Press. ? Lewis, Pericles. 2007. The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ? Hoberek, Andrew. 2005. Twilight of the Middle Class: Post World War II Fiction and White Collar Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ? Gaurav Gajanan Desai, Supriya Nair. 2005. Postcolonialisms: An Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism. Rutgers University Press. ? Dooling, Amy D. 2005. Women’s Literary Feminism in Twentieth-Century China. Macmillan.
Modernism — despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.
2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.
James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor
Finnegans Wake (1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners (1914) and the
semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of
the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in a to East for the neijiang-Kunming highway bridge across the River, maming Creek Bridge, pond bridge, bridge, rongzhou bridge, and South Bridge. There are two bridges across the minjiang River: minjiang River Bridge on neikun highway bridge. Inner-city transportation: Shu Nan road, binjiang road, North Road, the minjiang River, the Yangtze River Road, lingang
single day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern
Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close
association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.
===Chapter 11 Ideology Developments of the Modern Age===
1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In
With the bourgeois revolution, the bourgeois ambition was stimulated into an endless competition with other Western powers for more profit. The increasingly intensified situation eventually led to the two World Wars in the first half of the 20th century. The questions that suggested itself then to Western thinkers were: how to reduce or get rid of wars and how to secure a peaceful and wealthy life for the ordinary people. Social ideologies hence came under notice for more and more people.
Bourgeois democracy helped inform the Westerners in general of the importance in exercising their own power in the sense that certain theories could contribute to their own interests. Marxism and Darwinism, for instance, could be used to mobilize people from different classes or groups to impose pressure on the government. Pragmatism and positivism combined certain principles with practical experiences while logical atomism and logical positivism provided views or methods with certain scientific findings. Postmodernism has made more advances in establishing a better outlook, holding a crucial key to the issues of the contemporary world.
Rationalism is no longer in fashion since it cannot help humans get rid of troubles as it did in the previous centuries. The emergence of anti-rationalism is a challenge to our view of the world and proved to be of certain significance. The spirit of anti-rationalism has, since its inception, spread far and wide and greatly promoted human intellectuality, especially the humanities studies.
?
To get to know the important theories and ideological schools in the modern age To be familiar with the later changes in Christian ideas To study on the later philosophical schools
? ?
I. Some Important Theories and Ideological Schools II. Later Changes in Christian Ideas III. The Later Philosophical Schools
Marxism
Marx, Engels The Communist Manifesto—signal of the founding Publications of Marxism On Capital—the principal theoretical works of Marxism scientific socialism—from utopian socialism Main political economics—established by the classical Theories economics and Sources dialectic materialism—based on Hegel’s dialectics
Founders
Influences
formed the grand international movement of Communism; provided powerful ideological weapon for the proletariat in the struggle against bourgeoisie; made preparations for the establishment of the communist party and proletarian dictatorship
Theory Signal Works
Precepts
Darwinism Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations. ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype. iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant. iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.
Herbert Spencer major advocator Principles of Sociology and works Social social and political science should admit Darwinism and adopt the universal truth of biology; ideas those who were unfit to live should not be kept alive in violation of the principle of natural selection
Positivism Founder Chief Works Theory of Three Stages
Comte
A Course of Positive Philosophy i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences. ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. metaphysical nature and ―natural force‖. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.
The Science social statistics; of Sociology social dynamics
representative H.A. Taine Further
Development
The Origin of the Contemporary French History all human creations are nothing more than the consequences produced by popular causes, which must be ascertained by scientific methods
Pragmatism Philosophers Ideas i. Theory of Unavoidable Errors Charles ii. All the so-called truths must have real results to Pierce verify their meanings or they could not be counted as genuine.
William i. Truth was decided by actual results and was always relative. ii. Pragmatism was a philosophical method and could be identified with empirical attitudes. iii. All the debates could not be resolved. iv. Every word in a supposedly true proposition should be examined to ensure the value of truth.
James
i. Human knowledge came from human experiences rather than from any authorities. John Dewey ii. It’s important to combine traditional education with vocational training. iii. Action was more important than words and theories. iv. Logical steps were the way to achieve integrity. Major Principles Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism. ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.
Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis Components i. treatment: methods of treatment for the mental disease; of ii. psychology: made up of both conscious and Psychoanalysis unconscious; iii. philosophy: the study of universal laws for all human activities Theory of the i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious Unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires; ii. three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego
conference in Nuremberg Jung and Development Adler and Disparities Horney, Sullivan and Fromm
proclaim formally the founding of the school of psychoanalysis establish analytical psychology: collective unconscious was more fundamental and primitive expand Freud’s theory from the realm of biology and psychology to that of sociology
Existentialism Major Figures Ideas Kierkegaard founder and pioneer of existentialism; Will should be put before reason, and the understanding of man should start from his mode of existence. transcendental existentialism; Jasper existence meant: ―exist there‖, ―I exist‖, ―transcendal existence‖ advanced the concept ―sein und zeit‖ (being and Heidegger time) to give an ontological explanation of modern life
Jean-Paul Sartre
atheist existentialism: i. Existence precedes essence. ii. The world is absurd and human life painful. iii. freedom of choice
the surplus value theory 剩余价值理论: A concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of capitalist economics, where Marx divides worker’s labour into two parts and the capitalist pays only for one of labour in terms of wage and the other unpaid part he calls surplus labour. According to Marx, the capitalist exploitation comes from the surplus labour which creates surplus value. Thus Marx creates this concept to explain theoretically how the capitalist exploits the worker by surplus value.
October Revolution 十月革命: A political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917. October Revolution in Petrograd overthrew the Russian Provisional Government and gave the power to the local soviets dominated by Bolsheviks.
Oedipus Complex 恋母情结: Drawn from a Greek myth about how Oedipus, the son of Laius, the king of Thebes, kills his father and marries his mother and thus fulfils an oracle. Freud uses this story to suggest a child has sexual love for the parent of the opposite sex and hostility towards the parent of the same sex.
collective unconscious 集体无意识 : Sometimes known as collective subconscious, it is a term of analytical psychology, coined by Carl Jung. While Freud did not distinguish between an “individual psychology‖ and a ―collective psychology‖, Jung distinguished the collective unconscious from the personal subconscious particular to each human being. The collective unconscious is also known as ―a reservoir of the experiences collected from the past.‖
the Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派戏剧: A theatrical style originated in France in the late 1940s. It relies heavily on existential philosophy, and is a designation for plays of absurdist fiction, written by a number of playwrights from the late 1940s to the 1960s, as well as the theatre which has evolved from their work. It expressed the belief that, in a godless universe, human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence.
the Beat Generation 垮掉的一代: A term used to describe a group of people, usually American writers, who were disillusioned with the society and professed a break from traditional philosophy, a preference for Zen Buddhism and advocacy of social and sexual freedom.
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
Multiple choice. (1) Marxism was founded by Marx and Engels with the publication of The Communist Manifesto in _________. A. 1840
B. 1848
C. 1888 D. 1832
Multiple choice. (2) The major advocate of Social Darwinism is ________.
A. Herbert Spencer
B. Charles Darwin
C. Edmund Spencer
D. Karl Marx
Multiple choice. (3) In his theory, Freud introduced the three concepts of ________ to explain the three levels of personality development of the human beings. A. libido, ego and id
B. id, ego and superego
C. libido, id and superego D. id, superego and libido
Multiple choice. (4) According to Bergson, which of the following statements on intuition and intellect is wrong? A. The highest form of instinctive power was intellect.
B. Intuition could manipulate experience, but intellect distorted experiences.
C. Intellect was theoretical and viewed the world in a geometrical way. D. The objective world was merely spatial, not temporal.
Multiple choice. (5) Which of the following modernist literary schools is not influenced by Jean-Paul Sartre’s Existentialism? A. The Theatre of the Absurd. B. Black Humor. C. The Beat Generation.
D. Stream of Consciousness.
How do you understand Existentialism and its influence?
Existentialism is an important school of thought in the modern age. It is a term that has been used in the works of a number of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophers among whom were S? ren Aabye Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre. Despite the profound doctrinal differences and disagreements among them, they all take the human subject and the conditions of existence as a starting point for philosophical exploration.
Existential philosophy begins with a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. Many existentialists have also regarded traditional philosophy, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experiences. Existentialism has exerted its influence upon Western literature, especially in terms of providing the philosophical basis for the emergence of the ―theatre of the absurd‖ in drama.
Increasing Dissatisfaction with the Church
－ purpose of the modernists: to absorb new scientific ideologies to suit a changed situation － social and ideological turmoil in Europe in the latter part of the 19th century: in France: a debate between the religious and agnostics; in Germany: a cultural struggle of the Central Party; in Italy: long-term discords between Vatican and the new House of Savoy kingdom － new religious movements: Salvation Army in England Christian scientific movement in the US
Clashes and Changes Within Catholicism —1st stage—boycott and opposition: in Italy: Papal system was strengthened; small states created the Italian nation; Pope Pius IX resisted liberalism and nationalism in France: the plan against church-based education －2nd stage—compromise and acceptance: Pope Leo XIII: changed the policy of hostility towards social progress Catholic trade unions: founded to fight against socialism and liberalism
The Development of Socialist Catholic Ideas －in Germany the spread of socialist Catholic ideas and the establishment of the Central Party: by A. Kerpin and V. Kaiteler; to spread socialist Catholic ideas －in the period of Austria-Hungary Empire: Christian socialism became a weapon to attack Marxism, socialism, capitalism and Jews
－in France two camps of political views both defended Catholicism: one claimed for the republic and anti-papist; the other for anti-republican, right wing force －after the end of 19th century a trend for Catholics to yield to the republican government causes: the conservative forces of church’s awareness of incapability; the change of pope’s attitude
the Central Party/German Centre Party 德国天主教中央 党: A Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic. Formed in 1870, it battled the Kulturkampf which the Prussian government launched to reduce the power of the Catholic Church. It soon won a fourth of the seats in the Reichstag (Imperial Parliament), and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities.
Salvation Army 救世军 : A Protestant Christian church known for charitable work. It is an international movement that currently works in over a hundred countries. It was founded in 1865 in the UK by William and Catherine Booth as the East London Christian Mission with a quasi-military structure. The theology of the Salvation Army is “mainstream Protestant”.
Christian Scientific Movement 基督教科 学 派 运 动 : The movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy (born Mary Morse Baker, July 16, 1821–December 3, 1910). She advocated Christian Science as a spiritual and practical solution to health and moral issues. Its central texts are the Bible and the Christian Science textbook, Science & Health with Key to the Scriptures by Mary Baker Eddy.
Austria-Hungary Empire 奥 匈 帝 国 : A c onst i t ut i onal monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in Central Europe. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, under which the House of Habsburg agreed to share power with the separate Hungarian government, dividing the territory of the former Austrian Empire between them. The dual monarchy had existed for 51 years until it dissolved on 31 October 1918 before a military defeat on the Italian front of the First World War.
True or false questions. __ T (1) With the bourgeoisie came to power in most European countries, the second half of the 19th century was a turning-point for Christian ideology. __ T (2) The modernists claimed that it was necessary to absorb something of the new scientific ideologies to suit a changed situation, in opposition to the conservative ideas held by Christian fundamentalists. __ F (3) The plan for a national system of schools was made by French government. It ruled that schools should be administered by the government, but religious courses could still be offered in schools.
True or false questions. __ T (4) In the second stage of adapting its policy and attitude towards the new situation in Europe, Catholicism changed its policy into compromise and acceptance. __ F (5) In the early-period Italy, A. Kerpin and V. Kaiteler spread socialist Catholic ideas and established the Central Party to promote religious ideas.
With the increasing power of capitalist economic development, clashes and changes were aroused within Catholicism. Try to cite some new religious struggle or movement in Europe. As more and more people became dissatisfied with the Church authorities, a series of religious conflicts occurred in some European countries in the later part of the 19th century. For example: the struggle of the Central Party in Germany; the Salvation Army in England; the reform of national system of schools in France; the Christian scientific movement in the US, etc.
Logical Atomism Founder Bertrand Russell to employ reasoning and empiricism to evoke a genuine awareness of the basis of empirical Ideas perception; to solve various paradoxical issues that could be seen in the discourse practised every day; to explain aspects of the material world logic precedes all experiences; Wittgenstein’s analysis must be clear about the restrictions on the language and about the possibility of using priciples Revision of logic; logic and ―mystery‖ could be separated
Founder
Source
Ideas
Logical Positivism the Vienna Circle based on Wittgenstein’s revision of Russell’s logical Atomism be against metaphysics: metaphysics was both stereotyped and lacked a logical basis; combines empiricism with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of epistemology
Naturalistic Philosophy
Ideas
emphasized the importance of nature in understanding human life and the world; everything was based on a naturalistic order and nature itself was the only existence for everything
Scientific Naturalism all philosophical views should be excluded if they are in conflict with scientific wisdom
Major Branches
Anthropological emphasized the human being himself Naturalism without caring much about natural science
Postmodernist Philosophy Initiators Nietzsche; Heidegger: started major criticism of traditional philosophy Michel Foucault; Jacques Derrida; Jurgen Key Habermas: Contributors contributed to the birth and development of postmodernism Properties prone to sarcasm, irony, parody, mosaic pluralism and to eclecticism; the death of the writer—sought to remove the writer’s dominace as the controlling force in works
Foucault’s Argument
Derrida’s Argument
theory of genealogy: to explain knowledge and discourse from the perspective of power; archaeology of knowledge: to study knowledge codes or discourses of the humanities as well as intellectual history; ―the death of man‖: throws doubts on the modern concept of transcendental ego theory of deconstruction: seeking out binary oppositions, defined interdependently by mutual exclusion; ―we think only by symbols‖ and ―there is nothing but symbols‖
Habermas’ Argument
reestablishment of discourse modernity: new ideas to Foucault’s assertion of reason; be critical of Heidegger’s view of radical disparity in being and entity; be critical of Derrida’s theory of the character of philosophical discourse
Other Philosophical Schools of the 20th Century first appeared in the works of Kant and Hegel; Phenomenology established by Edmund Husserl a kind of transcendentalist philosophy, only taking care of what is left of passing phenomena
originated from the theological interpretation; developed in two directions: 1.Wilhelm Dilthey—regarded interpretation as a Hermeneutics method for the study of history or other humanities; 2. Heidegger—took interpretation as ontological experience and the interaction between the interpreter and his historical context; Hans-Georg Gadamer—major representative in the 2nd half of the 20th century initiator of Western Marxism; major Georg Western works: History and Class Lukacs Marxism Consciousness Frankfurt established a social critical theory School based on the revision of Marxist critical theory
Religious Thinking in the West i. christian theological foundation based Reforms changes on metaphysical theory from the and Reformation ii. scholarly character iii. resistance to historical development Modiiv. dogmatism fication i. concern for the explanation and changes dissemination of Christian ideas in the current era ii. multiplicity of denominations iii. suspicion of and challenge to authority iv. opposition to metaphysics v. revaluation of scripture vi. borrowing from philosophy and other humanities
The Vienna Circle 维也纳学派 : An association of philosophers gathered around the University of Vienna in 1922, chaired by Moritz Schlick, also known as the Ernst Mach Society (Verein Ernst Mach) in honour of Ernst Mach. Members of the Vienna Circle had a common attitude towards philosophy, consisting of an applied logical positivism drawn from Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Frankfurt School 法兰克福学派: A school of neo-Marxist interdisciplinary social theory, particularly associated with the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt am Main. The school initially consisted of dissident Marxists who believed that some of Marx’s followers had come to parrot a narrow selection of Marx’s ideas, usually in defense of orthodox Communist parties.
the Reformation宗教改革运动: the religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs
Fill in the blanks. (1) As a man of wide-ranging interests, Bertrand Russell was not only talented in logical reasoning but also inherited the tradition of British empiricism. He called his theory _______________ Logical Atomism . (2) The most active and independent branches of naturalistic philosophy were _________________ Scientific Naturalism and Anthropologic Naturalism. (3) The identifying properties of _____________ postmodernism are: prone to sarcasm, irony, and parody, mosaic pluralism and to eclecticism.
Fill in the blanks.
(4) Following Nietzsche’s declaration that “God is dead”, _______________ Foucault suggested ―the death of man‖ to give rise to a heated debate among Western academics. (5) As the second direction of Hermeneutics, _________ Heidegger said that interpretation was a kind of ontological experience as well as interaction between the interpreter and his historical context.
Tell briefly the of postmodernist theory.
Postmodernism emerged in the second half of the 20th century covering a wide area from literature, drama and architecture to cinema and costume design. Some outstanding philosophers made notable contributions to the birth and development of postmodernist theory, among whom were Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida and Jurgen Habermas. Beginning as a critique of Continental philosophy, it was heavily influenced by phenomenology, structuralism and existentialism, including writings of Georg Wilhelm, Friedrich Hegel, S? ren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Martin Heidegger.
Postmodern philosophy is skeptical of or nihilistic towards many of the values and assumptions of philosophy that derive from modernity. Postmodernist thinkers and writers have certain special ways of expressing themselves, such as the tendency to use sarcasm, irony and parody as a means of addressing their topic for an audience; frequent use of mosaic pluralism to handle the issues, as a means of expression; and resorting to eclecticism as a way of thinking to modify their ideas.
1. Further Reading 2. Reference Books
Freud and The Interpretation of Dreams The Interpretation of Dreams is a book by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. The first edition describes his work thus:
In the following pages, I shall demonstrate that there is a psychological technique which makes it possible to interpret dreams, and that on the application of this technique, every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychic activities of the waking state. Further, I shall endeavour to elucidate the processes which underlie the strangeness and obscurity of dreams, and to deduce from these processes the nature of the psychic forces whose conflict or co-operation is responsible for our dreams.
The book introduces Freud’s theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation. Dreams, in Freud’s view, were all forms of “wish fulfillment ”—attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. However, because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, a “ censor ” in the preconscious will not allow it to pass unaltered into the conscious. During dreams
dreams, the preconscious is more lax in this duty than in waking hours, but is still attentive: as such, the unconscious must distort and warp the meaning of its information to make it through the censorship. As such, images in dreams are often not what they appear to be, according to Freud, and need deeper interpretation if they are to inform on the structures of the unconscious. Discussion: Do you agree with Freud’s statement that dreams are the forms of wish fulfillment?
Defining Postmodernism Postmodernism is a general and wide-ranging term which is applied to literature, art, philosophy, architecture, fiction, and cultural and literary criticism among others. Postmodernism is largely a reaction to the assumed certainty of scientific, or objective, efforts to explain reality. In essence, it stems from a recognition that reality is not simply mirrored in human understanding of it, but rather, is constructed as the mind tries to understand its own particular and personal reality. For this
reason, postmodernism is highly skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person. In the postmodern understanding, interpretation is everything; reality only comes into being through our interpretations of what the world means to us individually. Postmodernism relies on concrete experience over abstract principles, knowing always that the outcome of one’s own experience will necessarily be fallible and relative, rather than certain and universal.
Postmodernism is ―post‖ because it denies the existence of any ultimate principles, and it lacks the optimism of there being a scientific, philosophical, or religious truth which will explain everything for everybody － a characteristic of the so-called ―modern‖ mind. The paradox of the postmodern position is that, in placing all principles under the scrutiny of its skepticism, it must realize that even its own principles are not beyond questioning. As the philosopher Richard Tarnas states, postmodernism ―cannot on its own principles ultimately justify itself any more than can the various metaphysical overviews against which the postmodern mind has defined itself.‖
Discussion: Can you find the postmodernism in the field of literature, art, philosophy, etc.?
McLellan, David. 2007. Marxism After Marx. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Dufresne, Todd (ed.). 2007. Against Freud: Critics Talk Back. Stanford: Stanford University Press. van Wyhe, John. 2008. Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd. Haack, Susan & Lane, Robert(eds.). 2006. Pragmatism Old and New: Selected Writings. New York: Prometheus Books. Luper, Steven (ed.). 2000. Existing: An Introduction to Existential Thought. Mountain View, California: Mayfield. Goulimari, Pelagia (ed.). 2007. Postmodernism. What Moment? Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their .. (1) Marx’s Marxism, its include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.
(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:
i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations.
ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.
iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.
iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.
Comet’s Positivism, including Theory of Three Stages:
i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.
ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. metaphysical nature and “natural force”.
iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.
Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:
i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.
ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.
Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:
i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;
ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)
===Chapter 12 Artistic Development in the 20th Century===
performance art 行为艺术: A term referring to a kind of usually avant-garde or conceptual art which grew out of the visual arts and began to be identified in the 1960s. Performance art is unconventional and often challenges the audience to think in new and unconventional ways.
====QUESTIONS & EXERCISES====
True or false questions. F 1. The end of the two world wars brought real sense of security __ and stability to the West. T 2. In the midst of the 1950s and 1960s, Western society was on __ the threshold of drastic transformation from the phase of postwar recovery to an industrial and commercial boom. __ T 3. Postmodernism is both an reaction against modernism and a successor to modernism. T 4. Existentialism had widespread dissemination and acclaim after __ WWII. F 5. In the post-war period, Protestantism has become more open __ and more popular to the public, while Catholicism has stuck to conventions.
Multiple choice. (1) Impressionism got its name from ________famous painting Impression: Sunrise. A. Pissarro’s B. Monet’s
C. van Gogh’s
D. Paul Gauguin’s
Multiple choice. 2. __________is called “the father of the modern painting”. A. Paul Gauguin B. Paul Cezanne C. van Gogh D. Degas
Multiple choice. 3. _________refers to a kind of usually avant-garde or conceptual art as early as in the 1960s, which often challenges the audience to think in new and unconventional ways. A. Performance art
B. Impressionism
C. Photo-realism
D. Futurism
Multiple choice. 4. Which of the following artists does not belong to the school of Impressionism in painting? A. Manet. B. Monet. C. Cezanne. D. Piccasso.
Multiple choice. 5. Who initiated the ideals of the expressionist movement in modern music? A. Arnold Schoenberg. B. Igor Stravinsky. C. Claude Debussy. D. Paul Hindemith.
True or false questions. __ T 1. Cinema has greatly changed the ways of living in the West since its invention by Thomas Edison in 1894. __ F 2. Hollywood consolidated and expanded its position by producing more popular films after the 1970s, which was called its “Golden Age”. __ T 3. The role of TV is an important link between the individual and the public or social side of life. __ F 4. The major four Western agencies are: Associated Press, BBC, Reuters and Press de France Nouvelle. __ T 5. Jazz was initially influenced by two kinds of Negro music: ragtime and blues.
Fill in the blanks. 1. _________ New York became a new centre of world art during and after the WWII, taking over from Paris. 2. One of the representative of abstract expressionism is Hans Hofmann, who benefited from the movements like cubism, _______ fauvism and expressionism. expressionism . ___________________ 3. Action painting is a branch of abstract Minimal art is an art form which purports to pursue a 4. __________ completely pure and perfect quality of art by reducing its art creation to its mere natural attributes. Pop art intends to set up a style of impersonality by 5. _______ employing the imagery of commercialized art or other art forms of the mass media.
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