Time

Time in Rokugan was measured in several ways. The seasons were the most obvious division of time, as the weather in Rokugan switched from oppressive heat during the summer months to crippling snow in the winter. A more formal system of months and days also existed, dividing the year into twelve months of 28 days. Additionally, the years themselves could be counted in two different systems: the Emperor's Right, which refered to the year of the reign of the Emperor and was the official method of recording the passage of time; and the Isawa Calendar, which measured the number of years since the founding of Gisei Toshi, Isawa's city.
== Seasons ==
The seasons of Rokugan defined what sorts of activities can happen at any given time. The summers were harsh and the winters more so. All of Rokugan revolved around the cyclical march of the seasons and the limitations they imposed.
=== Spring ===
Winters in Rokugan are harsh, and the coming of spring was a return to normal life for most of Rokugan's inhabitants. The farmers across the land return to their work, planting the year's crops. Courtiers gain the prestige of having the treaties and agreements they drew up at the Empire's various winter courts finally ratified. Merchants begin crossing the land, bringing their wares to a populace eager to see anyone from outside their own communities. It is also a time of many celebrations, particularly the Cherry Blossom Festivals that takes place across Rokugan. Winter Court: Kyuden Seppun, p. 65 Spring covers the months of the Hare, Dragon and Serpent.Legend of the Five Rings Roleplaying Game (4th Edition)
=== Summer ===
During the summer, Rokugan is filled with heat and humidity. There is little rain, and there are frequent droughts. Making war is very difficult during the heat of the summer, so battles are generally few. The summer lasts until the winds off the seas bring the monsoon; turning the lands to mud, flooding the rice fields across the Empire and heralding the onset of autumn. Summer covers the months of the Horse, Goat and Monkey.
=== Autumn ===
Autumn is a time of preparation. The year's crops are harvested, and the year's tax is collected. While there is time for war, the end of the season marks the time when all armies return to their homes for shelter from the coming winter. Autumn is the shortest season, covering just the months of the Rooster and Dog.
=== Winter ===
Winter is a time of strangling cold. The snow and ice that falls across the Empire make roads impassable; effectively trapping everyone wherever they happened to be when winter starts. The nobles of Rokugan retreat for the season into winter courts across the land. There, the courtiers of the clans go to work securing alliances and trade agreements, and the artisans of the land try their best to display their skills to all who would bear witness. Winter begins with the month of the Boar and ends in the month of the Tiger.
== Months, days, and hours ==
=== Months ===
The Rokugani calendar was a "lunar calendar" Roleplaying in the Emerald Empire, p. 184 divided into twelve months of 28 days each. There were two general naming conventions used to identify the months. The traditional naming system named the months with the names of animal spirits, but the calendar used by the nobles of the samurai caste named the months with the names of the Kami. The nobles' naming convention, however, was ratified only by Hantei XXXV, and had not had great success in replacing the common naming system, except in court. Winter Court: Kyuden Seppun, p. 66
The table below listed the various month names used in Rokugan. The seasons listed were based on climate, not astronomy, and so were somewhat variable, depending on weather and location.
Common month	Noble month 	Season
Hare 	Sun 	Spring
Dragon 	Moon 	Spring
Serpent 	Hantei 	Spring
Horse 	Akodo 	Summer
Goat 	Doji 	Summer
Monkey 	Shiba 	Summer
Rooster 	Bayushi 	Autumn
Dog 	Shinjo 	Autumn
Boar 	Hida 	Winter
Rat 	Togashi 	Winter
Ox 	Fu Leng 	Winter
Tiger 	The Tenth Kami	Winter
Additionally, the common names of some of the months might vary, with some regions within the empire using different names. The most common of these replacements were to see the Month of the Rooster being called the Month of the Crane, the Month of the Dragon being called the Month of the Tortoise, and the Month of the Goat being called the Month of the Sheep. 
=== Hours ===
The day in Rokugan was divided into twelve hours. The hours follow the same naming convention as the months (above), including the two different naming systems. The day in Rokugan begins with the Hour of the Hare, at sunup (6 AM), the night began with the Hour of the Rooster. A folktale known as the Great Race depicted how Onnotangu and Amaterasu had given the names. (Siege: Heart of Darkness flavor)
These were the hours of the day: Night of a Thousand Screams, p. 5
Name 	Starting Hour	Ending Hour	Day/Night
Hare 	6AM 	8AM 	Day
Dragon 	8AM 	10AM 	Day
Serpent	10AM 	12PM 	Day
Horse 	12PM 	2PM 	Day
Goat 	2PM 	4PM 	Day
Monkey 	4PM 	6PM 	Day
Rooster	6PM 	8PM 	Night
Dog 	8PM 	10PM 	Night
Boar 	10PM 	12AM 	Night
Rat 	12AM 	2AM 	Night
Ox 	2AM 	4AM 	Night
Tiger 	4AM 	6AM 	Night
The Hour of the Dog was previously known as the Hour of the Wolf, but it was renamed after the bloody Battle of the Hour of the Wolf, to remove the unpleasant association with the battle.Secrets of the Mantis, p. 54
== History ==
=== Measuring years ===
==== Emperor's Right ====
There were two different systems of measuring the passage of years within Rokugan. The more formal method was known as the Emperor's Right. This method measured the passage of years according to the reigning Emperor, for example, "the fourteenth year of the reign of Hantei XIX." Alternately, this method could be paired with the cycle of animals used to name the months, for example, "the second year of the rat during the reign of Hantei XIV." Winter Court: Kyuden Seppun, p. 88
This method allowed for a great deal of confusion for many reasons. First, upon the coronation of a new emperor, the year would automatically change from "the fourteenth year of the reign of Hantei XIX" to "the first year of the reign of Hantei XX." Also, there might be confusion over the differences in "the thirtieth year of Hantei XXV" and "the thirtieth year of the reign of Hantei XXV," with the first phrase used to define the emperor's age and the second used to denote a point in time during his reign. Finally, with the added confusion of the cycle of animal totems, a simple mistake in copying a document, such as changing "the second year of the rat during the reign of Hantei XIV" to "the second year of the reign of Hantei XIV," would render the document utterly worthless. 
==== Isawa's Calendar ====
The second method, Isawa's Calendar, was less commonly used but was much more precise. The Isawa Calendar measured the passage of years beginning with the founding of Gisei Toshi, an event which defined the year 1. Each successive year since the founding of that city had counted up from year 1. This method was very consistent and had achieved widespread use in record keeping throughout the Empire, even among the Ikoma family historians. Winter Court: Kyuden Kakita, p. 86
== Note on age measurement ==
The people considered a newborn child to be one year old, so all ages in Rokugan were actually one year greater than the actual number of years a person had lived. Way of the Crane, p. 15