British Rail Class 40

The British Railways Class 40 (English Electric Type 4), is an eight-axle diesel electric locomotive with, a 1Co-Co1 wheel arrangement. The Class 40 locomotives were built between 1958 and 1962 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry Works, and by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns. There were 200 class 40 locomotives produced in total.
The class 40 is fitted with one, English Electric 16VT MK2 prime mover developing 2000 bhp. Traction current is DC electric through six traction motors giving 1,550 bhp at the rail head. With a weight of 135 metric tonnes, the class 40 has a maximum attractive effort of 52,000LBF or 231Kn.
==History==
The class 40's operated in all areas of the UK however, sightings in the Western and Southern regions were relatively rare and usually the result of Railtour and charter trains. After initial trials the class were based at the following depots: Manchester Longsight, Carlisle Kingmoor, Wigan Springs Branch, Thornaby, and Gateshead.
Although the class 40 was never considered a successful design (being severely under powered), the locomotives were employed on top-link express passenger duties in the West Coast Mainline and the Great Eastern Mainline. However the arrival of more powerful locomotive classes such as the class 47 and the class 55 saw the class 40's relegated to more mundane duties.
Later in their lives the class 40's were employed hauling heavy freight and passenger trains in the north of England and in Scotland. As more new rolling stock was introduced, passenger work for the class decreased, partly due to their lack of ETH (Electric Train Heating/ Head End Power). One example, D255 was fitted with ETH for a trial period in the mid- 1960's, to test compatibility with newer passenger coaches.
The class lost their last front-line passenger duties -in Scotland in 1980, and the last regular use on mainline passenger workings were on the North Wales Coast Line between Holyhead, Crewe, and Manchester, along with forays over the Pennines on Liverpool to Leeds, York, Hull, and Newcastle services.
Throughout the early 1980's Class 40's were common performers on relief, day excursion (adex trains), and holidaymaker (vacation) services, along with disputation duties for electric traction, especially on Sunday service between Manchester Piccadilly and Birmingham New Street. This resulted in visits to many distant part of the UK network such as Scarborough, Cleethorpes, and Skegness on the Eastern Region, with Blackpool and Stranraer being regularly visited on the West Coast. Much rarer workings included visits to London's Paddington and Euston stations, Norwich, Cardiff, and Kyle of Lochalsh. The fact that Class 40's could turn up anywhere on the network resulted in them being followed by a hard core of "Bashers", enthusiasts dedicated to journeying over lines with rare traction for the route.
== The named Class 40s ==
Locomotives in the range D210–D235 were to be named after ships operated by the companies Cunard Line, Elder Dempster Lines, and Canadian Pacific Steamships, as they hauled express trains to Liverpool, the home port of these companies. The only locomotive not to carry a name was D226 which was to carry the name Media but never did so. From approximately 1970, with Class 40s no longer working these trains, the nameplates were gradually removed.
Names of Class 40 locomotives D210–D235
Loco	Name 	Shipping line 	Date named
D210	Empress of Britain	Canadian Pacific Steamships	May 1960
D211	Mauretania 	Cunard Line 	September 1960
D212	Aureol 	Elder Dempster Lines 	September 1960
D213	Andania 	Cunard Line 	June 1962
D214	Antonia 	Cunard Line 	May 1961
D215	Aquitania 	Cunard Line 	May 1962
D216	Campania 	Cunard Line 	May 1962
D217	Carinthia 	Cunard Line 	May 1962
D218	Carmania 	Cunard Line 	July 1961
D219	Caronia 	Cunard Line 	June 1962
D220	Franconia 	Cunard Line 	February 1963
D221	Ivernia 	Cunard Line 	March 1961
D222	Laconia 	Cunard Line 	October 1962
D223	Lancastria 	Cunard Line 	May 1961
D224	Lucania 	Cunard Line 	August 1962
D225	Lusitania 	Cunard Line 	March 1962
D226	Media 	Cunard Line 	Never
D227	Parthia 	Cunard Line 	June 1962
D228	Samaria 	Cunard Line 	September 1962
D229	Saxonia 	Cunard Line 	March 1963
D230	Scythia 	Cunard Line 	April 1961
D231	Sylvania 	Cunard Line 	May 1962
D232	Empress of Canada 	Canadian Pacific Steamships	March 1961
D233	Empress of England	Canadian Pacific Steamships	September 1961
D234	Accra 	Elder Dempster Lines 	May 1962
D235	Apapa 	Elder Dempster Lines 	May 1962
A series of unofficial names were applied to the Class 40s by enthusiasts and enthusiastic depot staff. Some locos ran in service with these names applied for many months, others were painted out within days.
The locos to carry these unofficial names were:
* 40 060 'Ancient Mariner' (while in departmental duties as 97 405)
* 40 104 'Warrior'
* 40 129 'Dracula'
* 40 131 'Spartan'
* 40 132 'Hurricane'
* 40 134 'Andromeda'
* 40 137 'Trojan'
* 40 145 'Panther'
* 40 150 'Crewe'
* 40 155 'Vulcan Empress'
* 40 164 'Lismore'
==Decline==
Withdrawal of the Class 40's started in 1976, when three locomotives (40005, 40039, and 40102) were taken out of service. At 135 metric tonnes the Class 40's had always been under powered and this began to show more as they aged. In early service it was noticed by British Rail that a Class A3 or Class A4 Pacific steam locomotive could outperform a Class 40, despite the steam locomotives being up to 50 years old. Also, some of the class were found to have fractured bogie frames resulting from inappropriate use on wagon-load freight and the associated running on tightly curved yards. Some of the class were scavenged for spare parts at this time to prop up the rest of the fleet.
As newer passenger coaches were introduced, in particular the MK2 and MK3 coaches, the Class 40's fell out of favor with British Rail, as many were not fitted with air brakes and instead relied on old style vacuum brakes. Despite this only 17 examples had been withdrawn by the start of the 1980's. The locomotives became more popular with enthusiasts as their number began to dwindle.
Withdrawals picked up apace from 1981, with those lacking air brakes being the first to be withdrawn. In 1981, all 130 remaining locomotives were concentrated in the London Midland region of British Rail. Classified works overhauls on the Class 40's were gradually phased out during this time with only 29 locomotives receiving C4 and C6 overhauls in 1980. The final two emerged resplendent from Crewe Works in 1981. The honor of the very last classified overhaul falls to 40167 being completed in February 1981.
After 1981, numbers continued to dwindle slowly, until in 1984 there were only sixteen still running. These included the pioneer of the class number 40122, which, having been withdrawn in 1981, was reinstated and painted in original Brunswick Green livery to haul rail enthusiast specials. The last passenger service run by a Class 40, other than 40122, occurred on January 27, 1985, when 40012 hauled a train from Birmingham New Street to York. All the remaining locomotives with the exception of 40122, were withdrawn the very next day.
The majority of Class 40's were cut up at Crewe, Doncaster, and Swindon Works. Crewe Works dismantled the most, scrapping 65 locomotives. Doncaster cut up 64 locos, and Swindon cut up 54.
The other eleven machines were cut up at Derby, Glasgow, Inver Keithing, and Vic Berry in Leicester.
1981 and 1983 were the worst year for Class 40 withdrawals with 41 examples going in each year.
The last Class 40's to be cut up were 40091 and 40195 by A. Hampton contractors at Crewe Works in December 1988.
Table of withdrawals by year
Year	Quantity inservice atstart of year	Quantitywithdrawn	Locomotive number 	Notes
1967	200 	1 	D322 	Accident damage
1976	199 	11 	40 005, 021, 039, 041, 043, 045, 053, 089, 102, 189, 190 	40 039 never received B.R blue livery.
1977	188 	4 	40 048, 054, 059, 072 	
1978	184 	1 	40 051 	Vacuum brake only
1979	184 	0 	— 	
1980	183 	20 	40 011, 026, 038, 040, 042, 071, 100, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 119, 123, 142, 146, 147, 156, 161 	
1981	163 	41 	40 010, 014, 016, 017, 018, 019, 023, 031, 032, 037, 062, 065, 066, 067, 070, 075, 078, 083, 095, 098, 107, 111, 113, 116, 117, 120, 122, 125, 134, 137, 144, 149, 151, 165, 171, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 193	40 122 would be reinstated 24 April 1983.
40 010 withdrawn only 14 months after receiving a full classified works overhaul.
1982	122 	32 	40 003, 008, 020, 025, 036, 055, 064, 087, 088, 092, 094, 101, 103, 115, 127, 128, 130, 132, 136, 138, 139, 140, 148, 154, 162, 163, 166, 182, 184, 186, 187, 199 	40 183 was due for an E exam, the loco was withdrawn but then reinstated and given E exam 8 September 1982. Final withdrawal came on 1 June 1983 with bogie fractures.
1983	90 	41 	40 006, 007, 027, 030, 046, 049, 050, 052, 061, 068, 069, 073, 076, 077, 080, 081, 084, 090, 093, 096, 097, 106, 121, 131, 141, 145, 153, 157, 158, 159, 164, 169, 170, 172, 180, 183, 185, 188, 191, 197, 198	40 185 withdrawn 2yrs overdue a classified works repair.
40 076 provided bogies for the restoration of 40 122.
1984	49 	33 	40 001, 002, 004, 009, 015, 022, 024, 028, 029, 033, 034, 035, 047, 056, 057, 058, 063, 074, 082, 085, 091, 099, 124, 126, 129, 133, 160, 167, 168, 174, 177, 195, 196 	40 009 the last vacuum braked Class 40 withdrawn 7 November 1984 with bearings and traction motor problems. 40 126 was the locomotive stopped at Sears Crossing in the 1963 Great Train Robbery.
1985	16 	16 	40 012, 013, 044, 060, 079, 086, 104, 118, 135, 143, 150, 152, 155, 181, 192, 194 	All locos were switched off surplus to requirements or life expired by 22 January 1985.
==Later use==
The story of the Class 40's does not end there. Upon the joint initiative of enthusiasts Howard Johnson and Murray Brown who noticed it on the scrapline at Carlisle Kingmoor in the summer of 1981 ready to go to Swindon Work for breaking up, 40122 was reinstated by BR and overhauled at Toton Depot in Long Eaton, with parts from 40076. Now in working order and repainted in Brunswick Green, it was regularly used to haul normal passenger trains in the hope of attracting enthusiasts, as well as special trains. In addition, four locomotives were temporarily modified to become Class 97 departmental locos, numbered 97405-40408. They were used to work engineers trains for a track re-modeling project at Crewe Station. These were withdrawn by early 1987.
40122 was eventually withdrawn in 1988 and presented to the National Railway Museum in York. Six other locomotives (40112, 40012, 40013, 40106, 40118, 40135, 40145) and one cab-end from 40088 were also preserved, and on 30 November 2002, over sixteen years after the last Class 40 hauled a mainline passenger train, the Class 40 Preservation Society's 40145 hauled an enthusiasts' rail tour from Crewe to Holyhead and return.
==Accidents and Incidents==
On Boxing Day 1962, D215 "Aquitania" was hauling the southbound Mid-Day Scot when it collided with the rear of a Liverpool to Birmingham Train. 18 people were killed and 34 injured, including the train guard.
On May 13, 1966, a freight train became divided between Norton Junction and Weaver Junction in Cheshire. Locomotive D322, hauling an express passenger service, was in collision with the rear portion of the freight train, which had run away. Both the driver and second man (Conductor) were killed. The Locomotive was written off in September 1967.
On 7 May 1965, a freight train was derailed at Preston-Le-Skerne, County Durham. Locomotive D350 was hauling a newspaper train that ran into the derailed wagons and was itself derailed. The locomotive was not recovered until 16 May.
On August 14, 1966, locomotive D311 was hauling a passenger train that ran in to a landslip and derailed at Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire.
On 6 August 1975, 40189 was hauling a freight train which was unable to stop due to a lack of brake power. It was in collision with another freight train at Weaver Junction in Cheshire.
On October 26, 1975, at express passenger train failed at Lunan, Angus. Locomotive 40111 was sent to its assistance but ran into the rear of the failed train at 25 mph. One person was killed and eleven were injured.
In September 1978, 40044 was hauling a freight train that ran away and was derailed at trap points at Chinley, Derbyshire.
=== D326 (40126) ===
D326 (later 40126) was the most famous Class 40 for unfortunate reasons. On the night of Thursday 8 August 1963, it was involved in the infamous "Great Train Robbery". A year later in 1964 a Secondman was electrocuted while washing the windscreens. And finally, another year later in 1965 it suffered a total brake failure with a maintenance train at Birmingham New Street and hit the rear of a freight train, injuring the guard. It then settled down and had a normal life until it was withdrawn from service on 15 February 1984. 
Upon withdrawal the locomotive was offered to the National Railway Museum at York as an exhibit loco regarding its past history, however, the NRM declined and she was reduced to a pile of scrap metal at Doncaster Works with indecent haste, no doubt to stop any pillaging souvenir hunters. Other famous "40s" include 40 106, which was the last one to remain in BR green livery, and 40 009, the last 40 to still have vacuum brakes only.
== Preservation ==
Seven locomotives and one cab end (40 088) have been preserved on heritage railways, including the first built, number D200, and the Departmental Locomotives, 97 406, 97 407, 97 408. Not all locos may be carrying their names so ones noted show they aren't currently carrying their names.
Of the seven class 40's to be preserved all except for 40118 have run in preservation and three have run on the main line in preservation, these being Nos D200 (40122), D213 (40013) and D345 (40145). As of 2018 D213 & D345 are operational on the main line.
Numbers (current in bold)	Numbers (current in bold)	Numbers (current in bold)	Name 	Builder 	Livery 	Location 	Built 	Withdrawn 	Service Life 	Status 	Notes
D200 	40 122 	 	 	Vulcan Foundry 	BR Green	National Railway Museum 	March 1958 	April 1988 	30 Years, 1 Month 	Static Exhibit 	Headcode discs - Part of the National Collection
D212 	40 012 	97 407 	Aureol 	Vulcan Foundry 	BR Blue 	East Lancashire Railway 	May 1959 	April 1986 	26 Years, 11 Months	Operational 	Headcode discs. Currently located at the East Lancashire Railway, previously at Barrow Hill for overhaul.
D213 	40 013 	 	Andania 	Vulcan Foundry 	BR Green	Crewe Diesel TMD 	June 1959 	October 1984 	25 Years, 4 Months 	Operational & Mainline registered	Headcode discs. Mainline certified for operation on main line as part of Locomotive Services Limited's mainline diesel fleet.
D288 	40 088 	 	 	Vulcan Foundry 	BR Blue 	Crewe Heritage Centre 	August 1960 	February 1982	21 Years, 6 Months 	Cab Used As Static Exihibit 	Headcode discs - Only one cab saved and is mounted on a road trailer. Owned by the Class 40 Preservation Society.
D306 	40 106 	 	Atlantic Conveyor	Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns	BR Green	East Lancashire Railway 	October 1960 	April 1983 	22 Years, 6 Months 	Operational 	Headcode discs. Named in preservation. Owned by the Class 40 Preservation Society.
D318 	40 118 	97408 	 	Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns	BR Blue 	Tyseley Locomotive Works	February 1961	February 1986	25 Years 	Under Overhaul 	Headcode discs.
D335 	40 135 	97 406 	 	Vulcan Foundry 	BR Blue 	East Lancashire Railway 	March 1961 	December 1986	25 Years, 9 Months 	Under Overhaul 	Split headcode boxes. Owned by the Class 40 Preservation Society.
345 	40 145 	 	 	Vulcan Foundry 	BR Blue 	East Lancashire Railway 	May 1961 	June 1983 	22 Years 	Operational & Mainline registered	Headcode Blinds. Named during the East Lancashire Railway 20th Anniversary however currently not carrying nameplate. Owned by the Class 40 Preservation Society.
==Trivia==
*The Class 40 locomotives were nicknamed as "Buckets" or "Whistlers" due to their engine and steam heating sound.
*They had a maximum speed of 90 mph.
*The British Rail Class 40s D261 and 40125 were seen in The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends.
==Gallery==
Gallery
Category:Diesel locomotives
Category:British Rail locomotives
Category:Eight-axle diesel locomotives
Category:United Kingdom
Category:1C-C1 locomotives
Category:1955 Modernisation Plan
Category:Built in 1958
Category:National Railway Museum
Category:English Electric locomotives
Category:Vulcan Foundry locomotives
Category:British Rail diesel locomotives