Stoicisme

Etymologia: Ex id hellen στοά ποικίλη = "portic iom pinegs", nam ios scol quer stoicisme buit docen, in Athenas, yant id IIIt secule pre JC. 
Definition: Stoicisme est un philosophic lohr os Antiquitat; in id current bahsa, tod lexis kyeust id imkan ad drehde duschmania samt vol, courage ed taschabyth. Sei reflect ieust-ye id spirit os stoiciste mensdeh, tod usage ne exhaust tod hol philosophia. 
==Antique Stoicisme==
Id historia ios antique stoicisme dividt-se do tri periodes. Awo stoicisme hat sien activitatscentre in Athenas, ye id IIIt secule pre JC. Ids magni representers sont Zenon os Kitium (kwiter levi), is dehtor ios portic, eys disciple Klewandos os Assos ed Chrysip os Solus qui daht ei lohr idso systematic forme. 
Medio stoicisme antslehnct, ye id IIt secule pre JC, dank autors quoy inkape integre id ei latini men : Antipatrum os Tarsus, Panaytium os Rhodes ed Posidonium. 
Fin-ye, id stoicisme ios imperial tid, tem staur unte ia Ist ed IIt secules pos JC, ex quod tri nams sont mohmt : Seneca, biedan hofmayster ed radher os Nero, ed ye ia dwo borsa ios social scal, is asadihn sclav Epiktet ed is cesar Marcus Aurelius. 
Id evolutiono marken ab ta tri periodes ne compromitt id constance os stoiciste philosophia. Un interessentrehc lakin tyehct, iens dehtors kaurnd hassa de questions om physique ed logique, menxu ies mentors ios imperial tid quasi exclusive-ye kyunggiawent moralitat. Eti, ep essential points ios lohr, id historia os stoicisme correspondt sammel un profundereihsa ed un inflexion.
==Id leudher acquiescen dia Meinyun==
Sekwent stoiciste physique, Unum "universal sympathia" sammelt ed uniet ia individual corpsa qua compone id mund, producend inexorable-ye id kittar iom wakyas : talg est id natural realitat os Meinyun. Alnos contrar ad epikwrisme, idmen stoiciste conception ios mund linkwt neid place ad contigence ni ad hasard, reservet de al mensc id possibilitat os un cheus : diwides Meinyun ed subihes id kam un duschmanforce, we accepte id eti identifie ids vol ad waldh. Un formule ab Seneca (kwiter levi) sua-illustret id alternative : Agunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt / Agent el volent fats, el ne-volent tragent. 
El mensc est leudher quan el acquiesct Meinyun, ob neid tun diweidt el. Tod acquiescen ne est uno mero resignation, sontern un plen adhesion : sekwent Epiktet, leit de vole ke jects ubgwehme kam gwehment. Kay collabore it Meinyun, ithan tehrpt id ses kwecto gnohn, yani tarken tolkend-ye ia oracles. Acquiesce maynt tun "approbe", "recognihes" id providence quod reult id mund : est quo Klewandios Ύμνος εις Δία / Hymne ad Dyewo expremt, saul texte os awo stoicisme quod nos est uperlevern. 
Bet acquiescen maght yaschi mayne od speit id aunupergumto distance inter Meinyun ed menscvol, el hakime, lurt ex id vain kaur de se immixe do id aurdhen iom wakyas, se strehnct alnos ad realise, ye quodkwe ubgumt, id adhesion quod dependt el. Tod dwoter maynen os acquiescen ne contradict preter, quei id semper se blandt meis au minter. Est privilegen ab iens stoicistens ios imperial tid. 
 Imaginar portrait (1715) os Epiktet, antique philosoph qui gnahsit circum 50 in Hierapolis, Phrygia, ed mohr circum 138 in Nikopolis, Epirus. Contet bayna iens influentst representers os serto stoicisme. Ka sclav arrivit is do Rome, quer is gwohm do contacto con stoicistens daskals edswo vidoxit. Expuls ex Rome, is sul un philosophenscol in Nikopolis, quer is lohr tiel sieno mohrt. Dat Epiktet isswo ne scripsit wehrgs, est eys philosophia tik uperlevert in ia scripts os eys almen Arrian, qui kluster eys cursa.
==Stoiciste mensdeh==
Id presto jumla os Epiktets Encheiridon udwekwnt it id prabh deilen inter menscation ed Meinyun : Iom esend jects sont ta-men gwehmend ender nos, ed ta-de ne ender nos. Ios hol menscmensedeh est sagve enderkwites. El mensc dehlct mehme el est kam un actor, maimour med age un person chusen ab alyem, in un piece script ab alyem. Els dohlg est suaage, samt tod distance quod al permitt antwehrde positive-ye ad cada wakya previden in id piece. Est pur follia tant se forage quem myehrse sien rol, ed quem biht iskwn kem id piece sia longer, we corter, we kem el person sia alyis. 
Ia wakyas sont per se indifferent, esend tik waurmens pro id bungos nosters vol. Gvol, siuge ed Mohrt ne sont khiterts, bet id kehnsen per quod ia declarems mahibe est un khitert, chunke el nos biedaneiht. Kardehe gvol stoiciste-ye impliet neid heroyisme, sontern expremt id leudher kehnsen : esiet heroyisme tik sei el stoiciste ayiet, punor, od gvol est un khitert. 
Kehnsen est leudher ob id ne est wakyabohndt. Id obedeiht tik un inner gwaukania, quod isnaht el mensc ad sehkwe quo al kwehct ver au sell, ed ad fuges quo al kwehct fals au khiter. Stoicisme emt tsay ep tod point id talim os Socrates (469-399 pre JC) : ne khalal, sontern rhalt-ye trehct sem mensc kye khitert. El hakime se strehnct ad respecte in se id spontan trend kye ver ed sell, kye "gwive conform-ye sieni buhsa". 
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==Id inner citadell ed cosmopolitisme==
Acquiescend-ye Meinyun, el stoiciste hakime manifestet sammel sien approbation ios universal aurdhen ed sien imprisible swobodia. Est neid contradictor in to : oin sam divin dastur est wehrgend exter ed eni nos : Id inkapem ios IVt buk om Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν os Marcus Aurelius ananct un ubfallend exempel os to : radhend al mensci sagve oisgwehme do se, id salvst endergumt, is philosoph cesar exhortet el ad sagve wikes id mund aynd-ye id ka oino mier citad, regen ab id loy os universal sympathia. Tod sentiment om ses mundciv ed parkwehre ter plen-ye sien bungos, marct id originalitat ios stoiciste ideal ye ethic ed politic nivell. Menxu Platon (427-347 pre JC) ed Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC) pone ka supreme dastur od el mensc realiset-se tik in un citad, different ud alters ed opposto tibs, menxu Epikwr (341-270 pre JC) propont, face ia politic catastrophes, id model uns reploycommunitat, sulen ep prientia, menxu cynic mensdeh, personifiet ab Diogenes (413-327 pre JC), consist se abstrage ex id mund ed habe relation tik-ye con se, ies stoicistes punor invente "cosmopolitisme". 
Tod invention, tem stauneihnd in id contexte os Antiquitat, est oino iom sababs irs influence dia occidental humanisme.
 Clement os Alexandria (circum 150-215; in Latin : Titus Flavius Clemens, in Hellen : Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς) eet un Christian theologo qui doxit in id Didaskalium tos urb. Convers do Christianisme, is eet un eduquet wir quei classic Hellen philosophia ed literature eent familiar. Kam demonstren ab eys tri magni wehrgs, Clement buit influener af Hellenistic philosophia quem ceter Christiani mentors os sien zaman, besonters ab Platon ed iens Stoicistens. Eysa secret wehrgs, qua existent tik in fragments, suggeste odschi pre-Christian yudi esoterisme ed gnosticisme ei eent familiar. In oin om sien wehrgs is arguit od Hellen philosophia hieb sien origin bayna Ne-Hellens, sigwrnd od bo Platon ed Pythagoras hieb esen bedarsen ab Misri mualims. Bayna eys almens buir Origenes ed Alexander os Jerusalem.
==Id influence os stoicisme==
Yant ia prest antslehnkens os christiano men, sem autors tente ei integre id stoiciste ideal os mensdeh : est id fall os Clement os Alexandria. Tod neostoiciste tradition tehrt Mediev ed Renaissance, se paydrwnend-ye in id wehrg os Guillaume du Vair (1556-1621). Witerom, Pascal deict, in id Entretien avec M; de Saci (1655), quanto separet irreductible-ye stoicisme ud christianisme. Id demonstration leit lakin per un homage ad Epiktet : so hat suaghapt meis quem ceteranghen quo kwehrt id megdos al mensc, bet is hat misgnoht gurur-ye quo tod megdos deulct ad Div. Id wehrg os Montaigne (1533-1592) porct un curieuso synthese inter id humilitat os skepticisme ed id swekwria os stoicisme : senter inspiret profund-ye Montaignes meditation de Mohrt, tem quem eys reflexion de id social bungos ayt ka un rol. Essential traits ios stoiciste moralitat, besonters id enderkweiten inter quo gwehmt ender nos ed quo ne, bihnt retrohft bi Descartes, quayque is ijapt un sensible-ye different status tei enderkweiten. Ed kun Kant (1724-1804) defineiht moral dohlgo ka dastur, est ye stoiciste weidos od is concept id sibia inter id magh os mensclure ed universal determinisme. Hegel beirt eti ad stoicisme, in id Phänomenologie des Geistes (1806-1807), id critic is semper oppont ei moralitat os Kant : est, sekwent iom, un abstracto stand os lure, un formalism indifferent dia id mathmoun ios action. 
Id stoiciste loikwn dart, sub multiple forms, in moderne men. Nietzsche (1844-1900) retrehft id ye sien weidos kun is vidt in id amor fati(os) id supreme lure. Sartre (1905-1980) se refert ei defineihnd-ye lure ka "id possibilitat pro mensclure os secrete uno nischt quod isolet id". Moderne logiquers recogneihnt id originalitat os stoiciste logique, logique ios kittar iom wakyas eni Meinyun, binisbat ia syllogismes os Aristoteles. Fin-ye, id actor metaphor, kyar ad Epiktet, est dar-ye present in id weidos quosmed Brecht (1898-1956), pos Diderot (1713-1784), pont "tarnieneihsa" ka esthetic prabhil in theatre.
 Guillaume du Vair (Paris 1556 - Tonneins 1621) buit un franceois prelat, politic ed moraliste scriptor. Tarjmus Epiktet, Du Vair advoquit id stoyic acceptation os "mensccondition". Face un corrupen mund, is preferit civic dohlg ad monastic sgumt, kam is sieyg in sien Exhortation à la vie civile (1606).
==Actual debats de suadaunteihsa==
Ies stoicistes buir ies presti quoy mutalbeer quo kalmos "id rect os mehre in decos" justifiend-ye suicide. Kun politic conditions sont dusbohr we gvol risct interdehe cada swowaldh, anghen poitt ed dehlct dehe fin sieni existence : suicide ghi ne est assimilable ad assassinat; est id ultim affirmation os lure. 
Suicide yed hat esto dik-ye waurs in Europe tiel id XIXt secule. Un fall ios Europay Curt om Menscenrects (2002) kohns id ne maght ses ayn, actual-ye, uno menscenrect. Maght lakin bihe mohmto de Montherlant au Deleuze, dehnd-ye voluntar-ye un termin uni dusbohrascus gwit. 
Id mutalba uns rect ad suicide oistundt protie dwo major diweidens. Uter est religious : gwit est un don ab Div quod el menscis ne poittiet abdehe ud se. In christiano men, tei theme se addeiht id dayi od paytten est redemptor chunke isswo Divsunu buit martyriset kay salve nos. Alter diweiden gwehmt ex medical deontologia udwekwnen in id Hippocrates oit : el like est ter kay salve gwit ed ne kay dahe mohrt. 
Est ghaben kad sont drifts in suadaunteihsa, esdi est iskwn ab el sieug, ed maght bihe daumen an tod solution vaht bihe un economic alternative uper meg-ye costeus palliative kaur. Fait-divers, yando contradictor, deict id complexitat ios problem : bihnt denuncet ka maurdhs ia acts em sem lieks au sanitars, betschi biht comprehens id geste em prohgen kerabs bragvnend id gwit nityen.
Category:Philosophia