The Hobbit

The Hobbit, or There and Back Again is the first published novel by J.R.R. Tolkien set in Middle-earth. The book was first published on September 21, 1937 and is set in the years 2941 to 2942 of the Third Age before the events of The Lord of the Rings.The Lord of the Rings was written from 1937 to 1949 and was published in 1954 and 1955. Initially intended as a standalone story for children, it was later realigned more into the Middle-earth legendarium by 1951, when a revised edition was released.
==Background==
J.R.R. Tolkien wrote The Hobbit (as well as the first two books of The Lord of the Rings) during his time as a Fellow and Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Pembroke College of the University of Oxford in England.Although he had been an undergraduate at Exeter College, Tolkien was a Fellow of Pembroke from 1925 to 1945. Tolkien recollected in a 1955 letter to W.H. AudenAuden, W.H., Letters, no. 163 that The Hobbit began in the late 1920s when he was marking School Certificate papers and wrote the words "In a hole in the ground, there lived a hobbit" on the back of one of them. The Hobbit didn't go any further than that at the time, although in the following years he drew up Thrór's Map, outlining the geography of the tale. The story itself he wrote in the early 1930s, and it was eventually published because he lent it to the Rev. Mother of Cherwell Edge when she was sick with the flu, and while she had the manuscript it was seen by a former student who was employed in the office of Allen & Unwin, a British publishing house.
Tolkien introduced or mentioned characters and places that figured prominently in his legendarium, specifically Elrond and Gondolin, along with elements from Germanic legend. But the decision that the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings could belong to the same universe as The Silmarillion was made only after his initial success and the request by his publisher for a sequel.
Although a fairy tale, the book is both complex and sophisticated: it contains many names and words derived from Norse mythology, and central plot elements from the Beowulf epic, it makes use of Anglo-Saxon runes, information on calendars and moon phases, and detailed geographical descriptions that fit well with the accompanying maps.
== Story ==
Bilbo Baggins, a hobbit, smokes in his porch-way at Bag End one day, when Gandalf the wizard visits him. After a lengthy discussion in which Bilbo says "good morning" several times, Bilbo becomes flustered. He invites Gandalf to tea, and goes back inside his Hobbit-hole with a final "good morning".  Gandalf stays outside, and before leaving, carves a secret mark on Bilbo's front door that indiciates: "Burglar wants a good job, plenty of excitement and reasonable reward." Soon afterward, thirteen Dwarves (Thorin II Oakenshield, Glóin, Óin, Ori, Nori, Dori, Dwalin, Balin, Fíli and Kíli, Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur) arrive at Bag End and begin discussing their planned treasure hunt while the hapless Bilbo provides obligatory hospitality. After the Dwarves and Bilbo clean up the mess of their hefty supper, a map is produced and Gandalf arranges for Bilbo to take the job of burglar. The company's quest is to use a secret door to enter the Lonely Mountain, send forth their burglar to steal as much of the riches within its halls as possible, and do reconnaissance, then, to slay the dragon Smaug who had claimed the Mountains, and become rich again.The next morning, after oversleeping and nearly missing the start of the journey, Bilbo goes off with the Dwarves. They are nearly eaten by 3 trolls, Tom, Bert, and William, but Gandalf manages to deceive the trolls into staying up all night whereupon they are turned into stone by the first light of dawn and die (the stone trolls appear later in ). In the Trolls' lair they find the trolls' storage of supplies, including several weapons. Bilbo acquires an Elvish short sword which he will later name Sting, which glows blue in the presence of Orcs. Thorin acquires Orcrist, and Gandalf acquires Glamdring.
The party travels to Rivendell, where they enjoy the hospitality of Elves. There, Elrond finds Moon-letters on the company's map of the mountain, giving information about a secret door on its side. They then proceed eastward toward the Misty Mountains. There they are captured by goblins, and carried to Goblin-town. They run away, and during the escape Bilbo loses the Dwarves. Alone in the dark after running away from the goblins, Bilbo finds a gold ring on the floor of a cave passage and puts it in his pocket. Little did he know that this was the One Ring lost by Sauron centuries ago.
Continuing down a tunnel, he finds himself at the shore of an underground lake. Gollum quietly paddles up in his boat, and the two enact the riddle-game, under the condition that if Bilbo wins, Gollum will show him the way out, but if Bilbo loses, Gollum will eat him. After several riddles, which each manages to answer, Bilbo, whilst fiddling in his pocket unable to think of a riddle, asks himself aloud "What have I got in my pocket?". Gollum thinks this is supposed to be the next riddle, and as it doesn't comply with the rules of the riddle-game, demands three guesses; in the end he fails to guess the answer. Bilbo demands his reward, but Gollum refuses and paddles off in his boat to an island in the lake, upon which he lives. After searching around for a while asking aloud "Where is it? Where's my precious!?" to which Bilbo replies, "I don't know and I don't care. I just want to get out of here", Gollum becomes suspicious, gets in his boat, and starts paddling back across the lake towards Bilbo. Bilbo realizes his life is in danger and makes his escape down the maze of pitch-black tunnels, and Gollum gives chase. Bilbo trips, and finds the ring on his finger.  Realizing he has no chance to escape his pursuer, he stays where he is and prepares to meet his fate, but Gollum runs right over him. Bilbo realizes the Ring, while on his finger, makes him invisible. He manages to escape past Gollum, who has gone to guard the only exit, and finds his way to the surface where he rejoins the Dwarves.
Descending from the Misty Mountains, they survive an encounter with Wargs (large evil wolves) and goblins by climbing trees. Eagles, summoned by Gandalf, then came to rescue them.  They soon meet Beorn, a man who can transform into a bear.  They depart, having rested for several days. Gandalf leaves soon on an errand. The party traverses the great forest, Mirkwood, eventually running out of supplies. Gandalf had warned them not to leave the Elf-path, but they saw fire and heard singing, so, hopeless, they leave the path to beg food from Wood-elves, only to get lost. They are captured by giant spiders, but Bilbo rescues the Dwarves by becoming invisible via the Ring and killing many spiders with Sting and rocks. Elves then capture the Dwarves and imprison them, but Bilbo manages to sneak into the Elvenking Thranduil's palace unnoticed using the Ring; he then helps the Dwarves escape in barrels floating down the river.
After staying for a short period of time at Lake-town, the treasure-seekers proceed to the Lonely Mountain. Finding themselves unable to locate the secret door, the company sits down, depressed, on a cliff. Hearing a Thrush knocking on a stone, Bilbo looks up just in time to see the last rays of the Sun of Durin's Day, shining on the cliff wall, to magically reveal the secret door (as was foretold by moon-letters upon a map that the company was in possession of). Bilbo is sent down to meet Smaug, the dragon, who realized the Company received help from the people of Lake-town, and sets out to destroy it. However, the Thrush that had been knocking on the stone was no ordinary bird but of an ancient race with whom the Men of Dale could communicate, and it had heard Bilbo's report to the Dwarves; that Smaug had a bare patch in his armor on the left side of his chest (nearest his heart) that could be used to slaughter him, if only you could get close enough. It conveyed this message to one Bard the Bowman, who seeing the bare patch on the chest of Smaug, dispatched the dragon with a single black arrow, thus allowing the party of Dwarves to take possession of the treasure.The citizens of Lake-town arrive to make historical claims and demand compensation for the help they had rendered, as well as reparations for damage Smaug inflicted during his attack. They're joined by the Elves, who also demand a share based on historical claims. The Dwarves refuse all negotiations and in turn summon kin from the mountains to strengthen their position. Seeing no other way to avert a war, Bilbo uses the Ring to steal the prized Arkenstone of Thráin from the Dwarves, which he uses to broker peace. However, after revealing this to Thorin, the latter becomes furious and kicks him out. Bilbo then leaves and joins the recently returned Gandalf and Lake-Town citizens. 
Just as a grudging truce is agreed to, the three armies at the Lonely Mountain (Elves, Men, and Dwarves) are attacked by Goblins and Wargs from the Misty Mountains. A bitter battle ensues (named the Battle of Five Armies). Though suffering heavy losses, Elves, Men, and Dwarves prevail with the help of the Eagles. Thorin, Fili and Kili are unfortunately killed in the battle, but just before he dies, Thorin makes peace with Bilbo. The treasure is apportioned. Bilbo refuses most of the riches, realizing he has no way to bring them back home; he nevertheless takes enough with him to make himself a wealthy hobbit and live happily thereafter, unaware of the dangerous nature of his Ring, which he places in a glass case on his mantle. Gandalf and Balin later visit Bilbo at Bag-End.
== Chapters ==
Prefatory note
An Unexpected Party
Roast Mutton
A Short Rest
Over Hill and Under Hill
Riddles in the Dark
Out of the Frying-Pan into the Fire
Queer Lodgings
Flies and Spiders
Barrels Out of Bond
A Warm Welcome
On the Doorstep
Inside Information
Not at Home
Fire and Water
The Gathering of the Clouds
A Thief in the Night
The Clouds Burst
The Return Journey
The Last Stage
==Development & influences==
===Original version===
In the initial edition of the novel, Gollum willingly bets his magic ring on the outcome of the riddle game. During the writing of The Lord of the Rings Tolkien saw the need to revise this passage, in order to reflect the concept of the One Ring and its powerful hold on Gollum. Tolkien tried many different passages in the chapter that would become chapter two of The Lord of the Rings, "The Shadow of the Past". Eventually, Tolkien decided a rewrite of was in order, and he sent a sample chapter of this rewrite ("Riddles In The Dark") to his publishers. Initially he heard nothing further, but when he was sent galley proofs of a new edition he learned to his surprise the new chapter had been incorporated as the result of a misunderstanding.
Tolkien explained the two different versions in the introduction of The Lord of the Rings, as well as inside "The Shadow of the Past", as a "lie" that Bilbo made up, probably because of the One Ring's influence on him, and which he originally wrote down in his book. Inside The Lord of the Rings, Bilbo finally confesses the real story at the Council of Elrond, although Gandalf had deduced the truth earlier. As Tolkien presented himself as the translator of the supposedly historic Red Book of Westmarch, where Bilbo and Frodo's stories were recorded, he further explained the two differing stories in The Hobbit by stating he had originally used Bilbo's original story, but later re-translated the work with the "true story" recorded by Frodo.
This first edition also mentions "gnomes", an earlier word Tolkien used to refer to the second kindred of the High Elves — the Ñoldor (or "Deep Elves"). Tolkien thought that "gnome", being derived from the Greek gnosis (knowledge), was a good name for the Ñoldor he created to be the wisest of the other Elves. However, because of its English connotations of a small, secretive, and unattractive creature (see garden gnome), Tolkien removed it from later editions. He made other minor changes in order to conform the narrative to events in The Lord of the Rings and in the ideas he was developing for the Quenta Silmarillion.
Some facets of the story are incongruent with the fantasy setting of The Lord of the Rings, and can seem anachronistic:
*The Trolls have English first and last names.
*There are uses of traditional "magic": when Bilbo tries to steal a purse from the Trolls, the purse shouts.
*Elves appear as either comical mischiefs (in Rivendell) or as chiefly hostile (in Mirkwood).
*Gandalf refers to Radagast as "his cousin" despite that Maiar are not said to have been familial.
*The Orcs pictured in The Hobbit seem allied neither to the Necromancer (Sauron) nor to Saruman, and instead have a simple hostility towards all Free Peoples.
*References to "fairies" and "ogres" are included.
*Language used in the text concerning the Ring reflected Bilbo's lack of knowledge about it, as he was meant to be the author of the story.
===Similarities to Beowulf===
During his time as a professor at the University of Oxford Tolkien studied Anglo-Saxon. One of the Anglo-Saxon pieces of literature he studied is the epic poem Beowulf, about which he wrote essays such as The Monsters and the Critics. Interesting parallels can be found between The Hobbit and Beowulf.
The plots of the two stories are very similar. In both of them a party of 13 sets out to seek satisfaction for a crime committed by a dragon. Both parties contain a thief, which in The Hobbit is Bilbo, who steals a cup from the sleeping dragon's hoard by using a secret passage. Both dragons then awake from their deep slumber and cause terror and destruction. Both dragons are well protected by their armour, a natural one in Beowulf and one made of gold and diamonds in The Hobbit, but finally they are killed. Both stories end or almost end with a fight with a dragon.
But not only the plots share similarities: both main characters, Bilbo and Beowulf, share characteristics. Both heroes defy their enemies with their supernatural power, which in Bilbo's case is the Ring and in Beowulf's case is his supernatural strength. While Beowulf has the help of God, Bilbo often prevails because of his sheer luck. Both are of noble ancestry and both get separated from their group, Bilbo in the mountains, Beowulf when he travels down to the lair of Grendel's mother in order to kill her.
Additionally some elements of Anglo-Saxon culture can be found. In both books a king, which in Anglo-Saxon sometimes is called ring or gold giver, awards his warriors with treasures and war gear. In Anglo-Saxon culture poems are important, as they contain the people's history and they are sung by scops. Two of these songs are found in Beowulf and more in The Hobbit. The Anglo-Saxon society was one of warriors and Tolkien's Dwarves are close to this culture. They are warriors and like Anglo-Saxons they value jewellery and war gear.
==Editions==
George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. of London published the first edition of The Hobbit in September 1937. It was illustrated with many black-and-white drawings by Tolkien himself. The original illustrations would be colour plates. Allen & Unwin decided to incorporate the colour illustrations into their second printing, released at the end of 1937. Despite the book's popularity, wartime conditions forced the London publisher to print small runs of the remaining two printings of the first edition.
As remarked above, Tolkien substantially revised the text describing Bilbo's dealings with Gollum in order to blend the story better into what The Lord of the Rings had become. This revision became the second edition, published in 1951 in both UK and American editions. Slight corrections to the text have appeared in the third (1966) and fourth editions (1978).
New English-language editions of The Hobbit spring up often, despite the book's age, with at least fifty editions having been published to date. Each comes from a different publisher or bears distinctive cover art, internal art, or substantial changes in format. The text of each generally adheres to the Allen & Unwin edition extant at the time it is published.
The remarkable and enduring popularity of The Hobbit expresses itself in the collectors' market. The first printing of the first English language edition rarely sells for under U.S. $10,000 in any whole condition, and clean copies in original dust jackets signed by the author are routinely advertised for over $100,000.
In 2001, Del Rey published an illustrated, abridged edition of the book, made by Charles Dixon and illustrated by David T. Wenzel.
The Hobbit has been translated into many languages. Known translations, with the first date of publishing, are:
Language 	Year	Title 	Translator 	Notes
Albanian 	2005	Hobiti 	Maklen Misha 	Tirana: Shtëpia e Librit & Komunikit ISBN 99943-641-8-9
Arabic 	2008	الهوبيت، أو ذهابًا وعودة(Al-Hūbīt, aw Zehaban wa ʿAwda) 	هشام فهمي - مي غنيم (Hisham Fahmy - May Ghanim) 	Dokki, Giza: Dar Lila (No ISBN)
Armenian 	1984	ՀՈԲԻՏ կամ գնալն ու գալը 	Emma Makarian 	Yerevan. Translated from the Russian translation by N. Rakhmanova. Uses the Belomlinskij illustrations from the Rakhmanova Russian edition
Asturian 	2014	El Hobbit 	Miguel Gallego Gómez 	Gijón. Published by Ediciones Terrier. ISBN 978-84-617-1545-9
Belarusian 	2002	Хобіт, або Вандроўка туды і назад 	K. Kurchankova and D. Magilevtsav 	Minsk. Contains both maps with place-names in Belarusian, based on the Belomlinskij Russian maps
Basque 	2008	Hobbita edo Joan-etorri bat 	Sergio Ibarrola and Xabier Olarra 	Iruñea: Igela Argitaletxea. ISBN 978-84-87484-88-9. Maps with place-names in English
Bengali 	2011	হবিট (Hôbiţô) 	Aniruddha 	Margao: CinnamonTeal. ISBN 9789380151939
Breton 	2000	An Hobbit, pe eno ha distro 	Alan Dipode 	Argenteuil: Éditions Arda. ISBN 2-911979-03-6. Contains both maps with place-names in Breton; the runes are translated into Breton
Bulgarian 	1975	Билбо Бегинс или дотам и обратно 	Красимира Тодорова (Krasimira Todorova) 	Sofia: Narodna Mladezh (София, „Народна младеж“). Verse translations by Assen Todorov (Асен Тодоров)
Catalan 	1983	El Hòbbit o viatge d'anada i tornada 	Francesc Parcerisas 	The runes and both maps (the one for the Wildlands and the other one for the Lonely Mountain) are in Catalan. Some names, though, remain in English (such as Baggins or Took, which in the Lord of the Rings are translated as Saquet and Tuc respectively). Published by La Magrana (Edicions de la Magrana, SA. Pàdua, 83, 08006, Barcelona) in April 1983 (first edition); the last edition was in May 2001 (20th edition). ISBN 84-8264-277-4
Traditional Chinese	2001	魔戒前傳 哈比人歷險記(Mojie qianzhuan: Habiren lixianji) 	朱學恆 (Lucifer Chu) 	Both maps are in Chinese. ISBN 957-08-2334-8
Simplified Chinese 	2002	魔戒前传: 霍比特人(Mojie qianzhuan: Huobiteren) 	李尧 (Li Yao) 	Nanjing: Yilin Press. 2000. ISBN 7-80657-190-6
Simplified Chinese 	2013	霍比特人(Huobiteren) 	吴刚 (Wu Gang) 	Shanghai: Shiji Wenjing; Shanghai People's Publishing House. 2013. ISBN 9787208111028 authorized by the Tolkien Estate
Cornish 	2014	An Hobys, pò, An Fordh Dy ha Tre Arta 	Nicholas Williams 	Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-090-6 (hb), ISBN 978-1-78201-089-0 (pb). Contains both maps with place-names in Cornish; the runes are translated into Cornish. On the cup in the illustration "Conversations with Smaug" ('Kescows gans Smawg') the text in Tengwar and initials in runes are translated into Cornish
Croatian 	1994	Hobit ili tamo i opet natrag 	Zlatko Crnković 	(See also Serbo-Croatian, below)
Czech 	1979	Hobit, aneb cesta tam a zase zpátky 	František Vrba 	Prague: Odeon. In book translation credited for political reasons to Lubomír Dorůžka. Illustrated by Jiří Šalamoun
Danish 	1969	Hobbitten, eller ud og hjem igen 	Ida Nyrop Ludvigsen 	Copenhagen: Gyldendal. 1969. No maps
Danish 	2012	Hobbitten, eller ud og hjem igen 	Jakob Levinsen 	Copenhagen: Gyldendal. 2012. ISBN 978-87-02-12852-9
Dutch 	1960	De Hobbit of daarheen en weer terug 	Max Schuchart 	Utrecht/Antwerpen: Het Spectrum. 1960. No maps
Esperanto 	2000	La Hobito aŭ Tien kaj Reen 	Christopher Gledhill, poems translated by William Auld 	Kaliningrad: Sezonoj. Rereleased in 2005. Runes are translated to Esperanto
Esperanto 	2015	La Hobito, aŭ, Tien kaj Reen 	Christopher Gledhill, poems translated by William Auld 	Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-110-1 (hb), ISBN 978-1-78201-109-5 (pb). Contains both maps with place-names in Esperanto; the runes are translated into Esperanto. On the cup in the illustration "Conversations with Smaug" ('Konversacio kun Smaŭg') the text in Tengwar and initials in runes are translated into Esperanto
Estonian 	1977	Kääbik, ehk, Sinna ja tagasi 	Lia Rajandi (prose and poems), Harald Rajamets (poems) 	Tallinn: Eesti raamat
Faroese 	1990	Hobbin ella út og heim aftur 	Axel Tórgarð 	Hoyvík: Stíðin
Finnish 	1973	Lohikäärmevuori, eli Erään hoppelin matka sinne ja takaisin 	Risto Pitkänen 	Helsinki: Tammi
Finnish 	1985	Hobitti eli Sinne ja takaisin 	Kersti Juva 	Helsinki: Werner Söderström
French 	1969	Bilbo le Hobbit 	Francis Ledoux 	Paris: Le Livre de Poche. 2002. ISBN 2-253-04941-7. Contains both maps with place-names in French; the runes remain in English
French 	2012	Le Hobbit 	Daniel Lauzon 	Paris: Christian Bourgois éditeur. 2012. ISBN 9782267024012. Contains both maps with place-names in French; the runes are translated
West Frisian 	2009	De Hobbit 	Anne Tjerk Popkema 	Leeuwarden: Uitgeverij Elikser. 2009. ISBN 90-8954-112-8
Galician 	2000	Ó hobbit 	Moisés R. Barcia 	Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia
Georgian 	2002	ჰობიტი ანუ იქით და აქეთ(Hobitʼi anu ikit da aket) 	Nino Bardzimishvili, poems translated by Tinatin Gogochashvili	Tbilisi: Otar Karalashvili. 2002. ISBN printed on the cover and in the book (99928-0-302-0) is invalid. Contains both maps with place-names in Georgian
Georgian 	2009	ჰობიტი(Hobitʼi) 	Nika Samushia, poems translated by Tsitso Khotsuashvili 	John Howe's illustration on the cover
German 	1957	Kleiner Hobbit und der große Zauberer 	Walter Scherf 	Recklinghausen: Paulus-Verlag. 1957. Illustrated by Horus Engels
German 	1971	Der kleine Hobbit 	Walter Scherf 	Georg Bitter. 1971. Revised after the appearance of the Carroux translation of The Lord of the Rings to make the names match
German 	1998	Der Hobbit 	Wolfgang Krege 	Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, ISBN 3-608-93805-2
Greek 	1978	Το Χόμπιτ 	A. Gavrielide, Kh. Delegianne 	Athens: Kedros, ISBN 960-04-0308-2
Hawaiian 	2015	Ka Hopita, a i ʻole, I Laila a Hoʻi Hou mai 	R. Keao NeSmith 	Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-092-0 (hb), ISBN 978-1-78201-091-3 (pb). Contains both maps with place-names in Hawaiian; the runes are translated into Hawaiian. On the cup in the illustration "Conversations with Smaug" ('Ke Kūkā ʻana me Smaug') the text in Tengwar and initials in runes are translated into Hawaiian
Hebrew 	1976	ההוביט 	משה הנעמי (Moshe Hana'ami) 	
Hebrew 	1977	ההוביט או לשם ובחזרה 	 	Hebrew from a book sent to one of them by family members, via the Red Cross. The pilots' translation was published in Tel-Aviv following their return, and many Israeli critics still consider it the better of the first two Hebrew translations
Hebrew 	2012	ההוביט 	יעל אכמון (Yael Achmon) 	
Hungarian 	1975	A babó 	Tibor Szobotka, poems translated by István Tótfalusi 	ISBN 963-11-0374-9
Reworked in 2006 under the title A hobbit – „Egyszer oda, aztán vissza” by Tamás Füzessy with the introduction and annotations of Douglas A. Anderson (translated by Zsuzsa Ürmössy). (ISBN 963-539-515-9)
Hungarian 	2006	A hobbit – Vagy: Oda-vissza 	László Gy. Horváth, poems translated by Zsuzsa N. Kiss 	This translation was originally published in 2006 with a terminology consistent with that of the Ádám Réz/Árpád Göncz translation of The Lord of the Rings (A Gyűrűk Ura) (ISBN 963-07-8162-X). It uses the old Hungarian alphabet instead of English runes and illustrations by Alan Lee.After the revision of the Hungarian terminology of The Lord of the Rings in 2008, changes were also incorporated into this translation and was republished in 2011 without illustrations and with the English runes restored (ISBN 978-963-07-9336-0)
Icelandic 	1978	Hobbitinn 	Úlfur Ragnarsson and Karl Ágúst Úlfsson 	Reykjavík: Almenna Bókafélagið
Icelandic 	1997	Hobbitinn eða út og heim aftur 	Þorsteinn Thorarensen 	Reykjavík: Fjölvaútgáfan ISBN 9979-58-305-3
Indonesian 	1977	Hobbit atau pergi dan kembali 	Anton Adiwiyoto 	Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Irish 	2012	An Hobad, nó, Anonn agus Ar Ais Arís 	Nicholas Williams 	Cathair na Mart: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-904808-90-9 (hb), ISBN 978-1-78201-033-3 (pb). Contains both maps with place-names in Irish; the runes are translated into Irish. On the cup in the illustration "Conversations with Smaug" ('Ag Comhrá le Smóg') the text in Tengwar and initials in runes are translated into Irish
Italian 	1973	Lo hobbit, o la Riconquista del Tesoro 	Elena Jeronimidis Conte 	Milan: Adelphi Editions. ISBN 88-459-0688-4. Contains both maps with place-names in Italian; the runes are translated into Italian. Spelling of Smaug changed into "Smog"; the trolls are referred to as "Uomini Neri" ("Black Men")
Italian 	2004	Lo Hobbit Annotato 	Oronzo Cilli and Elena Jeronimidis Conte 	Milan: Bompiani RCS group. ISBN 88-452-3292-1. New translation
Japanese 	1965	ホビットの冒険 (Hobitto no Bōken) 	瀬田貞二 (Teiji Seta) 	transliterated directly into katakana spellings. Runes on Thrór's map are left in English, but absent altogether from the title page. Terms used here carry over into the Japanese edition of The Lord of the Rings, translated by Teiji Seta and Akiko Tanaka
Korean 	1979	호비트 (Hobiteu) 	김종철 (Kim Jong-cheol) 	Yeoleum
Korean 	1988	호비트 모험 (Hobiteu Moheom) 	공덕용 (Kong Deok-yong) 	Seoul : Dongsuh Press
Korean 	1989	호비트의 모험 (Hobiteueui Moheom) 	최윤정 (Choi Yun-jeong) 	Seoul : Changjak-kwa-Bipyongsa. ISBN 8936441035, ISBN 8936441043
Korean 	1991	꼬마 호비트의 모험 (Kkoma Hobiteueui Moheom) 	이동진 (Lee Dong-jin) 	Yeollin. ISBN 8982100911
Korean 	1999	호비트 (Hobiteu) 	김석희 (Kim Seok-hee) 	Seoul : Sigongsa. ISBN 8952705130, ISBN 8952705149
Korean 	2002	호빗 (Hobit) 	이미애 (Lee Mi-ae) 	Seoul : Ssiaseul Ppurineun Saram. ISBN 9788956371078
Latin 	2012	Hobbitus ille aut illuc atque rursus retrorsum 	Marc Walker 	London : HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-744521-9
Latvian 	1991	Hobits jeb Turp un atpakaļ 	Zane Rozenberga 	First edition published in 1991 (ISBN 5-410-00159-1) was large format hardcover children's book and featured high quality original illustrations by Latvian artist Laima Eglīte. Notably elves were pictured as having wings and greenish skin.Second edition was published in 2002 in soft cover (ISBN 9-984-22417-1) and contained traditional black and white illustrations drawn by J.R.R.Tolkien
Lithuanian 	1985	Hobitas, arba Ten ir atgal 	Bronė Balčienė 	
Luxembourgish 	2002	Den Hobbit 	Henry Wickens 	Esch-Sauer : Op der Lay. ISBN 2-87967-099-3. Contains both maps with place-names in Luxembourgish; the runes are translated into Luxembourgish
Macedonian 	2005	Хобитот или до таму и назад 	Marija Todorova 	Skopje: Feniks ISBN 9989-33-142-1
Marathi 	2011	द हॉबिट 	Meena Kinikar 	Pune: Diamond Publications ISBN 978-81-8483-374-4
Moldavian 	1987	Хоббитул(Hobbitul) 	Aleksej Tsurkanu 	Chişinău: Literatura artistike (translated from Russian)
Norwegian (Bokmål) 	1972	Hobbiten, eller fram og tilbake igjen 	Finn Aasen and Oddrun Grønvik 	Oslo: Tiden Norsk Forlag. ISBN 82-10-00747-5. Contains both maps with place-names in Norwegian; the runes are translated into Norwegian
Norwegian (Bokmål) 	1997	Hobbiten, eller Fram og tilbake igjen 	Nils Ivar Agøy 	Oslo: Tiden Norsk Forlag. ISBN 82-10-04300-5
Norwegian (Nynorsk)	2008	Hobbiten 	Eilev Groven Myhren 	Oslo: Tiden Norsk Forlag. ISBN 978-82-10-05038-1
Persian 	2002	هابيت(Hābit) 	فرزاد فربد (Farzad Farbud) 	Tehran: Ketab-e Panjereh 2002 (١٣٨١). ISBN 964-7822-01-4
Persian 	2004	هابيت يا آنجا و بازگشت دوباره(Hābit yā ānjā va bāzgašt dobāre)	رضا عليزاده (Reza Alizadeh) 	Tehran: Rowzaneh 2004 (١٣٨٣). ISBN 964-334-200-X. Contains both maps with place-names in Persian; the runes remain in English
Polish 	1960	Hobbit, czyli tam i z powrotem 	Maria Skibniewska 	
Polish 	1985	Hobbit, czyli tam i z powrotem 	Maria Skibniewska 	2nd Polish edition, revised translation
Polish 	1997	Hobbit albo tam i z powrotem 	Paulina Braiter 	
Polish 	2002	Hobbit, czyli tam i z powrotem 	Andrzej Polkowski 	
Portuguese-Portugal	1962	O Gnomo 	Maria Isabel Morna Braga, Mário Braga; il. António Quadros 	Porto: Livraria Civilização Editora
Portuguese-Portugal	1985	O Hobbit 	Fernanda Pinto Rodrigues 	Mem Martins: Publicações Europa-América
Portuguese-Brazil 	1995	O Hobbit ou Lá e de Volta Outra Vez 	Lenita Maria Rímoli Esteves 	São Paulo: Martins Fontes
Romanian 	1975	O poveste cu un hobbit 	Catinca Ralea 	Bucharest: Editura Ion Creangă
Russian 	1976	Хоббит, или Туда и обратно 	Н. Рахманова (N. Rakhmanova) 	Leningrad: Detskaya Literatura. Illustrations by M. Belomlinskij
Russian 	2001	Хоббит, или Туда и обратно 	А.А. Грузберг (A.A. Gruzberg) 	Ekaterinburg: Publishing house "Litur" (Издательство «ЛИТУР»). Illustrations by Е. Нитылкина (E. Nitylkina)
Russian 	1995	Хоббит, или Туда и обратно 	М. Каменкович, С. Степанов (M. Kamenkovich, S. Stepanov) 	Saint Petersburg: Publishing house "Azbuka" (Издательство «Азбука»). Academically annotated edition
Russian 	2000	Хоббит, или Туда и обратно 	Валерия Маторина "В.А.М." (Valeria Matorina, "V.A.M.") 	Moscow: Publishing house "EKSMO" (Издательство «ЭКСМО»). Illustrations by И. Панков (I. Pankov)
Russian 	2001	Хоббит, или Туда и обратно 	Л. Яхнин (L. Yakhnin) 	Moscow: Publishing house "Alfa book" (Издательство «Алфа-книга»)
Russian 	1991	Хоббит, или Туда и обратно 	З. Бобырь (Z. Bobyr') 	Moscow: Publishing house "Molodaya Gvardiya" (Издательство «Молодая гвардия»)
Russian 	2002	Хоббит 	К. Королёв, В. Тихомиров (K. Korolev, V. Tikhomirov) 	Moscow: Publishing house "Eksmo" (Издательство «Эксмо»)
Russian 	2005	Хоббит, или Туда и обратно 	Н. Прохорова, М. Виноградова (N. Prokhorova, M. Vinogradova) 	Moscow: Publishing house "Milikon Servis" (Издательство «Миликон Сервис»)
Russian 	2003	Хоббит, или Туда и обратно 	И. Тогоева (I. Togoeva) 	Moscow: Publishing house "Rosmen" (Издательство «РОСМЭН»)
Serbo-Croatian 	1975	Хобит или тамо и назад 	Meri and Milan Milišić 	
Slovak 	1973	Hobbit 	Viktor Krupa (prose), Jana Šimulčíková (poetry) 	Bratislava: Slovenský spisovatel'
Slovak 	2002	Hobbit 	Otakar Kořínek 	Bratislava: SLOVART
Slovene 	1986	Hobit ali Tja in spet nazaj 	Dušan Ogrizek 	Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga
Sorbian 	2012	Hobit 	Edward Wornar 	Leipzig: Institut za Sorabistiku Lipšćanskeje Uniwersity. ISBN 978-1-4716-7712-0
Spanish (Argentina)	1964	El hobito 	Teresa Sánchez Cuevas 	Buenos Aires: Fabril Editora
Spanish (Spain) 	1982	El hobbit 	Manuel Figueroa 	Barcelona: Ediciones Minotauro. ISBN 84-450-7141-6. Contains only Thrór's map with place-names in Spanish; the runes remain in English
Swedish 	1947	Hompen eller En resa Dit och Tillbaks igen 	Tore Zetterholm 	Stockholm: Kooperativa Förbundets Bokförlag
Swedish 	1962	Bilbo – En hobbits äventyr 	Britt G. Hallqvist 	Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren
Swedish 	2007	Hobbiten eller bort och hem igen 	Erik Andersson 	Stockholm: Norstedts ISBN 978-91-1-301648-1 (green cover) or ISBN 978-91-1-301765-5
Thai 	2002	เดอะฮอบบิท 	สุดจิต ภิญโญยิ่ง (Sutjit Phin-yo-ying) 	
Turkish 	1996	Hobbit 	Esra Uzun 	
Turkish 	2007	Hobbit 	Gamze Sari 	ISBN 978-975-273-373-2, Publisher: Ithaki Yayinlari, Published: Istanbul, August 2007, Pages: 425
Ukrainian 	1985	Гобiт, або Мандрiвка за Iмлистi гори 	O. Mokrovolskyi 	Kiev: Veselka
Ukrainian 	2007	Гобiт, або Туди i звiдти 	Olena O'Lir 	Lviv: Astrolabia, ISBN 978-966-8657-22-1
Vietnamese 	2003	 	 	Vietnamese version already completed in 2002 but publishing cancelled. This version leaked onto the Internet in 2003
Vietnamese 	2009	Hobbit ra đi và trở về 	Đinh Thị Hương 	EAN-13 8935077068955, maps with placenames in Vietnamese
Vietnamese 	2010	anh chàng Hobbit 	Nguyên Tâm 	Hanoi: Nhã Nam, no ISBN, maps with placenames in Vietnamese
Yiddish 	2012	דער האָביט(Der Hobit) 	Barry Goldsteinבעריש גאָלדשטײן 	ISBN 978-1-48117-230-1
Yiddish 	2015	Der Hobit, oder, Ahin un Vider Tsurik 	Barry Goldstein 	Portlaoise: Evertype, ISBN 978-1-78201-120-0 (hb), ISBN 978-1-78201-119-4 (pb). Contains both maps with place-names in Yiddish; the runes are translated into Yiddish. On the cup in the illustration "Conversations with Smaug" ('Shmuesen mit Smaug') the text in Tengwar and initials in runes are translated into Yiddish
== Appearances and mentions ==
==In adaptations==
===Films===
====Rankin/Bass====
The first major adaptation of The Hobbit was the The Hobbit 1977 animated film of the same name. The film was made by Rankin/Bass Productions and managed to economically retell most of the story within its 78-minute duration. An LP with the soundtrack and dialogue from the film was also released in 1977 by Disney through its Buena Vista Records label and an edited version, along with accompanying "storyteller read-alongs," was later issued for the Mouse Factory's Disneyland Records imprint. Harry N. Abrams published a large coffee-table illustrated edition of the book featuring concept art and stills. A second album by Glenn Robertson Yarbrough of music "inspired" by The Hobbit was also released.
The film was first broadcast on NBC in the United States, on November 27, 1977 (on Sunday night, three days after Thanksgiving) and is presented in a heart-warming style, featuring a lot of songs (many of which are based on poems and lyrics from the book). Much of the story has been simplified and several episodes and key scenes are omitted. 
====Peter Jackson's trilogy====
A live-action three-part movie adaption of The Hobbit, directed by Peter Jackson, was released in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey on December 14, 2012, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug on December 13, 2013 and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies on December 17, 2014.
===Radio===
The Hobbit has been adapted for other media. BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Hobbit radio drama, adapted by Michael Kilgarriff, in eight parts (4 hours) from September to November 1968, which starred Anthony Jackson as narrator, Paul Daneman as Bilbo, and Heron Carvic as Gandalf. Another famous audio adaptation authorized by Professor Tolkien was published by Conifer Records in 1974 and featured Nicol Williamson as every character.
===Music===
Middle-earth has been featured in songs notably by Enya and the Brobdingnagian Bards. Led Zeppelin's songs "Misty Mountain Hop" and "Ramble On" both contain references to Tolkien's mystical world. For The Hobbit itself, "The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins", performed by Leonard Nimoy as part of his 1968 Two Sides of Leonard Nimoy album, is the most pertinent because it recounts the book's storyline in its two minutes. The ballad's music video became a minor Internet meme in the early 2000s when The Lord of the Rings movies were released. 
===Games===
Several computer and video games, both official and unofficial, have been based on the book. One of the first was The Hobbit, a computer game developed in 1982 by Beam Software and published by Melbourne House for most computers available at the time, from the more popular computers such as the ZX Spectrum, and the Commodore 64, through to such esoteric computers as the Dragon 32 and Oric computers. By arrangement with the book publishers, a copy of the book was included with each game sold. 
Vivendi Universal Games published The Hobbit in 2003 for Windows PCs, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube. It is a "hack and slash" game produced as a prequel to The Lord of the Rings video games, but also as a softer version of those two games: less brutal, fewer enemies, but with an important platform aspect, the game was designed for smaller children. A similar version of this game was also published for the Game Boy Advance.
==Gallery==
First-Edition-Hobbit 2.jpg|Original cover
TheHobbit.jpg|Cover of the first Houghton Mifflin publication, 1997
9780547928227_p0_v1_s260x420.jpg|The Hobbit 75th Anniversary Edition
Remote image20111104-31809-ttxqgv-0-1-.jpg|2003 edition cover
==See also==
*Quest of Erebor
*English-language editions of The Hobbit
*Early American editions of The Hobbit
==References==
==External links==
*The Hobbit Pub Official website of the Pub in Southampton, England
*The Hobbit A collection of edition covers, 1937–2005
Category:Books
Category:Novels
Category:Works by J.R.R. Tolkien
Category:Primary literature
Category:Middle-earth source literature
Category:The Hobbit
ca:El hòbbit
de:Der kleine Hobbit
es:El Hobbit
fr:Le Hobbit
he:ההוביט (ספר)
it:Lo Hobbit
ja:ホビットの冒険
nl:De Hobbit
pl:Hobbit, czyli tam i z powrotem
pt-br:O Hobbit
ru:Хоббит, или Туда и обратно
tr:Hobbit
uk:Гобіт, або Туди і Звідти