Aqra (Chaldean Diocese)

Aqra is a diocese of the Chaldean Church. The diocese was founded in the middle of the nineteenth century.
== Background ==
Before the fourteenth century the Aqra region was part of the diocese of Marga, one of the suffragan dioceses in the metropolitan province of Adiabene. This diocese, frequently mentioned in Thomas of Marga's Book of Governors, included the districts of Sapsapa (the Navkur plain south of Aqra, on the east bank of the Khazir river), Talana and Nahla d'Malka (two valleys around the upper course of the Khazir river), Beth Rustaqa (the Gomel valley) and probably also several villages in the Zibar district. The diocese is first mentioned in the eighth century (the region was probably in the diocese of Beth Nuhadra previously), and several of its bishops are mentioned between the eighth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. By the second half of the thirteenth century the names of two villages in the Gomel valley, Tella and Barbelli (Billan), were also included in the title of the diocese. Two bishops of Tella and Barbelli are known from the second half of the thirteenth century and a third, Ishoyahb, was present at the synod of Timothy II in 1318. The diocese is not mentioned thereafter, and no other bishops are known from the Aqra region until the nineteenth century.
== The Chaldean diocese of Aqra ==
As far as is known, neither the Mosul nor the Qudshanis patriarchate had a bishop for the Aqra region until the nineteenth century. The colophons of the surviving manuscripts from the Aqra region invariably mention the Mosul patriarchs of the Eliya line, and there is no evidence that the Qudshanis patriarchs took any interest in the region before the 1830s. Most of the villages in the Aqra region were still traditionalist at the beginning of the nineteenth century (though the Zibar villages of Arena and Barzane had Catholic communities before the end of the eighteenth century), and determined efforts by the Chaldean church to convert them to Catholicism in the 1830s shook their traditional loyalty, enabling the Qudshanis patriarchate to exercise some influence in the region for a short period. 
The Aqra region had a number of Catholic communities by the end of the eighteenth century, which were included in the Chaldean diocese of Amadiya. Two unsuccessful attempts were made by the patriarch Yohannan VIII Hormizd to give the region its own Chaldean bishop in the 1830s. In 1834, in an attempt to preserve the patriarchal succession in his own family, he sent his nephew Eliya Sefaro to Urmi, where he was consecrated bishop of Aqra by the Qudshanis patriarch Shemon XVII Abraham. Shortly afterwards Eliya made a Catholic profession of faith and 'was received into the bosom of the Chaldean church'. His consecration was not recognised by the Vatican, and he was suspended. In 1835 he was absolved and sent to Tel Isqof as a priest.Badger, Nestorians, i. 167–8 The incident was notorious, and Badger's contemporary account is to be preferred to an alternative tradition preserved by Tfinkdji, who stated that Eliya was consecrated at Qudshanis in 1829, and that the patriarch’s motive was to harass his old enemy, the metropolitan of Amadiya Joseph Audo. 
Soon afterwards Yohnnan VIII Hormizd consecrated a metropolitan named Abraham for the Aqra region, who went over to the Qudshanis patriarch Shemon XVII Abraham in 1847. In 1850 he was residing in the monastery of Mar Abdisho near Nerem, and was in charge of a diocese of fifteen villages in the Aqra region. He is not mentioned again, and as Aqra was not included in the dioceses of the Qudshanis patriarchate in 1877 by Cutts, it seems likely that the region had by then returned to its traditional allegiance. In 1852 Eliya Sefaro was again consecrated for Aqra, by the patriarch Joseph VI Audo, and a stable Chaldean diocese in the region was finally established. According to a contemporary note in a a manuscript from the Aqra region, Eliya Sefaro died in Herpa two years after his consecration, on 22 September 1854, and was buried in the village. This date is probably to be preferred to Tfkinkdji's statement (followed by Fiey) that he died in 1863. 
Eliya Sefaro was succeeded by Yohannan Eliya Mellus, who was consecrated on 5 June 1864 by Joseph VI Audo. In 1874 Mellus was sent to India during the Malabar schism, and did not return to Kurdistan until 1882. He remained nominally bishop of Aqra during this period, but was under suspension until 1889, and for several years after his return lived in Mosul. In 1889 he made his submission to pope Leo XIII, and in 1890 was transferred to the diocese of Mardin by the patriarch Eliya XII Abulyonan. He was succeeded as bishop of Aqra by Yaqob Yohannan Sahhar, patriarchal vicar of Basra since 1887, who was consecrated for Aqra on 25 March 1893. 
At the synod of Alqosh in 1894 the newly-elected patriarch Abdisho V Khayyat asked to retain Eliya Joseph Khayyat, bishop-designate of Amadiya, as his patriarchal vicar, and the dioceses of Amadiya and Aqra were temporarily united under Yaqob Yohannan Sahhar, who was responsible for the united diocese from 23 April 1895 until his death in 1909. 
In 1910 the two dioceses were again divided, and between 1910 and 1945 the diocese of Aqra was administered by a patriarchal vicar. In 1945 the future patriarch Paul Cheiko was appointed bishop of Aqra. In 1957 he was replaced by Andrew Sana, who died in 1977. In 1980 the diocese was placed under the care of Abdalahad Rabban, apostolic administrator of Suleimaniya. 
Abdalahad Rabban died on 25 July 1999. The diocese of Aqra has remained vacant since his death, and the few remaining Chaldeans in the Aqra district are now under the care of an apostolic administrator, Father Youhanna Issa.
== Population statistics == 
In 1850 the traditionalist diocese of Aqra included eleven villages in the Aqra region and four villages in the Gomel valley, and contained 249 families, 9 priests and 13 churches (Badger). The large villages of Khardes and Herpa and several smaller villages were not included in Badger's list, probably because the majority of their inhabitants were Catholics.
The Chaldean diocese of Aqra had a population of 2,718 Chaldeans, with 17 priests, in 1867 (Martin); 1,000 Chaldeans, with 8 priests and 12 churches, in 1896 (Chabot); and 2,390 Chaldeans, with 16 priests and 10 churches, in 1913 (Tfinkdji). All of the villages listed in the traditionalist diocese in 1850 (apart from the Zibar villages of Erdil and Beth Kola) had Catholic communities in 1913, but the process of conversion was far from complete. Eleven villages in the diocese of Aqra in 1896, and the last nine villages listed by Tfinkdji in 1913, were 'semi-Nestorian'. A recently-published book by Youel Baaba has supplied the Syriac names of the villages in the diocese of Aqra.Baaba, The Assyrian Homeland, 69 (Syriac section)
Chaldean communities in the diocese of Aqra, 1913
Name of VillageName in SyriacNumber of BelieversNumber of PriestsNumber of ChurchesName of VillageName in SyriacNumber of BelieversNumber of PriestsNumber of Churches
Aqra25021Dure50</td>11 
Herpa20011Artun10011
Khardes12010Beth Mishmish15001</td>
Nerem10011Beth Nura8000
Sharmen25011Gwessa6000
Shahwipalan12010Guppa4000
Gorgoran8010Barzane9010
Nuhawa15011Beth Sapre3000
Arena30021Mallabarwan12011
Sanaya10011Total2,3901610 
==Notes==
==References==
* Baaba, Youel A., The Assyrian Homeland before World War I (Alamo, California, 2009)
*
* Chabot, J. B., 'État religieux des diocèses formant le patriarcat chaldéen de Babylone au 1er janvier 1896', Revue de l'Orient Chrétien, 1 (1898), 433–53
* Fiey, J. M., Assyrie chrétienne (3 vols, Beirut, 1962)
* Fiey, J. M., Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux (Beirut, 1993)
* Giamil, S., Genuinae Relationes inter Sedem Apostolicam et Assyriorum Orientalium seu Chaldaeorum Ecclesiam (Rome, 1902)
* Martin, P., La Chaldée, esquisse historique, suivie de quelques réflexions sur l'Orient (Rome, 1867)
* Tfinkdji, J., 'L’église chaldéenne catholique autrefois et aujourd’hui', Annuaire Pontifical Catholique, 17 (1914), 449–525
* Tisserant, E., 'Église nestorienne', Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique, 11, 157–323
* Wilmshurst, D. J., The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913 (Louvain, 2000)
Category:Assyrian geography
Category:Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Category:Chaldean bishops
Category:Chaldean Catholic Church