The Accused

The Accused is a 1988 American legal drama film directed by Jonathan Kaplan from a screenplay written by Tom Topor. The film is loosely based on the 1983 gang rape of Cheryl Araujo in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Set in Washington state, but filmed mainly in Vancouver, British Columbia, the film stars Jodie Foster as Sarah Tobias, a young waitress, who is gang raped by three men at a local bar. With the aid of an attorney, Kathryn Murphy (Kelly McGillis), she sets out to prosecute the rapists as well as the men who helped induce the assault. Bernie Coulson, Leo Rossi, Ann Hearn, Carmen Argenziano, Steve Antin and Tom O'Brien are featured in supporting roles. 
The Accused premiered at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Bear. It was released in limited theatres on October 14, 1988 by Paramount Pictures and was highly controversial upon release, mostly due to its graphic representation of gang rape. The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing over $92 million worldwide against a $13 million budget, and was chosen by the National Board of Review as the 3rd best film of the year. Critics praised the film's audacity, authentic portrayal of its subject matter, and credited it for being one of the first mainstream films to deal with the horrors of rape and its aftermath on a victim's life. Foster's performance marked her breakthrough into adult roles, earning numerous accolades including the Academy Award for Best Actress.
==Plot==
Sarah Tobias is brutally gang-raped by three men at a local bar while several patrons watch and cheer. District Attorney Kathryn Murphy is assigned to the case. Although there is strong physical evidence corroborating Sarah's rape, Kathryn feels that Sarah will not make a credible witness due to her checkered past and flirtatious behavior with the men prior to her attack. She agrees to a plea bargain, allowing the three rapists to plead guilty to the lesser offense of reckless endangerment, a felony without a sexual offense, and serve nine months in prison.
Sarah is angered and feels betrayed by Kathryn's decision, as she wanted the chance to tell her story. Several months later, Sarah is harassed in a parking lot by one of the men who watched and encouraged her rape. In response, she drives her car into his truck, resulting in her hospitalization. Kathryn feels guilty for not giving Sarah the choice to take her case to trial and offering her rapists a plea deal. She decides to prosecute the men who clapped and cheered during Sarah's assault for criminal solicitation. If convicted, the rape will go on record, nullifying the plea deal, and her rapists will serve full prison terms of five years.
As the case goes to trial, Sarah is finally able to testify about what happened the night of her attack. Meanwhile, Kathryn pores over evidence and comes across a tape of a 911 call in which a young man reports Sarah's rape. She discovers the caller is Kenneth Joyce, a college student who was present the night of the bar. Reluctant at first, he agrees to testify for the prosecution, recounting how the accused men cheered and goaded the rapists as they brutalized Sarah. The men are found guilty of criminal solicitation, and as a result, the rapists will serve additional time in prison. Sarah leaves the courtroom triumphant with Kathryn.
==Themes==
It is loosely based on the 1983 gang rape of Cheryl Araujo in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and the resulting trial which received national coverage (and was also the focus of an episode on the 2020 Netflix documentary series Trial by Media). The film explores the themes of classism, misogyny, post-traumatic stress disorder, slut shaming, victim blaming and women's empowerment.
==Cast==
* Kelly McGillis as Kathryn Murphy
* Jodie Foster as Sarah Tobias
* Bernie Coulson as Kenneth Joyce
* Leo Rossi as Cliff 'Scorpion' Albrect
* Ann Hearn as Sally Fraser
* Carmen Argenziano as Paul Rudolph
* Steve Antin as Bob Joiner
* Tom O'Brien as Larry
* Peter Van Norden as Paulsen
* Terry David Mulligan as Duncan
* Woody Brown as Danny
* Tom Heaton as Jesse
* Andrew Kavadas as Matt Haines
* Scott Paulin as Ben Wainwright
* Tom McBeath as Stu Holloway
* Kim Kondrashoff as Kurt
* Veena Sood as Woman Orderly
==Production==
===Development===
Screenwriter Tom Topor was inspired to write the film after the trial involving the rape of Cheryl Araujo became national news. Dawn Steel called him to ask if he'd be interested in doing a movie on the subject. Sherry Lansing and Stanley Jaffe from Paramount Pictures were subsequently signed on to produce the film. Topor interviewed 30 rape victims and numerous rapists, prosecutors, defense attorneys and medical professionals. Jonathan Kaplan met with Steel and discussed the possibility of making a film on the subject. The original draft of the script mainly focused on the lawyer's story. However, Kaplan wanted the rape victim to be as prominent as the lawyer; the script also featured a pool table (reflecting the real life incident), but the producers were concerned with being sued, so it was changed to a pinball machine.
Following the test screenings, the film received the lowest scores in the history of Paramount. According to Lansing, "The audience thought that Jodie's character deserved the rape." Studio executives wanted to put the film on the shelf and were looking for ways to prevent it from being released. Lansing asked for another screening with just women, which was far more successful. Of the 20 women in the room, 18 had experience with rape — either they or someone they knew had been raped. When tested again months later, it was given one of the highest scores in studio's history.
===Casting===
Due to its hardened themes and graphic screenplay, the studio was already skeptical of making the film and it was essential for the producers to cast a bankable actress in the role of Sarah Tobias. Numerous actresses were offered or considered for the part including Kim Basinger, Demi Moore, Jennifer Beals, Meg Tilly, Rosanna Arquette, and Kristin Davis, but all of them rejected the film due to its gruesome and controversial themes. Producers Sherry Lansing and Stanley R. Jaffe both had serious doubts about casting Foster because they did not think she could be sexual enough for the role of Sarah, also Foster who had recently graduated from Yale and didn't make any successful films during her time at school, wasn't the prime choice for the producers. Following numerous auditions as well as rejection from various established actresses, she was finally cast in the part.
Jane Fonda was initially attached to play attorney Kathryn Murphy but left the project as she found the script exploitative and poorly written. Ellen Barkin, Michelle Pfeiffer, Sigourney Weaver, Debra Winger, Meryl Streep and Geena Davis were also considered for the part. Kelly McGillis, who had just experienced commercial success with the action film Top Gun (1986), was cast for the bankable prospects of the film. McGillis was initially offered to play Sarah but declined, citing her personal experience. 
She acknowledged at the time of the film's release that she herself had survived a violent attack and rape in 1982 when two men broke into her apartment. Based on her experience, she took on the role of Murphy.
Foster viewed the film as a last ditch effort to give her acting career a much needed boost. She had taken a sabbatical from Hollywood to attend Yale, which was prolonged due to John Hinckley's assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan (which he carried out as a means to impress Foster with whom he had been obsessed after seeing her in Taxi Driver) in March 1981. After recovering from the media frenzy surrounding her following the incident, she had experienced a bit of a dry spell upon her return to acting. Most of her films had a lukewarm response both with critics and at the box office. She stated that she would have retired from acting had The Accused followed suit. Ultimately, the film's success revitalized her career.
===Filming===
Principal photography for The Accused began on April 22, 1987, and wrapped two months later on June 2. Although set in Washington state, it was filmed mainly in Vancouver, British Columbia. The gang rape scene was highly controversial at the time of its release (and still continues to be), as being the longest, most graphic and boldest representation of sexual assault in mainstream cinematic history. It took five days to complete and the filming was a difficult experience for the cast and crew involved. Everyone felt protective of Foster and worried how traumatic the situation could be for her. In an interview, Foster explained that the rape scene was meticulously rehearsed beforehand, so there would be no unpleasant surprises for anyone involved in the actual scene. She has stated that she does not remember filming the scene and completely blacked out and broke blood vessels in her right eye from crying during the shooting of the scene. The male actors were overwhelmingly upset.Hollinger 2012, p. 46 Leo Rossi (who played Cliff "Scorpion" Albrect, the bystander), recalled the experience of Woody Brown (who played Danny, one of the rapists) following the filming of the scene, in which he bolted from the set and threw up in his trailer. Complex ranked the rape scene from the film #16 on its list of "The 53 Most Hard-To-Watch Scenes in Movie History".
===Soundtrack===
==Release==
The Accused was released in limited theatres in North America on October 14, 1988. Although it was supposed to be released in April, it was deferred to October due to the Writers Guild of America's strike. The film premiered at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival in 1989, where it competed for the Golden Bear.
==Reception==
===Box office===
In its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, The Accused was number one at the box office, grossing $4.3 million in 796 theaters. The film grossed a total of $32.1 million in the United States and Canada"The Accused (1988)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 13, 2012. and $60 million overseas for a worldwide total of $92.1 million.
===Critical response===
The Accused received positive reviews from critics upon its release, with Foster's performance receiving widespread acclaim. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 92% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 65 out of 100 indicating "generally favourable reviews".
In a positive review, writing of the two criminal prosecutions in the film, Roger Ebert finds that the lesson of the trial "may be the most important message this movie has to offer...that verbal sexual harassment, whether crudely in a saloon back room or subtly in an everyday situation, is a form of violence - one that leaves no visible marks but can make its victims feel unable to move freely and casually in society. It is a form of imprisonment."Roger Ebert (October 14, 1988). "The Accused", Chicago Sun-Times Rob Beattie from Empire, gave the film five out of five stars, calling it phenomenal and called the controversial rape scene "devastating, harrowing and utterly convincing". Judy Steed of The Globe and Mail called it "An experience that is sometimes unbearable and always riveting". Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it "A consistently engrossing melodrama, modest in its aims and as effective for the clichés it avoids as for the clear eye through which it sees its working-class American lives".
Marjorie Heins, in the 1998 book The V-Chip Debate: Content Filtering from Television to the Internet, said that educators worried that the film would "receive V ratings and be subject to at least a presumption against curricular use in many public schools."Marjorie Heins, "Three Questions About Television Ratings," in The V-Chip Debate: Content Filtering from Television to the Internet, ed. Monroe E. Price. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers (1998): 54
===Accolades===
At the 61st Academy Awards, Foster won Best Actress. This was the film's sole nomination, thus marking the first occurrence of such an event since 1962 (when Sophia Loren won for Two Women) that the winner of the category won for a film with a single nomination. In 2006, Foster's performance was ranked #56 on Premiere's 100 Greatest Film Performances of all-time.
Award/Festival 	Category 	Nominee(s) 	Result	Ref.
Academy Awards 	Best Actress 	Jodie Foster 	 	
Berlin International Film Festival 	Golden Bear 	Jonathan Kaplan	 	
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 	Best Actress 	Jodie Foster 	 	
British Academy Film Awards 	Best Actress in a Leading Role 	 	 	
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 	Best Actress 	 	 	
David di Donatello Awards 	Best Foreign Actress 	 	 	
Golden Globe Awards 	Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama 	 	 	
Jupiter Awards 	Best International Actress 	 	 	
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 	Best Actress 	 	 	
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards	Best Actress 	 	 	
National Board of Review Awards 	Top Ten Films 	Top Ten Films 	 	
National Board of Review Awards 	Best Actress 	Jodie Foster 	 	
New York Film Critics Circle Awards 	Best Actress 	Jodie Foster 	 	
People's Choice Awards 	Favourite Dramatic Motion Picture Actress	Jodie Foster 	 	
Political Film Society Awards 	Human Rights 	Human Rights 	 	
==Videos==
===Trailers===
thumb|center|335 px|Official Trailer
==References==
==Further reading==
* Aquino, John T. (2005). "Big Dan's Tavern Rape Trial (1983) / Film: The Accused (1988)," in Truth and Lives on Film: The Legal Problems of Depicting Real Persons and Events in a Fictional Medium. McFarland. pp. 140–143.
==External links==
* 
Category:1988 films
Category:1988 crime drama films
Category:1980s English-language films
Category:1980s feminist films
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Category:American courtroom films
Category:American crime drama films
Category:American feminist films
Category:American legal drama films
Category:Crime films based on actual events
Category:Drama films based on actual events
Category:Films about lawyers
Category:Films about rape in the United States
Category:Films about violence against women
Category:Films directed by Jonathan Kaplan
Category:Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Category:Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Category:Films scored by Brad Fiedel
Category:Films set in 1987
Category:Films set in Washington (state)
Category:Films shot in Vancouver
Category:Gang rape in films
Category:Paramount Pictures films
Category:1980s American films
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