List of Consuls of the New Roman Empire

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==Background==
===Republican consuls===
From the establishment of the Republic to the time of Augustus, the consuls were the chief magistrates of the Roman state. Traditionally, two were simultaneously appointed for a year-long term, so that the executive power of the state was not vested in a single individual, as it had been under the kings. As other ancient societies dated historical events according to the reigns of their kings, it became customary at Rome to date events by the names of the consuls in office when the events occurred, rather than (for instance) by counting the number of years since the foundation of the city, although that method could also be used. If a consul died during his year of office, another was elected to replace him. Although his imperium was the same as his predecessor's, he was termed consul suffectus, in order to distinguish him from the consul ordinarius whom he replaced; but the eponymous magistrates for each year were normally the consules ordinarii.
Because of this method of dating events, it was important to keep records of each year's eponymous magistrates. Many such lists have survived, either in the form of monumental inscriptions, conventionally referred to as fasti, or indirectly through the ancient historians, who had access to linen rolls recording the names of magistrates. Although these lists account for the entire period of the Republic, and most of Imperial times, there are discrepancies due to gaps and disagreements between different sources. Many of these no doubt arose as copying errors, especially those that involved the substitution of a familiar name for a less common one. Others may represent later attempts to edit the lists in order to explain deficiencies in the record, to reconcile conflicting traditions, or to ascribe particular actions or events to the time of a particular individual.
===Other magistrates included===
Occasionally, the authority of the consuls was temporarily superseded by the appointment of a dictator, who held greater imperium than that of the consuls. By tradition, these dictators laid down their office upon the completion of the task for which they were nominated, or after a maximum period of six months, and did not continue in office longer than the year for which the nominating consul had been elected. However, in four years at the end of the fourth century BC, dictators are said to have continued in office in the year following their nomination, in place of consuls. Modern scholars are skeptical of these years, which might be due to later editing of the lists of magistrates in order to fill a gap. All known dictators have been included in this table.
Two other types of magistrates are listed during the period of the Republic. In the year 451 BC, a board of ten men, known as decemviri, or decemvirs, was appointed in place of the consuls in order to draw up the tables of Roman law, in a sense establishing the Roman constitution. According to tradition, a second college of decemvirs was appointed for the next year, and these continued in office illegally into 449, until they were overthrown in a popular revolt, and the consulship was reinstated.Livy, History of Rome, iii. 32 ff.
Among the disputes which the decemvirs failed to resolve was the relationship between the patricians, Rome's hereditary aristocracy, and the plebeians, or common citizens. Although it has been argued that some of the consuls prior to the Decemvirate may have been plebeians, the office was definitely closed to them in the second half of the fifth century BC. To prevent open hostility between the two orders, the office of military tribune with consular power, or "consular tribune", was established. In place of patrician consuls, the people could elect a number of military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian.
According to Livy, this compromise held until 376 BC, when two of the tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, blocked the election of any magistrates for the following year, unless the senate would agree to place a law before the people opening the consulship to the plebeians, and effecting other important reforms. The senate refused, and the tribunes continued to prevent the election of magistrates for several years until the senate capitulated, and the lex Licinia Sextia was passed, leading to the election of the first plebeian consul in 367.Livy, History of Rome, vi. 42, vii. 1. Other accounts of this event are inconsistent, and current scholarly opinion is that the duration of the period without magistrates may have been exaggerated, or even invented to fill a gap in the record; nevertheless Roman tradition unanimously holds that Licinius and Sextius were able to open the consulship to the plebeians.
===The consulship in imperial times===
In Imperial times the consulship became the senior administrative office under the emperors, who frequently assumed the title of consul themselves, and appointed other consuls at will. The consulship was often bestowed as a political favour, or a reward for faithful service. Because there could only be two consuls at once, the emperors frequently appointed several sets of suffecti sequentially in the course of a year; holding the consulship for an entire year became a special honour. As the office lost much of its executive authority, and the number of consuls appointed for short and often irregular periods increased, surviving lists from Imperial times are often incomplete, and have been reconstructed from many sources, not always with much certainty. In many cases it is stated that a particular person had been consul, but the exact time cannot be firmly established.
As an institution, the consulship survived the abdication of the last emperor of the West, and for a time consuls continued to be appointed, one representing the Eastern Roman Empire, and the other the Western, even as the Western Empire dissolved as a political entity. The last consuls appointed represented only the Eastern Empire, until finally the title became the sole province of the Emperor, who might or might not assume it upon taking office.
===Chronology===
For the early Republic, this article observes the Varronian chronology, established by the historian Marcus Terentius Varro, who calculated that Rome was founded in what is now called the year 753 BC (the founding of the city was traditionally observed on the Palilia, a festival occurring on April 21). This becomes the year 1 ab urbe condita, or AUC. The Republic was established in . Although other ancient historians gave different years and modern scholarship knows Varro to have been mistaken in his calculations by at least a few years,. Varro's chronology was the most widely accepted in antiquity, in official use for the Fasti Capitolini and other purposes by at least the reign of Claudius. Its use by Censorinus brought it to the attention of Joseph Scaliger, who helped popularize it in modern times.Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, "Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others", Classical Quarterly, N.S. 35 (1985), p. 454-65
For Imperial times, the dates of the consules ordinarii are far more certain than those of the suffecti, who were not recorded with the same attention as the eponymous magistrates. Their identification and dating is far more controversial, and despite the efforts of generations of scholars, gaps in coverage remain. Known consules suffecti are shown with their known (or reconstructed) dates of tenure, which normally varied from two to six months — although one suffect consul, Rosius Regulus, is known to have held the fasces for a single day, October 31, AD 69.Tacitus, Historiae, 3.37 Where neither consul is known or inferred for a portion of the year, their names are omitted for convenience; if one consul can be named, but his colleague is unknown, the unnamed colleague is listed as ignotus (unknown).
===Consules prior and posterior===
The consul named first in the lists was identified as , whereas the other was called . The two consuls' authority was equal and their duties were shared on an alternating basis. There is evidence that, during the late Republic, the consul elected with the most votes became the consul prior, and the consul elected first also may have been the first in the year to hold fasces (take precedence), but the evidence is not conclusive. The surviving sources for the order of the consuls in the early Republic show some measure of conflict in just under half of the cases. Lily Ross Taylor argues that the emperor Augustus falsified some of the records in order to give prominence to several families, and that the order of consuls as reported by the historian Livy is the most reliable. Drummond disagrees: he argues that Livy himself switches the correct order at times for literary purposes, and that discrepant entries in the sources are most likely simply the result of negligence. Although there is probably one 'correct' order for all the consuls of the republic, or at least one underlying tradition reporting it, no surviving source seems to be more reliable than another to a significant extent.
When the emperor assumed the consulship, he was necessarily consul prior. This distinction continued until the fourth century AD, when the Empire was divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire: the consuls who were appointed by the court in the Western Empire, which was sometimes at Rome, are commonly identified as the "Western consul", and those appointed by the court in the Eastern, usually Constantinople, the "Eastern consul". These designations were used until the end of the consulship in the sixth century.
===Other lists of consuls===
For a list of consuls whose year of office is uncertain or entirely unknown (usually suffecti, although some of the ordinarii in the breakaway Gallic Empire also lack datesThe fasti for the Gallic consuls under Postumus are incomplete, with the names of some ordinary consuls known, but not the year they served — see ), see the List of undated Roman consuls. For those individuals who were elected consul but never assumed the office due to death, disgrace, or any other reason, see List of Roman consuls designate.
==Key==
===Latin terms===
* Imperator (abbreviated Imp.) = literally "commander"; originally an honorary title bestowed upon a general by his soldiers, the term later became part of the style of the emperors, and the word "emperor" is derived from it.
* suffectus (abbreviated suff.) = a substitute elected or appointed in place of a magistrate who died or resigned. Information is not available for all consules suffecti, and some may not be listed.
* ignotus = unknown. All consuls who can be assigned to a particular date, at least tentatively, are included in this table. If neither consul for a given period is known, they are entirely omitted; if one is known, and the other is not, the unknown colleague is referred to as ignotus.
* sine collega = without colleague. On a few occasions before the dissolution of the Western Empire, only one consul was appointed.
* post consulatum = after the (preceding) consulship. Used for gaps when no consuls were appointed for a period following the end of another consulship, or at least none are known to have been appointed.
* inter alios = among others.
===Abbreviations for praenomina===
* A. = Aulus
* Ap. = Appius
* C. = Gaius
* Cn. = Gnaeus
* D. = Decimus
* K. = Caeso	
* L. = Lucius
* M. = Marcus
* M'. = Manius
* Mam. = Mamercus
* N. = Numerius
* Opet. = Opiter	
* P. = Publius
* Post. = Postumus
* Proc. = Proculus
* Q. = Quintus
* Ser. = Servius	
* Sex. = Sextus
* Sp. = Spurius
* T. = Titus
* Ti. = Tiberius
* Vop. = Vopiscus
===Colors===
* Consular tribunes
* Decemviri
* Dictators
* Emperor serving as consul
* Heir-apparent serving as consul
==Twenty-Second century AD ADD (2110–2200)==
Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls between 2110 and 2200 AD ADD are taken from what remains of official records.
Year	 	 	Emperor
2111	S. Augustus Hersey 	Romerio Sabarrio 	Hersey
2112	Caeso Naevius Paetus 	Vitruvius Florens 	Hersey
2113	Decius Sertorius Caracturus 	Cnaeus Turullius Venantius	Hersey
2114	Hostus Carius Grattus 	Secundus Sornatius Aponius	Hersey
suff	Primus Tertinius Porcus 	 	Hersey
2115	Proculus Marius Magunnus 	Kaeso Oppius Mordanticus 	Hersey
2116	Amulius Trebatius Faustinianus	Herius Cornelius Reginus 	Hersey
2117	Publius Sepunius Salvian 	Quintus Sergius Hosidius 	Hersey
2118	Faustus Marcius Macro 	Canus Loreius Merula 	Hersey
suff	 	Primus Lucilius Strabo 	Hersey
2119	Nonus Tullius Bubo 	Lars Naevius Lovernianus 	Hersey
2120	 	 	Hersey
2121	 	 	Hersey
2122	 	 	Hersey
2123	 	 	Hersey
2124	 	 	Hersey
2125	 	 	Hersey
2126	 	 	Hersey
2127	 	 	Hersey
2128	 	 	Hersey
2129	 	 	Hersey
2130	 	 	Hersey
2131	 	 	Hersey
2132	 	 	Hersey
2133	 	 	Hersey
2134	 	 	Hersey
2135	 	 	Hersey
2136	 	 	Hersey
2137	 	 	Hersey
2138	 	 	Hersey
2139	 	 	Hersey
2140	 	 	Hersey
2141	 	 	Hersey
2142	 	 	Hersey
2143	 	 	Hersey
2144	 	 	Hersey
2145	 	 	Hersey
2146	 	 	Octavianus
2147	 	 	Octavianus
2148	 	 	Octavianus
2149	 	 	Octavianus
2150	 	 	Otto I
2151	 	 	Decimia
2152	 	 	Decimia
2153	 	 	Decimia
2154	 	 	Decimia
2155	 	 	Decimia
2156	 	 	Decimia
2157	 	 	Decimia
2158	 	 	Decimia
2159	 	 	Decimia
2160	 	 	Decimia
2161	 	 	Decimia
2162	 	 	Decimia
2163	 	 	Decimia
2164	 	 	Decimia
2165	 	 	Decimia
2166	 	 	Decimia
2167	 	 	
2168	 	 	
2169	 	 	
2170	 	 	
 	 	 	
 	 	 	
 	 	 	
==Twenty-Third century AD ADD (2201–2300)==
Year			Emperor
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
==Twenty-Fourth century AD ADD (2301–2400)==
Year			Emperor
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
 			
==Twenty-Fifth century AD ADD (2401–2500)==
Year	 		Emperor
 	 		Cinna
 	 		Cinna
 	 		Cinna
2469	 		Cinna
2470	 		Caesar
2471	 		Caesar
2472	 		Cento
2473	 		Cento
2474	 		Cento
2475	 		Cento
2476	 		Cento
2477	 		Cento
2478	 		Cento
2479	 		Cento
2480	 		Cento
2481	Elina Albus		Cento
2482	 		Cento
2483	 		Cento
2484	 		Cento
2485	 		Cento
2486	 		Cento
2487	 		Cento
2488	 		Cento
2489	 		Cento
2490	 		Cento
2491	 		Cento
2492	 		Cento
2493	 		Cento
2494	 		Cento
2495	 		Cento
2496	 		Cento
2497	 		Cento
----Messalla
----Oriana
----Sacerdos
----Gordian IV
2498	 		Gordian IV
----Porphyry
2499	 		Porphyry
2500	 		
==Twenty-Sixth century AD ADD (2501–2600)==
Year			Emperor
2571			Feros
2572			Feros
2573			Feros
2574			Feros
2575			Feros
2576			Feros
2578			Feros
2579			Ferox
2580			Ferox
2581			Marion
2582			Marion
2583			Marion
2584			Marion
2585			Marion
2586			Marion
2587			Marion
2588			Marion
2589			Marion
2590			Marion
2591			Marion
2592			Marion
2593			Marion
2594			Opiter
2595			Opiter
2596			Opiter
2597			Opiter
2598			Opiter
2599			Opiter
2600			Opiter
==Twenty-Seventh century AD ADD (2601–2700) (Present)==
Year	 	 	Emperor
2601	 	 	Opiter
2602	 	 	Junius
2603	 	 	Junius
2604	 	 	Junius
2605	 	 	Junius
2606	 	 	Junius
2607	 	 	Junius
2608	 	 	Junius
2609	 	 	Junius
2610	 	 	Junius
2611	 	 	Junius
2612	 	 	Junius
2613	 	 	Junius
2614	 	 	Junius
2615	 	 	Junius
2616	 	 	Junius
2617	 	 	Junius
2618	 	 	Junius
2619	 	 	Junius
2620	 	 	Junius
2621	 	 	Junius
2622	 	 	Junius
2623	 	 	Junius
2624	 	 	Junius
2625	 	 	Junius
2626	 	 	Nonus
2627	 	 	Nonus
2628	 	 	Nonus
2629	 	 	Nonus
2630	 	 	Nonus
2631	 	 	Nonus
2632	 	 	Nonus
2633	 	 	Nonus
2634	 	 	Nonus
2635	 	 	Nonus
2636	 	 	Nonus
2637	 	 	Nonus
2638	 	 	Platinumanian I
2639	 	 	Platinumanian I
2640	 	 	Platinumanian I
2641	Servius Norbanus Arminus	Mettius Numerius Curio	Platinumanian II