Scythian religion

Scythian religion refers to the mythology, ritual practices and beliefs of the Scythians, an ancient Iranian people who dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe throughout Classical Antiquity. What little is known of the religion is drawn from the work of the 5th century Greek historian and ethnographer Herodotus. It is assumed to have been related to the earlier Proto-Indo-Iranian religion, and to have influenced later Slavic and Turkic mythologies, as well as Ossetian traditions which are believed to have descended from Scythian mythology.
==Archaeological context==
The primary archaeological context of horse sacrifice are burials, notably chariot burials, but graves with horse remains reach from the Eneolithic well into historical times. Herodotus describes the execution of horses at the burial of a Scythian king, and Iron Age kurgan graves known to contain horses number in the hundreds.
The Scythians had some reverence for the stag, which is one of the most common motifs in their artwork, especially at funeral sites. The swift animal was believed to speed the spirits of the dead on their way, which perhaps explains the curious antlered headdresses found on horses buried at Pazyryk.
==Pantheon==
According to Herodotus, the Scythians worshipped a pantheon of seven gods and goddesses (heptad), which he equates with Greek divinities of Classical Antiquity following the interpretatio graeca. He mentions eight deities in particular, the eighth being worshipped by the Royal Scythians, and gives the Scythian names for six of them as follows:Maccaulay (1904:314). Cf. also Rolle (1980:128-129); Hort (1827:188-190).
*Tabiti - Hestia
*Papaios - Zeus
*Api - Gaia
*Oitosyros - Apollo
*Argimpasa - Aphrodite Urania
*Thagimasidas - Poseidon
To these, Herodotus adds Heracles and Ares, a god of war (see below).
==Sacrifice==
The mode of Scythian sacrifice was, in the opinion of Herodotus, relatively simple. Sacrificial victims included various kinds of livestock, though the most prestigious offering was considered to be the horse. The pig, on the other hand, was never offered in sacrifice, and apparently the Scythians were loath to keep swine within their lands.Macaulay (1904:315). Herodotus describes the Scythian manner of sacrifice as follows:
==Worship of "Ares"==
Although Tabiti was apparently the most important deity in the Scythian pantheon, the worship accorded to the deity Herodotus refers to as "Ares" was unique. He notes that "it is not their custom [...] to make images, altars or temples to any except Ares, but to him it is their custom to make them".Macaulay (1904:314). He describes the construction of the altar and the subsequent sacrifice as follows:
According to Tadeusz Sulimirski, this form of worship continued among the descendants of the Scythians, the Alans, through to the 4th century CE.Sulimirski (1985:158-159).
==Enarei==
The Enarei were a privileged caste of hereditary priests which played an important political role in Scythian society as they were believed to have received the gift of prophesy directly from the goddess Argimpasa.Macaulay (1904:317); Christian (1998:148). The method employed by the Enarei differed from that practised by traditional Scythian diviners: whereas the latter used a bundle of willow rods, the Enarei used strips cut from the bark of the linden tree (genus tilia) to tell the future. The Enarei were also noted for dressing themselves in the clothes of women, a custom which Herodotus understands as being reflected in the title ena-rei, glossing this as ἀνδρό-γυνοι or "man-women".Macaulay (1904:317); Christian (1998:148).
==See also==
*Horse sacrifice
*Abaris the Hyperborean
*Issyk kurgan
*Kurgan stelae
*Scythian art
*Paleo-Balkanic mythology
==Notes==
==References==
* Christian, David (1998). A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume I: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 0-631-18321-3. pg. 148.
* Hort, W. Jillard (1827). The New Pantheon: An Introduction to the Mythology of the Ancients. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. pp. 188-190.
* Macaulay, G. C. (1904). The History of Herodotus, Vol. I. London: Macmillan & Co. pp. 313-317.
* Rolle, Renate (1980). The World of the Scythians. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN: 0-520-06864-5. pp. 128-129.
* Sulimirski, T. (1985). "The Scyths" in: Fisher, W. B. (Ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 2: The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 0-521-20091-1. pp. 158-159.
Religion and mythology
Category:Asian mythology
Category:Indo-European mythology