External cardinal

External cardinal is a term used to describe an opposite to the "curial cardinal," with reference to the certain category of the members of the College of Cardinals in the late Middle Ages (11th to 13th century).Ganzer, p. XI. See also Maleczek, p. 53, 125 and 295–296; Zenker, p. 248–249; Loud, p. 241. In a strict sense, the "external cardinal" was a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church who did not reside in the Roman Curia, because of simultaneously being a bishop of the episcopal see other than suburbicarian, or abbot of an abbey situated outside Rome.Ganzer, p. XI; Maleczek, p. 53 In the wider sense, it may also concern cardinals who were appointed to the external episcopal sees and resigned their memberships in the College of Cardinals with this appointment. As well, it can concern cardinals who were generally curial cardinals, but for some time exercised the posts of administrators or prelates of the external churches.Ganzer, p. 186, 189, 193–194; cf. Zenker, p. 249
Today, the great majority of the cardinals are archbishops of the main metropolitan dioceses of the world and reside in their countries. Apart from the exclusive right of the election of the new pope, their dignity is purely honorific. However, originally the College of Cardinals was simply a college of the clergy of the City of Rome, constituted of the bishops of the seven dioceses (called suburbicarian sees) bordering the diocese of Rome (cardinal-bishops), priests of the parochial churches of Rome (cardinal-priests) and deacons heading the ecclesiastical regions of the city of Rome (cardinal-deacons). Unlike today, the cardinals had real jurisdiction over the dioceses, parochial churches (called tituli) or deaconries to which they were attached.Salvador Miranda General list of Cardinals: Pontificate of Gelasius II (note) and Guide to documents and events (centuries I – IX). Florida International University. Retrieved on August 27, 2009. This jurisdiction has been finally suppressed only in 1692 see Salvador Miranda The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.Guide to documents and events. XVII Century (1605–1700) Florida International University. Retrieved on August 27, 2009 The phenomenon of the external cardinalate in the late Middle Ages constituted the first exception to the rule, that cardinals – members of the clergy of the diocese of Rome – cannot serve simultaneously in another, external church, which is now common practice.
==History==
===Origins and development===
thumb|right|At least eight abbots of Monte Cassino between 1057–1259/62 were simultaneously cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.
The College of Cardinals originated from the college of the main clergy of the city of Rome. The title of cardinal initially concerned only the priests of the 28 parochial churches of the Eternal City (tituli), who were required to assist the pope in the liturgical service in the four Basilicas of Rome (Vatican Basilica, Liberian Basilica, Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls and San Lorenzo fuori le Mura).Klewitz, p. 47. Later (probably in the 8th century) the term was extended to the bishops of the seven dioceses bordering the diocese of Rome: Ostia, Porto, Albano, Palestrina, Silva Candida (1079 replaced by Segni), Gabii-Lavicum (whose name later changed to Tusculum, and later to Frascati) and Velletri (after 1060 replaced by Sabina). These bishops (cardinal-bishops) performed the liturgical service in the Lateran Basilica.Klewitz, p. 24–36. Finally, the deacons serving in the papal household or heading the ecclesiastical regions of the city (and later attached to the churches called deaconries), also became the cardinals (cardinal-deacons).The term “cardinal-deacons” is known already in 6th century, but in the official papal documents does not appear before the last quarter of the 11th century. Hüls, p. 17; Klewitz, p. 88.
The cardinals of the Holy Roman Church up to the 11th century had strictly liturgical duties and generally took no part in the government of the Church. Cardinal bishops were equal to the other bishops, even if celebrating the rite of consecration of the new pope gave them considerable prestige, while the dignity of the cardinal priest or deacon was considered lower that of a bishop. The liturgical service in the five patriarchal basilicas of Rome, as well as day pastoral duties in their titular churches required the constant presence of the cardinals at Rome.On the early Roman cardinalate see Klewitz, p. 14–31, 47–60 and 79–87; Hüls, p. 3–44; Robinson, p. 33–34; Ganzer, p. 4–6; and 
This situation started to gradually change with the ascension of Pope Leo IX (1049–1054) and the beginning of the Reform Papacy. This pope, in order to reform the corrupted Roman clergy, appointed several new cardinals from the monastic centers outside Rome, such as Monte Cassino, Remiremont and Cluny. These new cardinals became his close advisors. Leo's successors continued this trend and Nicholas II in 1059 gave the cardinals the exclusive right to elect a new pope.Robinson, pp. 57 ff. At the end of the 11th century the cardinals formed a single College of Cardinals, which became the main body of the papal government — they served as experts or judges in the legal causes (auditors), countersigned the solemn papal privileges, acted as governors of the cities or provinces of the Papal States or were sent by the popes on important diplomatic missions. The cardinals became the most important members of the Roman Curia, and as such were still required to reside in the papal court, unless they were dispatched for a legatine mission in the name of the pope.For the development of the role of cardinals in the 11th century and the establishment of the College of Cardinals see Robinson, p. 35–41; Ganzer, p. 6–11; Klewitz, p. 31–47, 60–79 and 88–114. For the detailed study about the engagment of the cardinals in papal government in 12th and 13th centuries see Maleczek, pp. 297–351; and Robinson, pp.90–120.
Almost simultaneously to the development of the College of Cardinals as a body of papal advisors, the popes started to elevate to the cardinalate some "external" abbots. After such appointments, they continued to reside in their abbeys and did not become members of the Papal curia. On the other hands, the elections of the cardinals to the posts of abbots of external monasteries wee also ratified by the popes.Ganzer, p. 176. The main goal of such appointments was probably to strengthen the ties between some important monastic centers with the Roman Church. The first known instances of such appointments concerned the abbey of Montecassino, one of the main centers supporting reform of the Church.Klewitz, p. 103, described Monte Cassino as "spiritual armoury of the reform papacy" In 1057 cardinal-deacon Frederick de Lorraine (the future pope Stephen X) was elected abbot of Montecassino; Pope Victor II confirmed his election and simultaneously named him cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono.Ganzer, p. 15–16 no. 1; Hüls, p. 168–169 no. 2. His successor as abbot of Montecassino, Desiderio, was also quickly promoted to the cardinalate, but continued to act also as abbot.Ganzer, p. 17–23 no. 2; Hüls, p. 154–155 no. 1. From 1057 until 1259/62 at least eight abbots of Montecassino were simultaneously members of the College of Cardinals.Ganzer, p. 185 Also some other Italian (e.g. Subiaco, Farfa, Vallombrosa, S. Sophia in Benevento) and French abbeys (St. Victor at Marseille) were for some time ruled by the cardinal-abbots.
During the Investiture Controversy, both the legitimate Popes as well as Antipope Clement III developed another, not entirely new, practice.For example, already in 1050 cardinal-priest Airardus was appointed bishop of Nantes (Hüls, p. 212 no. 3; cf. Gams, p. 581) They appointed their cardinals to the important Episcopal sees in Italy in order to assure their government by their own trusted collaborators.Ganzer, p. 189–190 Antipope Clement III named cardinals Hugo Candidus and Roberto of S. Marco bishops of Fermo and Faenza respectively.Ganzer, p. 38–39 no. 10 and p. 190; Hüls, p. 185 no. 3 Popes Victor III and Urban II appointed their cardinals to the episcopal sees of Brescia (Herimanus) and Reggio-Emilia (Bonussenior). The practice was continued by successive popes, who named their cardinals particularly to the recently reestablished Latin archiepiscopal sees in southern Italy (Siponto, Brindisi, Salerno, Benevento).Loud, p. 216–217; Ganzer, p. 55–69, 72–75 and 190–191. The southern Italy for several hundred years belonged to the Byzantine Empire and was ecclesiastically subordinated to the Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople, not to Rome. It was only after the Norman conquest of southern Italy in 11th century, when the papacy was able to regain the control over this region and to replace the Greek hierarchy with the Latin one; see Klewitz, pp. 137–205. Also, three successive archbishops of Pisa: Uberto Rossi Lanfranchi (1133–1137/38), Balduino (1138–1145) and Villano Caetani (1146–1175) were initially the cardinals.Ganzer, p. 86–91, 97–99; Robinson, p. 91; Zenker, p. 248
Up to the pontificate of Pope Alexander III (1159–1181), all the cardinals who were appointed to the external episcopal sees, resigned their membership in the College of Cardinals after receiving episcopal consecration, which clearly shows that the episcopate was considered a higher dignity than that of cardinal-priest or deacon.Robinson, p. 91; Ganzer, p. 187–189 On the other hand, the bishops were never appointed cardinals.The only exception was archbishop Rangerius of Reggio di Calabria 1091–94/95, who was appointed cardinal-priest of S. Susanna in 1094/95 and resigned his see, though probably retaining the personal title of archbishop. On Rangerius see Hüls, p. 207–208 no. 2, who has amended in some points Rangerius’ entry by Ganzer, p. 45–49 no. 14. Pope Gregory VII in 1073 elevated to the cardinalate also Atto, archbishop-elect of Milan from 1072; but Atto was unable to take possession of his see due to political reasons and never received episcopal consecration (Hüls, p. 185 no. 2; Gams, p. 796; cf. Kehr, vol. VI/1, p. 49–52 no. 101–120) Certainly, the episcopate and cardinalate were considered incompatible dignities.The only exception concerned bishps of the seven dioceses bordering the diocese of Rome (suburbicarian sees), who were the cardinals ex officio. Robinson, p. 91 However, during Alexander's pontificate a change is apparent; although there were still the cases of the cardinals leaving the College of Cardinals after assuming episcopal office (Lombardo of Benevento, Rainaldo of Gaeta), there also appeared members of the College who were simultaneously cardinals and bishops.Ganzer, p. 194–199; Robinson, p. 91 Perhaps Alexander III followed here an example of his rival, Antipope Victor IV, who in 1162 appointed Aicardo Cornazzano bishop of Parma and cardinal-priest.See Ganzer, p. 132–133 no. 54, p. 196; Brixius, p. 67 no. 1 The first such instance in the legitimate obedience was Conrad of Wittelsbach, who was appointed cardinal-priest of S. Marcello in December 1165 and subsequently promoted to the suburbicarian see of Sabina, but continued to act also as archbishop of Mainz.Ganzer, p. 104–114 no. 43, p. 195–196 Archbishop of Reims Guillaume aux Blanches Mains was named cardinal priest of S. Sabina in 1179, but retained archdiocese of Reims;Ganzer, p. 125–129 no. 51 similarly bishops Giovanni of Toscanella, Ruffino of Rimini and Gerardo of Novara, elevated to the cardinalate in 1189, 1190 and 1211 respectively.Maleczek, p. 68, 94–97 and 125. The case of Ruggiero, archbishop of Benevento (1179–1221) and cardinal of S. Eusebio (attested as such in 1180) remains obscure, with the contradictory statements of the historians (cf. on him Brixius, p. 66 no. 29; Ganzer, 129–131 no. 52; and Maleczek, p. 68 and 295) On the other hand, when cardinal-priest Uberto Crivelli was elected and consecrated archbishop of Milan in 1185, he retained his cardinalate and his Roman titulus (S. Lorenzo in Damaso). The posts of cardinal and bishop were no longer considered incompatible with each other. Moreover, the rank of cardinal-priest or cardinal-deacon became equal to that of bishop. However, it seems that the elected, but not yet consecrated, bishops who were appointed cardinals were generally obliged to resign their sees.For example, in September 1173 Alexander III named bishop-elect of Meaux, Pietro da Pavia, to the rank of cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono, and in 1175 forced him to resign his see (Ganzer, p. 123–125 no. 50). In 1182, Pedro de Cardona, archbishop-elect of Toledo, was named cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso by Lucius III and from the document dated 3 June 1182 appears that he resigned the see of Toledo: P(etro)…presbitero Cardinali, quondam electo vestro (Ramón Riu y Cabanas, Primeros cardenales de la sede primada, in: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, XXVII, Madrid 1896, p. 144). Tommaso da Capua, archbishop elect of Naples from 1215, also resigned his see after becoming cardinal in 1216 (Ganzer, p. 162 no. 69; Maleczek, p. 201–03). More obscure is the case of Rolando, bishop-elect of Dol from 1177 and cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico 1185–87; certainly he never resided in his diocese and after his promotion to the cardinalate he appears in the documents only as cardinal-deacon, which indicates his resignation, but the exact dates of his death and of the appointment of his successor are not known (cf. Ganzer, p. 137 no. 58; and Gams, p. 547; according to Gams Rolando remained bishop of Dol until his death, but the date of death given by Gams - March 4, 1187, is undoubtedly erroneous because he subscribed several documents after that date, cf. Ganzer, p. 137 no. 58 note 12)
Further development occurred in the pontificate of Clement III (1187–1191). Cardinals elected to the external sees renounced their titular churches but without resigning their membership in the College of Cardinals. They used the title cardinalis Sancte Romanae Ecclesiae in addition to the episcopal title, without indicating their cardinalatial order or titular church.Ganzer, p. 199–200 The first such case was that of Adelardo Cattaneo, cardinal-priest of S. Marcello from 1185 and bishop of Verona 1188–1214.Ganzer, p. 137–140 no. 59 and p. 199 That he resigned the church of San Marcello appears not only from his titulature in the documents, but also from the fact that during his lifetime a new cardinal-priest of this title (Fidanzio) was appointed.Ganzer, p. 138; on Fidanzio see Maleczek, p. 113–114 The case of Adelardo was followed by the cardinal-archbishops Guy Paré of Reims (1204), Uberto Pirovano of Milan (1206) and Stephen Langton of Canterbury (1207) under Pope Innocent III.Ganzer, p. 149–159 and 199; Maleczek, p. 133–134, 153–154, 164–166. At the end of 12th century ca. 15% of the members of the College of Cardinals were "external" cardinals.Maleczek, p. 241
=== End of the medieval "external" cardinalate ===
Despite the cases mentioned above, the pontificate of Innocent III marks also the beginning of the end of the "external" cardinalate. Stephen Langton was the last cardinal allowed by the Pope to become a residential bishop of the external see. From that time the popes constantly rejected all such postulations made by the cathedral chapters, indicating that the presence of the cardinals in the papal curia is indispensable.Paravicini Bagliani, p. 1; Ganzer, p. 202; see also several examples of the rejected episcopal elections of the cardinals in Ganzer, p. 162, 165 and 167. On the other hand, bishops appointed to the College of Cardinals were obliged to resign their sees (although it must be remarked that until the end of 13th century they were appointed always to the rank of cardinal-bishop).Paravicini Bagliani, p. 537; Ganzer, p. 202. The first such instance occurred already in 1166, when bishop Ugo Pierleoni of Piacenza was transferred to the suburbicarian see of Tusculum by the Pope Alexander III (Ganzer, p. 114 no. 44; Brixius, p. 62 no. 9). However, it seems that it was the only such case in 12th century. The next occurred only in 13th century, and from the pontificate of Innocent IV (1243–1254) they became frequent (cf. Eubel, p. 3–13; Paravicini Bagliani, p. 385–388) It is still possible to find a few cases of the cardinals who exercised the posts of administrators of the episcopal sees, but only for a short time, often as part of their legatine duties. The last instance of external cardinal sensu stricto was abbot Riccardo of Montecassino (1252–1259/62). Generally already in the pontificate of Gregory IX (1227–1241), the College of Cardinals became an exclusively curial body, without any "external" element,Paravicini Bagliani, p. 1 and remained such until the Great Western Schism (1378–1417). However, during this time the rank of cardinal became also the highest in the Catholic Church, inferior only to the Pope.
The phenomenon of the "external" cardinalate was revived during the Great Western Schism, but in another form and for other reasons. Popes from the rival obediences gave the cardinalatial dignities to the churchmen serving European monarchs (Crown-cardinals) without calling them to the Roman Curia, in order to assure the support of the monarchs. These cardinals continued to reside in their countries. Additionally, the curial cardinals in 13th century started to cumulate a great number of the benefices,Cumulation of the benefices by the cardinals initially included only the posts in the cathedral chapters or of the commendatory abbots (cf. Paravicini Bagliani, p. 360) from the time of the Schism including also the episcopal sees.About the transformation of the Sacred College during the Western Schism and the subsequent period see F. Bourkle-Young Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century After the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the cardinals occupying external bishoprics were generally obliged to reside in them.See Article on the Council of Trent from the Catholic Encyclopedia Today, the majority of the cardinals are simultaneously residential archbishops or bishops,See S. Miranda Current membership of the College of Cardinals and they have no real jurisdiction over their titular churches at Rome.Cardinal-priests and deacons finally lost the jurisditcion over tituli and deaconries when Pope Innocent XII issued the constitution Romanum decet pontificum in 1692. Cardinal-bishops retained it much longer over the suburbicarian sees, but after 1965 they are also only titular bishops (Salvador Miranda: Guide to the events and documents. XX century; retrieved on September 1, 2009).
==Titulature and engagement in the papal government==
There was no consistency to the titulature used by the "external" cardinals in the official documents issued by the popes, secular rulers or by themselves. Cardinal-abbots subscribed or were called sometimes only as cardinals, sometimes only as abbots, and sometimes using both titles. Abbot Mainardo of Pomposa subscribed papal bulls only as cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida. Desiderius of Montecassino subscribed papal bulls as abbot and cardinal or only as cardinal, while the papal privileges for the abbey Montecassino call him either cardinal and abbot or only abbot. Abbot Richard of St.-Victor used the forms “cardinal and abbot” or only abbot. Leonato of S. Clemente in Casauria in the private documents subscribed as cardinal and abbot but the papal privileges issued for him call him only abbot without indicating his cardinalate.Ganzer, p. 183–184
Cardinals who simultaneously were also bishops usually appear in the documents with both titles: cardinalatial and episcopal. The only exceptions are archbishop Uberto Crivelli of Milan, who subscribed papal bulls only as cardinal, and Ruggiero of Benevento, who generally was styled only as archbishop, while his cardinalate was mentioned very infrequently.Ganzer, p. 131 and 198. Also Anselmo of Naples appears in the documents only as archbishop, but it is not certain whether his promotion actually went into effect (Maleczek, p. 125)
Even more differentiated was the engagement of the "external" cardinals in the Church government and the papal policy, even if limited evidence does not fully highlight this question. Certainly some of them spent some time working in the papal curia, which is attested by their subscriptions on the papal bulls. Among the signatories of the papal privileges appear abbots Desiderius of Montecassino, Mainardo of Pomposa, Giovanni of Subiaco, Richard of St.-Victor, Oderisio de Marsi of Montecassino, Bernardo degli Uberti of Vallombrosa, Amico of S. Vincenzo, Adenulf of Farfa, Benedetto of Torre Maggiore and Giovanni of S. Sophia,Ganzer, p. 182 as well as the bishops Hugo Candidus, Konrad von Wittelsbach, Guillaume of Reims, Uberto Crivelli of Milan, Giovanni of Toscanella and Ruffino of Rimini.Ganzer, p. 38, 106–113, 119, 126–129, 134–135, 145–147 The last three seem to have been de facto curial cardinals, having spent at the papal court most of their time.Ganzer, p. 196–197; cf. Maleczek, p. 67. On the other hand, cardinals like Pietro of S. Benedetto in Salerno, Rainaldo of Montecassino, Simeone of Subiaco, Leonato of S. Clemente in Casauria, Ruggiero of Benevento, Roffredo of Montecassino or Riccardo of Montecassino seem to have never participated in the curial business.Ganzer, p. 129–131 and 182 Also cardinals Adelardo Cattaneo of Verona, Guy Paré of Reims, Uberto Pirovano of Milan and Stephen Langton of Canterbury after their episcopal appointments are no longer attested in the papal curia.Ganzer, p. 200. Stephan Langton visited Rome in 1215–16 and 1220 but took no part in the consistories (Ganzer, p. 157–158 and 200).
Several "external" cardinals acted as papal legates or vicars, often in the region of their episcopal seat or abbey. Among them were:Ganzer, p. 181, 196-198, 207. The list is not complete. 
*Peter Igneus of S. Salvatore – legate in Germany (1079) and France (1080), 
*Mainardo of Pomposa – legate before Emperor Henry IV (1065) and in Milan (1067)
*Richard of St.-Victor – legate in Spain for many years
*Konrad von Wittelsbach – legate in Germany from 1177
*Guillaume of Reims – legate in France from 1179
*Ruffino of Rimini – legate in Imola (ca.1191)
*Gerardo de Sessio – legate in Lombardy (1210–11)
Besides, some "external" cardinals participated in the papal elections: Desiderius of Montecassino and Richard of St.-Victor in 1086,Ganzer, p. 183 Oderisio de Marsi in 1088,Klewitz, p. 88; Hüls, p. 51 and 252; Robinson, p. 62; Ganzer, p. 34, 43 and 183 Enrico of Mazara and Amico of S. Vincenzo in 1118,Klewitz, p. 132 no. 9; Hüls, p. 63–64, 193 and 242; Ganzer, p. 70 Simeone Borelli in 1159,Ganzer, p. 103 and 183; Brixius, p. 24 and 60; Zenker, p. 140 Uberto Crivelli in 1185, probably also Konrad von Wittelsbach in 1185,Ganzer, p. 111. Giovanni of Toscanella in 1191 and 1198,The examination of his subscriptions on the papal bulls indicates his presence in the papal curia in the spring of 1191 and at the beginning of 1198, which makes his participation in these elections very likely (cf. Maleczek, p. 364, 376–377) and Ruffino of Rimini in 1191.The examination of his subscriptions on the papal bulls indicates his presence in the papal curia in the spring of 1191, which makes his participation in this election very likely (cf. Ganzer, p. 147)
Three "external" cardinals became popes: Frederick of Montecassino became Pope Stephen IX in 1057, Desiderius of Montecassino became Pope Victor III in 1086 and Uberto Crivelli of Milan became Pope Urban III in 1185.
==Lists of the "external" cardinals==
Note: The "external" cardinals have been divided into four subcategories, of whom only the first two concern the "external" cardinals sensu stricto. Some cardinals belonged to more than one subcategory. The disputed cases are listed separately at the end of the each subsection. Cardinals created by antipopes ("pseudocardinals") are also included.
===Cardinal-abbots===
The list is arranged chronologically by the date of appointment of the abbot to the cardinalate or of the cardinal to the abbacy.
Name 	Cardinalate 	"External" Abbacy 	Notes
Frederick de Lorraine, O.S.B.Ganzer, p. 15–16 no.1; Hüls, p. 168–169 no. 2; Klewitz, p. 64 	Cardinal-deacon 1051–57, cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1057 	Abbot of Montecassino 1057 	Became Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058)
Peter Damiani, O.S.B.Cam.Hüls, p. 99–100 no. 3. 	Cardinal-bishop of Ostia 1057–1072 	Abbot of Fonte Avellana 1043–1072 	Future saint
Desiderius, O.S.B.Cas.Ganzer, p. 17–23 no. 2; Hüls, p. 154–157 no. 1; Klewitz, p. 64 	Cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia 1059–1087 	Abbot of Montecassino 1058–1087 	Became Pope Victor III (1086–1087); as cardinal, he was frequently noted in the papal curia
Mainardo, O.S.B.Cas.Ganzer, p. 23–26 no. 3; Klewitz, p. 118 no. 21; Hüls, p. 134–136 no. 3 	Cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida 1061–1074 	Abbot of Pomposa 1063–1074 	He resided in the papal curia until 1069
Pietro Atenolfo, O.S.B.Ganzer, p. 36–37 no. 7; Hüls, p. 216 no. 17 	Cardinal-priest created after 1067 	Abbot of S. Benedetto in Salerno 1067–after 1069 	He was never attested in the papal curia
Peter Igneus, O.S.B.Vall.Hüls, p. 90–91 no. 3; Ganzer, p. 207. 	Cardinal-bishop of Albano 1072–1089 	Abbot of S. Salvatore in Fucecchio until 1081 	Future saint; resided in his abbey until 1079
Giovanni, O.S.B.Hüls, p. 233–234 no. 1; Ganzer, p. 29–31 no. 5 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Domnica 1073–1121 	Abbot of Subiaco 1069–1121 	He joined the obedience of Antipope Clement III in 1084 and then became archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church. Later, he made submission to the Pope Paschalis II
Richard de Saint-Victor, O.S.B.Hüls, p. 217–218 no. 20; Klewitz, p. 130 no. 45 	Cardinal-priest 1078–1106 	Abbot of St.-Victor at Marseille 1079–1106 	He was named archbishop of Narbonne in 1106 and resigned his cardinalate (see table below)
Damianus, O.S.B.Cam.Hüls, p. 247 no. 10. 	Cardinal-deacon 1076–ca.1091 	Abbot of Fonte Avellana 1078–1080, abbot of Nonantola in 1086	Nephew of Cardinal Pietro Damiani
Oderisio de Marsi, O.S.B.Cas.Ganzer, p. 43–45 no. 13; Hüls, p. 215–216 no. 16 and p. 251–252 no. 23; Klewitz, p. 123 no. 7. 	Cardinal-deacon 1059–88, Cardinal-priest (of S. Cecilia?) 1088–1105	Abbot of Montecassino 1087–1105 	Future saint
Bernardo degli Uberti, O.S.B.Vall.Ganzer, p. 51–55 no. 16, Hüls, p. 12–174 no. 5; Klewitz, p. 122 no. 3. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1098/99–1106 	Abbot of Vallombrosa 1098–1106 	Future saint; in 1106 he was appointed bishop of Parma and resigned his cardinalate (see table below)
Bruno of Segni, O.S.B.Cas.Klewitz, p. 37–44, p. 118 no. 24 and p. 121 no. 13; Ganzer, p. 57–62 no. 19; Hüls, p. 129–130 no. 2 	Cardinal-bishop of Segni 1079–1123 	Abbot of Montecassino 1107–1111 	Future saint (canonized 1183)
Giovanni, O.S.B.Ganzer, p. 71 no. 24; Hüls, p. 214 no. 12. 	Attested as cardinal-priest in March 1110 	Abbot of unknown abbey in the archdiocese of Capua in 1110 	The identity of this cardinal remains unknown
Amico, O.S.B.Cas.Klewitz, p. 126 no. 21 and p. 217; Ganzer, p. 69–71 no. 23; Hüls, p. 193–194 no. 1; Zenker, p. 96. 	Cardinal-priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo 1117–1139 	Abbot of S. Vincenzo al Volturno near Capua 1109/17–1139 	1130–1138 in the obedience of Antipope Anacletus II
Oderisio de Sangro, O.S.B.Cas.Brixius, p. 37 no. 31; Ganzer, p. 75–79 no. 29; Hüls, p. 221–222 no. 1; Klewitz, p. 133 no. 19 and p. 217; Zenker, p. 181–182 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Agata ca.1112–ca.1137 	Abbot of Montecassino 1123–1126 	Deposed as abbot in 1126. After 1130 he joined the obedience of Antipope Anacletus II
Adenulf, O.S.B.Brixius, p. 40 no. 1; Ganzer, p. 81–83 no. 30; Zenker, p. 160–161. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin 1132–1144 	Abbot of Farfa 1125–1144 	Expelled from his abbey by the adherents of Antipope Anacletus II in 1130, returned in 1137
Benedetto, O.S.B.Klewitz, p. 22 note 40; Ganzer, p. 94 no. 37; Zenker, p. 139. 	Cardinal-priest of SS. IV Coronati ca.1135/37 	Abbot of Terra Maggiore near San Severo ca. 1135/37 	Pseudocardinal of Antipope Anacletus II
Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas.Brixius, p. 46 no. 42; Zenker, p. 191–192; Loud, p. 157–158 and 241; Ganzer, p. 94–97 no. 38 (Ganzer erroneously dated his creation to 1145, see Loud, p. 158 note 87).	Cardinal-priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro 1139/41–1166 	Abbot of Montecassino 1137–1166 	
Simeone Borelli, O.S.B.Cas.Brixius, p.59–60 no. 11; Ganzer, p. 102–104 no. 42; Zenker, p. 140–141. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Domnica ca.1157–1183 	Abbot of Subiaco 1149–1159 and 1167–1183 	In 1159 joined the obedience of Antipope Victor IV for a short time
Giovanni de Struma, O.S.B.Vall.Brixius, p. 68–69 no. 1. 	Cardinal-bishop of Albano 1166–1168 	Abbot of Struma near Arezzo until 1168 	Pseudocardinal created by Antipope Paschalis III (1164–1168);
Became Antipope Callixtus III (1168–1178)
Giovanni, O.S.B.Ganzer, p. 119 no. 47; Loud, p. 241 	Cardinal-priest of S. Sisto 1168–1177 	Abbot of S. Sophia in Benevento 1142–1177 	
Leonato de Manoppello, O.S.B.Ganzer, p. 119–121 no. 48; Loud, p. 241 and 263–266 	Cardinal-deacon 1170–1182 	Abbot of S. Clemente in Casauria 1152/55–1182 	
Roffredo dell'Isola, O.S.B.Cas.Ganzer, p. 141–144 no. 60; Maleczek, p. 68; Kartusch, p. 146–151 no. 28 	Cardinal-priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro 1188–1210 	Abbot of Montecassino 1188–1210 	
Riccardo, O.S.B.Cas.Ganzer, p. 169–171 no. 86; Paravicini Bagliani, p. 545–551 	Cardinal-priest of S. Ciriaco 1252/56–1259/62 	Abbot of Montecassino 1252–1259/62 	It is not known if he was promoted by Innocent IV (1243–1254) or by Alexander IV (1254–1261). He was deposed in 1259 for having participated in the coronation of Manfred of Sicily (the enemy of the pope Alexander IV), but continued to act as abbot and to style himself as cardinal until his death in 1262. The last instance of "external" cardinal in the Middle Ages
====Disputed cases====
Name 	Cardinalate 	"External" Abbacy 	Notes
Oderisius, O.S.B.Hüls, p. 252 no. 24. 	Cardinal-deacon 1063–1076 	Abbot of S. Giovanni in Venere 1061–1076	According to historian Pietro Pollidoro (18th century) ancient inscription in the monastery of S. Giovanni in Venere calls Abbot Oderisio I "deacon of the Holy Roman Church"; this testimony can not be verified because this inscription has not been preserved to our times
Odericus, O.S.B.Klewitz, p. 112–113; Ganzer, p. 26–29 no. 4; Hüls, p.198 no. 1. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Prisca 1066–1082 	Abbot of Vendome 1045–1082 	The theory that he was a cardinal of S. Prisca is based on the privilege issued for him by Pope Alexander II in July 1066. However, the true meaning of this privilege is uncertain because in other documents issued after that date he is constantly referred to only as abbotKlewitz affirms his cardinalate, while Ganzer argues that he only obtained some privileges proper to the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Hüls lists him among the occupants of the title of S. Prisca with a question mark
Oderisio di Palearia, O.S.B.Cas.Ganzer, p. 131–132 no. 53; Kehr, vol. IV, p. 279–280	Cardinal-deacon created by Alexander III	Abbot of S. Giovanni in Venere 1155–1204	The only contemporary source attesting his cardinalate is the necrology of the abbey of Montecassino. In the few official contemporary documents that refer to him (issued 1176, 1195 and 1200) he appears only as abbot. One inscription dated April 1165 calls him "subdeacon of the Holy Roman Church"Subdeacons of the Holy Roman Church did not belong to the College of Cardinals (Robinson, p. 38).
Teodino de Scarpa, O.S.B.Cas.Kehr, vol. VIII, p. 184, note to n. 274. 	Cardinal-priest created by Alexander III	Abbot of Montecassino 1166–1167 	No documents issued during his short reign in the abbey of Montecassino have been preserved to our times. Therefore, the testimony of Alphonsus Ciacconius (1540–1599) that he was named cardinal by Alexander III can not be verified.
===Cardinals – residential bishops (11–13th century)===
The list is arranged chronologically by the date of appointment of the bishop to the cardinalate or of the cardinal to the episcopate.
Name 	Cardinalate 	"External" episcopate 	Notes
Hugo Candidus, O.S.B.Clun.Hüls, p. 158–160 no. 1; Ganzer, p. 38–39 no. 10; cfr. Schwartz, p. 235, 336. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1049–1089, cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 1089–1099 	Bishop of Fermo in 1084The episcopate of Hugo Candidus in Fermo remains obscure. In the bull of Clement III dated November 4, 1084 he is explicitly called "cardinal of S. Clemente and bishop of Fermo", but in 1080 appears in the documents bishop Hugo of Fermo who certainly wasn't identical to this cardinal; cf. Ganzer, p. 38	Excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII in 1078, joined the obedience of Antipope Clement III in 1080. In 1089 he was transferred to the suburbicarian see of Palestrina
Aicardo CornazzanoBrixius, p. 67 no. 1; Ganzer, p. 132–133 no. 54 	Cardinal-deacon in 1160, cardinal-priest in 1164 	Bishop of Parma 1162–1167 	Pseudocardinal of Antipope Victor IV. He was also podesta of the city of Parma 1164–67. In 1167 he was expelled from Parma by the adherents of Pope Alexander III
Konrad von WittelsbachGanzer, p. 104–114 no. 43; Brixius, p. 63 no. 14; Maleczek, p. 67; Kartusch, p. 126–133 no. 23. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Marcello 1165–1166, cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1166–1200 	Archbishop of Mainz 1161–1177 and 1183–1200, archbishop of Salzburg 1177–1183, administrator of Sora 1167–after 1170 	He was expelled from his archdiocese in 1165 by the adherents of Antipope Paschalis III. Until 1177 he resided in papal curia or acted as papal legate.
The first instance of the legitimate cardinal who was also residential bishop
Pietro da Pavia, Can.Reg.Brixius, p. 65 no. 23; Ganzer, p. 123–125 no. 50; Kartusch, p. 321–323 no. 79. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1173–1179, cardinal-bishop of Tusculum 1179–1182 	Bishop-elect of Meaux 1171–1175, archbishop(-elect?) of Bourges 1180–1182 	Pope Alexander III forced him to resign the see of Meaux in 1175. His election to the archbishopric of Bourges remains obscure; he continued to subscribe the documents only as cardinal-bishop of Tusculum until his death, which indicates that he probably did not take possession of this see. As cardinal, he frequently acted as legate in France and in 1175 resided in Meaux for a short time
Guillaume aux Blanches MainsGanzer, p. 125–129 no. 51; Brixius, p. 67 no. 34; Maleczek, p. 68; Kartusch, p. 424–427 no. 109. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1179–1202 	Archbishop of Reims 1176–1202 	
Ruggiero di San Severino, O.S.B.Cas.Brixius, p. 66 no. 29; Ganzer, p. 129–131 no. 52; Maleczek, p. 68; Loud, p. 241; Kehr, vol. IX, p. 70. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Eusebio 1178/80–1221 	Archbishop of Benevento 1179–1221 	It is not possible to establish whether he was created cardinal before, after or simultaneously with his appointment as archbishop.
Uberto CrivelliGanzer, p. 134–136 no. 56; Kartusch, p. 196–199 no. 41. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso 1182–1185 	Bishop-elect of Vercelli 1183–85, archbishop of Milan 1185–1187 	De facto curial cardinal. He became Pope Urban III (1185–1187) and as such, he retained the see of Milan until his death
Adelardo CattaneoGanzer, p. 137-14 no. 59; Maleczek, p. 68; Kartusch, p. 63–67 no. 1. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Marcello 1185–1188, S.R.E. cardinalis 1188–1214 	Bishop of Verona 1188–1214 	First cardinal who after appointment as bishop renounced his titulus without renouncing of his cardinalate. In 1193 Pope Celestine III gave his former title of S. Marcello to cardinal FidanzioMaleczek, p. 113–114
MeliorGanzer, p. 148–149 no. 63. 	Cardinal-priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo 1185–1197 	Bishop of Massa Marittima ca.1188 (?) – 1191 	He is attested as bishop of Massa Marittima only in 1191; however, he did not subscribe any papal bulls between July 1188 and December 1191, which probably marks the period of his pastoral rule in this diocese. In any case, in 1191 he resigned his bishopric and returned to papal curia
GiovanniGanzer, p. 145–146 no. 61; Maleczek, p. 94–95; Kartusch, p. 229–231 no. 48. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Clemente 1189–1199, cardinal-bishop of Albano 1199–1210/11 	Bishop of Toscanella 1188–1199 (from 1192 of Viterbo e Toscanella) 	De facto curial cardinal; in 1199 he was transferred to the suburbicarian see of Albano
RuffinoGanzer, p. 146–147; Maleczek, p. 96; Kartusch, p. 392–393 no. 100. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Prassede 1190–1191/92 	Bishop of Rimini 1185–1191/92 	De facto curial cardinal
SoffredoGanzer, p. 149–151 no. 64; Maleczek, p. 73–76; Kartusch, p. 393–399 no. 101. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1182–1193, cardinal-priest of S. Prassede 1193–1210	Patriarch-elect of Jerusalem in 1203 	Pope Innocent III confirmed his election but shortly thereafter the cardinal (legate in Outremer at that time) resigned the see without being consecrated
In 1201 he was elected also archbishop of Ravenna but this election was not ratified by the Holy See (see below)
Guy Paré, O.Cist.Maleczek, p. 133–134; Ganzer, p. 149–151 no. 64; Kartusch, p. 183–190 no. 39. 	Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 1200–1204, S.R.E. cardinalis 1204–1206 	Archbishop of Reims 1204–1206 	He resigned his cardinalatial title without resigning the membership in the Sacred College. 
Shortly before his death Guido Papareschi was appointed new cardinal-bishop of PalestrinaMaleczek, p. 99–101
Uberto PirovanoGanzer, p. 152–153 no. 65; Maleczek, p. 153–154; Kartusch, p. 199–200 no. 42. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo 1206, S.R.E. cardinalis 1206–1211 	Archbishop of Milan 1206–1211 	He resigned his cardinalatial deaconry without resigning the membership in the Sacred College.
Stephen LangtonGanzer, p. 153–159 no. 66; Maleczek, p. 164–166; Paravicini Bagliani, p. 13 no. 9; Kartusch, p. 402–406 no. 103; cf. Eubel, p. 4 and 163.	Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1206–1207, S.R.E. cardinalis 1207–1228 	Archbishop of Canterbury 1207–1228 	He resigned his cardinalatial title without resigning the membership in the Sacred College. The last instance of the cardinal being simultaneously residential bishop before the Great Western Schism
Gerardo de Sessio, O.Cist.Ganzer, p. 159–162 no. 67; Maleczek, p. 125; Kartusch, p. 142–145 no. 26. 	Elected cardinal-bishop of Albano in 1211 	Bishop-elect of Novara 1210–1211, archbishop-elect of Milan 1211 	He never received episcopal consecration; during his brief cardinalate he acted as papal legate in Lombardy
====Disputed case====
Name 	Cardinalate 	"External"episcopate 	Notes
AnselmoMaleczek, p. 125; Ganzer, p. 163 no. 70; Kartusch, p. 86–88 no. 9.	Named cardinal-priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo in January 1201Potthast, p. 114 n. 1255	Archbishop of Naples 1191–1214	The letter of his nomination issued in January 1201 is the only documentary proof of his cardinalate. In all known documents issued after that date he appears only as archbishop. Therefore, it is not certain whether his promotion went into effectGanzer concludes that he was not a cardinal, while Kartusch and Maleczek list him among the cardinals created by Innocent III
=== Cardinals who renounced their cardinalate after appointments to the external bishoprics ===
The list is arranged chronologically by the date of appointment of the cardinal to the external episcopal see and his renouncement of the cardinalate.
Name 	Cardinalate 	"External" episcopate 	Notes
JohannesSchwartz, p. 284-285; Gams, p. 707; Regesta Imperii Online. Abh. II, Bd. 5 (Regestennummer 543). 	Cardinal-deacon ca. 960/1 	Bishop of Narni 961–965 	Future Pope John XIII 965–972
FriedrichSchwartz, p. 154; Gams, p. 717. 	Cardinal-priest in 1001 	Archbishop of Ravenna 1001–1004 	
Airardus, O.S.B.Hüls, p. 212 no. 3; Sources of reform in the episcopate of Airard of Nantes, 1050–1054 	Cardinal-priest of unknown titulus attached to the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the WallsThe following titles were attached to the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls in 11th century: S. Marcello, S. Sabina, S. Prisca, S. Balbina, SS. Nereo e Achilleo, S. Sisto and S. Susanna (Klewitz, p. 59). None of them had known occupant by 1050 (cf. Hüls, p. 153, 184, 193, 198, 203, 205 and 207) 1050	Bishop of Nantes 1050–ca.1054/60 	Expelled from his diocese ca. 1054 and died ca. 1060
RobertoSee Hüls, p. 185 no. 3, who has amended Roberto’s entry by Ganzer, p. 39–40 no. 11; cf. Schwartz, p. 171. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Marco in 1086 	Bishop of Faenza 1086–1104 	Pseudocardinal of Antipope Clement III
Herimannus, O.S.B.Hüls, p. 202 no. 1; Ganzer, p. 40–43 no. 12; Schwartz, p. 108–109; cf. Gams, p. 779 	Cardinal-priest of SS. IV Coronati 1080–1098 	Bishop of Brescia 1087/98–1115 	For eleven years (1087–98) he was simultaneously cardinal and bishop-elect, but after receiving episcopal consecration (1098) resigned his cardinalate. He was deposed as bishop in 1115 and died after 1116. 
In 1100 Augustinus became new cardinal-priest of SS. IV CoronatiHüls, p. 203 no. 2; Klewitz, p. 130 no. 44; Ganzer, p. 42
BonusseniorHüls, p. 188–189 no. 4; Ganzer, p. 49–51 no. 15; cf. Schwartz, p. 198–199. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere 1082–1098 	Bishop of Reggio Emilia 1098–1118 	By 1109 Odelricus was a new cardinal-priest of S. Maria in TrastevereKlewitz, p. 121 no. 1
Alberto, O.S.B.Ganzer, p. 55–57 no. 17; Hüls, p. 203–204 no. 5; Klewitz, p. 124 no. 16. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1091/95–1100 	Archbishop of Siponto 1100–1116 	By 1112 cardinal Albericus occupied his former titulus S. SabinaHüls, p. 204 no. 4
Niccolo (?)Ganzer, p. 57 no. 18. 	Cardinal-priest ca.1100/01 (?) 	Archbishop of Brindisi 1101–1104 	This archbishop of Brindisi is referred to as former cardinal only in one document of Pope Paschalis II, which, however, does not mention his name. Therefore, his identity remains uncertainGanzer, p. 57, remarks that although this cardinal is commonly identified with archbishop Niccolo (1101–1104), it may have been also his successor Guglielmo (1104–1118). See also Kehr, vol. IX, p. 390 no. 20 with note; cf. Gams, p. 862
Bernardo degli Uberti, O.S.B.Vall.Ganzer, p. 51–55 no. 16; Hüls, p. 172–174 no. 5; Klewitz, p. 122 no. 3; Schwartz, p. 187–188. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1098/99–1106 	Bishop of Parma 1106–1133 	Future saint; as cardinal, he was also abbot of Vallombrosa 1098–1106 (see table above). 
In 1109/10 Berardo de Marsi became new cardinal-priest of S. CrisogonoHüls, p. 174 no. 6 and p. 222 no. 1
Richard de Saint-Victor, O.S.B.Ganzer, p. 32–36 no. 6; Hüls, p. 217–218 no. 20; Klewitz, p. 130 no. 45 	Cardinal-priest 1078–1106 	Archbishop of Narbonne 1106–1121 	As cardinal-priest, he was also abbot of St.-Victor at Marseille 1079–1106 (see table above)
Giovanni da PiacenzaHüls, p. 214 no. 10; Ganzer, p. 71 no. 25; cf. Gams, p. 699; Schwartz p. 247. 	Cardinal-priest 1096–1106 	Bishop of Gubbio 1106–before 1126 	As cardinal he acted for some time (1101–03) as vicar and administrator of the see of Piacenza (see table below)
LandolfoKlewitz, p. 129 no. 38; Hüls, p. 181 no. 2; Ganzer, p. 57 no. 18. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina 1106–1108 	Archbishop of Benevento 1108–1119 	In 1116 Gregorio of Siena became new cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in LucinaKlewitz, p. 129 no. 39; Hüls, p. 182 no. 3
Berardo de Marsi, O.S.B.Cas.Ganzer, p. 67–69 no. 22; Hüls, p. 174 no. 6 and p. 222 no. 1; Klewitz, p. 133 no. 14; Schwartz, p. 283. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo 1105/07–1109/10, cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1109/10 	Bishop of Marsi 1110–1130 	Future saint
In 1111 Gregorio of Lucca was appointed new cardinal-priest of S. CrisogonoHüls, p. 175 no. 7; Ganzer, p. 69
RisoHüls, p. 179 no. 3; see also Loud, p. 216–217. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso 1103/05–1112 	Archbishop of Bari 1112–1118 	In 1116 Deusdedit became new cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in DamasoHüls, p. 179–180 no. 4
RomualdoGanzer, p. 72–74 no. 27; Hüls, p. 238 no. 4; Klewitz, p. 133 no. 18. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata ca.1110–1121 	Archbishop of Salerno 1121–1136 	In 1123 Uberto Rossi Lanfranchi replaced him in the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata.Hüls, p. 238 no. 5 After 1130 he joined the obedience of Antipope Anacletus II
BaialardusHüls, p. 245 no. 4; Ganzer, p. 74–75 no. 28; see also Gams, p. 862; and Kehr, vol. IX, p. 392. 	Cardinal-deacon 1120–1121/22 	Archbishop of Brindisi 1121/22–after 1130 (1143?) 	Some sources erroneously say that he was named archbishop in 1118
BosoHüls, p. 147–148 no. 6 and p. 246 no. 7; see also Gams, p. 824. 	Cardinal-deacon (before 1110–1113), cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia 1113–1122 	Bishop of Turin 1122–after 1125 (1128?) 	In 1123 Teobaldo Buccapeccus became new cardinal-priest of S. AnastasiaHüls, p. 149 no. 7
Uberto Rossi LanfranchiGanzer, p. 86–89 no. 34; Hüls, p. 162–163 no. 4 and p. 238 no. 5; Brixius, p. 35 no. 21; Zenker, p. 115–116; Klewitz, p. 224	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1123–1125/26, cardinal-priest of S. Clemente 1125/26–1133 	Archbishop of Pisa 1133–1137/38 	For a few months he acted simultaneously as cardinal-priest and archbishop-elect, but after episcopal consecration (September 1133) resigned his cardinalate
Balduino da Pisa, O.Cist.Ganzer, p. 90–91 no. 35; Brixius, p. 41 no. 5; Zenker, p. 55–56 	Cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere 1137–1138 	Archbishop of Pisa 1138–1145 	In 1140 he was succeeded by Gregorio della Suburra as cardinal-priest of S. Maria in TrastevereZenker, p. 56
GriffoneGanzer, p. 92–94 no. 36; Brixius, p. 42 no. 19; Zenker, p. 111 	Cardinal-priest of S. Pudenziana 1138–1139 	Bishop of Ferrara 1139–after 1156 	In 1140 Presbitero succeeded him as cardinal-priest of S. PudenzianaZenker, p. 111
Villano CaetaniGanzer, p. 97–99 no. 39; Brixius, p. 53 no. 10; Zenker, p. 134–135 	Cardinal-priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio 1144–1146 	Archbishop of Pisa 1146–1175 	In 1151 Gerardo was named new cardinal-priest of S. Stefano in Monte CelioZenker, p. 135; Brixius, p. 54 no. 6
Galdino della SalaGanzer, p. 114–118 no. 45; Brixius, p. 60–61 no. 4 	Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1166–1167 	Archbishop of Milan 1166–1176 	Despite receiving episcopal consecration on 18 April 1166 he continued to style himself as cardinal until he took possession of the see of Milan in September 1167
Rainaldo, O.S.B.Cas.Ganzer, p. 118–119 no. 46; Loud, p. 239 and 241; cf. Gams, p. 856 and 881 	Cardinal-deacon in 1169 	Bishop of Gaeta 1169–1171, archbishop of Bari 1171–1188	He appears as cardinal-deacon and bishop-elect of Gaeta in January 1169, but after receiving Episcopal consecration (before 29 March 1170) resigned his cardinalate
Lombardo da PiacenzaGanzer, p. 121–123 no. 49; Brixius, p. 64 no. 16 	Cardinal-deacon 1170–1171, cardinal-priest of S. Ciriaco 1171 	Archbishop of Benevento 1171–1177/79 	He resigned as archbishop before March 1179 and died after July 1179. Probably the last instance of the cardinal who resigned his cardinalate after episcopal appointmentSee Ganzer, p. 194. Ganzer suggests that after Lombardo perhaps also Ruggiero of Benevento resigned his cardinalate, but according to Brixius, p. 137 and Maleczek, p. 68 he remained a cardinal until his death.
====Disputed cases====
Name 	Cardinalate 	"External" episcopate 	Notes
Guitmund, O.S.B.Hüls, p. 213 no. 6; ; cf. Kehr, vol. VIII, p. 281–283 	Cardinal-priest created by Gregory VII 	Bishop of Aversa 1088–after 1090 	There are doubts if he was ever promoted to the cardinalate
AlbericoKlewitz, p. 128 no. 36; Hüls, p. 194–195 no. 2; Schwartz, p. 265.	Cardinal-priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli in 1100	Bishop of Sutri 1105–after 1112 	The identity of the cardinal with bishop of Sutri is uncertainAccording to Hüls, p. 195, thepaleographical research on the original documents subscribed by the cardinal and bishop makes this identification very likely but absolute certainity has not been achieved.
Siro de PorcelloZenker, p. 192–193; cf. Gams, p. 815 	Cardinal in 1130 	Archbishop of Genoa 1130–1163 (until 1133 only bishop)	First archbishop of Genoa (from 1133). His cardinalate is attested only in the chronicle of Jacobus de Voragine, who lived over a hundred years later. However, Jacobus was himself archbishop of Genoa (1292–98), and it is possible that he may have used some documents that are lost today.
=== Cardinals who served as administrators or prelates of the external churches (until 13th century) ===
Name 	Cardinalate 	"External" post 	Notes
Giovanni da PiacenzaHüls, p. 214 no. 10; Ganzer, p. 71 no. 25; cf. Gams, p. 699; Schwartz, p. 195. 	Cardinal-priest 1096–1106 	Vicar and administrator of the see of Piacenza 1101–1103 	He became bishop of Gubbio in 1106 and resigned his cardinalate (see table above)
EnricoHüls, p. 242 no. 2; Klewitz, p. 132 no. 9 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Teodoro in 1117/18 	Dean of Mazara del Vallo ca.1117/18 	
Azo da PiacenzaBrixius, p. 41 no. 4; Zenker, p. 71–72 and 184; Ganzer, p. 83–86 no. 33 	Cardinal-deacon 1132–1134, cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia 1134–1139 	Provost of the collegiate church of S. Antonino in Piacenza 1119–1139 	During his cardinalate he resided in Piacenza in 1133–34 and 1137–38
Ildebrando Grassi, Can.Reg.Brixius, p. 55 no. 12; Zenker, p. 107–109 and 176; Ganzer, p. 100–102 no. 41. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio 1152–1156, cardinal-priest of SS. Apostoli 1156–1178	Administrator of the see of Modena 1154–1156 and 1174–1175 	In both cases administration of the see of Modena was only a part of his legatine duties
Rainiero Capocci, O.Cist.Ganzer, p. 164 no. 73; Kartusch, p. 360–373 no. 92; cf. Gams, p. 737; Eubel, p. 532.	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin 1216–1250 	Administrator of the see of Viterbo in 1217 and 1243–1244 	Administration of the see of Viterbo was only a part of his legatine duties
Stephan VanczaGanzer, p. 168–169 no. 85; Paravicini Bagliani, p. 349–357; Eubel, p. 7 and 464. 	Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 1251–1270 	Administrator of the see of Esztergom 1252–1254 	He was archbishop of Esztergom 1243–1251/52. After his promotion to the cardinalate Pope Innocent IV initially allowed him to retain the administration of his former see but later forced him to resign it
Giovanni Castrocoeli, O.S.B.Cas.Eubel, p. 12, 75 and 133; and Giovanni Castrocoeli (entry by S. Miranda). 	Cardinal-priest of S. Vitale 1294–1295 	Administrator of the sees of Benevento and S. Agata de' Goti 1294–1295	He was archbishop of Benevento 1282–1294 and retained the administration of this see after promotion to the cardinalate
==Rejected episcopal elections of the cardinals in 13th century==
Name 	Cardinalate 	Episcopal election 	Notes
GerardoMaleczek, p. 78–79; Kartusch, p. 138–142 no. 25. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Adriano 1182–1208 	Elected bishop of Lucca in 1201 	Pope Innocent III refused to confirm the election
SoffredoMaleczek, p. 73–76; Kartusch, p. 393–399 no. 101. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1182–1193, cardinal-priest of S. Prassede 1193–1210 	Elected archbishop of Ravenna in 1201 	In the letter issued in November/December 1201 Pope Innocent III rejected this electionPotthast, p. 135 n. 1546
In 1203 he acted for a short time as patriarch-elect of Jerusalem (see table above)
Pelagio GalvaniGanzer, p. 165 no. 74; Eubel, p. 93 note 3; cf. Maleczek, p.166–169; Kartusch, p. 313–320 no. 77.	Cardinal-deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio 1206/07–1211, cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia 1211–1213, cardinal-bishop of Albano 1213–1230	Elected Patriarch of Antioch in 1217 	Pope Honorius III refused to confirm his election and on April 25, 1219 appointed Pietro Capuano (future cardinal) to the vacated patriarchal seeCf. Ganzer, p. 165 no. 75
Aldebrandino Gaetano OrsiniGanzer, p. 165 no. 76; Kartusch, p. 82-84 no. 6. 	Cardinal- deacon of S. Eustachio 1216–1219, cardinal-priest of S. Susanna 1219–1221, cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1221–1223 	Elected bishop of Paris in 1219 	Honorius III in the letter issued on December 4, 1219 informed the cathedral chapter of Paris that he had refused to confirm this election and that the chapter should elect a new candidatePotthast, p. 540 n. 6173
Konrad von Urach, O.Cist.Kartusch, p. 119–126 no. 22. 	Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina 1219—1227 	Elected archbishop of Besancon in 1220 	Pope Honorius III rejected his electionKartusch, p. 120.
Tommaso da CapuaMaleczek, p. 201—203; Kartusch, p. 416–422 no. 107. 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1216, cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1216—1239 	Elected patriarch of Jerusalem in 1227 	Pope Gregory IX rejected his electionMaleczek, p. 203
Jacques de Vitry, Can.Reg.Ganzer, p. 167 no. 80; Paravicini Bagliani, p. 99–109 	Cardinal-bishop of Frascati 1229—1240 	Elected patriarch of Jerusalem in 1239/40	On May 14, 1240 Pope Gregory IX appointed new patriarch and in the letter of his nomination explained the canons of the chapter of Jerusalem the reasons of his earlier rejection of the election of Cardinal de Vitry, who had died on May 1, 1240Paravicini Bagliani, p. 108; Eubel, p. 275
Egidius de TorresGanzer, p. 168 no. 84; Kartusch, p. 67–73 no. 2; Eubel, p. 487 note 2. 	Cardinal-deacon SS. Cosma e Damiano 1216/17—1254 	Elected Archbishop of Toledo in 1247 	On February 21, 1248 Pope Innocent IV rejected his postulation to that see and appointed Juan de Medina Pomar as new archbishop of Toledo
Pierre de BarParavicini Bagliani, p. 213–220. 	Cardinal-priest of S. Marcello 1244—1252, cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1251/52—1253 	Elected bishop of Noyon in 1249/50 	Pope Innocent IV refused to confirm his election indicating that his presence in curia is indispensableParavicini Bagliani, p. 219
== References ==
== Bibliography ==
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Category:College of Cardinals
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