Papal conclave, 1352

Papal conclave 1352 (December 16 – December 18, 1352) convened after the death of Pope Clement VI, elected as his successor cardinal Etienne Aubert, who under the name Innocent VI became fifth Pope of the period of Avignon Papacy. This conclave is remarkable because during its celebration Cardinals for the first time in history subscribed the electoral capitulation, which limited the power of elect.The Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent VI.
==List of participants==
Pope Clement VI died on December 6, 1342 at Avignon. During his pontificate he constantly refused to return to Rome and purchased the sovereignty of Avignon (where resided papal court) from Queen Joan I of Naples. At the time of his death, there were 26 living cardinals. 25 of them participated in the conclave:Salvador Miranda List of participants of papal conclave of 1352. This list does not mention Cardinal Gaillard de la Mothe either among participants or absentees but it is beyond doubt that he participated in this conclave and, as Cardinal-Protodeacon, he crowned the new Pope
Elector 	Cardinalatial Title 	Elevated 	Elevator 	NotesNotes according to biographical entries of the respective cardinals on The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: consistories of XIV Century by Salvador Miranda
Pierre Desprès 	Bishop of Palestrina 	1320, December 20 	Pope John XXII 	Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church
Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord 	Bishop of Albano 	1331, May 25 	Pope John XXII 	Cardinal-protector of the Order of Franciscans
Bertrand de Déaulx 	Bishop of Sabina 	1338, December 18 	Pope Benedict XII 	
Guillaume de Court, O.Cist. 	Bishop of Frascati 	1338, December 18 	Pope Benedict XII (Cardinal-nephew)	Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Etienne Aubert (elected Pope Innocent VI)	Bishop of Ostia e Velletri 	1342, September 20	Pope Clement VI 	Grand Penitentiary
Guillaume d'Aure, O.S.B. 	Priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio	January 1339 	Pope Benedict XII 	Archpriest of the Sacred College of Cardinals; Inquisitor General
Hugues Roger, O.S.B. 	Priest of S. Clemente 	1342, September 20	Pope Clement VI (Cardinal-nephew) 	
Pierre Bertrand de Colombier 	Priest of S. Susanna 	1344, May 19 	Pope Clement VI 	
Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz 	Priest of S. Clemente 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	
Pasteur de Sarrats, O.F.M. 	Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	
Raymond de Canillac, C.R.S.A. 	Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI (Cardinal-nephew) 	
Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille, O.S.B. 	Priest of S. Maria in Transpontina 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI (Cardinal-nephew) 	
Nicola Capocci 	Priest of S. Vitale 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica
Pasqual de Montesquieu 	Priest of SS. XII Apostoli 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	
Arnaud de Villemur, C.R.S.A. 	Priest of S. Sisto 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	
Pierre de Cros 	Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI (Cardinal-nephew) 	
Gilles Rigaud, O.S.B. 	Priest of S. Prassede 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	
Jean de Moulins, O.P. 	Priest of S. Sabina 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	
Gaillard de la Mothe 	Deacon of S. Lucia in Silice 	1316, December 17 	Pope John XXII 	Protodeacon of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Bernard de la Tour 	Deacon of S. Eustachio 	1342, September 20	Pope Clement VI (Cardinal-nephew) 	
Guillaume de la Jugié 	Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin 	1342, September 20	Pope Clement VI (Cardinal-nephew) 	
Nicolas de Besse 	Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 	1344, May 19 	Pope Clement VI (Cardinal-nephew) 	
Pierre Roger de Beaufort 	Deacon of S. Maria Nuova 	1348, May 29 	Pope Clement VI (Cardinal-nephew) 	Archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran Basilica
Rinaldo Orsini 	Deacon of S. Adriano 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	
Jean de Caraman 	Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro 	1350, December 17 	Pope Clement VI 	
Nineteen electors were created by Pope Clement VI, and eight of them were his relatives. Of the remaining six three were creatures of John XXII and three of Benedict XII.
The post of Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the most important during sede vacante, was occupied by Stefano Aldebrandi CambarutiNiccolò del Re, La Curia romana: lineamenti storico giuridici, Città del Vaticano, 1998, p. 296, archbishop of Toulouse (not a Cardinal).
== Absentee ==
One cardinal created by Clement VI did not participate in this conclave, because he served as legate in France, where he unsuccessfully tried to establish peace between the the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England in the Hundred Years' War:
Elector 	Cardinalatial Title 	Elevated 	Elevator 	Notes
Guy de Boulogne	Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina; commendatario of S. Cecilia and S. Crisogono	1342, September 20	Pope Clement VI	Papal Legate in the Kingdom of France
==First conclave capitulation in history==
On December 16 twenty five Cardinals entered the conclave in the Palais des Papes in Avignon. Initially, all the electors subscribed the first conclave capitulation in the history, although several of them (including Cardinal Aubert) made this with reservation, insofar as it was not contrary to church law”. The terms of capitulation were followingKelly, J.N.D. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Oxford, 1986, p. 221:
*	College of Cardinals limited to 20; no new cardinals until only 16 remained.
*	Two-thirds of College needed to approve creating, excommunicating, depriving of suffrage, or reducing the property or revenue of cardinals, or to request subsidies from sovereigns or national clergies.
*	College granted veto power of papal decisions and policies.
*	All papal revenue shared with College.
Subscription of this capitulation is considered as part of the general strategy of the College of Cardinals to limit papal power and to transform the government of the Church into oligarchy instead of monarchy.
== Election of Pope Innocent VI ==
After subscribing the capitulation Cardinals started electoral proceedings. Initially, the candidature of Jean Birel, general of the Order of Carthusians, non-cardinal, venerated for his holiness, was proposed. But Cardinal Talleyrand addressed to the Sacred College that it would be unwise, if not dangerous, in such critical circumstances in Europe to elect new Celestine V, it means, a saintly but wholly incompetent PontiffG. Mollat The Popes at Avignon 1305-1378, London 1963, p. 44. The electors eventually agreed with him and abandoned the candidature of Birel in favor of Cardinal Etienne Aubert, bishop of Ostia, who on December 18 was unanimously elected Pope. He accepted his election and took the name of Innocent VI. On December 30 he was solemnly crowned in the cathedral of Notre Dame des Doms in Avignon by Cardinal Gaillard de la Mothe, protodeacon of S. Lucia in SiliceS. Miranda: Cardinal Etienne Aubert (Pope Innocent VI).
On July 6, 1353 Pope Innocent VI declared the capitulation agreed by the conclave invalid as violating the rule restricting business during a conclave to the election of the new pope and as infringing the plenitude of power inherent in the papal office. In spite of this, electoral capitulations were subscribed in the majority of the conclaves held in the next 300 years.
== See also ==
* Conclave capitulation
==Notes==
==References==
*Salvador Miranda: list of participants of the papal conclave of 1352
*Pope Innocent VI
*G. Mollat The Popes at Avignon 1305-1378, London 1963
*Kelly, J.N.D. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Oxford, 1986
1352
Category:1352 elections
Category:Avignon Papacy
Category:14th-century Roman Catholicism
Category:14th century in Europe
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