Kramer, Paul A. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.

== Summary ==
This book is a transnational history of
race and empire in the Philippines. Kramer examines the racial politics of
empire and how hierarchies of difference were “generated and mobilized” in
order to legitimize invasion, conquest, and colonial administration. Race,
however, is also a contested site of power and looks at how empire-making
interacted with, and transformed, the process of racial formation (contested,
contingent, practice). This work examines the metropole and the colony in a
“single, densely interactive field,” in which colonial dynamics are not defined
simply by metropolitan forces. The remaking of empire and imperials remaking of
race are not inseparable; “It was not simply that difference made empire
possible: empire remade difference in the process.” (3) Rather than the idea
that the U.S. “exported” race relations, specific race relations emerged from
the local convergence of transnational forces. Kramer argues, the “racial
remaking of empire” and the “imperial remaking of race” are not separable (3). Race
acted as the legitimizing force of America colonial interests, as it helped
give shape to the “modern bourgeois family upon which imperial self-definitions
were commonly constructed, anchoring the differential powers for women and men
in moral, biological, and world-historical frameworks.” (4) Race, Kramer
argues, as a mode of knowledge and power was at the core of the making formal
colonialism in the Philippines.
Example: 1903 Columbia Exposition in St. Louis
See also: Ian Tyrell, Andrew Zimmerman