Vayeira

Vayeira, Vayera, or Va-yera (וַיֵּרָא — Hebrew for "and He appeared,” the first word in the parshah) is the fourth weekly Torah portion (parshah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It constitutes Genesis Jews read it on the fourth Sabbath after Simchat Torah, generally in October or November.
Jews also read parts of the parshah as Torah readings for Rosh Hashanah. is the Torah reading for the first day of Rosh Hashanah, and is the Torah reading for the second day of Rosh Hashanah. In Reform Judaism, is the Torah reading for the one day of Rosh Hashanah.
==Summary==
===Abraham’s three visitors===
As Abraham was sitting at the entrance of his tent by the terebinths of Mamre at the heat of the day, he looked up and saw God in the form of three men, and he ran, bowed to the ground, and welcomed them. () Abraham offered to wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, and they assented. () Abraham rushed to Sarah’s tent to order cakes made from choice flour, ran to select a choice calf for a servant-boy to prepare, set curds and milk and the calf before them, and waited on them under the tree as they ate. ()
One of the visitors told Abraham that he would return the next year, and Sarah would have a son, but Sarah laughed to herself at the prospect, with Abraham so old. () God then questioned Abraham why Sarah had laughed at bearing a child at her age, noting that nothing was too wondrous for God. () Frightened, Sarah denied laughing, but God insisted that she had. ()
===Abraham bargains with God===
The men set out toward Sodom and Abraham walked with them to see them off. () God considered whether to confide in Abraham what God was about to do, since God had singled out Abraham to become a great nation and instruct his posterity to keep God's way by doing what was just and right. () God told Abraham that the outrage and sin of Sodom and Gomorrah was so great that God was going to see whether they had acted according to the outcry that had reached God. () The men went on to Sodom, while Abraham remained standing before God. () Abraham pressed God whether God would sweep away the innocent along with the guilty, asking successively if there were 50, or 45, or 40, or 30, or 20, or 10 innocent people in Sodom, would God not spare the city for the sake of the innocent ones, and each time God agreed to do so. () When God had finished speaking to Abraham, God departed, and Abraham returned to his place. () 
===Lot’s two visitors===
As Lot was sitting at the gate of Sodom in the evening, the two angels arrived, and Lot greeted them and bowed low to the ground. () Lot invited the angels to spend the night at his house and bathe their feet, but they said that they would spend the night in the square. () Lot urged them strongly, so they went to his house, and he prepared a feast for them and baked unleavened bread, and they ate. ()
===Lot bargains with the Sodomites===
Before they had retired for the night, all the people of Sodom gathered about the house shouting to Lot to bring his visitors out so that they might be intimate with them. () Lot went outside the entrance, shutting the door behind him, and begged the men of Sodom not commit such a wrong. () Lot offered the men his two virgin daughters for them to do with as they pleased, if they would not do anything to his guests, but they disparaged Lot as one who had come as an alien and now sought to rule them, and they pressed threateningly against him and the door. () But the visitors stretched out their hands and pulled Lot back into the house and shut the door and struck the people with blinding light that made them unable to find the entrance. ()
===The flight of Lot===
The visitors directed Lot to bring what family he had out of the city, for they were about to destroy the place, because the outcry against its inhabitants had become so great. () So Lot told his sons-in-law that they needed to get out of the place because God was about to destroy it, but Lot's sons-in-law thought that he was joking. () 
As dawn broke, the angels urged Lot to flee with his wife and two remaining daughters, but still he delayed. () So out of God's mercy, the men seized Lot, his wife, and daughters by the hand and brought them out of the city, telling them to flee for their lives and not to stop or look back anywhere in the plain. () But Lot asked them whether he might flee to a little village nearby, and the angel replied that he would grant Lot this favor too, and spare that town. () The angel urged Lot to hurry there, for the angel could not do anything until he arrived there, and thus the town came to be called Zoar. () 
As the sun rose and Lot entered Zoar, God rained sulfurous fire from heaven on Sodom and Gomorrah and annihilated the entire plain. () Lot's wife looked back, and she turned into a pillar of salt. () Next morning, Abraham hurried to the place where he had stood before God and looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah and saw the smoke rising like at a kiln. ()
 Lot was afraid to dwell in Zoar, so he settled in a cave in the hill country with his two daughters. () The older daughter told the younger that their father was old, and there was not a man on earth with whom to have children, so she proposed that they get Lot drunk and lie with him so that they might maintain life through their father. () That night they made their father drink wine, and the older one lay with her father without his being aware. () And the next day the older one persuaded the younger to do the same. () The two daughters thus had children by their father, the older one bore a son named Moab who became the father of the Moabites, and the younger bore a son named Ben-ammi who became the father of the Ammonites. () 
===Wife as sister===
Abraham settled between Kadesh and Shur. () While he was sojourning in Gerar, Abraham said that Sarah was his sister, so King Abimelech had her brought to him, but God came to Abimelech in a dream and told him that taking her would cause him to die, for she was a married woman. () Abimelech had not approached her, so he asked God whether God would slay an innocent, as Abraham and Sarah had told him that they were brother and sister. () God told Abimelech in the dream that God knew that Abimelech had a blameless heart, and so God had kept him from touching her. () God told Abimelech to restore Abraham's wife, since he was a prophet, and he would intercede for Abimelech to save his life, which he and his household would lose if he failed to restore her. () 
 
Early next morning, Abimelech told his servants what had happened, asked Abraham what he had done and why he had brought so great a guilt upon Abimelech and his kingdom. () Abraham replied that he had thought that Gerar had no fear of God and would kill him because of his wife, and that she was in fact his father's daughter though not his mother's, so he had asked of her the kindness of identifying him as her brother. () Abimelech restored Sarah to Abraham, gave him sheep, oxen, and slaves, and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech's lands. () And Abimelech told Sarah that he was giving Abraham a thousand pieces of silver to serve her as vindication before all. () Abraham then prayed to God, and God healed Abimelech and the women in his household, so that they bore children, for God had stricken the women with infertility because of Sarah. () 
===The birth of Isaac===
God took note of Sarah, and she bore Abraham a son as God had predicted, and Abraham named him Isaac. () Abraham circumcised Isaac when he was eight days old. () Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah remarked that God had brought her laughter and everyone would laugh with her about her bearing Abraham a child in his old age. () Abraham held a great feast on the day that Sarah weaned Isaac. ()
 
===The expulsion of Hagar===
Sarah saw Hagar’s son Ishmael playing, and Sarah told Abraham to cast Hagar and Ishmael out, saying that Ishmael would not share in Abraham's inheritance with Isaac. () Sarah's words greatly distressed Abraham, but God told Abraham not to be distressed but to do whatever Sarah told him, for Isaac would carry on Abraham's line, and God would make a nation of Ishmael, too. () Early the next morning, Abraham placed some bread and water on Hagar's shoulder, together with Ishmael, and sent them away. () 
Hagar and Ishmael wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba, and when the water ran out, she left the child under a bush, sat down a bowshot away so as not to see the child die, and burst into tears. () God heard the cry of the boy, and an angel called to Hagar, saying not to fear, for God had heeded the boy's cry, and would make of him a great nation. () Then God opened her eyes to a well of water, and she and the boy drank. () God was with Ishmael and he grew up in the wilderness and became a bowman. () Ishmael lived in the wilderness of Paran, and Hagar got him an Egyptian wife. () 
===Beersheba===
Abimelech and Phicol the chief of his troops asked Abraham to swear not to deal falsely with them. () Abraham reproached Abimelech because Abimelech's servants had seized Abraham's well, but Abimelech protested ignorance. () Abraham gave Abimelech sheep and oxen and two men made a pact. () Abraham then offered Abimelech seven ewes as proof that Abraham had dug the well. () They called the place Beersheba, for the two of them swore an oath there. () After they concluded their pact, Abimelech and Phicol returned to Philistia, and Abraham planted a tamarisk and invoked God's name. () Abraham lived in Philistia a long time. () 
===The binding of Isaac===
Some time later, God tested Abraham, directing him to take Isaac to the land of Moriah and offer him there as a burnt offering. () Early the next morning, Abraham saddled his donkey and split wood for the burnt offering, and then he, two of his servants, and Isaac set out for the place that God had named. () On the third day, Abraham saw the place from afar, and directed his servants to wait with the donkey, while Isaac and he went up to worship and then return. () Abraham took the firestone and the knife, put the wood on Isaac, and the two walked off together. () When Isaac asked Abraham where the sheep was for the burnt offering, Abraham replied that God would see to the sheep for the burnt offering. () 
They arrived at the place that God had named, and Abraham built an altar, laid out the wood, bound Isaac, laid him on the altar, and picked up the knife to slay him. () Then an angel called to Abraham, telling him not to raise his hand against the boy, for now God knew that Abraham feared God, since he had not withheld his son. () Abraham looked up and saw a ram caught in a thicket by its horns, so he offered it as a burnt offering in place of his son. () Abraham named the site Adonai-yireh. () 
The angel called to Abraham a second time, saying that because Abraham had not withheld his son, God would bless him and make his descendants as numerous as the stars of heaven and the sands on the seashore, and victorious over their foes. () All the nations of the earth would bless themselves by Abraham's descendants, because he obeyed God's command. () Abraham returned to his servants, and they departed for Beersheba; where Abraham stayed. () 
Later, Abraham learned that Milcah had borne eight children to his brother Nahor, among whom was Bethuel, who became the father of Rebekah. () Nahor's concubine Reumah also bore him four children. ()
==In inner-biblical interpretation==
===Genesis chapter 18===
Ezekiel explains what the “grievous” sin was that reported in Sodom. says that Sodom's iniquity was pride. Sodom had plenty of bread and careless ease, but Sodom did not help the poor and the needy. Thus the people of Sodom were haughty and committed abomination before God. And for that reason, God removed them.
==In classical rabbinic interpretation==
===Genesis chapter 18===
The Mishnah taught that Abraham suffered ten trials (several in this parshah), and withstood them all. (Avot 5:3.)
A Baraita taught that in “in the heat of the day” meant the sixth hour, or exactly midday. (Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 27a.)
Rab Judah said in Rab's name that showed that hospitality to wayfarers is greater than welcoming the Divine Presence. Rab Judah read the words “And he said, ‘My Lord, if now I have found favor in Your sight, pass not away’” in to reflect Abraham’s request of God to wait for Abraham while Abraham saw to his guests. And Rabbi Eleazar said that God’s acceptance of this request demonstrated how God’s conduct is not like that of mortals, for among mortals, an inferior person cannot ask a greater person to wait, while in God allowed it. (Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 127a.)
The Tosefta taught that God rewarded measure for measure Abraham’s good deeds of hospitality in with benefits for Abraham’s descendants the Israelites. (Tosefta Sotah 4:1–6.)
The Gemara identified the “three men” in as the angels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael. Michael came to tell Sarah of Isaac's birth, Raphael came to heal Abraham, and Gabriel came to destroy Sodom. Noting that reports that “the two angels came to Sodom,” the Gemara explained that Michael accompanied Gabriel to rescue Lot. The Gemara cited the use of the singular “He” in where it says, “He overthrew those cities,” instead of “they overthrew” to demonstrate that a single angel (Gabriel) destroyed the cities. (Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzia 86b.)
The Gemara reported that sages in the Land of Israel (and some said Rabbi Isaac) deduced from Sarah's practice as shown in that while it was customary for a man to meet wayfarers, it was not customary for a woman to do so. And the Gemara cited this deduction to support the ruling of Mishnah Yevamot 8:3 that while a male Ammonite or Moabite was forbidden from entering the congregation of Israel, an Ammonite or Moabite woman was permitted. (Babylonian Talmud Yevamot 77a.)
At the School of Rabbi Ishmael, it was taught that demonstrated how great is the cause of peace, for Sarah said of Abraham in “My lord [Abraham] being old,” but when God reported Sarah's statement to Abraham, God reported Sarah to have said, “And I [Sarah] am old,” so as to preserve peace between Abraham and Sarah. (Babylonian Talmud Yevamot 65b.)
Reading “set time” in to mean the next “holy day” (as in Leviticus ), the Gemara deduced that God spoke to Abraham on Sukkot to promise that Isaac would be born on Passover, and that there must have been a leap year that year, as those deductions allow the maximum 7 months between any two holy days. (Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 11a.)
Rabina asked one of the Rabbis who expounded Aggadah before him for the origin of the Rabbinic saying, “The memory of the righteous shall be for a blessing.” The Rabbi replied that Proverbs says, “The memory of the righteous shall be for a blessing.” Rabina asked from where in the Torah one might derive that teaching. The Rabbi answered that says, “Shall I hide from Abraham that which I am doing?” And right after that mention of Abraham's name, God blessed Abraham in saying, “Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation.” (Babylonian Talmud Yoma 38b.)
The Gemara taught that sets forth one of the three most distinguishing virtues of the Jewish People. The Gemara taught that David told the Gibeonites that the Israelites are distinguished by three characteristics: They are merciful, bashful, and benevolent. They are merciful, for Deuteronomy says that God would “show you (the Israelites) mercy, and have compassion upon you, and multiply you.” They are bashful, for Exodus (20:17 in NJPS) says “that God’s fear may be before you (the Israelites).” And they are benevolent, for says of Abraham “that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of the Lord, to do righteousness and justice.” The Gemara taught that David told the Gibeonites that only one who cultivates these three characteristics is fit to join the Jewish People. (Babylonian Talmud Yevamot 79a.)
Rabbi Eleazar taught that from the blessing of the righteous one may infer a curse for the wicked. The Gemara explained that one may see the principle at play in the juxtaposition of and For speaks of the blessing of the righteous Abraham, saying, “For I have known him, to the end that he may command.” And soon thereafter speaks of the curse of the wicked people of Sodom and Gomorrah, saying, “Truly the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great.” (Babylonian Talmud Yoma 38b.)
The Mishnah taught that some viewed the people of Sodom as embracing a philosophy of “what’s mine is mine.” The Mishnah taught that there are four types of people: (1) One who says: “What’s mine is mine, and what’s yours is yours”; this is a neutral type, some say this was the type of Sodom. (2) One who says: “What’s mine is yours, and what’s yours is mine”; this is an unlearned person. (3) One who says: “What’s mine is yours, and what’s yours is yours”; this is a pious person. And (4) one who says: “What’s mine is mine, and what’s yours is mine;” this is a wicked person. (Mishnah Avot 5:10.)
The Tosefta employed verses from the book of Job to teach that the people of Sodom acted arrogantly before God because of the good that God had lavished on them. As says, “As for the land, out of it comes bread . . . . Its stones are the place of sapphires, and it has dust of gold. That path, no bird of prey knows . . . . The proud beasts have not trodden it.” The people of Sodom reasoned that since bread, silver, gold, precious stones, and pearls came forth from their land, they did not need immigrants to come to Sodom. They reasoned that immigrants came only to take things away from Sodom and thus resolved to forget the traditional ways of hospitality. (Tosefta Sotah 3:11–12; Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 109a.) God told the people of Sodom that because of the goodness that God had lavished upon them, they had deliberately forgotten how things were customarily done in the world, and thus God would make them be forgotten from the world. As says, “They open shafts in a valley from where men live. They are forgotten by travelers. They hang afar from men, they swing to and fro.” As says, “In the thought of one who is at ease, there is contempt for misfortune; it is ready for those whose feet slip. The tents of robbers are at peace, and those who provoke God are secure, who bring their god in their
Hand.” And so as says, “As I live, says the Lord God, Sodom your sister has not done, she nor her daughters, as you and your daughters have done. Behold, this was the iniquity of your sister Sodom: pride, plenty of bread, and careless ease was in her and in her daughters; neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and committed abomination before Me; therefore I removed them when I saw it.” (Tosefta Sotah 3:12.)
Raba interpreted the words of Psalm “How long will you imagine mischief against a man? You shall be slain all of you; you are all as a bowing wall, and as a tottering fence.” Raba interpreted this to teach that the people of Sodom would cast envious eyes on the wealthy, place them by a tottering wall, push the wall down on them, and take their wealth. Raba interpreted the words of “In the dark they dig through houses, which they had marked for themselves in the daytime; they know not the light.” Raba interpreted this to teach that they used to cast envious eyes on wealthy people and entrust fragrant balsam into their keeping, which they placed in their storerooms. In the evening the people of Sodom would smell it out like dogs, as says, “They return at evening, they make a noise like a dog, and go round about the city.” Then they would burrow in and steal the money. (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 109a.) 
The Gemara told of the victims of the people of Sodom, in the words of “They (would) lie all night naked without clothing, and have no covering in the cold.” The Gemara said of the people of Sodom, in the words of “They drive away the donkey of the fatherless, they take the widow’s ox for a pledge.” In the words of “They remove the landmarks; they violently take away flocks, and feed them.” And the Gemara told of their victims, in the words of “he shall be brought to the grave, and shall remain in the tomb.” (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 109a.)
The Gemara told that there were four judges in Sodom, named Shakrai, Shakurai, Zayyafi, and Mazle Dina (meaning “Liar,” “Awful Liar,” “Forger,” and “Perverter of Justice”). If a man assaulted his neighbor's wife and caused a miscarriage, the judges would tell the husband to give his wife to the neighbor so that the neighbor might make her pregnant. If a person cut off the ear of a neighbor's donkey, they would order the owner to give it to the offender until the ear grew again. If a person wounded a neighbor, they would tell the victim to pay the offender a fee for bleeding the victim. A person who crossed over with the ferry had to pay four zuzim, but the person who crossed through the water had to pay eight. (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 109b.)
Explaining the words, “the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great (rabbah, רָבָּה),” in the Gemara told the story of a certain maiden (ribah) in Sodom who gave some bread to a poor man, hiding it in a pitcher. When the people of Sodom found out about her generosity, they punished her by smearing her with honey and placing her on the city wall, where the bees consumed her. Rab Judah thus taught in Rab's name that indicates that God destroyed Sodom on account of the maiden (ribah). (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 109b.)
Did Abraham's prayer to God in change God's harsh decree? Could it have? On this subject, Rabbi Abbahu interpreted David's last words, as reported in 2 Samuel where David reported that God told him, “Ruler over man shall be the righteous, even he that rules through the fear of God.” Rabbi Abbahu read to teach that God rules humankind, but the righteous rule God, for God makes a decree, and the righteous may through their prayer annul it. (Babylonian Talmud Moed Katan 16b.)
===Genesis chapter 19===
The rabbis in a midrash asked why the angels took so long to travel from Abraham's camp to Sodom, leaving Abraham at noon and arriving in Sodom only (as reports) “in the evening.” The midrash explained that they were angels of mercy, and thus they delayed, thinking that perhaps Abraham might find something to change Sodom's fate, but when Abraham found nothing, as reports, “the two angels came to Sodom in the evening.” (Genesis Rabbah 50:1.)
The Master deduced from and that one can walk five mils (about 15,000 feet) in the time between the break of dawn and sunrise, as reports that “when the morning arose, then the angels hastened Lot,” and reports that “The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot came to Zoar,” and Rabbi Haninah said that it was five mils from Sodom to Zoar. (Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 93b.) But the Gemara noted that as reports that “the angels hastened Lot,” they could naturally have covered more ground than a typical person. (Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 94a.)
Rabbi Eliezer taught that Lot lived in Sodom only on account of his property, but Rabbi Eliezer deduced from that Lot left Sodom empty-handed with the angels telling him, “It is enough that you escape with your life.” Rabbi Eliezer argued that Lot's experience proved the maxim (of Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:5) that the property of the wicked, whether inside or outside the town, will be lost. (Tosefta Sanhedrin 14:4.)
Rabbi Meir taught that while made clear that God would never again flood the world with water, demonstrated that God might bring a flood of fire and brimstone, as God brought upon Sodom and Gomorrah. (Tosefta Taanit 2:13.)
Rabbi Joshua ben Levi (according to the Jerusalem Talmud) or a Baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yose the son of Rabbi Chanina (according to the Babylonian Talmud) said that the three daily prayers derived from the Patriarchs, and cited for the proposition that Jews derived the morning prayer from Abraham, arguing that within the meaning of “stood” meant “pray,” just as it did in (Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot 43a; Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 26b.)
Rabbi Hiyya bar Abba, citing Rabbi Johanan, taught that God rewards even polite speech. In Lot's older daughter named her son Moab (“of my father”), and so in God told Moses, “Be not at enmity with Moab, neither contend with them in battle”; God forbade only war with the Moabites, but the Israelites might harass them. In in contrast, Lot's younger daughter named her son Ben-Ammi (the less shameful “son of my people”), and so in God told Moses, “Harass them not, nor contend with them”; the Israelites were not to harass the Ammonites at all. (Babylonian Talmud Nazir 23b.)
===Genesis chapter 20===
The Mishnah deduced from the example of Abimelech and Abraham in that even though an offender pays the victim compensation, the offence is not forgiven until the offender asks the victim for pardon. And the Mishnah deduced from Abraham's example of praying for Abimelech in that under such circumstances, the victim would be churlish not to forgive the offender. (Mishnah Bava Kamma 8:7) The Tosefta further deduced from that even if the offender did not seek forgiveness from the victim, the victim must nonetheless seek mercy for the offender. (Tosefta Bava Kamma 9:29.)
Rabbi Isaac taught that Abimelech's curse of Sarah caused her son Isaac's blindness (as reported in ). Rabbi Isaac read the words, “it is for you a covering (kesut) of the eyes,” in not as kesut, “covering,” but as kesiyat, “blinding.” Rabbi Isaac concluded that one should not consider a small matter the curse of even an ordinary person. (Babylonian Talmud Megillah 28a, Bava Kamma 93a.)
Raba derived from and the lesson that if one has a need, but prays for another with the same need, then God will answer first the need of the one who prayed. Raba noted that Abraham prayed to God to heal Abimelech and his wife of infertility (), and immediately thereafter God allowed Abraham and Sarah to conceive (). (Babylonian Talmud Bava Kamma 92a.)
thumb|left|300px|Hagar and Ishmael Banished by Abraham (1781 painting by Pieter Jozef Verhaghen)
===Genesis chapter 21===
The Rabbis linked parts of the parshah to Rosh Hashanah. The Talmud directs that Jews read (the expulsion of Hagar) on the first day of Rosh Hashanah and (the binding of Isaac) on the second day. (Babylonian Talmud Megillah 31a.) And in the Talmud, Rabbi Eliezer said that God visited both Sarah and Hannah to grant them conception on Rosh Hashanah. Rabbi Eliezer deduced this from the Bible’s parallel uses of the words “visiting” and “remembering” in description of Hannah, Sarah, and Rosh Hashanah. First, Rabbi Eliezer linked Hannah's visitation with Rosh Hashanah through the Bible's parallel uses of the word “remembering.” says that God “remembered” Hannah and she conceived, and describes Rosh Hashanah as “a remembering of the blast of the trumpet.” Then Rabbi Eliezer linked Hannah's conception with Sarah's through the Bible's parallel uses of the word “visiting.” says that “the Lord had visited Hannah,” and says that “the Lord visited Sarah.” (Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 11a.)
Rav Awira taught (sometimes in the name of Rabbi Ammi, sometimes in the name of Rabbi Assi) that the words “And the child grew, and was weaned (va-yigamal, וַיִּגָּמַל), and Abraham made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned” in teach that God will make a great feast for the righteous on the day that God manifests (yigmol) God's love to Isaac's descendants. After they have eaten and drunk, they will ask Abraham to recite the Grace after meals (Birkat Hamazon), but Abraham will answer that he cannot say Grace, because he fathered Ishmael. Then they will ask Isaac to say Grace, but Isaac will answer that he cannot say Grace, because he fathered Esau. Then they will ask Jacob, but Jacob will answer that he cannot, because he married two sisters during both their lifetimes, which was destined to forbid. Then they will ask Moses, but Moses will answer that he cannot, because God did not allow him to enter the Land of Israel either in life or in death. Then they will ask Joshua, but Joshua will answer that he cannot, because he was not privileged to have a son, for 1 Chronicles reports, “Nun was his son, Joshua was his son,” without listing further descendants. Then they will ask David, and he will say Grace, and find it fitting for him to do so, because records David saying, “I will lift up the cup of salvation, and call upon the name of the Lord.” (Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 119b.)
The Gemara taught that if one sees Ishmael in a dream, then God hears that person's prayer (perhaps because the name “Ishmael” derives from “the Lord has heard” in or perhaps because “God heard” (yishmah Elohim,יִּשְׁמַע אֱלֹהִים) Ishmael's voice in ). (Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 56b.)
The Gemara cited to teach that Sarah was one of seven prophetesses who prophesied to Israel and neither took away from nor added anything to what is written in the Torah. (The other prophetesses were Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Abigail, Huldah, and Esther.) The Gemara established Sarah's status as a prophetess by citing the words, “Haran, the father of Milkah and the father of Yiscah,” in Rabbi Isaac taught that Yiscah was Sarah. called her Yiscah (יִסְכָּה) because she discerned (saketah) by means of Divine inspiration, as reports God instructing Abraham, “In all that Sarah says to you, hearken to her voice.” Alternatively, called her Yiscah because all gazed (sakin) at her beauty. (Babylonian Talmud Megillah 14a.)
Rab Nahman taught that when Jacob “took his journey with all that he had, and came to Beersheba” in he went to cut down the cedars that reports his grandfather Abraham had planted there. (Genesis Rabbah 94:4.)
===Genesis chapter 22===
Rabbi Johanan, on the authority of Rabbi Jose ben Zimra, asked what means by the word “after” in “And it came to pass after these words, that God did tempt Abraham.” Rabbi Johanan explained that it meant after the words of Satan, as follows. After the events of which reports that Isaac grew, was weaned, and Abraham made a great feast the day that Isaac was weaned, Satan asked God how it could be that God graciously granted Abraham a child at the age of 100, yet of all that feast, Abraham did not sacrifice one turtle-dove or pigeon to God. Rather, Abraham did nothing but honor his son. God replied that were God to ask Abraham to sacrifice his son to God, Abraham would do so without hesitation. Straightway, as reports, “God did tempt Abraham.” (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 89b.)
Rabbi Simeon bar Abba explained that the word na (נָא) in “Take, I pray (na, נָא) your son,” can denote only entreaty. Rabbi Simeon bar Abba compared this to a king who was confronted by many wars, which he won with the aid of a great warrior. Subsequently, he was faced with a severe battle. Thereupon the king asked the warrior, “I pray, assist me in battle, so that people may not say that there was nothing to the earlier battles.” Similarly, God said to Abraham, “I have tested you with many trials and you withstood all of them. Now, be firm, for My sake in this trial, so that people may not say that there was nothing to the earlier trials.” (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 89b.)
The Gemara expanded on explaining that it reports only one side of a dialog. God told Abraham, “take your son,” but Abraham replied, “I have two sons!” God said, “Your only one,” but Abraham replied, “Each is the only one of his mother!” God said, “Whom you love,” but Abraham replied, “I love them both!” Then God said, “Isaac!” The Gemara explained that God employed all this circumlocution in so that Abraham's mind should not reel under the sudden shock of God's command. (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 89b.)
 
A Baraita interpreted to teach that the whole eighth day is valid for circumcision, but deduced from Abraham's rising “early in the morning” to perform his obligations in that the zealous perform circumcisions early in the morning. (Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 4a, Yoma 28b.)
A Tanna taught in the name of Rabbi Simeon ben Eleazar that intense love and hate can cause one to disregard the perquisites of one's social position. The Tanna deduced that love may do so from Abraham, for reports that “Abraham rose early in the morning, and saddled his donkey,” rather than allow his servant to do so. Similarly, the Tanna deduced that hate may do so from Balaam, for Numbers reports that “Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his donkey,” rather than allow his servant to do so. (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 105b.)
The Sifra cited and for the proposition that when God called the name of a prophet twice, God expressed affection and sought to provoke a response. (Sifra 1:4.) Similarly, Rabbi Hiyya taught that it was an expression of love and encouragement. Rabbi Liezer taught that the repetition indicated that God spoke to Abraham and to future generations. Rabbi Liezer taught that there is no generation that does not contain people like Abraham, Jacob, Moses, and Samuel. (Genesis Rabbah 56:7.)
Noting that reports that “Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him (ahar, אַחַר) a ram,” a midrash asked what “behind” (ahar, אַחַר) meant. Rabbi Judan taught that it meant after all that happened, Israel would still fall into the clutches of sin and thus become victims of persecution. But they would be ultimately redeemed by the ram's horn, as Zechariah says, “And the Lord God will blow the horn.” (Genesis Rabbah 56:9.)
Noting that speaks of only Abraham when it says, “So Abraham returned to his young men,” a midrash asked: Where was Isaac? Rabbi Berekiah said in the name of the Rabbis of Babylon that Abraham sent Isaac to Shem to study Torah. The midrash compared this to a woman who became wealthy through her spinning. She concluded that since she had become wealthy through her distaff, it would never leave her hand. Similarly, Abraham deduced that since all that had come to him was only because he engaged in Godly pursuits, he was unwilling that those should ever depart from his descendants. And Rabbi Jose the son of Rabbi Haninah taught that Abraham sent Isaac home at night, for fear of the evil eye. (Genesis Rabbah 56:11.)
==Commandments==
According to Maimonides and Sefer ha-Chinuch, there are no commandments in the parshah. (Maimonides. Mishneh Torah. Cairo, Egypt, 1170–1180. Reprinted in Maimonides. The Commandments: Sefer Ha-Mitzvoth of Maimonides. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, 2 vols. London: Soncino Press, 1967. ISBN 0-900689-71-4. Sefer HaHinnuch: The Book of [Mitzvah] Education. Translated by Charles Wengrov, 1:87. Jerusalem: Feldheim Pub., 1991. ISBN 0-87306-179-9.)
==In the liturgy==
The Passover Haggadah, in the concluding nirtzah section of the Seder, in a reference to Abraham's visitors in recounts how God knocked on Abraham's door at the heat of the day on Passover and Abraham fed his visitors matzah cakes, deducing the season from the report in that Lot fed his visitors matzah. (Joseph Tabory. JPS Commentary on the Haggadah: Historical Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 126. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8276-0858-0.) The Haggadah recounts that Abraham ran to the herd. (Menachem Davis. The Interlinear Haggadah: The Passover Haggadah, with an Interlinear Translation, Instructions and Comments, 111. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005. ISBN 1-57819-064-9.) And the Haggadah continues that it was thus on Passover that the Sodomites were consumed by God's fire, as reported in (Davis, at 111; Tabory, at 126.)
Also in the nirtzah section of the seder, in a reference to or the Haggadah recounts how God judged the King of Gerar Abimelech in the middle of the night. (Davis, at 108; Tabory, at 123.)
The rabbis understood Abraham's devotion to God in the binding of Isaac in to have earned God's mercy for Abraham's descendents when they are in need. The 16th Century Safed Rabbi Eliezer Azikri drew on this rabbinic understanding to call for God to show mercy for Abraham's descendents, “the son of Your beloved” (ben ohavach), in his kabbalistic poem Yedid Nefesh (“Soul’s Beloved”), which many congregations chant just before the Kabbalat Shabbat prayer service. (Reuven Hammer. Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals, 14. New York: The Rabbinical Assembly, 2003. ISBN 0916219208.)
And many Jews, following Kabbalistic masters from the Zohar to Arizal, recite the binding of Isaac, after the morning blessings (Birkat HaShachar). The recitation of Abraham's and Isaac's willingness to put God above life itself is meant to invoke God's mercy, to inspire worshipers to greater love of God, and to bring atonement to the penitent. (Menachem Davis. The Schottenstein Edition Siddur for Weekdays with an Interlinear Translation, 27–31. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-57819-686-8.)
==Haftarah==
The haftarah for the parshah is:
*for Ashkenazi Jews: 2 Kings 
*for Sephardi Jews: 
*for Karaite Jews: –
The parshah and haftarah in 2 Kings both tell of God's gift of sons to childless women. In both the parshah and the haftarah: God's representative visits the childless woman, whose household extends the visitor generous hospitality (; ); the husband's age raises doubt about the couple's ability to have children (; ); God's representative announces that a child will come at a specified season in the next year (; ); the woman conceives and bears a child as God's representative had announced (; ); death threatens the promised child (; ); and God's representative intervenes to save the promised child (; ).
==Further reading==
The parshah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:
===Ancient===
*Code of Hammurabi 170–171. Circa 1780 BCE.
===Biblical===
* (God's destruction in the flood); ; (numerous as stars); 
* (abandoned infant); (God's destruction of Egypt's firstborn); 
* (rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and his two servants were with him).
* (numerous as stars).
*Judges ; 
*; ; 
*Jeremiah (nothing too hard for God).
* (God's destruction of Jerusalem's sinners); (abandoned infant); (Sodom); 
===Early nonrabbinic===
*Euripides. Iphigeneia at Aulis. 410 BCE.
*Philo the Epic Poet. On Jerusalem. Fragment 2. 3rd–2nd Century B.C.E. Quoted in Eusebius. Preparation for the Gospel. 9:20:1. Translated by H. Attridge. In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 2: Expansions of the “Old Testament” and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works. Edited by James H. Charlesworth, 783. New York: Anchor Bible, 1985. ISBN 0-385-18813-7. (binding of Isaac).
*Virgil. Georgics 4:456. 37–30 BCE. (Orpheus and Eurydice.)
*Jubilees 17:1–18:19.
*Josephus. Antiquities, 1:10:5; 1:11:1–4; 1:12:1–4; 1:13:1–4. Circa 93–94. Reprinted in, e.g., The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by William Whiston. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8.
*4 Maccabees 13:11–12; 16:18–20.
*Epistle of Barnabas 7:3–4.
*Hebrews 11:11–19.
*James 2:20–24.
*Qur'an 2:124–32; 11:69–83; 15:51–79; 29:31–35; 37:99–113; 51:24–37; 53:53–54; 69:9–10. Arabia, 7th Century.
===Classical rabbinic===
*Mishnah: Bava Kamma 8:7; Avot 5:3. 3rd Century. Reprinted in, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4.
*Tosefta: Berakhot 1:15; Maaser Sheni 5:29; Rosh Hashanah 2:13; Taanit 2:13; Megillah 3:6; Sotah 4:1–6, 12, 5:12, 6:1, 6; Bava Kamma 9:29; Sanhedrin 14:4. 3rd–4th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 2002. ISBN 1-56563-642-2.
*Sifre to Deuteronomy 2:3. Reprinted in, e.g., Sifre to Deuteronomy. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 1, 26. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. ISBN 1-55540-145-7.
*Jerusalem Talmud: Berakhot 4b–5a, 43a–b; Peah 8b. 4th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi: Tractate Peah. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus. Vols. 1, 3. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
*Genesis Rabbah 48:1–57:4. Land of Israel, 5th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Genesis. Translated by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
*Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 26b–27a, 29a, 56b, 62b; Pesachim 4a, 54a, 88a, 119b; Yoma 28b, 38b; Rosh Hashanah 11a, 16b; Taanit 8a-b, 16a; Megillah 28a, 31a; Moed Katan 16b; Yevamot 63a, 65b, 76b–77a, 79a; Ketubot 8b; Nedarim 31a; Sotah 9b–10b; Kiddushin 29a; Bava Kamma 92a, 93a; Sanhedrin 89b; Chullin 60b. Babylonia, 6th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 vols. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
===Medieval===
*Solomon ibn Gabirol. A Crown for the King, 7:67. Spain, 11th Century. Translated by David R. Slavitt, 10–11. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-511962-2.
*Rashi. Commentary. Genesis 18–22. Troyes, France, late 11th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi’s Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, 1:173–240. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. ISBN 0-89906-026-9.
*Judah Halevi. Kuzari. 2:14, 80; 5:20. Toledo, Spain, 1130–1140. Reprinted in, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Intro. by Henry Slonimsky, 91, 130–31, 282–83. New York: Schocken, 1964. ISBN 0-8052-0075-4.
*Shalom Spiegel and Judah Goldin. The Last Trial: On the Legends and Lore of the Command to Abraham to Offer Isaac as a Sacrifice: The Akedah. Jewish Lights: 1993. ISBN 1-879045-29-X
*Zohar 1:97a–120b. Spain, late 13th Century.
===Modern===
*Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 3:34, 36, 38, 40, 42. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, 436–37, 456–57, 460, 486, 500–01, 584–85. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982. ISBN 0140431950.
*Søren Kierkegaard. Fear and Trembling. 1843. Reprint, London: Penguin Classics, 1986. ISBN 0-14-044449-1.
*Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Jewish Cemetery at Newport . Boston, 1854. Reprinted in Harold Bloom. ‘‘American Religious Poems’’, 80–81. New York: Library of America, 2006. ISBN 978-1-931082-74-7.
*Emily Dickinson. Poem 504 (You know that Portrait in the Moon —); Poem 1317 (Abraham to kill him —). Circa 1874. In The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Edited by Thomas H. Johnson, 245, 571–72. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1960. ISBN 0-316-18414-4.
*Wilfred Owen. The Parable of the Old Man and the Young. 1920. In The Collected Poems of Wilfred Owen. Edited by C. Day Lewis, 42. New York: New Directions Publishing, 1965. ISBN 0811201325.
*Thomas Mann. Joseph and His Brothers. Translated by John E. Woods, 9, 54, 79–82, 91, 97–98, 141, 147–49, 152–55, 159–60, 227–28, 294, 347, 363–64, 386, 400, 425, 471, 474–75, 488, 498, 520–22, 693, 715–16, 748, 806. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4001-9. Originally published as Joseph und seine Brüder. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
*Anne Frank. The Diary of a Young Girl: The Definitive Edition. Edited by Otto H. Frank and Mirjam Pressler; translated by Susan Massotty, 294. New York: Doubleday, 1995. ISBN 0-385-47378-8. Originally published as Het Achterhuis. The Netherlands, 1947. (“And what do they mean by [the guilt of] Sodom and Gomorah.”)
*Benjamin Britten. Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac, Op. 51. 1952.
*Louis Armstrong. “Aunt Hagar's Blues.” In Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy. Columbia Records, 1954.
*Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, 94. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0548080003.
*Bob Dylan. “Highway 61 Revisited.” In Highway 61 Revisited Columbia Records, 1965. 
*Martin Buber. On the Bible: Eighteen studies, 22–43. New York: Schocken Books, 1968.
*Kurt Vonnegut. Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance With Death, 21–22. New York: Dell, 1968. ISBN 0-440-18029-5.
 
*Elie Wiesel. “The Sacrifice of Isaac: a Survivor’s Story.” In Messengers of God: Biblical Portraits & Legends, 69–102. New York: Random House, 1976. ISBN 0-394-49740-6.
*Phyllis Trible. “Hagar: The Desolation of Rejection.” In Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives, 9–35. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8006-1537-9.
*Pat Barker. Regeneration, 149–50. New York: Dutton, 1992. ISBN 0-525-93427-8.
*Charles Oberndorf. Testing. New York: Spectra, 1993. ISBN 0-553-56181-2.
*Pat Schneider. Sarah Laughed. In Long Way Home: Poems, 46–47. Amherst, Mass.: Amherst Writers and Artists Press, 1993. ISBN 0-941895-11-4.
*Aaron Wildavsky. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel, 5–6, 15, 17–29. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993. ISBN 1-56000-081-3.
*John Kaltner. “Abraham’s Sons: How the Bible and Qur’an See the Same Story Differently.” Bible Review 18 (2) (Apr. 2002): 16–23, 45–46.
*Vocolot. “Sarah and Hagar.” In HeartBeat. Berkeley: Oyster Albums, 2002.
*Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, 122. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. ISBN 0-316-73908-1. (the Rosh Hashanah readings).
*Elie Wiesel. “Ishmael and Hagar” and “Lot’s Wife.” In Wise Men and Their Tales: Portraits of Biblical, Talmudic, and Hasidic Masters, 3–28. New York: Schocken, 2003. ISBN 0-8052-4173-6.
*Anthony Hecht. Lot’s Wife. In Collected Later Poems, 192. New York: Knopf, 2005. ISBN 0375710302.
*Aaron Wildavsky. Moses as Political Leader, 133–36. Jerusalem: Shalem Press, 2005. ISBN 965-7052-31-9.
*Barack Obama. The Audacity of Hope, 220. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-307-23770-5.
*Rosanna Warren. “Hagar.” In Harold Bloom. American Religious Poems, 379. Library of America, 2006. ISBN 978-1-931082-74-7.
*Esther Jungreis. Life Is a Test, 19, 21, 27–29, 134, 214–15. Brooklyn: Shaar Press, 2007. ISBN 1-4226-0609-0.
*Amos Frumkin. “How Lot’s Wife Became a Pillar of Salt.” Biblical Archaeology Review. 35 (3) (May/June 2009): 39–44, 64.
==See also==
*Binding of Isaac
*Islamic view of Hagar
==External links==
===Texts===
*Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation
*Hear the parshah chanted
===Commentaries===
*Academy for Jewish Religion, California
*Academy for Jewish Religion, New York
*American Jewish University
*Bar-Ilan University
*Chabad.org
*Department for Jewish Zionist Education
*eparsha.com
*Jewish Theological Seminary
*Orthodox Union
*Parshah Parts
*Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld
*Reconstructionist Judaism
*Sephardic Institute
*Speaking of Faith
*Tanach Study Center
*Union for Reform Judaism
*United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth
*United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
Category:Rosh Hashanah
Category:Weekly Torah readings
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