KuMoHa 11 series

"KuMoHa 11 series" is a term used to refer to a specific type of early electric multiple unit operated by the Japanese National Railways, originally known as the MoHa 11 series when they initially appeared.
==History==
The term "KuMoHa 11 series" refers to a set of what would ultimately become 279 railcars operated by the JNR. The term itself refers to a specific set of ordinary class railcars which feature 17 m long bodies with a single driver's cab and long bench seating for passengers with three doors per side; the initial name for this set of railcars was MoHa 11 series, implemented on 1 June 1953 with the revision of Japanese railcar naming rules, which would later be revised to KuMoHa 11 series when a further revision was implemented in 1959. A total of 279 KuMoHa 11 series cars were produced in seven distinct batches from multiple different rolling stock classes, which will be detailed in the sections below.
===KuMoHa 11000 – 11060===
54 ex-30 series cars originally built from 1926 to 1928 were reclassified as the MoHa 11 series in 1953 and fitted with more powerful motors and DT10 bogies. Some numbers were skipped over. They were reclassified as the KuMoHa 11 series in 1959 while keeping their original numbers. Some of the cars were further modified afterwards at JNR's various works as well as some rolling stock manufacturers. 11000, 11001, 11002, 11005, 11008, 11012 and 11014 were not subject to rebuilds and were withdrawn in 1958.
===KuMoHa 11070 – 11084===
14 ex-30 series cars originally built in 1928 were reclassified as the MoHa 11 series in 1953; these were identical to the first batch but used DT11 bogies as opposed to DT10 bogies. Some numbers were skipped over. Most of the cars were further modified afterwards into other types of rolling stock at JNR's various works as well as some rolling stock manufacturers; three cars were modified into MoHa 10 series cars. MoHa 11084 was the only car to remain unmodified and was withdrawn in 1958 before another naming regulations change occurred in 1959.
===KuMoHa 11100 – 11140===
41 ex-30 series cars originally built in 1928 were reclassified as the MoHa 11 series in 1953; these were identical to the first batch but featured a different roof profile. Most of the cars were further modified afterwards into other types of rolling stock at JNR's various works as well as some rolling stock manufacturers. The last of the cars to retire was KuMoHa 11117 in 1976.
===KuMoHa 11150 – 11161===
10 ex-30 series cars originally built from 1926 to 1928 were reclassified as the MoHa 11 series in 1953; these were identical to the first batch but featured a different roof profile. Some numbers were skipped over. Initially only 11150 was produced but a further eleven cars would be converted from earlier MoHa 11 series cars in 1959 and renumbered. The last of the cars to retire was KuMoHa 11152 in 1974.
===KuMoHa 11200 – 11270===
66 ex-31 series cars built from 1929 to 1931 were reclassified as the MoHa 11 series in 1953; no changes were made apart from numbering. Some numbers were skipped over. They were reclassified as the KuMoHa 11 series in 1959 while keeping their original numbers. The last of the cars to retire was KuMoHa 11248 in 1984.
===KuMoHa 11300 – 11307===
5 ex-33 series cars built from 1932 to 1933 were reclassified as the MoHa 11 series in 1953; no changes were made apart from numbering. Some numbers were skipped over. They were reclassified as the KuMoHa 11 series in 1959 while keeping their original numbers. The last of the cars to retire was KuMoHa 11307 in 1973.
===KuMoHa 11401 – 11517===
92 ex-50 series cars built from 1934 to 1935 were reclassified as the MoHa 11 series in 1953; no changes were made apart from numbering. Some numbers were skipped over. They were reclassified as the KuMoHa 11 series in 1959 while keeping their original numbers. The last of the cars to retire were 11405, 11477 and 11489 in 1976.
==Preservation==
The following KuMoHa 11 series cars were preserved in the past but have since been scrapped:
Car number 	Manufacturer 	Date manufactured	Date retired	Past numbers 	Last location 	Notes
KuMoHa 11117	Kawasaki Sharyō	1927 	1976 	31023 (1931)MoHa 11035 (1953)	Shimonoseki Rolling Stock Center, Shimonoseki, Japan	Scrapped February 2023
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