Biologia

Etymologia: ex ia hellen werds βίος = "gwit", ed λόγος = "logos"; creen ab Roose in 1797 in deutsch. 
Definition: Biht kyust ka "biologia" id Science ios gwiv, experimental science quod paursct, analyset ed defineiht ia phenomens qua reule id gwit in el cell, el Individu au id spece. 
 El cell(ule), ex id latin cellula, est el morphologic ed functional unitat es cada gwiv. De facto, el cell est el lytst element quod poitt ses ayn gwiv. It, i gwiv yowkjitias ghehde bihe classifien sekwent id numer cellen i xeihnt : sei hant tik oin, sont namdehn unicellular (kam ia protozoia au ia bacterias, microscopic yowkjitias); sei hant plurs, sont pluricellulars. Bi senters id numer cellen est variable : ex pauk centens, kam bi oik nematodes, do centens billionen (100000000000000), kam in id fall al ensan. Daydey sont cells 10µm plaut ed 1 ng gwaur, esdi sont sems maung weurer. 
Id kwiter keipt un animal cell : 1 = nucleolus; 2 = eten; 3 = ribosom; 4 = rug endoplasmic reticule; 6 = Golgi apparat; 7 = cytoskeletum (microtubules); 8 = glat endoplasmic reticule; 9 = mitokhondria; 10 = vacuole; 11 = cytoplasme; 12 = lysosome; 13 = centriole. 
==Ia skeipetapes os biologia==
Dwogim tri secules separe Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC) ud id aunstehgen os DNA ab Watson ed Crick (1953), nodal macromolecule ios gwiv mund, quos faham hat ghyant vias uns exceptional fecunditat ed suwt, unte dwoter dwidel ios XXt secule, id exspand iom sciencen appliet ei gwiv ed os biotechnologia. 
Tod long Historia est wohbht samt major wakyas, radical ruptures ed aunstehgens qua se articule unte tri periodes : 
- id prest, descriptive ed classificator, daftarneut, pon Antiquitato tiel id XVIIIt secule, id hierarchisen inventar iom formes ed structures, per spece, em plantes ed animals; 
- id dwot, centren ep dwoter dwidel ios XIXt secule, instauret uno methode os functional analyse quod permittsiet id antplehcen os physiologia, methode quod expliet ia gwitmecanismes med immuable loys, aun enderkweiten inter speces; 
- id trit quod gnahsit pos Mund Weir Dwo, examinet ia suedsa iom major types molecule (DNA, RNA, ATP, proteins), om infracellulara structures (ribosoms, membrane); est id gnahsa os cellular biologia. 
Pos tod upergumt ex id spece do el individu, ex el cell do ia molecules qua compone el, biologia hat bihto general science indistinct ud id gwiv : id deulct sien universalitat uni netwehrg gesten ed mental operationen, figuren, procedduren, concepten au om theorias qua conditione idspet existence. 
 Dien 25 Aprile 1953, is US biologiste James Dewey Watson (levi, gnahn in 1928) ed eys Britisch collegh Francis Crick (dexi, 1916-2004) publier ir orbato de id structure os DNA. Ob to, bo, con iom Nov-zelander-gnahn Britisch physiste Maurice Wilkins, ielgv id 1962 Medicin Nobelpris. Tod aunstehgen kihsit ep id paursken ias Britisch biologiste Elsie Franklin (1920-1958). 
==Biologic gestes, proceddures ed theorias==
Biologia est consecret ka science ab un serie magnen gesten au cognitiven operations, elaboreneut ed parkwehrneut pon Hippocrates (460-377 pre JC) : isole, spehce, observe, sammel, classe, name, numere, mides, sege, anatomise, disloque, penetre id inner milieu, bringhes prosch, compare, experimente... Tributar simplen gesten, edschi experimentalen ijadhen au complexen procedduren, supodehn ibs nov sokwassilas (id microscope biht invent ye id XVIIt secule), id science os gwit se edifiet ambh "clar ed distincta" dayis, notions, concepts ed theorias qua mutu cruce, displace, oppone we annule. 
Tri decisive theorias sont lakin bohnden in hol yakinia ei adgumt os biologia : 
- id cellular theoria om Schleiden ed Schwann (1839), completen an Virchow (1855), quod beuwt el cell - viden ed namen yant 1665 af Hooke aun is rekohgn els ahammiyat - id minimal unitat om structure ed function es cada gwiv yowkjitia; 
- id evolutionstheoria os Darwin (1860) quod dadwt un theoric quader ei biologic transmutation; 
- id germentheoria os Pasteur (1860) quod exraudht id duskwol fiction os spontan generation au os un spontan upergumt ex inerto do gwiv. 
Biologia hat dulgen sien emancipation ex dogmes ed myhtsa, ed sien definitive enraudhen do id xeimen iom sciencen, ei teulgen om dwo dasturs : id unitat ios gwiv (per id notion cell) ed id kerabat iom specen (per id evolutionstheoria), quibs addeiht-se id impossibilitat uns creation ex nihilo iom natural corpsen.
 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) buit un franceois alim, chemiste ed physiste, pionnier os microbiologia qui, dar gwiv, buit baygh maschour ob instehlus un vaccine contra rabos.
==Id dastur ios gwiv==
Territorium ios φύσις (Nature) pro Aristoteles, dind "theoria os gwit" pro Burdach (1776-1847), "studye ios gwiv material" pro Lamarck (1744-1829), biologia hat sib daht ka startprojecto daftare id inventor iom corpsen skeipend id sensible real, describe ia conditions, ia phenomens ed ia loys qua reule ir existence. Bet un talg diversitat hat difficilihn id surrection ios cardinal ed oineihndios notion : ios dayi gwiv au gwit. Biologia ghehdsiet circumscribe id bad pos rumpus con ia "spirit sciences" manipulend ia saul concepts. 
Pro Cl. Bernard (1813-1878), "biologia est un experimental science quei est rhayr-zaruri dahe a priori definition" : "kafi est ke samstehmmos de id werd gwit kay folossie id, bet tehrbmos bilhassa woide od est illusor ed chimeric, contrar eipet spirit os science paurske ids absoluto definition". Natural historia, biht "natural science" wa nature science, biologia acceddt nundiens-ye swobodia ed gaint tadrijan sien double status os experimental ed fundamental science : izhart nuntos id - albatt ambitieus - objective os bihe science os gwit. 
Diversifien do "inner" sciences, ex molecular biologia (Weaver, 1938) do genetic ingenieurie ed biotechnologias, moderne biologia kwehct dehlge ed ghehde kwehre quant. Ghehdt id lakin antwehrde vasyims questions, ed besonters tei : "Quod est gwit ?". Gwivs sont definiht ka ghyant systemes qua exchange materia ed Energia con id exter milieu, ed qua se beghabe samt un aurdhen os un superior degree quod ghehdent mantines sonter ia extos fluctuations au taraghens (homeostase). 
Id dwaschaw om land, wedren au air speces (plur millions sont ardhen taiper) bayant un aunlimite varietat ed complexitat. Qua commun traits sammelnt i bacterias appareihvs 3,8 milliards yaren prever ed i evolwtst mammifers ? Quant separet i : mege, cellular organisation (prokaryotum au eukaryotum), metabolisme, reproductionsmodus... Yed, quanti sont gwiv. Kwe id "perpetual dastur" quod animet i ed quod transmittent est tem enigmatic? Kwe id wehst in id centre uns question quos antwehrd est imminent ? 
Id faham iom gwitprocessen tyehcend bim organiset sesims au eni ia cellular systemes est dilt inter dwo tolks. Hois, id recurs unios neovitalisme formaliset an Bergson (1859-1941) quod postuliet id intervention uns dayim udnot creator force au energia : "gwit est un creation", sigwrit Cl. Bernard. Ciois, id recus uns biologic mecanisme, correct version al machine-animal os Descartes (1596-1650) quod ia aunstehgens os molecular biologia masnadhe : gwit orgwehmt ex un biochemic enaurdhen ed determinisme quod, ye cada moment, prescribiet al yowkjitia quell trendt se conserve els functionment ed els -immediat au differ- responses. 
In fact, cada "theoric" conception os gwit, quod segiet biologia ex idso studye topic, kwehct habe ka fat ses incomplete au imperfect, eti denaturiet id projecto quod tod science hieb sib dahn.
 "Dolly", domestic owa (1996-2003) buit el prest mammifer clonen ex un adult somatic cell, med id process os etentransfer. “Photo courtesy of The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh”.
==Science ed societat==
I biologistes hant desciffert, unte ta akhir decennia, ia processa wehrgend in ia micri machines qua sont i cells ed qui resulte, kam sieyg F.Jacob (1996) ex un "immense cosmic bastyen" : ta aunstehgens, gehnus ia meteoric perodhias om genetique ed molecular biologia, autorise ia megst wehlpens eni id xeimen os medicin : aunpreceddent prospects ghyahnt ja ei prevention ed ei ilaj om cancers ed genetic siuges. 
Yed, tod waldh uper nature nuper hassilet ab el mensc est suscitatil sem paur ed appellet id reflexion os bioethique. It ghohd bihe gohnen ia owa Dolly ex un enderkwito cell alyias animalias placet do un auneteniht oocyte (1997) : tod experimental fact bo fascinet ed dekhschat. Evoquet id dusbohr coschmar ios reproductive clonen em menscens quod beuwiet ielg ex nos, essence-ye quantens different ud mutu, un exact replic em nosswo.