Patrick Hamilton (martyr)

thumb|right|Patrick Hamilton's initials, set into paving at the place of his execution, to commemorate his martyrdom.
Patrick Hamilton (1504 - February 29, 1528) was a Scottish churchman and an early Protestant Reformer in Scotland. He travelled to Europe, where he met several of the leading reforming thinkers, before returning to Scotland to preach. He was tried as a heretic by Archbishop James Beaton, and burned at the stake in St Andrews.
==Early life==
He was the second son of Sir Patrick Hamilton and Catherine Stewart, daughter of Alexander, Duke of Albany, second son of James II of Scotland. He was born in the diocese of Glasgow, probably at his father's estate of Stanehouse in Lanarkshire, and was most likely educated at Linlithgow. In 1517 he was appointed titular Abbot of Fearn Abbey, Ross-shire. The income from this position paid for him to study at the University of Paris, where he became a Master of the Arts in 1520.Dallmann, p.2 It was in Paris, where Martin Luther's writings were already exciting much discussion, that he first learned the doctrines he would later uphold. According to sixteenth century theologian Alexander Ales, Hamilton subsequently went to Leuven, attracted probably by the fame of Erasmus, who in 1521 had his headquarters there.
==Return and flight==
Returning to Scotland, Hamilton selected St Andrews, then the Scottish capital of the church and of learning, as his residence. On June 9, 1523 he became a member of St Leonard's College, part of the University of St Andrews, and on October 3, 1524 he was admitted to its faculty of arts, where he was first a student of, and then a colleague of the humanist and logician John Mair. At the university Hamilton attained such influence that he was permitted to conduct, as precentor, a musical mass of his own composition in the cathedral. 
The reforming doctrines had now obtained a firm hold on the young abbot, and he was eager to communicate them to his fellow-countrymen., p. 18 Early in 1527 the attention of James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews, was directed to the heretical preaching of the young priest, whereupon he ordered that Hamilton should be formally tried. Hamilton fled to Germany, enrolling himself as a student, under Franz Lambert of Avignon, in the new University of Marburg, opened on May 30, 1527 by Philip of Hesse. Among those he met there were Hermann von dem Busche, one of the contributors to the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, and probably William Tyndale, translator of the Bible.
Late in the autumn of 1527 Hamilton returned to Scotland, living up to his convictions. He went first to his brother's house at Kincavel, near Linlithgow, where he preached frequently, and soon afterwards he married a young lady of noble rank; her name is unrecorded. David Beaton, avoiding open violence through fear of Hamilton's high connections, invited him to a conference at St Andrews. The reformer, predicting that he was going to confirm the pious in the true doctrine by his death, accepted the invitation, and for nearly a month was allowed to preach and dispute, perhaps in order to provide material for accusation.
==Trial and martyrdom==
thumb|right|Wall above the site of Hamilton's execution
At length, he was summoned before a council of bishops and clergy presided over by the archbishop. There were thirteen charges, seven based on the doctrines affirmed in the Loci Communes. On examination Hamilton maintained their truth, and the council condemned him as a heretic on all thirteen charges. Hamilton was seized, and, it is said, surrendered to the soldiery on an assurance that he would be restored to his friends without injury. However, the council convicted him, after a sham disputation with Friar Campbell, and handed him over to the secular power, to be burned at the stake as a heretic, outside the front entrance to St Salvator's Chapel in St Andrews. The sentence was carried out on the same day to preclude any attempted rescue by friends. He burned from noon to 6 PM. His last words were "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit".Tjernagel, p.6 The spot is today marked with a monogram of his initials set into the cobblestones.
His courageous bearing attracted more attention than ever to the doctrines for which he suffered, and greatly helped to spread the Reformation in Scotland. It was said that the "reek of Patrick Hamilton infected all it blew on".Mitchell, Alexander F., The Scottish Reformation: Its Epochs, Episodes, Leaders and Distinctive Characteristics (Being the Baird Lecture for 1899), William Blackwood and Sons (Edinburgh: 1900), p. 34; available online at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22023/22023-h/22023-h.htm His fortitude during martyrdom won over Alexander Ales, who had undertaken to convert him, to the Lutheran cause.Jacobs, Henry Eyster. “Hamilton, Patrick.” Lutheran Cyclopedia. New York: Scribner, 1899. p. 212. His martyrdom is unusual in that he was almost alone in Scotland during the Lutheran stage of the Reformation. His only book, Loci communes, known as "Patrick's Places", set forth the doctrine of justification by faith and the contrast between the gospel and the law in a series of clear-cut propositions. It is to be found in John Foxe's Acts and Monuments.
By tradition, students at the University of St Andrews never step on the monogram of Hamilton's initials outside St Salvator's Chapel.
==See also==
* Scottish Reformation
==References==
==Bibliography==
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* Rainer Haas, Franz Lambert und Patrick Hamilton in ihrer Bedeutung für die Evangelische Bewegung auf den Britischen Inseln, Marburg (theses) 1973
==External links==
Category:1504 births
Category:1528 deaths
Category:People executed for heresy
Category:Executed Scottish people
Category:People executed by burning
Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Category:University of Paris alumni
Category:Scottish clergy
Category:Scottish abbots
Category:16th-century Christian clergy
Category:16th-century Protestant martyrs
de:Patrick Hamilton (Theologe)
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