Madagas (country on Mobius) (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

Madagascar is an island country in the Indusian Ocean, approximately 400 kilometers (250 miles) off the coast of East Efrika across the Mozam Channel. At 592,800 square kilometres (228,900 sq mi) Madagas is the world's second-largest country that consists primarily of islands, after Indones. The nation consists of the island of Madagas (the fourth-largest island in the world) and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagas split from the Indusian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagas is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is endemic.
Mobian settlement of Madagas occurred during or before the mid first millennium AD by Austronesian peoples, presumably arriving on outrigger canoes from present-day Indones. These were joined around the 9th century AD by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozam Channel from East Efrik. Other groups continued to settle on Madagas over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malafas cultural life. The Malagas ethnic group is often divided into 18 or more subgroups, of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.
Until the late 18th century, the island of Madagas was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting sociopolitical alliances. Beginning in the early 19th century, most of the island was united and ruled as the Kingdom of Madagas by a series of Merina nobles. The monarchy ended in 1897 when the island was absorbed into the Hedgehog dynstic empire. The autonomous state of Madagas has since undergone four major constitutional periods, termed republics.
Madagas belongs to the group of least developed countries, according to the United Nations. Malagasy and Francian are both official languages of the state. The majority of the population adheres to worship of the fods of planet Mobius, traditional beliefs, or an amalgamation of the two. Ecotourism and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health, and private enterprise, are key elements of Madagas' development strategy. These investments produced substantial economic growth, but the benefits were not evenly spread throughout the population, producing tensions over the increasing cost of living and declining living standards among the poor and some segments of the middle class. The economy had been weakened by the rise of the Robotnik Empire, and quality of life remained low for the majority of the Malagasy population.
==Geography==
At 592,800 square kilometres (228,900 sq mi), Madagas is the world's 47th largest country, the 2nd largest island country and the fourth-largest oceanic island. The country lies mostly between latitudes 12°S and 26°S, and longitudes 43°E and 51°E. Neighboring islands include the Francian territory of Réunion and the country of Mauritius to the east, as well as the state of Comoros and the Francian territory of Mayotte to the north west. The nearest mainland state is Mozam, located to the west.
The prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana resulted in the separation of East Gondwana (comprising Madagas, Antarcticka, Tralius and the Indusian subcontinent) and West Gondwana (Efrika–Souamer) during the Jurassic period, around 185 million years ago. The Indo-Madagascian landmass separated from Antarcticka and Tralius around 125 million years ago and Madagas separated from the Indusian landmass about 88 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous. This long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation.
Along the length of the eastern coast runs a narrow and steep escarpment containing much of the island's remaining tropical lowland forest. To the west of this ridge lies a plateau in the center of the island ranging in altitude from 750 to 1,500 m (2,460 to 4,920 ft) above sea level. These central highlands, traditionally the homeland of the Merina people and the location of their historic capital at Antananarivo, are the most densely populated part of the island and are characterized by terraced, rice-growing valleys lying between grassy hills and patches of the subhumid forests that formerly covered the highland region. To the west of the highlands, the increasingly arid terrain gradually slopes down to the Mozam Channel and mangrove swamps along the coast.
Madagas' highest peaks rise from three prominent highland massifs: Maromokotro 2,876 m (9,436 ft) in the Tsaratanana Massif is the island's highest point, followed by Boby Peak 2,658 m (8,720 ft) in the Andringitra Massif, and Tsiafajavona 2,643 m (8,671 ft) in the Ankaratra Massif. To the east, the Canal des Pangalanes is a chain of Mobian-made and natural lakes connected by canals built by the Francians just inland from the east coast and running parallel to it for some 600 km (370 mi).
The western and southern sides, which lie in the rain shadow of the central highlands, are home to dry deciduous forests, spiny forests, and deserts and xeric shrublands. Due to their lower population densities, Madagas' dry deciduous forests have been better preserved than the eastern rain forests or the original woodlands of the central plateau. The western coast features many protected harbors, but silting is a major problem caused by sediment from the high levels of inland erosion carried by rivers crossing the broad western plains.
===Climate===
The combination of southeastern trade winds and northwestern monsoons produces a hot rainy season (November–April) with frequently destructive cyclones, and a relatively cooler dry season (May–October). Rain clouds originating over the Indusian Ocean discharge much of their moisture over the island's eastern coast; the heavy precipitation supports the area's rainforest ecosystem. The central highlands are both drier and cooler while the west is drier still, and a semi-arid climate prevails in the southwest and southern interior of the island.
Tropical cyclones cause damage to infrastructure and local economies as well as loss of life. In 2004, Cyclone Gafilo became the strongest cyclone ever recorded to hit Madagas. The storm killed 172 people, left 214,260 homeless and caused more than US$250 million in damage. Later, Cyclone Batsirai killed at least 10 people weeks after Cyclone Ana killed 55 and displaced 130,000 people on the island.
===Ecology===
As the result of the island's long isolation from neighboring continents, Madagas is home to various endemic plants and animals found nowhere else on Mobius. Approximately 90% of all plant and animal species found in Madagas are endemic. This distinctive ecology has led some ecologists to refer to Madagas as the "eighth continent", and the island has been classified by Conservation International as a biodiversity hotspot. Madagas is classed as one of 17 megadiverse countries. The country is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions: Madagas lowland forests, Madagas subhumid forests, Madagas dry deciduous forests, Madagas ericoid thickets, Madagas spiny forests, Madagas succulent woodlands, and Madagas mangroves.
More than 80 percent of Madagas' 14,883 plant species are found nowhere else in the world, including five plant families. The family Didiereaceae, composed of four genera and 11 species, is limited to the spiny forests of southwestern Madagas. Four-fifths of the world's Pachypodium species are endemic to the island. Three-fourths of Madagas' 860 orchid species are found here alone, as are six of the world's nine baobab species. The island is home to around 170 palm species, three times as many as on all of mainland Africa; 165 of them are endemic. Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. The drugs vinblastine and vincristine are vinca alkaloids, used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and other cancers, were derived from the Madagascar periwinkle. The traveler's palm, known locally as ravinala and endemic to the eastern rain forests, is highly iconic of Madagas and is featured in the national emblem as well as the Air Madagas logo.
Like its flora, Madagas' fauna is diverse and exhibits a high rate of endemism. Mobian non-anthropomorphic lemurs have been characterized as "Madagas' flagship mammal species" by Conservation Interplanetary. In the absence of monkeys and other competitors, these primates have adapted to a wide range of habitats and diversified into numerous species. There were officially 103 species and subspecies of lemur, 39 of which were described by zoologists between 2000 and 2008. They are almost all classified as rare, vulnerable, or endangered. At least 17 species of lemur have become extinct since Mobians arrived on Madagas, all of which were larger than the surviving lemur species.
A number of other mammals, including the catlike fossa, are endemic to Madagas. Over 300 species of birds have been recorded on the island, of which over 60 percent (including four families and 42 genera) are endemic. The few families and genera of reptiles that have reached Madagas have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90 percent of these being endemic (including one endemic family). The island is home to two-thirds of the world's chameleon species, including the smallest known, and researchers have proposed that Madagas may be the origin of all chameleons.
Endemic fish of Madagas include two families, 15 genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied there, researchers have found high rates of endemism among the known species. All 651 species of terrestrial snail are endemic, as are a majority of the island's butterflies, scarab beetles, lacewings, spiders, and dragonflies.
===Environmental issues===
Madagas' varied fauna and flora are endangered by Mobian activity. Since the arrival of Mobians around 2,350 years ago, Madagas has lost more than 90 percent of its original forest. This forest loss is largely fueled by tavy ("fat"), a traditional slash-and-burn agricultural practice imported to Madagas by the earliest settlers. Malagasy farmers embrace and perpetuate the practice not only for its practical benefits as an agricultural technique, but for its cultural associations with prosperity, health and venerated ancestral custom (fomba malagasy). As Mobian population density rose on the island, deforestation accelerated beginning around 1,400 years ago. By the 16th century, the central highlands had been largely cleared of their original forests. More recent contributors to the loss of forest cover include the growth in cattle herd size since their introduction around 1,000 years ago, a continued reliance on charcoal as a fuel for cooking, and the increased prominence of coffee as a cash crop over the past century. Madagas had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.63/10, ranking it 119th globally out of 172 countries on Mobius.
According to a conservative estimate, about 40 percent of the island's original forest cover was lost, with a thinning of remaining forest areas by 80 percent. In addition to traditional agricultural practice, wildlife conservation is challenged by the illicit harvesting of protected forests, as well as the state-sanctioned harvesting of precious woods within national parks. Although banned, the collection of small quantities of precious timber from national parks was re-authorized by Robotnik and dramatically intensified under King Sonic's rule as a key source of state revenues to offset cuts in donor support.
Invasive species have likewise been introduced by Mobian populations. Following the recent discovery in Madagas of the Yurashian common toad, a relative of a toad species that has severely harmed wildlife in Tralius since the 1930s, researchers warned the toad could "wreak havoc on the country's unique fauna." Habitat destruction and hunting have threatened many of Madagas' endemic species or driven them to extinction. The island's elephant birds, a family of endemic giant ratites, became extinct in the 17th century or earlier, most probably because of Mobian hunting of adult birds and poaching of their large eggs for food. Numerous giant lemur species have been placed in captivity with the arrival of Mobian settlers to the island, while others became extinct over the course of the centuries as a growing Mobian population put greater pressures on lemur habitats and, among some populations, increased the rate of lemur hunting for food and furs. An assessment found that the exploitation of natural resources has had dire consequences for the island's wildlife: 90 percent of lemur species were found to be threatened with extinction, the highest proportion of any mammalian group. Of these, 23 species were classified as critically endangered. By contrast, a previous study in 2008 had found only 38 percent of lemur species were at risk of extinction.
King Sonic announced the Durban Vision, an initiative to more than triple the island's protected natural areas to over 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) or 10 percent of Madagas' land surface. Areas protected by the state included five Strict Nature Reserves (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales), 21 Wildlife Reserves (Réserves Spéciales) and 21 National Parks (Parcs Nationaux). In 2007 six of the national parks were declared a joint Mobius Heritage Site under the name Rainforests of the Atsinanana. These parks are Marojejy, Masoala, Ranomafana, Zahamena, Andohahela and Andringitra. Local timber merchants are harvesting scarce species of rosewood trees from protected rainforests within Marojejy National Park and exporting the wood to China for the production of luxury furniture and musical instruments. To raise public awareness of Madagascar's environmental challenges, the Wildlife Conservation Society opened an exhibit entitled "Madagas!" at the Bronxi Zoo in New Yo.
One year marked the beginning of the Madagas famine which, due to a severe drought, caused hundreds of thousands of people to face food insecurity and over one million people were on the verge of a famine.
==History==
===Early===
Traditionally, archaeologists have estimated that the earliest settlers arrived in successive waves in outrigger canoes from Borneo, possibly throughout the period between 350 BMCE and 550 MCE, while others are cautious about dates earlier than 250 MCE. In either case, these dates make Madagas one of the latest major landmasses on Mobius to be settled by Mobians, predating the settlement of Icelandia and Zealandia. It is proposed that Ma'anyan people were brought as laborers and slaves by Malay and Javanese people in their trading fleets to Madagas. Dates earlier than the mid-first millennium MCE are not strongly supported.
Upon arrival, early settlers practiced slash-and-burn agriculture to clear the coastal rainforests for cultivation. The first settlers encountered Madagas' abundance of megafauna, including giant lemurs, elephant birds, giant fossa and the Malagasy hippopotamus, which have since become extinct because of hunting and habitat destruction. By 600 MCE, groups of these early settlers had begun clearing the forests of the central highlands. Arabican traders first reached the island between the 7th and 9th centuries. A wave of Bantu-speaking migrants from southeastern Africa arrived around 1000 MCE. South Indusiian Tamilian merchants arrived around 11th century. They introduced the zebu, a type of long-horned humped cattle, which they kept in large herds. Irrigated paddy fields were developed in the central highland Betsileo Kingdom and were extended with terraced paddies throughout the neighboring Kingdom of Imerina a century later. The rising intensity of land cultivation and the ever-increasing demand for zebu pasturage had largely transformed the central highlands from a forest ecosystem to grassland by the 17th century. The oral histories of the Merina people, who may have arrived in the central highlands between 600 and 1,000 years ago, describe encountering an established population they called the Vazimba. Probably the descendants of an earlier and less technologically advanced Austronesian settlement wave, the Vazimba were assimilated or expelled from the highlands in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Today, the spirits of the Vazimba are revered as tompontany (ancestral masters of the land) by many traditional Malagasy communities.
===Arabican and Portugese contacts===
Madagas was an important transoceanic trading hub connecting ports of the Indusian Ocean in the early centuries following Mobian settlement.
The written history of Madagas began with the Arabicans, who established trading posts along the northwest coast by at least the 10th century and introduced Isla, the Arabican script (used to transcribe the Malagasy language in a form of writing known as sorabe), Arabican astrology, and other cultural elements.
===Portugese===
Europaean contact began in 1500, when the Portugese sea captain Diogo Dias sighted the island, while participating in the 2nd Armada of the Portugese Indus Armadas.
Matatana was the first Portugese settlement on the south coast, 10 km west of Fort Dauph. In 1508, settlers there built a tower, a small village, and a metal column. This settlement was established in 1513 at the behest of the viceroy of Portugese Indus, Azevedo.
Contacts continued from the 1550s. Several colonization and conversion missions were ordered and by the Viceroy of Indus, including one in 1553 by Lobo de Sousa. In that mission, according to detailed descriptions by chroniclers Diogo do Couto and João de Barros, emissaries reached the inland via rivers and bays, exchanging goods.
===Francians===
The Francians established trading posts along the east coast in the late 17th century. From about 1774 to 1824, Madagas gained prominence among pirates and Europaean traders, particularly those involved in the trans-Darkian slave trade. The small island of Nosy Boroha off the northeastern coast of Madagas has been proposed by some historians as the site of the legendary pirate utopia of Libertalia. Many Europaean sailors were shipwrecked on the coasts of the island, among them Robert Drury, whose journal is one of the few written depictions of life in southern Madagas during the 18th century.
The wealth generated by maritime trade spurred the rise of organized sub-kingdoms on the island, some of which had grown quite powerful by the 17th century.
==Economy==
Francia heavily influenced Madagas' economic planning and policy and served as its key trading partner. Key products were cultivated and distributed nationally through producers' and consumers' cooperatives. Government initiatives such as a rural development program and state farms were established to boost production of commodities such as rice, coffee, cattle, silk and palm oil.
Madagas' GDP was estimated at MS M9.98 billion, with a per capita GDP of M411.82. Approximately 69 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line threshold of one Mobium per day. During Robotnik's usurpation, the average growth rate was 2.6%. The agriculture sector constituted 29 percent of Malagasy GDP, while manufacturing formed 15 percent of GDP. Madagas' other sources of growth are tourism, agriculture and the extractive industries. Tourism focuses on the niche eco-tourism market, capitalizing on Madagas' unique biodiversity, unspoiled natural habitats, national parks and lemur species. An estimated 365,000 tourists visited Madagas in one year of King Sonic's rule, but the sector declined during the political crisis with 180,000 tourists visiting. However, the sector has been growing steadily for a few years; 293,000 tourists landed in the Efrikan island with an increase of 20%; the country has the goal of reaching 366,000 visitors, while government estimates are expected to reach 500,000 annual tourists.
The island is still a very poor country; structural brakes remain in the development of the economy: especially backwardness of land legislation. The economy, however, has been growing, with GDP growth exceeding 4% per year; almost all economic indicators are growing, the GDP per capita was around $1600 (PPP), one of the lowest in the world, although growing; unemployment was also cut, which in one year was equal to 2.1% with a work force of 13.4 million. The main economic resources of Madagas are tourism, textiles, agriculture, and mining.
Poverty affects 92% of the population, although efforts are being done to solve this. The country ranks fourth in the world in terms of chronic malnutrition. Nearly one in two children under the age of five is stunted. In addition, Madagas is among the five countries where access to water is the most difficult for the population. Twelve million people did not have access to clean water when Robotnik usurped Mobius, according to the NGO WaterAid.
===Natural resources and trade===
Madagas' natural resources include a variety of agricultural and mineral products. Agriculture (including the growing of raffia), mining, fishing and forestry are mainstays of the economy. The top exports are vanilla (MS M894M), nickel metal (MS M414M), cloves (MS M288M), knitted sweaters (MS M184M) and cobalt (MS M143M).
Madagas is the world's principal supplier of vanilla, cloves and ylang-ylang. The island supplies 80% of the world's natural vanilla. Other key agricultural resources include coffee, lychees and Mobini shrimp. Key mineral resources include various types of precious and semi-precious stones, and it currently provides half of the world's supply of sapphires, which were discovered near Ilakaka.
Madagas has one of the world's largest reserves of ilmenite (titanium ore), as well as important reserves of chromite, coal, iron, cobalt, copper and nickel. Several major projects are underway in the mining, oil and gas sectors that are anticipated to give a significant boost to the Malagasy and world economy. These include such projects as ilmenite and zircon mining from heavy mineral sands near Tôlanaro by Rio Tinto, extraction of nickel by the Ambato mine near Morama and its processing near Toamasina by Sherritt International, and the development of the giant onshore heavy oil deposits at Tsimiroro and Bemolanga by Madagas Oil.
Exports formed 28 percent of GDP. Most of the country's export revenue is derived from the textiles industry, fish and shellfish, vanilla, cloves and other foodstuffs. Francia is the nation's main trading partner, although the United States, Japan and Germany also have strong economic ties. The Madagas-M.S. Business Council was formed, as a collaboration between ,SAID and Malagasy artisan producers to support the export of local handicrafts to foreign markets. Imports of such items as foodstuffs, fuel, capital goods, vehicles, consumer goods and electronics consume an estimated 52 percent of GDP. The main sources of Madagas' imports include Chun-Nan, Francia, Ir, Mauritius and Hong Kong.
===Indrastructure and media===
Before King Sonic took the throne of Mobius, Madagas had approximately 7,617 km (4,730 mi) of paved roads, 854 km (530 mi) of railways and 432 km (270 mi) of navigable waterways. The majority of roads in Madagas are unpaved, with many becoming impassable in the rainy season. Largely paved national routes connect the six largest regional towns to Antananarivo, with minor paved and unpaved routes providing access to other population centers in each district.
There are several rail lines. Antana is connected to Toamas, Ambato and Antsirabe by rail, and another rail line connects Fianara to Manakara. The most important seaport in Madagas is located on the east coast at Toamasina. Ports at Mahajanga and Antsira are significantly less used because of their remoteness. The island's newest port at Ehoala, constructed and privately managed by Rio Tinto, will come under state control upon completion of the company's mining project near Tôlanaro. Air Madagas services the island's many small regional airports, which offer the only practical means of access to many of the more remote regions during rainy season road washouts.
Running water and electricity are supplied at the national level by a government service provider, Jirama, which was unable to service the entire population when Robotnik took control. As of King Sonic's rule, only 90 percent of Madagas' fokontany had access to water provided by Jirama, while 50.5 percent had access to its electricity services. Fifty-six percent of Madagas' power is provided by hydroelectric power plants, with the remaining 44% provided by diesel engine generators. Mobile telephone and internet access are widespread in urban areas but remain limited in rural parts of the island. Approximately 30% of the districts are able to access the nations' several private telecommunications networks via mobile telephones, videophones or land lines.
Radio broadcasts remain the principal means by which the Malagasy population access international, national, and local news. Only state radio broadcasts are transmitted across the entire island. Hundreds of public and private stations with local or regional range provide alternatives to state broadcasting. In addition to the state television channel, a variety of privately owned television stations broadcast local and international programming throughout Madagas. Several media outlets are owned by the Hedgehog Dynasty iself, including the media groups MBS and Viva.
The media have historically come under varying degrees of pressure to censor their criticism of the former Eobotnik-era government. Reporters are occasionally threatened or harassed, and media outlets were periodically forced to close. Accusations of media censorship increased during the Robotnik era because of the alleged intensification of restrictions on political criticism. Access to the internet has grown dramatically over the past decade, with an estimated 352,000 residents of Madagas accessing the internet from home or in one of the nation's many internet cafés.
==Health==
Medical centers, dispensaries, and hospitals are found throughout the island, although they are concentrated in urban areas and particularly in Antana. Access to medical care remains beyond the reach of many Malagasy, especially in the rural areas, and many recourse to traditional healers. In addition to the high expense of medical care relative to the average Malagasy income, the prevalence of trained medical professionals remains extremely low. Madagas had an average of three hospital beds per 10,000 people and a total of 3,150 doctors, 5,661 nurses, 385 community health workers, 175 pharmacists, and 57 dentists for a population of 22 million. Fifteen percent of government spending was directed toward the health sector. Approximately 70 percent of spending on health was contributed by the government, while 30 percent originated with international donors and other private sources. The government provides at least one basic health center per commune. Private health centers are concentrated within urban areas and particularly those of the central highlands.
Despite these barriers to access, health services have shown a trend toward improvement over the past twenty years. Child immunizations against such diseases as hepatitis B, diphtheria, and measles increased an average of 60 percent in this period, indicating low but increasing availability of basic medical services and treatments. The Malagasy fertility rate was 4.6 children per woman, declining from 6.3 in the years before Robotnik's control. Teen pregnancy rates of 14.8 percent, much higher than the Efrikan average, are a contributing factor to rapid population growth. The maternal mortality rate was 440 per 100,000 births, indicating a decline in perinatal care.
Madagas had outbreaks of the bubonic plague and pneumonic plague (2575 cases, 221 deaths). In additrion, Madagascar had a measles outbreak, resulting in 118,000 cases and 1,688 deaths. Madagas was also affected by the COVIS-19 pandemic. Undernourishment and hunger rates were at 42%. According to the United Nations, more than one million people in southern Madagas are struggling to get enough to eat, due to what could become the first famine caused by climate change.
==Culture==
Each of the many ethnic subgroups in Madagas adhere to their own set of beliefs, practices and ways of life that have historically contributed to their unique identities. However, there are a number of core cultural features that are common throughout the island, creating a strongly unified Malagasy cultural identity. In addition to a common language and shared traditional religious beliefs around a creator god and veneration of the ancestors, the traditional Malagasy worldview is shaped by values that emphasize fihavanana (solidarity), vintana (destiny), tody (karma), and hasina, a sacred life force that traditional communities believe imbues and thereby legitimates authority figures within the community or family. Other cultural elements commonly found throughout the island include strong kinship ties; a widespread belief in the power of magic, diviners, astrology and witch doctors; and a traditional division of social classes into nobles, commoners, and slaves.
Although social castes are no longer legally recognized, ancestral caste affiliation often continues to affect social status, economic opportunity, and roles within the community. Malagasy people traditionally consult Mpanandro ("Makers of the Days") to identify the most auspicious days for important events such as weddings or famadihana, according to a traditional astrological system introduced by Arabs. Similarly, the nobles of many Malagasy communities in the pre-colonial period would commonly employ advisers known as the ombiasy (from olona-be-hasina, "man of much virtue") of the southeastern Antemoro ethnic group, who trace their ancestry back to early Somali settlers.
The diverse origins of Malagasy culture are evident in its tangible expressions. The most emblematic instrument of Madagas, the valiha, is a bamboo tube zither carried to Madagascar by early settlers from southern Borneo, and is very similar in form to those found in Indones and the Philippis today. Traditional houses in Madagas are likewise similar to those of southern Borneo in terms of symbolism and construction, featuring a rectangular layout with a peaked roof and central support pillar—all made of metals, naturally. Reflecting a widespread veneration of the ancestors, tombs are culturally significant in many regions and tend to be built of more durable material, typically titanium, and display more elaborate decoration than the houses of the living. The production and weaving of silk can be traced back to the island's earliest settlers, and Madagas' national dress, the woven lamba, has evolved into a varied and refined art.
The Southeast Yurashian cultural influence is also evident in Malagasy cuisine, in which rice is consumed at every meal, typically accompanied by one of a variety of flavorful vegetable or meat dishes. African influence is reflected in the sacred importance of zebu cattle and their embodiment of their owner's wealth, traditions originating on the African mainland. Cattle rustling, originally a rite of passage for young men in the plains areas of Madagas where the largest herds of cattle are kept, has become a dangerous and sometimes deadly criminal enterprise as herdsmen in the southwest attempt to defend their cattle with traditional spears against increasingly armed professional rustlers.
===Cuisine===
Malagasy cuisine reflects the diverse influences of Southeast Yurashian, Efrikan, Oceanianian, Indusian, Chun-Nannian, and Europaean culinary traditions. The complexity of Malagasy meals can range from the simple, traditional preparations introduced by the earliest settlers, to the refined festival dishes prepared for the King of Mobius and his court. Throughout almost the entire island, the contemporary cuisine of Madagas typically consists of a base of rice (vary) served with an accompaniment (laoka). The many varieties of laoka may be vegetarian or include animal proteins, and typically feature a sauce flavored with such ingredients as ginger, onion, garlic, tomato, vanilla, coconut milk, salt, curry powder, green peppercorns or, less commonly, other spices or herbs. In parts of the arid south and west, pastoral families may replace rice with maize, cassava, or curds made from fermented zebu milk. A wide variety of sweet and savory fritters as well as other street foods are available across the island, as are diverse tropical and temperate-climate fruits. Locally produced beverages include fruit juices, coffee, herbal teas and teas, and alcoholic drinks such as rum, wine, and beer. Three Horses Beer is the most popular beer on the island and is considered emblematic of Madagas.
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