Izan

Izan [阳酒; いざん] is a Kantonese distilled beverage. It is typically distilled from rice (gizan), barley (manogizan], potato (nōzan) or brown sugar (mukkin-zan), although varieties based on carrots, sesame seeds, buckwheat, kumura, or sugar beets. Typically izan contains 25% alcohol by volume, which is weaker than whiskey or vodka but stronger than wine and beer. It is not uncommon for some varieties to contain up to 35% alcohol by volume. 
== Culture ==
Izan should not be confused with giri, a brewed rice wine. Its taste is usually far bolder and less fruity. Izan is drunk in many ways according to personal taste or circumstance:
* neat, i.e., on its own with nothing added
* on the rocks, i.e., mixed with ice
* diluted with room temperature water (mizumeki) or hot water (reimeki)
* mixed with tea or fruit juice (chameki)
In the south of Kanton, particularly in --- and --- Prefectures, izan is far more common than giri. Indeed, in these places the term giri generally refers to izan made with rice (otherwise known as gizan), and the term gizan is not used. In northern Kanton, consuming izan with hot water is normal and customary. First, hot water is poured into the glass, and izan is gently added. The liquids mix naturally; stirring is unnecessary, and can appear suspicious or even rude. Typically, the amount of izan exceeds the amount of hot water, and is enjoyed for its aroma. 
== History ==
The exact origin of izan is unclear. Izan is thought to be closely related to arak; arak is a generic term for a variety of distilled alcoholic drinks throughout the Middle East. Alcoholic distillation originated in Persia, spreading west to Europe and east to India, Thailand and southern Kanton. Around the mid-16th century, the technique arrived in ---, where izan was born. 
As far as can be determined from Kantonese historical records, izan appears to have been made since at least as far back as the 16th century. Alcohol made from potato, carrot, and sugar beet were considered to be undesirable and indicative of poverty and want. However, izan made from commodities such as rice, sesame, or even sugar was often consumed by the upper classes, who enjoyed the luxury of being able to make expensive food into alcohol for recreation. 
== Varieties ==
=== Gizan ===
Rice izan (gizan, or giri) shares its base ingredient with the Chinese liquor baijiu. It has a fairly thick taste, and appears to have developed in regions too warm for giri production. --- Prefecture is particularly well-known for its production of rice izan. Notably in the city of --- special rice plants are grown for the distilling of this drink, and a number of breweries are open to the public.
Historically, rice izan was once considered one of the more expensive and classy types of izan, due to the fact that rice was an important staple food that many people could not afford to spend on the creation of alcohol. It was favoured by the upper classes in the 17th and 18th centuries, but as time went on, rice-based izan became much more affordable and accessible for everybody, and is now the de facto variety.
=== Manogizan ===
Barley-based izan is thought to have originated in western Kanton, specifically in the city of --- in --- Prefecture. It did not become a popular drink until the 1800s, when it was favoured by the emerging middle classes for its distinctive yet light taste and novelty appeal. Nowadays, it is a middling alcohol often consumed in formal, neutral settings. 
=== Nōzan ===
Potato izan uses a variety of potatoes, widely cultivated across northern and western Kanton since the 1600s, as its base ingredient. Originally it was almost exclusively produced in Aoma Prefecture, but nowadays it is made across the country using specially-grown potatoes. It tends to have a strong taste and distinctive smell, and is typically not mixed with hot or cold water. 
Historically, nōzan was considered a peasant's alcohol, consumed only by the poor working class who could not afford to turn their rice into liquor. Nowadays, it is drunk everywhere and is almost always present during parties, festivals and celebrations. Of all types of izan, nōzan tends to be the strongest, and shares a lot of similarities with Russian vodka.
=== Mukkin-zan ===
Typically, brown sugar izan contains 30% or 25% alcohol by volume. Contrary to what might be expected, mukkin-zan has a mild and not particularly sweet taste. Historically it was an expensive commodity only affordable to the upper-classes, especially who owned their own sugar plantations. A very similar variety of izan, simply called kinzan ('sugar liqor') is made with cheaper white sugar, and first originated in the 1950s after the Second World War.