List of Assyrian kings

The list of Assyrian kings is compiled from the Assyrian King List, an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia (modern northern Iraq) with information added from recent archaeological findings. The Assyrian King List includes regnal lengths that appear to have been based on now lost limmu lists (which list the names of eponymous officials for each year). These regnal lengths accord well with Hittite, Babylonian and ancient Egyptian king lists and with the archaeological record, and are considered reliable for the age.
==The Assyrian King List==
The Assyrian King List is not merely a list of kings of Assyria, but is a very specific document recorded in several ancient locations, related to the ancient Sumerian King List, and sometimes considered a continuation of it. There are three extant versions of the King List, and two fragments. They date to the early first millennium BC—the oldest, List A, stopping at Tiglath-Pileser II (ca. 967–935 BC) and the youngest, List C, at Shalmaneser V (727–722 BC). Assyriologists believe the list was originally compiled to link Shamshi-Adad I (fl. ca. 1700 BC (short)), an Amorite who had conquered Assur, to the native rulers of the land of Assur. Scribes then copied the List and added to it over time.
==List of Kings==
===Early Period===
Little is known of the earliest kings listed on the King List, other than a few recorded contacts with other kingdoms. No regnal lengths are given for kings before Erishum I.
====Kings who Lived in Tents====
This section shows marked similarities to the ancestors of the first Babylonian dynasty.
====Kings whose Fathers are Known====
These list the ancestors of Shamshi-Adad I.
====Kings whose Eponyms are not Known====
These are early rulers of Assur.
===Old Assyrian Period===
Damage to the tablets in all three extant King Lists before Enlil-nasir II (ca. 1420–1415 BC (short)) prevents the calculation of approximate regnal dates from Erishum I to this point. Additionally, three kings attested elsewhere from this period are not included in the standard King List. The remainder of the King List then has an unbroken chain of regnal lengths from Enlil-nasir II on. Disparities between the different versions of the King List for the reigns of Ashur-nadin-apli (ca. 1196–1194 BC (short)) and Ninurta-apal-Ekur (ca. 1182–1180 BC (short)) contribute to the debate over the chronology of the ancient Near East.
Old Assyrian Period	Old Assyrian Period 	Old Assyrian Period
King name 	Reigned 	Notes
Erishum I 	fl. ca. 1800 BC (short)(30 or 40 years)	"son of Ilu-shuma"; contemporary of Samu-la-El of Babylonia; said to have built the temple of Ashur
Ikunum 	(damaged text) 	"son of Ilushuma"
Sargon I 	(damaged text) 	"son of Ikunum"
Puzur-Ashur II 	(damaged text) 	"son of Sargon (I)"
Naram-Suen 	(damaged text) 	"son of Puzur-Ashur (II)"
Erishum II 	(damaged text) 	"son of Naram-Suen"
Shamshi-Adad I 	fl. ca. 1700 BC (short)(33 years) 	"son of (local ruler) Ila-kabkabu, went to Karduniash in the time of Naram-Suen. In the eponymy of Ibni-Adad, Shamshi-Adad went up from Karduniash. He took Ekallatum, where he stayed three years. In the eponymy of Atamar-Ishtar, Shamshi-Adad went up from Ekallatum. He ousted Erishum (II), son of Naram-Suen, from the throne and took it."; He was in turn conquered by Hammurabi of Babylon.
Ishme-Dagan I 	(40 years) 	"son of Shamshi-Adad (I)"
Mut-Ashkur 	(unknown) 	son of Ishme-Dagan I, married to a Hurrian queen; not included in the standard King List, but attested elswhere
Remu... 	(unknown) 	included in the alternative King List fragment, last part of name lost; not included in the standard King List
Asinum 	(unknown) 	grandson of Shamshi-Adad I, driven out by vice-regent Puzur-Suen because he was of foreign extraction; not included in the standard King List, but attested in Puzur-Suen's inscription
Seven usurpers:
* Ashur-dugul
* Ashur-apla-idi
* Nasir-Suen
* Suen-namir
* Ipqi-Ishtar
* Adad-salulu
* Adasi	 	
Bel-bani 	(10 years) 	"son of Adasi"
Libaya 	(17 years) 	"son of Bel-bani"
Sharma-Adad I 	(12 years) 	"son of Libaya"
Iptar-Suen 	(12 years) 	"son of Sharma-Adad (I)"
Bazaya 	(28 years) 	"son of Iptar-Suen"
Lullaya 	(6 years) 	"son of a nobody"
Shu-Ninua 	(14 years) 	"son of Bazaya"
Sharma-Adad II 	(3 years) 	"son of Shu-Ninua"
Erishum III 	(13 years) 	"son of Shu-Ninua"
Shamshi-Adad II 	(6 years) 	"son of Erishum (III)"
Ishme-Dagan II 	(16 years) 	"son of Shamshi-Adad (II)"
Shamshi-Adad III 	(16 years) 	" son of (another) Ishme-Dagan, brother of Sharma-Adad (II), son of Shu-Ninua"
Ashur-nirari I 	(26 years) 	"son of Ishme-Dagan"
Puzur-Ashur III 	(24 or 14 years) 	"son of Ashur-nirari (I)"; contemporary of Burna-Buriash I of Babylonia
Enlil-nasir I 	(13 years) 	"son of Puzur-Ashur (III)"
Nur-ili 	(12 years) 	"son Enlil-nasir (I)"
Ashur-shaduni 	(1 month) 	"son of Nur-ili"
Ashur-rabi I 	(damaged text) 	"son of Enlil-nasir (I), ousted him (Ashur-shaduni), (and) seized the throne"
Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 	(damaged text) 	"son of Ashur-rabi (I)"
Enlil-nasir II 	ca. 1420–1415 BC (short) 	"his (Ashur-nadin-ahhe I's) brother, ousted him"
Ashur-nirari II 	ca. 1414–1408 BC (short) 	"son of Enlil-nasir (II)"
Ashur-bel-nisheshu 	ca. 1407–1399 BC (short) 	"son of Ashur-nirari (II)"
Ashur-rim-nisheshu 	ca. 1398–1391 BC (short) 	"son of Ashur-bel-nisheshu"
Ashur-nadin-ahhe II	ca. 1390–1381 BC (short) 	"son of Ashur-rim-nisheshu"
===Middle Assyrian Period===
The dates up to Ninurta-apal-Ekur (ca. 1182–1180 BC) are subject to debate, as some of the regnal lengths vary over the different versions of the King List. The dates given below are based on Assyrian King Lists B and C, which give only three years to Ashur-nadin-apli, and the same to Ninurta-apal-Ekur. (Assyrian King List A gives four years to Ashur-nadin-apli and 13 years to Ninurta-apal-Ekur.For variants, see footnotes 49–56 in ) This timeframe is also subject to the overall debate about the chronology of the ancient Near East; the short (or low) chronology is used here.
Dates from 1179 to 912 BC, although less secure than dates from 911 BC onwards, are not subject to the chronology debate.
Middle Assyrian Period 	Middle Assyrian Period 	Middle Assyrian Period
King name 	ReignedComments on the Nassouhi Kinglist and the Assyrian Kinglist Tradition, J.A. Brinkman,
Orientalia N.S 42, 1973Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC, A.K. Grayson, University of Toronto Press,
1987, ISBN 0802026052The Chronology of Ancient Assyria Re-assessed, B. Newgrosh, JACF, vol. 08, pp. 78-106, 1999	Notes
Eriba-Adad I 	ca. 1380–1353 BC (short) 	"son of Ashur-bel-nisheshu"
Ashur-uballit I 	ca. 1353–1318 BC (short) 	"son of Eriba-Adad (I)"
Enlil-nirari 	ca. 1317–1308 BC (short) 	"son of Ashur-uballit"
Arik-den-ili 	ca. 1307–1296 BC (short) 	"son of Enlil-nirari"
Adad-nirari I 	ca. 1295–1264 BC (short) 	"son of Arik-den-ili"
Shalmaneser I 	ca. 1263–1234 BC (short) 	"son of Adad-nirari (I)"
Tukulti-Ninurta I 	ca. 1233–1197 BC (short) 	"son of Shalmaneser (I)"
Ashur-nadin-apli 	ca. 1196–1194 BC (short) 	"during the lifetime of Tukulti-ninurta (I), Ashur-nadin-apli, his son, seized the throne"
Ashur-nirari III 	ca. 1193–1188 BC (short) 	"son of Ashur-nadin-apli"
Enlil-kudurri-usur 	ca. 1187–1183 BC (short) 	"son of Tukulti-Ninurta (I)"
Ninurta-apal-Ekur 	ca. 1182–1180 BC (short) 	"son of Ila-Hadda, a descendant of Eriba-Adad (I), went to Karduniash. He came up from Karduniash (and) seized the throne."
Beginning with Ashur-Dan I, dates are consistent and not subject to middle/short chronology distinctions.	Beginning with Ashur-Dan I, dates are consistent and not subject to middle/short chronology distinctions.	Beginning with Ashur-Dan I, dates are consistent and not subject to middle/short chronology distinctions.
Ashur-Dan I 	ca. 1179–1133 BC 	"son of Ashur-nadin-apli"
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 	ca. 1133 BC 	"son of Ashur-dan (I), briefly"
Mutakkil-nusku 	ca. 1133 BC 	"his (Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur's) brother, fought him and took him to Karduniash. Mutakkil-Nusku held the throne briefly, then died."
Ashur-resh-ishi I 	ca. 1133–1115 BC 	"son of Mutakkil-Nusku"
Tiglath-Pileser I 	ca. 1115–1076 BC 	"son of Ashur-resh-ishi (I)"
Asharid-apal-Ekur 	ca. 1076–1074 BC 	"son of Tiglath-pileser (I)"
Ashur-bel-kala 	ca. 1074–1056 BC 	"son of Tiglath-pileser (I)"
Eriba-Adad II 	ca. 1056–1054 BC 	"son of Ashur-bel-kala"
Shamshi-Adad IV 	ca. 1054–1050 BC 	"son of Tiglath-pileser (I), came up from Karduniash. He ousted Eriba-Adad (II), son of Ashur-bel-kala, (and) seized the throne"
Ashur-nasir-pal I 	ca. 1050–1031 BC 	"son of Shamshi-Adad (IV)"
Shalmaneser II 	ca. 1031–1019 BC 	"son of Ashur-nasir-pal (I)"
Ashur-nirari IV 	ca. 1019–1013 BC 	"son of Shalmaneser (II)"
Ashur-rabi II 	ca. 1013–972 BC 	"son of Ashur-nasir-pal (I)"
Ashur-resh-ishi II 	ca. 972–967 BC 	"son of Ashur-rabi (II)"
Tiglath-Pileser II 	ca. 967–935 BC 	"son of Ashur-resh-ishi (II)"
Ashur-Dan II 	ca. 935–912 BC 	"son of Tiglath-Pileser (II)"
===Neo-Assyrian Period===
Synchronisms between the limmu lists and absolute dates known from Babylonian chronology provide good absolute dates for the years between 911 BC and 649 BC.
The dates for the very end of the Assyrian period are uncertain due to the lack of limmu lists after 649 BC. Some sources list Ashurbanipal's death in 631 BC, rather than 627 BC; Ashur-etil-ilani then reigns from 631 to 627, and Sin-shar-ishkun reigns until 612 BC, when he is known to have died in the sack of Nineveh.
Neo-Assyrian Period 	Neo-Assyrian Period 	Neo-Assyrian Period 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
King name 	ReignedLandscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire,
T. J. Wilkinson, E. B. Wilkinson, J. Ur, M. Altaweel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Nov 2005 Neo-Assyrian Eponym List—Livius.org
Empires and Exploitation: The Neo-Assyrian Empire, P Bedford, WA Perth, 2001	Notes 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adad-nirari II 	912–891 BC 	"son of Ashur-Dan (II)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Tukulti-Ninurta II 	891–884 BC 	"son of Adad-nirari (II)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Ashur-nasir-pal II 	884–859 BC 	"son of Tukulti-Ninurta (II)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shalmaneser III 	859–824 BC 	"son of Ashur-nasir-pal (II)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shamshi-Adad V 	824–811 BC 	"son of Shalmaneser (III)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shammu-ramat, regent, 811–808 BC 	Shammu-ramat, regent, 811–808 BC 	Shammu-ramat, regent, 811–808 BC 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adad-nirari III 	811–783 BC 	"son of Shamshi-Adad (V)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shalmaneser IV 	783–773 BC 	"son of Adad-nirari (III)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Ashur-Dan III 	773–755 BC 	"son of Shalmaneser (IV)"; solar eclipse 763 BC 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Ashur-nirari V 	755–745 BC 	"son of Adad-nirari (III)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Tiglath-Pileser III 	745–727 BC 	"son of Ashur-nirari (V)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shalmaneser V 	727–722 BC 	"son of Tiglath-Pileser (III)" 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
End of the document known as Assyrian King List; the following kings reigned after the list had been composed. 	End of the document known as Assyrian King List; the following kings reigned after the list had been composed. 	End of the document known as Assyrian King List; the following kings reigned after the list had been composed. 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Sargon II 	722–705 BC 	co-regency with Shalmaneser V from 722–709 BC 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Sennacherib 	705–681 BC 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Esarhaddon 	681–669 BC 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The dates of the last kings are not certain. 	The dates of the last kings are not certain. 	The dates of the last kings are not certain. 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Ashurbanipal 	669–between 631 and 627 BC 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Ashur-etil-ilani 	ca. 631–627 BC 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Sin-shumu-lishir 	626 BC 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Sin-shar-ishkun 	ca. 627–612 BC 	fall of Nineveh 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.	In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.
Ashur-uballit II 	612 BC–ca. 609 BC 	Harran defeated by Nabopolassar of Babylonia 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
==See also==
*List of ancient king lists
* Chronology of the ancient Near East
* Short chronology timeline
* Sumerian King List
* List of kings of Babylon
* List of Hittite kings
* List of pharaohs
==Notes==
==References==
*
*
*
*
*
*
==External links==
*Livius: Assyrian King List
*ASSYRIA (AŠŠUR) AND BABYLONIA (BĀB-ILI, KARDUNIAŠ, AKKAD)
 
Assyria
Assyria, Kings of
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