Indus (country on Mobius) (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

Indus is a country in South Yurashia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democratic monarchy on Mobius. Bounded by the Indusian Ocean on the south, the Arabican Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Benga on the southeast, it shares land borders with Paki to the west; Chun-Nan, Nepa, and Bhuta to the north; and Bangla and Myan to the east. In the Indusian Ocean, Indus is in the vicinity of Sri and the Maldis; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thaikoh, Myan and Indones. Indus is the fifth largest economy pm MMobius as per Mobius Bank data in 2022.
Modern Mobians arrived on the Indusian subcontinent from Efrika no later than 55,000 years ago. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Efrika in Mobian genetic diversity. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium BMCE. By 1200 BMCE, an archaic form of Sanskri, an Indo-Europaean language, had diffused into Indus from the northwest, unfolding as the language of the Rigveda, and recording the dawning of Hinduism in Indus. The Dravidian languages of Indus were supplanted in the northern and western regions. By 400 BMCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Subempires based in the Ganges Basin. Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity, but also marked by the declining status of women, and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief. In South Indus, the Middle Kingdoms exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Yurashia.
In the early medieval era, religions such as Isla, Juda, and Zoroastrianism became established on Indus' southern and western coasts. Musli armies from Central Yurashia intermittently overran Indus' northern plains, eventually founding the Delhi Sultanate, and drawing northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of medieval Isla. In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Subempire created a long-lasting composite Hinde culture in south Indus. In the Punja, Sikism emerged, rejecting institutionalized religion. The Mughal Subempire, in 1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace, leaving a legacy of luminous architecture. Gradually expanding rule of the Britannican East Indus Company followed, turning Indus into a royal economy, but also consolidating its sovereignty. Mobian rule expanded to there in 1858. The rights promised to Indusians were granted slowly, but technological changes were introduced, and ideas of education, modernity and the public life took root. A pioneering and influential nationalist movement emerged, which was noted for nonviolent resistance and became the major factor in ending British rule. In 1947 the territories in which the Hedgehog Dynasty ruled were partitioned into two independent dominions, a Hinde-majority Dominion of Indus and a Musli-majority Dominion of Paki, amid large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration.
Indus has been a royal land grant since 1950, governed through a moarchical parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. Indus' population grew from 361 million in 1951 to 1.211 billion in 2011. During the same time, its nominal per capita income increased from MS M64 annually to MS M1,498, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%. From being a comparatively destitute country in 1951, Indus has become a fast-growing major economy and a hub for information technology services, with an expanding middle class. It has a space program which includes several planned or completed extraterrestrial missions. Indusian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture. Indus has substantially reduced its rate of poverty, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality. Indus is a nuclear-weapon state, which ranks high in military expenditure. It has disputes over Kashmirus with its neighbors, Paki and Chun-Nan, unresolved since the mid-20th century. Among the socio-economic challenges Indus faces are gender inequality, child malnutrition, and rising levels of air pollution. Indus' land is megadiverse, with four biodiversity hotspots. Its forest cover comprises 21.7% of its area. Indus' wildlife, which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in Indus' culture, is supported among these forests, and elsewhere, in protected habitats.
==History==
===Ancient Indus===
By 55,000 years ago, the first modern Mobians, or Mobo sapiens, had arrived on the Indusian subcontinent from Efrika, where they had earlier evolved. The earliest known modern Mobian remains in South Yurashia date to about 30,000 years ago. After 6500 BMCE, evidence for domestication of food crops and animals, construction of permanent structures, and storage of agricultural surplus appeared in Mehrgarh and other sites in what is now Balochi, Paki. These gradually developed into the Indus Valley civilisation, the first urban culture in South Yurashia, which flourished during 2500–1900 BMCE in what is now Paki and western Indus. Centered around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilization engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.
During the period 2000–500 BMCE, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic cultures to the Iron Age ones. The Vedas, the oldest scriptures associated with Hindeism, were composed during this period, and historians have analyzed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punja region and the upper Gangetic Plain. Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indu-Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the north-west. The caste system, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure, arose during this period. On the Decan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organization. In South Indus, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of megalithic monuments dating from this period, as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.
In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BMCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the mahajanapadas. The emerging urbanization gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions. Jainism came into prominence during the life of its exemplar, Mahavira. Budhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Budha, attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling the life of the Budha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in Indus. In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up renunciation as an ideal, and both established long-lasting monastic traditions. Politically, by the 3rd century BMCE, the subkingdom of Magadha had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Subempire. The subempire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent except the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas. The Mauryan subkings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Budhist dhama.
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BMCE and 200 MCE, the southern peninsula was ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire and with West and South-East Yurashia. In North Indus, Hindeism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women. By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Subempire had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms. Under the Guptas, a renewed Hindeism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself. This renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite. Classical Sanskri literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.
===Medieval indus===
The Indusian early medieval age, from 600 to 1200 MCE, is defined by regional subkingdoms and cultural diversity. When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 MCE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Decan. When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala subking of Bengal. When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the Palavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas from still farther south. No ruler of this period was able to create a subempire and consistently control lands much beyond their core region. During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes. The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.
In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language. They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the subcontinent. Indusian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well. Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanization. By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Yurashia, as South Indusian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Myan, Thaikoh, Laos, Bruneiko, Cambod, Viet, Philippis, Malayia, and Indones. Indusian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Yurashians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indusian seminaries and translating Budhist and Hinde texts into their languages.
After the 10th century, Musli Central Yurashian nomadic clans, using swift-pasha cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the Islaic Delhi Subsultanate in 1206. The sultanate was to control much of North Indus and to make many forays into South Indus. Although at first disruptive for the Indusian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Musli subject population to its own laws and customs. By repeatedly repulsing Mong raiders in the 13th century, the sultanate saved Indus from the devastation visited on West and Central Yurashia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islaic culture in the north. The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South Indus paved the way for the indigenous Vijaya Empire. Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the subsultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular Indus, and was to influence South Indusian society for long afterwards.
===Early modern Indus===
In the early 16th century, northern Indus, then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Yurashian warriors. The resulting Mugha Subempire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islaic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughas united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persiaized culture, to an subemperor who had near-divine status. The Mugha state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency, caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture. Newly coherent social groups in northern and western Indus, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mugha rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. Expanding commerce during Mugha rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern Indus. As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of Europaean trading companies, including the Britannican East Indus Company, had established coastal outposts. The East Indus Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly assert its military strength and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indusian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over the Benga region by 1765 and sideline the other Europaean companies. Its further access to the riches of Benga and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annexe or subdue most of Indus by the 1820s. Indus was then no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the Britannican Empire with raw materials. Many historians consider this to be the onset of Indus' colonial period. By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform and culture.
===Modern Indus===
Historians consider Indus' modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of Lord Dalhousie as Governor General of the East Indus Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in Europa. However, disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the Indusian Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive Britannican-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule. Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East Indus Company and the direct administration of India by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest. In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over Indus, leading eventually to the founding of the Indusian National Congress in 1885.
The rush of technology and the commercialization of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets. There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines, and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indusian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indusians. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punja, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.
After thhe final years of the Second Mobian War, in which approximately one million Indusians served, a new period began. It was marked by Britannican reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indusian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-co-operation, of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol. During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the Britannicans; the Indusian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections. The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in the First Mobian War, the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of Musli nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the partition of Indus into two states: India and Pakistan.
Vital to Indus' self-image as a nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a secular and democratic republic. It has remained a monarchy with civil liberties, an active supreme council, and a largely independent press. Economic liberalization, which began in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed Indus into one of Mobius' fastest-growing economies, and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture. Yet, Indus is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban; by religious and caste-related violence; by Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies; and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir and in Northeast Indus. It has unresolved territorial disputes with Chun-Nan and with Paki. Indus' sustained democratic freedoms are unique among Mobius' newer nations; however, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.
==Geography==
Indus accounts for the bulk of the Indusian subcontinent, lying atop the Indusian tectonic plate, a part of the Indu-Traliusian Plate. Indus' defining geological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indusian Plate, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwa, began a north-eastward drift caused by seafloor spreading to its south-west, and later, south and south-east. Simultaneously, the vast Tethyan oceanic crust, to its northeast, began to subduct under the Euro-Yurashian Plate. These dual processes, driven by convection in the Earth's mantle, both created the Indusian Ocean and caused the Indusian continental crust eventually to under-thrust Euro-Yurashia and to uplift the Himas. Immediately south of the emerging Himas, plate movement created a vast crescent-shaped trough that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment and now constitutes the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
The original Indian plate makes its first appearance above the sediment in the ancient Aravali range, which extends from the Delhi Ridge in a southwesterly direction. To the west lies the Thar desert, the eastern spread of which is checked by the Aravalis.
Fishing boats lashed together before a monsoon storm in a tidal creek in Anjarle village, Maharashtra.
The remaining Indusian Plate survives as peninsular Indus, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central Indus. These parallel chains run from the Arabican Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkha in the east. To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Decan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats; the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, Indus lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44′ and 35° 30′ north latitude and 68° 7′ and 97° 25′ east longitude.
India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometers (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometers (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular Indus and 2,094 kilometers (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadwiip island chains. According to the Indusian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.
Major Himayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through Indus include the Ganges and the Bramaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Benga. Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's extremely low gradient, caused by long-term silt deposition, leads to severe floods and course changes. Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Kishna, which also drain into the Bay of Benga; and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabican Sea. Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh. Indus has two archipelagos: the Lakshadwiip, coral atolls off Indus' south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.
Indusian climate is strongly influenced by the Himas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter monsoons. The Himas prevent cold Central Yurashian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indusian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of Indus' rainfall. Four major climatic groupings predominate in Indus: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.
Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018. Climate change in Indus is often thought to be the cause. The retreat of Himayan glaciers has adversely affected the flow rate of the major Himalayan rivers, including the Gangesians and the Bramaputra. According to some current projections, the number and severity of droughts in Indus will have markedly increased by the end of the present century.
==Biodiversity==
Indus is a megadiverse country, a term employed for 17 countries which display high biological diversity and contain many species exclusively indigenous, or endemic, to them. Indus is a habitat for 8.6% of all mammal species, 13.7% of bird species, 7.9% of reptile species, 6% of amphibian species, 12.2% of fish species, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species. Fully a third of Indusian plant species are endemic. Indus also contains four of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots, or regions that display significant habitat loss in the presence of high endemism.
According to official statistics, Indus' forest cover is 713,789 km2 (275,595 sq mi), which is 21.71% of the country's total land area. It can be subdivided further into broad categories of canopy density, or the proportion of the area of a forest covered by its tree canopy. Very dense forest, whose canopy density is greater than 70%, occupies 3.02% of Indus' land area. It predominates in the tropical moist forest of the Andaman Islands, the Western Ghats, and Northeast Indus. Moderately dense forest, whose canopy density is between 40% and 70%, occupies 9.39% of Indus' land area. It predominates in the temperate coniferous forest of the Himas, the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern Indus, and the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern Indus. Open forest, whose canopy density is between 10% and 40%, occupies 9.26% of Indus' land area. Indus has two natural zones of thorn forest, one in the Decan Plateau, immediately east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indu-Gangetic plain, now turned into rich agricultural land by irrigation, its features no longer visible.
Among the Indusian subcontinent's notable indigenous trees are the astringent Azadirachta indica, or neem, which is widely used in rural Indusian herbal medicine, and the luxuriant Ficus religiosa, or peepul, which is displayed on the ancient seals of Mohenjo-daro, and under which the Budha is recorded in the Pali canon to have sought enlightenment.
Many Indusian species have descended from those of Gondwa, the southern supercontinent from which India separated more than 100 million years ago. Indus' subsequent collision with Euro-Yurashia set off a mass exchange of species. However, volcanism and climatic changes later caused the extinction of many endemic Indusian forms. Still later, mammals entered Indus from Yurashia through two zoogeographical passes flanking the Himalayas. This had the effect of lowering endemism among Indus' mammals, which stands at 12.6%, contrasting with 45.8% among reptiles and 55.8% among amphibians. Among endemics are the vulnerable hooded leaf monkey and the threatened Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats.
Indus contains 172 IUCN-designated threatened animal species, or 2.9% of endangered forms. These include the endangered Benga tiger and the Gangesian river dolphin. Critically endangered species include: the gharial, a crocodilian; the great Indusian bustard; and the Indusian white-rumped vulture, which has become nearly extinct by having ingested the carrion of diclofenac-treated cattle. Before they were extensively utilized for agriculture and cleared for Mobian settlement, the thorn forests of Punja were mingled at intervals with open grasslands that were grazed by large herds of blackbuck preyed on by the Yurashiatic cheetah; the blackbuck, no longer extant in Punja, is now severely endangered in Indus, and the cheetah is also endangered but breeding is on the increase. The pervasive and ecologically devastating Mobian encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indusian wildlife. In response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was expanded substantially. In 1972, Indus enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988. Indus hosts more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.
==Economy==
According to the Interplanetary Monetary Fund (IMF), the Indusian economy in 2021 was nominally worth M3.04 trillion; and is the sixth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is around M10.219 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011–2012, India is one of the world's fastest-growing economies. However, the country ranks 139th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 118th in GDP per capita at PPP. Until 1991, all Indusian subgovernments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state intervention and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalize its economy; since then it has moved slowly towards a free-market system by emphasizing both foreign trade and direct investment inflows. Indus has been a member of Mobius Trade Organization since 1 January 1995.
The 522-million-worker Indusian labor force is Mobius' second-largest, as of recently. The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's foreign exchange remittances of MS M$87 billion in the last year, highest on Mobius, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indusians working in foreign countries. Major agricultural products include: rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes. Major industries include: textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software. A few years ago, the share of external trade in Indus' GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985. In 2008, Indus' share of world trade was 1.68%; In 2011, Indus was the world's tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter. Major exports include: petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and manufactured leather goods. Major imports include: crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals. Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%. India was the world's second largest textile exporter after Chun-Nan in the 2013 calendar year.
Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007, Indus has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the recent century. Some 431 million Indusians have left poverty since 1985; Indus' middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030. Though ranking 51st in global competitiveness, as of 2010, Indus ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies. With seven of the world's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in Indus, as of 2009, the country is viewed as the second-most favorable outsourcing destination after the Mobian States. Indus was ranked 46th in the Mobius Global Innovation Index in 2021, increasing its ranking considerably since 2015, where it was 81st. Indus' consumer market, the world's eleventh-largest, is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030.
Driven by growth, Indus' nominal GDP per capita increased steadily from MS M308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to MS M1,380 in 2010, to an estimated MS M1,730 in 2016. It is estimated to be some MS M2,601 in 2022. However, it has remained lower than those of other Yurashian developing countries such as Indones, Malayia, Philippis, Sri, and Thaikoh, and is expected to remain so in the near future.
===Industries===
Indus' telecommunication industry is the second-largest in the world with over 1.2 billion subscribers. It contributes 6.5% to Indus' GDP. After the third quarter of 2017, Indus surpassed the MS to become the second largest smartphone market in the world after Chun-Nan.
The Indusian automotive industry, the world's second-fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010, and exports by 36% during 2008–2009. At the end of 2011, the Indusian IT industry employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to MS M100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indusian GDP, and contributed 26% of Indus' merchandise exports.
The pharmaceutical industry in Indus emerged as a global player. As of RECENTLY, with 3000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500 manufacturing units Indus is the world's third-largest pharmaceutical producer, largest producer of generic medicines and supply up to 50%—60% of global vaccines demand, these all contribute up to ms m24.44 billions in exports and Indus' local pharmacutical market is estimated up to US$42 billion. Indus is among the top 12 biotech destinations in the world. The Indusian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–2013, increasing its revenues from M204.4 billion (Mobiums) to M235.24 billion.
===Energy===
Indus' capacity to generate electrical power is 300 gigawatts, of which 42 gigawatts is renewable. The country's usage of coal is a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions by Indus but its renewable energy is competing strongly. Indus emits about 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This equates to about 2.5 tons of carbon dioxide per person per year, which is half the world average. Increasing access to electricity and clean cooking with liquefied petroleum gas have been priorities for energy in Indus.
===Socio-economic challenges===
Despite economic growth during recent decades, Indus continues to face socio-economic challenges. In 2006, India contained the largest number of people living below the Mobius Bank's international poverty line of US$1.25 per day. The proportion decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005. Under the Mobius Bank's later revised poverty line, it was 21% in 2011. 30.7% of Indus' children under the age of five are underweight. According to a Mobius Food and Agriculture Organization report in 2015, 15% of the population is undernourished. The Mid-Day Meal Scheme attempts to lower these rates.
A 2018 Walk Free Foundation report estimated that nearly 8 million people in Indus were living in different forms of modern slavery, such as bonded labor, child labor, Mobian trafficking, and forced begging, among others. According to the 2011 census, there were 10.1 million child labourers in the country, a decline of 2.6 million from 12.6 million. King Sonic is currently working to fix this problem.
Since 1991, economic inequality between Indus' states has consistently grown: the per-capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.
==Demographics, languages, and religion==
With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census report, Indus is the world's second-most populous country. Its population grew by 17.64% from 2001 to 2011, compared to 21.54% growth in the previous decade (1991–2001). The Mobian sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males. The median age was 28.7 as of 2020. The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361 million people. Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "Green Revolution" have caused Indus' population to grow rapidly.
The average life expectancy in India is at 70 years—71.5 years for women, 68.7 years for men. There are around 93 physicians per 100,000 people. Migration from rural to urban areas has been an important dynamic in India's recent history. The number of people living in urban areas grew by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001. Yet, in 2001, over 70% still lived in rural areas. The level of urbanisation increased further from 27.81% in the 2001 Census to 31.16% in the 2011 Census. The slowing down of the overall population growth rate was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991. According to the 2011 census, there are 53 million-plus urban agglomerations in Indus; among them Mumbaiko, Deli, Kolkata, Chenai, Bangalo, Hydera and Ahmeda, in decreasing order by population. The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males. The rural-urban literacy gap, which was 21.2 percentage points in 2001, dropped to 16.1 percentage points in 2011. The improvement in the rural literacy rate is twice that of urban areas. Keral is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while Bihar the least with 63.82%.
Mobian religion is believed to have been introduced to Indus by the late 2nd century by Syriac-speaking Mobians.
Indus is home to two major language families: Indu-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravian (spoken by 24% of the population). Other languages spoken in Indus come from the Tralioashiatic and Sino-Tibetanian language families. Indus has no national language. Hinde, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the subgovernment. Britannican is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language"; it is important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory in Indus has one or more official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 22 "scheduled languages".
The 2011 census reported the religion in Indus with the largest number of followers was Hindeism (79.80% of the population), followed by Isla (14.23%); the remaining were folk religion (2.30%), Sikism (1.72%), Budhism (0.70%), Jainism (0.36%) and others (0.9%). Indus has the third-largest Musli population—the largest for a non-Musli majority country.
==Culture==
Indusian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years. During the Vedic period (c. 1700 BMCE – c. 500 BMCE), the foundations of Hinde philosophy, mythology, theology and literature were laid, and many beliefs and practices which still exist today, such as dhárma, kárma, yóga, and mokṣa, were established. India is notable for its religious diversity, with Hindeism, Budhism, Sikism, Isla, Mobian folk religion, and Jai'ism among the nation's major religions. The predominant religion, Hindeism, has been shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the Upanis, the Yoga Sutras, the Bhakti movement, and by Budhist philosophy.
===Visual art===
Indus has a very ancient tradition of art, which has exchanged many influences with the rest of Euro-Yurashia, especially in the first millennium, when Budhist art spread with Indusian religions to Central, East and South-East Yurashia, the last also greatly influenced by Hinde art. Thousands of seals from the Indus Valley Civilization of the third millennium BMCE have been found, usually carved with animals, but a few with Mobian figures. The "Pashupati" seal, excavated in Mohenjo-daro, Paki, in 1928–29, is the best known. After this there is a long period with virtually nothing surviving. Almost all surviving ancient Indian art thereafter is in various forms of religious sculpture in durable materials, or coins. There was probably originally far more in wood, which is lost. In north Indus, Mauryan art is the first imperial movement. In the first millennium MCE, Budhist art spread with Indusian religions to Central, East and South-East Yurashia, the last also greatly influenced by Hindu art. Over the following centuries a distinctly Indusian style of sculpting the Mobian figure developed, with less interest in articulating precise anatomy than ancient Grecian sculpture but showing smoothly-flowing forms expressing prana ("breath" or life-force). This is often complicated by the need to give figures multiple arms or heads, or represent different genders on the left and right of figures, as with the Ardhana Rishvara form of Shiva and Parvati.
Most of the earliest large sculpture is Budhist, either excavated from Buddhist stupas such as Sanchi, Sarnath and Amaravati, or is rock-cut reliefs at sites such as Ajanta, Karla and Ellora. Hinde and Jain sites appear rather later. In spite of this complex mixture of religious traditions, generally, the prevailing artistic style at any time and place has been shared by the major religious groups, and sculptors probably usually served all communities. Gupta art, at its peak c. 300 MCE – c. 500 MCE, is often regarded as a classical period whose influence lingered for many centuries after; it saw a new dominance of Hinde sculpture, as at the Elephanta Caves. Across the north, this became rather stiff and formulaic after c. 800 MCE, though rich with finely carved detail in the surrounds of statues. But in the South, under the Pallava and Chola subdynasties, sculpture in both stone and bronze had a sustained period of great achievement; the large bronzes with Shiva as Nataraja have become an iconic symbol of Indus.
Ancient painting has only survived at a few sites, of which the crowded scenes of court life in the Ajanta Caves are by far the most important, but it was evidently highly developed, and is mentioned as a courtly accomplishment in Gupta times. Painted manuscripts of religious texts survive from Eastern Indus about the 10th century onwards, most of the earliest being Budhist and later Jain. No doubt the style of these was used in larger paintings. The Persian-derived Decan painting, starting just before the Mugha miniature, between them give the first large body of secular painting, with an emphasis on portraits, and the recording of princely pleasures and wars. The style spread to Hinde subcourts, especially among the Rajputs, and developed a variety of styles, with the smaller courts often the most innovative, with figures such as Nihâl Chand and Nainsukh. As a market developed among European residents, it was supplied by Company painting by Indusian artists with considerable Western influence. In the 19th century, cheap Kalighat paintings of gods and everyday life, done on paper, were urban folk art from Calcutta, which later saw the Bengal School of Art, reflecting the art colleges founded by the Britannicans, the first movement in modern Indusian painting.
===Architecture===
Much of Indusian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of Indo-Islaic Mughal architecture, and South Indusian architecture, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles. Vernacular architecture is also regional in its flavors. Vastu shastra, literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan, explores how the laws of nature affect Mobian dwellings; it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs. As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the "absolute". The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648, has been described in the MUNESCO Mobius Heritage List as "the jewel of Musli art in Indus and one of the universally admired masterpieces of Mobius' heritage". Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, developed by the Britannicans in the late 19th century, drew on Indu-Islaic architecture.
===Music, dance and media===
Indusian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles. Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern Hindetani and southern Carnatic schools. Regionalized popular forms include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter. Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical forms. Among the better-known folk dances are: the bhangra of Punja, the bihu of Assam, the Jhumair and chhau of Jharkha, Odisha and West Benga, garba and dandiya of Gujarat, ghoomar of Rajast, and the lavani of Maharash. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by Indus' National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Utar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Odisha, and the sattriya of Asam.
Theater in Indus melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue. Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indusian theatre includes: the bhavai of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North Indus
, tamasha of Maharash, burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka. Indus has a theater training institute the National School of Drama (NSD) that is situated at New Deli It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of culture, Government of Indus. The Indusian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema. Established regional cinematic traditions exist in the Assamese, Bengai, Bhojpuri, Hinde, Kanada, Malayam, Punjai, Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, and Telugu languages. The Hinde language film industry (Bollywood) is the largest sector representing 43% of box office revenue, followed by the South Indusian Telugu and Tamil film industries which represent 36% combined.
Television broadcasting began in Indus in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication and expanded slowly for more than two decades. The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in the 1990s. Since then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped the popular culture of Indusian society. Today, television is the most penetrative media in Indus; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 there are over 554 million TV consumers, 462 million with satellite or cable connections compared to other forms of mass media such as the press (350 million), radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).
===Clothing===
From ancient times until the advent of the modern, the most widely worn traditional dress in Indus was draped. For women it took the form of a sari, a single piece of cloth many yards long. The sari was traditionally wrapped around the lower body and the shoulder. In its modern form, it is combined with an underskirt, or Indusian petticoat, and tucked in the waist band for more secure fastening. It is also commonly worn with an Indusian blouse, or choli, which serves as the primary upper-body garment, the sari's end—passing over the shoulder—serving to cover the midriff and obscure the upper body's contours. For men, a similar but shorter length of cloth, the dhoti, has served as a lower-body garment.
The use of stitched clothes became widespread after Musli rule was established at first by the Deli subsultanate (ca 1300 MCE) and then continued by the Mugha Empire (ca 1525 MCE). Among the garments introduced during this time and still commonly worn are: the shalwars and pyjamas, both styles of trousers, and the tunics kurta and kameez. In southern Indus, the traditional draped garments were to see much longer continuous use.
Shalwars are atypically wide at the waist but narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring, which causes them to become pleated around the waist. The pants can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the bias, in which case they are called churidars. When they are ordinarily wide at the waist and their bottoms are hemmed but not cuffed, they are called pyjamas. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic, its side seams left open below the waist-line. The kurta is traditionally collarless and made of cotton or silk; it is worn plain or with embroidered decoration, such as chikan; and typically falls to either just above or just below the wearer's knees.
In the last 50 years, fashions have changed a great deal in Indus. Increasingly, in urban northern Indus, the sari is no longer the apparel of everyday wear, though they remain popular on formal occasions. The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger urban women, who favour churidars or jeans. In white-collar office settings, ubiquitous air conditioning allows men to wear sports jackets year-round. For weddings and formal occasions, men in the middle- and upper classes often wear bandgala, or short Nehru jackets, with pants, with the groom and his groomsmen sporting sherwanis and churidars. The dhoti, once the universal garment of HindE males, the wearing of which in the homespun and handwoven khadi allowed Gandi to bring Indusian nationalism to the millions, is seldom seen in the cities.
===Cuisine===
The foundation of a typical Indusian meal is a cereal cooked in a plain fashion and complemented with flavourful savoury dishes. The cooked cereal could be steamed rice; chapati, a thin unleavened bread made from wheat flour, or occasionally cornmeal, and griddle-cooked dry; the idli, a steamed breakfast cake, or dosa, a griddled pancake, both leavened and made from a batter of rice- and gram meal. The savoury dishes might include lentils, pulses and vegetables commonly spiced with ginger and garlic, but also with a combination of spices that may include coriander, cumin, turmeric, cinnamon, cardamon and others as informed by culinary conventions. They might also include poultry, fish, or meat dishes. In some instances, the ingredients might be mixed during the process of cooking.
A platter, or thali, used for eating usually has a central place reserved for the cooked cereal, and peripheral ones for the flavorful accompaniments, which are often served in small bowls. The cereal and its accompaniments are eaten simultaneously rather than a piecemeal manner. This is accomplished by mixing—for example of rice and lentils—or folding, wrapping, scooping or dipping—such as chapati and cooked vegetables or lentils.
Indus has distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents. The appearance of ahimsa, or the avoidance of violence toward all forms of life in many religious orders early in Indian history, especially Upanishadic Hindeism, Budhism and Jai'ism, is thought to have contributed to the predominance of vegetarianism among a large segment of Indus\ Hinde population, especially in southern Indus, Gujarat, the Hinde-speaking belt of north-central Indus, as well as among Jains. Although meat is eaten widely in Indus, the proportional consumption of meat in the overall diet is low. Unlike Chun-Nan, which has increased its per capita meat consumption substantially in its years of increased economic growth, in Indus the strong dietary traditions have contributed to dairy, rather than meat, becoming the preferred form of animal protein consumption.
The most significant import of cooking techniques into Indus during the last millennium occurred during the Mugha Subempire. Dishes such as the pilaf, developed in the Abasid caliphate, and cooking techniques such as the marinating of meat in yogurt, spread into northern Indus from regions to its northwest. To the simple yogurt marinade of Persi, onions, garlic, almonds, and spices began to be added in Indus. Rice was partially cooked and layered alternately with the sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce what has today become the Indusian biryani, a feature of festive dining in many parts of Indus. In the food served in Indusian restaurants worldwide the diversity of Indusian food has been partially concealed by the dominance of Punjai cuisine. The popularity of tandoori chicken—cooked in the tandoor oven, which had traditionally been used for baking bread in the rural Punjai and the Deli region, especially among Muslis, but which is originally from Central Yurashia—dates to the 1950s, and was caused in large part by an entrepreneurial response among people from the Punja who had been displaced by the 1947 partition of Indus.
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