Great Central Railway

thumb|347x347px|The GCR network in 1903, showing the 'London Extension' and the proposed 'Alternative Main Line'. The red lines show GCR lines and lines owned/operated jointly by the GCR and other companies. The thin black lines are other companies' lines.
thumb|260x260px|Marylebone station. The London terminus of the Great Central Railway.
The Great Central Railway in England was formed when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name in 1897, anticipating the opening in 1899 of its London Extension. On 1 January 1923, the company was grouped into the London and North Eastern Railway.
==History==
===New name===
On assuming its new title, the Great Central Railway had a main line from Manchester London Road Station via Penistone, Sheffield Victoria, Brigg and Grimsby to Cleethorpes. A second line left the line at Penistone and served Barnsley, Doncaster and Scunthorpe, before rejoining the Grimsby line at Barnetby. Other lines linked Sheffield to Barnsley (via Chapeltown) and Doncaster (via Rotherham) and also Lincoln and Wrawby Junction. Branch lines in north Lincolnshire ran to Barton-upon-Humber and New Holland and served ironstone quarries in the Scunthorpe area. In the Manchester area, lines ran to Stalybridge and Glossop.
In the 1890s, the MS&LR began constructing its Derbyshire lines, the first part of its push southwards. Leaving its east–west main line at Woodhouse Junction, some 5½ miles south-east of Sheffield, the line headed towards Nottingham, a golden opportunity to tap into colliery traffic in the north of the county before reaching the city. A loop line was built to serve its station in Chesterfield.
====Coat of arms====
The Great Central Railway was the first railway granted a coat of arms. It was granted on 25 February 1898 by the Garter, Clarenceux and Norroy Kings of Arms as:
Argent on a cross gules voided of the field between two wings in chief sable and as many daggers erect, in base of the second, in the fesse point a morion winged of the third, on a chief also of the second a pale of the first thereon eight arrows saltirewise banded also of the third, between on the dexter side three bendlets enhanced and on the sinister a fleur de lis or. And for the Crest on a Wreath of the Colours A representation of the front of a locomotive engine between two wings Or as the same are in the margin hereof more plainly depicted to be borne and used for ever hereafter by the said Corporation of the Great Central Railway Company on seals, shields, banners or otherwise according to the Laws of Arms.
The design included elements representing Manchester (gules ... three bendlets enhanced ... or); Sheffield (eight arrows saltirewise banded); Lincoln (gules ... a fleur de lis or); Leicester (two wings); and London (Argent ... a cross gules ... daggers erect). Also represented was Mercury (a morion winged [sable]). It was used on locomotives and coaches.
The London and North Eastern Railway and the British Transport Commission, successors of the GCR, were granted arms of their own incorporating the GCR motto Forward.
The Great Central Railway (1976) Company Limited applied to the College of Arms as the successors to British Transport Commission (Loughborough to Birstall Light Railway) for permission to utilize the Coat of Arms of the GCR. A new design incorporating the same armorial components, updated in the modern style was proposed, but was rejected in favor of the original.
===The "London extension"===
The MS&LR obtained parliamentary approval in 1893 for its extension to London. On 1 August 1897, the railway's name was changed to Great Central Railway. Building work started in 1895, and the new line, 92 miles (147 km) in length, opened for coal traffic on 25 July 1898, for passenger traffic on 15 March 1899, and for goods traffic on 11 April 1899. It was designed for high-speed running throughout.
It is a commonly held myth that the nomenclature for the direction of travel on the new line was the opposite of standard UK railway practice, in that trains travelling to London were referred to as "down" trains, and those travelling away from the capital as "up" trains. It is supposed that it was a result of the GCR's headquarters at the time being in Manchester. The mileposts on the Great Central did start at zero at Manchester London Road and increase down the main line via Woodhead, Sheffield Victoria, Woodhouse, and then down the London Extension to Marylebone, 205 route miles from Manchester.
However, official documents dated 21 July 1898, detailing the method of working of mineral trains on the London Extension (used to help consolidate the new earthworks before passenger traffic began in March 1899), clearly show that the direction of travel on the new line was conventional – up to London, down to Annesley. Furthermore, contemporary descriptions in newspapers of the trains running on the new line are explicit that up trains ran to London and down trains away from it. That made the Great Central unusual amongst British railways in that its down trains went towards its "milepost zero" and up trains went away from it, but the convention of up and down trains in relation to London was retained.
The new line was built from Annesley in Nottinghamshire to join the Metropolitan Railway (MetR) extension to Quainton Road, where the line became joint MetR/GCR owned (after 1903), and returned to GCR tracks at Canfield Place, near Finchley Road, for the final section to Marylebone. In 1903, new rails were laid parallel to the Metropolitan Railway from Harrow to the junction north of Finchley Road, enabling more traffic to use Marylebone.
===Later history===
In 1902, the company introduced an express service from Bournemouth and Southampton to York and Newcastle upon Tyne. A year later, it began a through running express from Dover and Folkestone to Leicester, Nottingham, Sheffield, Leeds, Huddersfield, Halifax, Bradford and Manchester, avoiding London and opening up the South Coast to the Midlands and the North. The route from Banbury to Reading was over Great Western track and from there it traversed South Eastern Railway track via Aldershot and Guildford to Redhill and on to Folkestone and Dover.
 
At the same time, the Great Central was gaining a reputation for fast services to and from London. In May 1903, the company promoted its services as Rapid Travel in Luxury, and Sheffield without a stop, adopted on 1 July 1903, became a trademark for the company, with 163.75 miles (263.53 km) run in three hours, an average of nearly 55 miles per hour (89 km/h). Slip coaches were provided for passengers for Leicester and Nottingham.
On 2 April 1906, an "alternative main line" route from Grendon Underwood Junction near Aylesbury to Neasden in north-west London opened. The line was joint GCR/GWR between Ashendon Junction and Northolt Junction. It was built to increase traffic on the GCR by overcoming capacity constraints on the Metropolitan extension and as a result of disagreements between the MetR and GCR after the resignation of Sir Edward Watkin due to poor health. By the time the line was built, the companies had settled their differences.
On 1 January 1923, under the terms of the Railways Act 1921, the GCR amalgamated with several other railways to create the London and North Eastern Railway.
The GCR line was the last complete mainline railway to be built in Britain until section one of High Speed 1 opened in 2003 and was also one of the shortest-lived intercity railway lines. Yet in its early years, its steam-hauled Sheffield expresses were the fastest in the country.
==Closure==
The express services from London to destinations beyond Nottingham were withdrawn in 1960. The line was closed to passenger trains between Aylesbury and Rugby on 3 September 1966. A diesel multiple-unit service ran between Rugby Central and Nottingham Arkwright Street until withdrawal on 3 May 1969.
===Line retention===
Since 1996, Chiltern Railways has used the Great Central lines south of Aylesbury for local services into London, including the alternative route south of Haddenham and widened lines south of Neasden for its intercity main line from Birmingham to London. In 2008, in a scheme partly funded by the Department for Transport, about three miles of line north of Aylesbury as far as Aylesbury Vale Parkway was brought back into passenger use. None of these lines are currently electrified.
Work started in 2019 on developing East West Rail, which will extend passenger services north of Aylesbury Vale Parkway through Quainton Road to meet a renewed Bicester Village to Bletchley section of the old 'Varsity Line' just beyond the site of the former Great Central station at Calvert. Services are expected to start in the mid-2020s.
==Acquisitions==
*The Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway (LD&ECR) opened in 1897, to link the coalfields with deep-water ports, and was intended to run from Sutton-on-Sea in Lincolnshire to Warrington in Lancashire. In the event only the section between Pyewipe Junction, near Lincoln and Chesterfield Market Place station and some branch lines were built. It was purchased by the GCR on 1 January 1907, to provide a better link between the London main line and the east coast.
*Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway was purchased 1 January 1905.
*North Wales and Liverpool Railway was acquired at the same time.
*Wigan Junction Railway was bought on 1 January 1906, as was the Liverpool, St Helens and South Lancashire Railway
*North Lindsey Light Railway Scunthorpe to Whitton opened throughout on 1 December 1910 and was worked by the GCR. It carried passengers, although its main freight was ironstone.
==Joint working==
Apart from the three branches in the Liverpool area, the GCR lines in the north of England were all east of Manchester but GCR trains could run from coast to coast by means of joint working with other railways. The largest of those utilized in this way were those under the Cheshire Lines Committee: the other participants were the Midland Railway and the Great Northern Railway, taking in both Liverpool and Southport. Other joint undertakings were (west to east):
*Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (GCR/LNWR)
*Oldham, Ashton and Guide Bridge Railway (GCR/LNWR)
*Macclesfield, Bollington and Marple Railway (GCR/NSR); including its Hayfield branch
*South Yorkshire Joint Railway (GCR, GNR, Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, MR and North Eastern Railway)
*Sheffield District Railway(GCR and MidR)
*West Riding and Grimsby Joint Railway (GCR/GNR) - giving access to Wakefield and thence to Leeds
*Hull and Barnsley and Great Central Joint Railway - opened 1916 for freight traffic only.
There were also joint lines in the south:
*Aylesbury Station Joint Committee
*Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway
**Banbury Junction Railway
*Metropolitan and Great Central Joint Railway
**Watford Joint Railway
==Key officers==
For those in position before 1899, dates are as served for the MS&LR.
===General Managers===
*1886–1902 Sir William Pollitt (knighted 1899, later Lord Stuart of Wortley)
*1902–1922 Sir Samuel Fay (knighted 1912)
===Locomotive Engineer===
*1894–1900 Harry Pollitt
*1900–1902 John George Robinson
===Chief Mechanical Engineer===
*1902–1922 John George Robinson, for whom the post was created
==GCR locomotives==
These could generally be divided into those intended for passenger work, especially those used on the London Extension and those for the heavy freight work.
*See Locomotives of the Great Central Railway
===Pollitt's locomotives===
Taken over from the MS&LR, mainly of class F2, 2-4-2 tank locomotives, and also classes D5 and D6 4-4-0 locomotives.
===Robinson locomotives===
During Robinson's tenure, many of the larger express passenger engines came into being:
*Classes B1-B9: 4-6-0 tender locomotives
*Classes C4/5: 4-4-2 tender locomotives
*Classes D9-11: 4-4-0 tender locomotives
*Class J13: 0-6-0T
*Classes L1/L3: 2-6-4T
*Classes O4/5: 2-8-0, heavy freight locos, including ROD engines
*GCR Class 8A (LNER Class Q4) 0-8-0 heavy freight locomotive
*GCR Class 8H (LNER Class S1) 0-8-4T used at Wath marshalling yard
====Preserved locomotives====
Only two GCR locomotives are preserved:
Railway	Number and name 	Type or Class 	Builder 	WorksNumber	Built	Wheels	Location 	Object Number	Image
GCR 	102 (BR) 	8K Class(LNER O4) 	GCR Gorton	 	1911 	2-8-0 	Loughborough	1975–7027 	150px
GCR 	506 'Butler-Henderson'	11F Class(LNER D11)	GCR Gorton	 	1920 	4-4-0 	Barrow Hill 	1978–7030 	
In 2019 there were plans to build a replica steam locomotive - a GCR Class 2 4-4-0 (known as the LNER D7 Class) Numbered 567 at Ruddington.
===Coaching stock===
The following GCR coaches are preserved.
Number & Name	Description 	History & Current Status 	Livery 	Owner(s) 	Date	Photograph
No. 946 	MSLR six-wheel 5 compartment Third 	Fully restored after a very long restoration. Usually on display in the Mountsorrel Museum. 	GCR Chocolate and Cream	GCR Rolling Stock Trust 	1888	~
No. 373 	MSLR six-wheel Third 	Awaiting extensive restoration, the body has been dismantled and flatpacked. 	N/A 	GCR Rolling Stock Trust 	1889	~
No. 1076 	6-wheel third 	Built by MSLR for MSJAR. Operational, restored as an open saloon. 	GCR chocolate & cream. 	Buckinghamshire Railway Centre	1890	
No. 1663 	Robinson Clerestory lavatory brake composite	Only the body survives though being the oldest surviving Great Central carriage this is unsurprising. The body is mounted on the underframe of an ex. LMS BG, which has now become its permanent rolling chassis.	N/A. 	GCR Rolling Stock Trust. 	1903	150px
No. 5~~ 	Robinson Suburban brake third 	Body survives in good hands but it will require a new underframe and serious restoration work to return to service. 	N/A. 	GCR Rolling Stock Trust. 	1905	
No. 793 	Robinson Suburban third 	At present the only Great Central coach on the south section. In store at Swithland Sidings with a cosmetically restored body, which should prevent further deterioration. 	GCR chocolate & cream. 	Great Central Railway Plc. 	1905	~
No. 799 	Robinson Suburban third 	Awaiting major restoration which will require a lot of new bodywork to be manufactured. 	N/A. 	GCR Rolling Stock Trust. 	1905	~
No. 228 	'Barnum' open third 	Undergoing restoration at Ruddington. It will be converted into a first class bar car in due course. 	N/A. 	GCR Rolling Stock Trust. 	1910	150px
No. 664 	'Barnum' open third 	Will be restored when more accommodation has been built. It is intended to convert it into a dining car. 	Varnished teak. 	GCR Rolling Stock Trust. 	1910	
No. 666 	'Barnum' open third 	Sheeted up as protection from the elements. It will be restored when more accommodation has been built and 664 has been completed. It is intended to convert it into a dining car. 	N/A. 	National Railway Museum. 	1910	150px
No. 695 	'Barnum' open brake third 	Awaiting restoration, which is planned to incorporate a kitchen where the brake end used to be, so it will complement the rest of the Barnum set. 	N/A. 	GCR Rolling Stock Trust. 	1911	
No. 652 	Suburban Brake Third 	Built in 1916. Arrived at Quainton in 1997. Restoration started while on display inside museum, doors are inside the carriage with GCR numbering and lettering. 	N/A. 	Buckinghamshire Railway Centre	1916	
===Wagons===
===Goods wagons and freight stock===
Number	Type 	Builder 	Diagram and lot no.	Built	Location
 	Single bolster	Birmingham, Metro-Cammell	 	1920 	Shildon (available for transfer out of the collection 2020)
===Cranes===
Original company	Number	Type 	Status/Notes 	Location
M&GCJR 	1 	4-wheel Hand Crane	Built in 1914. Only M&GCJR-owned rail vehicle. Being restored. The original match wagon is not usable right now, so an LMS wagon underframe is in its place.	Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
==Major stations==
*London Marylebone
*Manchester London Road
*Nottingham Victoria
*Sheffield Victoria
*Leicester Central
*Rugby Central
==Wath marshalling yard==
The marshalling yard at Wath-upon-Dearne opened in November 1907. It was designed to cope with coal trains, full and empty; it was worked with electro-pneumatic signalling.
==Accidents and incidents==
:
*On 30 March 1889, an excursion train was derailed at Penistone, Yorkshire due to a failure of an axle on the locomotive hauling it. A mail train ran into the wreckage at low speed. One person was killed and 61 were injured.
*On 23 December 1904, an express passenger train was derailed at Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire due to excessive speed on a curve. Another express passenger train ran into the wreckage at low speed. Four people were killed.
*On 2 February 1908, the driver of a freight train sneezed, his head collided with that of his fireman, knocking both of them out. Due to excessive speed, a van in the train derailed approaching Notton and Royston station, Yorkshire and the train overran signals there. It derailed completely at Ryhill.
*On 13 December 1911, a freight train ran away and was derailed at Wombwell Central station, Yorkshire. Both locomotive crew were killed.
*About 1913, a coal train was derailed at Torside, Derbyshire. The crew of the locomotive may have been overcome by fumes in the Woodhead Tunnel.
==Immingham museum==
Immingham museum, which portrays the role of the Great Central Railway in the building of the docks and construction of the local rail network is home to the Great Central Railway Society archive. The museum is located in the Civic Centre, Pelham Road, Immingham and is open from 1pm to 4pm, Wednesday to Saturday from March through to November.
==See also==
*Great Central Railway (heritage railway)
==External links==
*Lists of LNER locomotives, including those of the GCR taken over at grouping
*Homepage of the Great Central Railway Society
*Homepage of the Great Central Railway (Leicestershire)
*Homepage of the Great Central Railway (Nottingham)
*Homepage of Immingham Museum & Heritage Centre
Category:Great Central Railway (original)
Category:Railways
Category:GCR Locomotives
Category:Companies
Category:United Kingdom
Category:Defunct Railways