Sati (Buddhism)

Sati (in Pali; Sanskrit: smṛti) is mindfulness or awareness, a spiritual or psychological faculty (indriya) that forms an essential part of Buddhist practice. It is the first factor of the Seven Factors of Enlightenment. "Correct" or "right" mindfulness (Pali: sammā-sati, Sanskrit samyak-smṛti) is the seventh element of the Noble Eightfold Path.
==Definition==
The Buddhist term translated into English as "mindfulness" originates in the Pali term sati and in its Sanskrit counterpart smṛti. According to Robert Sharf, the meaning of these terms has been the topic of extensive debate and discussion. Smṛti originally meant "to remember", "to recollect", "to bear in mind", as in the Vedic tradition of remembering sacred texts. The term sati also means "to remember". In the Satipațțhāna-sutta the term sati means to maintain awareness of reality, whereby the true nature of phenomena can be seen. Sharf refers to the Milindapanha, which explained that the arisement of sati calls to mind the wholesome dhammas such as the four establishments of mindfulness, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven awakening-factors, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the attainment of insight.
According to Rupert Gethin, 
Sharf further notes that this has little to do with "bare attention", the popular contemporary interpretation of sati, "since it entails, among other things, the proper discrimination of the moral valence of phenomena as they arise". According to Paul Williams, referring to Erich Frauwallner, mindfulness provided the way to liberation, "constantly watching sensory experience in order to prevent the arising of cravings which would power future experience into rebirths". According to Vetter, dhyana may have been the original core practice of the Buddha, which aided the maintenance of mindfulness.
==Translations==
The Buddhist term translated into English as "mindfulness" originates in the Pali term sati and in its Sanskrit counterpart smṛti. Translators rendered the Sanskrit word as trenpa in Tibetan (wylie: dran pa) and as nian 念 in Chinese.
===Pali===
The Pali-language scholar Thomas William Rhys Davids (1843–1922) first translated sati in 1881 as English mindfulness in sammā-sati "Right Mindfulness; the active, watchful mind".T. W. Rhys Davids, tr., 1881, Buddhist Suttas, Clarendon Press, p. 107. Noting that Daniel John Gogerly (1845) initially rendered sammā-sati as "Correct meditation",D. J. Gogerly, "On Buddhism", Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1845, pp. 7-28 and 90-112. Davids explained, 
Henry Alabaster, in The Wheel of the Law: Buddhism Illustrated From Siamese Sources by the Modern Buddhist, A Life of Buddha, and an Account of the Phrabat (1871), had earlier defined "Satipatthan/Smrityupasthana" as "The act of keeping one's self mindful."The Wheel of the Law: Buddhism Illustrated From Siamese Sources by the Modern Buddhist, A Life of Buddha, and an Account of the Phrabat by Henry Alabaster, Trubner & Co., London: 1871 pg 197
The English term mindfulness already existed before it came to be used in a (western) Buddhist context. It was first recorded as myndfulness in 1530 (John Palsgrave translates French pensee), as mindfulnesse in 1561, and mindfulness in 1817. Morphologically earlier terms include mindful (first recorded in 1340), mindfully (1382), and the obsolete mindiness (ca. 1200).Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., 2002
John D. Dunne, an associate professor at Emory University whose current research focuses especially on the concept of "mindfulness" in both theoretical and practical contexts, asserts that the translation of sati and smṛti as mindfulness is confusing and that a number of Buddhist scholars have started trying to establish "retention" as the preferred alternative.
Lecture, Stanford University Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education, c 18:03 
Bhikkhu Bodhi also points to the meaning of "sati" as "memory":
===Sanskrit===
The Sanskrit word smṛti स्मृति (also transliterated variously as smriti, smRti, or sm'Rti) literally means "that which is remembered", and refers both to "mindfulness" in Buddhism and "a category of metrical texts" in Hinduism, considered second in authority to the Śruti scriptures.
Monier Monier-Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary differentiates eight meanings of smṛti स्मृति, "remembrance, reminiscence, thinking of or upon, calling to mind, memory":
# memory as one of the Vyabhicāri-bhāvas [transient feelings];
# Memory (personified either as the daughter of Daksha and wife of Aṅgiras or as the daughter of Dharma and Medhā);
# the whole body of sacred tradition or what is remembered by human teachers (in contradistinction to Śruti or what is directly heard or revealed to the Rishis; in its widest acceptation this use of the term Smṛti includes the 6 Vedangas, the Sūtras both Śrauta and Grhya, the Manusmṛti, the Itihāsas (e.g., the Mahābhārata and Ramayana), the Puranas and the Nītiśāstras, "according to such and such a traditional precept or legal text";
# the whole body of codes of law as handed down memoriter or by tradition (esp. the codes of Manusmṛti, Yājñavalkya Smṛti and the 16 succeeding inspired lawgivers) … all these lawgivers being held to be inspired and to have based their precepts on the Vedas;
# symbolical name for the number 18 (from the 18 lawgivers above);
# a kind of meter;
# name of the letter g- ग्;
# desire, wishMonier-Williams Online Dictionary. N.B.: these definitions are simplified and wikified.
===Chinese===
Buddhist scholars translated smṛti with the Chinese word nian 念 "study; read aloud; think of; remember; remind". Nian is commonly used in Modern Standard Chinese words such as guannian 觀念 (观念) "concept; idea", huainian 懷念 (怀念) "cherish the memory of; think of", nianshu 念書 (念书) "read; study", and niantou 念頭 (念头) "thought; idea; intention". Two specialized Buddhist terms are nianfo 念佛 "chant the name of Buddha; pray to Buddha" and nianjing 念經 (念经) "chant/recite sutras".
This Chinese character nian 念 is composed of jin 今 "now; this" and xin 心 "heart; mind". Bernhard Karlgren graphically explains nian meaning "reflect, think; to study, learn by heart, remember; recite, read – to have 今 present to 心 the mind".Bernhard Karlgren, 1923, Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese, Paul Geunther, p. 207. Dover reprint. The Chinese character nian or nien 念 is pronounced as Korean yeom or yŏm 염, Japanese ネン or nen, and Vietnamese niệm.
A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms gives basic translations of nian: "Recollection, memory; to think on, reflect; repeat, intone; a thought; a moment."William Edward Soothill and Lewis Hodous, 1937, A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: with Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index.
The Digital Dictionary of Buddhism gives more detailed translations of nian "mindfulness, memory":
*Recollection (Skt. smṛti; Tib. dran pa). To recall, remember. That which is remembered. The function of remembering. The operation of the mind of not forgetting an object. Awareness, concentration. Mindfulness of the Buddha, as in Pure Land practice. In Abhidharma-kośa theory, one of the ten omnipresent factors 大地法. In Yogâcāra, one of the five 'object-dependent' mental factors 五別境;
*Settled recollection; (Skt. sthāpana; Tib. gnas pa). To ascertain one's thoughts;
*To think within one's mind (without expressing in speech). To contemplate; meditative wisdom;
*Mind, consciousness;
*A thought; a thought-moment; an instant of thought. (Skt. kṣana);
*Patience, forbearance.Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
===Alternate translations===
The terms sati/smriti have been translated as:
* Attention (Jack Kornfield)
* Awareness
* Concentrated attention (Mahasi Sayadaw)
* Inspection (Herbert Guenther)
* Mindful attention
* Mindfulness
* Recollecting mindfulness (Alexander Berzin)
* Recollection (Erik Pema Kunsang, Buddhadasa Bhikkhu)
* Reflective awareness (Buddhadasa Bhikkhu)
* Remindfulness (James H. Austin)James H. Austin (2014), Zen-Brain Horizons: Toward a Living Zen, MIT Press, p.83
* Retention
* Self-recollection (Jack Kornfield)
==Practice==
According to Paul Williams, referring to Erich Frauwallner, mindfulness provided the way to liberation, "constantly watching sensory experience in order to prevent the arising of cravings which would power future experience into rebirths." Mindfulness is an antidote to delusion (Pali: Moha), and is considered as such one of the 'powers' (Pali: bala) that contribute to the attainment of nirvana. The faculty of mindfulness becomes a power in particular when it is coupled with clear comprehension of whatever is taking place. According to Vetter, dhyana may have been the original core practice of the Buddha, which aided the maintenance of mindfulness. Nirvana is a state of being in which greed, hatred and delusion (Pali: moha) have been overcome and abandoned, and are absent from the mind.
===Anapanasati===
Ānāpānasati (Pali; Sanskrit: ānāpānasmṛti; Chinese: 安那般那; Pīnyīn: ānnàbānnà; Sinhala: ආනා පානා සති), meaning "mindfulness of breathing" ("sati" means mindfulness; "ānāpāna" refers to inhalation and exhalation), is a form of Buddhist meditation now common to the Tibetan, Zen, Tiantai, and Theravada schools of Buddhism, as well as western-based mindfulness programs. Anapanasati means to feel the sensations caused by the movements of the breath in the body, as is practiced in the context of mindfulness. According to tradition, Anapanasati was originally taught by the Buddha in several sutras including the Ānāpānasati Sutta. (MN 118)
===Satipaṭṭhāna===
The Buddha advocated that one should establish mindfulness (satipaṭṭhāna) in one's day-to-day life, maintaining as much as possible a calm awareness of one's body, feelings, mind, and dharmas. The practice of mindfulness supports analysis resulting in the arising of wisdom (Pali: paññā, Sanskrit: prajñā). A key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative stabilisation must be combined with liberating discernment.Alexander Wynne, The origin of Buddhist meditation. Routledge, 2007, page 73.
The Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta (Sanskrit: Smṛtyupasthāna Sūtra) is an early text dealing with mindfulness.
===Vipassanā===
Vipassanā (Pāli) is commonly used as a synonym for vipassanā-meditation, in which satipatthana, four foundations of mindfulness or anapanasati, "mindfulness of breathing," is used to become aware of the impermanence of everything that exists. Vipassanā in the Buddhist tradition means insight into the true nature of reality.Henepola Gunaratana, Mindfulness in plain English, Wisdom Publications, pg 21.
In the Theravadin context, this entails insight into the three marks of existence, namely the impermanence of and the unsatisfactoriness of every conditioned thing that exists, and non-self. In Mahayana contexts, it entails insight into what is variously described as sunyata, dharmata, the inseparability of appearance and emptiness (two truths doctrine), clarity and emptiness, or bliss and emptiness.
Vipassanā is commonly used as one of two poles for the categorization of types of Buddhist practice, the other being samatha (Pāli; Sanskrit: śamatha). Though both terms appear in the Sutta Pitaka, Gombrich and Brooks argue that the distinction as two separate paths originates in the earliest interpretations of the Sutta Pitaka, not in the suttas themselves. Various traditions disagree which techniques belong to which pole. According to the contemporary Theravada orthodoxy, samatha is used as a preparation for vipassanā, pacifying the mind and strengthening the concentration in order to allow the work of insight, which leads to liberation.
Vipassanā-meditation has gained popularity in the west through the modern Buddhist vipassana movement, modeled after Theravāda Buddhism meditation practices, which employs vipassanā and ānāpāna meditation as its primary techniques and places emphasis on the teachings of the Sutta.
===Samprajaña, apramāda and atappa===
In Buddhist practice, "mindfulness" also includes samprajaña, meaning "clear comprehension" and apramāda meaning "vigilance"."Mindfulness and the Mind," by Subhuti. Madhyamavani Online All three terms are sometimes (confusingly) translated as "mindfulness", but they all have specific shades of meaning.
In a publicly available correspondence between Bhikkhu Bodhi and B. Alan Wallace, Bodhi has described Ven. Nyanaponika Thera's views on "right mindfulness" and sampajañña as follows:
In the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta, sati and sampajañña are combined with atappa (Pali; Sanskrit: ātapaḥ), or "ardency," and the three together comprise yoniso manisikara (Pali; Sanskrit: yoniśas manaskāraḥ), "appropriate attention" or "wise reflection.""Mindfulness Defined," by Thanissaro Bhikku. pg 2
English 	Pali 	Sanskrit/Nepali 	Chinese 	Tibetan
mindfulness/awareness 	sati 	smṛti स्मृति 	念 (niàn) 	trenpa (wylie: dran pa)
clear comprehension 	sampajañña 	samprajñāna संप्रज्ञान	正知力 (zhèng zhī lì) 	sheshin (wylie: shes bzhin)
vigilance/heedfulness 	appamada 	apramāda अप्रमाद 	不放逸座 (bù fàng yì zuò) 	bakyö (wylie: bag yod)
ardency 	atappa 	ātapaḥ आतप 	勇猛 (yǒng měng) 	nyima (wylie: nyi ma)
attention/engagement 	manasikara 	manaskāraḥ मनस्कारः	如理作意 (rú lǐ zuò yì) 	yila jeypa (wylie: yid la byed pa)
foundation of mindfulness	satipaṭṭhāna	smṛtyupasthāna
स्मृत्युपासना	念住 (niànzhù) 	trenpa neybar zagpa (wylie: dran pa nye bar gzhag pa)
==="Bare attention"===
Georges Dreyfus has expressed unease with the definition of mindfulness as "bare attention" or "nonelaborative, nonjudgmental, present-centered awareness", stressing that mindfulness in Buddhist context means also "remembering", which indicates that the function of mindfulness also includes the retention of information. Dreyfus concludes his examination by stating:
Robert H. Sharf notes that Buddhist practice is aimed at the attainment of "correct view", not just "bare attention":
Jay Garfield, quoting Shantideva and other sources, stresses that mindfulness is constituted by the union of two functions, calling to mind and vigilantly retaining in mind. He demonstrates that there is a direct connection between the practice of mindfulness and the cultivation of morality – at least in the context of Buddhism from which modern interpretations of mindfulness are stemming."Mindfulness and Ethics: Attention, Virtue and Perfection" by Jay Garfield
===Āgamas===
The Āgamas of early Buddhism discuss ten forms of mindfulness. The Ekottara Āgama has:Nan Huaijin. Working Toward Enlightenment: The Cultivation of Practice. York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1993. pp. 118-119, 138-140.
# mindfulness of the Buddha
# mindfulness of the Dharma
# mindfulness of the Sangha
# mindfulness of giving
# mindfulness of the heavens
# mindfulness of stopping and resting
# mindfulness of discipline
# mindfulness of breathing
# mindfulness of the body
# mindfulness of death
According to Nan Huaijin, the Ekottara Āgama emphasizes mindfulness of breathing more than any of the other methods, and provides the most specific teachings on this one form of mindfulness.
Nan Huaijin. Working Toward Enlightenment: The Cultivation of Practice. York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1993. p. 146.
===Mindfulness (psychology)===
Mindfulness practice, inherited from the Buddhist tradition, is being employed in psychology to alleviate a variety of mental and physical conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and in the prevention of relapse in depression and drug addiction.
==See also==
 
*Buddhism and psychology
*Buddhist meditation
**Sampajanna
**Satipatthana
*Dennis Lewis
*Eternal Now (New Age)
*Henepola Gunaratana
*John Garrie
*Mahasati Meditation
*Mahasi Sayadaw
*Metacognition
*Mindfulness (journal)
*Nepsis (Eastern Orthodox Christianity)
*S.N. Goenka
*Samu (Zen)
*Shinzen Young
*Taqwa and dhikr, related Islamic concepts
*Thich Nhat Hanh
*Vipassana
==Notes==
==References==
==Sources==
* Boccio, Frank Jude (2004). Mindfulness Yoga: The Awakened Union of Breath, Body and Mind. 
* Brahm, Ajahn (2005). Mindfulness, Bliss, and Beyond: A Meditator's Handbook. Wisdom Publications. 
* Guenther, Herbert V. & Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding" Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.
* Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola (2002). Mindfulness in Plain English. Wisdom Publications. 
* Hanh, Thich Nhat (1996). The Miracle of Mindfulness: A Manual on Meditation. Beacon Press.
* Hoopes, Aaron (2007). "Zen Yoga: A Path to Enlightenment through Breathing, Movement and Meditation". Kodansha International.
* 
*Siegel, Ronald D. (2010). The Mindfulness Solution: Everyday Practices for Everyday Problems. The Guilford Press. 
* 
* Weiss, Andrew (2004). Beginning Mindfulness: Learning the Way of Awareness. New World Library
* 
==External links==
*Mindfulness Research Guide at the American Mindfulness Research Association. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
*Oxford University Mindfulness Research Centre. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
Category:Buddhist terminology
Category:Buddhist meditation
Category:Meditation
Category:Order of Interbeing
Category:Mind–body interventions
Category:Mindfulness (Buddhism)