Theatre

Etymologia: Ex id hellen θέατρον ex id oraryo raudh "dyei". 
Definition: Id theatre, art os skau par excellence, kyeust sammel un literar jor ed un particular loc quer bihnt skaun sem theatral tamsils; per extension, id lexis refert ei ensemble iom productions bestohmt ei scene uns autor ("id theatre os Hugo") au os un zaman (id "elisabethan theatre"). 
==Theatralitat==
Un theatre piece est un texte, ex prose au stiches, quod bahnt jahar actors ep un scene. Sei theatre ghehdt albatta bihe list "in un foteuyl", dehlct bihe kyunggiawen, con id majoritat im dramaturgs, od un piece est bestohmen ad bihe skaun : sontghi sesi, objects, swons skaun uni public, in tid-on ed loc-on. 
Theatre enpresencet dwo locs : id scene ed id kielken. Opsst-ye, id kielken est mers in temos; id scene est sub ia flottluces. Id kielken est silent; id scene behemt ia werds ed gestes im actors. Id public se manifestet med sien Gleimen au dakrus, ed med sien applaus au obsweihmen ye id fin ios skau. Inter ta dwo locs exist un "ideal mur", holghi tyehct kamsei i persons ep scene ignorient od leuds sont present kay smauter ed klustres i. 
El autor uns piece ne est tik el scriptor quel hat redact id texte : leit de un collective creation, participen ab un regisseur, actors ed un swoin em muhandis. Idschi public, collective prispehcer, smyehrt tod creation : L.Jouvet (1887-1951) kohns, pos un skau, kweter id public hieb esen "gohd" au ne. 
In id kerd ios theatral ijadh wehst el actor : el est un corpos, un voc, un menghia om mimics ed movs. Els presence existeiht id sense ios texte : el incarnet sesens in qui id public dehlct credihes, esdi id woid od biht skaun ant id un "comic illusion".
 Scene ex Abhijñānaśākuntalam = "Recognihn Shakuntala", oino iom maschourst piecen ios Sanskrit poet Kâlidasâ, qui gwivit ye id tid iom Gupta roys, circum ia Vt-VIto secles, shayad in Ujjaini, prokwem Bhopal, in central Hind.
==Id mund os theatre : imitation au autonomia ?==
Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC) dinght, in sien Περὶ ποιητικῆς, id akmenspetra os Occidental theatre : id notion μίμησις ("imitation"). Theatre imitet id mund, in id sense od presentet ia tragic au comic situations in qua el mensc biht confronten ibs megil questions os sien condition (ei iser, ei politic, ibs passions, ei desire, ad eakia ed virtut...). Theatre ne reproduct servile-ye ia objective data ios mund, mayneiht ia med un "Esthetique os illusion". 
Theatre se daht ka un "specule ios mund" ed, ab Renaissance, theatral rolagen biht tadrijan ludhern ex improvisation kay bihe submitten uni texte, ex stiches au prose. Theatre leust tun sien populeskweit (commedia dell'arte). Id franceoiso XVIIt secule, golden aiw os classic theatre, est dominet ab ia tragedias au dramatic poems ab Corneille au Racine, ed ia Comedias ab Molière. Ye id XVIIIt secule, id ambition im autors est enscene id burgese mund, besonters per Drames : theatre exploret id psychologia im Individus au social types ghyanend id via ibs trivialer ed meis futil boulevardesk comedias. 
Quo est kalen id "crise os theatre" tarikhet ex id fin ios XIXt secule : id apparition al regisseur taraght id theatral praxis. I actors neti sont recitants ni cabotins qui seni siswehrnt ir dialogsa : eucent comage ed construge persons ed uno net om relations. A.Antoine men (1858-1943) leudhert id scene ex ia schnurs os μίμησις kay invente un sensewent loc (neud iom decors, music, beleucens, sceneagens...), E.E. Craig de (1872-1966) proclamet id autonomia ios scene, ed secskwt id diemen con exter realitat. Id scene impont sien universe : un bare plor, un kowp dieken, un ballett om behangs creent un loco quod ne kaurt de reproduce un referencial realitat, sontern quod behemt radical-ye als i persons.
 Ayschylos gnahsit in Eleusis, prokwem Athenas, circum -525. Is wigh in Marathon pro id defense os Awo Hellad ed dec yars serter in Salamis, siefer do Sicilia, rik Athenas, ed mohr in Gela in Sicilia, circum -456.
==Id awo maskentheatre==
Theatre iswehrt ex ia orgiastic religieusa ceremonias organiset unte Antiquitat in id honor im divs os Nature. Tragedia gnaht in Hellad ed gnoht sien apogee ye id Vt secule pre JC con Ayschylo, Sophokleus ed Euripides. Comedia est lyt serter, bet, ex id important production tos zaman, nos etileikwnt tik oika pieces ex Aristophanes (-485/-385) ed Menander (-340/-292). 
Pos gnohvs sem decline, tragedia reprehpt unte Mediev med skaus om passions ed mysteirs qua relate id gwit ios Christ ed im saints. Parallel-ye, id comic theatre naduret in ramsas med farces ed sotias, quer is zevzeck brunct sien follmasko kay swehre sieno mayn de politique. Paganisme ed Christiandem tun suaweikent claus mutu. Ye Renaissance entreprindt id Kyrk sien cruceade contra theatre, menxu skeipe in Italia ia presta trupps em wandercomedians ed gnahnt ia prest permanent kielkens. Ye todschi zaman triumpht id Commedia dell'Arte, quos influence dia comedia est dar nundiens kheisstu. 
Yed, ye quodkwe widt forme, ex Antiquitato do id classic aiwo, un sam element uniet opsst-ye ia different jors : id mask, quod semper covehrt id lige im comedians. 
 Nogaku (能楽) est uno major forme os classic Japanese musical Drame in tamsil pon id XIVt secule. Antplohct ab Kan'ami ed eys son Zeami, est id veutst major theatre dar regular-ye skaut nundiens. Traditional-ye, un Nogaku programme includt penkwe Nogaku pieces samt ambintern comedic kyôgen pieces; un bragven programme dwinen Nogaku piecen ed einios kyôgen piece hat bihn commun in moderne Nogaku skaus. Un okina piece maght bihe skaun ye idpet inkapem besonters Novyarfesta, ferias, ed alya special waurmens.
==Oriental theatre==
Oriental theatre est un symboliste art : un palpeber, un change os color, quant hat uno maynen. Id public se nraveiht med divers forms : yoengschi, tupeudi mysteirs. In Japano nadure ia traditional forms ios nogaku, cortios Drame quod uperwehrt un religieus ed aristocratic conception os existence, ed ios kabuki, "art om songv ed dans", ois id marionnetten theatre, os sammel realiste ed epic inspiration.
Ploisko yoengschi, islam admit tik id parsi taziya quod memment id martyrium im descendants os Muhammad. 
 Taziya Schirase theatre festival in 1977.
==Classic theatre==
Id classic zaman edict un complicat apparat loyen, kitapt ed formulet brilliant-ye in id Art Poétique os Boileau (1636-1711). Corneille, in eys Examens, ed Racine, in eys Préfaces, analyse ed commente ir intentions ed motivations. Yatun censors, ye ia XVIIt ed XVIIIt secules, leisent ia pieces kay kehnse ir conformitat ibs reuls : el autor dehlct respece ia tri unitats om tid, loc ed action, ed ne dehlct schocke debses.
 Gnahn in la Ferté-Milon in 1639, quarat orbh, Racine biht alen ab ians munkins iom Petites Ecoles ios abbatia Port-Royal-des-Champs. Almen im Jansenisten tiel 1658, est influet ab iro rigor ed sensibiliset dia Antiquitats literature ed culture. In Paris, quer is act uno mundan gwit (1658-1661), Racine biscript poesis. Yisen do Uzès an sien familia quod sweurght de eys disaurdhens, is ne obtent id intizart kyrksbenefice ed reict Paris in 1663, quer is oiskaueiht sien dwo prest pieces (La Thébaïde ed Alexandre). Disweint ud sien janseniste prients qui attaquent iom "romanenkwehrer" ed iom "theatre poet" is hat bihn.
Tun inkapt id fecundsto zaman os eys carriere. Inter 1667 ed 1677, skaueiht octo tragedias. Protegen ab iom roy, supplantet sien rival Corneille ed hassilet brilliant successa. Cortoyer, Racine hat tunkye uno srehtost privatia : is est maaschouk sienen dwo favorite actricen, ias Du Parc, qua act Andromaque, dind ias Champmeslé. In 1677, lakin, un intriga falleiht Phèdre. Racine tyehgvt tun theatre ed se winoyet con i jansenistens.
Taukilen historiograph ios Roy in 1677, is wehdt ye id sam yar iam naptrice uns parisianios notar. Pater uns kathire familia, is act tuntos un burgese gwit pregen ab un austere pietat. Eysa senst pieces sont biblic tragedias hangjowt po pedagogic ziels ab Madame de Maintenon pro ians potnikas os Saint-Cyr. Na ta script is Cantiques spirituels, un Abrégé de l'histoire de Port-Royal ed act un zakir ed maarifi gwito tiel sieno mohrt in 1699.
==Id romantic theatre==
Contra id classic dogme, kwahn ka un karcer, pamrlant id romantic generation. Id XIXt secule raunstehct Shakespeare (1564-1616); Stendhal publiet sien essai Racine et Shakespeare in 1823. Quar yars serter, Hugo prefacet sien drame Cromwell med uno manifesto, in quod is contestet od ia reuls imdadhe semquayt pro id illusion os vertat, ni pro mukhtmelia. Ies deutschi dramaturgs, quens Madame de Staël (1766-1817) hat aunstehgiht, influent vasya scenes os Europe, ed theatre gnoht un druv revolution. Id skau os Hugos drame, Hernani, mutteiht, in 1830, un druv "boi", quer diweident i partisans os tradition ed ti os novation. Med id romantisme, id scene biht id loc unios megil spectacle, quer biht skaun id leik om Historia ed Mythos, quer se dwinght id "local color", ed quer se blande, pro Hugo, "grotesk ed sublime".
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==Ia naturaliste ed symboliste peitens==
Ye id end ios XIXt secule, protestend contra id simulacre quod kweit id theatre os eys tid, Zola volt installe naturalisme do theatre. Is wehgvt un theatre quod depingiet vasya social milieus, bet ia creations sessient nakis binisbat ia ambitions. 
Parallel-ye antslehnct id dayi uns "total theatre" (alliendios music, songv, dans), besonters ob id fascination gohnt ab id wagnersk Opera. Id symboliste generation, med ia prospects anact ab Mallarme, sehgnet de un theatre ios absolut. Claudel dominet tun ed "retrehfskwt id auwal theatre" : script aunmeida pieces, tant ob ir longe quem ob ir harara, quer majestueus-ye sprehnge ia shakespearesk "blosk ed furor" (L'Annonce faite à Marie, 1912; Le Soulier de Satin, 1929).
 Paul Claudel gnaht in 1868 in id Tardenois, austere region os Champagne, quer jinkdout eys yuwent os "yun yeamban", pre ia yars os rebell terwnia spenden in Paris. Menxu materialisme ed positivisme triumphe in talim, id aunstehgen os Rimbauds poesis ei procuret id "gwiv ed physic pondos os supernatural". Eys conversion do catholicisme, dien 25 December 1886 prokwem un Notre-Dame de Paris pillar, sleurt in iom un profund crise ed yars os jidal contra tod fid is fikert incompatible con sien vocation os scriptor ed ia naudhs os menscliubh quod un zani passion, transposto do Partage de Midi, iom spreuveiht gvol-ye in 1901.
Id literar opos os Claudel antslehncsiet parallel-ye eysi carriere os diplomat, quod iom duct do China unte quardem yars (1895-1909). Ministre plénipotentiaire in Rio de Janeiro, biht poskwo taukilet ambassador os France in Tokyo, in Washington ed in Bruxelles, quer is endt sien carriere. 
Is scriptor consecret ia senst yars os sien gwit ei commente iom biblic texten. Modifiet oiks om sien pieces kay adapte ia ad stets kathirer enscenens. Quan is mehrt in 1955, 87at, is apterlinkwt id image uns grand catholic poet, rol is recogneiht, samt humornuancet gurur, ses sien druv vocation.
==Id surrealiste udnoven==
Dank Breton (1896-1966) est ayt id piece os Jarry, Ubu Roi (1896), ka un decisive wehrg in id historia os theatre : tod pochade est un parodia iom shakespearesk drames, quer Jarry affirmet sien gust pro masks ed "macabre comique". In 1917 script Apollinaire un radical-ye nov piece, les Mamelles de Tirésias (1917) quos spirit vaht muhim-ye influe id theatral praxis ios XXt secule. Dadayisme ed surrealism installe id drehm ep id scene, ed Vitrac med Victor ou les Enfants au Pouvoir (1928) encauset radical-ye bahmen. 
Is "theatre-wir" ios surrealiste movment buit sigwra Arthaud : so autor-actor-regisseur, dohrn ed pathetic personalitat, hat theorisen id "theatre os crueltat". Is vanscht un theatre "quod nos protiebeudt, nerves ed kerd", ed quod est un "druv magia operation". Fascinen ab i Indians os Mexico ed id theatre ex Bali, retrehskwt id "awo mythic tradition os theatre". Meis quem eys dramatic creations, est mohmen ex eys wehrg id essai Le Théâtre et son Double (1938), quod beuwt theatre "id Metaphysique om wekwos, geste ed expression". 
 Gnahn in Marseille in 1896 ed gvolen yant miegve ab sema nerveus troubles qua is combat med opium, Antonin Artaud arrivet do Paris in 1920. Biht engaget ka comedian ab Lugné-Poe, dind ab Duilin in id Théâtre de l'Atelier, ed act oik rols in cinemas (Marat in Abel Gances Napoléon in 1925, ed id rol ios munkios Massieu in La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc ab Dreyer in 1928). Sekwos id refuse ab Jacques Rivière os publie sems eysen poems in id Nouvelle Revue Française aurght-se inter bo wirs un Correspondance quod sessiet publien in 1927.
Artaud joint unte un khvil id surrealiste grupp quetos is biht mox exclus, sammel quem Roger Vitrac, con quom is seult in 1926 id Théâtre Alfred Jarry. Ex tod experience ed eyso smauter ios theatre os Bali, in 1931, gnahnt theoric scripts ed ia manifestos ios "theatre os crueltat" (1932-1933), sammeln do Le Théâtre et son Double.
Pos id deuysen ios skau os Les Cenci in 1935, is fortrehct do Mexico quer is mukamt bim Tarahumara Indians, ed ter experiencet un hallucinogen plante, id peyotl. Pos un catastrophic safer in Erin, biht internen do id psychiatric hospital Rodez, quer is mukamsiet ex 1939 do 1946. Is mehrt ob cancer dien 4 Mart 1948.
==Id epic ed didactic theatre os Brecht==
Ia major ideologic conflicts ios XXt secule se hant aweis repercutten ep id theatral universe. Id dominant rjienbwutso ter est Brecht, qui impont inter 1930 ed 1950 sien "epic theatre". Autor, theoretic ed director uns trupp (ios Berliner Ensemble), Brecht assignet ad theatre un didactic rol : so marxiste volt kem eysa pieces gehne bil spectator un insaf waustend in un concrete politic action. 
Is seult id notion os "rhayireihsa effect" (Verfremdungseffekt) : sekwent iom, el spectator ne dehlct ses kapant ab theatral illusion sontern remane rhayir binisbat quo biht agen ep id scene. Tod appell ad aum meis quem do khisses ne dehlct bayihes od leit de un schematic ed gwaurod wehrg : Brecht, regisseur om historia ed ids pands, sagvt dwinghes akster ed colorplen pieces, quos didactisme ne se reduct ei exposen os un these - Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti (1940) quod udnovt id dialectique al mayster ed al ambikwol; der aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (1941) quod allegoriset id waldhkapen ab Adolf Hitler.
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==Pirandello ed id theatre eni id theatre==
Psychologic theatre biht udnot ye profund-ye original weidos ab iom Italian scriptor Pirandello : ia inner conflicts, ia dehrnd passions, id intim drame ios dividen Ego sont udwekwnt, bi tom, in id dramaturgic systeme ios "double". Id scene exhibeiht it aunstop "alyo scene", ed id skau ios crise yunct-se ei crise ios skau. Pirandello emt tsay id barroco figure ios "theatre eni id theatre", quod skaut id leik ios specule ed ios illusion, id vertigo ios ses ed ios interpretation. (Sei Personnaggi in Cerca d'Autore, 1921; Enrico IV, 1922). 
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==Id engaget theatre==
Theatre ed politique wehse assocyen just pos Mund Weir Dwo : Sartre pleidt pro un "engaget" theatre, quer el intellectual neudt id scene kay lever uno message ed emove id pledveh. Les Mains Sales (1948) est un piece "samt these", quod eiskwt sammel ideologic ed philosophic werds, revelator ios "situational theatre". Camus oiscript kathalika pro theatre, ed eys Caligula (1945) est prect ab sem indenegeable tragic stieure. 
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==Id nov theatre==
Ionesco, unte ia 1950tias, hat akster-ye diwidt id engaget ed intellectual theatre : refuset instrumentalise id scene ye id brungos unios message, ed promovskwt un genuin releiten do id essence ios theatre. Id bahmen (La Cantatrice Chauve, 1950), ia objects (Les Chaises, 1952) sont ia major "persons" eysen piecen, qua ne dwinghskwnt sem these, sontern proponskwnt id vision uns absurd mund : metaphysic farces, tragedias al beghsreference mensc, eysa pieces taraghe ed fascine per ir bfuxiong stragnitat. Genet, Adamov, Beckett, quoy scribe ye id sam zaman, sont classifieti do quo hat esen vikalen "id nov theatre", quer se expreme, provocator-ye, id alienation al modern mensc, els angsta, els newalses. En Attendant Godot (1953) os Beckett est id maschourst ex ta desperat pieces, qua revele id kenos os existence. 
 Peter Brook (gnaht in 1925) est un Englisch theatre ed film director basen in France pon in-kap ia 1970tias. Is hat algven kathire Tony ed Emmy Awards, un Lawrence Olivier Award, id Praemium Imperiale, ed id Prix Italia.
==Id muassir theatre==
Ops est aurt od theatre, pon ia 1970tias, neti hat megil creators : to myehrst id vitalitat iom noven forms, qua sont inspiren ab improvisation, marionettes, iser drames, dans ed opera. Is Englisch P.Brook nacskwt un "immediate theatre", quod keiht prest-ye ep el actor. Is US American R. Wilson tyeict sensation med Deafman Glance (1971), piece is defineiht ka un "kwitertheatre". V.Novarina est oin im originalsten theatre scriptors ios inkapem ios XXIstios secule, creend pieces quer wekwos desployt samt radical-ye nov lure ed intensitat (L'Acte Inconnu, 2007).