Eberhard Zwicker and U. Tilmann Zwicker’s “Audio engineering and psychoacoustics: Matching the signals to the ﬁnal receiver, the human auditory system”

Abstract:
	Eberhard Zwicker and U. Tilmann Zwicker explains some of the psychoacoustic principles, which includes frequency, pitch, loudness, and critical-band rate. While sound can be measured by frequency, level, and time, most people perceive sound as pitch and loudness. Not only does Eberhard Zwicker and U. Tilmann Zwicker explain more of these key terms in specifics but they also provide how each psychoacoustics principles could be be applied.
Key Concepts: 
	Eberhard Zwicker and U. Tilmann Zwicker starts off with the importance of the masking effect to sound and hearing. “Masking is described as the sound-pressure level of test sound (a pure tone in most cases) necessary to be barely audible in the presence of a masker.” A critical-band rate is usually used to help or describes the masking effect better. It corresponds to location “along the basilar membrane” and convert frequencies. Sounds, then becomes clearer.
	 Eberhard Zwicker and U. Tilmann Zwicker also mentions the difference in level of loudness. Incorporating formulas like 1kHz tone, 40db=1 sone (sones are what loudness are measured in), there are total/partial loudness and specific loudness. Specific loudness “can be computed from excitation pattern,” which can be obtained by masking. 
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Further readings: 
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	W. Heinbach, “Aurally Adequate Signal Representation: The Part-Tone-Time Pattern,” Acustica, vol. 67, pp.113-121 (1988). 
	E. Zwicker, “The Inner Ear, a Sound Processing and a Sound Emitting System,” J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn (E), vol. 9, pp59-74 (1988).
	B.L. Jones and E.L. Torick, “A New Loudness Indicator for the Use in Broadcasting,” SMPTE (1981 Sept.) 
B. Bauer and E.L. Torick, “Researches in Loudness Measurements,” IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust., vol. Au-4, no.3, 1966. 
H. Fastl, “Fluctuation Strength of Modulated Tones and Broadband Noise,” in R. Klinke and R. Hartmann Eds., Hearing- Physiological Bases and Psychophysics (Springer, Berlin, 1989).
 
 
Key words:
 
Frequency
 
Pitch 
Loudness 
Critical-band rate 
Psychoacoustics
Sound 
Citations:
 
Zwicker,Eberhard,&Zwicker, U. Tilmann.(2002).Audio engineering and psychoacoustics: Matching the signals to the ﬁnal receiver, the human auditory system. In Kevin Jeffay & HongJiang Azhan (Eds.), Readings in multimedia computing and networking (pp. 11–21). London: Academic Press.