Chapter Eight: Navigation

Almost all adventures in the Wing Commander Universe involve characters going somewhere and doing something, whether its talking to (or shooting at) an alien species, visiting a nearby planet to conduct some mining, or searching for the nearest pub. Even those adventures that take place at a single site involve movement. Movement is an integral part of the game; keeping track of it is equally important if not more so. Any character will be hard-pressed to complete an adventure if they don't know where they are or where they've been. The same is true of vehicles and capital ships; they might be used for fighting, but their primary purpose is as a means of conveyance.
Navigation is the process of planning, reading and controlling movement from one place to another. In the original games, navigation was an important aspect; players had to go and do things (usually involving one or more combat situations) at specific places to complete their missions. A pilot competent in navigation could make life a lot easier on themselves by avoiding hazards and encounters for which they would otherwise be ill-equipped to handle (this was particularly true in Privateer, where a player rarely had to go places they didn't choose to go in the first place).
This Chapter is devoted to the topics of navigation. The first section discusses the particulars of fuel consumption and fuel efficiency for both vehicles and capital ships. Section two discusses planetary exploration, including how to incorporate random exploration with planned encounters on a planet's surface. Section three discusses interplanetary travel, including all aspects of slower-than-light movement inside star systems. Section four discusses interstellar travel, including how to use Morvan Drives, D-Drives, Akwende Drives and other FTL travel aspects. The final section contains navigational data for use in adventures, including Akwende Projections of the "canonical" Wing Commander Universe as well as specific nav data on the Gemini Sector and a few of the better known star systems.
===A Quick Discussion of Kinematics and Units of Measurement===
WCRPG uses linear kinematics, the motion of objects in straight lines without consideration of the circumstances leading to it. In many of the situations used in the game, the mathematics involved in movement has been vastly simplified from real life. Those player groups that are more mathematically inclined can use their own methods for determining movement if they desire.
The most basic law of linear kinematics is the simple relationship d=rt, or Newtonian distance equals average velocity multiplied by time elapsed; put even more simply, distance equals speed times time. Travelling characters will need to be made aware of how far it is to their destination, how fast they can go and how much time it will take to get there. Fortunately it’s fairly easy to calculate. All that’s required is that two of the factors (distance, speed or time) are already known or can be readily determined (or even made up, in certain situations). To find distance, multiply speed by time. To find out how long it’ll take to get somewhere, divide the distance by speed. To find out how fast the characters will need to travel to get somewhere by such and such a time, divide distance by the time desired. It is really that simple. However, in order for the equation to work like it’s supposed to, all of the involved units must be the same. If the GM uses a speed in kilometers per hour and time in seconds, the formula will yield a confusing final answer in a convoluted "kilometers-seconds per hour", rather than a tidy "kilometers". If the GM uses a distance in kilometers and speed in miles per hour, they’ll end up with a time elapsed in "kilometer-hours per mile", rather than "hours".
Traditionally, Wing Commander uses the metric system (SI units). Player groups are welcome to use other terms of measurement as they see fit, though all materials within the WCRPG core rules will use metric terms. If you ever need to convert terms from one unit type to another, an excellent site to visit online is the MegaConverter site.
The standard unit of distance in WCRPG is the meter. One meter equals 39.4 inches (just a little over a yard). For larger distances, kilometers are used; kilometers are equal to 1000 meters or 3280.8 feet (roughly .62 miles). For extreme distances sometimes measured in relation to the tactical short-range movement of fightercraft and capital ships, megameters (1000 kilometers or 1,000,000 meters) and sometimes gigameters (1,000,000 kilometers, a little over 3 light-seconds) are reasonable units with which to work, though neither will be mentioned again in this set of rules. Simply put, fighters and capital ships really are that fast. The largest measure of distance used in WCRPG is the astronomical unit (the distance between Earth and Sol), which is roughly 150,000,000 kilometers (93,000,000 miles) in length and is used to measure the distance between points in interplanetary space. When such discussions are required, distances in interstellar space will use either light years (roughly 9.5 trillion kilometers) or parsecs (3.26 Light Years or roughly 30.86 trillion kilometers). The Kilrathi standard unit of measurement - the mak - may also be encountered on occasion along with the derivative terms "zarmak" (1/64 of a mak) and "octomok" (8 maks). 1 mak is roughly equal to 1.2 meters (though there can be significant deviations with this figure).
The standard unit of time in WCRPG is the second, defined as "the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom"; this exact definition is listed here for the sake of throwing in some worthless trivia into the game and is not really pertinent to gameplay. Larger units of time can be derived from the second: a minute equals 60 seconds, an hour equals 60 minutes, a day equals 24 hours and a week equals 7 days. A month lasts anywhere from 28 to 31 days long (roughly four weeks) and a year is equal to 12 months, 52.1 weeks, or 365.24 days. Curiously enough, the Kilrathi also use the second as their base measurement of time, though it can generally be assumed that any other derivative terms (such as "sun years") will use variations on their overall base-eight counting system.
Speed (and by extension, velocity; there is a mathematical difference between the two terms) is a derived measurement based on the change in an object's position over time. As different units of measurement can be used for both distance and time measurements, there are many different possible units that may be used for speed. While the normal derived SI measurement for speed and velocity is the meter per second, WCRPG utilizes kilometers per hour (or kph). One kilometer per hour equals 0.27778 meters per second and also equals 0.62137 miles per hour. In those cases where a faster unit of speed is needed (usually when dealing with space vehicles), WCRPG uses kilometers per second (kps); one kps equals 3600 kph.
Because calculations of speed, distance and time can be a bit tricky, GMs should take the time to calculate these figured for any distances that need to be traversed in their adventures prior to the beginning of a gaming session. For those GMs that want or need to use a quick, rough solution to determine the distance and travel times between two points, the following set of benchmark tables may be used. For distances and speeds that fall in between those listed on these charts, a GM may either extrapolate the data based on the chart or just use the distance-speed-time formula to get an exact solution. All times listed on the charts are rounded to the nearest whole unit and only three standard time units are listed for some of the larger periods of time (it's possible to have a time listed in years, weeks, days, hours and so on, but such a long period of time will be cut off after days). The charts use the following shorthand notation: y equals years, w weeks, d days, h hours, m minutes, and s seconds.
Planetary Kinematic Benchmarks
Speed(kph)	1 km 	10 km 	100 km	1000 km 	NY-LA(~4000 km)	NY-Tokyo(~11,000 km)	circumglobular(~20,000 km)	Earth-moon(~385,000 km)	Earth-Sun(~149,598,073 km)
1 	1h 	10h 	4d 4h 	5w 6d 16h	23w 5d 16h 	1y 13w 3d 	2y 14w 6d 	43y 51w 3d 	17,091y23w 4d
5 	12m 	2h 	20h 	1w 1d 8h 	4w 5d 8h 	13w 0d 16h 	23w 5d 16h 	8y 41w 4d 	3,418y 15w 1d
10 	6m 	1h 	10h 	4d 4h 	2w 2d 16h 	6w 3d 20h 	11w 6d 8h 	4y 20w 5d 	1,709y 7w 4d
20 	3m 	30m 	5h 	2d 2h 	1w 1d 8h 	3w 1d 22h 	5w 6d 16h 	2y 10w 3d 	854y 29w 6d
50 	1m 12s	12m 	2h 	20h 	3d 8h 	1w 2d 4h 	2w 2d 16h 	45w 5d 20h 	341y 43w 1d
100 	36s 	6m 	1h 	10h 	1d 16h 	4d 14h 	1w 1d 8h 	22w 6d 10h 	170y 47w 5d
200 	18s 	3m 	30m 	5h 	20h 	2d 7h 	4d 4h 	11w 3d 5h 	85y 23w 6d
500 	7s 	1m 12s	12m 	2h 	8h 	22h 	1d 16h 	4w 4d 2h 	34y 9w 4d
1000 	4s 	36s 	6m 	1h 	4h 	11h 	20hr 	2w 2d 1h 	17y 4w 5d
1500 	2s 	24s 	4m 	40m 	2h 40m 	7h 20m 	13hr 20m 	1w 3d 17h 	11y 20w 4d
2000 	2s 	18s 	3m 	30m 	2h 	5h 30m 	10hr 	1w 1d 1h 	8y 28w 3d
2500 	1s 	14s 	2m 24s	24m 	1m 36s 	4h 24m 	8h 	6d 10h 	6y 43w 4d
5000 	<1s 	7s 	1m 12s	12m 	48m 	2h 12m 	4h 	3d 5h 	3y 21w 6d
10000 	<1s 	4s 	36s 	6m 	24m 	1h 6m 	2h 	1d 14h 30m 	1y 36w 7d
Interplanetary Kinematic Benchmarks
Speed(kps)	1000 km	NY-LA(~4000 km)	NY-Tokyo(~11,000 km)	circumglobular(~20,000 km)	Earth-moon(~385,000 km)	Earth-Sun(~149,598,073 km)	Sun-Kuiper Belt(~4,487,942,190 km)
1 	16m 40s	1h 6m 40s 	3h 2m 20s 	5h 33m 20s 	4d 10h 57m 	4y 38w 7d 	142y 22w 2d
5 	3m 20s 	13m 20s 	36m 40s 	1h 6m 40s 	21h 23m 20s 	49w 3d 7h 	28y 25w 2d
10 	1m 40s 	6m 40s 	18m 20s 	33m 20s 	10h 41m 40s 	24w 5d 4h 	14y 12w 5d
20 	50s 	3m 20s 	9m 10s 	16m 40s 	5h 20m 50s 	12w 2d 14h 	7y 6w 2d
50 	20s 	1m 20s 	3m 40s 	6m 40s 	2h 8m 20s 	4w 6d 15h 	2y 22w 1d
100 	10s 	40s 	1m 50s 	3m 20s 	1h 4m 10s 	2w 3d 8h 	1y 22w 1d
200 	5s 	20s 	55s 	1m 40s 	32m 5s 	1w 6d 16h 	37w 17h 15m
300 	3s 	13s 	37s 	1m 7s 	21m 23s 	5d 18h 31m 	24w 5d 3h
400 	3s 	10s 	28s 	50s 	16m 3s 	4d 7h 53m 	18w 3d
500 	2s 	8s 	22s 	40s 	12m 50s 	3d 11h 7m 	14w 5d
1000 	1s 	4s 	11s 	20s 	6m 25s 	1d 17h 33m 	7w 2d
1500 	<1s 	3s 	7s 	13s 	4m 17s 	1d 3h 42m 	4w 6d
2000 	<1s 	2s 	6s 	10s 	3m 13s 	20h 46m 39s 	3w 4d
5000 	<1s 	<1s 	2s 	4s 	1m 17s 	8h 18m 40s 	1w 3d
10000 	<1s 	<1s 	1s 	2s 	39s 	4h 9m 20s 	5d 4h 40m
20000 	<1s 	<1s 	<1s 	1s 	19s 	2h 4m 40s 	2d 14h 20m
50000 	<1s 	<1s 	<1s 	<1s 	8s 	49m 52s 	1d 55m 58s
75000 	<1s 	<1s 	<1s 	<1s 	5s 	3m 15s 	16h 37m 19s
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