Autódromo José Carlos Pace

Autódromo José Carlos Pace, also known by its former name Interlagos, is a circuit located in São Paulo, Brazil. It was renamed after Carlos Pace, the Brazilian driver who died in a 1977 plane crash. It is the current home of the Brazilian Grand Prix.
==History==
The land on which the circuit is located was originally bought in 1926 by property developers who wanted to build housing. Following the 1929 stock market crash, the housing project was suspended, and it was eventually decided to build a racing circuit instead. Construction started in 1938 and the track was inaugurated in May 1940.
The traditional name of the circuit (literally, "between the lakes") comes from the fact that it was built in a region between two large artificial lakes, Guarapiranga and Billings, which were built in the early 20th century to supply the city with water and electric power.
Formula One started racing there in 1972, the first year being the required "dry run" non-championship race. It was won by Argentinean Carlos Reutemann. The first World Championship Brazilian Grand Prix was held at Interlagos in 1973, and was won by defending Formula One World Champion and local hero Emerson Fittipaldi. Fittipaldi won the race again the following year in bad weather, and Brazilian driver José Carlos Pace won his only race at Interlagos in 1975.
Due to safety concerns with the 4.9 mile circuit, including the bumpy track surface and the inadequate barriers, deep ditches, and embankments, the last Formula One race held on the original Interlagos circuit was in 1980. The race was nearly cancelled after protests by the drivers. The safety concerns were largely directed towards the track surface, which BBC commentator Murray Walker described as "appallingly bumpy". Most of the ground-effect cars of 1980 were designed in such a way that bumpy surfaces were barely tolerable for the drivers. Also, the slums that overlooked the track were at odds for Formula One's glamorous image. These factors meant that Formula One would move back to the Jacarepaguá circuit in Rio de Janeiro, hometown of established star Nelson Piquet and where the Brazilian Grand Prix was held in 1978. After Formula One moved away, the only major race being held at Interlagos was the Mil Milhas Brasil, and the last major race on the original circuit was the 1989 Mil Milhas Brasil. Formula One returned the following year after the circuit had been shortened and modified at a cost of $15 million. The track layout (aside from the pit exit being extended along the Curva do Sol over the years) has remained the same since 1990. After the ascendancy of another São Paulo local, Ayrton Senna, negotiations were made to return to Interlagos that year, and it has stayed there ever since. The facilities include a kart circuit named after Senna.
The circuit is often witness to dramatic results when it hosts the Brazilian Grand Prix. Felipe Massa almost won the 2008 Driver's World Championship when he won the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix, but after he finished, Lewis Hamilton overtook Timo Glock and was crowned World Champion. Despite Rubens Barrichello's pole position in 2009, Mark Webber won the race and Jenson Button won the championship for after starting 14th. Nico Hülkenberg gave got their first pole since 2006 at the 2010 Brazilian Grand Prix. But that race was won by Sebastian Vettel, and with Mark Webber coming second, and Red Bull secured the constructors title in Brazil. However, the driver's title was not confirmed until the final race of the season.
==Characteristics==
The circuit is one of a minority of non-oval racing circuits to go in an anti-clockwise direction. In 1979 upgrading work was done and the pit lane was extended past the first left-hand turn (Curva 1), making the corner more narrow, and the pit lane ended right in the middle of Curva 1 and 2. The present design of the track dates back from 1990, when the original circuit was shortened from 7,829 m to only 4,397 m (so that it could fit the new FIA restrictions on track length). As a consequence of the reduction, the track lost three long straight sections and nine fast curves (five were lost forever, four were made slower and are still there). The original track was full of fast corners and it allowed cars to keep maximum speed for up to twenty seconds and was considered very dangerous (although no one ever died there whilst racing Formula One), and in 1990, the old layout was majorly revised. The new track still had a very long top-speed section that contained bumps, high-speed turns and little run-off area (though the track is very wide at this point).
Another reason why many drivers consider Interlagos interesting is that it was not built on flat terrain, but follows the ups and downs of hilly ground, which makes it harder to drive and demands more power from the car's engines. The hilly course is also a good feature for road cycling races usually held in the circuit.
The circuit is known for its many inclines and formerly bumpy surface, which could take its toll on F1 cars because they have a very low ride height and little suspension travel. The races are therefore very tough on the car, and also physically tough on the drivers, especially since the circuit is anti-clockwise, where the centrifugal forces in the many hard left turns push the drivers' necks to the right, instead of left as in the majority of circuits on the F1 calendar.
===Improvement in 2007===
For the 2007 Brazilian Grand Prix, the largest-scale repairs in the last 35 years were carried out at the circuit, to fundamentally solve problems with the track surface. The existing asphalt was entirely replaced, resulting in a much smoother track surface. At the same time, the pit lane entrance was enhanced to improve safety and to add a new fixed grand stand. To facilitate the work, the circuit was closed and no events were held in the five months immediately preceding the race.
On October 17, 2007, Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM) began to operate the new station of the Line C, Autódromo, near the circuit. The Line C had been extended to improve the access between the center of São Paulo and southern region of the Greater São Paulo, improving circuit accessibility.
===Planned 2012 redevelopment===
Shortly before the 2011 Brazilian Grand Prix, FIA race director Charlie Whiting detailed several planned upgrades of the circuit, including a new pit entrance and expanded run-off at the final corner, as a response to several fatal accidents at the circuit in 2011. In June 2012, further details of the proposed plans emerged, calling for the construction of a brand new pit building and the relocation of the start line from its current position between Arquibancadas and the Senna 'S' to Reta Oposta.
Nothing ever came of the plans, quite possibly because they would have required building on what is now marshland.
==Track layout==
===Original===
The original circuit was laid out in a natural bowl with a six turn counter-clockwise oval, measuring 3.214 km/1.997 miles, and a lengthy infield section that raised the total distance to 7.960 km/4.946 miles. The first two bends of the oval, Curva 1 and Curva 2, were wide, slightly banked and quick corners of not quite 90°, with a short straight in between. Then the cars would head down the long back straight known as Retao, not quite a kilometer long and the fastest part of the track. Which was just a setup for the toughest corner of the track, Curva 3. Instead of the simple and easy first two corners, this had a tighter radius, turned more than 90°, was slightly off camber and often very dirty. This bend caught out many of the greats, including Ronnie Peterson, who retired from races twice after going off here. The oval continued on with a moderate straight, with a gentle bend halfway along. It ended with an almost flat out corner, called Subida dos Boxes, for the fancy (and expensive) seating here, then the final straight with a flat out kink partway along. The straight is also known for a left hand camber for most of it's length. 
But the infield road course more than doubled the length of the track, and completely changed it's character. Just after Curva 3, a short straight led to Curva 4, an 80° left that marks the beginning of the infield section. The track then followed a slightly right curved and downhill straight almost back to the paddock, more than 500 meters, before a sharper right kink, then a slow, sweeping left that turns 200° (named Ferradura) to a shorter straight that parallels the one off of Curva 4. But this straight is only about half as long, before reaching a wide, sweeping 150° right named Subida do Lago. After that bend the cars are on another straight (named Reta Oposta), close and parallel to the Retao back straight. But the cars have dropped more than 10 meters in elevation, so those in the higher seats along the front straight can see cars on both of the back straights at once.
This straight ends in a very wide radius, 200° righthander called Curva del Sol, that uses up most of the real estate betweens Curva 1 and Curva 2. This is also possibly the hardest corner on tires, due to its sheer length. A shorter, unnamed straight leads to a slow, 180° left sweeper known as Sargento. This marks the start of the very slow and twisty section of the course. A short straight leads to Laranja, a right hander that is just outside of the previous Ferradura corner, and just below the start of the pit lane. After this was a tighter right known as Esse, followed almost immediately by a slower 180° left called Pinheirinho. Then the cars hit a gentle, unnamed right, which led to Bico de Pato, a very tight, 160° right that is the slowest corner on the track. After that was Mergulho, a sweeping 90° left, followed by a short straight, then the 135° uphill lefthander known as Juncao, which then rejoins the outer ring track.
===Current===
Race start is in the "Tribunas" section and features a pretty long straight section, then comes "S do Senna" ("Senna's S") [Turns 1 & 2], a series of turns (left, right, then left again) that are considered extremely difficult because each of them has a different angle, a different radius, a different length, a different inclination (inward or outward) and a different shape (besides the terrain goes down and then up again).
"Senna's S" connects with "Curva do Sol" ("Sun Turn") [3], a round-shaped large-radius left-turn that leads to "Reta Oposta" ("Opposite Straight", a reference to the disused longer back straight of the pre-1990 circuit, to which it runs parallel), the track's longest (but not the fastest) straight. Reta Oposta is succeeded by a pair of downhill left turns that are called "Descida do Lago" ("Lake Descent") [4 & 5] into a short straight sector that goes down again.
This is followed by a slow and difficult section, with small, kart-like turns and elevation changes. These turns are "Ferradura" ("Horseshoe") [6] downhill and right into "Laranjinha" ("Little Orange") [7], another right (the slowest point of the circuit); then the right-hand Turn 8 leads into "Pinheirinho" ("Small Pine Tree") [9], left on a plain field; "Bico de Pato" ("Duck Bill") [10] a right-hand turn complex (first, an easy right kink into the tighter-radius near-hairpin give the distinctive turn its shape and name); and then "Mergulho" ("Dive") [11], a constant-radius left-hand turn that slings the driver straight into a harder left at "Junção" ("Junction") [12].
Turn 13, a left up-hill kink, marks the start of the long, thrilling and dangerous top-speed section. Rising up through "Subida dos Boxes" ("Up to the Pits") [14], the driver encounters a long left turn that sometimes seems straight and sometimes bends in more clearly. As the name implies, Subida dos Boxes is uphill (quite steep, indeed) and demands a lot of power from the cars. At the end of it, Arquibancadas ("Bleachers") [15] forms the end of what was once called "Cotovelo" ("Elbow"). At this point the track seems inclined inwards (or somewhat crooked) as the cars approach top speed back through the "Tribunas" straight. The series of left turns from the exit of Junção all the way to Turn 1 into Senna's S is typically taken at full throttle and treated as a long straight. (This section is known as one of the longest full-throttle stretches on the Formula 1 calendar, and thus demanding of the engine's reliability at sustained high RPM and torque. Other notable stretches of this nature are the "Rettifilo Tribune" straight at Autodromo Nazionale Monza and the Kemmel Straight at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps.)
==Pit lane==
Interlagos has one of the longest pit-lanes ever used in Formula One, starting just before the start-finish straight and rejoining the main course after Curva do Sol. Entering the pits was originally not a trivial task, as the high speed and the left turning may force the car rightwards, out of the pits. The pit lane entrance received some changes to become safer for the 2007 Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix.
==Event history==
The following is a list of Formula One World Championship races held at Autódromo José Carlos Pace:
Year	Event 	Winning Driver 	Winning Constructor	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Carlos Reutemann 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Emerson Fittipaldi 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Emerson Fittipaldi 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Carlos Pace 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Niki Lauda 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Carlos Reutemann 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Jacques Laffite 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	René Arnoux 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Alain Prost 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Ayrton Senna 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Nigel Mansell 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Ayrton Senna 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Michael Schumacher 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Michael Schumacher 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Damon Hill 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Jacques Villeneuve 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Mika Häkkinen 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Mika Häkkinen 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Michael Schumacher 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	David Coulthard 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Michael Schumacher 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Giancarlo Fisichella	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Juan Pablo Montoya 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Juan Pablo Montoya 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Felipe Massa 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Kimi Räikkönen 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Felipe Massa 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Mark Webber 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Sebastian Vettel 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Mark Webber 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Jenson Button 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Sebastian Vettel 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Nico Rosberg 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Nico Rosberg 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Lewis Hamilton 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Sebastian Vettel 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Lewis Hamilton 	 	Report
 	BrazilianGrand Prix 	Max Verstappen 	 	Report
 	São Paulo Grand Prix	Lewis Hamilton 	 	Report
*A peach background represents a non-championship event.
==External links==
*Official website
*Info from the Official Formula 1 Website
*Official Brazilian Grand Prix website (English site)
*SaoPauloEsportes.com
*Info from BBC's circuit guide
*Autodromo Jose Carlos Pace History and Statistics
*Autódromo José Carlos Pace on Google Maps (Current Formula 1 Tracks)
*Ciro Pabón's Racetracks 3D views and virtual laps of all F1 circuits, including this one, via Google Earth
==Notes==
ja:インテルラゴス・サーキット
Category:Circuits
Category:Current Circuits
Category:Brazilian Grand Prix
Category:Brazilian circuits
Category:Circuits that Débuted in 1973