Drame

Etymologia: Ex awo hellen δράμα ("action"), quos maynen evolvt in latin kye tod os "theatral action". 
Definition: Stricto sensu, id notion "drame" est definiht binisbat tragedia ed Comedia : esend neuter, drame sib autoriset mixe ia jors. Lato sensu, id yeist tsay ei theatral facti daydey, quetos ia derivats dramatic ed dramaturg. Cadadien bahmen ei hat dahn uno maynen quod udleit id universe ios scene ed evoquet un biedan situation ("id drame os divorce", "dramatise"). 
 Romano marmor copie uns hellen tienjien bust ex id IVt secule pre JC os Euripides (Εὐριπίδης) (circum -480/-406). 
==Satyric ed liturgic drames (Antiquitat ed Mediev)==
Unte Antiquitat elaborent ies hellen autors, inter ia suadefiniht theatral forms qua sont comedia ed tragedia, un hybride jor kalt "satiric drame" : sont kwali scenes, ois id dionysic cult, qua eme place nieb id antique trilogia. Ye id Vt secule pre JC, Euripides ed Sophokleus hant also compost plura drames in stiches. Punor, latin autors ignoresient tod jor. Unte Mediev prehpt id liturgic drame quod enscenet, unte ia Natal ed Pask fests, passages ex id Bible : songv, dans ed gestual hant ter un preponderant place. 
 1676 portrait os Pedro Calderón de la Barca (Madrid, 1600-1680), espaniol scriptor, ritter ios Orden os Santiago, khaliban-ye gnohn ob ses oin im namicst literators ios Golden Aiwios, besonters pro eyso theatre. 
==Sacramental act ed elisabethan drame (XVIt-XVIIt secules==
In Espania ed hassa in England hat drame antslohnken unte Renaissance. 
Dominend id Golden Aiwo os espaniolo literature, Calderon script "sacramental acts" (autos sacramentales), religieus allegoric pieces oiskaun unte id Corpus Christi (El gran teatro del mundo, 1645). Eyso samzaman Lope de la Vega, autor om meis quem dwomil pieces, spehrt isschi id comedia, typic espaniol jor quod enscenet liubh ed honor ed sammel resist un satiric pineg iom mores. Coup-de-theatres, caricatures, volsa sont kweitus tos theatral forme quod launt ex tragedia ed comedia. 
In England, sub id regne as Elisabeth Ist, prehpt un immense theatral production kyusen med id nam "elisabethan jor", dominen ab id genie os Shakespeare (1564-1616) quos theatre est sammel epic, lyric, satiric. Is peract prokwem Historia, id druna iom secules ed i mythic rjienbwutsens; is blandt gvalt con elegia, cadadien situations con abadic passions, punctual anecdote con grandiose meinyuns. Politique, Religion, Individual khisses incarne-se do complexe persons, riche med aunzaman vertat : Macbeth, Othello, Lear, Falstaff, Hamlet hant bihn references. Farce men ed tragedia age claus mutu ed id de bahmen act unte vasya ragas ed tonalitats, leit ex ralisest truculence do subtile poesis, kam mathalan in Romeo ed Juliet. Accomplihn regisseur, Shakespeare oiscript pro id scene ed sagvt daumos-ye ruydes ia ressurces os theatralitat, besonters id proceddat os "piece eni id piece" (the play within the play). Shakespeares drames ignore id enderdeilen iom jors, ed influesient profund-ye id romantic generation. Eclipsen ab Shakespeare, alyi autors hant lakin apterlikwn wirtic drames, kam Jonson au Marlowe ed eys Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1588). In France, classic literature linkwt neid place ad drame : comedia ed tragedia sont tun codifiet ab reuls; ed tragicomedia, hybride jor, khact se dwinghes. Drame correspondt petis id barroco spirit quod emerct in ia europay arts tos zaman, menxu dominet in literature id classic ideal. Also ignorent i franceois autors iom XVIIt ed XVIIIt secules Shakespeare, ed hatta Voltaire iom pehndsiet "barbar". 
 1585 probable portrait os Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), meist avancet tragedian os eyso zaman. Is meg influit William Shakespeare, qui gnahsit ye id sam yar quem Marlowe, ed qui vibihsit is magn Elisabethan dramaturg pos Marlowes mysterieus prematur nehc. Marlowes pieces sont gnohn ob id neud ios blank stiche ed ir exuberant persons.
==Id burgese drame (XVIIIt secule)==
Id Europe iom Lumens rumpt tadrijan ud ia schemas heriten ex id classic theatre, dank Goldoni in Italia ed Lessing in Deutschland. In France, introducskwnd realisme do theatre, Diderot se beuwt is creator ed defensor ios "burgese drame" (Le Fils Naturel, 1757; Le Père de Famille, 1758) : enscenend privat conflicts, in prose, ed prect ab moralisant eiskwens, tod "serieuso jor" antslehnct ab 1760. Id correspondt id ubgumt unios nov classe, ios burgesia, quod supplantet, ye id economic nivell, id declinant aristocratia. I persons ios burgese drame sont sesi medyios condition - specule ios public -, biht heroyd in ir cadadien universe, ed neti nays kam in ia comedias. Id nov sensibilitat est corresponden ab un nov Moralitat, quos reflect est id burgese drame. I scriptors acskwnt yaschi ep ia consciences ed mentalitats, tem quem promove certain wirts : zanbiu al individu, om sparen, education, domestic, familial ed social virtuts... Neudend-ye sem ops-ye simple ed maarifwent pinegs, stehmend-ye visible ed significant emotion, i autors milite plaut-ye pro ia layic wirts, perirumpend ud ia aristocratic ideals : semkam, smyehrnt ghi id cultural climat quod hat preparet id Franceois Revolution os 1789. Pau lisen nundiens, ta pieces ab Diderot, auti ab Mercier au Sedaine, hant yed contribuet id udleiten os classic dogmatism : id grance inter tragedia ed comedia hat pohden, ed id real poitt ses enscenen. Ta wehrgs vrehsient sem echo in id dramatic production ios end ios XIXt secule ed in certain aspects ios "engaget theatre" ye id XXt secule.
 1794 portrait os Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805), ayt oin im significantsten dramaturgs, poets ed essaiyisten os deutsch bahsa.
==Romantic drame (XIXt secule)==
Appariht in hol Europe, romantic drame se defineiht witerom ia classic dwineghs. Id deulct sien adgumt ei raunstehgen os Shakespeare, besonters ab iom poet ed dramaturg Schiller (1759-1805). Goethe, Manzoni, Stendhal - qui script un essai Racine et Shakespeare inter 1823 ed 1825 - influent, in France, id elaboration unios nov dramatic scriben. Dumas, Vigny, Musset med Lorenzaccio (1834) ed bilhassa Hugo, med Hernani (1830) au Ruy Blas (1838), compone pieces qua se yougyent con id Shakespeare-lik mix iom jors : id storia est in id kerd ios scene; el complexe ed splendid heroy, quel hieb disparihnum in id burgese jor, gwehmt tsay meis akster-ye : "Som un gwahnd force", proclamet mynder-ye Hernani. Hugo spranct, med un swehner ed tumultueuso scriben, "action, passion ed men". Id romantic drame, kam definihn af Hugo in eys "Preface" os Cromwell (1827), volt ses id universal wekwos om mund ed gwit; id ambitiont sayge id profund vertat om historia ed menscenbeurts. Nespekent eys detractors, qui mambhe ad Hugo aunmeidia, mubalarha ed schematisme, id stieure eysen piecen est constatable, tem quem ir indenegable emotionsmagh. Bet id akri deuysen os Les Burgraves af Hugo (1843) marct id fin os romantic drame.
 Photo (circum 1898) os Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), norsko dramaturg ed poet os (Norges)dansk bahsa. Est ayt oin im meis vyigic dramaturgs ios historia os Europay theatre.
==Metamorphose ed continuitat os drame (XXt secule)==
Maght bihe ayn od id fin os romantic drame mehldt id mohrt os drame ka theatral forme; obghi id quasi-definitive disparition os tragedia, cada non-explicit-ye comic theatral forme hat uno smyehr os drame. 
Ia naturaliste au symboliste pieces ios end ios XIXt secule ios inkapem ios XXt secule sont ia hereds os drame, wawod recusent id exclusive-ye tragic schema. Also, i megil europay dramaturgs iom 1870-1920tias creent multa drames : Ibsen in Norge, Strindberg in Sveden, Chekhev in Russia, Synge in Erin, Pirandello in Italia. Jarry, med Ubu Roi (1896), retrehft id "blosk ed id furor" os Shakespeares universe, quer skarp gleimen agiet id magno rolo. Claudel, is meist inspiret im franceois dramaturgs tos zaman, script barroca pieces prect ab aunmeidia : ghohd bihe tolken dia ta de "poetic drame". Unte dwoter dwidel ios XXt secule, ia pieces om Ionesco ed Beckett gairn kweite ka "drames ios absurd". Id theatre os Sartre (Le Diable et le Bon Dieu, 1951) serveiht drame un philosophic ed ideologic engagement. 
Id werdo "drame", aun salgus usage, neti correspondt sem categoria os actual theatre.