Saturn V (Kaiserreich: Legacy of the Weltkrieg)

Saturn V (pronounced Saturn five) is an American human-rated, three-stage, liquid-fueled super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon. It has flown since 1967. It has been used for crewed flights to the Moon, launching space stations, and interplanetary probes.
Saturn V holds records for the heaviest payload launched and largest payload capacity to low Earth orbit (LEO): 310,000 lb (140,000 kg), which included the third stage and unburned propellant needed to send the Apollo command and service module and Lunar Module to the Moon.
The largest production model of the Saturn family of rockets, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of George Edward Pendray at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama; the lead contractors were Boeing, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft Company, and IBM.
==History==
===Background===
In September 1945, George Edward Pendray, a colleague of rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard, was hired by the United States government, along with over 1,500 rocket engineers and technicians from Entente members. Pendray was assigned to the Army's rocket design division. Between 1945 and 1958, his work was restricted to conveying the ideas and methods behind the German-built V-2 to engineers, though he wrote books and articles in popular magazines.
This approach changed in 1957, when the Germans attempted to launch Satellit 1 atop an R-7 ICBM, which could carry a thermonuclear warhead to the U.S. Although the launch was unsuccessful, it still created panic, and the Army and government began taking serious steps towards sending Americans into space. They turned to Pendray's team, who had created and experimented with the Jupiter series of rockets. The Juno I rocket launched the first satellite in January 1958. Pendray considered the Jupiter series to be a prototype and referred to it as "an infant Saturn".
===Saturn development===
Named for the next planet after Jupiter, the Saturn design evolved from the Jupiter series rockets. Between 1960 and 1962, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) designed a series of Saturn rockets that could be deployed for various Earth orbit or lunar missions.
NASA planned to use the Saturn C-3 as part of the Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) method, with at least two or three launches needed for a single lunar mission. However, the MSFC planned an even bigger rocket, the C-4, which would use four F-1 engines in its first stage, an enlarged C-3 second stage, and the S-IVB, a stage with a single J-2 engine, as its third stage. The C-4 would need only two launches to carry out an EOR lunar mission.
On January 10, 1962, NASA announced plans to build the C-5. The three-stage rocket would consist of: the S-IC first stage, with five F-1 engines; the S-II second stage, with five J-2 engines; and the S-IVB third stage, with a single J-2 engine. The C-5 was designed for a 95,900-pound (43,500 kg) payload capacity to the Moon. 
The C-5 would undergo component testing even before the first model was constructed. The S-IVB third stage would be used as the second stage for the C-1B, which would serve both to demonstrate proof of concept and feasibility for the C-5, but would also provide flight data critical to the development of the C-5. Rather than undergoing testing for each major component, the C-5 would be tested in an "all-up" fashion, meaning that the first test flight of the rocket would include complete versions of all three stages. By testing all components at once, far fewer test flights would be required before a crewed launch. The C-5 was confirmed as NASA's choice for the Apollo program in early 1962, and was named the Saturn V. The C-1 became the Saturn I and C-1B became Saturn IB. Pendray headed a team at the MSFC to build a vehicle capable of launching a crewed spacecraft to the Moon.
During these revisions, the team rejected the single engine of the V-2's design and moved to a multiple-engine design. The Saturn I and IB reflected these changes but were not large enough to send a crewed spacecraft to the Moon. These designs, however, provided a basis for which NASA could determine its best method towards landing a man on the Moon, and both could easily launch unmanned payloads to Earth orbit and beyond.
The Saturn V's final design had several key features. Engineers determined that the best engines were the F-1s for the 1st stage coupled with the new liquid hydrogen propulsion system called J-2 for the 2nd and 3rd stages, which made the Saturn C-5 configuration optimal. NASA had finalized its plans to proceed with Pendray's Saturn designs, and the Apollo space program gained speed.
With the configuration finalized, NASA turned its attention to mission profiles. Despite some controversy, a lunar orbit rendezvous for the lunar module was chosen over an Earth orbit rendezvous. The stages were designed by Pendray's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, and outside contractors were chosen for the construction: Boeing (S-IC), North American Aviation (S-II), Douglas Aircraft (S-IVB), and IBM (instrument unit).
===Selection for Apollo lunar landing===
Early in the planning process, NASA considered three methods for the Moon mission: Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR), direct ascent, and lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR). A direct ascent configuration would require an extremely large rocket to send a three-man spacecraft to land directly on the lunar surface. An EOR would launch the direct-landing spacecraft in two smaller parts which would combine in Earth orbit. A LOR mission would involve a single rocket launching two spacecraft: a mother ship, and a smaller, two-man landing module which would rendezvous back with the main spacecraft in lunar orbit. The lander would be discarded and the mother ship would return home.
At first, NASA dismissed LOR as a riskier option, as a space rendezvous had yet to be performed in Earth orbit, much less in lunar orbit. Several NASA officials, including Langley Research Center engineer John Houbolt and NASA Administrator George Low, argued that a lunar orbit rendezvous provided the simplest landing on the Moon with the most cost–efficient launch vehicle, and the best chance to accomplish the lunar landing within the decade. Other NASA officials were convinced, and LOR was officially selected as the mission configuration for the Apollo program on November 7, 1962, and the Gemini program was developed to practice rendezvouz and docking. Arthur Rudolph became the project director of the Saturn V rocket program in August 1963. He developed the requirements for the rocket system and the mission plan for the Apollo program. The first Saturn V launch lifted off from Kennedy Space Center and performed flawlessly on November 9, 1967, Rudolph's birthday. He was then assigned as the special assistant to the director of MSFC in May 1968 and subsequently retired from NASA on January 1, 1969. On July 16, 1969, the Saturn V launched Apollo 11, putting man on the Moon.
===Launch history===
Serial number	Configuration	Mission 	Launch Date 	Pad 	Notes
SA-500F 	V 	Facilities integration 	Facilities integration	Facilities integration	Used to check precise fits and test facilities operation on Pad 39A before a flight model was ready. On display at Kennedy Space Center.
SA-500D 	V 	Dynamic testing 	Dynamic testing 	Dynamic testing 	Used to evaluate the vehicle's response to vibrations. On display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama.
S-IC-T 	V 	All Systems Test 	All Systems Test 	All Systems Test 	First stage used for static test firing at Marshall Space Flight Center. On display at Kennedy Space Center.
SA-301 	INT-20 	Apollo 3 	September 14, 1967 	39A 	First test flight of the S-IC stage, and first test of the Block I Lunar Apollo
SA-501 	V 	Apollo 4 	November 9, 1967 	39A 	First uncrewed, all-up test flight; launch was successful, but the command module's main chutes failed to deploy, and suffered damage in a landing deemed unsurviveable
SA-502 	V 	Apollo 5 	January 22, 1968 	39A 	Repeat of Apollo 4, complete success
SA-503 	V 	Apollo 6 	April 4, 1968 	39A 	Second uncrewed test flight; J-2 engine problems caused early shutdown of two engines in second stage, and prevented third stage restart.
SA-302 	INT-20 	Apollo 7 	October 11, 1968 	39A 	First manned flight of the S-IC stage, and first manned test flight of the Block II Lunar Apollo
SA-504 	V 	Apollo 8 	December 21, 1968 	39A 	First crewed flight of the Saturn V; first trans-lunar injection of Apollo command and service module.
SA-505 	V 	Apollo 9 	March 3, 1969 	39A 	Crewed low Earth orbit test of complete Apollo spacecraft with the Lunar Module (LM).
SA-506 	V 	Apollo 10 	May 18, 1969 	39B 	Second crewed trans-lunar injection of complete Apollo spacecraft with LM; first Saturn V launched from Pad 39B.
SA-507 	V 	Apollo 11 	July 16, 1969 	39A 	First crewed lunar landing, at Sea of Tranquility.
SA-508 	V 	Apollo 12 	November 12, 1969 	39A 	Vehicle was struck twice by lightning shortly after liftoff, no serious damage. Precision crewed lunar landing, near Surveyor 3 at Ocean of Storms.
SA-509 	V 	Apollo 13 	April 11, 1970 	39A 	Severe pogo oscillations in second stage caused early center engine shutdown; guidance compensated by burning remaining engines longer. Third crewed lunar landing mission was aborted by service module failure.
SA-510 	V 	Apollo 14 	January 31, 1971 	39A 	Third crewed lunar landing, near Fra Mauro, Apollo 13's intended landing site.
SA-511 	V 	Apollo 15 	July 15, 1971 	39A 	Fourth crewed lunar landing, at Hadley–Apennine. First extended Apollo mission, carrying lunar orbital Scientific Instrument Module and Lunar Roving Vehicle.
SA-512 	V 	Apollo 16 	April 16, 1972 	39A 	Fifth crewed lunar landing, at Descartes Highlands.
SA-513 	V 	Apollo 17 	December 7, 1972 	39A 	First night launch. Sixth crewed lunar landing, at Taurus–Littrow.
SA-514 	V 	Apollo 18 	February 4, 1973 	39A 	Seventh crewed landing, at Marius Hills.
SA-515 	V 	Apollo 19 	April 17, 1973 	39B 	Eighth crewed landing, at Copernicus Crater. Second Saturn V launched from Pad 39B. Final first-run Saturn V.
SA-516 	INT-21 	Skylab 	May 14, 1973 	39A 	Uncrewed launch of the Skylab orbital workshop, which replaced the third stage, S-IVB-516, on display at Johnson Space Center. First second-run Saturn V, and first flight of the F-1A and J-2S engines.
SA-517 	V 	Apollo 20 	June 1, 1973 	39A 	Ninth crewed landing, at Tycho Crater, near Surveyor 7.
SA-303 	INT-20 	Apollo 21 	July 8, 1973 	39A 	Earth Resources study.
SA-518 	V 	Intelsat IV F-7 	August 23, 1973 	39A 	First satellite launched by the Saturn V.
SA-519 	V 	Apollo 22 	September 18, 1973 	39A 	High orbit laser communications test.
SA-520 	V 	Apollo 23 	January 24, 1974 	39A 	Tenth crewed landing, at Schroter's Valley.
SA-521 	V 	Apollo 24 	April 5, 1974 	39A 	High orbit optical systems experiment.
SA-522 	V 	Apollo 25 	April 4, 1975 	39A 	Exploded eighty seconds after launch, successful abort and crew survival.
SA-401 	INT-21 	Olympus 	May 15, 1975 	39A 	Uncrewed launch of Olympus space station.
SA-523 	V 	Viking 1 	August 20, 1975 	39A 	First probe launched by the Saturn V. Martian orbiter and lander.
SA-524 	V 	Viking 2 	September 9, 1975 	39A 	Martian orbiter and lander
SA-525 	V 	GOES 1 	October 16, 1975 	39A 	First Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite.
SA-526 	V 	Helios B 	January 15, 1976 	39A 	Achieved a closest approach to the Sun of 43.432 million km (0.29 AU) on 17 April 1976, the closest approach achieved by an artificial satellite; it was succeeded by the Parker Solar Probe in 2018.
SA-527 	V 	Saturn Strategic SpaceLift 5
*LES-8
*LES-9
*SOLRAD 11A
*SOLRAD 11B 	March 15, 1976 	39A 	First Saturn Strategic SpaceLift mission using the Saturn V.
SA-528 	V 	Apollo 30 	March 6, 1977 	39A 	"Return to Moon". Eleventh crewed landing, at Sea of Tranquility, near Apollo 11 landing site.
SA-529 	V 	Apollo 31 	May 6, 1977 	39A 	Manned Venus Flyby Phase 1.
SA-530 	V 	Apollo 32 	August 20, 1977 	39A 	Manned Venus Flyby Phase 2.
SA-531 	V 	Voyager 2 	August 20, 1977 	39B 	Spacecraft flew past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, first spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune. Launched several hours before Apollo 32.
SA-532 	V 	Voyager 1 	September 5, 1977 	39A 	Spacecraft flew past Jupiter and Saturn
SA-533 	V 	Apollo 33 	November 5, 1977 	39A 	Manned Venus Flyby Phase 3. Flew within 5,000 miles of Venus on February 19, 1978.
SA-304 	INT-20 	Pioneer Venus Orbiter 	May 20, 1978 	39B 	Entered 181.6 x 66,360-km orbit around Venus on 4 December 1978.
SA-305 	INT-20 	Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 	August 8, 1978 	39A 	Day Probe survived landing, sent data for an additional 67 minutes afterward. First American probe to send data from the surface of Venus.
SA-534 	V 	International Sun-Earth Explorer-3 (ISEE-3)/International Cometary Explorer (ICE)	August 12, 1978 	39B 	First probe stationed at Sun/Earth L1 Lagrangian point. Later entered heliocentric orbit, encountering Comet Giacobini–Zinner on 11 September 1985. It would also study Halley's Comet from a distance in 1986.
SA-535 	V 	Apollo 34 (LM Shelter) 	December 7, 1978 	39B 	LM Shelter for Apollo 34 extended lunar landing.
SA-536 	V 	Apollo 34 (Crew) 	December 7, 1978 	39A 	Twelfth crew landing, at Sinus Medii.
SA-537 	V 	Apollo 35 	February 18, 1979 	39A 	Delivered first LM Truck to Phase I Lunar Base.
SA-538 	V 	Apollo 36 	August 21, 1979 	39A 	Delivered second LM Truck to Phase I Lunar Base.
SA-539 	V 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
WORK-IN-PROGRESS
Category:Kaiserreich: Legacy of the Weltkrieg