1991 United States Grand Prix

The was the first round of the 1991 Formula One Season, held in Phoenix, Arizona in the United States of America.'GRAND PRIX RESULTS: UNITED STATES GP, 1991', grandprix.com, (Inside F1 Inc., 1999), http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr501.html, (Accessed 31/07/2015) Unknown at the time, the 1991 edition of the United States Grand Prix, the 33rd year of a race being held in America, would also be the last until the 2000 United States Grand Prix.
World Champion Ayrton Senna, débuting the new McLaren MP4/6 which had only been built a few weeks prior to the race, won the Grand Prix convincingly from rival Alain Prost. The wily Nelson Piquet came third for Benetton, as two new constructors joined the field: Jordan Grand Prix and Modena. 
==Background==
It had been a turbulent winter for Formula One after the 1990 Championship had come to an end, as various comments were throw between the major combants of the previous season, Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost. But, as the new season approached, these were blown aside to expectation and anticipation for the sixteen race calendar grew. In the weeks building up to the US Grand Prix, the final driver line-ups and team structures were revealed, as a new generation of engineers and drivers joined the fray.
Leading the new wave was Eddie Jordan, who decided to bring his successful British Formula Three team to the pinacle of motorsport. Jordan Grand Prix would evolve into one of the most recognisable F1 teams of its day over the following seasons, but in 1991 they were just one of two new teams. Having hired Gary Anderson to design the Jordan 191, and hiring Bertrand Gachot and the expensive and experienced Italian Andrea de Cesaris, the new Jordan team looked up for a fight.
The same could not be said for their fellow debutants, Modena Team. An Italian based team, Modena were thrown together in the months prior to the season, after a Mexican businessman pulled his funding for the proposed GLAS team over the winter. Modena's owner Carlo Patrucco made a deal with for engines, had Mauro Forghieri design the chassis, and hired Nicola Larini and Eric van de Poele in a few short weeks, bringing the total number of entrants to 34. The competitiveness of Modena, however, was a large unknown.
There were new faces among the drivers, as Team Lotus handed a debut to a promising young talent from Finland. , aged 23 on his debut, was partnered with Julian Bailey in a brand-new line up for the legendary British team, powered by Judd engines. Mark Blundell was another man to make his F1 bow in the US, joining fellow Brit Martin Brundle at Brabham for the year, as they tested out Yamaha V12 engines for the season.
, meanwhile, had had a big pre-season, securing a deal with for their V10 engines (not the shiny V10s being bolted into the McLarens mind), while also signing a huge sponsorship deal with Braun. Stefano Modena joined them from Brabham, while Satoru Nakajima competed for them once again, although their recent change in fortunes palled in comparison to . Now named Footwork Arrows, the British team had secured built V12 engines, and a strong driver line up of Michele Alboreto and Alex Caffi, although they would be forced to use an adapted version of the Arrows A11 chassis for the time being.
 were renamed over the winter to Fondmetal, with no real changes to the team or structure, while were partially revived as Leyton House for the 1991 season, although the majority of the original staff had left. AGS were in financial problems but continued on into the new season, while Scuderia Italia and looked set to enjoy new engine partnerships with and repsectively.
But, at the front, there was little change, although Ferrari did draft Jean Alesi into the team to replace Nigel Mansell (who rejected retirement late in the day to rejoin Williams). Ferrari would have to wait for their new car until mid-season after several issues, although their adapted 642 remained competitive. McLaren, meanwhile, retained their dynamic duo of Senna and Gerhard Berger, and were set to go for glory again in 1991, armed with a new Honda V12.
==Entry List==
The full entry list for the is outlined below:
No.	Driver 	Entrant 	Constructor	Chassis	Engine	Model 	Tyre
1 	Ayrton Senna 	Honda Marlboro McLaren 	 	MP4/6 	 	RA121E 3.5 V12	
2 	Gerhard Berger 	Honda Marlboro McLaren 	 	MP4/6 	 	RA121E 3.5 V12	
3 	Satoru Nakajima 	Braun Tyrrell Honda 	 	020 	 	RA101E 3.5 V10	
4 	Stefano Modena 	Braun Tyrrell Honda 	 	020 	 	RA101E 3.5 V10	
5 	Nigel Mansell 	Canon Williams Team 	 	FW14 	 	RS3 3.5 V10 	
6 	Riccardo Patrese 	Canon Williams Team 	 	FW14 	 	RS3 3.5 V10 	
7 	Martin Brundle 	Motor Racing Developments Ltd. 	 	BT59Y 	 	OX99 3.5 V12 	
8 	Mark Blundell 	Motor Racing Developments Ltd. 	 	BT59Y 	 	OX99 3.5 V12 	
9 	Michele Alboreto 	Footwork Grand Prix International 	 	A11C 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
10 	Alex Caffi 	Footwork Grand Prix International 	 	A11C 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
11 	Mika Häkkinen 	Team Lotus 	 	102B 	 	EV 3.5 V8 	
12 	Julian Bailey 	Team Lotus 	 	102B 	 	EV 3.5 V8 	
14 	Olivier Grouillard	Fondmetal F1 SpA 	 	FA1M-E 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
15 	Maurício Gugelmin 	Leyton House Racing 	 	CG911 	 	2175A 3.5 V10 	
16 	Ivan Capelli 	Leyton House Racing 	 	CG911 	 	2175A 3.5 V10 	
17 	Gabriele Tarquini 	Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives	 	JH25B 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
18 	Stefan Johansson 	Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives	 	JH25B 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
19 	Roberto Moreno 	Camel Benetton Ford 	 	B190B 	 	HB 3.5 V8 	
20 	Nelson Piquet 	Camel Benetton Ford 	 	B190B 	 	HB 3.5 V8 	
21 	Emanuele Pirro 	BMS Scuderia Italia 	 	F191 	 	GV 3.5 V10 	
22 	JJ Lehto 	BMS Scuderia Italia 	 	F191 	 	GV 3.5 V10 	
23 	Pierluigi Martini 	Minardi F1 Team 	 	M191 	 	037 3.5 V12 	
24 	Gianni Morbidelli 	Minardi F1 Team 	 	M191 	 	037 3.5 V12 	
25 	Thierry Boutsen 	Equipe Ligier Gitanes 	 	JS35B 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
26 	Érik Comas 	Equipe Ligier Gitanes 	 	JS35B 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
27 	Alain Prost 	Scuderia Ferrari SpA 	 	642 	 	037 3.5 V12 	
28 	Jean Alesi 	Scuderia Ferrari SpA 	 	642 	 	037 3.5 V12 	
29 	Éric Bernard 	Larrousse F1 	 	LC91 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
30 	Aguri Suzuki 	Larrousse F1 	 	LC91 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
31 	Pedro Chaves 	Coloni Racing 	 	C4 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
32 	Bertrand Gachot 	Team 7Up Jordan 	 	191 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
33 	Andrea de Cesaris 	Team 7Up Jordan 	 	191 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
34 	Nicola Larini 	Modena Team SpA 	 	291 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
35 	Eric van de Poele 	Modena Team SpA 	 	291 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
==Practice==
==Qualifying==
Qualifying for the was split into two, due to the large number of entries for the new season. Eight cars were made to "Pre-Qualify" for the full qualification session, as the FIA determined that 30 cars was the upper limit that any circuit could handle safely. The field was split on the basis of performance over the previous half-season of results, with the the top 26 cars automatically qualifying for the qualification session. Four further places were then made to the eight Pre-Qualifiers, with the top four going into the full session.
===Pre-Qualifying===
This new system saw Andrea de Cesaris, Pedro Chaves, Olivier Grouillard and Eric van de Poele all fail to get into qualifying, as Jordan, Modena, BMS Scuderia Italia, and the two single entry teams of Coloni and Fondmetal were all made to pre-qualify. Emanuele Pirro and team mate JJ Lehto topped the times in their machines, joined by Nicola Larini () and Bertrand Gachot. Those four went on to tackle the full session.
====Pre-Qualifying Results====
The full pre-qualifying results for the is outlined below:
Pos.	No.	Driver 	Constructor	Time 	Gap 	Ave. Speed
1 	21 	Emanuele Pirro 	 	1:28.288	— 	151.726 km/h
2 	22 	JJ Lehto 	 	1:28.792	+0.504s	150.865 km/h
3 	34 	Nicola Larini 	 	1:30.244	+1.956s	148.438 km/h
4 	32 	Bertrand Gachot 	 	1:30.304	+2.016s	148.339 km/h
DNPQ	33 	Andrea de Cesaris 	 	1:30.937	+2.649s	147.306 km/h
DNPQ	31 	Pedro Chaves 	 	1:31.113	+2.825s	147.022 km/h
DNPQ	14 	Olivier Grouillard	 	1:32.126	+3.838s	145.405 km/h
DNPQ	35 	Eric van de Poele 	 	1:37.046	+8.758s	138.034 km/h
*Bold indicates a driver's best/qualifying time.
*T Indicates a driver using their test/spare car to set their best time in that session.
===Report===
The full qualifying session was held over two sessions, with the driver's best time from the two determining their grid position. There were no surprises at the front, however, as Ayrton Senna broke the lap record to take pole, over a second ahead of rival Alain Prost, who would start second for Ferrari. took the second row, with Riccardo Patrese ahead of Nigel Mansell, while veteran Nelson Piquet scored fifth place for Benetton.
Incredibly, all four pre-qualifiers made it through to the race, with Pirro and Lehto also breaking into the top ten for BMS Scuderia Italia. Irishman Eddie Jordan saw his new Formula One team take fourteenth through Gachout, while Larini managed seventeenth for Modena. Out went Alex Caffi, Stefan Johansson, and Julian Bailey, all of whom would have got through the pre-qualifying session based on their times.
===Qualifying Result===
The full qualifying results for the is outlined below:
Pos.	No.	Driver 	Constructor	Time 	Time 	Gap
Pos.	No.	Driver 	Constructor	Q1 	Q2 	Gap
1 	1 	Ayrton Senna 	 	1:23.530	1:21.434	—
2 	27 	Alain Prost 	 	1:24.507	1:22.555	+1.121s
3 	6 	Riccardo Patrese 	 	1:24.726	1:22.833	+1.399s
4 	5 	Nigel Mansell 	 	1:25.277	1:23.218	+1.784s
5 	20 	Nelson Piquet 	 	1:25.026	1:23.384	+1.950s
6 	28 	Jean Alesi 	 	1:23.519	1:23.805	+2.085s
7 	2 	Gerhard Berger 	 	1:25.914	1:23.742	+2.308s
8 	19 	Roberto Moreno 	 	1:25.170	1:23.881	+2.447s
9 	21 	Emanuele Pirro 	 	1:24.876	1:24.792	+3.358s
10 	22 	JJ Lehto 	 	1:26.765	1:24.891	+3.457s
11 	4 	Stefano Modena 	 	1:25.065	1:25.557	+3.631s
12 	7 	Martin Brundle 	 	1:27.184	1:25.385	+3.951s
13 	11 	Mika Häkkinen 	 	1:27.976	1:25.448	+4.014s
14 	32 	Bertrand Gachot 	 	1:27.568	1:25.701	+4.267s
15 	23 	Pierluigi Martini 	 	1:25.815	1:25.715	+4.281s
16 	3 	Satoru Nakajima 	 	1:26.058	1:25.752	+4.318s
17 	34 	Nicola Larini 	 	1:27.761	1:25.791	+4.357s
18 	16 	Ivan Capelli 	 	1:54.845	1:26.121	+4.687s
19 	29 	Éric Bernard 	 	1:27.446	1:26.425	+4.991s
20 	25 	Thierry Boutsen 	 	1:27.984	1:26.500	+5.066s
21 	30 	Aguri Suzuki 	 	1:26.987	1:26.548	+5.114s
22 	17 	Gabriele Tarquini 	 	1:27.164	1:26.851	+5.417s
23 	15 	Maurício Gugelmin 	 	1:26.865	1:26.875	+5.431s
24 	8 	Mark Blundell 	 	1:30.061	1:26.915	+5.481s
25 	9 	Michele Alboreto 	 	1:29.067	1:27.015	+5.581s
26 	24 	Gianni Morbidelli 	 	1:27.625	1:27.042	+5.608s
DNQ 	10 	Alex Caffi 	 	1:29.388	1:27.519	+6.085s
DNQ 	18 	Stefan Johansson 	 	1:29.857	1:27.753	+6.319s
DNQ 	26 	Érik Comas 	 	1:28.904	1:28.159	+6.725s
DNQ 	12 	Julian Bailey 	 	1:30.758	1:28.570	+7.136s
DNPQ	33 	Andrea de Cesaris 	 	1:30.937	1:30.937	1:30.937
DNPQ	31 	Pedro Chaves 	 	1:31.113	1:31.113	1:31.113
DNPQ	14 	Olivier Grouillard	 	1:32.126	1:32.126	1:32.126
DNPQ	35 	Eric van de Poele 	 	1:37.046	1:37.046	1:37.046
*Bold indicates a driver's best/qualifying time.
*T Indicates a driver using their test/spare car to set their best time in that session.
===Grid===
Below is the starting grid for the :
==Race==
With the race and the season set to start in warm and dry conditions, the immediate focus was on the front row, as Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost lined up together. It was the first time they had sat on the same row as each other since the infamous 1990 Japanese Grand Prix, and may wondered how Prost would react. Further intrigue was added by the fact that the McLaren MP4/6 that Senna wielded had not done much testing, whereas Prost's Ferrari 642 was well developed, but still had issues when handling was considered. Regardless, their old rivaly was set to rise when the lights went out on Sunday.
===Report===
A perfect start for Senna saw him immediately seize the lead, with Prost left to fend off a storming start by Nigel Mansell, the Brit climbing above team mate Riccardo Patrese. Jean Alesi was another quick started, latching onto the back of Patrese, as Nelson Piquet fell behind both the Frenchman and Gerhard Berger in the second McLaren. By the end of the first lap, Senna was already in command of the race, as Alesi darted past Patrese to take fourth, already repaying Ferrari's faith in him.
The front three began to gap themselves to both each other, and the rest of the field, as Alesi failed to break away from Patrese's Williams. The veteran Italian, making his 210th start, forced his way back past the #28 Ferrari on lap 16, before jetting off in pursuit of team mate Mansell. Patrese then attempted a risky move that caused both Williams to lose time on lap 22, diving down the inside of his team-mate into turn one. Patrese left his braking very late, locking up his tyres and over-shooting into a slip road on the outside of the corner. Mansell took avoiding action, narrowly missing his team-mate while Patrese used the slip road to turn around and rejoined behind Alesi and Berger. The trio battled away for fourth over the following laps, as fatigue began to affect the latest generation of F1 machinery.
The first retirement of the season had been , who had ground to a hault on the fifth lap after an engine failure. He was soon to be joined by the two s which had impressed so much in qualifying, and Gianni Morbidelli with various issues. A few more retirements hit the lower orders as the race approached half distance, before problems began to hit the leaders.
As Patrese forced his way past Berger on lap 35, he flashed past the dying of team mate Nigel Mansell, out with a gearbox failure. Then, as Patrese was about to launch an attack at the scarlet Ferrari ahead of him, Berger fell away, a fuel pump problem ending his race prematurely. But, with Mansell and Berger no longer a concern, Patrese focused on taking Alesi, pulling off a clean manoeuvre on lap 43, with the Frenchman diving into the pits for fresh tyres.
The Italian set his sights on Prost over the following laps, hounding the back of the #27 Ferrari three laps after Alesi bailed (rejoining in seventh). Prost also opted for new rubber, allowing the charging Williams into second, while a problem on the right rear tyre during the stop dropped Prost behind team mate Alesi when he rejoined. As Patrese's charge continued, Senna pitted on lap 48, calmly rejoining in the lead, as Patrese was hit by gearbox issues.
With an identical problem to Mansell, Patrese spun when the car suddenly put itself into neutral through turn seven, putting him out of the race. Patrese's car lay stranded on the exit of a blind corner and Nelson Piquet and (making his début) barely avoided a collision, missing the stricken Williams by mere millimeters when their battle came across Patrese. Roberto Moreno, following in third, was not so lucky, plowing into the Williams' nose cone and removing his Benetton's right-front front wheel and suspension. Alesi, next in line, avoided the stranded cars but ran over several large pieces of debris, catapulting them back towards the accident scene. Moreno and Patrese got out of their cars under their own power, both drivers un-injured. Their two cars were left where they came to rest, which ultimately caused the sole Jordan of Bertrand Gachot to lose time, after the Belgian was forced to put himself into a spin to avoid them.
With Piquet and Alesi battling hard, and Prost charging through the field, dispatching Stefano Modena with relative ease, few could see Senna being beaten, holding a strong lead of over 40-seconds as the race reached its final stages. Prost caught his team mate's duel a few laps after he forced his way past Modena, although Piquet and Alesi were in no mood to allow him to walk by. Alesi had snuck through into second on lap 53, only to see Piquet use his wily skills to hound the back of his Ferrari, as Senna continued to lead with ease.
Suddenly, Prost was seen in second on lap 70, having studied the battle going on ahead of him for several laps. Piquet used the superior speed of the to pull past Alesi's Ferrari on the straight down to turn one, with Prost using Alesi's slipstream to do the same. He then opted to dive up the inside of Piquet, pulling across the nose of Alesi in the braking zone, slicing his way past the Brazilian legend at the apex. Prost's charge to the back of Senna however, was to be in vein, as the World Champion continued on faultlessly.
Alesi, meanwhile, dropped out with a gearbox problem nine laps from the end, putting Piquet solidly onto the podium. Gachot ground to a halt five laps from the end, tantilisingly close to scoring debut points for Jordan, while Hakkinen's eventful race had ended on lap 59 with an engine failure and oil union fire. The Finn had already spun twice previously, once early in the race when his steering wheel had inexplicably detatched, and again on lap 32 to avoid the stalled Brabham of Mark Blundell. Yet, these retirements were of no concern to Senna, who duly crossed the line to take his 27th career win, as Prost and Piquet completed a podium containing eight World Championships.
Modena, meanwhile, remained on the lead lap to take fourth for , with Satoru Nakajima adding two points for fifth. Aguri Suzuki survived the final barrage of retirements to take sixth, a lap ahead of Nicola Larini. Martin Brundle cruised home in eleventh as the last of those to physically cross the line, eight laps down for Brabham, still behind the retired Pierluigi Martini and the new Jordan in Gachot's hands.
===Results===
The complete results from the are outlined below:
Pos. 	No. 	Driver 	Constructor	Laps 	Time/Retired	Grid 	Points
1 	1 	Ayrton Senna 	 	81 	2:00:47.828 	1 	10
2 	27 	Alain Prost 	 	81 	+16.322s 	2 	6
3 	20 	Nelson Piquet 	 	81 	+17.376s 	5 	4
4 	4 	Stefano Modena 	 	81 	+25.409s 	11 	3
5 	3 	Satoru Nakajima 	 	80 	+1 lap 	16 	2
6 	30 	Aguri Suzuki 	 	79 	+2 laps 	21 	1
7 	34 	Nicola Larini 	 	78 	+3 laps 	17 	
8 	17 	Gabriele Tarquini 	 	77 	+4 laps 	22 	
9* 	23 	Pierluigi Martini 	 	75 	Engine 	15 	
10* 	32 	Bertrand Gachot 	 	75 	Engine 	14 	
11 	7 	Martin Brundle 	 	73 	+8 laps 	12 	
12* 	28 	Jean Alesi 	 	72 	Gearbox 	6 	
Ret 	11 	 	 	59 	Engine 	13 	
Ret 	6 	Riccardo Patrese 	 	49 	Gearbox 	3 	
Ret 	19 	Roberto Moreno 	 	49 	Accident 	8 	
Ret 	9 	Michele Alboreto 	 	41 	Engine 	25 	
Ret 	16 	Ivan Capelli 	 	40 	Gearbox 	18 	
Ret 	25 	Thierry Boutsen 	 	40 	Engine 	20 	
Ret 	2 	Gerhard Berger 	 	36 	Fuel Pump 	7 	
Ret 	5 	Nigel Mansell 	 	35 	Gearbox 	4 	
Ret 	15 	Mauricio Gugelmin 	 	34 	Gearbox 	23 	
Ret 	8 	Mark Blundell 	 	32 	Spun Off 	24 	
Ret 	21 	Emanuele Pirro 	 	16 	Clutch 	9 	
Ret 	24 	Gianni Morbidelli 	 	15 	Gearbox 	26 	
Ret 	22 	JJ Lehto 	 	12 	Clutch 	10 	
Ret 	29 	 	 	4 	Engine 	19 	
DNQ 	10 	Alex Caffi 	 	 	 	 	
DNQ 	18 	Stefan Johansson 	 	 	 	 	
DNQ 	26 	 	 	 	 	 	
DNQ 	12 	Julian Bailey 	 	 	 	 	
DNPQ 	33 	Andrea de Cesaris 	 	 	 	 	
DNPQ 	31 	Pedro Chaves 	 	 	 	 	
DNPQ 	14 	Olivier Grouillard	 	 	 	 	
DNPQ 	35 	Eric van de Poele 	 	 	 	 	
Source	Source	Source 	Source 	Source	Source 	Source	Source
** Martini, Gachot and Alesi were still classified despite retiring as they had completed 90% of the race distance.
==Milestones==
*
==Standings==
Ayrton Senna took a commanding lead in the Championship, after rival Alain Prost battled up and down the field to finish second. Nelson Piquet's third place meant he had points on the board early on, as did the two entries of Stefano Modena and Satoru Nakajima. Aguri Suzuki was the only other driver to score points, taking sixth.
McLaren and engine partner Honda led the way in the Constructors Championship, with Ferrari in second. Moreno and Nakajima's combined score put Tyrrell ahead of Benetton, while the entries of Larousse F1 rounded out the table of those who had scored.  
Drivers' World Championship	Drivers' World Championship	Drivers' World Championship	Drivers' World Championship
Pos. 	Driver 	Pts 	+/-
1 	Ayrton Senna 	10 	
2 	Alain Prost 	6 	
3 	Nelson Piquet 	4 	
4 	Stefano Modena 	3 	
5 	Satoru Nakajima 	2 	
6 	Aguri Suzuki 	1 	
Constructors' World Championship	Constructors' World Championship	Constructors' World Championship	Constructors' World Championship
Pos. 	Team 	Pts 	+/-
1 	 	10 	
2 	 	6 	
3 	 	5 	
4 	 	4 	
5 	 	1 	
==References==
Videos and Images:
*Stuart Seeger, 'Start 1991 USA.jpg', wikipedia.org, (WikiMedia Commons, 10/03/1991), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Start_1991_USA.jpg, (Accessed 01/08/2015)
*Stuart Seeger, 'Patrese Chases Alesi', flickr.com, (Flickr, 10/03/1991), https://www.flickr.com/photos/stuseeger/216862645/in/album-72157611842567339/, (Accessed 01/08/2015)
References:
Category:1991 Grands Prix
Category:United States Grand Prix
Category:Grand Prix articles
Category:Formula One races in the United States