Costumes

Clothing and fashion in the Game of Thrones TV series adaptation by HBO adds a major new layer to the narrative: the A Song of Ice and Fire novels could only give relatively brief descriptions of clothing styles, but in the visual medium of television, this element becomes much more prominent. At the beginning of the TV series, lead costume designer Michele Clapton and her team were faced with the massive task of developing all of the unique clothing worn by characters across entire continents. 
The costumes in Game of Thrones are one of the aspects of the TV series which have most consistently been recognized by major professional awards. Clapton was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series for all five seasons of Game of Thrones which she worked on, and she won twice, for Season 2 and Season 4. Specifically, the awards were for Season 2's "The Prince of Winterfell" and Season 4's "The Lion and the Rose".Westeros.orgGame of Thrones wins four Creative Arts EmmysEmmy Awards: Complete list of 2015 winners
These articles are therefore intended to be a convenient collection of any statements that Clapton and other members of the costuming team have made about the decisions that went into designing the costumes seen in the TV series, both how they reflect in the in-story cultural details, and subtle hints they intended about characters which they conveyed through their clothing styles.
This main "Costumes" page gives an overview of the costuming department for the series as a whole, then provides links to the full sub-pages branching off from it which detail each major grouping of costumes which have appeared: the Seven Kingdoms, King's Landing, Beyond the Wall, Essos, and major characters.
==Costume design and production for the TV series==
Clapton did speak with author George R.R. Martin during production of the unscreened pilot, so she apparently consulted with him on the appearances of most of the initial major characters (the Starks, the Lannisters, etc.); but afterwards he did not visit the costume department very often, which gave Clapton's team some freedom to think out designs themselves."Game of Thrones" Costume Designer Michele Clapton on Dressing for Ice and Fire
Clapton was the lead Costume Designer from the beginning of the Game of Thrones TV series through Season 5. After Clapton's departure, April Ferry became the new lead Costume Designer starting in Season 6. 
Besides the main Costume Designer, other major members of the costuming team on the TV series include:
*Michele Carragher (Principal Costume Embroiderer): Carragher worked on the intricate and highly detailed embroidery in the costumes worn by Cersei, Margaery, Sansa, Daenerys, and other major noblewomen.
*Simon Brindle (Costume Armor Supervisor): Brindle's work focused on actually realizing and constructing the metal armor designs - as opposed to the other members of the costume team that focused on fabrics. 
*Kevin Alexander (Hair Designer): Developed the hairstyles of major characters, including managing the 20-30 human hair wigs used in the TV series, which can cost up to $7,000 each.
*Tommy Dunne (Weapons master): Dunne's work overlapped with the props department: he worked on creating characters' swords and other weapons, which were part of their "costume" in the sense that characters carried them and the weapons designs reflect part of their characterization.
Clapton stated that including all members, from major designers, embroiderers, and hairstylists to cleaners, cloth-agers, sorters and fitters, etc., the costume department working on Game of Thrones includes about 100 people. She estimated that any one episode of the TV series needs around 700 individual costumes - particularly for large shots of crowds of extras making up armies or crowds in major cities, though they do not get the level of attention that the speaking roles do.Season 4 Blu-ray commentary.
Of the 100 people working in the costumes department, a team of about 10 people work full time on aging and wearing costumes to make them look realistically used and lived in. The rich and powerful tend to wear new, clean clothes, but commoners do not, i.e. when Arya is traveling through the Riverlands in the guise of a commoner's clothes, they are very worn and mud-stained. As Clapton explained:
:"All costumes are aged — be it a little sweat or full on rags — and it is one of the most important aspects in the costume department. We have a team of approximately ten people including painters and textile artists whose job it is to age the costumes appropriately."‘Game of Thrones’ Costume Designer Michele Clapton on Dressing for Ice and Fire
==Costumes and the narrative==
Costuming furthers the layers of the narrative in several major ways. First, it helps to establish a unique look for each of the Seven Kingdoms and other regions of the world, hopefully making it easier for viewers to distinguish between characters from the North, the Westerlands, or the Reach. Each of these unique fashions are also informed by the nature of each region, giving further visual detail about each of them, i.e. the North is cold but not very rich, so the Stark clothing style consists of heavy furs with little jewelry, while the Westerlands are very rich in precious metals, so the Lannister clothing style consists of more plate metal and jewelry.
Second, the costumes within the TV series are consciously intended to tell a narrative, and subtly reflect political allegiances. As Clapton explained, the ruling noble families are the trend-setters in each of the regions they rule over. There is no "unwritten rule" that all Westerlands characters dress like the Lannisters as a conceit of the TV series, as if the writers imposed a uniform on them. Rather, it is an actual rule at work within the storyverse, that other Westerlands families self-consciously imitate the fashions set by the Lannisters, other noble families from the Reach try to imitate the fashions worn by the Tyrells, and so on. The ruling families from each region are the trendsetters, and their vassals all try to emulate them. To a lesser extent fashions also trickle down to the smallfolk (commoners) in each region, even down to the prostitutes. As Clapton described the "trickle-down principle":
:"The design of the nobles' clothes spirals outward; what they wear inspires the people around them, from the ladies-in-waiting to the household staff, on down to the peasants."Inside HBO's Game of Thrones, page 44, "Costuming Winterfell"
While the major ruling families of the Seven Kingdoms set the fashions that their own followers wear, the royal court at King's Landing is where rivalries are played out between political factions from the different kingdoms. Thus, characters who have great influence at the royal court will become popular trendsetters, resulting in minor lords, courtiers, and even handmaidens imitating their fashions. Conversely, as characters lose influence at the royal court, fewer courtiers will imitate their fashions (it's not that different from school rivalries between social cliques, with the most influential being the ones who ultimately set the fashions). The primary example of this in the TV series is that during Seasons 1 and 2, all of the courtiers in King's Landing imitated Queen Cersei Lannister's clothing styles. As a carefully planned development by Clapton, however, as Season 3 progressed more and more background courtiers started gradually switching to Margaery Tyrell's new fashions, to reflect her rising social and political influence at the expense of Cersei.
==The Seven Kingdoms==
Covers all major regions of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros (all lands south of the Wall), including: the North, the Westerlands, the Reach, the Riverlands, the Stormlands, the Vale of Arryn, the Iron Islands, and Dorne.
Cultural institutions found across the Seven Kingdoms are also addressed in this section, including the clergy of the Faith of the Seven, and members of the Order of Maesters. There are two other major religions in Westeros besides the Faith of the Seven, but the Old Gods have no clergy at all, and the Drowned Men priests of the Drowned God religion dress simply enough - and so limited to one specific region - that they are addressed under the "Iron Islands" section.
==King's Landing==
This section covers the capital city King's Landing (standing in for the Crownlands in general), where political rivalries at the royal court are displayed by competing fashions between different factions. At the beginning of the TV series, the Baratheons have been ruling for 17 years (after displacing the Targaryens), but Queen Cersei's Westerlands/Lannister styles tend to dominate fashions at the royal court (given how dependent the Baratheons have become on the Lannisters). After Margaery Tyrell arrives at court, starting in Season 3 many of the courtiers start shifting to her Reach/Tyrell style, displaying the growing political rivalry between Cersei and Margaery. Certain institutions specific to King's Landing are also covered, such as the City Watch (Gold Cloaks) and the Kingsguard.
==Beyond the Wall==
Covers all of the cultures and peoples who live in the uncharted lands Beyond the Wall, the parts of Westeros north of the Seven Kingdoms. These include: the sworn order of the Night's Watch (who garrison and defend the Wall itself), and all of the diverse clans of wildlings (who call themselves the "Free Folk"). 
Also included in this section are the three known non-human races in the narrative, all of which are only known to survive in the lands beyond the Wall: the Giants (who have joined the wildling army), the Children of the Forest, and the White Walkers.
==Essos==
Covers all major cultures and peoples on the vast eastern continent Essos, located across the Narrow Sea from Westeros. 
These include the nine Free Cities, the Dothraki, Qarth, Asshai, and Slaver's Bay.
==Major characters==
The costumes of most major characters in the Game of Thrones TV series are covered in the main region-by-region sections. A few characters, however, go through such extensive or unique costume changes during the course of the series that they defy simple categorization - and others have such lengthy notes that it is more convenient to treat them separately. 
This article includes sections about the costumes of Daenerys Targaryen, Brienne of Tarth, Cersei Lannister, Margaery Tyrell, and Sansa Stark.
==References==
===Notes===
 
Category:Production