World energy consumption

World energy consumption refers to the total energy used by all of human civilization. Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity's endeavors across every industrial and technological sector, across every country. Being the power source metric of civilization, World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity's social-economic-political sphere.
Institutions such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the European Environment Agency record and publish energy data periodically. Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal systemic trends and patterns, which could help frame current energy issues and encourage movement towards collectively useful solutions.
In 2012, the IEA estimated that the world energy consumption was 155,505 terawatt-hour (TWh), or 5.598 × 1020 joules. 
 From 2000–2012 coal was the source of energy with the largest growth. The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth, followed by hydro power and renewable energy. Renewable energy grew at a rate faster then any other time in history during this period, which can possibly be explained by an increase in international investment in renewable energy. The demand for nuclear energy decreased, possibly due to the accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island.BP: Statistical Review of World Energy, Workbook (xlsx), London, 2013World Energy Assessment (WEA). UNDP, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Energy Council, New York
In 2011, expenditures on energy totaled over 6 trillion USD, or about 10% of the world gross domestic product (GDP). Europe spends close to one quarter of the world energy expenditures, Americans close to 20%, and Japan 6%.Nathalie Desbrosses, World Energy Expenditures, Leonardo Energy, Nov. 28 2011 (accessed 30 January 2015)
== Overview ==
=== Energy supply, consumption and electricity ===
Year 	Primary energysupply 	Final energyconsumption 	Electricitygeneration 	
1973 	71,013 	54,335 	5,094 	
1990 	102,569 	– 	9,392 	
2000 	117,687 	– 	12,116 	
2011 	152,504 	103,716 	18,050 	
2012 	155,505 	104,426 	18,608 	
1 all figures given in terawatt-hours (TWh)2 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh)Source: IEA – Key World Energy Statistics, as per 2014	1 all figures given in terawatt-hours (TWh)2 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh)Source: IEA – Key World Energy Statistics, as per 2014	1 all figures given in terawatt-hours (TWh)2 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh)Source: IEA – Key World Energy Statistics, as per 2014	1 all figures given in terawatt-hours (TWh)2 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh)Source: IEA – Key World Energy Statistics, as per 2014	1 all figures given in terawatt-hours (TWh)2 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh)Source: IEA – Key World Energy Statistics, as per 2014
World energy consumption differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers. Much of the energy that is initially consumed by humans has to be refined, converted to other forms of energy, or transported for it to be made into a form that is usable for consumers. For instance, when oil is dug up from the ground it must be refined into gasoline, so that it can be used in a car, and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers. World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the energy that the world consumes that is used by humanity. In 2012, world energy consumption amounted to 155,505 terawatt-hour (TWh), while the world final energy consumption was 104,426 TWh or about 32% less than the world energy consumption. World electricity generation refers to the fraction of the final world energy consumption that is used as electricity. The world's electricity generation is smaller then the final energy consumed because energy is used for many other things then electricity. For instance, energy must be used in industry to power machines that manufacture goods, and energy must be used in the form of gasoline to power vehicles. In 2012, the world's electricity generation was 18,608 TW*h.
The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. The most recent estimate of the world energy consumption was 5.59 × 1020 joules, or 155,505 TWh, in 2012. According to the IEA the total world energy consumption was 143,851 TWh in 2008, 133,602 TWh in 2005, 117,687 TWh in 2000, and 102,569 TWh in 1990. The world electricity generation was 18,608 TWh in 2012, 16,503 TWh in 2008, 15,105 TWh in 2005, and 12,116 TWh in 2000. In 2012 approximately 22% of world energy was consumed in North America, 5% of world energy was consumed South and Central America, 23% was consumed in Europe and Eurasia, 3% was consumed in Africa, and 40% was consumed in the Asia Pacific region. BP: Statistical Review of World Energy, Workbook (xlsx), London, 2013
In 2012, world energy consumption by power source was oil 31.4%, coal 29.0%, natural gas 21.3%, biofuels and waste 10.0%, nuclear 5.8%, and 'other' (hydro, peat, solar, wind, geothermal power, etc.) 1.1%. Oil, coal, and natural gas were the most popular energy fuels. 
Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. World Energy Assessment (WEA). UNDP, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Energy Council, New York One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.World Energy Assessment (WEA). UNDP, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Energy Council, New York From 2000 - 2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher then any other point in history, with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil. During this period, oil, coal, and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher then the increase in renewable energy. The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period.BP: Statistical Review of World Energy, Workbook (xlsx), London, 2013
 Average power in TWof primary energy by source 31 December 2008
Fuel type 	1980 	2004 	2006
Oil 	4.38 	5.58 	5.74
Gas 	1.80 	3.45 	3.61
Coal 	2.34 	3.87 	4.27
Hydroelectric 	0.60 	0.93 	1.00
Nuclear power 	0.25 	0.91 	0.93
Geothermal, wind,solar energy, wood 	0.02 	0.13 	0.16
Total 	9.48 	15.0 	15.8
Source: EIA – Energy Information Administration	Source: EIA – Energy Information Administration	Source: EIA – Energy Information Administration	Source: EIA – Energy Information Administration
=== Trends ===
The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2% in 2011, after the strong increase of 2010. The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth. For several years now, the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets, while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies, high oil prices, resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption.Global Energy Statistics 2012, Enerdata Publication
According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008, the average energy use per person increased 10% while world population increased 27%. Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008: the Middle East increased by 170%, China by 146%, India by 91%, Africa by 70%, Latin America by 66%, the USA by 20%, the EU-27 block by 7%, and world overall grew by 39%.
In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) or 474 exajoules (EJ). This is corresponds to an average global power demand of 15 terawatts (TW). In 2012, energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh (567 EJ), equivalent to an average power use of 18.0 TW. Based upon some attempted estimates, making strong assumptions, the annual potentials for renewable fuels are of the order of:
* solar energy 1575 - 49387 EJ (437,500 - 13,718,611 TW*h),
* wind power ,
* geothermal energy ,
* biomass ,
* hydropower and
* ocean energy .World Energy Assessment (WEA). UNDP, New YorkJohansson, T. B., McCormick, K., Neij, L., & Turkenburg, W. (2004). The Potentials of Renewable Energy: Thematic Background Paper. Thematic Paper prepared for the International Conference on Renewable Energies, Bonn. Retrieved 6 July 2008, from http://www.iiiee.lu.se/C1256B88002B16EB/$webAll/02DAE4E6199783A9C1256E29004E1250?OpenDocument.
Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5% in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1%, or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), as a result of the financial and economic crisis, which reduced world GDP by 0.6% in 2009.Global Energy Review in 2011, Enerdata Publication
This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends: Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.
Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008, the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm) and hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt).IEA Key energy statistics 2010 and IEA Key energy statistics 2009 oil page 11, gas p.13, hard coal (excluding brown coal) p. 15 and electricity p. 27
Most of the world's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via solar PV/thermal, wind, hydro- or wave power. The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter (see solar constant), though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun. This value, after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth, is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89,000 TW, reaches the Earth's surface.
The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4  yottajoule (YJ) or 4 × 1023 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption. The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks."
According to IEA (2012) the goal of limiting warming to 2 °C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes. If action is not taken before 2017, emissions would be locked-in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017. Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix, supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables.IEA World Energy Outlook 2012 Executive Summary
 Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990–2008 (%)Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures Table 55 Regional energy use, 1990 and 2008 (kWh per capita)IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Population page 48 forward
 	kWh/capita	kWh/capita	kWh/capita	Population (million)	Population (million)	Population (million)	Energy use (1,000 TWh)	Energy use (1,000 TWh)	Energy use (1,000 TWh)
Region 	1990 	2008 	Growth 	1990 	2008 	Growth 	1990 	2008 	Growth
USA 	89,021 	87,216 	−2% 	250 	305 	22% 	22.3 	26.6 	20%
EU-27 	40,240 	40,821 	1% 	473 	499 	5% 	19.0 	20.4 	7%
Middle East 	19,422 	34,774 	79% 	132 	199 	51% 	2.6 	6.9 	170%
China 	8,839 	18,608 	111% 	1,141 	1,333 	17% 	10.1 	24.8 	146%
Latin America	11,281 	14,421 	28% 	355 	462 	30% 	4.0 	6.7 	66%
Africa 	7,094 	7,792 	10% 	634 	984 	55% 	4.5 	7.7 	70%
India 	4,419 	6,280 	42% 	850 	1,140 	34% 	3.8 	7.2 	91%
Others* 	25,217 	23,871 	nd 	1,430 	1,766 	23% 	36.1 	42.2 	17%
The World 	19,422 	21,283 	10% 	5,265 	6,688 	27% 	102.3 	142.3 	39%
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.	Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
* Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
* Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.
=== Emissions ===
Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem. Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol, which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts, which a number of nations have signed. Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius, thought to be a risk by the SEI, is now doubtful.
To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75% decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 billion in 2050.Energiläget 2050 by prof. Cristian Azar and Kristian Lindgren Chalmers Göteborg Across 40 years, this averages to a 2% decrease every year. In 2011, the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).State of the world 2009, Worldwatch institute, 2009
Greenhouse gasses are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption. Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (), nitrous oxides (), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ Biomass combustion is a major contributor,http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/ even though it is typically counted as renewable in energy statistics. In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion, most biomass has high emissions.http://www.pfpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/PFPI-biomass-carbon-accounting-overview_April.pdf
== By fuel ==
=== Fossil fuels ===
The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%. According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004, was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:
====Coal====
 Regional coal supply (TWh), share 2010 (%) and share of change 2000–2010Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures Table 52 Global supply of coal, 1990–2009 (TWh)Energiläget 2011
Region 	2000 	2008 	2009* 	2010* 	%* 	Change2000–2009*
North America 	6,654 	6,740 	6,375 	6,470 	16% 	−1.2%
Asia excl. China 	5,013 	7,485 	7,370 	7,806 	19% 	18.9%
China 	7,318 	16,437 	18,449 	19,928 	48% 	85.5%
EU 	3,700 	3,499 	3,135 	3,137 	8% 	−3.8%
Africa 	1,049 	1,213 	1,288 	1,109 	3% 	0.4%
Russia 	1,387 	1,359 	994 	1,091 	3% 	−2.0%
Others 	1,485 	1,763 	1,727 	1,812 	4% 	2.2%
Total 	26,607 	38,497 	39,340 	41,354 	100% 	100%
Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009	Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009	Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009	Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009	Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009	Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009	Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009
 Top 10 coal exporters (Mt)IEA Key World Energy Statistics
2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p. 11, coal p. 13, gas p. 15
Rank 	Nation 	2010 	2011 	Share% 2011	2012
1 	Indonesia 	162 	309 	29.7% 	383
2 	Australia 	298 	285 	27.4% 	302
3 	Russia 	89 	99 	9.5% 	103
4 	US 	57 	85 	8.2% 	106
5 	Colombia 	68 	76 	7.3% 	82
6 	South Africa	68 	70 	6.7% 	72
7 	Kazakhstan 	33 	34 	3.3% 	32
8 	Canada 	24 	24 	2.3% 	25
9 	Vietnam 	21 	23 	2.2% 	18
10 	Mongolia 	17 	22 	2.1% 	22
x 	Others 	19 	14 	1.3% 	
Total (Mt)	Total (Mt) 	856 	1,041	 	1,168
Top ten 	Top ten 	97.8%	98.7%	 	
In 2000, China accounted for 28% of world coal consumption, other Asia consumed 19%, North America 25% and the EU 14%. The single greatest coal-consuming country is China. Its share of the world coal production was 28% in 2000 and rose to 48% in 2009. In contrast to China's ~70% increase in coal consumption, world coal use increased 48% from 2000 to 2009. In practice, the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia. China's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector, the majority of which comes from coal consumption.Ma, Damien. "China's Coming Decade of Natural Gas". Asia's Uncertain LNG Future, NBR Special Report. November 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32% in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005, of which over 70% was in China and 8% in India. Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt, and 2009 6,903 Mt, equal to 12.7% production increase in two years.Key statistics 2012, 2010 and 2006 IEA
If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008, proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years. This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe. Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. According to IEA Coal Information (2007) world production and use of coal have increased considerably in recent years.Energy in Sweden 2008 (pdf) According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO2 emissions from coal.The True Cost of Coal 27 November 2008 pp. 66–69
Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1% of the world coal export in 2011. China, Japan, South Korea, India and Taiwan had 65% share of all the world coal import in 2011.Key statistics 2012 IEA
====Oil====
Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.Yergin, p. 792 Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world. pp. 48–57 From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel.Yergin, p. ?
It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present.How Much Oil Have We Used?, Science Daily, 8 May 2009. Retrieved March 2014.
====Gas====
 Regional gas supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%)Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures Table 50 Global supply of gas 1990–2009 (TWh)
Land 	2000 	2008 	2009 	2010 	%
North America 	7,621 	7,779 	8,839 	8,925 	27%
Asia excl. China 	2,744 	4,074 	4,348 	4,799 	14%
China 	270 	825 	1,015 	1,141 	3%
EU 	4,574 	5,107 	4,967 	5,155 	16%
Africa 	612 	974 	1,455 	1,099 	3%
Russia 	3,709 	4,259 	4,209 	4,335 	13%
Latin America 	1,008 	1,357 	958 	nd 	nd
Others 	3,774 	5,745 	6,047 	7,785 	23%
Total 	24,312 	30,134 	31,837 	33,240 	100%
Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP	Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP	Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP	Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP	Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP	Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP
In 2009, the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of this growth was outside EU, North America Latin America and Russia. Others include Middle East, Asia and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009.
===Nuclear power===
As of 7 March 2013, the world had 434 operable reactors with 66 others currently under construction.World Nuclear Association, (March 7, 2013) Number of nuclear reactors operable and under construction, www.world-nuclear.orgTrevor Findlay (2010). The Future of Nuclear Energy to 2030 and its Implications for Safety, Security and Nonproliferation: Overview, The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, pp. 10–11. Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.Mycle Schneider, Steve Thomas, Antony Froggatt, and Doug Koplow (August 2009). The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2009 Commissioned by German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety, p. 5.
Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh, and another 1.6% in 2011 to 2518 TWh despite in increases in production from most countries worldwide while Germany and Japan showed significant drops in output. Nuclear power met 11.7% of the world's electricity demand in 2011. Source: IEA/OECD2013 Key World Energy Statistics, pp. 24, 26
=== Renewable energy ===
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.REN21 (2010). Renewables 2010 Global Status Report p. 15.
Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Both, modern renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar and biofuels, as well as traditional biomass, contributed in about equal parts to the global energy supply. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.
==== Hydro ====
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16% of global electricity consumption, and of electricity production in 2010, which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with of production in 2010, representing around 17% of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.
==== Marine energy ====
Marine energy, also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy (MHK) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy, with most projects still in the pilot phase, but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4–18 million tonne of oil equivalent (toe). MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as, wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves, tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas, in-stream turbines in fast-moving rivers, ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents, and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters.
==== Wind ====
Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 238,351 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2011,Lars Kroldrup. Gains in Global Wind Capacity Reported Green Inc., 15 February 2010. and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.Global wind energy markets continue to boom – 2006 another record year (PDF). Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, 14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010. As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis. In 2013 wind generated almost 3% of the worlds total electricity.Historical Data Workbook (2013 calendar year)
==== Solar ====
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, concentrated solar power and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while 2 emissions would be reduced to very low levels."http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/solar2011SUM.pdf Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
==== Geothermal ====
Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries. In 2004, of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for of electricity generation and an additional of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps. Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to .
==== Bio energy ====
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded. World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach , with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil. Biodiesel increased by 85% to , making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.
== By country ==
Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person.
The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4.59%. The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world population) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person.
One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.
=== Oil ===
Saudi Arabia, Russia and the United States accounted for 34% of oil production in 2011. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36% of oil export in 2011.
 Top 10 oil producers (Mt)IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2013,2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13, gas p. 15
Rank 	Nation 	2005 	2008 	2009 	2010 	2011 	Share %2011	2012
1 	Saudi Arabia 	519 	509 	452 	471 	517 	12.9% 	544
2 	Russia 	470 	485 	494 	502 	510 	12.7% 	520
3 	United States	307 	300 	320 	336 	346 	8.6% 	387
4 	Iran 	205 	214 	206 	227 	215 	5.4% 	186
5 	China 	183 	190 	194 	200 	203 	5.1% 	206
6 	Canada 	143 	155 	152 	159 	169 	4.2% 	182
7 	UAE 	nd 	136 	120 	129 	149 	3.7% 	163
8 	Venezuela 	162 	137 	126 	149 	148 	3.7% 	162
9 	Mexico 	188 	159 	146 	144 	144 	3.6% 	nd
10 	Nigeria 	133 	nd 	nd 	130 	139 	3.5% 	nd
x 	Kuwait 	nd 	145 	124 	nd 	nd 	nd 	152
x 	Iraq 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	148
x 	Norway 	139 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd
Total 	Total 	3,923	3,941	3,843	3,973	4,011	100% 	
Top ten	Top ten 	62% 	62% 	61% 	62% 	63% 	 	
 Top 10 oil exporters (Mt)IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
Rank 	Nation 	2011 	Share %2011	2012
1 	Saudi Arabia	333 	17.0% 	
2 	Russia 	246 	12.5% 	
3 	Nigeria 	129 	6.6% 	
4 	Iran 	126 	6.4% 	
5 	UAE 	105 	5.4% 	
6 	Iraq 	94 	4.8% 	
7 	Venezuela 	87 	4.4% 	
8 	Angola 	84 	4.3% 	
9 	Norway 	78 	4.0% 	
10 	Mexico 	71 	3.6% 	
x 	Others 	609 	31.0% 	
Total (Mt)	Total (Mt) 	1,962	 	
===Coal===
 Top 10 coal producers (Mt)IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2013,2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13, gas p. 15
Rank 	Nation 	2005 	2008 	2009 	2010 	2011 	Share %2011 	2012
1 	China 	2,226 	2,761 	2,971 	3,162 	3,576 	46% 	3,549
2 	US 	1,028 	1,076 	985 	997 	1,004 	13% 	935
3 	India 	430 	521 	561 	571 	586 	8% 	595
4 	Australia 	372 	397 	399 	420 	414 	5% 	421
5 	Indonesia 	318 	284 	301 	336 	376 	5% 	443
6 	Russia 	222 	323 	297 	324 	334 	4% 	354
7 	South Africa 	315 	236 	247 	255 	253 	3% 	259
8 	Germany 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	189 	2% 	197
9 	Poland 	160 	144 	135 	134 	139 	2% 	144
10 	Kazakhstan 	79 	108 	101 	111 	117 	2% 	126
11 	Colombia 	65 	79 	73 	74 	1% 	nd 	nd
Total 	Total 	5,878 	6,796 	6,903 	7,229 	7,783 	100% 	7,831
Top ten 	Top ten 	89% 	87% 	88% 	88% 	nd 	90% 	
*include hard coal and brown coal	*include hard coal and brown coal	*include hard coal and brown coal	*include hard coal and brown coal	*include hard coal and brown coal	*include hard coal and brown coal	*include hard coal and brown coal	*include hard coal and brown coal	*include hard coal and brown coal
 Top 10 coal importers (Mt)IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13, gas p. 15
Rank 	Nation 	2005 	2008 	2009 	2010 	2011 	
1 	China 	25 	nd 	114 	157 	177 	
2 	Japan 	178 	186 	165 	187 	175 	
3 	South Korea 	77 	100 	103 	119 	129 	
4 	India 	37 	58 	66 	88 	101 	
5 	Taiwan 	61 	66 	60 	63 	66 	
6 	Germany 	38 	46 	38 	45 	41 	
7 	UK 	44 	43 	38 	26 	32 	
8 	Turkey 	nd 	19 	20 	27 	24 	
9 	Italy 	24 	25 	19 	22 	23 	
10 	Malaysia 	nd 	nd 	nd 	19 	21 	
x 	Spain 	25 	19 	16 	nd 	nd 	
x 	France 	nd 	21 	nd 	nd 	nd 	
x 	US 	28 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	
Total 	Total 	778 	778 	819 	949 	1,002 	
Top ten 	Top ten 	69% 	75% 	78% 	79% 	79% 	
Import of production	Import of production	16% 	13% 	14% 	15% 	13% 	
*2005–2010 hard coal	*2005–2010 hard coal	*2005–2010 hard coal	*2005–2010 hard coal	*2005–2010 hard coal	*2005–2010 hard coal	*2005–2010 hard coal	*2005–2010 hard coal
===Natural gas===
 Top 10 natural gas producers (bcm)IEA Key World Energy Statistics >20122011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13, gas p. 15
Rank 	Nation 	2005 	2008 	2009 	2010 	2011 	Share %2011
1 	Russia 	627 	657 	589 	637 	677 	20.0%
2 	US 	517 	583 	594 	613 	651 	19.2%
3 	Canada 	187 	175 	159 	160 	160 	4.7%
4 	Qatar 	nd 	79 	89 	121 	151 	4.5%
5 	Iran 	84 	121 	144 	145 	149 	4.4%
6 	Norway 	90 	103 	106 	107 	106 	3.1%
7 	China 	nd 	76 	90 	97 	103 	3.0%
8 	Saudi Arabia 	70 	nd 	nd 	82 	92 	2.7%
9 	Indonesia 	77 	77 	76 	88 	92 	2.7%
10 	Netherlands 	79 	85 	79 	89 	81 	2.4%
x 	Algeria 	93 	82 	81 	nd 	nd 	nd
x 	UK 	93 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd
Total 	Total 	2,872 	3,149 	3,101 	3,282 	100% 	3,388
Top ten 	Top ten 	67% 	65% 	65% 	65% 	67% 	
bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters
 Top 10 natural gas importers (bcm)IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13, gas p. 15
Rank 	Nation 	2005 	2008 	2009 	2010 	2011 	Share %2011
1 	Japan 	81 	95 	93 	99 	116 	13.9%
2 	Italy 	73 	77 	69 	75 	70 	8.4%
3 	Germany 	91 	79 	83 	83 	68 	8.2%
4 	US 	121 	84 	76 	74 	55 	6.6%
5 	South Korea 	29 	36 	33 	43 	47 	5.6%
6 	Ukraine 	62 	53 	38 	37 	44 	5.3%
7 	Turkey 	27 	36 	35 	37 	43 	5.2%
8 	France 	47 	44 	45 	46 	41 	4.9%
9 	UK 	nd 	26 	29 	37 	37 	4.4%
10 	Spain 	33 	39 	34 	36 	34 	4.1%
x 	Netherlands 	23 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd 	nd
Total 	Total 	838 	783 	749 	820 	834 	100%
Top ten 	Top ten 	70% 	73% 	71% 	69% 	67% 	
Import of production 	Import of production 	29% 	25% 	24% 	25% 	25% 	
bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters	bcm = billion cubic meters
===Wind power===
 Top 10 countriesby nameplate windpower capacity(2011 year-end)
Country 	Windpower capacity(MW) ǂprovisional	% world total
China 	62,733ǂ 	26.3
United States 	46,919 	19.7
Germany 	29,060 	12.2
Spain 	21,674 	9.1
India 	16,084 	6.7
France 	6,800ǂ 	2.8
Italy 	6,747 	2.8
United Kingdom 	6,540 	2.7
Canada 	5,265 	2.2
Portugal 	4,083 	1.7
(rest of world)	32,446 	13.8
World total 	238,351 MW 	100%
 Top 10 countriesby windpower electricity production(2010 totals)
Country 	Windpower production(TWh)	% world total
United States 	95.2 	27.6
China 	55.5 	15.9
Spain 	43.7 	12.7
Germany 	36.5 	10.6
India 	20.6 	6.0
United Kingdom 	10.2 	3.0
France 	9.7 	2.8
Portugal 	9.1 	2.6
Italy 	8.4 	2.5
Canada 	8.0 	2.3
(rest of world)	48.5 	14.1
World total 	344.8 TWh 	100%
==By sector==
 World energy use per sectorEnergy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures Table 56 Total world energy use per sector 1990–2008 (TWh)
Year 	2000 	2008 	2000 	2008
Sector 	TWh 	TWh 	%* 	%*
Industry 	21,733 	27,273 	26.5 	27.8
Transport 	22,563 	26,742 	27.5 	27.3
Residential and service 	30,555 	35,319 	37.3 	36.0
Non-energy use 	7,119 	8,688 	8.7 	8.9
Total* 	81,970 	98,022 	100 	100
Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectorsNumbers are the end use of energyTotal world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh	Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectorsNumbers are the end use of energyTotal world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh	Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectorsNumbers are the end use of energyTotal world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh	Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectorsNumbers are the end use of energyTotal world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh	Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectorsNumbers are the end use of energyTotal world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh
Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total.
The other 27% of the world's energy is lost in energy transmission and generation. In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%. Article by group of ten leading electricity companies The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.
Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000.
===European Union===
The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures final energy consumption (does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.5% of final energy consumption, industry 27.6%, households 25.9%, services 11.4% and agriculture 3.7%.European Environmental Agency. Final energy consumption by sector in the EU-27, 1990–2006. Retrieved 11 October 2011. The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (79%), with the energy sector representing 31%, transport 19%, industry 13%, households 9% and others 7%.Eva Hoos European Commission 2011. A new Directive on Energy Efficiency. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues, more than 70% of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32–40%.European Commission 2011. Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC. p. 106. Retrieved 11 October 2011. Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40–45% at newer plants. However, according to an impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technological (BAT) efficiency levels of 46–49%. With gas-fired power plants the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58–59% with best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36% efficiency (BAT delivers 47%). According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission, raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants, through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions, to an average generation efficiency of 51.5% in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of of natural gas and of coal.
==See also==
* Comparisons of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions
* Cubic mile of oil
* Domestic Energy Consumption
* Earth's energy budget
* Electricity generation
* Electric energy consumption
* Energy development
* Energy intensity
* Energy policy
* Environmental impact of aviation
* Energy security and renewable technology
* Environmental tariff
* Feed-in Tariff
* Kardashev scale
* Peak oil
* Renewable energy commercialization
* Sustainable energy
* The End of Energy Obesity (book)
* A Thousand Barrels a Second: The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World (book)
;Regional
* Asian brown cloud
* Energy by country
* Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
* Energy use in the United States
* Making Sweden an Oil-Free Society
;Lists
* List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
* List of countries by electricity consumption
* List of countries by electricity production
* List of countries by energy consumption and production
* List of countries by energy consumption per capita
* List of countries by energy intensity
* List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
* List of countries by renewable electricity production
==References==
==External links==
* World Energy Outlook
* Official Energy Statistics from the US government
* Energy Statistics and News from the European Union
* Annual Energy Review, by the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (PDF)
* Assessment of Electricity Consumption in Western Europe for the first half of 2014
Category:Air Pollution