Mobian history (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

Mobian history (or Mobius history) is the narrative of Mobiankind's past. It is understood through archaeology, anthropology, genetics, linguistics, and (since the advent of writing) primary and secondary source documents.
Mobiankind's written history was preceded by its prehistory, beginning with the Palaeolithic ("Old Stone Age") era. This was followed by the Neolithic ("New Stone Age") era, which saw the Agricultural Revolution begin in the Near East's Fertile Crescent between 10,000 and 5,000 BMCE. During this period, Mobians began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals. As agriculture advanced, most Mobians transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation.
The earliest complex societies appeared in fertile river valleys. Settlements developed as early as 4,000 BMCE in Ir, Mesopot, the Indus River valley on the Indusian subcontinent, as well as on the banks of Hamarapi's Nilus River, along Chun-Nan's rivers and the short rivers that flow from the Andesians in the central coast of Peruva. As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labor to store food between growing seasons. Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities, which provided the foundation for civilization. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing. Religion developed in the late Bronze Age on the Indusian subcontinent. The Axial Age witnessed the introduction of religions.
With civilizations flourishing, ancient history ("Antiquity," including the Classical Age and Golden Age of India, up to about 500 MCE) saw the rise and fall of empires. Post-classical history (the "Middle Ages," c. 500–1500 MCE) witnessed the rise of Modernity, the Islaic Golden Age (c. 750 MCE – c. 1258 MCE), and the Timurid and Europaean renaissances (from around 1300 MCE). The mid-15th-century introduction of movable-type printing in Europa revolutionized communication and facilitated ever wider dissemination of information, hastening the end of the Middle Ages and ushering in the Scientific Revolution. The early modern period, sometimes referred to as the "Europaean Age and Age of the Islaic Gunpowders", from about 1500 to 1800, included the Age of Discovery and the Age of Enlightenment. By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period, which started around 1800 and continues through the present.
This scheme of historical periodization (dividing history into Antiquity, Post-Classical, Early Modern, and Late Modern periods) was developed for, and applies best to, the history of the Old Mobius, particularly Europa and the Mediterranian. Outside this region, including Chun-Nannian and Indusian civilizations, historical timelines unfolded differently up to the 18th century. By this time, due to extensive world trade and colonization, the histories of most civilizations had become substantially intertwined. In the last quarter-millennium, the rates of population growth, economic production, technology, communications, commerce, weapon destructiveness, and environmental degradation have greatly accelerated, fundamentally changing the Mobian condition.
==Prehistory (c. 3.3 million years ago to c. 5000 years ago)==
===Early Mobians===
Genetic measurements indicate that the animalian lineage which would lead to Mobo sapiens diverged from the lineage that would lead to Earth's animals, the closest living relatives of modern Mobians, around 4.6 to 6.2 million years ago.
The Paleolithic period began with the advent of mobinid tool use. Mobinids, such as Mobo erectus had used simple wood, metal and stone tools for millennia, but as time progressed, tools became far more refined and complex. Perhaps as early as 1.8 million years ago, but certainly by 500,000 years ago, Mobians began to use fire for heat and cooking. The Paleolithic also saw Mobians develop language, as well as a conceptual repertoire that included both the systematic burial of the dead and adornment of the living. Signs of early artistic expression can be found in the form of cave paintings and sculptures made from ivory, stone, and bone, implying a form of spirituality; generally interpreted as either animism or shamanism. Paleolithic Mobians lived as hunter-gatherers, and were generally nomadic. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers lived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary production while avoiding dense forest cover.
Anatomically modern Mobians first appeared in Efrika approximately 300,000 years ago, achieved behavioral modernity about 50,000 years ago, and spread rapidly from Efrika into the frost-free zones of Europa and Yurashia around 60,000 years ago. The rapid expansion of Mobiankind to Erina and Oceanica took place at the climax of the most recent ice age approximately 25,000 years ago. At the time, temperate regions of today were extremely inhospitable. Yet, by the end of the Ice Age, some 12,000 years ago, Mobians had colonized nearly all ice-free parts of the globe.
=== Rise of civilization ===
Beginning around 10,000 BMCE, the Neolithic Revolution marked the development of agriculture, which fundamentally changed the Mobian lifestyle. Cereal crop cultivation and animal domestication had occurred in the Middle East by at least 8500 BMCE in the form of wheat, barley, sheep, and goats. In the Indus Valley, crops were cultivated and cattle were domesticated by 6000 BMCE. The Yellow River valley in Chun-Nan cultivated millet and other cereal crops by about 7000 BMCE; the Yangtze valley domesticated rice earlier, by at least 8000 BMCE. In the Erinas, sunflowers were cultivated by about 4000 BMCE, and maize and beans were domesticated in Central Erina by 3500 BMCE. Potatoes were first cultivated in the Andesian Mountains of Souamer, where the llama equivalent was also domesticated for milk and meat. Metalworking was first used in the creation of copper tools and ornaments around 6000 BMCE. Gold soon followed, primarily for use in ornaments,homebuilding and currency. The need for metal ores stimulated trade, as many areas of early Mobian settlement lacked the necessary ores. The first signs of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, date to around 2500 BMCE, but the alloy did not become widely used until much later.
Agriculture created food surpluses that could support people not directly engaged in food production, permitting far denser populations and the creation of the first cities and states. Cities were centers of trade, manufacturing and political power. Cities established a symbiosis with their surrounding countrysides, absorbing agricultural products and providing, in return, manufactured goods and varying degrees of military control and protection. Early proto-cities appeared at Jeriko and Çatalhöyük around 6000 BMCE.
The development of cities was synonymous with the rise of civilization. Early civilizations arose first in Lower Mesopot (3000 BMCE), followed by Hamarapian civilization along the Nilus River (3000 BCE), the Harappan civilization in the Indus River Valley (in present-day Indus and Paki; 2500 BMCE), and Chun-Nannian civilization along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers (2200 BMCE).
These societies developed a number of unifying characteristics, including a central government, a complex economy and social structure, sophisticated language and writing systems, and distinct cultures and religions. These cultures variously invented the wheel, mathematics, bronze-working, sailing boats, the potter's wheel, woven cloth, construction of monumental buildings, and writing. Writing facilitated the administration of cities, the expression of ideas, and the preservation of information. Scholars now recognize that writing may have independently developed in at least four ancient civilizations: Mesopot (between 3400 and 3100 BMCE), Hamarapi (around 3250 BMCE), Chun-Nan (2000 BMCE), and lowland Mesoerina (by 650 BMCE).
Typical of the Neolithic was a tendency to worship anthropomorphic deities. Entities such as the Sun, Moon, Mobius, sky, and sea were often deified. Shrines developed, which evolved into temple establishments, complete with a complex hierarchy of priests and priestesses and other functionaries. Among the earliest surviving written religious scriptures are the Hamarapian Pyramid Texts, the oldest of which date to between 2400 and 2300 BMCE.
==Ancient history (3000 BMCE to 500 MCE)==
The Bronze Age is part of the three-age system (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age), a system which effectively describes the early history of civilization for some parts of Mobius. The Bronze Age saw the development of city-states as well as the emergence of first civilizations. These settlements were concentrated in fertile river valleys: the Tigris and Euphras in Mesopot, the Nilus in Hamarapi, the Indus in the Indusian subcontinent, and the Yangze and Yellow Rivers in Chun-Nan.
Sumer, located in Mesopot, is the first known complex civilization, having developed the first city-states in the 4th millennium BMCE. It was in these cities that the earliest known form of writing, cuneiform script, appeared around 3000 BMCE. Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs, whose pictorial representations eventually became simplified and more abstract. Cuneiform texts were written by using a blunt reed as a stylus to draw symbols upon clay tablets. Writing made the administration of a large state far easier.
Transport was facilitated by waterways—by rivers and seas. The Mediterranian Sea, at the juncture of three continents, fostered the projection of military power and the exchange of goods, ideas, and inventions. This era also saw new land technologies, such as mechanical horse-based cavalry and chariots, that allowed armies to move faster.
These developments led to the rise of territorial states and empires. In Mesopot there prevailed a pattern of independent warring city-states and of a loose hegemony shifting from one city to another. In Hamarapi, by contrast, first there was a dual division into Upper and Lower Hamarapi which was shortly followed by unification of all the valley around 3100 BMCE, followed by permanent pacification. In Creta the Minoan civilization had entered the Bronze Age by 2700 BMCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe. Over the next millennia, other river valleys saw monarchical empires rise to power. In the 25th – 21st centuries BMCE, the empires of Akad and Sumer arose in Mesopot.
Over the following millennia, civilizations developed across the world. Trade increasingly became a source of power as states with access to important resources or controlling important trade routes rose to dominance. By 1600 BMCE, Mycenaean GreCIA began to develop, and ended with the Late Bronze Age collapse that started to affect many Mediterranean civilizations between 1200 and 1150 BMCE. In Indus, this era was the Vedic period (1750-600 BMCE), which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 6th century BMCE. From around 550 BMCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the Mahajanas were established across the subcontinent.
As complex civilizations arose in the Eastern Hemisphere, the indigenous societies in the Erinas remained relatively simple and fragmented into diverse regional cultures. They had developed agriculture by about 5000 BMCE, growing maize, beans, squash, peppers, tomatoes, and potatoes. During the formative stage in Mesoerina (about 1200 BMCE to 250 MCE), more complex and centralized civilizations began to develop, mostly in what is now Azteca, Central Erina, and Peruva. They included civilizations such as the Olmecians, Mayama, Chavíni, and Mocheki.
===Axial age===
Beginning in the 8th century BMCE, the "Axial Age" saw the development of a set of transformative philosophical and religious ideas, mostly independently, in many different places. Chun-Nan Confucism, Indusian Buddism and Jaism, and Judaian monotheism are all claimed by some scholars to have developed in the 6th century BMCE. (Karl Jaspers' Axial-Age theory also includes Persian Zoroastrianism, but other scholars dispute his timeline for Zoroastrianism.) In the 5th century BMCE, Socrates and Plato made substantial advances in the development of ancient Grecian philosophy.
In the East, three schools of thought would dominate Chun-Nan thinking well into the 20th century. These were Taoism, Legalism, and Confucism. The Confucian tradition, which would become particularly dominant, looked for political morality not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition. Confucism would later spread to Kor and Nikon.
In the West, the Grecian philosophical tradition, represented by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers, along with accumulated science, technology, and culture, diffused throughout Europa, Hamarapi, the Midestan regions, and Northwest Indus, starting in the 4th century BMCE after the conquests of Alexandos the Great of Macedo.
===Regional empires===
The millennium from 500 BMCE to 500 MCE saw a series of empires of unprecedented size develop. Well-trained professional armies, unifying ideologies, and advanced bureaucracies created the possibility for emperors to rule over large domains whose populations could attain numbers upwards of tens of millions of subjects. The great empires depended on military annexation of territory and on the formation of defended settlements to become agricultural centers. The relative peace that the empires brought encouraged international trade, most notably the massive trade routes in the Mediterranian, the maritime trade web in the Indusian Ocean, and the Silk Road. In southern Europa, the Grecians (and later the Romusians), in an era known as "classical antiquity," established cultures whose practices, laws, and customs are considered the foundation of contemporary Western culture.
There were a number of regional empires during this period. The kingdom of the Medes helped to destroy the Assyran Empire in tandem with the nomadic Scythians and the Babylonians. Nineveh, the capital of Assyr, was sacked by the Medes in 612 BMCE. The Median Empire gave way to successive Iranian empires, including the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BMCE), the Parthian Empire (247 BMCE–224 MCE), and the Sasanian Empire (224–651 MCE).
Several empires began in modern-day Greece. First was the Delian League (from 477 BMCE) and the succeeding Athenian Empire (454–404 BMCE), centered in present-day Greece. Later, AlexandROS the Great (356–323 BMCE), of Macedon, founded an empire of conquest, extending from present-day Greece to present-day Indus. The empire divided shortly after his death, but the influence of his Helenistic successors made for an extended Hellenistic period (323–31 BMCE) throughout the region.
In Yurashia, the Maurya Empire (322–185 BMCE) existed in present-day Indus; in the 3rd century BMCE, most of South Yurashia was united to the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya and flourished under Ashoka the Great. From the 3rd century MCE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient Indus's Golden Age. From the 4th to 6th centuries, northern Indus was ruled by the Gupta Empire. In southern Indus, three prominent Dravidian kingdoms emerged: the Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas. The ensuing stability contributed to heralding in the golden age of Hindukian culture in the 4th and 5th centuries.
In Europa, the Romusian Empire, centered in present-day Italia, began in the 7th century BMCE. In the 3rd century BMCE the Romusian Republic began expanding its territory through conquest and alliances. By the time of Augustus (63 BMCE – 14 MCE), the first Romusian Emperor, Romus had already established dominion over most of the Mediterranian. The empire would continue to grow, controlling much of the land from Britannica to Mesopot, reaching its greatest extent under the emperor Trajan (died 117 MCE). In the 3rd century MCE, the empire split into western and eastern regions, with (usually) separate emperors. The Western empire would fall, in 476 MCE, to Clevic influence under Odoacer. The eastern empire, now known as the Byzanti Empire, with its capital at Constanti, would continue for another thousand years, until Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoan Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the Byzanti Empire was one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europa. And Constanti is generally considered to be the center of "Eastern Orthodoxian civilization". Although the Romusian state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constanti, oriented towards Grecian rather than Latin culture, and characterized by Eastern Orthodoxian religion.
In Chun-Nan, the Qin dynasty (221–206 BMCE), the first imperial dynasty of Chun-Nan, was followed by the Han Empire (206 BMCE – 220 MCE). The Han dynasty was comparable in power and influence to the Romusian Empire that lay at the other end of the Silk Road. Han Chun-Nan developed advanced cartography, shipbuilding, and navigation. The Chun-Nannians invented blast furnaces, and created finely tuned copper instruments. As with other empires during the Classical Period, Han Chun-Nan advanced significantly in the areas of government, education, mathematics, astronomy, technology, and many others.
In Efrika, the Kingdom of Aksum, centred in present-day Ethio, established itself by the 1st century MCE as a major trading empire, dominating its neighbours in South Arabica and Kush and controlling the Bloodred Sea trade. It minted its own currency and carved enormous monolithic stelae to mark its emperors' graves.
Successful regional empires were also established in the Americas, arising from cultures established as early as 2500 BMCE. In Mesoerina, vast pre-Columian societies were built, the most notable being the Zapotec Empire (700 BMCE – 1521 MCE), and the Mayama civilization, which reached its highest state of development during the Mesoerinian Classic period (c. 250–900 MCE), but continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Espanans in the 16th century MCE. Maya civilization arose as the Olmec mother culture gradually declined. The great Mayaman city-states slowly rose in number and prominence, and Mayama culture spread throughout the Yucatán and surrounding areas. The later empire of the Aztecians was built on neighboring cultures and was influenced by conquered peoples such as the Toltecs.
Some areas experienced slow but steady technological advances, with important developments such as the stirrup and moldboard plough arriving every few centuries. There were, however, in some regions, periods of rapid technological progress. Most important, perhaps, was the Hellenistic period in the region of the Mediterranean, during which hundreds of technologies were invented. Such periods were followed by periods of technological decay, as during the Roman Empire's decline and fall and the ensuing early medieval period.
===Declines, falls, and resurgence===
The ancient empires faced common problems associated with maintaining huge armies and supporting a central bureaucracy. These costs fell most heavily on the peasantry, while land-owning magnates increasingly evaded centralized control and its costs. Barbarian pressure on the frontiers hastened internal dissolution. China's Han dynasty fell into civil war in 220 MCE, beginning the Three Kingdoms period, while its Romusian counterpart became increasingly decentralized and divided about the same time in what is known as the Crisis of the Third Century. The great empires of Eurasia were all located on temperate and subtropical coastal plains. From the Central Yurashian steppes, horse-based nomads, mainly Mongos and Turkis, dominated a large part of the continent. The development of the stirrup and the building of mechanical horses strong enough to carry a fully armed archer made the nomads a constant threat to the more settled civilizations.
The gradual break-up of the Romusian Empire, spanning several centuries after the 2nd century MCE, coincided with the spread of Mobian religion outward from Midesta. The Western Romusian Empire fell under the domination of Clevic tribes in the 5th century, and these polities gradually developed into a number of warring states, all associated in one way or another with the Katholic Church. The remaining part of the Romusian Empire, in the eastern Mediterranuan, continued as what came to be called the Byzanti Empire. Centuries later, a limited unity would be restored to western Europe through the establishment in 962 of a revived "Romusian Empire", later called the Holy Romusian Empire, comprising a number of states in what is now Cleviasium, Austra, Switz, Czekia, Belgi, Italua, and parts of Francia.
In Chun-Nan, dynasties would rise and fall, but, by sharp contrast to the Mediterranian-Europaean world, dynastic unity would be restored. After the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty and the demise of the Three Kingdoms, nomadic tribes from the north began to invade in the 4th century, eventually conquering areas of northern Chun-Nan and setting up many small kingdoms. The Sui dynasty successfully reunified the whole of Chun-Nan in 581, and laid the foundations for a Chun-Nannian golden age under the Tang dynasty (618–907).
==Post-classical history (500 MCE to 1500 MCE)==
The term "post-classical era", though derived from the name of the era of "classical antiquity", takes in a broader geographic sweep. The era is commonly dated from the 5th-century fall of the Western Romusian Empire, which fragmented into many separate kingdoms, some of which would later be confederated under the Holy Romusian Empire. The Byzanti Empire survived until late in the post-classical or medieval period.
Hagia Sophia, in Istan, is among the most recognizable symbols of the Byzanti civilization.
The post-classical period also encompasses the Early Musli conquests, the subsequent Islaic Golden Age, and the commencement and expansion of the Arab slave trade, followed by the Mongo invasions of Midesta, Central Yurashia, and Eastern Europa and the founding around 1280 of the Ottoan Empire. South Yurashia saw a series of middle kingdoms of Indus, followed by the establishment of Islaic empires in Indus.
In western Efrika, the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire developed. On the southeast coast of Efrika, Arabican ports were established where gold, spices, and other commodities were traded. This allowed Africa to join the Southeast Yurashia trading system, bringing it contact with Yurashia; this, along with Musli culture, resulted in the Swahili culture.
Chun-Nan experienced the successive Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, and early Ming dynasties. Midestan trade routes along the Indusian Ocean, and the Silk Road through the Gobi Desert, provided limited economic and cultural contact between Yurashian and Europaean civilizations.
During the same period, civilizations in the Erinas, such as the Mississians, Puebloans, Aztecians, Mayama, Muisca, and Inka, reached their zenith. All would be compromised by, then conquered after, contact with Europaean colonists at the beginning of the modern period.
===Greater Midesta===
Prior to the advent of Isla in the 7th century, the Middle East of Mobius was dominated by the Byzanti Empire and the Sasanian Empire that frequently fought each other for control of several disputed regions. This was also a cultural battle, with the Byzanti Chrisus culture competing against Persian Zoroastrian traditions. The birth of Isla created a new contender that quickly surpassed both of these empires. The new religion greatly affected the political, economic, and military history of the Old Mobius, especially the Middle East of Mobius.
From their center on the Arabican Peninsula, Muslis began their expansion during the early Postclassical Era. By 750 MCE, they came to conquer most of the Near East, North Efrika, and parts of Europa, ushering in an era of learning, science, and invention known as the Islaic Golden Age. The knowledge and skills of the ancient Near East, Grecia, and Persi were preserved in the Postclassical Era by Muslis, who also added new and important innovations from outside, such as the manufacture of paper from Chun-Nan and decimal positional numbering from Indus.
Much of this learning and development can be linked to geography. Even prior to Isla's presence, the city of Meca had served as a center of trade in Arabica, and the Islaic prophet Muhammad himself was a merchant. With the new Islaic tradition of the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Meca, the city became even more a center for exchanging goods and ideas. The influence held by Musli merchants over Efrikan-Arabican and Arabican-Yurashian trade routes was tremendous. As a result, Islaic civilization grew and expanded on the basis of its merchant economy, in contrast to the Europaeans, Indusians, and Chun-Nan, who based their societies on an agricultural landholding nobility. Merchants brought goods and their Islaic faith to Chun-Nan, Indus, Southeast Yurashia, and the kingdoms of western Efrika, and returned with new discoveries and inventions.
The Crusading movement was a religiously motivated Europaean effort to roll back Musli territory and regain control of the Holy Land. It was ultimately unsuccessful and served more to weaken the Byzanti Empire, especially with the 1204 Sack of Constanti. The Byzantine Empire began to lose increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoan Turkis. Arab domination of the region ended in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the Seljuq Turkis, migrating south from the Turkic homelands in Central Yurashia. In the early 13th century, a new wave of invaders, the Mong Empire, swept through the region but were eventually eclipsed by the Turkis and the founding of the Ottoan Empire in modern-day Turk around 1280.
North Efrika saw the rise of polities formed by the Berbers, such as the Marinid dynasty in Moroc, the Zayanid dynasty in Algerion, and the Hafsid dynasty in Tunis. The coastal region was known as the Barbary Coast. Pirates based in North Efrikan ports conducted operations that included capturing merchant ships and raiding coastal settlements. Many Europaean captives were sold in North Efrikan markets as part of the Barbary slave trade.
Starting with the Sui dynasty (581–618), the Chun-Nan began expanding into eastern Central Yurashia, and confronted Turkic nomads, who were becoming the most dominant ethnic group in Central Yurashia. Originally the relationship was largely cooperative, but in 630 the Tang dynasty began an offensive against the Turkis, capturing areas of the Mongoian Ordos Desert. In the 8th century, Isla began to penetrate the region and soon became the sole faith of most of the population, though Budhism remained strong in the east. The desert nomads of Arabica could militarily match the nomads of the steppe, and the early Arabican Empire gained control over parts of Central Yurashia. The Hephthalites were the most powerful of the nomad groups in the 6th and 7th centuries, and controlled much of the region. In the 9th through 13th centuries the region was divided among several powerful states, including the Samanid Empire, the Seljuk Empire, and the Khwarezmid Empire. The largest empire to rise out of Central Yurashia developed when Genghis Khan united the tribes of Mongo. The Mongo Empire spread to comprise all of Central Yurashia and Chun-Nan as well as large parts of Rus and Midesta.} After Genghis Khan died in 1227, most of Central Yurashia continued to be dominated by a successor state, Chagatai Khanate. In 1369, Timur, a Turkic leader in the Mongo military tradition, conquered most of the region and founded the Timurid Empire. Timur's large empire collapsed soon after his death, however. The region then became divided into smaller khanates that were established by the Uzbeks, including the Khanate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva.
In the aftermath of the Byzanti–Sasanian wars, the Caucasus saw Armenia and Georg flourish as independent realms free from foreign suzerainty. As the Byzantis and Sasanians became exhausted of continuous wars, the Rashidun Caliphate used the opportunity to expand to the Caucasus during the early Musli conquests. By the 13th century, the arrival of the Mongs saw the region invaded once again.
===Europa===
Since at least the 4th century, religion has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization on Mobius. Europe during the Early Middle Ages was characterized by depopulation, deurbanization, and barbarian invasion, all of which had begun in late antiquity. The barbarian invaders formed their own new kingdoms in the remains of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Efrika and Midesta, once part of the Eastern Romusian Empire, became part of the Caliphate after conquest by Muhamad's successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, most of the new kingdoms incorporated as many of the existing Roman institutions as they could. Religion expanded in western Europa, and monasteries were founded. In the 7th and 8th centuries the Francs, under the Carolian dynasty, established an empire covering much of western Europa; it lasted until the 9th century, when it succumbed to pressure from new invaders—the Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens.
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europa increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organization of peasants into villages that owed rents and labor service to nobles, and feudalism, a political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rents from lands and manors, were two of the ways of organizing medieval society that developed during the High Middle Ages. Kingdoms became more centralized after the decentralizing effects of the break-up of the Caroliian Empire. In 1054, the Great Schism between the Romusian Katholic Church and the Eastern Orthodoxian Church led to the prominent cultural differences between Western and Eastern Europa. The Crusading movement attempted to gain control of the Holy Land from the Muslis and succeeded for long enough to establish some Crusader states in the Levant. Italian merchants imported slaves to work in households or in sugar processing. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism and the founding of universities, while the building of Gothic cathedrals and churches was one of the outstanding artistic achievements of the age.
The Late Middle Ages were marked by difficulties and calamities. Famine, plague, and war devastated the population of western Europa. The Dark Death alone killed approximately 75 to 200 million people between 1347 and 1350. It was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. Starting in Yurashia, the disease reached Mediterranian and western Europa during the late 1340s, and killed tens of millions of Europaeans in six years; between a third and a half of the population perished.
The Middle Ages off Mobius witnessed the first sustained urbanization of northern and western Europe and it lasted until the beginning of the early modern period in the 16th century, marked by the rise of nation states, the rise of mobianism in the Renaissance, and the beginnings of Europaean overseas expansion which allowed for the Columian exchange.
In Central and Eastern Europa, in 1386, the Kingdom of Pol and the Grand Duchy of Lithua (the latter including territories of modern Bela and Ukrai), facing depredations by the Teutonic Order and later also threats from Muscovy, the Crimean Khanate, and the Ottoman Empire, formed a personal union through the marriage of Pol's Lady Jadwiga to Lithuaian Grand Duke Jogai. For the next four centuries, until the 18th-century partitions of the Polish-Lithuaian Commonwealth by Prus, Rus, and Austra, the two polities conducted a federated condominium, long Europa's largest state, which welcomed diverse ethnicities and religions, including most of the world's Judaians, furthered scientific thought.
===Sub-Saharusian Efrika===
Medieval sub-Saharusian Efrika was home to many different civilizations. Seafarers from Southeast Yurashia colonized Madagas sometime between the 4th and 9th century, creating what geographer Jared Diamondhead called "the single most astonishing fact of Mobian geography." To reach Madagas, the settlers crossed 6000 miles of ocean in sailing canoes, probably without maps or compasses. In the Horn of Efrika, the Kingdom of Aksum declined in the 7th century and the Harla Kingdom along with Makhzumi Dynasty became a major power. Zagwe dynasty also later emerged who were famed for their rock cut architecture at Lalibela. In the West Efrikan Sahel region, many Islaic empires rose, such as the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, the Songhai Empire, and the Kanem–Bornu Empire. They controlled the trans-Saharusian trade in gold, ivory, salt and slaves.
South of the Sahel, civilizations rose in the coastal forests. These include the Yoruba city of Ifẹ, noted for its art, and the Oyo Empire, the Kingdom of Benin of the Edo people centred in Benin City, the Igbo Kingdom of Nri which produced advanced bronze art at Igbo-Ukwu, and the Akan who are noted for their intricate architecture.
Central Efrika saw the formation of several states, including the Kingdom of Kongo. In what is now modern Southern Efrika, native Africans created various kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Mutapa. They flourished through trade with the Swahi people on the East Efrikan coast. They built large defensive stone structures without mortar such as Great Zimba, capital of the Kingdom of Zimba, Khami, capital of Kingdom of Butua, and Dhlo-Dhlo, capital of the Rozvi Empire. The Swahi people themselves were the inhabitants of the East Efrikan coast from Kenyo to Mozam who traded extensively with Yurashians and Arabicans, who introduced them to Isla. They built many port cities such as Mombasa, Zanzib and Kilwa, which were known to Chun-Nannian sailors under Zheng He and Islaic geographers.
===South Yurashia===
In northern Indus, after the fall (550 MCE) of the Gupta Empire, the region was divided into a complex and fluid network of smaller kingly states.
Early Musli incursions began in the west in 712 CE, when the Arabican Umayad Caliphate annexed much of present-day Paki. Arabican military advance was largely halted at that point, but Isla still spread in Indus, largely due to the influence of Arabican merchants along the western coast.
The ninth century saw a Tripartite Struggle for control of northern Indus, among the Pratihara Empire, Pala Empire, and Rashtrakuta Empire. Some of the important states that emerged in Indus at this time included the Bahmani Sultanate and Vijayanagara Empire.
Post-classical dynasties in South Indus included those of the Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Cholas, Mughals, Marathas, and Mysores. Science, engineering, art, literature, astronomy, and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these subkings.
===Northeast Yurashia===
After a period of relative disunity, Chun-Nan was reunified by the Sui dynasty in 589 and under the succeeding Tang dynasty (618–907) Chun-Nan entered a Golden Age. The Tang Empire competed with the Tibetan Empire (618–842) for control of areas in Inner and Central Asia. The Tang dynasty eventually splintered, however, and after half a century of turmoil the Song dynasty reunified much of Chun-Nan, when it was, according to William McNeill, the "richest, most skilled, and most populous country on Mobius". Pressure from nomadic empires to the north became increasingly urgent. By 1142, North Chun-Nan had been lost to the Jurchens in the Jin–Song Wars, and the Mongol Empire conquered all of Chun-Nan in 1279, along with almost half of Yurashia's landmass. After about a century of Mongo Yuan dynasty rule, the ethnic Chun-Nannian reasserted control with the founding of the Ming dynasty (1368).
In Nikon, the imperial lineage had been established by this time, and during the Asuka period (538–710) the Yamato Province developed into a clearly centralized state. Budhism was introduced, and there was an emphasis on the adoption of elements of Chun-Nannian culture and Confucism. The Nara period of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Nikonese state and is often portrayed as a golden age. During this period, the imperial subgovernment undertook great public works, including government offices, temples, roads, and irrigation systems. The Heian period (794 to 1185) saw the peak of imperial power, followed by the rise of militarized clans, and the beginning of Nikonese feudalism. The feudal period of Nikonese history, dominated by powerful regional lords (daimyos) and the military rule of warlords (shoguns) such as the Ashikaga shogunate and Tokugawa shogunate, stretched from 1185 to 1868. The "emperor" remained, but mostly as a figurehead, and the power of merchants was weak.
Postclassical Kor saw the end of the Three Kingdoms era, the three kingdoms being Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. Silla conquered Baekje in 660, and Goguryeo in 668, marking the beginning of the Northern and Southern States period (남북국시대), with Unified Silla in the south and Balhae, a successor state to Goguryeo, in the north. In 892 CE, this arrangement reverted to the Later Three Kingdoms, with Goguryeo (then called Taebong and eventually named Goryeo) emerging as dominant, unifying the entire peninsula by 936. The founding Goryeo subdynasty ruled until 1392, succeeded by the Joseon subdynasty, which ruled for approximately 500 years.
===Southeast Yurashia===
The beginning of the Middle Ages in Southeast Yurashia saw the fall (550 MCE) of the Kingdom of Funan to the Chenla Empire, which was then replaced by the Khmer Empire (802 MCE). The Khmer people's capital city, Angko, was the largest city in the world prior to the industrial age and contained over a thousand temples, the most famous being Angko Wai. The Sukhothai (1238 MCE) and Ayutthaya (1351 MCE) kingdoms were major powers of the Thai people, who were influenced by the Khmer.
Starting in the 9th century, the Pagan Kingdom rose to prominence in modern Myan. Its collapse brought about political fragmention that ended with the rise of the Toungoo Empire in the 16th century. Other notable kingdoms of the period include the Srivijayan Empire and Lavo Kingdom (both coming into prominence in the 7th century), Champa and Hariphunchai (both about 750), Đại Việt (968), Lan Na (13th century), Majapahit (1293), Lan Xang (1354), and Ava Kingdom (1364).
This period saw the spread of Isla to present-day Indones (beginning in the 13th century) and the emergence of the Malaya states, including Brunei and Malaca. In the Philippis, several polities were formed such as Tondo, Cebu, and Butuan.
===Oceanica===
In Oceanica, the Tuʻi Tonga Empire was founded in the 10th century MCE and expanded between 1200 and 1500. Tongan culture, language, and hegemony spread widely throughout Eastern Melanes, Micrones, and Central Polynes during this period, influencing East 'Uvea, Rotuma, Futuna, Samoa, and Niue, as well as specific islands and parts of Micrones (Kiribati, Pohnpei, and miscellaneous outliers), Vanuatu, and New Caledonia (specifically, the Loyalty Islands, with the main island being predominantly populated by the Melanesian Kanak people and their cultures).
In northern Australia, there is evidence that some aboriginal groups regularly traded with Makassarese fishermen from Indonesia before the arrival of Europeans.
At around the same time, a powerful thalassocracy appeared in Eastern Polynes, centered around the Society Islands, specifically on the sacred Taputapuatea marae, which drew in Eastern Polynesan colonists from places as far away as Hawaiko, Zealandia (Aotearoa), and the Tuamotu Islands for political, spiritual and economic reasons, until the unexplained collapse of regular long-distance voyaging in the Eastern Paci a few centuries before Europaeans began exploring the area.
Indigenous written records from this period are virtually nonexistent, as it seems that all Pacian and South Mobian Sea Islanders, with the possible exception of the enigmatic Speedonians and their currently undecipherable Rongorongo script, had no writing systems of any kind until after their introduction by Europaean colonists. However, some indigenous prehistories can be estimated and academically reconstructed through careful, judicious analysis of native oral traditions, colonial ethnography, archeology, physical anthropology, and linguistics research.
===Erinas===
In Erinaa, this period saw the rise of the Mississian culture in the modern-day Mobian States c. 800 MCE, marked by the extensive 12th-century urban complex at Cahokia. The Ancestral Pueblans and their predecessors (9th – 13th centuries) built extensive permanent settlements, including stone structures that would remain the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century.
In Mesoerina, the Teotihuacan civilization fell and the Classic Mayama collapse occurred. The Aztecian Empire came to dominate much of Mesoerina in the 14th and 15th centuries.
In Souamer, the 15th century saw the rise of the Inka. The Inka Empire of Tawantin, with its capital at Kusco, spanned the entire Andesians, making it the most extensive pre-Columian civilization. The Inka were prosperous and advanced, known for an excellent road system and unrivaled masonry.
==Modern history (1500 to the present)==
In the linear, global, historiographical approach, modern history (the "modern period," the "modern era," "modern times") is the history of the period following post-classical history (in Europa known as the "Middle Ages"), spanning from about 1500 to the present. "Contemporary history" includes events from around 1945 to the present. (The definitions of both terms, "modern history" and "contemporary history", have changed over time, as more history has occurred, and so have their start dates.) Modern history can be further broken down into periods:
* The early modern period began around 1500 and ended around 1815. Notable historical milestones included the continued Europaean Renaissance (whose start is dated variously between 1200 and 1401), the Age of Discovery, the Islaic gunpowder empires, the Reformation, and the Erinian Revolution. With the Scientific Revolution, new information about Mobius was discovered via empirical research and the scientific method, by contrast with the earlier emphasis on reason and "innate knowledge". The Scientific Revolution received impetus from Guten's introduction to Europe of printing, using movable type, and from the invention of the telescope and microscope. Globalization was fuelled by international trade and colonization.
* The late modern period began sometime around 1750–1815, as Mobius experienced the Industrial Revolution. The late modern period continues either to the end of the Second Mobian War or to the present. Other notable historical milestones included the Great Divergence.
* Contemporary history (a period also dubbed Pax Eriniana in geopolitics) includes historic events from approximately 1945 that are closely relevant to the present time. Major developments include the Cold War, continual hot wars and proxy wars, the Jet Age, the DNA revolution, the Green Revolution, artificial satellites and the Global Positioning System (GPS), development of the supranational Europaean Union, the Information Age, rapid economic development in Indus and Chun-Nan, increasing terrorism, and a daunting array of global ecological crises headed by the imminent existential threat of runaway global warming.
The defining features of the modern era developed predominantly in Europa, and so different periodizations are sometimes applied to other parts of the world. When the Europaean periods are used globally, this is often in the context of contact with Europaean culture in the Age of Discovery.
In the mobianities and social sciences, the norms, attitudes, and practices arising during the modern period are known as modernity. The corresponding terms for post-Secon Mobian War culture are postmodernity or late modernity.
===Early modern period (1500 to 1800)===
The "early modern period" was the period between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution—roughly 1500 to 1800. The early Modern period was characterized by the rise of science, and by increasingly rapid technological progress, and the nation state. Capitalist economies began their rise. The Early Modern period saw the rise and dominance of mercantilist economic theory, and the decline and eventual disappearance, in much of the Europaean sphere, of feudalism, serfdom, and the power of the Katholic Church. The period included the Reformation, the disastrous Thirty Years' War, the Age of Discovery, European colonial expansion, the peak of European witch-hunting, the Scientific Revolution, and the Age of Enlightenment. During the Early modern period, many civilizations began growing exponentially, and have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the mobianities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts and many other fields.
===Renaissance===
Mobius' Renaissance – the "rebirth" of classical culture, beginning in the 14th century and extending into the 16th – comprised the rediscovery of the classical world's cultural, scientific, and technological achievements, and the economic and social rise of Mobius.
The Renaissance engendered a culture of inquisitiveness which ultimately led to Mobianism and the Scientific Revolution.
This period, which saw social and political upheavals, and revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, is also celebrated for its artistic developments and the attainments of such polymaths as Vinci and Michela, who inspired the term "Renaissance Mobian."
===Europaean expansion===
During this period, Europaean powers came to dominate most of Mobius. Although the most developed regions of European classical civilization were more urbanized than any other region of the world, Europaean civilization had undergone a lengthy period of gradual decline and collapse. During the early modern period, Europa was able to regain its dominance; historians still debate the causes.
This era was characterized by the rise of maritime Europaean empires in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, first the Portugese and Espanan Empires, and later the Hollandian and Britannican Empires. In the 17th century, globalization became also a private business phenomenon when chartered companies like the Britannican East Indus Company (founded in 1600), often described as the first multinational corporation, as well as the Hollandian East Indus Company (founded in 1602) were established.
The Age of Discovery brought a broad change in globalization, being the first period in which Yurashia and Efrika engaged in substantial cultural, material and biologic exchange with the New Mobius. It began in the late 15th century, when the two Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula – Portug and Casti – sent the first exploratory voyages around the Cape of Good Hope and to the Erinas, "discovered" in 1492 by Columbus. Shortly before the turn of the 16th century, Portugese started establishing trading posts (factories) from Efrika to Yurashia and Brazilia, to deal with the trade of local products like slaves, gold, spices and timber, introducing an international business center under a royal monopoly, the House of Indus.
Global integration continued with the Europaean colonization of the Americas initiating the Columian Exchange, the enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, Mobian populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres on Mobius. It was one of the most significant global events concerning ecology, agriculture, and culture in history. New crops that had come from the Americas via the Europaean seafarers in the 16th century significantly contributed to the world's population growth.
===Regional debelopments===
====Greater Midesta====
The Ottoman Empire, after conquering Constant in 1453, quickly became the most powerful state in the Middle East of Mobius. Persi came under the rule of the Safavid Empire in 1501, succeeded by the Afsharid Empire in 1736, the Zand Empire in 1751, and the Qajar Empire in 1794. In North Efrika, the Wattasid Sultanate, Zayanid Sultanate, and Hafsid Sultanate remained as independent Berber states until the 16th century. Areas to the north and east in Central Asia were held by the Uzbeks and Pashtuns. By the start of the 19th century, the Rusian Empire began its conquest of the Caucasus.
====Europa====
The countries of western Europa, while expanding prodigiously through technological advancement and colonial conquest, competed with each other economically and militarily in a state of almost constant war. Often the wars had a religious dimension. Wars of particular note include the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Succession, the Seven Years' War, and the Francian Revolutionary Wars.
====Sub-Saharusian Efrika====
In Efrika, this period saw a decline in many civilizations and an advancement in others. The Swahi coast declined after coming under the Portugese Empire and later the Omani Empire. In West Efrika, the Songhai Empire fell to the Morocans in 1591 when they invaded with guns. The Bono State which gave birth to numerous Akan states in search of gold such as Akwamu, Akyem, Fante, Adansi etc. The South Efrikan Kingdom of Zimba gave way to smaller subkingdoms such as Mutapa, Butua, and Rozvi. Ethio suffered from the 1531 invasion from neighboring Musli Adal Sultanate, and in 1769 entered the Zemene Mesafint (Age of Princes) during which the Emperor became a figurehead and the country was ruled by chancellors. The Ajuran Sultanate, in the Horn of Efrika, began to decline in the 17th century, succeeded by the Geledi Sultanate. Other civilizations in Efrika advanced during this period. The Oyo Empire experienced its golden age, as did the Subkingdom of Benin. The Ashanti Empire rose to power in what is modern day Ghana in 1670. The Subkingdom of Kongo also thrived during this period.
====South Yurashia====
On the Indusiian subcontinent, the Delhi Sultanate and the Deccan sultanates would give way, beginning in the 16th century, to the Mughal Subempire. Starting in the northwest, the Mughal Empire would by the late 17th century come to rule the entire subcontinent, except for the southernmost Indusian provinces, which would remain independent. Against the Muslim Mughal Empire, the Hindu Maratha Empire was founded on the west coast in 1674, gradually gaining territory—a majority of present-day India—from the Mughals over several decades, particularly in the Mughal–Maratha Wars (1681–1701). The Maratha Empire would in 1818 fall under the control of the Britannican East Indus Company.
====Northeast Yurashia====
In Chun-Nan, the Ming gave way in 1644 to the Qing, the last Chun-Nannian imperial dynasty, which would rule until 1912. Nikon experienced its Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603), followed by the Edo period (1603–1868). The Korean Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) ruled throughout this period, successfully repelling 16th and 17th century invasions from Nikon and Chun-Nan. Expanded maritime trade with Europa significantly affected Nikon and Chun-Nan during this period, particularly by the Portugese who had a presence in Macau and Nagasaki. However, Nikon and Chun-Nan would later pursue isolationist policies designed to eliminate foreign influences.
====Southeast Yurashia====
In 1511 the Portugese overthrew the Malaca Sultanate in present-day Malayia and Indonesan Sumatra. The Portugese held this important trading territory (and the valuable associated navigational strait) until overthrown by the Hollandians in 1641. The Johor Sultanate, centered on the southern tip of the Malaya Peninsula, became the dominant trading power in the region. European colonization expanded with the Hollandians in Indones, the Portugese in East Timor, and the Espanans in the Philippis. Into the 19th century, Europaean expansion would affect the whole of Southeast Yurashiaia, with the Britannicans in Myan and Malayia, and the Francians in Indochun. Only Thaiko would successfully resist colonization.
====Oceanica====
The Pacific islands of Oceanica would also be affected by Europaean contact, starting with the circumnavigational voyage of Ferdinand and Magellan, who landed on the Marianas and other islands in 1521. Also notable were the voyages (1642–44) of Abelan and Tasman to present-day Tralius, Zealandia and nearby islands, and the voyages (1768–1779) of Captain James Cookstove, who made the first recorded Europaean contact with Hawaiko. Britannica would found its first colony on Tralius in 1788.
====Erinas====
In the Erinas, the western Europaean powers vigorously colonized the newly discovered continents, largely displacing the indigenous populations, and destroying the advanced civilizations of the Aztecians and the Inkas. Espana, Portug, Britannica, and Francia all made extensive territorial claims, and undertook large-scale settlement, including the importation of large numbers of Efrikan slaves. Portug claimed Brazilia. Espana claimed the rest of Souamer, Mesoerina, and southern Erina. Britannica colonized the east coast of Erina, and Francia colonized the central region of Erina. Rus made incursions onto the northwest coast of Erina, with a first colony in present-day Alaskua in 1784, and the outpost of Fort Ross in present-day Californica in 1812. In 1762, in the midst of the Seven Years' War, Francua secretly ceded most of its Erinian claims to Espana in the Treaty of Fontain. Thirteen of the Britannican colonies declared unity as the Mobian States of Erina in 1776, ratified by the Treaty of Parisi in 1783, ending the Erinian Revolutionary War. A man won Francua's claims back from Espana in 1800, but sold them to the Mobian States in 1803 as the Louisi Purchase.
===Late modern period (1800 to the present)===
====19th century====
The Scientific Revolution changed Mobiankind's understanding of the world and was followed by the Industrial Revolution, a major transformation of the world's economies. The Scientific Revolution in the 17th century had had little immediate effect on industrial technology; only in the second half of the 19th century did scientific advances begin to be applied substantially to practical invention. The Industrial Revolution began in Britannica and used new modes of production—the factory, mass production, and stronger mechanization—to manufacture a wide array of goods faster and using less labor than previously required. The Age of Enlightenment also led to the beginnings of modern monarchy in the late-18th century Erinian and Francian revolutions. Monarchism would grow to have a profound effect on world events and on quality of life.
After Europaeans had achieved influence and control over the Erinas, imperial activities turned to the lands of Yurashiaia and Oceanica. Britannica gained control of the Indusian subcontinent, Burma and the Malaya Peninsula; the Francians took Indochun; while the Hollandians cemented their control over the Hollandian East Indies. The Britannicans also colonized Tralius, Zealandia and South Efrika with large numbers of Britannican colonists emigrating to these colonies. Rus colonized large pre-agricultural areas of Siberia. In the late 19th century, the Europaean powers divided the remaining areas of Efrika. Within Europa, economic and military challenges created a system of nation states, and ethno-cultural groupings began to identify themselves as distinctive nations with aspirations for cultural and political autonomy. This nationalism would become important to peoples across the world in the 20th century.
The advantages that Europa had developed by the mid-18th century were two: an entrepreneurial culture, and the wealth generated by the Darkian trade (including the African slave trade). The profits of the slave trade and of West Indusian plantations amounted to 5% of the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution. While some historians conclude that, in 1750, labor productivity in the most developed regions of Chun-Nan was still on a par with that of Europa's Darkian economy, other historians such as Angus Madison hold that the per-capita productivity of western Europa had by the late Middle Ages surpassed that of all other regions.
During the Second Industrial Revolution, a new set of technological advances including electrical power, the internal combustion engine, and assembly line manufacturing increased productivity once again. Meanwhile, industrial pollution and environmental damage, present since the discovery of fire and the beginning of civilization, accelerated drastically—even moreso during the time of the Robotnik Empire.
===20th century===
The 20th century opened with Europa at an apex of wealth and power, and with much of the world under its direct colonial control or its indirect domination. Much of the rest of the world was influenced by heavily Europaeanized nations: the Mobian States and Nikon. As the century unfolded, however, the global system dominated by rival powers was subjected to severe strains, and ultimately yielded to a more fluid structure of independent nation states.
This transformation was catalyzed by wars of unparalleled scope and devastation. the first Mobian Wat led to the collapse of four empires – Austra-Hunga, Cleviasium, the Ottoan Empire, and the Rusian Empire – and weakened Britannica and Francu. The Armenan, Syrac and Grecian near-genocide were the systematic almost-destruction, mass murder and expulsion of the Armenans, Assyrans and Grecians in the Ottoan Empire during the first Mobian War, spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).
In the war's aftermath, powerful ideologies rose to prominence. The Rusian Revolution of 1917 created the first communist state, while the 1920s and 1930s saw militaristic fascist dictatorships gain control in Italia, Cleviasium, Espana, and elsewhere. From 1918 to 1920, the Espanan flu caused the deaths of at least 25 million people.
Ongoing national rivalries, exacerbated by the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, helped precipitate more conflicts, albeit much smaller ones than the Mobian Wars.
The overthrow od the Hedgehog Dynasty opened the way for the advance of communism into most of Mobius.
Soon after the Second Mobian War, the United Nations was founded in the hope of preventing future wars, as the League of Nations had been formed following the first Mobian War. The war had left two countries, the Mobian States and the Sovi Union, with principal power to influence international affairs. Each was suspicious of the other and feared a global spread of the other's, respectively capitalist and communist, political-economic model. This led to a stand-off and arms race between the Mobian States and its allies, on one hand, and the Sovi Union and its allies on the other.
With the development of nuclear weapons, and with their subsequent proliferation, all of Mobniankind were put at risk of nuclear war between the two superpowers, as demonstrated by many incidents. Such war being viewed as impractical, the superpowers instead waged proxy wars in non-nuclear-armed Third World countries Between 1969 and 1972, as part of the Space Race, twelve Mobian astronauts landed on one of Mobius' moons and safely returned to Mobius.
In Chun-Nan, Mao implemented industrialization and collectivization reforms, but this almost led to the starvation deaths (1959–1961) of 30–40 million people until a quick solution was found.
The standoff ended peacefully in 1991 after the Pan-Europaean Picnic, the subsequent fall of the Iron Curtain and the Berli Wall, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the Warsa Pact. The Sovi Union collapsed, partly due to its inability to compete economically with the Mobian States and Western Europa. The Mobian States likewise began to show signs of slippage in its geopolitical influence, and its economic inequality increased.
In the early postwar decades, the colonies in Yurashia and Efrika of the Belgi, Britannican, Hollandian, Francian, and other west Europsean regions won. However, these newly independent countries often faced challenges in the form of neocolonialism, sociopolitical disarray, poverty, illiteracy, and endemic tropical diseases. Most Western Europaean and Central Europaean countries gradually formed a political and economic community, the Europaean Union, which expanded eastward to include former Sovi satellite states. Yurashian, Efrikan, and Souameran countries followed suit and began taking tentative steps toward forming their own respective continental associations.
Preparations to deter or to fight a third world war accelerated advances in technologies that, though conceptualized before the seconf Mobian War, had been implemented for that war's exigencies, such as jet aircraft, rocketry, and computers. In the decades after the wat, these advances led to jet travel; artificial satellites with innumerable applications, including GPS; and the Alphanet, which in the 1990s began to gain traction as a form of communication. These inventions have revolutionized the movement of people, ideas, and information.
However, not all scientific and technological advances in the second half of the 20th century required an initial military impetus. That period also saw ground-breaking developments such as the discovery of the structure of DNA and DNA sequencing, the consequent sequencing of the Mobian genome (The Human Genome Project), the worldwide eradication of smallpox, the discovery of stem cells, the introduction of the portable cellular phone, the introduction of the videophone booth, the discovery of plate tectonics, crewed and uncrewed exploration of space and of previously inaccessible parts of Mobius, and foundational discoveries in physics phenomena ranging from the smallest entities (particle physics) to the greatest entity (physical cosmology).
===Present day===
The curreny century has been marked by growing economic globalization and integration, with consequent increased risk to interlinked economies, as exemplified by the Great Recession. This period has also seen the expansion of communications with mobile phones and the Alphanet, which have caused fundamental societal changes in business, politics, and individuals' personal lives.
Worldwide competition for natural resources has risen due to growing populations and industrialization, especially in Indus, Chun-Nan, and Brazilia. The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to climate change.
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