Migration of the Serbs

Seoba Srba[a] (English: Migration of the Serbs) is a set of four similar oil paintings by the Serbian artist Paja Jovanović that depict Serbs, led by Archbishop Arsenije III, fleeing Old Serbia during the Great Serb Migration of 1690–91. The first was commissioned in 1895 by Georgije Branković, the Patriarch of Karlovci, to be displayed at the following year's Budapest Millennium Exhibition. In the view of the Serbian clergy, it would serve to legitimize Serb claims to religious autonomy and partial self-administration in Austria-Hungary by upholding the contention that Serbs left their homeland at the behest of the Holy Roman Emperor to protect the Habsburg Monarchy's borders.
Measuring 380 by 580 centimetres (150 by 230 in), the first painting was completed in 1896, and presented to Patriarch Georgije later that year. Dissatisfied, the Patriarch asked Jovanović to adjust his work to conform with the Church's view of the migration. Though Jovanović made the changes relatively quickly, he could not render them in time for the painting to be displayed in Budapest, and it therefore had to be unveiled at the Archbishop's palace in Sremski Karlovci. Jovanović went on to complete a total of four versions of the painting, three of which survive. The first version is on display at the patriarchate building of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Belgrade, the second at the Pančevo Museum, and the fourth at Princess Ljubica's Residence, in Belgrade. Migration of the Serbs holds iconic status in Serbian popular culture, and several authors repute it to be one of Jovanović's finest achievements.
== Contents ==
 [hide] 
* 1Background
** 1.1Great Serb Migration (1690–91)
** 1.2Commissioning
** 1.3Preparation
* 2History
** 2.1Original
** 2.2Other versions
* 3Reception and legacy
* 4Explanatory notes
* 5References
* 6Bibliography
== Background[edit source] ==
=== Great Serb Migration (1690–91)[edit source] ===
An illustration of Serbs crossing the Danube into the Habsburg lands
In 1689, Arsenije III, the Archbishop of Peć, incited Serbs in Kosovo, Macedonia and the Sandžak to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and support a Habsburg incursion into the Balkans.[2] On 2 January 1690, the Habsburgs and Serbs were defeated in battle at the Kačanik Gorge. The Habsburgs began to retreat, prompting thousands of Serb villagers to leave their homes and flee north fearing Ottoman reprisals.[3] In Serbian historiography, this event came to be known as the Great Serb Migration.[4] Between 30,000 and 40,000 Serb refugees streamed into Habsburg-held Vojvodina, north of the Danube River, and settled there.[5][6] The migrants would come to call the regions they had formerly inhabited Old Serbia, and dubbed their adopted homeland "new Serbia".[7] Tim Judah, a journalist specializing in the Balkans, describes the exodus as one of the most traumatic events in Serbian history.[2]
In 1691, Arsenije struck a deal with Leopold I, who was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary, whereby the Habsburgs granted the Serbs ecclesiastic autonomy and some degree of self-administration, much to the displeasure of the Roman Catholic Church and Hungarian authorities.[8] Leopold recognized Arsenije as the leader of Habsburg Serbs in both religious and secular affairs, and indicated that this power would be held by all future Archbishops. In 1712, Sremski Karlovci became the Patriarchate for Serbs living in the Habsburg Empire.[9]
=== Commissioning[edit source] ===
Paja Jovanović, c. 1899
In the early 1890s, Hungarian officials announced plans for a Budapest Millennium Exhibition to be held in 1896; it was intended to mark the 1,000th anniversary of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, reaffirm Hungary's "national and territorial legitimacy" and the Hungarian people's "natural and historical right in the areas they inhabited."[10] The Exhibition was to be held at Budapest's City Park. Exhibits were to be divided into twelve distinct areas, one of which was visual art.[11] The showpiece of the art exhibit was to be a painting by Hungary's foremost history painter, Mihály Munkácsy, titled The Founding of the Hungarian State.[12] Several pavilions displaying the cultural and industrial achievements of non-Hungarians living in the Hungarian-administered territories of Austria-Hungary were also built, including one for the Serbs.[13]
In 1895, on the orders of the Patriarch of Karlovci, Georgije I, the Congress Board of Sremski Karlovci commissioned the young realist Paja Jovanović to compose Migration of the Serbs, intending for it to be displayed as part of the Serb pavilion.[14][b] The painting was one of two works that Jovanović was hired to paint for the Exhibition, the other being the Vršac triptych, which was commissioned by the Vršac city council.[16] In the eyes of the clergy, Migration of the Serbs would help legitimize Serb claims to religious autonomy and partial self-administration in Austria-Hungary.[10] The official Church narrative held that Leopold had requested that the Serbs of Kosovo, Macedonia and the Sandžak settle along the Ottoman–Habsburg frontier to create a buffer against further Ottoman encroachment, and Church officials intended for Jovanović's painting to reflect this view.[10][17] Hence, the painting had significant political implications.[18] Habsburg Serbs asserted that the agreement between Arsenije and Leopold legitimized their claim to the lands they inhabited, while Croatian nationalists decried the Serbs as "uninvited guests" who only acquired Leopold's pledge of autonomy after they had migrated to the Habsburg lands.[19] Migration of the Serbs was thus intended to challenge the historical and political narratives being forwarded by the Croatian and Hungarian painters whose works were also going to be displayed.[16][c]
=== Preparation[edit source] ===
The commission offered Jovanović the opportunity to make a name for himself as a serious history painter, given that the subject of the work was an event of international significance and the painting was to be displayed in a foreign capital.[20] To ensure Migration of the Serbs was historically accurate, Jovanović studied authentic medieval weapons, costumes and other objects, later incorporating them into the composition.[21] He also studied medieval histories, collected ethnographical evidence and consulted historians.[20] Notably, the Church asked the historian and Orthodox priest Ilarion Ruvarac to consult Jovanović on the historical details of the migration and accompany him on a visit to the monasteries of Fruška Gora, where the young artist examined a number of contemporary sources and objects from the time.[22][23]
The art historian Lilien Filipovitch-Robinson notes that Jovanović incorporated modern techniques into the work and emulated the naturalistic approach of contemporary landscape painters, showing he was "at ease with the art of the past and that of his own time".[20]The composition marked a significant departure for Jovanović, who up until that point had painted mostly Orientalist pieces as opposed to ones that depicted specific moments from Serbian history.[24]
== History[edit source] ==
=== Original[edit source] ===
The original oil painting measures 380 by 580 centimetres (150 by 230 in).[25] It depicts Arsenije leading tens of thousands of Serbs into exile, riding a horse and flanked by a Serb flag.[2][d] In direct reference to the Bible, the image is reminiscent to that of Moses leading the chosen people out of Egypt.[27][28] The irony, Judah notes, is that the Patriarch is leading his people away from their promised land.[2] The Patriarch and four other figures dominate the composition, staggering unevenly across the canvas as opposed to moving in a straight line. "They punctuate the foreground," Filipovitch-Robinson writes, "directing the eye through the diagonals and curves of their bodies and gesture to the next line of figures behind them. Each subsequent line leads to the next."[29] All age groups are represented in the painting, and Jovanović pays special attention to their facial details.[30] Thousands of figures on horseback and on foot appear in the background before eventually receding into the horizon.[29] The left background shows Serbian warriors pointing their lances at the sky while the right background shows lumber wagons carrying families into exile. At the right foreground, an old man herds his sheep. To the right of the Patriarch, a mother and her infant son sit atop a horse carrying their belongings.[2]The woman is the young wife of militia leader Jovan Monasterlija and the child his son.[22] A mustachioed warrior walks before them with swords fastened to his belt and a rifle resting against his shoulder, "striding purposefully into the future". The warrior's right arm is smeared with blood and bound by a white sling.[2][e]
The first version of the painting, composed in 1896 (left), and the fourth version, composed in 1945 (right)
Upon first seeing it, Georgije was displeased by Jovanović's depiction of the exodus, particularly the sight of sheep and wagons carrying women and children, saying it made the migrants look like "rabble on the run".[32] The source of the Patriarch's displeasure lay in differing interpretations of what had originally caused the migration to take place; the Church maintained that Arsenije was simply heeding the call of the Holy Roman Emperor to head north. Having studied Ruvarac's work, Jovanović came to hold the view that fear of Ottoman persecution, rather than the desire to protect the Habsburg frontier, had prompted the migrants to leave their homes.[29][33] Jovanović duly took the painting back to his studio and altered it to the Patriarch's liking, removing the sheep, lumber wagons, and the woman and her infant son, putting stylized warriors in their place.[22] He also placed the letter Leopold had supposedly sent the Serbs inviting them to settle Vojvodina in the hand of Isaije Đaković, a priest riding beside Arsenije.[23] Although these changes were made relatively quickly, Jovanović could not render them in time for the painting to be displayed in Budapest.[22][34] Hence, only the Vršac triptych was displayed at the Millennium Exhibition.[35]
Migration of the Serbs was unveiled at the Archbishop's palace in Sremski Karlovci in 1896.[22] It was kept there until 1941, when Ustaše fascists looted the palace and stole it, cut it out of its frame and took it to Zagreb, where it remained until the end of the war. After the war, the painting was returned to Serbia, briefly put on display at Belgrade's National Museum, and then given back to the Serbian Orthodox Church. It was ultimately put on display at the patriarchate building in Belgrade, where it remains. It began undergoing restoration in 2004.[36]
=== Other versions[edit source] ===
While working on the copy that the Patriarch had commissioned, Jovanović began a second version of the painting, one that retained the woman and her child, the herd of sheep and the wagons carrying refugees.[37] This, Filipovitch-Robinson asserts, is indicative of "Jovanović's firmness of conviction and artistic integrity."[29] The second version was smaller than the first, measuring 126 by 190 centimetres (50 by 75 in).[29][38] Like the first, it was completed in 1896, and came to be called the "Pančevo version" as it was acquired by the Pančevo Museum in the 1970s.[29][39] Shortly after its completion, the rights to the Pančevo version were purchased by Zagreb art collector Petar Nikolić, who secured the right to publish lithographic reproductions of the painting for the next fifty years.[37] Such prints became quite popular, and could be found in Serb homes up to the end of the 20th century.[40] As the Pančevo version was the first to be lithographically reproduced, it became the best known rendition.[29] It was displayed at the 1900 Exposition Universelle (world's fair) in Paris.[41]
At the height of World War II, Jovanović created a third version on behalf of a Belgrade physician named Darinka Smodlaka, who requested that the figure of Monasterlija's wife bear her likeness.[37][f] This version measured 65.2 by 96.5 centimetres (25.7 by 38.0 in).[42] Its current whereabouts are unknown, and it is presumed lost. In 1945, as the war neared its end, a wealthy Serbian merchant named Milenko Čavić commissioned a fourth and final version, incorrectly assuming that the others had been destroyed in the fighting. Čavić gifted the painting to the Mandukić family at the war's end. They emigrated to the United States following the communist takeover of Yugoslavia in 1945, and took it with them to New York. This version was returned to Belgrade in 2009, and is currently on display at Princess Ljubica's Residence.[37] It measures 100 by 150 centimetres (39 by 59 in).[42]
== Reception and legacy[edit source] ==
The journalist John Kifner characterizes the painting as "a Balkan equivalent to Washington Crossing the Delaware" (pictured)
The painting was well-received in Serbia and abroad;[43] it has since attained iconic status in Serbian popular culture.[28][37] An allusion to it is made in Emir Kusturica's 1995 film Underground, in which war refugees are depicted marching towards Belgrade in similar fashion, following the German bombing of the city in April 1941.[44] Several authors have noted similarities between Jovanović's depiction of the migration and images of other upheavals in Serbian history. Historian Katarina Todić observes that there are striking similarities between the painting and photographs of the Royal Serbian Army's retreat to the Adriatic coast during World War I.[45] Judah remarks that the composition resembles images of the exodus of Krajina Serbs following Croatia's Operation Storm in August 1995.[32]
The journalist John Kifner describes Migration of the Serbs as a "Balkan equivalent to Washington Crossing the Delaware ... an instantly recognizable [icon] of the 500-year struggle against the Ottoman Turks."[40]Professor David A. Norris, a historian specializing in Serbian culture, calls Jovanović's approach "highly effective", and writes how the stoic attitude of the priests, warriors and peasants reminds the viewer of the historical significance of the migration. He asserts that Migration of the Serbs and similar paintings stimulated a "revived collective memory" among the new Serbian middle class, "transforming ... folk memory into a more modern vehicle for the invention of a new national ideology based on the Serbian struggle for freedom from foreign domination."[46] Art historian Michele Facos describes the painting as a celebration of the Serbs' "valiant effort to defend Christian Europe against... the Ottoman Turks."[47] The historian Noel Malcolm doubts the historical veracity of depictions of Arsenije leading vast columns of refugees, saying that there is no concrete evidence to confirm or deny that the number of migrants exceeded 40,000, as Church leaders claimed.[48]
Filipovitch-Robinson ranks the painting among Jovanović's three best works, alongside The Takovo Uprising (1894) and The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex (1900).[49][g] This view is shared by the art historian Jelena Milojković-Djurić, as well as Judah.[43][51] Filipovitch-Robinson praises Jovanović's "uncompromising realism" and commends his portrayal of the migrants.[20] She writes that the Pančevo version "validates Jovanović as an insightful commentator on ... Balkan history", and is indicative of "the methodology and technical skill which had already brought him international acclaim."[29] Jovanović "persuades the viewer of the believability and authenticity of the event," she writes. "He captures the determination, strength, and dignity of a people. [...] Regardless of the reasons for this migration, they move forward in unison to meet the hard challenges of an unknown land."[30]
== Explanatory notes[edit source] ==
# Jump up^ Seoba Srba (Serbian Cyrillic: Сеоба Срба) is how the painting is most commonly referred to in Serbian. The full title is Seoba Srba pod patriarhom Arsenijem III Crnojevićem (Migration of the Serbs under the Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević).[1]
# Jump up^ Georgije had originally approached the artist Uroš Predić, but Predić said it would take two years for him to complete the painting. Jovanović assured the Patriarch he could finish the work in eight months.[15]
# Jump up^ In particular, Migration of the Serbs was envisaged as a response to The Founding of the Hungarian State.[14]
# Jump up^ Jovanović modeled the figure of Arsenije after Patriarch Georgije himself.[23][26]
# Jump up^ Jovanović modeled the warrior after his acquaintance Nikola Igić, a judge from Vojvodina.[31]
# Jump up^ The amount Smodlaka paid for this version is unknown.[37]
# Jump up^ The latter is sometimes erroneously referred to as The Coronation of Tsar Dušan.[50]
== References[edit source] ==
# Jump up^ Popovich 1999, pp. 169–171.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Judah 2000, p. 1.
# Jump up^ Judah 2002, pp. 9–10.
# Jump up^ Malcolm 1998, p. 139.
# Jump up^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 20.
# Jump up^ Lampe 2000, p. 26.
# Jump up^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 23.
# Jump up^ Miller 1998, p. 8.
# Jump up^ Judah 2000, pp. 14–15.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c Filipovitch-Robinson 2008, p. 42.
# Jump up^ Albert 2015, pp. 116–117.
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2008, p. 42, note 17.
# Jump up^ Albert 2015, p. 119.
# ^ Jump up to:a b Milojković-Djurić 1988, p. 16.
# Jump up^ 
# ^ Jump up to:a b Filipovitch-Robinson 2007, p. 125.
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2014, p. 51.
# Jump up^ Popovich 1999, p. 170.
# Jump up^ Miller 1998, p. 40.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c d Filipovitch-Robinson 2014, p. 52.
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2008, p. 43, note 25.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Milojković-Djurić 1988, pp. 17–18.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c Medaković 1994, p. 254.
# Jump up^ Antić 1970, p. 31.
# Jump up^ Petrović 2012, p. 66.
# Jump up^ Kusovac 2009, p. 136.
# Jump up^ Popovich 1999, pp. 170–171.
# ^ Jump up to:a b Segesten 2011, pp. 104–105.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Filipovitch-Robinson 2008, p. 43.
# ^ Jump up to:a b Filipovitch-Robinson 2008, p. 44.
# Jump up^ 
# ^ Jump up to:a b Judah 2000, p. 2.
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2014, p. 60, note 60.
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2008, p. 43, note 22.
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2014, p. 61, note 68.
# Jump up^ 
# ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f 
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2014, p. 53.
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2014, p. 60, note 58.
# ^ Jump up to:a b 
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2005, p. 324.
# ^ Jump up to:a b Petrović 2012, p. 69.
# ^ Jump up to:a b Milojković-Djurić 1988, p. 19.
# Jump up^ Browne 2013, p. 31.
# Jump up^ Todić 2014, p. 446.
# Jump up^ Norris 2008, p. 79.
# Jump up^ Facos 2011, p. 393.
# Jump up^ Malcolm 1998, pp. 140–162.
# Jump up^ Filipovitch-Robinson 2014, p. 50.
# Jump up^ Antić 1970, p. 18.
# Jump up^ Judah 1999, pp. 30–31.
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