Developmental psychopathology 2: adult and later life

===Lecture Details===
Glenn Melvin; Week 5 MED1022; HLSD
===Lecture Content===
Personality traits are enduring patterns of percieving, manifesting oneself in social and personal contexts. Can be perceived in dimensions on a range. Five factor model is neurotiscism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness. Personality disorder is maladaptive personality traits, is pervasive and inflexible and leads to distress or impairment. There is a personality style to disorder continuum. Causes of PD can be nature or nurture.
Types of PD can be cluster A: eccentric/schizophrenic (MAD); paranoid PD, schizoid PD (detachment from social relationships, restricted range of emotion); schizotypal PD (uncomfortable in close relationships, perceptual distortions, eccentric behaviour). Cluster B: dramatic/psychopathic (BAD): antisocial PD; borderline PD; histrionic PD; narcissistic PD. Cluster C (SAD) is anxious/neurotic: avoidant personality disorder; dependent PD; OCPD. 
Borderline has pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self image and affects. Has frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment, pattern of unstable or intense interpersonal relationships characterised by idealization or valuation. Impulsivity in self damaging areas, recurrent suicidal behaviour, affective instability, chronic emptiness, inappropriate intense anger, transient stress related paranoid ideation. 2% of population has this, 3x more common in women. Traumatic experiences in early life are common. Temperament, neurological dysfunction may also contribute. Has a long treatment duration, chronic instability in early adult years. 
Anxiety and mood disorders are not associated with a particular stage. There are normal anxiety in childhood, has protective factor. Anxiety disorders has threat of problems overrated, leads to avoidance from activities and has an impact on functioning. Generalised anxiety disorder has persistant uncontrollable worry and anxiety; there are specific phobias, panic disorder is recurrent panic attacks about which there is concern. OCPD and PTSD also fit here. Aetiology is ANS, genetic component, neurotransmitter dysregulation. Behavioural is classical conditioning and social learning. Family can have overinvolvement. <12 can have separation anxiety disorder; late childhood/adolescence a social phobia; adolescence onwards panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder; middle adulthood panic disorder. Treatment is CBT or antidepressents/benzodiazepenes.
Major depressive disorder has 5+ symptoms in a 2 week period. Onset can be from preschool to old age, depressive episode increases risk of subsequent episode. In old age, depression is more prevalent in those with illnesses, cognitive impairment or disability. Cognitive problems include poor concentration, speed of mental processing and executive functioning. Depression can exacerbate medical problems. Is associated with some diseases and some medications. Suicide is twice as common in elderly individuals than it is in the general population. There is a more lethal attempt:completion.
To prevent suicide there needs to be physician education, restricting access to lethal means. There is a family context in psychopathology- parenting problems are associated with a range of problems.
===Readings===