Iron Man

Iron Man (Tony Stark) is a fictional character, a superhero who appears in media produced by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee, developed by scripter Larry Lieber, and designed by artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby. He made his first appearance in Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963).
An American billionaire playboy, industrialist, and ingenious engineer, Tony Stark suffers a severe chest injury during a kidnapping in which his captors attempt to force him to build a weapon of mass destruction. He instead creates a powered suit of armor to save his life and escape captivity. Later, Stark augments his suit with weapons and other technological devices he designed through his company, Stark Industries. He uses the suit and successive versions to protect the world as Iron Man, while concealing his true identity. Initially, Iron Man was a vehicle for Stan Lee to explore Cold War themes, particularly the role of American technology and business in the fight against communism.[citation needed] Subsequent re-imaginings of Iron Man have transitioned from Cold War themes to contemporary concerns, such as corporate crime and terrorism.[citation needed]
Throughout most of the character's publication history, Iron Man has been a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers and has been featured in several incarnations of his own various comic book series. Iron Man has been adapted for several animated TV shows and films. The character is portrayed by Robert Downey, Jr. in the live action film Iron Man (2008), which was a critical and box office success. Downey, who received much acclaim for his performance, reprised the role in two Iron Man sequels and The Avengers (2012), and will do so again in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and Captain America: Civil War (2016). Iron Man was ranked 12th on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes in 2011.[1]
== Publication history ==
=== Premiere ===
Iron Man's Marvel Comics premiere in Tales of Suspense #39 was a collaboration among editor and story-plotterStan Lee, scripter Larry Lieber, story-artist Don Heck, and cover-artist and character-designer Jack Kirby.[2] In 1963, Lee had been toying with the idea of a businessman superhero.[3] He wanted to create the "quintessential capitalist", a character that would go against the spirit of the times and Marvel's readership.[4] Lee said,
He set out to make the new character a wealthy, glamorous ladies' man, but one with a secret that would plague and torment him as well.[6] Writer Gerry Conway said, "Here you have this character, who on the outside is invulnerable, I mean, just can't be touched, but inside is a wounded figure. Stan made it very much an in-your-face wound, you know, his heart was broken, you know, literally broken. But there's a metaphor going on there. And that's, I think, what made that character interesting."[5] Lee based this playboy's looks and personality on Howard Hughes,[7] explaining, "Howard Hughes was one of the most colorful men of our time. He was an inventor, an adventurer, a multi-billionaire, a ladies' man and finally a nutcase."[8] "Without being crazy, he was Howard Hughes," Lee said.[5]
While Lee intended to write the story himself,[6] a minor deadline emergency eventually forced him to hand over the premiere issue to Lieber, who fleshed out the story.[6] The art was split between Kirby and Heck. "He designed the costume," Heck said of Kirby, "because he was doing the cover. The covers were always done first. But I created the look of the characters, like Tony Stark and his secretary Pepper Potts."[9] In a 1990 interview, when asked if he had "a specific model for Tony Stark and the other characters?", Heck replied "No, I would be thinking more along the lines of some characters I like, which would be the same kind of characters that Alex Toth liked, which was an Errol Flynn type."[10] Iron Man first appeared in 13- to 18-page stories in Tales of Suspense, which featuredanthology science fiction and supernatural stories. The character's original costume was a bulky gray armored suit, replaced by a golden version in the second story (issue #40, April 1963). It was redesigned as sleeker, red-and-golden armor in issue #48 (Dec. 1963) by that issue's interior artist, Steve Ditko, although Kirby drew it on the cover. As Heck recalled in 1985, "[T]he second costume, the red and yellow one, was designed by Steve Ditko. I found it easier than drawing that bulky old thing. The earlier design, the robot-looking one, was more Kirbyish."[11]
In his premiere, Iron Man was an anti-communist hero, defeating various Vietnamese agents. Lee later regretted this early focus.[3][12] Throughout the character’s comic book series, technological advancement and national defense were constant themes for Iron Man, but later issues developed Stark into a more complex and vulnerable character as they depicted his battle with alcoholism (as in the "Demon in a Bottle" storyline) and other personal difficulties.
From issue #59 (Nov. 1964) to its final issue #99 (March 1968), the anthological science-fiction backup stories inTales of Suspense were replaced by a feature starring the superhero Captain America. Lee and Heck introduced several adversaries for the character including the Mandarin in issue #50 (Feb. 1964),[13] the Black Widow in #52 (April 1964)[14] and Hawkeye five issues later.[15]
Lee said that "of all the comic books we published at Marvel, we got more fan mail for Iron Man from women, from females, than any other title....We didn't get much fan mail from girls, but whenever we did, the letter was usually addressed to Iron Man."[5]
Lee and Kirby included Iron Man in The Avengers #1 (Sept. 1963) as a founding member of the superhero team. The character has since appeared in every subsequent volume of the series.
Writers have updated the war and locale in which Stark is injured. In the original 1963 story, it was the Vietnam War. In the 1990s, it was updated to be the first Gulf War,[16] and later updated again to be the war in Afghanistan. Stark's time with the Asian Nobel Prize-winning scientist Ho Yinsen is consistent through nearly all incarnations of the Iron Man origin, depicting Stark and Yinsen building the original armor together. One exception is the direct-to-DVD animated feature film The Invincible Iron Man, in which the armor Stark uses to escape his captors is not the first Iron Man suit.
=== First series ===
After issue #99 (March 1968), the Tales of Suspense series was renamed Captain America. An Iron Man story appeared in the one-shot comic Iron Man and Sub-Mariner (April 1968), before the "Golden Avenger"[18] made his solo debut with The Invincible Iron Man #1 (May 1968).[19] The series' indicia gives its copyright titleIron Man, while the trademarked cover logo of most issues is The Invincible Iron Man. Artist George Tuska began a decade long association with the character withIron Man #5 (Sept. 1968).[20] Writer Mike Friedrich and artist Jim Starlin's brief collaboration on the Iron Man series introduced Mentor, Starfox, and Thanos in issue #55 (Feb. 1973).[21] Friedrich scripted a metafictional story in which Iron Man visited the San Diego Comic Convention and met several Marvel Comics writers and artists.[22] He then wrote the multi-issue "War of the Super-Villains" storyline which ran through 1975.[23][24][25][26][27]
Writer David Michelinie,[28] co-plotter/inker Bob Layton, and penciler John Romita, Jr. became the creative team on the series with Iron Man #116 (Nov. 1978). Micheline and Layton established Tony Stark's alcoholism with the story "Demon in a Bottle", and introduced several supporting characters, including Stark's bodyguard girlfriend Bethany Cabe;[29] Stark's personal pilot and confidant James Rhodes, who later became the superhero War Machine;[30] and rival industrialistJustin Hammer,[31] who was revealed to be the employer of numerous high-tech armed enemies Iron Man fought over the years. The duo also introduced the concept of Stark's specialized armors[32][33][34] as he acquired a dangerous vendetta with Doctor Doom.[35][36] The team worked together through #154 (Jan. 1982), with Michelinie writing three issues without Layton.[28]
Following Michelinie and Layton's departures, Dennis O'Neil became the new writer of the series and had Stark relapse into alcoholism. Much of O'Neil's work on this plot thread was based on experiences with alcoholics he knew personally.[37] Jim Rhodes replaced Stark as Iron Man in issue #169 (April 1983) and wore the armor for the next two years of stories.[38] O'Neil returned Tony Stark to the Iron Man role in issue #200 (Nov. 1985).[39] Michelinie and Layton became the creative team once again in issue #215 (Feb. 1987).[28] They crafted the "Armor Wars" storyline beginning in #225 (Dec. 1987)[40] through #231 (June 1988). John Byrneand John Romita, Jr. produced a sequel titled "Armor Wars II" in issues #258 (July 1990) to #266 (March 1991). The series had a crossover with the other Avengersrelated titles as part of the "Operation: Galactic Storm" storyline.[41][42]
== Fictional character biography ==
=== Origins ===
Anthony Edward Stark, the son of wealthy industrialist and head of Stark Industries, Howard Stark, and Maria Stark, is born onLong Island. A boy genius, he enters MIT at the age of 15 to study electrical engineering and later receives Master's degrees in electrical engineering and physics. After his parents are killed in a car accident, he inherits his father's company.
Tony Stark is injured by a booby trap and captured by enemy forces led by Wong-Chu. Wong-Chu orders Stark to build weapons, but Stark's injuries are dire and shrapnel is moving towards his heart. His fellow prisoner, Ho Yinsen, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist whose work Stark had greatly admired during college, constructs a magnetic chest plate to keep the shrapnel from reaching Stark's heart, keeping him alive. In secret, Stark and Yinsen use the workshop to design and construct a suit ofpowered armor, which Stark uses to escape. But during the escape attempt, Yinsen sacrifices his life to save Stark's by distracting the enemy as Stark recharges. Stark takes revenge on his kidnappers and heads back to rejoin the American forces, on his way meeting a wounded American Marine fighter pilot, James "Rhodey" Rhodes.
Back home, Stark discovers that the shrapnel fragment lodged in his chest cannot be removed without killing him, and he is forced to wear the armor's chestplate beneath his clothes to act as a regulator for his heart. He must recharge the chestplate every day or else risk the shrapnel killing him. The cover for Iron Man is that he is Stark's bodyguard and corporate mascot. To that end, Iron Man fights threats to his company, such as Communist opponents Black Widow, the Crimson Dynamo and theTitanium Man, as well as independent villains like the Mandarin, who eventually becomes his greatest enemy. No one suspects Stark of being Iron Man as he cultivates an image as a rich playboy and industrialist. Two notable members of Stark's supporting cast at this point are his personal chauffeur Harold "Happy" Hogan and secretary Virginia "Pepper" Potts, to both of whom he eventually reveals his dual identity. Meanwhile, James Rhodes finds his own niche as Stark's personal pilot, revealing himself to be a man of extraordinary skill and daring.
The comic took an anti-Communist stance in its early years, which was softened as opposition rose to the Vietnam War.[3] This change evolved in a series of stories with Stark profoundly reconsidering his political opinions and the morality of manufacturing weapons for the military. Stark shows himself to be occasionally arrogant and willing to let the ends justify the means.[54][55] This leads to personal conflicts with the people around him, both in his civilian and superhero identities. Stark uses his personal fortune not only to outfit his own armor, but also to develop weapons for S.H.I.E.L.D. and other technologies such as theQuinjets used by the Avengers, and the image inducers used by the X-Men. Eventually, Stark's heart condition is discovered by the public and treated with an artificial heart transplant.[56]
== 1970s and early 1980s ==
Later on, Stark expands on his armor designs and begins to build his arsenal of specialized armors for particular situations such as for space travel[32] and stealth.[33][34] Stark develops a serious dependency on alcohol in the "Demon in a Bottle" storyline.[57] The first time it becomes a problem is when Stark discovers that the national security agency S.H.I.E.L.D. has been buying a controlling interest in his company in order to ensure Stark's continued weapons development for them. At the same time, it was revealed that several minor supervillains armed with advanced weapons who had bedeviled Stark throughout his superhero career were in fact in the employ of Stark's business rival, Justin Hammer who began to plague Stark more directly.[58][59] At one point in Hammer's manipulations, the Iron Man armor is even taken over and used to murder a diplomat.[59] Although Iron Man is not immediately under suspicion, Stark is forced to hand the armor over to the authorities.[60] Eventually Stark and Rhodes, who is now his personal pilot and confidant, track down and defeat those responsible, although Hammer would return to bedevil Stark again.[32][61] With the support of his then-girlfriend, Bethany Cabe, his friends and his employees, Stark pulls through these crises and overcomes his dependency on alcohol.[62] Even as he recovers from this harrowing personal trial, Stark's life is further complicated when he has a confrontation with Doctor Doom that is interrupted by an opportunistic enemy sending them back in time to the time of King Arthur.[35] Once there, Iron Man thwarts Doom's attempt to solicit the aid of Morgan Le Fay, and the Latverian ruler swears deadly vengeance - to be indulged sometime after the two return to their own time.[36] This incident was collected and published as Doomquest.
Some time later, a ruthless rival, Obadiah Stane, manipulates Stark emotionally into a serious relapse. As a result, Stark loses control of Stark International to Stane, becomes a homeless alcohol-abusing vagrant and gives up his armored identity to Rhodes, who becomes the new Iron Man for a lengthy period of time. Eventually, Stark recovers and joins a new startup, Circuits Maximus. Stark concentrates on new technological designs, including building a new set of armor as part of his recuperative therapy. Rhodes continues to act as Iron Man but steadily grows more aggressive and paranoid, due to the armor not having been calibrated properly for his use. Eventually Rhodes goes on a rampage, and Stark has to don a replica of his original armor to stop him. Fully recovered, Stark confronts Stane who has himself designed a version of armor based around designs seized along with Stark International, dubbing himself 'Iron Monger'. Defeated in battle, Stane rather than give Stark the satisfaction of taking him to trial, commits suicide.[63] Shortly thereafter, Stark regains his personal fortune, but decides against repurchasing Stark International until much later; he instead creates Stark Enterprises, headquartered in Los Angeles.
==== "Civil War" ====
In the "Civil War" storyline, after the actions of inexperienced superheroes The New Warriors result in the destruction of several city blocks, including the elementary school, in Stamford, Connecticut, there is an outcry across America against super-humans. Learning of the Government's proposed plans, Tony Stark suggests a new plan to instigate a Superhuman Registration Act. The Act would force every super-powered individual in the U.S. to register their identity with the government and act as licensed agents. The Act would force inexperienced super-humans to receive training in how to use and control their abilities, something in which Tony strongly believes. Since his struggle with alcoholism, Stark has carried a tremendous burden of guilt after nearly killing an innocent bystander while piloting the armor drunk. Reed Richards of the Fantastic Four and Dr. Henry "Hank" Pym both agree with Stark's proposal; unfortunately, not everyone does. After Captain America is ordered to bring in anyone who refuses to register, he and other anti-registration superheroes go rogue, coming into conflict with the pro-registration heroes, led by Iron Man. The war ends when Captain America surrenders to prevent further collateral damage and civilian casualties, although he had defeated Stark by defusing his armor. Stark is appointed the new director of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[71] and organizes a new government-sanctioned group of Avengers. Shortly afterwards, Captain America is assassinated while in custody.[72] This leaves Stark with a great amount of guilt and misgivings about the cost of his victory and he states that "it wasn't worth it". He serves as one of the pallbearers at the memorial service for Captain America, along with Ben Grimm, Ms. Marvel, Rick Jones, T'Challa and Sam Wilson.[73]
== Powers and abilities ==
Iron Man possesses powered armor that gives him superhuman strength and durability, flight, and an array of weapons. The armor is invented and worn by Stark (with occasional short-term exceptions). Other people who have assumed the Iron Man identity include Stark's long-time partner and best friendJames Rhodes;[38] close associates Harold "Happy" Hogan; Eddie March;[96][97] and (briefly) Michael O'Brien.
The weapons systems of the suit have changed over the years, but Iron Man's standard offensive weapons have always been the repulsor rays that are fired from the palms of his gauntlets. Other weapons built into various incarnations of the armor include: the uni-beam projector in its chest; pulse bolts (that pick up kinetic energy along the way; so the farther they travel, the harder they hit); anelectromagnetic pulse generator; and a defensive energy shield that can be extended up to 360 degrees. Other capabilities include: generating ultra-freon (i.e., a freeze-beam); creating and manipulating magnetic fields; emitting sonic blasts; and projecting 3-dimensional holograms (to create decoys).
In addition to the general-purpose model he wears, Stark has developed several specialized suits for space travel,[32] deep-sea diving, stealth,[33][34] and other special purposes. Stark has modified suits, like the Hulkbuster heavy armor. The Hulkbuster armor is composed of add-ons to his so-called modular armor, designed to enhance its strength and durability enough to engage the Incredible Hulk in a fight. A later model, designed for use against Thor, is modeled on theDestroyer and uses a mystical power source. Stark develops an electronics pack during the Armor Wars that, when attached to armors that use Stark technologies, will burn out those components, rendering the suit useless. This pack is ineffective on later models. While it is typically associated with James Rhodes, the War Machine armor began as one of Stark's specialty armors.
The most recent models of Stark's armor, beginning with the Extremis Armor, are now stored in the hollow portions of Stark's bones, and the personal area networking implement used to control it is implanted in his forearm, and connected directly to his central nervous system.
The Extremis has since been removed, and he now uses more conventional armors. Some armors still take a liquid form but are not stored within his body.
=== Powers ===
After being critically injured during a battle with the Extremis-enhanced Mallen, Stark injects his nervous system with modified techno-organic virus-like body restructuring machines (the Extremis process).[98] By rewriting his own biology, Stark is able to save his life, gain an enhanced healing factor, and partially merge with the Iron Man armor, superseding the need for bulky, AI-controlled armors in favor of lighter designs, technopathically controlled by his own brain. His enhanced technopathy extends to every piece of technology, limitless and effortlessly due to his ability to interface with communication satellites and wireless connections to increase his "range". Some components of the armor-sheath are now stored in Tony's body, able to be recalled, and extruded from his own skin, at will.
During the "Secret Invasion" storyline the Extremis package is catastrophically shutdown by a virus, forcing him again to rely on the previous iteration of his armor, and restoring his previous limitations. Furthermore, Osborn's takeover of most of the few remaining Starktech factories, with Ezekiel Stane systematically crippling the others, limits Tony to the use of lesser, older and weaker armors.[99]
After being forced to "wipe out" his brain to prevent Norman Osborn from gaining his information, Tony Stark is forced to have a new arc reactor, of Rand design installed in his chest. The process greatly improves his strength, stamina and intellect. The procedure left him with virtually no autonomic functions: as his brain was stripped of every biological function, Tony is forced to rely on a digital backup of his memories (leaving him with severe gaps and lapses in his long-term memory) and on software routine in the arc reactor for basic stimuli reaction, such as blinking and breathing.[100][101] The Bleeding Edge package of armor and physical enhancement is now equal in power, if not a more advanced, version of the old Extremis tech.[83]
=== Skills ===
Tony Stark is an inventive genius whose expertise in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and computer science rivals that of Reed Richards, Hank Pym, and Bruce Banner, and his expertise in electrical engineering and mechanical engineering surpasses even theirs. He is regarded as one of the most intelligent characters in the Marvel Universe. He graduated with advanced degrees in physics and engineering at the age of 17 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)[102] and further developed his knowledge ranging from artificial intelligence to quantum mechanics as time progressed. His expertise extends to his ingenuity in dealing with difficult situations, such as difficult foes and deathtraps, in which he is capable of using available tools, including his suit, in unorthodox but effective ways. He is well respected in the business world, able to command people's attention when he speaks on economic matters, having over the years built up several multi-million dollar companies from virtually nothing. He is noted for the loyalty he commands from and returns to those who work for him, as well as for his business ethics. Thus he immediately fired an employee who made profitable, but illegal, sales to Doctor Doom.[35] He strives to be environmentally responsible in his businesses.
At a time when Stark was unable to use his armor for a period, he received some combat training from Captain America and has become physically formidable on his own when the situation demands it.[103] In addition, Stark possesses great business and political acumen. On multiple occasions he reacquired control of his companies after losing them amid corporate takeovers.[104]
Due to his membership in the Illuminati, Iron Man was given the Space Infinity Gem to safeguard.[105] It allows the user to exist in any location (or all locations), move any object anywhere throughout the universe and warp or rearrange space. As with the other members of the lluminati and their respective gems, Iron Man has vowed not to use it on any occasion, even after the Secret Invasion and his fugitive status.
It was suggested that Stark's intelligence was the result of experiments made by a Rigellian recorder called Recorder 451 after his mother almost loses him while pregnant, in exchange of saving his life.[106] However, it was revealed that Tony was really adopted and the true son of Howard and Maria Stark is Arno, weakened by 451's experiments.[107]
== References ==
# "Iron Man – Top 100 Comic Book Heroes". IGN.Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
# Jump up^ DeFalco, Tom; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1960s".Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. Dorling Kindersley. p. 91. ISBN 978-0756641238. 
# ^ Jump up to:a b c Lee, Stan (1975). Son of Origins of Marvel Comics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 45.ISBN 978-0671221669.
# Jump up^ Lee, Stan; Mair, George (2002). Excelsior! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 160. ISBN 978-0684873053.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c d The Invincible Iron Man (Ultimate 2-Disc Edition Iron Man DVD). Paramount Pictures. 2008.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c Lee, Son of Origins of Marvel Comics pp. 46-48
# Jump up^ "Mask of the Iron Man". Game Informer (177): 81. January 2008.
# Jump up^ Lee, Stan (December 1997). "Stan's Soapbox" from "Bullpen Bulletins" Marvel Comics.
# Jump up^ Daniels, Les (1991). Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. Harry N. Abrams. p. 99. ISBN 9780810938212.
# Jump up^ Coates, John (2014). Don Heck: A Work of Art.TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 978-1605490588.
# Jump up^ Heck, quoted in Peel, John (March–April 1985). "A Signing Session with Don Heck". Comics Feature(34). p. 18.
# Jump up^ Wright, Bradford (2001). Comic Book Nation. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 336. ISBN 0-8018-6514-X.
# Jump up^ DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 99: "Following the tradition of Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu and Atlas' own Yellow Claw, the Mandarin first appeared in Tales of Suspense #50 in a story written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Don Heck."
# Jump up^ DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 100: "The Black Widow was a Russian spy assigned to capture American industrialist Tony Stark...Her story was plotted by Stan Lee, written by...Don Rico, and drawn by Don Heck."
# Jump up^ DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 101: "A case of mistaken identity led the police to assume [Hawkeye] was part of [a criminal] gang. The Black Widow saved him from capture but also tricked him into fighting Iron Man"
# Jump up^ Lewis, A. David (January 2008). "Graphic Responses: Comic Book Superheroes' Militarism Post 9/11". Americana: The Institute for the Study of American Popular Culture. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
# ^ Jump up to:a b c Genter, Robert (December 2007). "'With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility:' Cold War Culture and the Birth of Marvel Comics". The Journal of Popular Culture (Wiley-Blackwell) 40 (6): 953–978 and 965–969. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2007.00480.x.
# Jump up^ Beard, Jim (July 12, 2007). "Spotlight on Iron Man/Tony Stark". Marvel Comics. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved March 5,2008.
# Jump up^ DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 128: "Hailing 1968 as the beginning of the 'Second Age of Marvel Comics,' and with more titles to play with, editor Stan Lee discarded his split books and gave more characters their own titles."
# Jump up^ Cassell, Dewey; Sultan, Aaron; Mike, Gartland (2005). The Art of George Tuska. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1893905405.
# Jump up^ Sanderson, Peter "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 158: "In this issue, scripted by Mike Friedrich, plotter and penciler Jim Starlin introduced a miniature mythos of his creations."
# Jump up^ Friedrich, Mike (w), Tuska, George (p), Colletta, Vince (i). "Convention of Fear!" Iron Man 72 (January 1975)
# Jump up^ Friedrich, Mike (w), Jones, Arvell; Pollard, Keith (p), Ayers, Dick (i). "The Modok Machine!" Iron Man 74 (May 1975)
# Jump up^ Friedrich, Mike (w), Jones, Arvell (p), Stone, Chic (i). "Slave To the Power Imperious!" Iron Man 75 (June 1975)
# Jump up^ Friedrich, Mike (w), Jones, Arvell (p), Stone, Chic (i). "I Cry: Revenge!" Iron Man 77 (August 1975)
# Jump up^ Friedrich, Mike; Englehart Steve (w), Stone Chic (p), Colletta, Vince (i). "Mission Into Madness!"Iron Man 80 (November 1975)
# Jump up^ Friedrich, Mike (w), Stone, Chic (p), Colletta, Vince (i). "War of the Mind-Dragons!" Iron Man 81 (December 1975)
# ^ Jump up to:a b c David Michelinie's run on Iron Man at the Grand Comics Database
# Jump up^ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 187: "In December [1978], co-plotters David Michelinie and Bob Layton, and penciler John Romita, Jr....came up with Bethany Cabe, a highly capable professional bodyguard and a different sort of leading lady."
# Jump up^ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 188: "Writer David Michelinie and artists John Byrne and Bob Layton introduced James Rhodes Tony Stark's best friend and future super hero War Machine inThe Invincible Iron Man #118."
# Jump up^ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 189: "Tony Stark's billionaire nemesis Justin Hammer made his first appearance in The Invincible Iron Man #120 by writer David Michelinie and artist John Romita, Jr. and Bob Layton. "
# ^ Jump up to:a b c d Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Sky Die!" Iron Man 142 (January 1981)
# ^ Jump up to:a b c DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 202: "InThe Invincible Iron Man #152, Iron Man unveiled his all-black stealth armor."
# ^ Jump up to:a b c Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Escape From Heaven's Hand!" Iron Man 152 (November 1981)
# ^ Jump up to:a b c Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Doomquest" Iron Man 149 (August 1981)
# ^ Jump up to:a b Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Knightmare" Iron Man 150 (September 1981)
# Jump up^ Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (August 1986). "Denny O'Neil". Comics Interview (35) (Fictioneer Books). p. 29.
# ^ Jump up to:a b DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 211: "Jim was the natural choice to replace [Stark] as Iron Man when Tony's problem's with alcohol prevented him from doing the job. Jim continued in his role until The Invincible Iron Man #199 (Oct. 1985)."
# Jump up^ DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 223
# Jump up^ DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 233: "Although actually called 'Stark Wars', the story arc that became known as 'Armor Wars began in this issue and ran until June 1988."
# Jump up^ Kaminski, Len (w), Ryan, Paul (p), Wiacek, Bob (i). "Decisions In A Vacuum" Iron Man 278 (March 1992)
# Jump up^ Kaminski, Len (w), Ryan, Paul (p), Wiacek, Bob;Williams, Keith (i). "Bad Judgment" Iron Man 279 (April 1992)
# Jump up^ Manning, Matthew K. "1990s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 280: "Part of the 'Heroes Reborn' event, Iron Man was relaunched into a new universe courtesy of writer Scott Lobdell and Jim Lee, with pencils by Whilce Portacio."
# Jump up^ The Invincible Iron Man (II) in the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
# Jump up^ Manning "1990s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 289: "Tony Stark returned in style...in this new ongoing series by writer Kurt Busiek and artist Sean Chen."
# Jump up^ The Invincible Iron Man (III) in the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
# Jump up^ Manning "2000s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 325: "Writer Warren Ellis teamed up with illustrator Adi Granov to create a new spin on Iron Man that would have long-lasting effects."
# Jump up^ Ong Pang Kean, Benjamin (September 11, 2007)."Forging Iron: Adi Granov talks Iron Man". Newsarama. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
# ^ Jump up to:a b The Invincible Iron Man (IV) in the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
# Jump up^ Esposito, Joey (January 14, 2011). "Invincible Iron Man #500 Preview". IGN. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
# Jump up^ Richards, Dave (December 26, 2008). "The Osborn Supremacy: Iron Man". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
# Jump up^ The Invincible Iron Man (V) in the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
# Jump up^ Iron Man titles at the Grand Comics Database
# Jump up^ Bahn, Christopher (May 4, 2008). "Quiz: Is your 'Iron Man' knowledge iron-clad?". MSNBC. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
# Jump up^ "Iron Man Takes Off". Graphic Policy. May 4, 2008. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
# Jump up^ Goodwin, Archie (w), Tuska, George (p), Craig, Johnny (i). "What Price Life?!" Iron Man 19 (November 1969)
# Jump up^ Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob; Romita, Jr., John (2006). Iron Man: Demon in a Bottle. Marvel Comics. p. 176. ISBN 978-0785120438.
# Jump up^ Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Casino Fatale!" Iron Man 123 (June 1979)
# ^ Jump up to:a b Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Pieces of Hate!" Iron Man 124 (July 1979)
# Jump up^ Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "The Monaco Prelude" Iron Man 125 (August 1979)
# Jump up^ Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "The Caribbean Connection" Iron Man 141 (December 1980)
# Jump up^ Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Romita, Jr., John (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Demon In a Bottle" Iron Man 128 (November 1979)
# Jump up^ O'Neil, Dennis (w), Bright, M. D. (p), Akin, Ian;Garvey, Brian (i). "Resolutions!" Iron Man 200 (November 1985)
# Jump up^ Michelinie, David; Layton, Bob (w), Kupperberg, Alan (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Master Blaster!" Iron Man 242 (May 1989)
# Jump up^ Michelinie, David (w), Layton, Bob (p), Layton, Bob (i). "Footsteps" Iron Man 248 (November 1989)
# Jump up^ Busiek, Kurt; Stern, Roger; Pacheco, Carlos(2011). Avengers Forever. Marvel Comics. p. 328.ISBN 978-0785137528.
# Jump up^ Iron Man (vol.3) #73-78: "Best Defense" #1-6
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w), Finch, David (p), Miki, Danny; Morales, Mark (i). "Breakout Part Two" The New Avengers 2 (February 2005)
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w), Finch, David (p), Miki, Danny (i). "Breakout Part Six" The New Avengers 6 (June 2005)
# Jump up^ Casey, Joe; Irving, Frazier (2006). Iron Man: The Inevitable. Marvel Comics. p. 144. ISBN 978-0785120841.
# Jump up^ Knauf, Daniel; Knauf, Charles (w), De La Torre, Roberto (p), Sibal, Jonathan (i). Iron Man v4, 15 (April 2007)
# Jump up^ Brubaker, Ed (w), Epting, Steve (p), Epting, Steve (i). "The Death of the Dream" Captain America v5, 25 (April 2007)
# Jump up^ Loeb, Jeph (w), Cassaday, John (p), Cassaday, John (i). "The Death of Captain America, Chapter 5: Acceptance" Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America 5 (August 2007)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salvador (a). "The Five Nightmares" The Invincible Iron Man 1-6 (July–December 2008), Marvel Comics
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael and Reed, Brian (w), Cheung, Jim (a). New Avengers: Illuminati 5 (January 2008), Marvel Comics
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w), Yu, Leinil Francis (p), Morales, Mark (i). Secret Invasion 1 (June 2008)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Larroca, Salvador (p), Larroca, Salvador (i). "World's Most Wanted Part 3: No Future" The Invincible Iron Man v5, 10 (April 2009)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Larroca, Salvador (p), Larroca, Salvador (i). "World's Most Wanted Conclusion Into The White [Einstein On The Beach]" The Invincible Iron Man v5, 19 (December 2009)
# Jump up^ Matt, Fraction; Larroca, Salvador (2011). The Invincible Iron Man, Vol. 4: Stark Disassembled. Marvel Comics. p. 136. ISBN 978-0785136866.
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w), Coipel, Olivier (p), Morales, Mark (i). "The Siege of Asgard - Phase One" Siege 1 (March 2010)
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w), Coipel, Olivier (p), Morales, Mark (i). "The Siege of Asgard - Phase Three" Siege 3 (May 2010)
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w), Coipel, Olivier (p), Morales, Mark (i). "The Siege of Asgard - The Fallen" Siege 4 (June 2010)
# ^ Jump up to:a b Fraction, Matt (w), Larroca, Salvador (p), Larroca, Salvador (i). "Stark Resilient Part 1 Hammer Girls" The Invincible Iron Man v5, 25 (June 2010)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt; Larroca, Salvador (2011). The Invincible Iron Man, Vol. 5: Stark Resilient, Book 1. Marvel Comics. p. 128. ISBN 978-0785145561.
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt; Larroca, Salvador (2011).Invincible Iron Man, Vol. 6: Stark Resilient, Book 2. Marvel Comics. p. 144. ISBN 978-0785148357.
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Immonen, Stuart (p), Immonen, Stuart (i). "The Serpent" Fear Itself 1 (June 2011)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salvador (p), Larocca, Salvador (i). The Invincible Iron Man 504 (July 2011)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salvador (p), Larocca, Salvador (i). "Fear Itself Part 2: Cracked Actor" The Invincible Iron Man 505 (August 2011)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Immonen, Stuart (p), Von Grawbadger, Wade (i). "Fear Itself 4: Worlds on Fire" Fear Itself 4 (September 2011)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Immonen, Stuart (p), Von Grawbadger, Wade; Vines, Dexter (i). "Fear Itself 7: Thor's Day" Fear Itself 7 (December 2011)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Larrocca, Salvador (p), Larrocca, Salvador (i). "So you invented the superheavy cell?" Fear Itself: Iron Man 7.3 (January 2012)
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt; Larroca, Salvador (2012).Invincible Iron Man, Vol. 9: Demon. Marvel Comics. p. 136. ISBN 978-0785160465.
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salavdor (a). "The Future Part" The Invincible Iron Man 521-527 (September–December 2012), Marvel Comics
# Jump up^ Ching, Albert (October 14, 2012). "Brian Bendis Adds Iron Man to Guardians of the Galaxy". Newsarama. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2013. 
# Jump up^ AXIS #9
# Jump up^ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 144: "Boxer Eddie March was the first African-American to wear Iron Man's armor."
# Jump up^ Goodwin, Archie (w), Tuska, George (p), Esposito, Mike (i). "The Replacement!" Iron Man 21 (January 1970)
# Jump up^ Ellis, Warren; Granov, Adi (2013). Iron Man: Extremis. Marvel Comics. p. 160. ISBN 978-0785183785.
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael; Yu, Leinil Francis (2010).Secret Invasion. Marvel Comics. p. 288. ISBN 978-0785149170.
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt; Larroca, Salvador (2009).Invincible Iron Man, Vol. 2: World's Most Wanted, Book 1. Marvel Comics. p. 152. ISBN 978-0785134138.
# Jump up^ Fraction, Matt; Larroca, Salvador (2010).Invincible Iron Man, Vol. 3: World's Most Wanted, Book 2. Marvel Comics. p. 160. ISBN 978-0785136859.
# Jump up^ Sanderson, Peter (w), Candelario, Harry (p), Cheung, Jim (i). Iron Man: The Legend 1 (September 1996)
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael; Reed, Brian (w), Cheung, Jim (p), Morales, Mark (i). "The war with the Kree is over" New Avengers: Illuminati v2, 1 (February 2007)
# Jump up^ Fingeroth, Danny (w), Bright, M. D. (p), de la Rosa, Sam (i). "Happy's Story" Iron Man 210 (September 1986)
# Jump up^ Bendis, Brian Michael; Reed, Brian (w), Cheung, Jim (p), Morales, Mark (i). "This...is an Infinity Gem"New Avengers: Illuminati v2, 2 (March 2007)
# Jump up^ Gillen, Kieron (w), Eaglesham, Dale (p), Efx, Guru (i). "The Secret Origin of Tony Stark" Iron Manv5, 11 (June 2013)
# Jump up^ Gillen, Kieron (w), Asrar, Mahmud (p), Efx, Guru (i). "The Secret Origin of Tony Stark" Iron Manv5, 17 (October 2013)
# Jump up^ Thomas, Roy; Sanderson, Peter (2007). The Marvel Vault: A Museum-in-a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the World of Marvel. Running Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0762428441. 
# Jump up^ "Iron Man In Animation - A Retrospective". Marvel Animation Age. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
# Jump up^ Cordeira, Jim (November 6, 2006). "Sega and Marvel hook up for Iron Man". GamingAge.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
# Jump up^ "Iron Man Anime, T.P. Sakura, K-On!! Promos Streamed". Anime News Network. September 1, 2010. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
# Jump up^ Yamato, Jen (May 1, 2008). "Iron Man is the Best-Reviewed Movie of 2008!". Rotten Tomatoes.Archived from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
# Jump up^ "Iron Man". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 14,2013.
# Jump up^ "Iron Man". Game Rankings. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 12,2008.
# Jump up^ "Robert Downey Jr. To Return As Marvel’s Iron Man". Marvel.com. June 20, 2013. Archivedfrom the original on June 20, 2013. RetrievedJune 20, 2013.
# Jump up^ Perpetua, Matthew (July 8, 2011). "Ghostface Killah Sued by 'Iron Man' Composer". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
# ^ Jump up to:a b Reid, Shaheem (November 20, 2007)."Ghostface Killah's Iron Man Obsession Lands Him A Cameo In Upcoming Comic Book Flick". MTV News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
# Jump up^ "Magneto And Titanium Man". Paul McCartney.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
# Jump up^ Benitez, Jr., Vincent P. (2010). The Words and Music of Paul McCartney: The Solo Years.Praeger. p. 65. ISBN 978-0313349690.
# Jump up^ "Hang By, Hang By". Absolutelyrics.com.Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
# Jump up^ Hank, Melissa (April 25, 2007). "Sci-fi made sexy on Eureka". TV Guide. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved August 16,2007.
# Jump up^ Noer, Michael; David M. Ewalt, David M. (December 11, 2007). "The Forbes Fictional 15".Forbes. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
# Jump up^ Pisani, Joseph (May 31, 2006). "The Smartest Superheroes". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. RetrievedNovember 25, 2007.
# Jump up^ "#12 Iron Man". IGN. 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
# Jump up^ "The Official Website Of Monster Jam - Trucks - Iron Man". Monster Jam. January 9, 2010.Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
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