Gretsch

Gretsch is an American company that manufactures guitars, basses and drums. The company was founded in 1883 by Friedrich Gretsch, a 27-year-old German immigrant, shortly after his arrival to the United States. Friedrich Gretsch manufactured banjos, tambourines, and drums until his death in 1895. In 1916, his son, Friedrich Jr. moved operations to Brooklyn, New York where Gretsch went on to become one of the most prominent manufacturers of American musical instruments.
Most modern-era Gretsch guitars are manufactured in the Far East, though American-made "Custom Shop" models are available. In 2003, Gretsch entered a business agreement with Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC). Under the terms of that agreement Fred Gretsch III would retain ownership while FMIC would handle most of the development, distribution and sales.Guitars of the Fred Gretsch Company - Jay Scott
==History==
===Beginnings===
Gretsch was founded in 1883 by Friedrich Gretsch, a young German immigrant. His Brooklyn shop was designed for the manufacture of banjos, tambourines, and drums. In 1895, Gretsch died at the age of 39, and the then successful company was taken over by his son Fred Jr. By 1916, Fred had moved the company into a larger 10-story building in the Williamsburg district, becoming one of the most prominent American musical instrument makers.
===1950s, 1960s and 1970s===
200px|thumb|Bono playing a Gretsch Irish Falcon.
By the mid-1950s, after Fred's son Fred Jr. had taken the reins, the company introduced several distinctive models, including the 6120 "Nashville," and the Duo Jet chambered "solid body", which was played by Bo Diddley. Chuck Berry also played the Duo Jet when he recorded his first major hit, Maybellene and is pictured on his LP After School Session. Two other models were introduced - the Country Club, and the White Falcon.
Guitar production by the Gretsch Company began in the early 1930s, and Gretsch guitars became highly sought after, most notably in the 1950s and 1960s. They lost favor with players during the 1970s and 1980s for various reasons, including a problematic relationship with the Baldwin Piano Company. Gretsch eventually went bankrupt, then was revived in 1989 by Fred W. Gretsch, a great-great-grandson of Friedrich Gretsch. Sometimes referred to as Fred Gretsch III, he remains president of the company to this day.
During this time, Chet Atkins became an endorser of Gretsch. Atkins was one of the pre-eminent guitarists of his day, and his endorsement gave Gretsch greater visibility in competition with Gibson and Fender. Gretsch ultimately sold thousands of guitars with Chet's name on the pickguard, most notably the 6120 Chet Atkins model, one of which was purchased in 1957 by a young guitar player named Duane Eddy. The worldwide success of Eddy's "twangy" instrumental records, television appearances, and extensive touring, helped expose the Gretsch guitar to the teenage rock and roll market. George Harrison, years later, would refer to this model as "the Eddie Cochran/Duane Eddy guitar". Other Chet Atkins models were the Country Gentleman (named after an Atkins instrumental hit) and the Tennessean, a lower cost version of the Country Gentleman.
Many rockabilly players had followed in the footsteps of Eddie Cochran, who also wielded a 6120 (though modified with a Gibson P-90 pickup in the neck position) and Gene Vincent's guitarist Cliff Gallup, who played a Duo Jet.
Elvis Presley himself later owned a Gretsch Country Gentleman—(recently manufactured as "Gretsch Country Classic" but now renamed Chet Atkins Country Gentleman), playing it briefly both on stage and in the studio. Gretsch quickly became a legitimate competitor to both Gibson and its main rivals, Fender and Rickenbacker.
Gretsch fortunes rose yet again in the early sixties when George Harrison played a Gretsch Country Gentleman on The Ed Sullivan Show. Despite popular belief, he acquired two Country Gentleman guitars; his first was destroyed when it fell out of the trunk of a car on the roadway. He would later switch to a Gretsch Tennessean and his Country Gentleman made its last appearance in the music video of "You're Going to Lose That Girl" in the movie Help! The Ed Sullivan Country Gent was given to Ringo Starr by Harrison's wife, Olivia. Alf Bicknell, chauffeur for The Beatles, strapped the Country Gentleman (George Harrison's second) to the back of the car. The guitar did not fall out of the trunk/boot."Beatles Gear" by Andy Babiuk, Resided Edition, Backbeat Books, Second (revised) edition, 2002, p. 174
The British Invasion brought further popularity to Gretsch models. In addition to the Beatles, Brian O'Hara of The Fourmost used a Country Gentleman; it has been suggested that George Harrison gave him this guitar after acquiring the Tennessean.
* John Lennon at one point acquired a Nashville (double cutaway)
* Eric Clapton used a double cutaway 6120 during his early days with the Yardbirds.
* The Animals' Hilton Valentine played a Tennessean on the classic "House of the Rising Sun".
* Brian Jones of The Rolling Stones used a 1963 model 6118 Double Anniversary from late 1963 – mid 1964. It was used on their version of "I Wanna Be Your Man" as well as the Rolling Stones' first album, a few tracks on 12 x 5. It was also used on the Rolling Stones first American Tour in June 1964.
* Gerry Marsden, of Gerry and the Pacemakers, can also be seen using a Gretsch guitar.
* Steve Marriott of the Small Faces played a Tennessean, a Duo Jet and a White Falcon during his time in that group.
* Beginning in 1966, Gretsch had weekly television exposure when the company supplied the guitars and drums for The Monkees, increasing the demand for its guitars.
* Both Lou Reed and Sterling Morrison of the Velvet Underground used a Gretsch Country Gentleman during the band's lifetime (although not simultaneously; they shared the same guitar), as did The Stone Roses guitarist John Squire.
* In the 1960s, Gretschs were seen in the hands of Stephen Stills and Neil Young, who both played Falcon models on the Buffalo Springfield's lone hit, "For What It's Worth".
* Pete Townshend of the Who also used a '59 orange Gretsch 6120 (given to him by Joe Walsh) on their 1971 Who's Next and 1973 Quadrophenia albums, including their hits, "Bargain", "Won't Get Fooled Again" and "5:15".
* Paul Atkinson of The Zombies played a Gretsch 6120 in his tenure with the band, while also using a Rickenbacker.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Gretsch also sold several different models of amplifiers badged with the Gretsch name to accompany its guitars. These were actually manufactured by Valco, and have become sought after objects of rarity in the years following Valco's demise.
===Gretsch electric twelve-string and The Monkees===
According to the audio commentary by Michael Nesmith for the episode "I've Got a Little Song Here" on The Monkees: Season One DVD set, prior to The Monkees, Michael Nesmith liked twelve-string electric guitars. At the time, only Rickenbacker and Vox mass-produced them. Nesmith preferred the bluesy twangy sound of a Gretsch over the distinctive pop sound of a Rickenbacker. According to Nesmith, there was a luthier in Los Angeles who converted six-string electric guitars into twelve-string guitars. Nesmith bought himself a Gretsch Country Gentleman to convert into a twelve-string, and that is the guitar he used in the pilot episode of The Monkees. (Note: Upon close examination of the film footage, the guitar Nesmith identifies as a Country Gentleman is actually a Gretsch Tennessean. When the pilot episode aired, the music scenes had been re-shot. As a result, Mike is holding the original Gretsch as the band is setting up, but is using the famous blonde Gretsch once they start playing.) Once the pilot was sold as a series, and Gretsch made the deal to supply the group with instruments, Nesmith contacted Fred Gretsch, and asked if he could make him a twelve-string electric guitar. Gretsch agreed, and the result is the famous blonde electric twelve-string that Nesmith used during the entire Monkees series, in the recording studio, and in concert. Meanwhile, Fred Gretsch liked the finished instrument so much, he put the electric twelve-string guitar into production. One of the first was given to George Harrison and was later known as the "George Harrison Model". Harrison, preferring his Rickenbacker twelve-string, gave the guitar to a friend.
From 1966 through 1968, Gretsch also produced the Gretsch 6123, which was a Monkees signature electric six-string guitar. However, since the Monkees' target demographic was pre-teenage girls, the guitar (bright red in color, with a dubious "Monkees" logo on the pickguard) was not a sales success, since few of these girls played guitar, and even fewer had the cash to cover the $469 price tag.
===Sale, Gretsch family regains interest===
Fred Gretsch never found a suitable successor, and in 1967 Gretsch was sold to Baldwin Pianos, becoming a subsidiary of that firm.
During the "Baldwin era", new models were introduced throughout the seventies and old favorites continued to be produced. As solidbody guitars rose to prominence in rock, with the harder styles of the era favoring Fender Stratocasters and Gibson Les Pauls, use of hollowbodies fell in popularity. In 1979, after Fred Jr's death, Chet Atkins withdrew his endorsement in response to quality problems and Gretsch's unwillingness to pursue his vision of a nylon-stringed electric guitar. Factory fires in the early 1970s caused serious problems, and production was finally halted by Baldwin in 1981.
In 1989, another Fred Gretsch, nephew of Fred Jr., and his wife Dinah, acquired their namesake company. The first new model they introduced was the Traveling Wilburys model - an Asian import - which looked much like a Danelectro. While this guitar model did little to bolster Gretsch's reputation for producing classic guitars, it served notice that Gretsch was back.
After numerous failed attempts to acquire facilities or contract production in the United States, Fred Gretsch and long-time Gretsch employee Duke Kramer, who advised Gretsch, turned to Terada of Japan, and production began there. A range of reissues appeared throughout the nineties to mixed reviews. They were of generally high quality, but with notable non-vintage details and features. Occasional US-built "Custom Shop" models were offered at significantly higher prices.
===Resurgence===
In the 1980s, rockabilly revival player Brian Setzer rekindled interest in the brand with his band The Stray Cats. His influence continued through the 1990s with The Brian Setzer Orchestra and its fusion of "hyperbilly" guitar and powerful big band arrangements. In 1990, he became the first player since Chet Atkins to be honored with a signature-model Gretsch, the "Brian Setzer 6120", which is now one of an extensive line of Setzer signature models.
The cover art on Cloud Nine, the eleventh studio album by English musician George Harrison, recorded and released in 1987, features Harrison's first American-made guitar, a 1957 Gretsch 6128 Duo-Jet, that he purchased in Liverpool in 1961. Harrison called it his "old black Gretsch". Harrison gave the guitar to his longtime friend, Klaus Voormann who kept it for 20 years. The guitar had been left in Los Angeles and had been modified, Harrison asked for the return of the guitar, which he restored and used for the cover shoot. Gretsch celebrated the legacy of George Harrison with a G6128T-GH George Harrison Signature Duo Jet guitar, modeled on the instrument that the legendary guitarist often referred to as his "first real decent guitar." Gretsch also made a run of just 60, limited edition replica G6128T-GH, George Harrison Tribute Custom Shop Duo Jet guitars. Featuring reproduction scuffs and scratches, it has been praised by Harrison's son Dhani, who says: "I've never seen a more precise and detailed replica of any guitar in my life."
Gretsch guitars achieved some popularity amongst new wave and alternative rock guitarists in the 1980s. Roddy Frame plays two different Gretsch models in music videos for Aztec Camera's Love and Stray albums: "Somewhere in My Heart" and "The Crying Scene". In a December 2013 concert at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, UK, Frame used an olive-colored Gretsch model. Billy Duffy of The Cult played a Gretsch White Falcon and has a signature model. Matthew Ashman of Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow also played a Gretsch White Falcon. Johnny Marr played a Gretsch 6120 on The Smiths song "Stretch Out and Wait". John Squire of The Stone Roses played a Gretsch Country Gentleman. Martin Gore of Depeche Mode has played various Gretsch guitars. William Reid of Jesus and Mary Chain played a Gretsch Tennessean,Howe (2014), 75 as did Robert Smith of The Cure.Bacon (2005), 89
Jim Heath, aka Reverend Horton Heat, has been an important Gretsch proponent in the modern era, and also has a signature model. While Gretsch never issued a signature-model for Poison Ivy Rorschach of the band The Cramps, she frequently used a 1958 Chet Atkins 6120 since 1985. Heath was influenced by Ivy's guitar playing.
===FMIC era===
In late 2002, Gretsch and Fender reached an agreement giving Fender most of the control over marketing, production, and distribution of guitars (although the Gretsch family still owns Gretsch Guitars).
Fender quickly set about improving the line by upgrading substandard electrical components and bringing modern production more closely in line with designs and practices of the classic era. Body and headstock shapes, which on reissues from the 1990s and early 2000s had varied from 1950s-1960s practice, were made more vintage-correct. Hollowbodies were returned to 3-ply construction rather than the 5-plies of the 1990–2002 period. Filtertron double-coil pickups were redesigned by TV Jones to sound more like vintage pickups. Duo Jets were more extensively chambered in accordance with vintage practice. The trestle bracing of the 1959–1961 era was re-introduced on the Setzer line and other selected models.
Gretsch also introduced new models consistent with its heritage but aimed at modern players. These included features like premium pickups manufactured by TV Jones, locking Sperzel tuners, and ML bracing designed by Mike Lewis of FMIC and Masao Terada of the Terada company in Japan, where all Gretsch pro-line guitars are now built.
In January 2007, with the agreement of the Atkins family, Gretsch announced the return of Chet Atkins as an endorser. The Country Classic models became Country Gentlemen once again. The name "Chet Atkins Hollowbody" returned to the 6120 Nashvilles, and the Tennessee Rose became the "Chet Atkins Tennessee Rose". In July 2008, a limited run of Chet Atkins 6120 Stereo guitars was introduced. This model was based upon a famous prototype from 1956, which featured in several landmark Atkins recordings, but was never produced in quantity.
Billy Zoom, of the Los Angeles punk band X, was honored with a limited-edition Gretsch Custom Shop Jet model in 2008; this guitar is based on Zoom's own vintage Jet, and includes more extensive internal chambering than any other modern Jet, exactly reproducing the construction revealed when Zoom's original guitar was CAT-scanned at a medical facility during development.
At the same time, FMIC has refined and improved the mid-priced Electromatic line by discontinuing the low-end bolt-neck models of the late 1990s and early 2000s, which incorporated generic humbucking pickups and wraparound bridges. The Electromatic Hollowbody line has proven particularly successful, from the 5125–5129 series with its US-made DeArmond 2000 pickups, and the similar 5120 series. The 5120, a single-cutaway model inspired by the 6120, has become the best-selling guitar in Gretsch history, with an active after-market in replacement pickups from TV Jones and other makers for players who feel they provide a more characteristic tone than the stock "Gretschbucker" double-coil pickups. The double-cutaway 5122 model, introduced in 2008, and inspired by the 6122 Country Gentleman, fills out the Korean-built Electromatic Hollow line.
The Electromatic line also includes Pro Jet and Double Jet chambered solidbodies based on Gretsch's venerable Duo Jet line; these are equipped with Gretsch mini-humbuckers unavailable on any other guitar. Final members of the Electromatic line are the Corvette series, thin mahogany solidbodies based on the identically named and same-shaped model of the early sixties – but with the newly designed Mega'Tron double-coil pickups exclusive to the Corvette line. Both G. Love and Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy have been honored with signature-series Electromatic Corvettes, the G. Love introduced in January 2008 and Stump's "Stump-o-matic" in January 2009.
For a time, following the FMIC takeover, Fender also issued the first Gretsch-badged amplifier since the days of Valco. The Gretsch G5222 Electromatic amp was essentially a redressed version of the Fender Champion 600 reissue with differing upholstery and grill material. The Champion 600 was discontinued in 2010, though the G5222 continued production and still remains available for purchase.
Billie Joe Armstrong of the American Pop Punk band Green Day, Used FMIC era Gretsch Guitars on their most recent releases: Unos, Dos, Trés.
{Dave Dalton} of the American {Garage Punk} band {Screaming Bloody Marys} Uses Acoustic White Falcon Guitars on their upcoming release.
==Current models==
===Hollow body electric===
Single cutaway body style
Professional collection
Model 	Name
G6073 	Electrotone Bass
G6117T-HT 	Anniversary
G6118G6118T-125G6118TG6118T-LTVG6118TJR 	Anniversary125th AnniversaryAnniversary with BigsbyAnniversary Lacquer/TV JonesAnniversary Junior
G6118TLHG6118TLH-LTVG6118T-LTV 	Anniversary Left-Handed130th Anniversary Jr. Left-Handed125th Anniversary Left-Handed
G6119G6119-1959G6119-1962FTG6119-1962HT 	Chet Atkins Tennessee Rose
G6119LHG6119-1962HTLH 	Chet Atkins Tennessee Rose Left-Handed
G6119BG6119BO 	Broadkaster Bass
G6120KS 	Keith Scott Nashville
G6120RHH 	Reverend Horton Heat
G6120-6/12 	Nashville Double Neck (6 and 12-string)
G6120G6120AMG6120BKG6120BSG6120TMG6120DSVG6120-1959G6120-1959LTV 	Chet Atkins Hollow Body
G6120-1959LH-TV 	Chet Atkins Hollow Body Left-Handed
G6120DSWG6120W-1957G6120-CGP 	Chet Atkins Western StyleChet Atkins Stereo
G6120-125 	Chet Atkins 125th Anniversary Limited Edition (limited to 25 pieces)
G6120DSW-R 	Chet Atkins Relic
G6120SSLG6120SSLVOG6120SSUG6120SSUGR 	Brian Setzer Nashville
G6120SSULH 	Brian Setzer Nashville Left-Handed
G6120SHBKG6120SHAG6120SHBG6120SHTG6120SHPG6120SHLG6120SHBKTVG6120SHATVG6120SHBTVG6120SHTTVG6120SHPTVG6120SHLTVG6120TV	Brian Setzer Hot Rod
G6120G6120LH 	Eddie Cochran Signature Hollow BodyEddie Cochran Signature Hollow Body Left-Handed
G6122-1958G6122-1959G6122-1962 	Chet Atkins Country Gentleman
G6122-1959LHG6122-1962G6120LH 	Chet Atkins Country Gentleman Hollow Body Left-Handed
G6126TCC 	Chris Cheney Signature Model
G6130 	Knotty Pine Roundup
G6136DSG6136T-LDSG6136DCG6136TG6136T-LTVG6136CST 	White Falcon
G6136TLH 	White Falcon Left-Handed
G6136DSBKG6136TBK 	Black Falcon
G6136TSL 	Silver Falcon
G6136I 	Bono Irish Falcon
G6136-1958 	Stephen Stills White Falcon
G6136DL 	David Lee
G6136WCST 	Chet Atkins Western Style
G6136SLBP 	Brian Setzer Black Phoenix
G6139CB 	Falcon Center-Block
6143, 6144, 6145 	Spectra Sonic
G6192G6192TG6193G6193TG6196G6196TG6196TSP-2GG6196TSP-BY 	Country Club
G6196T 	Country Club Left-Hand
G7593G7593T 	White Falcon IBilly Duffy Falcon
Electromatic collection
Model 	Name
G5120G5120BKG5120SBG5125G5126G5127G5128G5129	Electromatic Hollow Body
G5191TMSG5191MSG5191BK 	Tim Armstrong Electromatic Hollow Body
G5420T 	Electromatic Hollow Body
G5420LH 	Electromatic Hollow Body Left-Handed
G5620T-CBG5622T-CBG5655T-CB 	Electromatic Center-Block
Double cutaway body style
Professional collection
Model 	Name
G6120DC 	Chet Atkins Nashville
G6122-1962G6122IIG6122-12	Chet Atkins Country GentlemanChet Atkins Country Gentleman 12 (12-string)
G6136DC 	White Falcon
G6137TCBG6137TCB 	Panther Center-BlockPanther Center-Block LTD Flagstaff Sunset
G6136LSB 	White FalconWhite Falcon Long Scale Hollow-Body Bass
G6139T-CBDC 	Falcon Center-Block
Electromatic collection
Model 	Name
G5122DC 	Electromatic Hollow Body
G5422TDCG5422TDCG	Electromatic Hollow Body
G5422DC-12 	Electromatic Hollow Body 12-String
G5135CVT 	
===Solid body electric===
Single cutaway body style
Professional collection
Model 	Name
G6121-1955G6121-1959 	Chet Atkins Solid Body
G6128G6128TG6128DSG6128TDSG6128TCGG6128T-DSVG6128T-1962	Duo Jet
G6128T-GHG6120DE 	George Harrison Signature Duo JetDuane Eddy Signature Hollow Body
G6128-TDS-R 	Duo Jet Relic (limited to 75 pieces)
G6128TLHG6128TDSLH 	Duo Jet Left-Handed
G6128TVPG6128T-TVP 	Power JetPower Jet Firebird
G6128B 	Thunder Jet Bass
G6129G6129TG6129T-1957 	Silver Jet
G6129AUG6129TGG6129TLG6129T 	Sparkle Jet
G6129BZ 	Billy Zoom Custom Shop Tribute Silver Jet
G6131TG6131TDSG6131MY 	Jet Firebird Malcolm Young Jet Firebird
G6131TVPG6131T-TVP 	Power Jet Firebird
G6134G6134T-LTV 	White Penguin
G6134LH 	White Penguin Left-Handed
G6134B 	Black Penguin
G6138 	Bo Diddley (rectangular)
G6199 	"Billy-Bo" Jupiter Thunderbird("futuristic" body shape by Bo Diddley and Billy F. Gibbons)
G6199B 	"Billy-Bo" Jupiter Thunderbird Bass
Electromatic collection
Model 	Name
G5210G5215 	Junior Jet
G5220G5225 	Junior Jet II
G5235G5235TG5236G5236TG5238G5238T	Pro Jet
G5245TG5246TG5248T 	Double Jet
525052555259 	Special Jet
5265 	Baritone Jet
G5566 	Jet Double Neck (lead and baritone)
G5700G5715 	Lap Steel
G5810G5850 	Bo Diddley (rectangular)Mini Diddley (rectangular)
Double cutaway body style
Professional collection
Model 	Name
G6128T-1962	Duo Jet
G6128T-DCM 	Duo Jet
G6129T-1962	Silver Jet
Electromatic collection
Model 	Name
G5135G5135GLG5135PSG5135CVT-PS	Electromatic CorvetteG. LovePatrick Vaughn Stump StumpomaticStump-O-Matic Electromatic CVT
===Acoustic===
Arch top
Model 	Name
Synchromatic Archtop 	Synchromatic Archtop
G100G100CEG100BKCE 	Synchromatic ArchtopSynchromatic Archtop Cutaway Acoustic/Electric
Professional collection	Professional collection
G400G400BG400CG400UV 	Synchromatic ArchtopSynchromatic Archtop CutawayJimmie Vaughan Synchromatic
G6040MCSS 	Synchromatic Archtop Cutaway
Flat top
Model 	Name
Professional collection 	Professional collection
G6022G6022CG6022EG6022CWFF 	RancherRancher CutawayRancher Acoustic/ElectricRancher Falcon Cutaway
Flat Top collection 	Flat Top collection
G5010G5012G5013G5015 	Rancher Junior
G5020CG5022CG5023CG5025C 	Rancher Jumbo
G5030G5030CG5032G5032CG5033G5033CG5035G5035C	Dreadnought, Dreadnought Cutaway
==Drums==
During the 1950s and 1960s, many renowned Jazz drummers, such as Elvin Jones, Tony Williams, Art Blakey, Philly Joe Jones, Max Roach, and even Billy Cobham (during the early 1970s in the early Mahavishnu Orchestra days) utilized Gretsch drums. They were all playing the now classic "round badge" kits.
* Micky Dolenz also used Gretsch drums during the filming of the Monkees TV series.
* Phil Collins used a Gretsch drum kit for many years while touring with Genesis, also legendary studio and all around drummer Vinnie Colaiuta played Gretsch.
* Charlie Watts of the Rolling Stones has played Gretsch drums for forty-five years.
* Other artists who have used Gretsch drums include Brad Wilk from Audioslave and Rage Against the Machine, Taylor Hawkins of Foo Fighters, Debbi Peterson of The Bangles and Steve Ferrone of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.
* Green Day's Tré Cool began using Gretsch drums during the recording of the band's ¡Uno!, ¡Dos!, and ¡Tré! albums.
==Replicas==
Harmonix Music Systems released a replica Gretsch Duo-Jet Guitar controller alongside the release of "The Beatles: Rock Band".
==References==
==Bibliography==
* Bacon, T. (2005). (Ed.). 50 Years of Gretsch Electrics. Backbeat Books. San Francisco. ISBN 0-87930-822-2.
* Bacon, T. (2000). (Ed.). Fuzz & Feedback: Classic Guitar Music of the 60's. Miller Freeman Books. San Francisco. ISBN 0-87930-612-2.
* Howe, Z. (2014). (Ed.). Barbed Wire Kisses: The Jesus and Mary Chain Story. Polygon. Edinburgh. ISBN 978-1-84697-331-4.
==External links==
* 
Category:Guitar manufacturing companies
Category:Percussion instrument manufacturing companies
Category:Manufacturing companies based in New York City
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