Collective memoria

Collective memoria, subjective, partial ed mutaasib, buit diu opposen ad Historia quod pretensit ses objective ed sigwrit sien scientific kweit. Api, pon redefineihmos ia historic studyes wawod volmos ke ia bayanent ia menscensubjectivitats, memoria trendneut absorbe historia : id hat biht uno metahistoric categoria ed uno major challenge pro ia pos-schoah societats. 
 Memorplack in id prever concentrationslagher Buchenwald ad Ernst Thälmann. So wir eet ex 1925 tiel sien arrest in 1933 is perodhsedd ios Communiste Partise Deutschlands. In August 1944, id Gestapo (Nazi secret police) transportit Thälmann do Buchenwald quer is buit nict in neclar circumstances : I Nazis mohld is nohc unte id bombardement ios camp ab id allieit aviationo menxu est anter suppost is buit fauran execut, ed eys nayv aydht in id crematorium. Id communiste regime ios Deutschios Democratic Respublic sepul iom ka victim os Nationalsocialisme bet, pos id deutsch reoineihsa, historians oiskieur od Thälmann eet neis pritor os democratia sontern admirer os Sovietsk communisme, ed od is hieb anter slabihn id anti-Nazi front aynd-ye id Socialiste Partise Deutschlands (SPD) ka sieno magno duschman.
==Memoria ed historia==
Memoria est gnoht ka affective, selective ed drughav; historia volt ses scientific. Lakin, ia diemens inter historia ed memoria dehbhient bihe dyina minter ka diweiden quem ka dialogos. 
Historia est scientific ye id maynen uns "human science". Pon id movment ios Ecole des Annales ab 1929 quod hat udnoven ia historic studyes kwehrskwnd un total - politic, militar, diplomatic edschi economic ed social - historia, ghyanend-ye ibs historic studyes id camp iom imaginaria -, id magno ziel im historians neti est objectivitat sontern honestia ed methodic rigor : deikent ir surces tem quem ia prabhils iren paurskens. 
Collective memoria ne est submiss tibs naudhs. Se transformet unte wakt : exist uno kmehen os memoria ye id maynen quer saygmos od dreu se kmehnt, movt. Kam Individus, grupps ed societats mehme iro prev dependt ia werds iro present im eiskwt : idge invitet i ad interroge ir heritage. 
Historians yinjier antwehrde ibs kaurs os collective memoria; gwivent ghi in ir tid. Sei sont interrogabund eti contestabund ia spontan fikers quod id opinion sib kwehrt de historia, agent conschi id ed ep id. Is Italian politic theoretic Gramsci (1891-1937) sigwrit od la storia è sempre storia contemporanea, cioè politica. Tei formule tehrpt bihe dahn unschi angher maynen. Id wehrg alhistorian, wawod id biht uperwohrten do Talim, transformet id fiker uno nation sib forget de sien prev ed yinjier id maynen id daht sieni future. Smyehrt id construction uns official historia, yani uns collective, national memoria.
 Photo em Ruth ed Robert Büchler qui buir deportet magvi do Auschwitz. Ruth ne survivit. Est kohnst od inter 1942 ed 1944, 232 000 magvi buir deportet do Auschwitz, bayna-yi 11 000 ex cigan Familias. Kun id Sovietsk Armee lur id lagher in Januar 1945, tik dar 650 magvi ed terwns hieb ghohden survive. Maungs ex i gnohr neter ir nam, ni ir oumer au origin. Quasi quanti eent orbhs. Is journaliste ed cineaste Alwin Meyer narret in sien buk Vergiss deinen Namen nicht ("Mae myehrs tien nam") id deshumanisation tim magven, bihr-yi tik wohkwni med id prisonersadadho tatoun ep ir corpos. In tod lagher (kam in pleist alya), buir i magvi separen ud ir familias, perhunghern, dusmuamalen, torturen, abusen ka romuschas, ed sems submitten ibs sadiste pseudoscientific experiments ios SS-liek Mengele. So ghohd fuges, pos id weir, do Sud America, bihsit naiw arresten ed mohr in Brasilu in 1979.
==Id memoria dohlg==
Historic-ye, id notion "memoria dohlg" surrexit pos Mund Weir Dwo : est invoquen kay mehmihes id respecto dulgen im victims ios Schoah. 
Ma hat memoria biht un essential motif os muassir men ? Ob id correspondt id naudh os resiste id Beschleunigung der Geschichte, os contre id Erschütterung des Tradierten quod Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) anadeht ei adgumt ios mecanic, productive ed disciplinar wakt iom industrial societats, ei profunderascen os liberal individualisme ed ibs catastrophes hant induct. 
It buit Mund Weir Oin preter un ajib, rhayr-fikret weir. Hat caduciht id "transmitten experience" - ia narns iom prever weirs, con-ya ies wighs os 1914 hieb crohscen, eent inutil in ia tranchees. Eighi "transmitten experience" buit substituet id "gwiven experience". Id "Megil Weir" hat ornuwt quo A.Wieworka kalt id "era'l weitwodd" (2002).Ta individual ed subjective memorias hant bihn id materialum al historian : hant taraght ids orbatsmethodes. Ed hant inflex id cult ios memoria. Idschi experience iom laghers hat prohpen ka ajib, rhayr-fikret. Bet id homage im heroys Buchenwald buit moxu success ab tod im victims os Auschwitz. Id progressive insaf de quo buit id vol os extermine Europes yudis hat bihn un trauma ios europay memoria quod aunstohgit quosmed id hieb ghohdt khanye ia humaniste wirts ep-ya id pretens kihes. Id weiden ios werd Schoah - quod kyeust id id yudi religieus men id fin os Menscgenos - ed quod hat succedden id neud iom werds "holocauste" - quod swehnt pior kam "kurban" - au "genocide" - contestable idghi kwecto apterlites ia nazi racial conceptions - kay name id "final solution" est in tod regardo revelator. Tod namdehsa ananct un iseriht skweiten ios extermination im europayen Yudis. Ma tod forlinkwen ios politic skweiten os historia ? Zaruri est articule id con id posmoderne distrust dia politique. 
Pos id marloubia iom ideologias - id suspecen dia ia Nationalismes ed communisme -, i engagen partisans au i martyrs om wastahs nuntos suspecen ob degenerient do uperghyalir ed destructor ideologias neti hant suwen adhesion. Id tid im heroys buit success ab id tid im victims. Nu-bihnt ti celebret. Api, id tongjon quo celebret el lyehgend magv, niem ed barekrewos victim, quel neti est un subject we hat naiwo sigwrt ses oin - infans maynt etymologic-ye "nebahnd" - hat pervers effects. El victim magv est un apolitic heroy. Id symbolic politic rite se wernt tun do saker rite. Ithan sont ghabtu ia warnens om G.Agamben ed G.Didi-Huberman contra id ajib isereihsa ios memoria ios extermination.