The Foursquare Church

The Foursquare Church is an evangelical Pentecostal Christian denomination founded in 1923 by preacher Aimee Semple McPherson. The headquarters are in Los Angeles, California, United States.
==History==
In 1922, Aimee Semple McPherson (1890–1944), an evangelist known as "Sister Aimee", explained for the first time her definition of the term Foursquare Gospel (similar to the Pentecostal and Charismatic Christian theological concept of the "Full Gospel"). What is Foursquare?, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Accessed September 11, 2016 According to chapter 1 of Book of Ezekiel, Ezekiel had a vision of God as revealed to be four different aspects: a man, a lion, an ox and an eagle. It also represents the four aspects of the Department of Christ; Savior, Baptizer with the Holy Spirit, Healer and Soon-coming King. This was the vision and name she gave at Foursquare Church, founded in 1923 in Los Angeles,Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1993, page 246–247 which became her center of operations, and where she also opened in 1923 Angelus Temple, seating 5,300 people, in Echo Park.Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2002, page 295 The attendance has become a megachurch with 10,000 people.Thomas, Lately Storming Heaven: The Lives and Turmoils of Minnie Kennedy and Aimee Semple McPherson, Ballantine Books, USA, 1970) page 32 McPherson was a flamboyant celebrity in her day, participating in publicity events, such as weekly Sunday parades through the streets of Los Angeles, along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, as well as what is now known as Life Pacific University adjacent to it, on the northwest corner of land that she owned in the middle of the city.
McPherson's celebrity status continued after her death, with biopics such as the 1976 Hallmark Hall of Fame drama The Disappearance of Aimee depicting her life, as well as the 2006 independent film Aimee Semple McPherson, which particularly focused on her month-long disappearance in May–June 1926 and the legal controversy that followed.Epstein, Daniel Mark, Sister Aimee: The Life of Aimee Semple McPherson (Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1993) pp. 296, chapter "Kidnapped"Matthew Avery Sutton, Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007)p90, chapters "Kidnapping the Bride of Christ and p119, "Unraveling the Mystery"Cox, Raymond L. The Verdict is In, ( R.L. Cox and Heritage Committee, California, 1983) entire book focuses on the reported kidnapping
After Aimee Semple McPherson's death in 1944, her son Rolf K. McPherson became president and leader of the church, a position he held for 44 years.J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, page 1461 The Foursquare Church formed the "Pentecostal Fellowship of North America" in 1948 in Des Moines, Iowa, in an alliance with the Assemblies of God, the Church of God, the Open Bible Standard Churches, the Pentecostal Holiness Church, and others. In 1994, 46 years after the founding of the Pentecostal Fellowship, it was reorganized as the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America after combining with African-American organizations, most significantly the Church of God in Christ.
On May 31, 1988, John R. Holland became the Church's third President, a position he held until July 1997.
Harold Helms served as interim president from July 1997 until July 1998; he was followed by Paul C. Risser, who became the president on April 16, 1998, at the church's 75th annual convention.
In October 2003, under Risser's tenure, the church sold Los Angeles radio station KFSG-FM to the Spanish Broadcasting System for $250 million. Risser's leadership led to another high-profile controversy for the church, when, without the involvement of the denomination's board of directors and finance council, church funds were invested in firms that targeted the "close-knit evangelical community" but turned out to be Ponzi schemes.
 Risser resigned his leadership position under fire in March 2004.
Jack W. Hayford, founder of The Church On The Way in Van Nuys, California served as the president of the Foursquare Church from 2004 to 2009. Hayford along with Pastors Roy Hicks Jr. in Eugene, Oregon, Jerry Cook in Gresham, Oregon, Ronald D. Mehl of the Beaverton Foursquare Church in Beaverton, Oregon, and John Holland in Vancouver, British Columbia, have been credited by the church with setting a plan for the denomination's continued survival despite its staggering financial losses estimated at $15 million under the failed leadership of Paul Risser.
The Foursquare denomination, under Hayford's leadership, is in "Missional Conversation" with the emerging church movement, claimed to be part of a "Church Multiplication" effort. "Church Multiplication" also supports the house church movement through resources that support the expansion of "Foursquare Simple Church Networks."
In 2020, Randy Remington became the President of The Foursquare Church. The Foursquare Church, 
FoursquareLeader, foursquare.org, USA, retrieved May 30, 2020
==Statistics==
On the denomination's website, they claim that in 2020, it had 90,000 churches, 8.8 million members in 146 countries. International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, History, foursquare.org, USA, retrieved May 30, 2020
==Beliefs==
The beliefs of the Foursquare Church are expressed in its Declaration of Faith, compiled by its founder Aimee Semple McPherson.Declaration of Faith of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. Accessed January 11, 2013. McPherson also authored a shorter, more concise creedal statement.Creedal Statements of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. Accessed January 11, 2013.
The church believes in the verbal inspiration of the Bible, the doctrine of the Trinity, and the deity of Jesus Christ.ICFG Creedal Statements 1–3 It believes that human beings were created in the image of God but, because of the Fall, are naturally depraved and sinful.III. The Fall of Man, ICFG Declaration of Faith. It believes in the substitutionary atonement accomplished by the death of Christ. The church teaches that salvation is by grace through faith and not by good works.ICFG Creedal Statements 9. Believers are justified by faith and born again upon repentance and acceptance of Christ as Lord and king.VI. Repentance and Acceptance and VII. The New Birth, ICFG Declaration of Faith. Consistent with its belief in human free will, the Foursquare Church also teaches that it is possible for a believer to backslide or commit apostasy.ICFG Creedal Statements 24.
The Foursquare Church teaches that sanctification is a continual process of spiritual growth.VIII. Daily Christian Life, ICFG Declaration of Faith. Christian perfection and holiness can be attained through surrender and consecration to God. This spiritual growth is believed to be promoted by Bible study and prayer.ICFG Creedal Statements 25–27. The Foursquare Church believes in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an event separate from conversion that empowers the individual and the wider church to fulfill the church's mission of evangelization. The Foursquare Church expects Spirit baptism to be received in the same manner as recorded in the Book of Acts, namely that the believer will receive spiritual gifts, possibly (though not necessarily) including speaking in tongues.X. The Baptism of the Holy Spirit, ICFG Declaration of Faith. The evidence of the Spirit-filled life is the Fruit of the Spirit. The church believes that spiritual gifts continue in operation for the edification of the church.XII. The Gifts and Fruit of the Spirit, ICFG Declaration of Faith.
The Foursquare Church believes that divine healing is a part of Christ's atonement. It teaches that the sick can be healed in response to prayer.XIV. Divine Healing, ICFG Declaration of Faith. The Foursquare Church anticipates a premillennial return of Christ to earth.ICFG Creedal Statements 36. It believes that there will be a future final judgment where the righteous will receive everlasting life and the wicked everlasting punishment. The Foursquare Church observes believer's baptism by immersion and the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion as ordinances.IX. Water Baptism and the Lord's Supper, ICFG Declaration of Faith. Open communion is practiced.ICFG Creedal Statements 14 and 23. Anointing of the sick and tithing are practiced as well.ICFG Creedal Statements 10, 11, 21.
==Structure==
The denomination's church government has an "episcopal character" that dates back to its founder. McPherson had veto power over church decisions, appointed all officers, and hired all employees.
The Foursquare Convention is the chief decision making body of the Foursquare Church. Meeting regularly every year, the convention's voting membership includes international officers and licensed ministers. Each Foursquare church located in the United States has the right to send one voting delegate per every 50 church members.Foursquare Church Bylaws 2012 edition, Article V 5.5, p. 7. National Foursquare Churches outside of the United States may send one official delegate to the convention.Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article XVIIII, p. 46.
A board of 12 to 20 directors manages the Foursquare Church. In addition to overseeing the Church's activities, the board of directors appoints officers and is responsible for licensing and ordaining ministers. Members of the board include the president, vice presidents, and at least nine ministers representing geographic regions. Church members in good standing may also be appointed to the board.Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article VI, pp. 9–12.
Local Foursquare churches are subordinate parts of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and are operated according to the bylaws of the international church. There are two categories of Foursquare churches.Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article III 3.3, p. 3. A "charter member church" is a member church that has no legal existence apart from the international church and whose property is owned by the international church. The second category is "covenant member church", which include "pioneer churches" and previously non-member churches. Pioneer churches are recently established church plants that have not been upgraded to charter member status. Covenant member churches might also be previously non-member churches that join the Foursquare Church but choose not to transfer their real property to the international church.Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article III 3.8 A–B, p. 4. Non-member churches may choose to affiliate with the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel without becoming a full member of the international church. These "community member churches" retain their separate legal identities and autonomy.Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article III 3.8 C, p. 5.
==North America==
Two colleges are affiliated with the Foursquare Church: Life Pacific College, formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College," in San Dimas, California, and Pacific Life Bible College in Surrey, British Columbia.
In 2006, membership in the United States was 353,995 in 1,875 churches. While congregations are concentrated along the West Coast, the denomination is well distributed across the United States. The states with the highest membership rates are Oregon, Hawaii, Montana, Washington, and California.
==Controversies==
In 2004, the denomination's president and treasurer resigned after mistakenly losing US $ 14 million to the denomination for approving two financial investment projects that were in fact a scam. E. Scott Reckard, 2 Church Officials Resign, latimes.com, USA, March 18, 2004
In 2013, under Burris' leadership, the Church lost yet another $2 million in a failed investment of a Broadway play based on the life of Aimee McPherson. David Ng and Mike Boehm, 
Broadway flop ‘Scandalous’ a costly investment for Foursquare Church, latimes.com, USA, February 14, 2013
==See also==
* Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines
* List of the largest Protestant bodies
* World Evangelical Alliance
* Believers' Church
* Worship service (evangelicalism)
==References==
==Further reading==
*Foursquare Gospel Publications. The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006.
*Glenmary Research Center. Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000).
*Mead, Frank S., Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood. Handbook of Denominations in the United States.
*Melton, J. Gordon (Ed.). Encyclopedia of American Religions.
*Van Cleave, Nathaniel M. The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel.
*Daniel Mark Epstein. Sister Aimee
==External links==
*The Foursquare Church
*Foursquare Church Canada
*Foursquare Church Malaysia
*Iglesia del Evangelio Cuadrangular de España
*Iglesia Cuadrangular de Argentina
*Iglesia Cristiana Carismática Cuadrángular
 
Category:Pentecostal denominations
Category:Pentecostalism in the United States
Category:Religious organizations based in the United States
Category:Christian organizations established in 1927
Category:Christian denominations established in the 20th century
Category:Finished Work Pentecostals
Category:Christian denominations in Nigeria
Category:Christianity in Los Angeles
Category:Evangelical denominations in North America
Category:Members of the National Association of Evangelicals