Drumcree conflict

The Drumcree conflict is an ongoing dispute over parades in the town of Portadown, Northern Ireland. The dispute is between the Orange Order and local residents (represented by the Garvaghy Road Residents Coalition). The Orange Order (a Protestant and unionist organisation) insists that it should be allowed to march through the town's mainly Catholic and nationalist area on its traditional route to-and-from Drumcree Church. The main parade is held on the Sunday before The Twelfth of July.
During the 1970s and 1980s there were numerous violent clashes as a result of the yearly parade. However, in 1995 the dispute drew the attention of the international media as it led to widespread protests and rioting throughout Northern Ireland. This pattern was repeated every July for the next four years. During this time the dispute led to the deaths of at least five civilians and prompted a massive police and army operation. Since 1998 the parade has been banned from most of the nationalist area, and the violence has subsided. However, regular moves to get the two sides into face-to-face talks have failed.
==Background==
thumb|right|250px|Routes of the Protestant parades until 1986.Red line: Route taken on the Sunday before 12 July, from their Carlton Street Hall (D) under the railway bridge (C) along Obins Street (A) to Drumcree Church (F) and back along Garvaghy Road (B).Blue line: Route taken on the 12 July, from Corcrain Hall (E) along Obins Street (A) and under the railway bridge (C).Green areas are largely nationalist/Catholic. Orange areas are largely unionist/Protestant.
The Orange Order claims that it was founded after the so-called "Battle of the Diamond" in September 1795. Others claim that the origins of organized Orangism and the tradition of milatiristic parading can be traced to a Church service in Portadown on June 1795. At that service a Rev. George Maunsell is said to have called on his congregation 'to celebrate the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne in the true spirit of the institution' by attending a sermon to be given by a Rev. Devine of the Established Church at Drumcree on Sunday the 1st of July. Two Catholics were reported to have been murdered by Orange supporters on their way home from that first 'first Sunday' service at Drumcree http://orangecitadel.blogspot.com/http://www.portadowndistrictlolno1.co.uk/Battle_of_the_Diamond.htm This was a rural riot that took place near the village of Loughgall, a few miles from Drumcree. The Order also claims that its modern "church parade" to Drumcree is held to commemorate the 1916 "Battle of the Somme" during World War I.McKay, Susan. Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People - Portadown. Blackstaff Press (2000). However, the march to Drumcree Church was originally and traditionally a celebration of the 1690 "Battle of the Boyne". The Orange Order's first "Boyne commemoration" marches took place on 12 July 1796 in Portadown, Lurgan and Waringstown.McCormack, W J. The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture. Wiley-Blackwell, 2001. Page 317. In July 1795, the year the Orange Order formed, a Reverend Devine had held a "Boyne commemoration" sermon at Drumcree Church. In his History of Ireland Vol I (published in 1809), the historian Francis Plowden described the events that followed this sermon:
[Reverend Devine] so worked up the minds of his audience, that upon retiring from service, on the different roads leading to their respective homes, they gave full scope to the anti-papistical zeal, with which he had inspired them... falling upon every Catholic they met, beating and bruising them without provocation or distinction, breaking the doors and windows of their houses, and actually murdering two unoffending Catholics in a bog. This unprovoked atrocity of the Protestants revived and redoubled religious rancour. The flame spread and threatened a contest of extermination...
Portadown and the wider north Armagh area is thus seen as the "birthplace" of Orangeism, with many of the Order's oldest lodges being based there.Dominic Bryan. Drumcree and the "Right to March": Orangeism, Ritual and Politics in Northern Ireland, in T G Fraser, ed., The Irish Parading Tradition: Following the Drum, Houndmills 2000, p.194. The first official Orange Order parade to-and-from Drumcree Church took place in July 1807. Each July since then, the Orangemen have paraded from the centre of town, along Obins Street, to Drumcree Church, and returned along Garvaghy Road. In the early 1800s, the area between the town and church was mostly fields. Protestant parades would regularly march through this area and past the Catholic church.Bryan, p.195. In 1835, Armagh magistrate William Hancock (a Protestant) wrote:For some time past the peaceable inhabitants of the parish of Drumcree have been insulted and outraged by large bodies of Orangemen parading the highways, playing party tunes, firing shots and using the most opprobrious epithets they could invent. [The Orangemen have gone] a considerable distance out of their way to pass a Catholic chapel on their march to Drumcree church.
By the end of 1796 an estimated 700 Catholic families, about 4,000 people in all, had been forced out of their homes by the 'Orange Boys'. The clearances sometimes began with the painting of warnings such as 'To Hell or Connaught' on Catholic homes. The notices to quit were sometimes signed with a foreboding nom de guerre - such as 'William Thresham', 'John Thrustout', 'Captain. Rackall', or 'Capt. Firebrand'. When the threats were ignored nocturnal attacks followed. The campaign to drive Catholics out of the area became so intense that Governor of the County, Lord Gosford, convened an emergency meeting of 30 of the county's magistrates on December 28, 1795. They issued the following statement:
Resolved, that it appears to this meeting, that the County of Armagh is at this moment in a state of uncommon disorder, that the Roman Catholic inhabitants are grievously oppressed by lawless persons unknown, who attack and plunder their houses by night and threaten them with instant destruction, unless they abandon immediately their lands and habitations"
 It is no secret, that a persecution, accompanied with all the circumstances of ferocious cruelty, which have in all ages distinguished that calamity is now raging in this County. Neither age nor sex, nor even acknowledged innocence, as to any guilt in the late disturbances, is sufficient to excite mercy or afford protection. The only crime, which the wretched objects of this ruthless persecution are charged with, is a crime indeed of easy proof: It is simply a profession of the Roman Catholic faith, or an intimate connection with a person professing that faith. A lawless banditry have constituted themselves judges of this new species of delinquency, and the sentence they have denounced is equally concise and terrible! It is nothing less than a confiscation of all property, and an immediate banishment.
 It would be extremely painful, and surely unnecessary to detail the horrors, that attend the execution of so rude and tremendous a proscription. A proscription, that certainly exceeds, in the comparative number of those it consigns to ruin and misery, every example, that ancient and modern history can supply: for where have we read of more than half the inhabitants of a populous county deprived at one blow of the means, as well as of the fruits of their industry, and driven in the midst of an inclement season, to seek shelter for themselves and their families, where chance may guide them. 
 This is no exaggerated picture of the horrid scenes now acting in the county. Yet surely it is sufficient to awaken sentiments of indignation and compassion in the coldest bosoms.
These horrors are now acting with impunity. The spirit of impartial justice (without which law is nothing better than an instrument of tyranny) has for a time disappeared in the county, and the supineness of the magistracy of Armagh is become a common topic of conversation in every corner of the Kingdom.
The magistrates' resolution was referred to by Henry Grattan during a Parliamentary Debate on the "Insurrection Act" in February 1796. Grattan spoke of the 'horrid persecution', 'abominable barbarity' and 'general extermination' being conducted against the Catholic population in Co. Armagh. One of the principal leaders of that 'general extermination' was William 'Orange Jimmy' Verner, an attorney and agent for the Armagh estates of absentee landlord, Lord Charlemont. Verner was a founder member of the Orange Order. When questioned in the House of Commons on Nov. 7th. 1796 he admitted the persecution of Catholics in Co. Armagh was the work of the 'Orange boys' (for more see http://orangecitadel.blogspot.com/).
There was violence during the Drumcree parades in 1873, 1883, 1885, 1886, 1892, 1903, 1905, 1909 and 1917.Bryan, Fraser, Dunn. Political Rituals: Loyalist Parades in Portadown - Part 3 - Portadown and its Orange Tradition. CAIN
After the partition of Ireland in 1921, the Northern Ireland government's policy on parading tended to favour Protestant and unionist parades. From 1922 to 1950, nearly 100 parades and meetings were banned under the Special Powers Act, of which nearly all were nationalist or republican.Laura K. Dohohue, 'Regulating Northern Ireland: The Special Powers Acts, 1922-1972', The Historical Journal, 41, 4 (1998), p.1093. In Portadown, Protestant parades could regularly march along the mainly-nationalist Obins Street, while local nationalist/republican bands could not, as there were some Protestant-owned houses. Although violence died-down during this period, there were clashes at the 1931 and 1950 parades. The Public Order Act 1951 exempted 'traditional' parades from having to ask police permission, but non-traditional parades could be banned or re-routed without appeal. This tended to benefit Protestant parades, which in previous decades had usually been allowed to go where they wanted.Neil Jarman and Dominic Bryan, 'Green Parades in an Orange State: Nationalist and Republican Commemorations and Demonstrations from Partition to the Troubles, 1920-1970', in T.G. Fraser, ed., The Irish Parading Tradition: Following the Drum, London and New York, 2000, p.102.
In the 1950s and 60s, a number of housing estates were built on the fields along Garvaghy Road. Due to the violence of "The Troubles" in 1969, there were major population shifts in religiously mixed Portadown. The result was that these new estates became almost wholly Catholic and nationalist, while the rest of the town became almost wholly Protestant and unionist.
Portadown Orangemen now like to think of the town as being "The Orange Citadel" and some have written sanitized histories of the local lodges. A local anthropologist, Peter Mulholland, has argued that Orange Parades in Portadown effectively deny the Catholic community their basic human rights.Mulholland, Peter. "Drumcree: A Struggle for Recognition". Irish Journal of Sociology, Vol. 9. 1999. See http://www.scribd.com/doc/26056524/Drumcree-a-Struggle-for-Recognition.
==1972 conflict==
In the late 1960s a conflict known as "The Troubles" broke out in Northern Ireland. In 1972, the Provisional IRA (a republican paramilitary group) warned that they would 'take action' if the Orange Order marched along Obins Street on 12th July. The Ulster Defence Association (a loyalist paramilitary group) threatened to take counter-action if anything was done to stop the parade.Belfast Telegraph, 11 July 1972, p.1. On the morning of 12th July, the British Army cleared nationalist barricades and used CS gas to scatter the protestors on the other side. They then allowed Orangemen to parade along the road escorted by at least fifty UDA members.Belfast Telegraph, 12 July 1972, p.4.Bryan, Dominic. Orange parades: the politics of ritual, tradition, and control. Pluto Press, 2000. Page 92. Photographs show the UDA members dressed in paramilitary uniforms and saluting the Orangemen as they marched through the Catholic street . Although the parade itself passed peacefully, three men were killed in Portadown that day — the UDA shot dead a Catholic and Protestant inside McCabe's Bar, and republicans shot dead a Protestant in Churchill Park.Malcolm Sutton, An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland - 1972 
Later in the month, the Provisional IRA exploded a bomb on Woodhouse Street, and loyalists exploded a bomb at a Catholic church. In the Obins Street area there was also a gun battle involving the Provisional IRA, the UDA, and the security forces. The UDA's involvement in the 1972 parades made a lasting impression on Portadown nationalists.Mervyn Jess. The Orange Order. Dublin, 2007. p.101
==1980s conflict: Obins Street==
===1985===
On 17 March (Saint Patrick's Day) the Saint Patrick's Accordion Band (a local nationalist band) was given permission to parade along Park Road. However, as there were a number of unionists living along the road, local unionist politicians campaigned to have it banned.Bryan, Fraser, Dunn. Political Rituals: Loyalist Parades in Portadown - Part 4 - 1985 & 1986. CAIN When the police would not agree to their demands, a small group of unionists staged a sit-down protest, and the police were compelled to change the route. Following this incident, Portadown nationalists campaigned to get unionist parades re-routed from Obins Street.
Shortly before the Drumcree parade of 7 July, hundreds of nationalists staged a sit-down protest on Obins Street [photographs at http://orangecitadel.blogspot.com/]. However, police violently removed the protestors and allowed the parade to continue. On 12 July, eight Orange lodges met at Corcrain Orange Hall and attempted to march through Obins Street to the town centre. When they were blocked by police, hundreds of loyalists gathered at both ends of the road and tried to push through. At least 52 police and 28 rioters were injured, while about 50 Catholic-owned premises were attacked. After this, the police erected a barrier at each end of Obins Street.
===1986===
On 1 April (Easter Monday), the Apprentice Boys planned to march along Garvaghy Road. The night before, police decided to ban the parade as it believed the UDA were taking part. At 1:00am, up to 3000 men forced their way past police and marched along Garvaghy Road. Residents claimed that some of the marchers were carrying guns. In the afternoon, another Apprentice Boys parade marched through the town centre. A group of loyalists attacked police, who were blocking access to the nationalist area. One rioter, Keith White, was killed by a plastic bullet. 
On 6 July the Drumcree parade took place. Along the parade's route (Obins Street and Garvaghy Road), local residents were prevented from leaving their premises. Both nationalists and loyalists attacked police, injuring at least 27. The 12 July parade was blocked from Obins Street for the second year. Instead, police escorted the parade along Garvaghy Road without any bands. Although there was no violence on Garvaghy Road, loyalists later rioted with police and tried to smash through the barrier leading to Obins Street.
After 1986, the parades were permanently banned from Obins Street. In 1987 the Public Order Act was repealed by the Public Order (Northern Ireland) Order 1987, which removed the special status of 'traditional' parades.Public Order (Northern Ireland) Order 1987.
==1990s conflict: Garvaghy Road==
 
Although nearly ten years passed without serious conflict over the Drumcree parades, both sides remained unhappy with the situation. Despite accepting the new route, many Orangemen felt that they should be able to parade wherever they wanted to. Meanwhile, residents of Garvaghy Road were very unhappy about what they called "triumphalist" Orange parades through their area. With the help of local politicians, they continually campaigned to have the route changed. To this end, they formed the Garvaghy Road Residents Coalition (GRRC), with Breandán Mac Cionnaith (aka Brendan McKenna) as its spokesman. In 1994, the Provisional IRA and loyalist paramilitaries called a ceasefire.
===1995===
On Sunday 9 July 1995, hundreds of nationalist residents staged a sit-down protest on Garvaghy Road to block the march.Mervyn Jess, The Orange Order, Dublin, 2007, p.104. Although the parade was legal and the protest was not, police prevented the parade from taking the Garvaghy Road route. The Orangemen refused to take an alternate route, announcing that they would stay at Drumcree Church until they were allowed to continue. Negotiations were opened between the Garvaghy Road Residents Coalition (GRRC), local politicians, the police and the Mediation Network, although the Orangemen refused to negotiate with the residents' group.
Meanwhile, ~10,000 Orangemen and their supporters were engaged in a standoff with ~1,000 police at Drumcree Church.CAIN - Events in Drumcree - July 1995 During this standoff, missiles were continuously thrown at the police, who responded by firing 24 plastic bullets. In support of the Orangeman, loyalists blocked numerous roads across Northern Ireland, and sealed-off the port of Larne. On the evening of Monday 10 July, Ian Paisley (DUP leader) and David Trimble (UUP leader) held a rally at Drumcree Church. Afterwards they gathered a number of Orangemen and tried to push through the police barricade, but were taken away by officers.
By the morning of Tuesday 11 July, a compromise was reached. The Orangemen would be allowed to march along Garvaghy Road on condition that they did so silently, without accompanying bands. GRRC spokesman Breandán Mac Cionnaith says that the agreement was that the parade would go silently along the road, on condition that future parades would only occur with the consent of residents.Jess, p.109. This claim is not verified by other parties.Jess, pp.109-11. The protesters were eventually persuaded to clear the road, and the march went ahead. However, as they reached the end of Garvaghy Road, Paisley and Trimble held their hands in the air in what appeared to be a gesture of triumph. Trimble claims that he only took Paisley's hand to prevent the DUP leader from taking all the media attention.Jess, pp.110-1. 
Both sides were deeply unhappy with the events of July 1995. Residents were angered that the parade had gone ahead and at what they saw as unionist triumphalism, while Orangemen and their supporters were angered that their parade had been held up by an illegal protest. Some Orangemen formed a group called Spirit of Drumcree (SoD) to defend their "right to march". At a SoD meeting in Belfast's Ulster Hall one of the platform speakers said, to applause, that "Sectarian means you belong to a particular sect or organisation. I belong to the Orange Institution. Bigot means you look after the people you belong to. That's what I'm doing. I'm a sectarian bigot and proud of it.'Jess, p.112.
===1996===
On Saturday 6 July 1996, the Chief Constable stated that the parade would be banned from marching along Garvaghy Road.- CAIN - Statement by the Chief Constable on his decision to re-route the Drumcree Parade - 1996 Police checkpoints and barricades were set-up on all routes into the nationalist area.
On Sunday 7 July the parade gathered at Drumcree Church and was blocked by police barricades. At least 4,000 Orangemen and their supporters began another standoff. That afternoon, Reverend Martin Smyth (then Orange Grand Master) arrived at Drumcree and announced that there could be "no compromise".CAIN - Events in Drumcree - 1996 Again, loyalists began riots and blocked hundreds of roads across Northern Ireland. 
On the night of 7 July, Catholic taxi-driver Michael McGoldrick was shot dead near Lurgan by the Mid Ulster Brigade of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).Jess, p.114. It is believed the killing was ordered by the brigade's leader, Billy Wright, from Portadown. Wright was frequently to be seen at Drumcree with Harold Gracey, head of the Portadown Orange Lodge. Members of the brigade smuggled homemade weaponry to Drumcree, apparently unhindered by the Orangemen. Allegedly, the brigade also had plans to drive petrol tankers into the Garvaghy area and ignite them.Coogan, Tim. The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal 1966-1995 and the Search for Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Page 517. The following month, Wright's brigade was "stood down" for breaking the ceasefire. It adopted the name Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) and began a campaign of sectarian killing.
On Wednesday 10 July, the RUC reported that, over the previous four days, there had been:
*100 incidents of intimidation 
*758 attacks on the police
*90 civilians injured
*50 police injured 
*662 plastic bullets fired by the police 
*156 arrests made
At noon on Thursday 11 July, the Chief Constable reversed his decision and allowed the parade to march along Garvaghy Road. Residents of Garvaghy Road had not been consulted on this. Rioting erupted immediately as police violently removed protestors from Garvaghy Road, often after beating them. Rioting also erupted in nationalist areas of Lurgan, Armagh, Belfast and Derry. In Derry, twenty-two protestors were seriously injured and one, Dermot McShane, died after being run-over by a British Army armoured vehicle. Rioting continued throughout the week, during which time the RUC fired a total of 6002 plastic bullets, 5000 of which were directed at nationalists. 
The Committee on the Administration of Justice (CAJ), who had sent members to observe the situation, condemned this "completely indiscriminate" use of plastic bullets. Following the events, leaders of both Sinn Féin and the SDLP stated that nationalists had completely lost faith in the RUC as an impartial police force.
===1997===
In late June 1997, Secretary of State Mo Mowlam had privately decided to let the parade proceed. This was later revealed in a leaked Northern Ireland Office document. However, in the days leading up to the parade, she insisted that no decision had been made. 
On Thursday 3 July, the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) threatened to kill Catholic civilians if the march was not allowed to proceed.CAIN - Events in Drumcree - July 1997 The following day, sixty families had to be evacuated from their homes on Garvaghy Road after a loyalist bomb threat.http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch97.htm#Jul The Ulster Unionist Party also threatened to withdraw from the Northern Ireland peace process.Jess, p.130.
On Sunday 6 July at 3:30am, 1500 British soldiers and police sealed-off the nationalist area. This led to clashes with around 300 protestors. From this point onward, all residents were prevented from leaving their housing estates and accessing the main road.
The parade marched along Garaghy Road at noon that day. After it passed, the security forces began withdrawing from the area. A large-scale riot developed. About 40 plastic bullets were fired at rioters, and about 18 people were taken to hospital. In nearby Lurgan, nationalist protestors stopped a train and set it alight.
===1998===
Early in 1998 the Public Processions Act was passed, establishing the Parades Commission. The Commission was now responsible for deciding what route marches should take. On 29 June 1998, the Parades Commission decided to ban the parade from Garvaghy Road.CAIN - Events in Drumcree - 1998 
On Friday 3 July about 1000 British soldiers and 1000 police were deployed in the area. They built large barricades across all roads leading into the nationalist area. In the fields between Drumcree Church and the Garvaghy area they also dug a trench (fourteen feet wide),Kaufmann, Eric P. The Orange Order: a contemporary Northern Irish history. Oxford University Press, 2007. Page 198. which was then lined with rows of barbed wire. British soldiers also occupied Drumcree College, St John the Baptist Primary School, and some houses close to the barricades.An Phoblacht - Garvaghy Stands Firm (9 July 1998) 
On Sunday 5 July the Orangemen arrived at Drumcree Church and stated that they would remain there until they were allowed to proceed. A group calling itself "Portadown Action Command" issued a statement which read: As from midnight on Friday 10th July 1998, any driver of any vehicle supplying any goods of any kind to the Gavaghy Road will be summarily executed.McKay, Susan. Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People - Portadown. Blackstaff Press (2000).
There was widespread loyalist violence across Northern Ireland. Over the next ten days, 2,561 "public order incidents" were recorded, this included:
*144 houses attacked (the vast majority owned by Catholics and/or nationalists)
*165 other buildings attacked (the vast majority owned by Catholics and/or nationalists)
*178 vehicles hijacked 
*467 vehicles damaged 
*615 attacks on members of the security forces (including 24 shooting incidents) 
*76 police offices injured 
*632 petrol bombs thrown 
*837 plastic bullets fired by security forces
*284 people arrested
On Sunday 12 July at 4:30am, Jason (aged 8), Mark (aged 9) and Richard Quinn (aged 10) were burnt to death when their home was firebombed by loyalists. The boys' mother was a Catholic, and their home was in a mainly-Protestant part of Ballymoney. Following the murders, William Bingham (County Grand Chaplain of Armagh and member of the Orange Order negotiating team) said that "walking down the Garvaghy Road would be a hollow victory, because it would be in the shadow of three coffins of little boys who wouldn't even know what the Orange Order is about". He said that the Order had lost control of the situation and that "no road is worth a life".Jess, pp.134-5. However he later apologised for implying that the Order was in any way responsible for the deaths.Jess, p.136. 
The murders provoked widespread anger and calls for the Orange Order to end their protest at Drumcree. Although the number of Orangemen dropped greatly, the Portadown lodges voted unanimously to continue their standoff.
On Wednesday 15 July at 6:30am the RUC began a search operation in the fields at Drumcree. A number of weapons were uncovered in the search, including: a home-made machine gun, ammunition, explosive devices, and crossbows with home-made explosive arrows.
===1999–present===
In the year after July 1998 the British Government began negotiations with the GRRC and the Orange Order —the latter still refusing to talk directly to the former— but without any agreement being reached. On 15 March 1999 the GRRC's legal advisor, Rosemary Nelson, was assassinated in Lurgan. The killing was claimed by the "Red Hand Defenders", who had detonated a bomb under her car. Although the rioting at Drumcree Church continued, the violence elsewhere died-down.CAIN web service: Developments at Drumcree, 1995-2000. Some senior Portadown Orangemen claim that they had been promised a parade on Garvaghy Road later that year if they could control things on the traditional parading dates.Jess, p.139. The following year the Parades Commission again banned the Orangemen from Garvaghy Road.
In 1999 the GRRC published a book detailing the history of Orange parades in the area. The book was called Garvaghy: A Community Under Siege. Much of the historical content of that book can now be read online at http://orangecitadel.blogspot.com/.
Since 2000 Drumcree has been relatively calm, with outside support for the Portadown lodges' campaign declining and the violence lessening greatly. Mac Cionnaith said that he believes the conflict is essentially over.Jess, p.143. The Orange Order continues to campaign for the right to march on Garvaghy Road, and in recent years has begun talks with a range of nationalists and republicans, including Cardinal Sean Brady and Gerry Adams.
==References==
==Further reading==
* The Parades Commission's Determination in Relation to the Drumcree Church Parade on 5 July 1998
* Dominic Bryan, 'Drumcree: An Introduction to Parade Disputes' in his book Orange Parades: The Politics of Ritual, Tradition and Control (London: Pluto Press, 2000).
* Mulholland P. (1999) Drumcree: A Struggle for Recognition. Irish Journal of Sociology Vol. 9.
* Susan McKay, 'Portadown: Bitter Harvest' from her book Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 2000).
* CAIN web service: Developments at Drumcree, 1995-2000
==Websites of organisations directly involved in the dispute==
* Archived version of the Garvaghy Road Residents' Coalition website
* Portadown District LOL No. 1
* Parades Commission
==See also==
* Parades in Northern Ireland
* The Troubles in Portadown
Category:Orange Order
Category:The Troubles in County Armagh
Category:Riots in Northern Ireland