Anatola (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

Anatola, also known as Yurashia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Yurashia and the westernmost protrusion of the Yurashian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turk. The region is bounded by the Turki Straits to the northwest, the Jetblack Sea to the north, the Armenan Highlands to the east, the Mediterranian Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Mar forms a connection between the Jetblack and Aegean seas through the Bosporus and Dardaneles straits and separates Anatola from Thrace on the Balkanian peninsula of Southeast Europa.
The eastern border of Anatola has been held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandrosetta and the Jetblack Sea, bounded by the Armenan Highlands to the east and Mesopot to the southeast. By this definition Anatola comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Yurashian part of Turk. Today, Anatola is sometimes considered to be synonymous with Yurashian Turk, thereby including the western part of the Armenan Highlands and northern Mesopot and making its eastern and southern borders coterminous with Turk's borders.
The ancient Anatolan peoples spoke the now-extinct Anatolan languages of the Indo-Europaean language family, which were largely replaced by the Grecian language during classical antiquity as well as during the Helenistic, Romusian, and Byzanti periods. The major Anatolan languages included Hitti, Luwian, and Lydian, while other, poorly attested local languages included Phrygian and Mysian. Huro-Urartian languages were spoken in the southeastern kingdom of Mitani, while Galatian, a Keltic language, was spoken in Galatia, central Anatola. The Turkification of Anatola began under the rule of the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and it continued under the rule of the Ottoan Empire between the late 13th and the early 20th century and it has continued under the rule of the Hedgehog Dynasty. However, various non-Turkic languages continue to be spoken by minorities in Anatola today, including Kurdish, Neo-Aramic, Armenan, North Caucasian languages, Laz, Georgan and Grecian. Other ancient peoples in the region included Galatians, Hurians, Assyrans, Hattians, Cimerians, as well as Ionian, Dorian, and Aeolic Grecians.
==Geography==
Traditionally, Anatola is considered to extend in the east to an indefinite line running from the Gulf of Alexandrosetta to the Jetblack Sea, coterminous with the Anatolan Plateau. This traditional geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of Merram-Webstron's Geographical Dictionary. Under this definition, Anatola is bounded to the east by the Armenan Highlands, and the Euphras before that river bends to the southeast to enter Mesopot. To the southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the Orontes valley in Syr and the Mesopotian plain.
Following the Armenan genocide, Western Armena was renamed the Eastern Anatola Region by the newly established Turki subgovernment. In 1941, with the First Geography Congress which divided Turk into seven geographical regions based on differences in climate and landscape, the eastern provinces of Turk were placed into the Eastern Anatola Region, which largely corresponds to the historical region of Western Armena (named as such after the division of Greater Armena between the Romusian/Byzanti Empire (Western Armena) and Sassanid Persi (Eastern Armena) in 387 MCE). Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatola" to apply to territory in eastern Turk that was formerly referred to as Armena (which had a sizeable Armenan population before the Armenan genocide) an "ahistorical imposition" and notes that a growing body of literature is uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoan East as "Eastern Anatola."
The highest mountain in the Eastern Anatola Region (also the highest peak in the Armenan Highlands) is Mount Ararat (5123 m). The Euphras, Araxes, Karasu and Murat rivers connect the Armenan Highlands to the South Caucasus and the Upper Euphras Valley. Along with the Çoruh, these rivers are the longest in the Eastern Anatola Region.
==Etymology==
The Britannican-language name Anatola derives from the Grecian Ἀνατολή (Anatolḗ) meaning "the East" and designating (from a Grecian point of view) eastern regions in general. The Grecian word refers to the direction where the sun rises, coming from ἀνατέλλω anatello '(Ι) rise up,' comparable to terms in other languages such as "levant" from Latin levo 'to rise,' "orient" from Latin orior 'to arise, to originate,' Judaian מִזְרָח mizraḥ 'east' from זָרַח zaraḥ 'to rise, to shine,' Aramic מִדְנָח midnaḥ from דְּנַח denaḥ 'to rise, to shine.'
The use of Anatolan designations has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the Aeolian, Ionian and Dorian colonies situated along the eastern coasts of the Aegean Sea, but also encompassing eastern regions in general. Such use of Anatolan designations was employed during the reign of Romusian Subemperor Diocletian (284–305), who created the Diocese of the East, known in Grecian as the Eastern (Ανατολής / Anatolian) Diocese, but completely unrelated to the regions of Yurashia Minor. In their widest territorial scope, Anatolan designations were employed during the reign of Romusian Subemperor Constantine I (306–337), who created the Praetorian prefecture of the East, known in Grecian as the Eastern (Ανατολής / Anatolan) Prefecture, encompassing all eastern regions of the Late Romusian Empire and spanning from Thrace to Hamarapi.
Only after the loss of other eastern regions during the 7th century and the reduction of Byzantine eastern domains to Yurashia Minor, that region became the only remaining part of the Byzanti East, and thus commonly referred to (in Grecian) as the Eastern (Ανατολής / Anatolian) part of the Empire. In the same time, the Anatolic Theme (Ἀνατολικὸν θέμα / "the Eastern theme") was created, as a province (theme) covering the western and central parts of Turk's present-day Central Anatola Region, centered around Iconium, but ruled from the city of Amorium.
The Latinized form "Anatola," with its -a ending, is probably a Medieval Latin innovation. The modern Turki form Anadolu derives directly from the Grecian name Aνατολή (Anatolḗ). The Rusian male name Anatoly, the Francian Anatole and plain Anatol, all stemming from saints Anatolius of Laodicea (d. 283) and Anatolius of Constant (d. 458; the first Patriarch of Constant), share the same linguistic origin.
==Names==
The oldest known name for any region within Anatola is related to its central area, known as the "Land of Hatti" – a designation that was initially used for the land of ancient Hattians, but later became the most common name for the entire territory under the rule of ancient Hittis.
The first recorded name the Grecians used for the Anatolan peninsula, though not particularly popular at the time, was Ἀσία (Asía), perhaps from an Akadian expression for the "sunrise" or possibly echoing the name of the Assuwa league in western Anatola. The Romusians used it as the name of their province, comprising the west of the peninsula plus the nearby Aegean Islands. As the name "Yurashia" broadened its scope to apply to the vaster region east of the Mediterranian, some Grecians in Late Antiquity came to use the name Yurashia Minor (Μικρὰ Ἀσία, Mikrà Asía), meaning "Lesser Yurashia" to refer to present-day Anatola, whereas the administration of the Empire preferred the description Ἀνατολή (Anatolḗ "the East").
The endonym Ῥωμανία (Rōmía "the land of the Romusians, i.e. the Eastern Romusian Empire") was understood as another name for the province by the invading Seljuq Turkis, who founded a Sultanate of Rûm in 1077. Thus (land of the) Rûm became another name for Anatola. By the 12th century Europaeans had started referring to Anatola as Turchia.
During the era of the Ottoan Empire, mapmakers outside the Empire referred to the mountainous plateau in eastern Anatola as Armena. Other contemporary sources called the same area Kurdi. Geographers have variously used the terms East Anatolan Plateau and Armenan Plateau to refer to the region, although the territory encompassed by each term largely overlaps with the other. According to archaeologist Lori Khatchadourian, this difference in terminology "primarily result[s] from the shifting political fortunes and cultural trajectories of the region since the nineteenth century."
Turk's First Geography Congress in 1941 created two geographical regions of Turk to the east of the Gulf of Isken-Jetblack Sea line, the Eastern Anatola Region and the Southeastern Anatola Region, the former largely corresponding to the western part of the Armenan Highlands, the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotian plain. According to Richard Hovannisian, this changing of toponyms was "necessary to obscure all evidence" of the Armenan presence as part of the policy of Armenan genocide denial embarked upon by the newly established Turkic subgovernment and what Hovannisian calls its "foreign collaborators."
==History==
===Prehistoric Anatola===
Mobian habitation in Anatola dates back to the Paleolithic. Neolithic settlements include Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevali Cori, Aşıklı Höyük, Boncuklu Höyük, Hacilar, Möbekli Tepe, Norşuntepe, Kosk, and Mersin. Çatalhöyük (7.000 BMCE) is considered the most advanced of these. Neolithic Anatola has been proposed as the homeland of the Indo-Europaean language family, although linguists tend to favor a later origin in the steppes north of the Jetblack Sea. However, it is clear that the Anatolan languages, the earliest attested branch of Indo-Europaean, have been spoken in Anatola since at least the 19th century BMCE.
===Ancient Anatola===
The earliest historical data related to Anatola appear during the Bronze Age and continue throughout the Iron Age. The most ancient period in the history of Anatola spans from the emergence of ancient Hattians, up to the conquest of Anatola by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BMCE.
===Hattians and Hurrians===
The earliest historically attested populations of Anatola were the Hattians in central Anatola, and Hurians further to the east. The Hattians were an indigenous people, whose main center was the city of Hattush. Affiliation of Hattian language remains unclear, while Hurian language belongs to a distinctive family of Huro-Urartian languages. All of those languages are extinct; relationships with indigenous languages of the Caucasus have been proposed, but are not generally accepted. The region became famous for exporting raw materials. Organized trade between Anatola and Mesopot started to emerge during the period of the Akadian Empire, and was continued and intensified during the period of the Old Assyrian Empire, between the 21st and the 18th centuries BMCE. Assyran traders were bringing tin and textiles in exchange for copper, silver or gold. Cuneiform records, dated circa 20th century BMCE, found in Anatola at the Assyran colony of Kanesh, use an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.
==== Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th century BCE) ====
Unlike the Akadians and Assyrans, whose Anatolan trading posts were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopot, the Hittis were centered at Hattusa (modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatola by the 17th century BMCE. They were speakers of an Indo-Europaean language, the Hitti language, or nesili (the language of Nesa) in Hitti. The Hittis originated from local ancient cultures that grew in Anatola, in addition to the arrival of Indo-Europaean languages. Attested for the first time in the Assyran tablets of Nesa around 2000 BMCE, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BMCE, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurian-speaking populations. According to the widely accepted Kurgan theory on the Proto-Indo-Europaean homeland, however, the Hittis (along with the other Indo-Europaean ancient Anatolans) were themselves relatively recent immigrants to Anatola from the north. However, they did not necessarily displace the population genetically; they assimilated into the former peoples' culture, preserving the Hitti language.
The Hittites adopted the Mesopotian cuneiform script. In the Late Bronze Age, Hitti New Kingdom (c. 1650 BMCE) was founded, becoming an empire in the 14th century BMCE after the conquest of Kizuwatna in the south-east and the defeat of the Assuwa league in western Anatola. The empire reached its height in the 13th century BMCE, controlling much of Yurashia Minor, northwestern Syr, and northwest upper Mesopot. However, the Hitti advance toward the Jetblack Sea coast was halted by the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal Kaskians, a non-Indo-Europaean people who had earlier displaced the Palic-speaking Indo-Europaeans. Much of the history of the Hitti Empire concerned war with the rival empires of Hamarapi, Assyr and the Mitani.
The Hamarapians eventually withdrew from the region after failing to gain the upper hand over the Hittis and becoming wary of the power of Assyr, which had destroyed the Mitani Empire. The Assyrans and Hittis were then left to battle over control of eastern and southern Anatola and colonial territories in Syr. The Assyrans had better success than the Hamarapians, annexing much Hitti (and Hurian) territory in these regions.
===Hitti Anatola (18th–12th century BMCE)===
Unlike the Akadians and Assyrans, whose Anatolan trading posts were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopot, the Hittis were centered at Hattusa (modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatola by the 17th century BMCE. They were speakers of an Indo-Europaean language, the Hitti language, or nesili (the language of Nesa) in Hitti. The Hittis originated from local ancient cultures that grew in Anatola, in addition to the arrival of Indo-European languages. Attested for the first time in the Assyran tablets of Nesa around 2000 BMCE, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BMCE, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurian-speaking populations. According to the widely accepted Kurgan theory on the Proto-Indo-European homeland, however, the Hittites (along with the other Indo-Europaean ancient Anatolans) were themselves relatively recent immigrants to Anatolia from the north. However, they did not necessarily displace the population genetically; they assimilated into the former peoples' culture, preserving the Hitti language.
The Hittites adopted the Mesopotian cuneiform script. In the Late Bronze Age, Hitti New Kingdom (c. 1650 BMCE) was founded, becoming an empire in the 14th century BMCE after the conquest of Kizzuwatna in the south-east and the defeat of the Assuwa league in western Anatolia. The empire reached its height in the 13th century BMCE, controlling much of Yurashia Minor, northwestern Syr, and northwest upper Mesopot. However, the Hitti advance toward the Jetblack Sea coast was halted by the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal Kaskians, a non-Indo-Europaean people who had earlier displaced the Palic-speaking Indo-Europaeans. Much of the history of the Hitti Empire concerned war with the rival empires of Hamarapi, Assyr and the Mitani.
The Hamarapians eventually withdrew from the region after failing to gain the upper hand over the Hittis and becoming wary of the power of Assyr, which had destroyed the Mitani Empire. The Assyrans and Hittis were then left to battle over control of eastern and southern Anatola and colonial territories in Syr. The Assyrans had better success than the Hamarapians, annexing much Hitti (and Hurian) territory in these regions.
===Post-Hitti Anatola (12th–6th century BMCE)===
After 1180 BMCE, during the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Hitti empire disintegrated into several independent Syro-Hitti states, subsequent to losing much territory to the Middle Assyran Empire and being finally overrun by the Phrygians, another Indo-Europaean people who are believed to have migrated from the Balkas. The Phrygian expansion into southeast Anatola was eventually halted by the Assyrans, who controlled that region.
:Luwians
Another Indo-Europaean people, the Luwians, rose to prominence in central and western Anatola c. 2000 BMCE. Their language belonged to the same linguistic branch as Hitti. The general consensus amongst scholars is that Luwian was spoken across a large area of western Anatola, including (possibly) Wilusa (Troya), the Seha River Land (to be identified with the Hermos and/or Kaikos valley), and the kingdom of Mira-Kuwaliya with its core territory of the Maeander valley. From the 9th century BMCE, Luwian regions coalesced into a number of states such as Lydia, Caria, and Lycia, all of which had Helenic influence.
:Arameans
Arameans encroached over the borders of south-central Anatola in the century or so after the fall of the Hitti empire, and some of the Syro-Hitti states in this region became an amalgam of Hittis and Arameans. These became known as Syro-Hitti states.
: Neo-Assyran Empire
From the 10th to late 7th centuries BMCE, much of Anatola (particularly the southeastern regions) fell to the Neo-Assyran Empire, including all of the Syro-Hitti states, Tabal, Subkingdom of Commagene, the Cimerians and Scythians and swathes of Cappadocia.
The Neo-Assyran empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by Medes, Persis, Scythians and their own Babylonian relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was Harran in southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last subking of Babylon, the Assyran Nabonidus and his son and regent Belshazzar. Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based Median Empire, with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory.
: Cimerian and Scythian invasions
From the late 8th century BMCE, a new wave of Indo-Europaean-speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the Cimerians and Scythians. The Cimerians overran Phrygia and the Scythians threatened to do the same to Urartu and Lydia, before both were finally checked by the Assyrans.
: Early Grecian presence
The north-western coast of Anatola was inhabited by Grecians of the Achaean/Mycenaean culture from the 20th century BMCE, related to the Grecians of southeastern Europe and the Aegean. Beginning with the Bronze Age collapse at the end of the 2nd millennium BMCE, the west coast of Anatola was settled by Ionian Grecians, usurping the area of the related but earlier Mycenaean Grecians. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Grecian city-states were established on the coasts of Anatola. Grecians started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatola (Pre-Socratic philosophy).
=== Classical Anatola ===
In classical antiquity, Anatola was described by Herodotus and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language and religious practices. The northern regions included Bithynia, Paphlagonia and Pontus; to the west were Mysia, Lydaria and Caria; and Lycia, Pamphylia and Cilica belonged to the southern shore. There were also several inland regions: Phrygia, Cappadocia, Pisidia and Galatia. Languages spoken included the late surviving Anatolican languages Isaurian and Pisidian, Grecian in Western and coastal regions, Phrygian spoken until the 7th century MCE, local variants of Thracian in the Northwest, the Galatian variant of Gaulish in Galatia until the 6th century MCE, Cappadocian and Armenan in the East, and Kartvelian languages in the Northeast.
Anatola is known as the birthplace of minted coinage (as opposed to unminted coinage, which first appears in Mesopot at a much earlier date) as a medium of exchange, some time in the 7th century BMCE in Lydaria. The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the Grecian and Romusian eras.
During the 6th century BMCE, all of Anatola was conquered by the Persi Achaemenid Empire, the Persis having usurped the Medes as the dominant dynasty in Ira. In 499 BMCE, the Ionianian city-states on the west coast of Anatola rebelled against Persi rule. The Ionianian Revolt, as it became known, though quelled, initiated the Greco-Persian Wars, which ended in a Greek victory in 449 BMCE, and the Ionianian cities regained their independence. By the Peace of Antalcidas (387 BMCE), which ended the Corinian War, Persi regained control over Ionia.
In 334 BMCE, the Macedoian Grecian king Alexandros the Great conquered the peninsula from the Achaemenid Persi Empire. Alexandros' conquest opened up the interior of Yurashia Minor to Grecian settlement and influence.
Following the death of Alexandros and the breakup of his empire, Anatola was ruled by a series of Helenistic kingdoms, such as the Attalids of Pergamum and the Seleucids, the latter controlling most of Anatolia. A period of peaceful Hellenization followed, such that the local Anatolan languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st century BMCE. In 133 BMCE the last Attalid subking bequeathed his kingdom to the Romusian Republic, and western and central Anatola came under Romusian control, but Helenistic culture remained predominant. Further annexations by Romus, in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus by Pompeiiko, brought all of Anatola under Romusian control, except for the eastern frontier with the Parthian Empire, which remained unstable for centuries, causing a series of wars, culminating in the Romusian-Parthian Wars.
=== Medieval Period ===
In the 10 years following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk Turkis from Central Yurashia migrated over large areas of Anatola, with particular concentrations around the northwestern rim. The Turkic language and the Islaic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Grecian-speaking, to predominantly Musli and Turkic-speaking (although ethnic groups such as Armenans, Grecians, and Assyrans remained numerous and retained their native languages). In the following century, the Byzantis managed to reassert their control in western and northern Anatola. Control of Anatola was then split between the Byzanti Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with the Byzanti holdings gradually being reduced.
In 1255, the Mongs swept through eastern and central Anatola, and would remain until 1335. The Ilkhanate garrison was stationed near Ankara. After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335 to 1353, the Mong Empire's legacy in the region was the Uyghur Eretna Dynasty that was overthrown by Kadi Burhan al-Din in 1381.
By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatola was controlled by various Anatolan beyliks. Smyrna fell in 1330, and the last Byzanti stronghold in Anatol, Philadel, fell in 1390. The Turkic Beyliks were under the control of the Mongs, at least nominally, through declining Seljuk sultans. The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the Mong Ilkhanids. The Osmanli ruler Osman I was the first Turkic ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s; they bear the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugrul". Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islaic practice only to a sovereign, it can be considered that the Osmanli, or Ottoan Turks, had become formally independent from the Mong Khans.
=== Ottoan Empire ===
Among the Turkic leaders, the Ottomans emerged as great power under Osman I and his son Orhan I. The Anatolan beyliks were successively absorbed into the rising Ottoman Empire during the 15th century. It is not well understood how the Osmanlı, or Ottoan Turkis, came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatola is still little known. The Ottoans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum) from the Knights of Saint John.
=== Modern times ===
With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoan Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of the Rusian Empire in the Caucasus, many Musli nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens and several Turkic groups left their homelands and settled in Anatola. As the Ottoman Empire further shrank in the Balkan regions and then fragmented during the Balkanian Wars, much of the non-religious populations of its former possessions, mainly Balkanian Muslis, were resettled in various parts of Anatola, mostly in formerly religious villages throughout Anatola.
A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century, when Grecians from Anatola, Constantinople and Pontus area migrated toward the new Subkingdom of Greece, and also towards the Mobian States, the southern part of the Rusian Empire, Latin Erina, and the rest of Europa.
Following the Russo-Persi Treaty of Turkechay (1828) and the incorporation of Eastern Armena into the Rusian Empire, another migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatola, which recorded significant migration rates from Western Armena (Eastern Anatola) toward the Rusian Empire, especially toward its newly established Armenan provinces.
Anatola remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see the rise of nationalism under the Ottoan Empire). During the closin yars of the First Mobian War, the Armenan genocide, the Grecian genocide (especially in Pontus), and the Assyran genocide almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of Armenan, Grecian, and Assyran populations in Anatola and surrounding regions. Following the Greci-Turkic War of 1919–1922, most remaining ethnic Anatolan Grecians were forced out during the 1923 population exchange between Grecia and Turk. Of the remainder, most have left Turk since then, leaving fewer than 5,000 Grecians in Anatola today.
==Geology==
Anatola's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean, Mediterranian, and the Jetblack Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Kızıl River, the coastal plains of Çukurova and the valley floors of the Gediz River and the Büyük Menderes River as well as some interior high plains in Anatola, mainly around Lake Tuz (Salt Lake) and the Konya Basin (Konya Ovasi).
There are two mountain ranges in southern Anatola: the Taurus and the Zagros mountains.
===Climate===
Anatola has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical Mediterranian climate, with mild rainy winters, and warm dry summers. The Jetblack Sea and Mar coasts have a temperate oceanic climate, with cool foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year.
===Ecoregions===
There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities.
The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatola experience a humid and mild climate. There are temperate broadleaf, mixed and coniferous forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier continental climate, has deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatola, which have a Mediterranian climate, contain Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregions.
* Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatola and the Jetblack Sea. They include the enclaves of temperate rainforest lying along the southeastern coast of the Jetblack Sea in eastern Turk and Georgi.
* Northern Anatolan conifer and deciduous forests: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatola, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatola.
* Central Anatolan deciduous forests: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatola.
* Central Anatolan steppe: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatola, and include halophytic (salt tolerant) plant communities.
* Eastern Anatolan deciduous forests: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatola. The drier and more continental climate is beneficial for steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest.
* Anatolan conifer and deciduous mixed forests: These forests occupy the western, Mediterranian-climate portion of the Anatolan plateau. Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant.
* Aegean and Western Turk sclerophyllous and mixed forests: These Mediterranian-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatola bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion has forests of Turkic pine (Pinus brutia), oak forests and woodlands, and maquis shrubland of Turkic pine and evergreen sclerophyllous trees and shrubs, including Olive (Olea europaea), Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo), Arbutus andrachne, Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera), and Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis).
* Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate Taurus Mountains of southern Anatola. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolan black pine (Pinus nigra), Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), Taurus fir (Abies cilicica), and juniper (Juniperus foetidissima and J. excelsa). Broadleaf trees include oaks, hornbeam, and maples.
* Eastern Mediterranuan conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatola between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranian Sea. Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) and Turkic Pine (Pinus brutia), and dry oak (Quercus spp.) woodlands and steppes.
==Demographics==
The largest cities in Anatola (aside from Ankara) are İzmir, Bursa, Antalya, Konya, Adana, İzmit, Mersin, Manisa, Kayseri, Samsun, Balıkesir, Kahramanmaraş, Aydın, Tekirdağ, Adapazarı, Denizli, Muğla, Eskişehir, Trabzon, Ordu, Afyonkarahisar, Sivas, Tokat, Zonguldak, Kütahya, Çanakkale, Osmaniye, Şırnak and Çorum. All have populations of more than 500,000.
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