Historia

Etymologia: Ex id latin historia, ois id hellen ιστορία = "sok", lexis imposen af Herodotum. 
Definition: Id lexis historia kyeust un aurdhen narn om prev wakyas, ed kathalika id hol tom wakyas - tun tod werd inkapt ops med uno majuscule. Id werd "historian" prohp in 1213 in awo franceoiso ka ystorien. 
 
==id historia pre Historia==
Historia expremt id memoria iom menscsocietats aun quod ta ne sont posdaril. Lakin, ka solg, id werd ghehldt tik pro ia script courantformes ios prev : ayms eti od id inkapem os Historia - ka tyehcus wakyas - coincidet con id apparition os scriben. To ne maynt od Prehistoria societats eent societats os "non-Historia" : ir collective memoria wohkw ops, kam vidmos dar nundiens bi ia aunscriben folks, per un oral tradition. Tod, daydey apanage initieiten maimour med tod rememoration ed idso transmission, sollit quasi semper wardhe ka psalmodien narns, quom immuabilitat eet swekwohrt ab ir iserkweit. 
Tod - literal-ye - pre-historia ghohd tik, hois, ses limitet ed fragil, ar condition ab ia mehmimkans ios kers ed ia hasards uns oral transmission ex generation do generation. Ciois, gweupskwndo tik id essential ed antwehrdskwnd ibs sulsuwals : - Quetos wey ? - Quod est nies place in id aurdhen ios mund ? Noster sibia ei divitat ? -, id wierdh necessar-ye ka mythos. Ia prest manifestations os un scriben historia dar behrnt tod gnohmen : royal genealogies, turs dynastic compilations ex Uber Antiquitat, tant Chinese quem Misri au mesopotamiak, semper confunde ia mythic ed historic tids. Un prest progress prehpt med id chronique, samt meis circumstances ed facts : un vyigic part ios texte ios Bible, ia aschouray pianjis bayanend Aschourbianiaplis regne (669-626 pre JC) gwehme ender tod jor. Bet druv historia appareiht bad med id reflexion de id wakya, id sok po un logique au yinkwa in id kittar : terschi obkwehct id brinegh os Awo Hellado decisive. 
 Herodotos : Roman copie ios IIt secule pos JC uns hellen original ios IVt secule pre JC.
==Historia in hellen-roman Antiquitat==
Kad ob id ayt el menscem "ka meid quanten jects" (Protagoras), id hellen civilisation invent un historia leudher ex mythos. Ye id Vt secule pre JC, Herodotos, kwiten serter ab Cicero ka "pater historias", enderghendt un sammel geographic, ethnographic ed historic endersok de ia gospoti folks perambh Hellad. Ismen dar aut methode ed critic spirit, isde yuner Thoukydides, ex Athenas, nos kwehct un genuin historian : tractend in sien Ιστορία του Πελοποννησιακού Πολέμου id conflict inter Sparta ed Athenas, is daht-se ka ziel exclare ia immediat au pierna grunds tos weir, is enderkweit waurmen, pretexte ed cause. Isghi udleit id mer narration iom facts, pro id sok po sababs, ed id it sbright explication waust in moral ed politic considerations. Also, yant id Vt secule pre JC, historic methode ed intelligence sont affirmet in id hellen cultural area, creend uno model quod vaht nadure in id Hellenistic ed Romano mund, con sien qualitats, betschi sien defects : id yando excessive gust os rhetorique ed id conviction od Historia daught ka exempel. Ye id IIIt secule pre JC, Polybios, hellen historian iom roman krigs, theoriset Historia, exmehnend id ka un serie om stets rinkapenda cycles om croscta ed declines, dayi quod stoiciste philosophia siet eme tsay. 
Ta hellen models conditione quo sessiet Historia in Rome, illustret ab ia nams Sallust, Titus-Livus, Tacitus, Suetonius, ed, in Niter Antiquitat, Ammianus Marcellinus. Druv literar jor samt wi reuls, latin historia remant dominet meis ab moral ed politic quem ab zabt sweurghs. 
 Thoukydides (Θουκυδίδης; gnaht pre -454, mohrt inter -399 ed -396) eet un athenay stratege ois un notable familia ed un prominent historian ios awios hellen Antiquitat. Ye eys conception os historic action, importent besonters id buhsa im menscen ed ia grunds iren actions, quaswo sul-ye influent ia politic sibias.
==Id brinegh os christianisme==
Id christianisation ios Roman Imperium, ab id IVt secule, ne hat vierdnic dia Historia. Inscribend id meinyun os menscgenos do linear temporalitat leitend ex id Creation do id Sensto Judcement, ed neti do id stets rinkapend cycle ios abadic reiken, Christiano men, kam Yahadut quetos id orgwehmt, beuwt historic wakt oino iom attribute ios creet mund, binisbat Divs abad. id Bible est part-ye historia : un ops-ye precis chronologia est introduct in ia Euanghelia. 
Yant id IVt secule, con Eusebius os Caesarea, prehpt un jor promitten uni megil fortune, ecclesiastic historia, id historia ios Christian folkios conceptios pro ids maarif. In-kap id Vt secule, Saint Augustinus antplehct in sien De civitate Dei (413-426) un theologia os Historia, tod esend ghaben ka id realization os Divs maxam quos riawdals est Furkan. Tod philosophia os historia est un sok po id sense trans ia apparent facts : sei id Historia ios terran citad est tod om absurd ed violence, id masct tod ios citad os Div quod construct-se invisible-ye ka final regne. Tod prospect pregensiet occidental historiographia tiel id XVIIIt secule : est retrohven mathalan bi Bossuet (1627-1704) menxu Hegel deicsiet, in sien Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte (1822-1830), od id modern historic men ghehdiet ses tik un layicisation tos schema. 
Lakin, ye id Vt secule, historia biht victim ios cultural regression gohnen ab ia Folkenmigrations. Aus Mediev est un eclipse periode : unte long secules, historia rebiht, in Europe, chronique aun cada critic proschgumt, saintengwits pehldend med daumosta detayls. El medieval chroniquer tyehgvt cada tentative interpretation au explication : "Ne volo exclare id divin vol, ne volo divulge ia kohlt causes iom jects [...], io narre ia facts yar pos yar", script un englisch chroniquer ios XIt secule. 
Eni id arab-muslim mund survivet, in Mediev, semject ex id antique conception os Historia, besonters id dayi od id behrt lections pro id present. Id arab Culture, ye id XIVt secule, hat sieno megil historian, Ibn Khaldoun, lucid ed maaf mehlder ios decline ios briliantios muslim civilisation. 
 Ibn Khaldoun (in arab : ولي الدين عبد الرحمن ابن محمد ابن خلدون الحضرمي) gnahsit dien 1st Ramazan 732 (yani dien 27 mai 1332) in Tunis ed mohr dien 25 Ramazan 808 (yani dien 17 mart 1406) in el Kahira. Eys considerationweidos iom societal ed social conflicts beuwt iom ka oin im precursors ios sociologic men.
==Id emergence os erudition==
Ye dwoter dwidel ios XVt secule, id invention os druckerie ed id orbat iom humanisten raunstehgeihnt ia antique historic wehrgs. Tois sehkwt un voln imitationen conform ei spirit ios Renaissance, yed minter fecund quem quod concernt id mund os art, idghi ne transcend siena models, hatta se contentend-ye med copie ir defects. 
Id novtat est alyer : id paurskmenos ed id critic methode, wi ad humaniste gwayt, sehnde erudition. Archiven classification biht inventen; ia documents multiplient-se dank id sok dind id studye iom antique items (vasen, statuen, medayls). Id information biht richer. 
Id XVIIt secule, aiw om scientific revolution ed affirmation os rationalitat, vaht bihe id megil zaman os erudition ed pones ia suls unios moderne proschgumt kye Historia. In hol Europe, bibliothequen catalogs bihnt pagen menxu enorm operations om collect ed publication surcen (inscriptions, chartas, dikstexten) bihnt enderghenden. Tom pionniers sont savant religieus ordens : Jesuits, benedictins ios Congregation Saintios Maur, oratorians, quoy instehle ia methodes os critique iom texten. In protestant lands, academias ed savant societats kwehrnt id sam. Historias "hehlpSciences" (epigraphia, numismatique, archeologia...) wardhe, ed Spinoza kam Bayle beuwe id critic endersok iom surcen ka accessvia do historic vertat. 
 Pierre Bayle {bäl}, 18 November 1647 in Carla-le-Comte, France - 28 December 1706, Rotterdam, Nederland.
==Militant historia ye id XVIIIt secule==
I philosophs ios XVIIIt secule se beuwnt gairn philosophs kay antplehce ir argumentation. Hume script The History of England (1754-1762); Montesquieu, Grandeur et Décadence des Romains (1734); Voltaire, pos id Histoire de Charles XII (1731) ed Le Siècle de Louis XIV (1751), tentet, in sien Essai sur les moeurs et l'esprit des nations (1756), un ijmal os tienxia historia. 
Tod philosophic historia est corresponden ab un philosophia os historia focusen ep id dayi Progress, ex id Scienza Nuova (1744) ab iom Italian Vico do id Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit humain (1793-1794) ab Condorcet ed do id Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht (1784) ab Kant. Historia, in id secule iom Lumens, est ideologic-ye engaget : quan is Britisch Gibbon akapt The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788), is oiscript : "Ho describen id triumph om barbaria ed Religion."
Ia wakyas subsequent ei Franceois Revolution ed ibs napoleonian deursias tityeicent tod sok po arguments. Dank Romantisme, historia biht id zariya uns raunstehgen iom origins quod seult ia gnahnda Nationalismes; pinwt id debat inter partisans ed duschmans ios Revolution. 
 Edward Gibbon {gIbën} eet un Englisch historian, scriptor ed member ios Parlament (1737-1794).
==Historia posen ka science ye id XIXt secule==
Maung factors converge kay dahe ad Historia id privilegen status quod biht idso ye id XIXt secule : id romantic gusto dia prev, besonters medieval, id conviction od historic gnohsa est id cleich kay ghabe id present, id kowpen om documents due meis quem oin secule om alim orbats qua nadure ed accelere-se.
Ye id XIXt secule mwaniene ia magn interpretationsystemes os Historia : mimehnskwnt de ta ruptures oiskipt ab Franceois Revolution, id inleiten do id industrial era ed id social organisation. Pro Hegel, id cleich os tienxia historia est politic; consist un insaf de id lure quod riawdalst in id moderne Stat. Pro Tocqueville (1805-1859), Historia sehkwt id irresistible marche kye democratia, quod egaleiht ia conditions ed suppremt ia traditional aurdhens. Pro positivisme, Historias mov est bestohmt ab id inleiten do id "positive" aiwo, yani ab id ghaben ios buhsa os science ed ios rol id dehlct tuntos age. 
Lakin, mox institutionaliset ed professionaliset eni id quader ios universitar talim, id ilm biht extreme-ye mistreusend dia cada philosophia os Historia ed id ideologic militantisme quod dar dominit circum 1830 : id eiskwt limite-se ad documents ed facts, kay dikes, kam is deutsch Ranke sigwrt, "kam to druve-ye tyohc". Id gaint soliditat ed serieus bet, refusend-ye lites do interpretation, id se menbehndt in alim rlienxienia ed reduct sien sokxeimen sekwent ia surces id ayt wassic. Id objectivitatsweurgh vistumpt id explication, menxu id vol os exhaustivitat crascht protiev id crehscend inflation os documentation. Fin-ye, positiviste historia skapt minter quem id sigwrt ia ideologic schengkjiens wawod, in ielgo land, id na-servicet ia rival nationalismes. 
Todd historia, quod aspiret hassile id status os science, besonters illustret ab id brilianto deutsch scol os dwoter dwidel ios XIXt secule, biht contestet ab Marx (1818-1883), qui elaboret un philosophia os historia sekwent quod id adgumt os Capitalisme skeipt id senst etape pre id definitive emancipation os menscgenos med id socialiste revolution : Historia wert dehlct bihe ghaben ka classenjidal; biht bestohmen ab ia material ed social conditions os menscorbat. 
 Henri Pirenne (Verviers, 1862 - Uccle/Ukkel, 1935) eet un belg medieviste historian. Buit kathalika oin im megil rjienbwutsen ios aungvalt resistence face id deutsch occupation os Belgia unte Mund Weir Oin. 
==Id diversification os historic gwayto ye id XXt secule==
Face i marxiste historians stets meis bohnden iri politic engagement, sem mualims kam is Belg Pirenne au is Nederlands Huizinga, interessen ab id evolution iom sensibilitats ed mentalitats, prepare unte ia presta decennia ios XXt secule id adgumt unios nov historia. Global, fortract ex wakyarlienxienia ed oistumpend erudition, id bespehct ia brineghs ex nieber ilms in plen exspand : sociologia, ethnologia, social psychologia, demographia, linguistique. Interdisciplinaritat, synthese, ambition os ambghehrde hol cultural phenomens ed inscribe cada momento do diuturnitat kweite id franceoiso scol iom Annales, skipt inter bo mund weirs ambh tod revue creen in 1929 ab Bloch ed Febvre. Tod plauterascen biht hamraht ab un udnoven iom methodes, necessariht ab id crehscend ed stets minter bewaldhet volume uns documentation dar augen ab id muhim extension ios sokxeimen. 
Ye alyo nivell, id apparition ios computer unte dwoter dwidel ios XXt secule vaht revolution ia conditions os historic orbat. Ia enorm possibilitats id revelet duce un hol scol, preter in ia Uniet Stats os America, dind in Europe, ad kwenchaue un historia quod assimilet ye sien brungos ia mathematic methodes. Gwohmen ex id economic au demographic historia quei id se adaptet aisic-ye, id neud om mathematic modelisations biht imdadht ab techniques launen ex physique au informatique. Est id adgumt os quantitative historia. 
Tetos oriet uno aunpreceddent hassilen exhaustivitat ed wassic resultats, bet tod methode hat sienschi limites : id pressuppont kafi-ye treusim data - idghi computer hat nia critic imkans - ; api, ia fiscal documents, ia ardhems, ia statistic vehrtens ex id prev sont ops approximative. Eti ne existent pro ia aussta zamans. Albatta, id informatic analyse om non-digital documents remant possible, bet kwe id risk ne esiet luses el mensc ex vid ? 
In-kap id XXIsto secule, historia paursct un direction, confrontet ad aunpreceddent sokwassilas, menacet ab id hyperspecialisation quod kwehrt cada synthese rhayr-wassic. Id - part-ye neprabh - discredit quod plact marxiste historia ressuregeight mistrust face quanto kwehct kam - prokwtos dalgtos - un philosophia os historia. Akster in Europe, tod opposition duct sems ad aye menscenhistoria un random itner, quod vikwehrt vain cada tentative interpretation ed nos bringht tsay do id scientiste teursen ios fin ios XIXt secule; tod prevention est minter sensible in ia Uniet Stats, quois dar orgwehme regular-ye sem vasta syntheses suscitatil passionata discussions.
Category:Historia