Sanskrit

Sanskrit (संस्कृतम्, saṃskṛtam = Sambahsa som-kwohrt) est un classic bahsa bayghend id Hindaryo branche iom Hindeuropay linguas. Gnahsit in Sud Asia pos ids orforme hieb-se diffuden tetro nordwesttos unte id sert Aysaiwo. Sanskrit est id iser bahsa os Hinduisme, id lingua os classic Hindu philosophia, ed iom classic texten om Buddha-dharma ed Geihdharma. Buit un diemmenslingua in aw ed medieval Sud Asia, ed per id transmission om Hindu ed Buddha-dharmin culture do Sud-Eust Asia, Eust Asia ed Central Asia unte id aus medieval era, bihsit un bahsa om religion ed megil culture, ed iom politic elites in sems tom iklimes. Itak hieb Sanskrit un durable effect ep ia linguas om Sud, Sudeust ed Eust Asia, besonters in ir formal ed alim werdskauts. 
Sanskrit daydey-ye kyeust plur awa Hindarya linguistic varietats. Id archayicst ex ta est Veda-Sanskrit trohft in id Rig-Veda, un collectiom om 1028 hymnes composen inter -1500 ed -1200 ab Hindarya teuts migrend eusttro ex quo est nundiens Afghanistan per Nord Pakistan do Nordwest Hind. Veda-Sanskrit interiegit con ia preexistant bahsas ios Hindi Subcontinent, absorbend nams om nuper incontren plantes ed animals; eti, ia awa Dravida linguas influenceer Sanskrits phonologia ed syntaxe. Sanskrit poitti yaschi se refere ad Classic Sanskrit, un dienghia ed oistandardisen grammatical forme quod emers ye medsu id 1st millennium pre JC ed buit codifieto do id completest iom awen grammatics, id Astâdhyâyî ("octo capitels") ab Panini. Is megsto dramaturg in Sanskrit, Kalidasa, scripsit in Sanskrit, ed ia suls os moderne arithmetique buir preter descript in classic Sanskrit. Ia dwo meger Sanskrit epsa, id Mahabharata ed id Ramayana, lakin, buir compost in un serie om oral narrative ragas kalen Epic Sanskrit eet-yod din Nord Hind inter 400 ed 300 nosters era, edghi edvas-ye samzaman os Classic Sanskrit. Unte ia sehkwnd secules, Sanskrit bihsit traditionbohnden, zabihsit ucto ka prest bahsa, ed vistopit antslehnke ka gwiv lingua.
Ia hymnes ios Rig-Veda sonti notable-ye samlik ibs archayicst poems iom Irani ed Hellen linguistic familias, ibs Gathas in Aw Avestayi ed ad Homers Iliad. Dat id Rig-Veda eet oral-ye transmiss via memorisation om exceptional complexitat, rigor ed vafa, ka oin texte aun variant leisens, ids preservet archayic syntaxe ed ed morphologia sont os vital importance ei reconstruction ios commun atavbahsa Oraryios. Sanskrit ne hat attesten native schrift : pon circum id prest millennium, esti sescribmen med diversa Brahmi schrifts, ed in id Muassir zaman communst-ye med Devanagari.
Ia status, bungos ed place os Sanskrit in Hinds cultural heritage sont recogniht ab ids inclusion do id Octim Annex os Hinds Constitution. Lakin, speit tentative jungkhiungs, sont pauk materbahtors os Sanskrit in Hind. In ielg iom Hindi decennial ardhems, plur tusents em civs hant mohldt Sanskrit ka materbahsa, bet ta numers sont ayt ka un vansch ad se identifie ei prestige ios lingua. Sanskrit esti dedocmen in traditional gurukulas pon ciengow; ed nundiens ye id nivell os secundar scol. Id veutsto Sanskrit collegium est id Sampūrṇānand Saṃskṛta Viśvavidyālaya in Varanasi, sult in 1791 unte id waldh ios Britisch Eust India Compagnie. Sanskrit nabiht plaut-ye nuden ka ceremonial ed ritual bahsa in Hindu ed Buddha-Dharmin hymnes ed chantes.
Mouher os Schauschtatar (circum -1480/-1460); kad id santak texte maynt "DUMU Par-sa-tar/LUGAL Ma-i-ta-nié, yani "Son os Parschatatar, Roy os Mitanni". Iaghi ausst gnoht Hinarya werds buir trohft in Prokweust. I Hourris eent un non-Hindeuropay folk shayad ois euster quem id Tigris quod spohr westworts hina bihe oino iom dominanten maghs in tod iklime ye id IIt millennium pre JC. Ab circum 1600, ir vatan buit krigen ab un Hindaryum irk expert in ekwenwodstu ed roticweirfert. Sub id feudal Stat id sul, kalen Mitanni, ia Hourri lands buir unien do un empire quod durit tiel sien krig ab i Hittites circum 1360 pre JC. Bayna ta werds est gnoht a-i-ka-wa-ar-ta-an-an = "oin wehrten", quod est meg gendel ad Sanskrit eka-vartanam [samo maynen], ed wawod ia Arya bahsas ne hant sem descendant ex *oikos.
== Veda-Sanskrit ==
Ois Oraryo, Sanskrit hat preter skipt con Aw Irani un sambahsa opsst-ye kalt Hindaryo. Ia tarikhes ed id geographic localisation khake bihe pagen precis-ye, bet bihti daydey mohnt od Hindaryo ghohd bihe bahto circum -2500 suder quem id Aral Mar. Id scission habiet tyohcen in-kap id II millennium, imen Iranis pagend do Balkh ed ep id nordeust plateau Irans, i de Hindis do Kashmir ed Panjab. Sanskrit eet tun ja constituet ed brug sem prestige in ia arya koims chunke anadoludan documents ex id IIt millennium behrnti trace ios neud uns okwivid-ye sanskrit werdskaut (divitatsnams in Mitanni : Indra, ies yems Nâtsatya, etc; lexis dayir woghdrahsas, etc.)
Ex id sanskrit literature tos zaman, nos etileikwnt tik ia religieus textes samghaten sub id oino nam Veda (yani Weida). Leitti de un enormo masse om liturgic documents, hymnes, formules, ritual prescriptions samt theologic commentes ed diversa speculations. Tod kanoun, quos eten tarikhet tsay do id hindaryo prist, cecrohscit unte meis quem oino millennium, inter 1800 ed 500 pre JC. Idghi archayic sanskrit est namen Veda-Sanskrit, kam anghen sayct Biblic Ibri au Homeric Hellen. Leitti de un alim lingua (chunke ia saul documents qua behandmos iti sont meg elaboret), unios meg morphologic opnos quer verbal formes abunde; ia composits rar-ye udmikdarnti dwo members, subordination se reduct ei neud iom correlatives, indirect logos est negnohn. Men id werdskaut est luxeus ed ies poets neud id kay varye aunfin id wekwos irios religieus enthusiasme. 
Lakin, hol bringhti do mehne od yant in-kap id 1st millennium, tod sanskrit eet neid meis quem un alimlurhat, id reste ios koim bahndo divers dialects ois sanskrit namt, ka antithese, prakrits (hatta do Veda-Sanskrit se introduce nin-ye sem prakrit formes kam jyotis = "luce", comparet Sambahsa diutis). Nu-siet is Buddha preche in prakrit ye id VIIim secule pre JC ed ia de diversa prakrits (samghaten yando sub id nam "mediohindi") gehnsient ia hindarya bahsas os moderne Hind : hindustani, bangla-bahsa, panjabi, assamese, etc...
Page ios Astadhyayi ep un palmawarak in Sud Granthi schrifr
== Classic Sanskrit ==
Kad Panini redieg sien Grammatic kay preserve id cultural tresur skipt ab Sanskrit, lingua ios brahmani orthodoxia, protiev id crehscend prestige iom prakrits (nuden ab iom buddha-dharmin prechers). Isswo eet is riawdals uns long tradition om phonetiquers, attentive dia conserve id correct pronunciation iom liturgic formules, ed etymologistens interesset ab id sok po id secret maynen iom veda-werds. Nu-iom bayght id privilege os seulus id norme, tuntos definitive os classic sanskrit. Ab tod moment (IVt secule pre JC), id prestige ios "divin" bahsa bihsit tem megil in Hind quem iesswo buddha-dharmins resigneer-se ad scribe ir lehrwehrgs in Sanskrit, hatta ad retarjmes do id brahmanenbahsa ia sultextes irs wi agama ! 
Alyo surce os classic sanskrit esti skipt ab id eposlingua (Mahabharata ed Ramayana) ed iom Puranas (didactic poems ed historic annals), idswo ois un non-liturgic "veda-"sanskrit ex quod nos etileikwt neid. Tod epic sanskrit ops abveict ud id panini-norme, ne ob ignorance tos, sontern ob ids origin est alyo : Panini orbiet ep id Veda ed zielit un technic, meis quem literar bahsa. Fin-ye, classic sanskrit est un composite lurhat quer se blande id archayisant influence os Epos, tod - quod moliet kehnse exact-ye - iom nearyen walsken linguas, todschi ios social realitat iom divers tids kun bihsit script in sanskrit (tiel id Xt secule id literature os nord ed central Hind est exclusive-ye sanskrit). Yed, wiss we ne, ies autors oistrehngent-se ad wehkwe kemti Paninis reuls quom prestige nacrehsct. Biht gwohmto do sume awa textes ed rescribe ia kemti id norme : est id fall ios Bhagavata-Purana ed, ye lyter titule, iosswo Ramayana. Ia de technic (besonters philosophic) literatures sont redact scrupuleus-ye kemti Panini.
In summ, classic sanskrit est id privilegen instrument uns bert civilisation, tos ios golden aiwios Hinds quos culmen est prect ab id regne ios Gupta dynastia (apogee ye id Vt secule); lyric poesis, theatre, philosophia, ieus, gehneihnti chefdovers ed permitte oini im megst poets aiwo, Kalidasa (IVt secule) perilures eys talent. Pos id Xt secule, sanskrit, concurrencet ab ia moderne bahsas, biht id apanage om stets angher circules ed, schowi, wardhti do un esoteric kweit; accessible ab tik uno smulk numer om pandits rivalisend kay sehle id favor om mecenes, biht un artificialo lingua quer triumpht revus (werds samt double ed triple maynen, composits ex plur decens om members, etc.). Sont yed exceptions : Ramajuna in philosophia (XIt secule), Somadeva (XIt secule) ed Jayadeva (XIIt secule) in poesis, Kaviraja (XIVt secule) in esthetique. 
 
Buddha-dharmin kawu guchienend ia safers os Yijing do Sud Asia. Is Chinese Yijing (義淨, 635-713) bihsit biku 14at ed eet un admirer os Faxian, un klut biku qui hieb safern do Hind ye ia 4t ed 5t secules. Dank uno mukarime kalen Fong, is decis visite id maschour Buddha-dharmin universitat os Nalanda, in Bihar, Hind, kay studye kreins Buddha-dharma. Eys fanzow wohgh iom do Indonesia ed Malaysia ed durit six munts, quer is uc Sanskrit grammatic ed id Malays bahsa. Poskwo spens is oindem jars in Nalanda. Iter in Indonesia tarj is Sanskrit-buddha-dharmin scripts do Chinese ed introduxit tint ed papier do tod land. Pos 25 yars gwirliey is d oChina con 400 sienen tarjems do China ed scripsit dwo saferdiars. 
Buddha-dharmin kawu gjuchienend ia safers os Yijing do Sud Asia. Is Chinese Yijing (義淨, 635-713) bihsit biku 14at ed eet un admirer os Faxian, un klut biku qui hieb safern do Hind ye ia 4t ed 5t secules. Dank uno mukarime kalen Fong, is decis visite id maschour Buddha-dharmin universitat os Nalanda, in Bihar, Hind, kay studye kreins Buddha-dharma. Eys fanzow wohgh iom do Indonesia ed Malaysia ed durit six munts, quer is uc Sanskrit grammatic ed id Malays bahsa. Poskwo spens is oindem jars in Nalanda. Iter in Indonesia tarj is Sanskrit-buddha-dharmin scripts do Chinese ed introduxit tint ed papier do tod land. Pos 25 yars gwirliey is do China con 400 sienen tarjems do Chinese ed scripsit dwo saferdiars. 
== Linguistic influence ==
Scripts in Sanskrit sont ia ausst gnohn scribformes qua hant oistrohcen do hol Sudeust Asia, ex Bangladesh do Kampuchea, Malaysia ed Thayland eti ep oiks iom plautst Indonesian insules. Id extension os Buddha-dharma do Tupeud permiss maungims Sanskrit textes survice tik in Tupeudi tarjems. Buddha-dharma buit sam-ye introducen do China ab Mahayana schwenkjiauschis khaliban-ye med tarjems ex Buddha-dharmin Hybride Sanskrit au Classic Sanskrit textes, ed maung lexis buir transliteret direct-ye ed addiht ei Chinese werdskaut.
In Sudeust Asia, bahsas kam Thay ed Lao mathmounent maung launwerds ex Sanskrit, kam Khmer in un lyter meid. Sem Austronesian linguas kam Malays-Indonesian derive id major part irs vocabular ex Sanskrit, samtschi un large proportion om lexis gwehmend ex Arab. 
Un Sanskrit launwerd incontret in maung Sudeust Asiat bahsas est tod-on werd bhāṣā, quod maynt "bahsa" ne tik in Sambahsa, bet est kathalika bahasa in Malays-Indonesian, phasa in Thay ed Lao, bhasa in myanma ed phiesa in Khmer.