Hungarian Alphabet

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= Hungarian alphabet =
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the non-Latin script descended from Old Turkic, see Old Hungarian script.
Hungarian language
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hungarian_alphabet_-_Magyar_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9.svg/300px-Hungarian_alphabet_-_Magyar_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9.svg.png
Hungarian alphabet
Alphabet
* ő ű
* cs
* dz
* dzs
* gy
* ly
* ny
* sz
* ty
* zs
Grammar
* Noun phrases
* Verbs
* T–V distinction
History
* Sound correspondences with
other Uralic languages
Other features
* Phonetics and phonology
* Vowel harmony
* Orthography 
** Old Hungarian script
** Hungarian Braille
* Hungarian names
Hungarian and English
* Hungarian pronunciation of English
* English words from Hungarian
* Regulatory body
* v
* t
* e
The Hungarian alphabet(Hungarian: magyar ábécé) is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hungarian language.
The alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with several added variations of letters, consisting 44 letters. Over the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet it has five letters with an acute accent, two letters with an umlaut, two letters with a double acute accent, eight letters made up of two characters, and one letter made up of three characters. In some other languages, characters with diacritical marks would be considered variations of the base letter, however in Hungarian, these characters are considered letters in their own right.
One sometimes speaks of the smaller (or basic) and greater (or extended) Hungarian alphabets, differing by the inclusion or exclusion of the letters Q, W, X, Y, which can only be found in foreign words and traditional orthography of names. (As for Y, however, it exists as part of four digraphs.)
As an auxiliary letter sometimes Ë is used in academic documents to show different pronunciation of spoken dialects, though it is not part of the alphabet.
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)	Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A 	Á 	B 	C 	Cs 	D 	Dz 	Dzs 	E 	É 	F 	G 	Gy 	H 	I 	Í 	J 	K 	L 	Ly 	M 	N
Ny 	O 	Ó 	Ö 	Ő 	P 	Q 	R 	S 	Sz 	T 	Ty 	U 	Ú 	Ü 	Ű 	V 	W 	X 	Y 	Z 	Zs
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) 	Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a 	á 	b 	c 	cs 	d 	dz 	dzs 	e 	é 	f 	g 	gy 	h 	i 	í 	j 	k 	l 	ly 	m 	n
ny 	o 	ó 	ö 	ő 	p 	q 	r 	s 	sz 	t 	ty 	u 	ú 	ü 	ű 	v 	w 	x 	y 	z 	zs
== Description ==
[edit]
Each sign shown above counts as a letter in its own right in Hungarian. Some, such as the letter ⟨ó⟩ and ⟨ő⟩, are inter-filed with the letter preceding it when sorting words alphabetically, whereas others, such as ⟨ö⟩, have their own place in collation rather than also being inter-filed with ⟨o⟩.
While long vowels count as different letters, long (or geminate) consonants do not. Long consonants are marked by duplication: e.g. ⟨tt⟩, ⟨gg⟩, ⟨zz⟩ (ette 'he ate' (det.obj.), függ 'it hangs', azzal 'with that'). For the di- and tri-graphs a simplification rule normally applies (but not when the compound is split at the end of a line of text due to hyphenation), only the first letter being duplicated, e.g.
: ⟨sz⟩ + ⟨sz⟩ → ⟨ssz⟩ (asszony 'woman'),
: ⟨ty⟩ + ⟨ty⟩ → ⟨tty⟩ (hattyú 'swan'),
: ⟨dzs⟩ + ⟨dzs⟩ → ⟨ddzs⟩ (briddzsel 'with bridge (playing game)').
An exception is made at the joining points of compound words, for example: jegygyűrű 'engagement ring' (jegy + gyűrű) rather than *jeggyűrű.
Hyphenation of individual letters ⟨Dz⟩ and ⟨dzs⟩ were changed in the 11th edition of Hungarian orthography (1984). Prior to that, they were allowed to separate as two-letter combinations ⟨d⟩+⟨z⟩ and ⟨d⟩+⟨zs⟩.
== Pronunciation ==
[edit]
Further information: Hungarian phonology
The pronunciation given for the following Hungarian letters is that of standard Hungarian.
Letter	Minuscule
Form	Name 	Phoneme(IPA)	Complementaryallophones(IPA)	Close to 	Notes
A 	a 	a 	/ɒ/ⓘ 	 	similar to British English car 	Car, start, aren't, [ɑ̝̹] might describe it better.
Á 	á 	á 	/aː/ⓘ 	 	an extended father 	Not nearly as open as the ain American English hat, but closer to it than Hungarian a(without the accent mark)
B 	b 	bé 	/b/ⓘ 	 	as by, absence etc. 	
C 	c 	cé 	/t͡s/ⓘ 	 	like pots 	
Cs 	cs 	csé 	/t͡ʃ/ 	 	as check, cheek, etching etc. 	
D 	d 	dé 	/d/ⓘ 	 	deck, wide etc. 	
Dz 	dz 	dzé 	/dz/ⓘ 	 	like in kids 	Uncommon. When neither post- nor preconsonantic, always realised as a geminate.
Dzs 	dzs	dzsé 	/dʒ/ 	 	John, jam, bridge 	Uncommon, mostly in loanwords. when final or intervocalic, usually realised as a geminate: maharadzsa/mɑhɑrɑdʒɑ/[mɑhɑrɑd͡ʒːɑ]'maharajah', bridzs /bridʒ/[brid͡ʒː] 'bridge (card game)', but dzsungel/dʒuŋɡɛl/[d͡ʒuŋɡɛl]'jungle', fridzsider /fridʒidɛr/[frid͡ʒidɛr] coll. 'refrigerator'
E 	e 	e 	/ɛ/ⓘ 	 	like less, cheque, edge, bed 	about 40-50% of speakers also have a phoneme /e/(see below at Ë). /e/ is not considered part of standard Hungarian, wherein /ɛ/takes the place of /e/.
É 	é 	é 	/eː/ⓘ 	 	café 	
F 	f 	ef 	/f/ⓘ 	 	find, euphoria 	
G 	g 	gé 	/ɡ/ⓘ 	 	get, leg, go etc. 	
Gy 	gy 	gyé 	/ɟ/ⓘ 	 	(not used in English; soft form of /d/. Mostly similar to during, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation)	denoting /ɟ/ by ⟨gy⟩ is a remnant of (probably) Italian scribes who tried to render the Hungarian sound. <dy> would be a more consistent notation in scope of ⟨ty⟩, ⟨ny⟩, ⟨ly⟩; (see there), as the ⟨y⟩ part of digraphs show palatalisation in the Hungarian writing system.
H 	h 	há 	/h/ 	1. [ɦ]ⓘ
2. ∅
3. [x]ⓘ
4. [ç]ⓘ	Basic: hi 
1. behind
2. honest
3. Loch, Chanukah 
4. human 	1. when in intervocalic position. 
2. not rendered usually when in final position méh /meː/ 'bee', cseh /tʃɛ/'Czech' 
3. seldom, in final position, such as in doh'dampness', MÉH 'metal recycling facility' 
4. seldom, such as in ihlet'inspiration'
I 	i 	i 	/i/ 	 	pink, bin, tin 	Pronounced the same as Í, only shorter
Í 	í 	í 	/iː/ⓘ 	 	leek, leave, seed, sea 	Vowel length is phonemically distinctive in Hungarian: irt = 'to exterminate' and írt = 'to write (past tense)'
J 	j 	jé 	/j/ⓘ 	[ç], [ʝ] 	you, yes, faith 	allophones occur when /j/occurs after a consonant; (voiceless after voiceless, voiced after voiced consonants). e.g. férj'husband', kapj'get! (imperative)'
K 	k 	ká 	/k/ⓘ 	 	key, kiss, weak 	
L 	l 	el 	/l/ⓘ 	 	leave, list 	
Ly 	ly 	elly, el-ipszilon	1. /j/ⓘ
2. /ʎ/ⓘ	 	play, pray 	Most dialects pronounce it as /j/; see yeísmo.
M 	m 	em 	/m/ⓘ 	 	mind, assume, might 	
N 	n 	en 	/n/ 	[ŋ]ⓘ
[n]ⓘ 	thing, lying(before k, g),
need, bone (anywhere else) 	allophone before /k/, /ɡ/
Ny 	ny 	eny 	/ɲ/ⓘ 	 	canyon 	
O 	o 	o 	/o/ 	 	force, sorcerer 	A shorter, more open variant of Ó. Unlike with short e, which is opened to /ɛ/in standard speech, short oremains /o/, rather than opening to /ɔ/where it would come close to clashing with short a.
Ó 	ó 	ó 	/oː/ⓘ 	 	fraud, cause (Southern England, Australian or New Zealand English) 	Same as /o/except longer. It is important to pay attention to. (Minimal pair to kor = 'age' and kór = 'disease')
Ö 	ö 	ö 	/ø/ⓘ 	 	learnt, earl, fern 	(Corresponds to (short) German Ö); similar to shwa /ə/ (e.g. cola) except with rounded lips. A shorter, more open variant of Ő
Ő 	ő 	ő 	/øː/ 	 	bird (Broad New Zealandaccent) 	(A longer, more closed variant of Ö.) Minimal pair to /ø/: öt = 'five' and őt = 'him/her (Hungarian pronouns do not specify gender)'
P 	p 	pé 	/p/ⓘ 	 	peas, apricot, hope 	
R 	r 	er 	/r/ⓘ 	 	The closest equivalent is r 	also called apical trill as pronounced by trilling the tip of your tongue (the apex) and not the uvula.
S 	s 	es 	/ʃ/ⓘ 	 	share, wish, shout 	This notation is unusual for European writing systems where ⟨s⟩usually stands for /s/. In Hungarian, /s/is represented by ⟨sz⟩.
Sz 	sz 	esz 	/s/ⓘ 	 	say, estimate 	
T 	t 	té 	/t/ⓘ 	 	tell, least, feast 	
Ty 	ty 	tyé 	/c/ 	 	tube 	
U 	u 	u 	/u/ 	 	rude 	
Ú 	ú 	ú 	/uː/ⓘ 	 	do, fool 	Minimal pair to /u/: hurok = 'loop' and húrok= 'cords'
Ü 	ü 	ü 	/y/ 	 	(not used in English, corresponds to German Ü) 	A shorter, more open variant of ű
Ű 	ű 	ű 	/yː/ⓘ 	 	(not used in English, corresponds to a longer version of the German Ü) 	
V 	v 	vé 	/v/ⓘ 	 	very, every 	
Z 	z 	zé 	/z/ⓘ 	 	desert, roses 	
Zs 	zs 	zsé 	/ʒ/ⓘ 	 	pleasure, leisure 	
The letter ë is not part of the Hungarian alphabet; however, linguists use this letter to distinguish between the two kinds of short e sounds of some dialects. This letter was first used in 1770 by György Kalmár, but has never officially been part of the Hungarian alphabet, as the standard Hungarian language does not distinguish between these two sounds. However, the ë sound is pronounced differently from the e sound in 6 out of the 10 Hungarian dialects and the sound is pronounced as öin 1 dialect. It is also used in names. Other letter for this sound is Ėė (rarely).
A more open variety of /ɛ/, close to [æ], may be denoted as Ää in the Hungarian linguistics literature.
The digraph ch also exists in some words (technika, monarchia) and is pronounced the same as h. In names, however, it is pronounced like cs as well as like h or k (as in German) (see below).
The letter Y is only used in loanwords and several digraphs (gy, ly, ny, ty), and thus in a native Hungarian word, Y never comes as the initial of a word, except in loanwords. So, for native Hungarian words, the capital Y only exists in all caps or small caps formats, such as the titles of newspapers.
=== Historic spellings used in names and historical documents ===
[edit]
Old spellings (sometimes similar to German orthography) used in some Hungarian names and their corresponding pronunciation according to modern spelling include the following:
Consonants
Historic spelling	Pronounced like modern spelling
bb 	b
cz 	c
tz 	c
z 	c
ch 	cs
cz 	cs
č 	cs
ć 	cs
ts 	cs
csh 	cs
tsch 	cs
tzsch 	cs
chs 	cs
cy 	cs
ʟ 	cs
dd 	d
dsz 	dz
ds 	dzs
ff 	f
ph 	f
gh 	g
dgy 	ggy
dy 	gy
g 	gy
gi 	gy
gj 	gy
gʹ~g′ 	gy
ǵ 	gy
ġ 	gy
j 	gy
jj 	j
l 	j
y 	j
ck 	k
kh 	k
x 	ks
xy 	ksz
xz 	ksz
qu 	kv
ll 	l
l 	ll
w 	lv
j 	ly
l 	ly
li 	ly
ry 	ly
lly 	ly
′l(ʹl)~l′(lʹ)~ŀ 	ly
n 	ny
ni 	ny
nʹ~n′ 	ny
ń 	ny
ṅ 	ny
my 	ny
ph 	p
pp 	p
rh 	r
rr 	r
ꝛ 	r
sch 	s
ss 	s
ss 	ssz
s 	sz
sc 	sz
sy 	sz
z 	sz
th 	t
tt 	t
ti 	ty
tʹ~t′ 	ty
ṫ 	ty
ky 	ty
u 	v
w 	v
s 	z
s 	zs
ss 	zs
zy 	zs
['s] 	zs
Vowels
Historic spelling	Pronounced as in modern spelling
a 	á
aa 	á
aá 	á
áá 	á
áh 	á
ä 	e
ae 	e
ai 	e
ay 	e
áe 	é
ái 	é
áy 	é
e 	é
ee 	é
eé 	é
éh 	é
i 	í
ié 	í
íh 	í
ii 	í
ií 	í
å 	o
o 	ó
óh 	ó
oo 	ó
oó 	ó
ua 	ó
â 	ö
åe 	ö
åi 	ö
åy 	ö
eö 	ö
ew 	ö
oe 	ö
oi 	ö
oy 	ö
eö 	ő
eő 	ő
ew 	ő
ia 	ő
ö 	ő
őh 	ő
öö 	ő
öő 	ő
óe 	ő
ói 	ő
óy 	ő
üa 	ő
u 	ú
úh 	ú
uó 	ú
uu 	ú
uú 	ú
ue 	ü
ui 	ü
uy 	ü
ü 	ű
űh 	ű
üő 	ű
üü 	ű
üű 	ű
úe 	ű
úi 	ű
úy 	ű
aë 	aj
aï 	aj
aÿ 	aj
ei 	aj
áë 	áj
áï 	áj
áÿ 	áj
åë 	oj
åï 	oj
åÿ 	oj
eu 	oj
oë 	oj
oï 	oj
oÿ 	oj
óë 	ój
óï 	ój
óÿ 	ój
au 	uj
uë 	uj
uï 	uj
uÿ 	uj
úë 	új
úï 	új
úÿ 	új
(g)y ~ gÿ 	gi
y 	ji
ý 	jí
(l)y ~ lÿ 	(l)i
(n)y ~ nÿ 	(ny)i or (n)i
(t)y ~ tÿ 	ti
On áá: 
Generally, y in historic spellings of names formed with the -i affix (not to be confused with a possessive -i- of plural objects, as in szavai!) can exist after many other letters (e.g.: Teleky, Rákóczy, Dézsy). Here are listed only examples which can be easily misread because of such spelling.
Examples:
Name 	Pronounced as if spelled
Madách 	Madács
Széchenyi 	Szécsényi or Szécsenyi
Batthyány 	Battyányi
Gajdátsy 	Gajdácsi
Thököly 	Tököli
Weöres 	Vörös
Eötvös 	Ötvös
Kassay 	Kassai
Debrődy 	Debrődi
Karczagy 	Karcagi
Vörösmarty	Vörösmarti
Cházár 	Császár
Czukor 	Cukor
Balogh 	Balog
Vargha 	Varga
Paal 	Pál
Gaál 	Gál
Veér 	Vér
Rédey 	Rédei
Soós 	Sós
Thewrewk 	Török
Dessewffy 	Dezsőfi
=== Historic spellings of article and conjunctions ===
[edit]
In early editions the article a/az was written according to the following rules:
* before vowels and h — az: az ember, az híd
* before consonants — a': a' csillag.
The abbreviated form of the conjunction és (and), which is always written today as s, was likely to be written with an apostrophe before — ’s (e.g. föld ’s nép).
== Capitalisation ==
[edit]
The di- and the trigraphs are capitalised in names and at the beginning of sentences by capitalising the first glyph of them only.
* Csak jót mondhatunk Székely Csabáról.
In abbreviations and when writing with all capital letters, however, one capitalises the second (and third) character as well.
Thus ("The Rules of Hungarian Orthography", a book edited by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences):
* A magyar helyesírás szabályai
* MHSZ (not MHSz)
* A MAGYAR HELYESÍRÁS SZABÁLYAI (not SzABÁLyAI)
== Alphabetical ordering (collation) ==
[edit]
While the characters with diacritical marks are considered separate letters, vowels that differ only in length are treated the same when ordering words. Therefore, for example, the pairs O/Ó and Ö/Ő are not distinguished in ordering, but Ö follows O. In cases where two words are differentiated solely by the presence of an accent, the one without the accent is put before the other one. (The situation is the same for lower and upper-case letters: in alphabetical ordering, varga is followed by Varga.)
The polygraphic consonant signs are treated as single letters.
comb 	
cukor 	
csak 	<cs> comes after <c>
... 	
folyik 	
folyó 	<ó> is sorted as <o>
folyosó	
... 	
fő 	and <ő> is sorted as <ö>,
födém 	but <ö> comes after <o>
... 	
The simplified geminates of multigraphs (see above) such as <nny>, <ssz> are collated as <ny>+<ny>, <sz>+<sz> etc., if they are double geminates, rather than co-occurrences of a single letter and a geminate.
: könnyű is collated as <k><ö><ny><ny><ű>. tizennyolc of course as <t><z><e><n><ny><o><l><c>, as this is a compound: tizen+nyolc ('above ten' + 'eight' = 'eighteen').
Similar 'ambiguities', which can occur with compounds (which are highly common in Hungarian) are dissolved and collated by sense.
: e.g. házszám 'house number (address)' = ház + szám and of course not *házs+ *zám.
These rules make Hungarian alphabetic ordering algorithmically difficult (one has to know the correct segmentation of a word to sort it correctly), which was a problem for computer software development.
== Keyboard layout ==
[edit]
The standard Hungarian keyboard layout is German-based (QWERTZ). This layout allows direct access to every character in the Hungarian alphabet.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HunWinKB.png|left|thumb|450x450px|Hungarian keyboard layout
The letter "Í" is often placed left of the space key, leaving the width of the left Shift key intact. "Ű" may be located to the left of Backspace, making that key smaller, but allowing for a larger Enter key. Ű being close to Enter often leads to it being typed instead of hitting Enter, especially when one has just switched from a keyboard that has Ű next to backspace. The German "Ä" and "ß", the Polish "Ł", and the Croatian "Đ" are also present.
== Letter frequencies ==
[edit]
The most common letters in Hungarian are e and a.
The list below shows the letter frequencies for the smaller Hungarian alphabet in descending order (sample: 9620 letters).
Letter	Frequency
e 	12.256%
a 	9.428%
t 	7.380%
n 	6.445%
l 	6.383%
s 	5.322%
k 	4.522%
é 	4.511%
i 	4.200%
m 	4.054%
o 	3.867%
á 	3.649%
g 	2.838%
r 	2.807%
z 	2.734%
v 	2.453%
b 	2.058%
d 	2.037%
sz 	1.809%
j 	1.570%
h 	1.341%
gy 	1.185%
ő 	0.884%
ö 	0.821%
ny 	0.790%
ly 	0.738%
ü 	0.655%
ó 	0.634%
f 	0.582%
p 	0.509%
í 	0.499%
u 	0.416%
cs 	0.260%
ű 	0.125%
c 	0.114%
ú 	0.104%
zs 	0.021%
ty 	<0.010%
== The spelling alphabet ==
[edit]
Note that some letters were omitted (notably, Dz, Dzs, Gy, Í, Ly, Ny, Ty, Ú, Ű).[failed verification]
Letter	spelling name	meaning of word
A, a 	András 	Male given name, the Hungarian form of Andrew
Á, á 	Ágnes 	Agnes (name)
B, b 	Borbála 	Female given name, the Hungarian form of Barbara
C, c 	Cegléd 	City of Cegléd
Cs, cs	Csongrád 	City of Csongrád
D, d 	Dénes 	Male given name, the equivalent of Denis
E, e 	Erzsébet 	Female given name, the Hungarian form of Elizabeth
É, é 	Éva 	Female given name (Eva)
F, f 	Ferenc 	Male given name
G, g 	Gábor 	Male given name, the equivalent of Gabriel.
H, h 	Hungária 	Latin for Hungary
I, i 	István 	Equivalent of the name Stephen or Stefan
J, j 	János 	Male Hungarian given name, a variant of John
K, k 	Kálmán 	Hungarian surname and male given name Kálmán
L, l 	Lőrinc 	Male given name, the equivalent of Laurence
M, m 	Mihály 	Masculine given name, the Hungarian form of Michael
N, n 	Nándor 	a Hungarian form of given name Ferdinand
O, o 	Olga 	Female given name
Ó, ó 	Ó-buda 	Town of Óbuda
Ö, ö 	Ödön 	Male given name
Ő, ő 	Őrség 	Guard (as in a group of watchmen)
P, p 	Piroska 	Feminine given name (Piroska)
R, r 	Rozál 	Form of Rozália (Rosa) female given name
S, s 	Sári 	Form of Sára female given name
Sz, sz	Szabadka 	Hungarian name for city of Subotica
T, t 	Tamás 	Masculine given name, equivalent of the name Thomas
U, u 	Ungvár 	Hungarian name for city of Uzhhorod
Ü, ü 	Üteg 	Hungarian word for an artillery battery
V, v 	Veronika 	Female given name, form of Veronica
Y, y 	Ypszilon 	Greek letter Upsilon (Υ)
Z, z 	Zoltán 	Masculine given name Zoltán
Zs, zs	Zsófia 	Female given name, the Hungarian equivalent of Sophia
== Old Hungarian script ==
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The Old Hungarian script is a writing system formerly used for the Hungarian language. It was derived from the Old Turkic script. Its usage began to decline after the Kingdom of Hungary adopted the Latin alphabet. 
Epigraphic evidence for the use of the Old Hungarian script in medieval Hungary dates to the 10th century. At the turn of the 11th century, with the coronation of Stephen I of Hungary, Hungary became a kingdom and the Latin alphabet was adopted as official script.
The runic script was first mentioned in the 13th century Chronicle of Simon of Kéza, where he stated that the Székelys may use the script of the Blaks.Johannes Thuróczy wrote in the Chronica Hungarorum that the Székelys did not forget the Scythian letters and these are engraved on sticks by carving.
Its usage between the 11th and 19th centuries is believed to have been limited, although it featured in folk art of the Early Modern period. The script experienced a revival in the 20th century. Beginning with Adorján Magyar in 1915, the script has been promulgated as a means for writing modern Hungarian.
== See also ==
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* Hungarian orthography
* Hungarian braille
* Hungarian phonology
* Old Hungarian Script
* ISO/IEC 8859-2
== References ==
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# ^ 
# ^ Ë in Hungarian (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, in Hungarian)
# ^ http://real-j.mtak.hu/6065/1/MagyarNyelvor_1984.pdf p. 399
# ^ List of complementary allophone variants possibly not complete.
# ^ Benkő Loránd et al.: Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen; Band I; PP. XVII–XVIII. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1993.
# ^ Benkő Loránd et al.: Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen; Band II; P. 1000. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1993.
# ^ Jump up to: a b 
# ^ 
# ^ 
# ^ 
# ^ István Fodor – György Diószegi – László Legeza: Őseink nyomában. (On the scent of our ancestors) – Magyar Könyvklub-Helikon Kiadó, Budapest, 1996. ISBN 963-208-400-4 (Page 82)
# ^ Dóra Tóth-Károly Bera: Honfoglalás és őstörténet. Aquila, Budapest, 1996. ISBN 963-8276-96-7
# ^ Bodor, György: A blakok. In: Viktor Szombathy and Gyula László (eds.), Magyarrá lett keleti népek. Budapest, 1988, pp. 56–60.
# ^ 
# ^ 
# ^ Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf
== External links ==
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* X-SAMPA for Hungarian
Categories: 
* Latin alphabets
* Hungarian language
* This page was last edited on 4 August 2024, at 19:50 (UTC).
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