Astrophysique

Astrophysique est id physic studium iom asters ed ios hol waurn. Id hat sohkwn id sam agmo quem chemia, purt os alchemia : gnahn ex esoteric conceptions, bad serter hat id hassilet sien status os Science. Unte diu, idghi studium iom asters buit restrict iri observation ed eet kalt "astronomia". Id possibilitat, dank id antslehnken os physique, os sonde ir sulouk med hissab hat vigohnen astrophysique. Nundiens, bo ilms bihnt amalan confus con mutu. Bo astronoms ed astrophysistes tente fahame id waurn, preters dank instruments, alters theoric-ye. 
==Astronomia, gnahn ex astrologia==
Unte Antiquitat, id regularitat ios mov om Sowel ed Luna tem quem tod iom saisons duce Mesopotamias folks ad tribue id origin tom asters ad superior sesens. Ex tod esoteric conception os Nature gnaht id dayi od asters reule id existence im mertis. Santaki pianjis tarikhend ex Babylon (circum -2000) daftarnt tun 36 constellations - shayad daughsient ka skizze, serter, ad zodiac. 
Astronoms ye tod zaman sont sakerdots kawis ios agmios Sowelios edschi ios mov iom planetes (iom "saferasters") ed iom eclipsen, kay nihes id action im menscen, besonters per prophetias : In tod dien, planete Mercur est visible. Quando Mercur est visible ye id munt Kislu, sessient furs in id land kam alertet un astronomic pianji exdighomen ex id bibliotheque ios aschouray roy Aschourbaniapli (circum -650)
 Photo ios solar eclipse ios 20 Martios 2015, ab iomswo inventor os Sambahsa, Lothringia, France. Un solar eclipse tyehct quando Luna priswehbht inter Sowel ed Terra. Her, vidmos od Luna part-ye kehlt id (bert) rund Sowel. Spehce direct-ye Sowel est extreme-ye dangereus (!) ed blindeiht. Itak, tod phenomen ghehdt bihe observet tik med instruments; ego nud un durbin per quos linses ho dught id soldiewo kyep id demped.
==Ex astronomia do astrophysique==
I Hellens sont i presti qui abdehnt ud astronomia ids magic vesdets. Ye id prest ker, id waurnakmen neti biht ayn uno mer "tavan", un surface comspers med gwayder nuktas. Asters hant ir wi material existence. Aynd-ye ia planets ed Luna ka solid corpsa samlik ad Terra, Anaxagoras (circum 500-428 pre JC) expliet id origin iom eclipsen. Ye id IIt secule pre nies era, Hipparkhos panct id prest catalog iom stars ed aunstehct Terras equinoxen precession - id mov ambh un cone od ids rotation axe. 
Megil mentors, i Hellens multiplient ia geometric tridimensional models kay tente describe id mov Sowels ed iom planets ambh Terra, yed ne alnos ghehde abdehe ud se id influence os philosophia ep ir vision os cosmos. Also maynt Platon (427-347 pre JC) od planets uniform-ye skreite, todghi mov est "id saul wirtic de id perfection iom waurncorpsen".
 Nicolaus Coppernic (Latin : Nicolaus Copernicus, Deutsch : Niklas Koppernigk, Polec : Mikołaj Kopernik) gnahsit in Thorn (nundiens : Toruń) in 1473 ed mohr in Frauenburg (nundiens : Frombork) in 1543. Eet un Polec deutschios materbahsa ed un catholic canonic, mathematiquer ed astronom tem quem dehtor ios heliocentrisme quod is gjuchienit in ia six buks oiscriben in Latin De revolutionibus orbium coelestium publien in Nürnberg in 1543.
Un acceleration iom astronomic studyen mutt unte id Renaissance. Ye id XVt secule, Coppernic deht perodh un dayi sekwent quod Terra kwikwehlt ambh Sowel. Takriban oin secule serter, Kepler hissapt od ia planetenorbits sont ellipses ed ne circules. Galileo est is prest qui neudt, in 1609, un telescope kay observe id waurn. Bet, hassa, Newton aunstehgend-ye id principe ios pehden iom corpsen ye id fin ios XVIIt secule, trehft un physic origin ei mov tom astern : ta kwikwehle ambh Sowel dank gravitation. Astronomia biht astrophysique. 
 Portrait (1689) os Sir Isaac Newton (1645-1727) buit un Englisch mathematiquer, astronom ed physiste plaut-ye recogniht ka oin im influentst alims aiw ed un cleich rjienbwuts ios scientific revolution. Eys buk Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, prest-ye publien in 1687, dehsit ia suls ios classic mecanique. Newton kwohr eti outurnt contributions ad optique, ed smyehrt credit con Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ob antplehcus id infinitesimal calcule.
==Id zaman iom mier instruments==
Astronomia ed astrophysique vahnt antslehnke parallel-ye unte ia dwo sehkwnd secules. Technologic innovations permitte observe id waurn dalger ed smauter trans id okwixeimen. In 1860, dank ia techniques os spectroscopia, biht identifien in Sowel id trace om chemic elements. Id end ios XIXt secule vidt un spehrd kye gigantisme in id xeimen om astronomic telescopes : tod ios Yerkes Observatory ios universitat os Chicago hat un 102 centimeters weur linse ed remansiet diu tienxia weurst. 
Ta Progressa favorise id faham iom relevant phenomens : in 1811, Arago demonstret od id surface iom stars est neter solid ni liquid sontern consist un incandescent gas. Oin secule serter, is US American Hubble ed is Belgo Lemaître preuve id existence alyen galaxias quem niesios ed interprete id "rudhschift" (kya ghem frequences) irs luce ka pruv ios comspand ios Universe, startpointo ios futur theoria ios Big Bang.
 Monsignore Georges Lemaître (1894 Charleroi - 1966 Leuven) buit un Belgo catholic canonic, astronom ed physiste, professor in id Catholic Universitat os Leuven. Eyso "theoria ios oratom" bezielend explie id origin ios universe, skeipt id sul os eys vision ios Big Bang.
Resultat tom observational ed theoric perodhias, id astronomic nomenclature hat crohsct unte id XXt secule : bihnt aunstohgen ia neutronenstars, ia pulsars - revolvend neutronenstars irsalend radiowanden pulses -, ia kyehrsen torms - space zone quetos neid skapt, ne hatta luce -, ia supernovas - extreme-ye gwayder stars qua hant just exploden -, etc.
==Ia recent antslehnkens==
Esdi id gigantisme spehrd natyehct ye id fin ios XXt secule - con id US Very Large Array, un radiowandendetector skipt ab 27 mobil 25 meters weur antennes, au id Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, ensemble om oct meters weur quar telescopes -, dwo scientific curves mutte qua hant permiss ad astronomia skace perodh. 
 Id Very Large Telescope (Englisch pro "Meg Weur Telescope") est un systeme om quar separet optic telescopes, perambhen ab variat minor instruments. Ielg iom quar major instruments est un relector telescope samt un 8,2 meters weur lines. Id VLT project est part ios Europay Sud Tienmwenday (Englisch : ESO = European South Observatory), id principal astronomic organisation os Europe. Id VLT staht ep id cerro Paranal, un 2635 meters hogo ghyor in id Atacama Desert, in Nord Chile.
Preter est id yeisen do space om sondes - con ia Pioneer ed Voyager series unte ia 1960tias ed 1970tias - ed om satellites - Hubble space telescope in 1990 ed Soho satellite orbitisen ambh Sowel in 1995. Dwoter est id prehpen uns methode, adaptive optique, quod permit im astronoms asadhasce ud ia interferences do ia kwiters causet ab atmospheric turbulences; tuntos quasi tem suavident swoltos quem pon idpet space. Besonters dank tod technique tyohc id presto direct observation uns extrasolar planete med id VLT in 2005.
 Ia anisotropias ios Cosmic Microwanden Aptergrund (CMA) kam observen ab id Europay satellite Planck. Id CMA est uno snapphoto ios veutst luce in nies Universe, quod hat pregen id waurn quan id Universe eet just 380 000at. Id deict micri temperaturen fluctuations qua corresponde iklimes om mulayim-ye different densitats, representend ia germens wiswen futuren structures : iom stars ed galaxias nundiens.
==Id Big Bang==
Taiper etileikwnt baygh challenges pro astronomia-astrophysique, kam tod os explie precis-ye id formation iom planetar systemes. Bet id megst mysteir quod id biht confronten est aundwoi tod ios origin ios Universe. Id presence uns "Cosmic Microwanden Aptergrund" quod madht id hol Universe est pruv od tod hat uperliten, 13,8 milliars yaren prever, unte un excessive-ye dens ed chald phase; hat poskwo jaldi slohmbert ed spanso skeipend-ye ia galaxias. Buit tod auwal ed tact milieu id start ios Universe we hat tod haben sem Prehistoria, sem prever existence ? 
Eti, tod cosmic wandengrund enderkeiht id existence om dwo enigmatic substances : uno material invisible ibs telescopes quod agiet ia galaxias ("deusk materia"), ed uno mysterieus Energia surce (id "kyehrsen energia") quod ghehdiet accelere id comspand ios Universe. Quod est ir buhsa ? Astrophysistes ne bad hant antwehrdo tibs questions.