List of the creations of the cardinals

List of the promotions of the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Dates of the consistories are known or possible to establish only from the pontificate of Pope Gelasius II (1118–1119).Cfr. Hüls, p. 84-87 Informations concerning the number and names of the cardinals created before this pontificate are certainly incomplete.Cfr. Klewitz, p. 99. For the later period, the available data are probably complete, but for some pontificates (particularly in 12th century) it is impossible to establish the exact number of promotions because in few cases there are doubts whether the promotion really took place and in some others it is not possible to ascertain whether we've got to do with two separate individuals or with the same cardinal promoted from the rank of cardinal-deacon to cardinal-priest.
The numbers in the list do not include the cardinals created in pectore and never published, those who declined the cardinalate and those who had died before their promotion took effect.
==Until 1118==
Period 	List 	Number of the known cardinals
until 7th century 	Article	
8th century 	Article	
9th century 	Article	
904–985 	Article	48
985–1049 	Article	92
1049–1073 	Article	44
1073–1099 	Article	
Pontificate of Paschal II (1099–1118)	Article	
==From 1118==
Pope 	Pontificate	List 	Number of consistories	Number of cardinals
Gelasius II 	1118–1119 	Article 	1 	1
Callixtus II 	1119–1124 	Article 	5 	23
Honorius II 	1124–1130 	Article 	7 to 9 	14
Innocent II 	1130–1143 	Article 	26 to 30 	47 to 53
Antipope Anacletus II 	1130–1138 	Article 	? 	15 to 17
Celestine II 	1143–1144 	Article 	1 	10
Lucius II 	1144–1145 	Article 	2 	11
Eugene III 	1145–1153 	Article 	9 	16
Anastasius IV 	1153–1154 	— 	0 	0
Hadrian IV 	1154–1159 	Article 	5 to 7 	12 or 13
Alexander III 	1159–1181 	Article 	17 to 20 	35
Antipope Victor IV 	1159–1164 	Article 	? 	10 to 13
Antipope Paschal III 	1164–1168 	Article 	? 	9
Antipope Callixtus III	1168–1178 	Article 	? 	7
Lucius III 	1181–1185 	Article 	4 	15
Urban III 	1185–1187 	— 	0 	0
Gregory VIII 	1187 	— 	0 	0
Clement III 	1187–1191 	Article 	6 	24 to 26
Celestine III 	1191–1198 	Article 	1 	5
Innocent III 	1198–1216 	Article 	9 or 10 	30 to 32
Honorius III 	1216–1227 	Article 	5 	6
Gregory IX 	1227–1241 	Article 	4 	10
Celestine IV 	1241 	— 	0 	0
Innocent IV 	1243–1254 	Article 	2 or 3 	15 or 16
Alexander IV 	1254–1261 	Article 	0 or 1 	0 or 1
Urban IV 	1261–1264 	Article 	2 	14
Clement IV 	1265–1268 	— 	0 	0
Gregory X 	1271–1276 	Article 	1 	5
Innocent V 	1276 	— 	0 	0
Hadrian V 	1276 	— 	0 	0
John XXI 	1276–1277 	— 	0 	0
Nicholas III 	1277–1280 	Article 	1 	9
Martin IV 	1281–1285 	Article 	1 	7
Honorius IV 	1285–1287 	Article 	1 	1
Nicholas IV 	1288–1292 	Article 	1 	6
Celestine V 	1294 	Article 	2 	13
Boniface VIII 	1294–1303 	Article 	5 	15
Benedict XI 	1303–1304 	Article 	2 	2
Clement V 	1305–1314 	Article 	3 	24
John XXII 	1316–1334 	Article 	6 	28
Antipope Nicholas V 	1328–1330 	Article 	4 	9
Benedict XII 	1334–1342 	Article 	1 	6
Clement VI 	1342–1352 	Article 	4 	25
Innocent VI 	1352–1362 	Article 	3 	15
Urban V 	1362–1370 	Article 	4 	13
Gregory XI 	1370–1378 	Article 	2 	21
Urban VI 	1378–1389 	Article 	4 	42
Antipope Clement VII 	1378–1394 	Article 	11 	33
Boniface IX 	1389–1404 	Article 	2 	6
Antipope Benedict XIII	1394–1423 	Article 	7 	19
Innocent VII 	1404–1406 	Article 	1 	11
Gregory XII 	1406–1415 	Article 	2 	12
Antipope Alexander V 	1409–1410 	Article 	4 	15
Antipope John XXIII 	1410–1415 	Article 	4 	15
Martin V 	1417–1431 	Article 	4 	17
Eugene IV 	1431–1447 	Article 	6 	27
Antipope Felix V 	1439–1449 	Article 	4 	14
Nicholas V 	1447–1455 	Article 	4 	11
Callixtus III 	1455–1458 	Article 	2 	9
Pius II 	1458–1464 	Article 	3 	13
Paul II 	1464–1471 	Article 	2 	10
Sixtus IV 	1471–1484 	Article 	8 	34
Innocent VIII 	1484–1492 	Article 	1 	8
Alexander VI 	1492–1503 	Article 	10 	43
Pius III 	1503 	— 	0 	0
Julius II 	1503–1513 	Article 	6 	27
Leo X 	1513–1521 	Article 	8 	42
Hadrian VI 	1523 	Article 	1 	1
Clement VII 	1523–1534 	Article 	14 	33
Paul III 	1534–1549 	Article 	12 	71
Julius III 	1550–1555 	Article 	4 	20
Marcellus II 	1555 	— 	0 	0
Paul IV 	1555–1559 	Article 	4 	19
Pius IV 	1560–1565 	Article 	4 	46
Pius V 	1566–1572 	Article 	3 	21
Gregory XIII 	1572–1585 	Article 	9 	34
Sixtus V 	1585–1590 	Article 	8 	33
Urban VII 	1590 	— 	0 	0
Gregory XIV 	1590–1591 	Article 	2 	5
Innocent IX 	1591 	Article 	1 	2
Clement VIII 	1592–1605 	Article 	6 	53
Leo XI 	1605 	— 	0 	0
Paul V 	1605–1621 	Article 	10 	60
Gregory XV 	1621–1623 	Article 	4 	11
Urban VIII 	1623–1644 	Article 	8 	74
Innocent X 	1644–1655 	Article 	8 	40
Alexander VII 	1655–1667 	Article 	6 	38
Clement IX 	1667–1669 	Article 	3 	12
Clement X 	1670–1676 	Article 	6 	20
Innocent XI 	1676–1689 	Article 	2 	43
Alexander VIII 	1689–1691 	Article 	3 	14
Innocent XII 	1691–1700 	Article 	4 	30
Clement XI 	1700–1721 	Article 	15 	70
Innocent XIII 	1721–1724 	Article 	2 	3
Benedict XIII 	1724–1730 	Article 	12 	29
Clement XII 	1730–1740 	Article 	15 	35
Benedict XIV 	1740–1758 	Article 	7 	64
Clement XIII 	1758–1769 	Article 	7 	52
Clement XIV 	1769–1774 	Article 	12 	16
Pius VI 	1775–1799 	Article 	23 	73
Pius VII 	1800–1823 	Article 	19 	99
Leo XII 	1823–1829 	Article 	8 	25
Pius VIII 	1829–1830 	Article 	3 	6
Gregory XVI 	1831–1846 	Article 	24 	75
Pius IX 	1846–1878 	Article 	23 	123
Leo XIII 	1878–1903 	Article 	27 	147
Pius X 	1903–1914 	Article 	7 	50
Benedict XV 	1914–1922 	Article 	5 	32
Pius XI 	1922–1939 	Category	17 	76
Pius XII 	1939–1958 	Category	2 	56
John XXIII 	1958–1963 	Article 	5 	52
Paul VI 	1963–1978 	Category	6 	143
John Paul I 	1978 	— 	0 	0
John Paul II 	1978–2005 	Category	9 	231
Benedict XVI 	2005– 	Category	2 	38
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
* Catholic Hierarchy 
* Salvador Miranda, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
* Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica, vol. I-VI, Münster 1913-1960
*Otto Kares, Chronologie der Kardinalbischöfe im elften Jahrhundert, (in:) Festschrift zur Jahrhundertfeier des Gymnasiums am Burgplatz in Essen, Essen 1924
*Barbara Zenker, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159, Würzburg 1964
*Hans Walter Klewitz, Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Darmstadt 1957
*Rudolf Hüls, Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130 Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1977
*Elfriede Kartusch, Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227, Wien 1948
*Johannes M. Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, Berlin 1912
*Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien 1984
*Klaus Ganzer, Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter, Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag 1963
*Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, Padova 1972
*J. P. Migne: Patrologia Latina
*Giandomenico Mansi, «Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova Amplissima Collectio»
*Phillipp Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. I-II. Leipzig 1885-1888
*Paul Fridolin Kehr: Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Italia Pontificia. Vol. I–X SUL Books in the Public Domain
*Pius Bonifatius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae, quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo Wielkopolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa
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