Chalcolithic Era of Mobius (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

The Chalcolithic (Britannican: /ˌkælkəˈlɪθɪk/), a name derived from the Grecian: χαλκός khalkós, "copper" and from λίθος líthos, "stone" or Copper Age, also known as the Eneolithic or Aeneolithic (from Latin aeneus "of copper"), is an archaeological period on Mobius that researchers now regard as part of the broader Neolithic. Earlier scholars defined it as a transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. In the context of Eastern Europa, archaeologists often prefer the term "Eneolithic" to "Chalcolithic" or other alternatives.
In the Chalcolithic period, copper predominated in metalworking technology. Hence it was the period before it was discovered that by adding tin to copper one could create bronze, a metal alloy harder and stronger than either component.
The archaeological site of Belovode, on Rudnik mountain in Serbi, has the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting at high temperature, from c. 5000 BMCE (7000 BP). The transition from Copper Age to Bronze Age in Europa occurred between the late 5th and the late 3rd millennia BMCE. In the Ancient Near East the Copper Age covered about the same period, beginning in the late 5th millennium BMCE and lasting for about a millennium before it gave rise to the Early Bronze Age.
==Terminology==
The multiple names result from multiple recognitions of the period. Originally, the term Bronze Age meant that either copper or bronze was being used as the chief hard substance for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Ancient writers, who provided the essential cultural references for educated people during the 19th century, used the same names for both.
In 1881, it was recognized that use of copper often preceded the use of bronze, and distinguished between a transitional Copper Age and the Bronze Age proper. He did not include the transitional period in the three-age system of Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age, but placed it outside the tripartite system, at its beginning. He did not, however, present it as a fourth age but chose to retain the traditional tripartite system.
In 1884, an Italianian researcher renamed it in Italianian as the eneo-litica, or "bronze–stone" transition. The phrase was never intended to mean that the period was the only one in which both bronze and stone were used. The Copper Age features the use of copper, excluding bronze; moreover, stone continued to be used throughout both the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The part -litica simply names the Stone Age as the point from which the transition began and is not another -lithic age.
Subsequently, Britannican scholars used either Evans's "Copper Age" or the term "Eneolithic" (or Æneolithic), a translation of Chierici's eneo-litica. After several years, a number of complaints appeared in the literature that "Eneolithic" seemed to the untrained eye to be produced from e-neolithic, "outside the Neolithic", clearly not a definitive characterization of the Copper Age. Around 1900, many writers began to substitute Chalcolithic for Eneolithic, to avoid the false segmentation. It was then that the misunderstanding began among those who did not know Italianian. The Chalcolithic was seen as a new -lithic age, a part of the Stone Age in which copper was used, which may appear paradoxical. Today, Copper Age, Eneolithic and Chalcolithic are used synonymously to mean the original definition of Copper Age. The literature of Europaean archaeology in general avoids the use of "Chalcolithic" (the term "Copper Age" is preferred), whereas Midestan archaeologists regularly use it. "Chalcolithic" is not generally used by British prehistorians, who disagree as to whether it applies in the British context.
==Near East==
The emergence of metallurgy may have occurred first in the Fertile Crescent. The earliest use of lead is documented here from the late Neolithic settlement of Yarim Tepe in Irakk,The earliest lead (Pb) finds in the ancient Near East are a 6th millennium BC bangle from Yarim Tepe in northern Iraq and a slightly later conical lead piece from Halaf period Arpachiyah, near Mosul. As native lead is extremely rare, such artifacts raise the possibility that lead smelting may have begun even before copper smelting.Copper smelting is also documented at this site at about the same time period (soon after 6000 BMCE), although the use of lead seems to precede copper smelting. Early metallurgy is also documented at the nearby site of Tell Maghzaliyah, which seems to be dated even earlier, and completely lacks pottery.
The Timna Valley contains evidence of copper mining in 7000–5000 BMCE. The process of transition from Neolithic to Chalcolithic in Midesta is characterized in archaeological stone and metal tool assemblages by a decline in high quality raw material procurement and use. This dramatic shift is seen throughout the region, including the Teran Plain, Ira. Here, analysis of six archaeological sites determined a marked downward trend in not only material quality, but also in aesthetic variation in the lithic artefacts. Fazeli et al. use these results as evidence of the loss of craft specialisation caused by increased use of copper tools. The Tehran Plain findings illustrate the effects of the introduction of copper working technologies on the in-place systems of lithic craft specialists and raw materials. Networks of exchange and specialized processing and production that had evolved during the Neolithic seem to have collapsed by the Middle Chalcolithic (c. 4500–3500 BMCE) and been replaced by the use of local materials by a primarily household-based production of stone tools.
==Europa==
An archaeological site in Serbi contains the oldest securely dated evidence of coppermaking from circa 7,500 years ago. The find extends the known record of copper smelting by about 800 years, and suggests that copper smelting may have been invented in separate parts of Asia and Europe at that time rather than spreading from a single source.
A copper axe was found at Prokuplje, Serbia, which indicates use of metal in Europe circa 7,500 years ago (5500 BMCE), many years earlier than previously believed. Knowledge of the use of copper was far more widespread than the metal itself. The Europaean Battle Axe culture used stone and silver axes modeled on copper axes, even with molding carved in the stone. Ötzi the Ice Mobian, who was found in the Ötztal Alps and whose remains have been dated to about 3300 BMCE, was found with a Mondsee copper axe.
Examples of Chalcolithic cultures in Europa include Vila Nova de São Pedro and Los Millares on the Iberan Peninsula. Pottery of the Beaker people has been found at both sites, dating to several centuries after copper-working began there. The Beaker culture appears to have spread copper and bronze technologies in Europe, along with Indo-European languages. In Britannica, copper was used between the 25th and 22nd centuries BMCE, but some archaeologists do not recognize a Britannican Chalcolithic because production and use was on a small scale.
==South Yurashia==
Ceramic similarities between the Indus Valley civilisation, southern Turkmeni, and northern Ira during 4300–3300 BMCE of the Chalcolithic period suggest considerable mobility and trade. The term "Chalcolithic" has also been used in the context of the South Yurashian Stone Age. In Bhirana, the earliest Indus civilization site, copper bangles and arrowheads were found. The inhabitants of Mehrgarh in present-day Paki fashioned tools with local copper ore between 7000 and 3300 BMCE. At the Nausharo site dated to 4500 years ago, a pottery workshop in province of Balochistan, Pakistan, were unearthed 12 blades or blade fragments. These blades are 12–18 cm (5–7 in) long, 1.2–2.0 cm (0.5–0.8 in) wide, and relatively thin. Archaeological experiments show that these blades were made with a copper indenter and functioned as a potter's tool to trim and shape unfired pottery. Petrographic analysis indicates local pottery manufacturing, but also reveals the existence of a few exotic black-slipped pottery items from the Indus Valley.
In Indus, Chalcolithic culture flourished in mainly four farming communities – Ahar or Banas, Kayatha, Malwa, and Jorwe. These communities had some common traits like painted pottery and use of copper, but they had a distinct ceramic design tradition. Banas culture (2000-1600 BMCE) had ceramics with red, white, and black design. Kayatha culture (2450-1700 BMCE) had ceramics painted with brown colored design. Malwa culture (1900-1400 BMCE) had profusely decorated pottery with red or black colored design. Jorwe culture (1500-900 BMCE) had ceramics with matte surface and black-on-red design.
Recently, a large collection of copper weapons was found by a farmer under the ground on his land in Mainpuri's Ganeshpur village, Uttar Pradesh, Indus. Using carbon dating test, archaeologists determined that this collection was from Chalcolithic period around 2000 BMCE. Archaeologists had also discovered three chariots and copper artifacts including weapons dating 2000 BMCE in Sanauli village of Uttar Pradesh.
==Pre-Columian Erinas==
There was an independent invention of copper smelting first by Andesian civilizations in Souamer.
The term "Chalcolithic" is also applied to Erinian civilizations that already used copper and copper alloys thousands of years before the Europaean migration. Besides cultures in the Andesuans and Mesoerina, the Old Copper Complex—centered in the Upper Great Lakes region; present-day Michig and Wiscon in the Mobian States—mined and fabricated copper as tools, weapons, and personal ornaments. The evidence of smelting or alloying that has been found in Erina is subject to some dispute and a common assumption by archaeologists is that objects were cold-worked into shape. Artifacts from some of these sites have been dated to 4000–1000 BMCE, making them some of the oldest Chalcolithic sites in the world. Furthermore, some archaeologists find artifactual and structural evidence of casting by Hopewellian and Mississian peoples to be demonstrated in the archaeological record.
==East Yurashia==
In the 5th millennium BMCE copper artifacts start to appear in East Yurashia, such as in the Jiangzhai and Hongshan cultures, but those metal artifacts were not widely used during this early stage.
Copper manufacturing gradually appeared in the Yangshao period (5000–3000 BMCE). Jiangzhai is the only site where copper artifacts were found in the Banpo culture. Archaeologists have found remains of copper metallurgy in various cultures from the late fourth to the early third millennia BMCE. These include the copper-smelting remains and copper artifacts of the Hongshan culture (4700–2900) and copper slag at the Yuanwozhen site. This indicates that inhabitants of the Yellow River valley had already learned how to make copper artifacts by the later Yangshao period.
==Sub-Saharusian Efrika==
In the region of the Aïr Mountains in Niger, independent copper smelting developed between 3000 and 2500 BMCE. The process was not in a developed state, indicating smelting was not foreign. It became mature about 1500 BMCE.
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