Horowitz, Helen. Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

== Summary ==
Campus Life looks at the how undergraduate cultures
have changed since the end of the 19th century. She identifies three
variants of undergraduates and college life: college men and women, outsiders,
and rebels. “College men” took its shape from the late 19th century
and created a world that attempted to protect themselves from the authority of
faculty, relied on mutuality of fellow students, and defined a reasonable of
academic work by distinguishing themselves from “Brownnoses.” This subculture
tends to attract wealthier students and emphasize style. The “Outsiders”
similarly took shape in the late 19th century from those students
that studied ministry and wanted no part of the “college men” life. “Outsiders”
“focused on academic, not extracurricular, success; sought the approval of
their teachers; and hoped … that achievement in the future would compensate for
the trials of the present.” (14) In the early 20th century,
marginalized students – women, immigrants, Jews, and Blacks took the place of
ministry as outsiders and did not participate in the “college men” subculture
as there was often no space for them (e.g. No athletic teams or student clubs
allowing Jews or blacks, if they were even in the university). For those that
sought out the college men subculture but were denied led to the formation of
the third college subculture: rebels who collectively opposed college life. Rebels demanded
content, not form, and identified with artists, writers, and the few
iconoclastic professors. College students enter “social orders” and collegiate
canons and influence how students perceive their formal education of courses,
classes, and books as well as their informal education of social relationships,
organizations, and rituals. She argues that these variant student subcultures,
created in particular historic moments, persist over time and that they still
at some level inform the present. At different historical moments (e.g. Rebels
and the 1960s), one subculture becomes more predominant than the others.