Quantic Physique

Quantic Physique hat transformen in dube id physique ye id XXt secule. Hat antslohncto dank id aunstehgen ios atomic mund ed ios mund iom particules pre strehce nundiens do important xeimens os physique ed ses origino multen applications (laser, supraconductivitat...). 
 Uno magnet swehbht uper un supraconductoro khuldt med liquid nitrogen (- 197 °C) 
 
==Plancks aunstehgen==
Quantic physique gnahsit ex id naudh os introduce rhayr-mussalsalia do phenomens qua eent bayanen tuntro perfect-ye tik ye mussalsal weidos. To hat inkapen med id resultat ios experimentios de id erkwen om gwayder wands os baygh hog frequence (physistes id kale id "ultraviolett catastrophe"). Eet mohnen ghehde bayane ia Energia variations ye mussalsal weidos, kam to ghehdt bihe kwohrto de syrat variations; api, id experiment ios erkwen om meg-ye cort wands interdehsit id : eet dilt con genis blank rewsa, inexplicable ghyahsas. Tod eet id probleme eet-yei confrontet Max Planck, alnos in-kap id XXt secule, quod is vi-solvit atomisend-ye id gwayder energia mae id theoria buit in ikhtilaf con id experiment. Isghi dohlg admitte od id erkwen tyohc ye un rhayr-mussalsal weidos, unte "wandenpacks". Kay lever un wandenpack, un bestohmen quantitat os energia - un energia quantum -, un meis muhim energia quantitat pro ia hog quem pro ia ghem frequences, eet tohrpt. Id energia quantum est uperwohrt med tod simple formule : 
E = hν, 
E kyeusend id (granlik) energia, h id shangsu os Planck ed ν id frequence. Id shangsu os Planck vahsit wehse in vasya equations os quantic physique ed skeipt un suldatum os nature.
 Diagramme ios kinetic energia iom electrons sekwent id frequence os luce bi un photocathode ex zinc.
==Id wands/particules dualitat==
Tod aunstehgen permiss wardhihes un hypothese formulen ab Einstein quod mohgh, sekwent iom, bayane un gnoht phenomen, id photoelectric effect : luce esiet skipen ab corpuscules quom emission, pro hog frequences, ghehdt, sei id biht xubhen do uno metallic plack, rehve ids electrons. Tod effect ne dependt id gwayder intensitat, sontern id energia de id wandlonge tos luce (est mierer pro wands os cort longe). Tod phenomen khact bihe expliet sei id gwaydergwis est uniform-ye spohrt unte id hol surface uns wand; id gwaydergwis dehlct bihe tact unte certain points ios wandsurface : sont grans os gwaydergwis, corroborend Plancks intuition ed id notion os energia quantum. Einstein hat daht id nam "photons" tibs grans os gwaydergwis, gwinwnd id newtonsk hypothese, sekwent-yod luce est un corpuscular phenomen. Bet ia suagnoht phenomens os interference product ab luce nieudh eti un wandinterpretation. Eet dilt con ena entitats qua eent sammel wands ed particules. Tod wands/particules dualitato challengit fiker, bet id experiment impos id.
 Photons emitten in ia parallel coherent fasca om six lasers.
==Id wandmecanique==
Ad Louis de Broglie enfiell od tod wands/corpuscules dualitat ne ghohld tik pro id erkwen os luce (photonen emission), sontern od id dohlgit ghehlde pro id "erkwen" ios material (pro id electronen mov mathalan). Tod pur-ye theoric hypothese buit moxu confirmen ab experiment. It gnahsit quo buit kalen id "wandmecanique". Materia ye id elementarst nivell est granlik, kam luce : existent quanta os materia, kam existent quanta os gwaydergwis. Bet ta quanta ne sont corpuscules ni material entitats samt wi individualitat. Id description os ir sulouko ghehdt ses tik-ye global edghi statistic; est os wandbuhsa, aun od semschi wand ghehdt bihe assocyet ad un individual particule. Neti poittmos fiker ia elementar particules (photons, electrons, protons, neutrons) ka corpuscules punctual-ye isolable in rewos ed quom position ed syrat ghohd bihe hissaben ye cada instant kam pro macroscopic corpsa (mathalan Luna ambh Terra) kay deduce ir hol agmo. Id kwiter uns electron quod gravitet ambh un eten, kam un satellite ambh un planete, est rhalat; tod uns electronic halo ambh id eten esiet exacter.
 Schrödingers Cat est un virtual experiment os physique, quos Erwin Schrödinger propos in 1935. Id problematiset id directo transposition om concepts os quantic mecanique do id macroscopic mund sub id forme uns paradox. Un cat esiet diekbohndt con lyt radioactive material, un radioactivitatsmeider quod ghehdiet brehge un cyanacid phial. Yeji Schrödinger, quantic physique impliet od el cat est sammel gwiv ed mortu.
==Ia Heisenbergsk nebestohmenkweitsrelations==
Iaghi atomic ed subatomic phenomens sont descript med wandfunctions, quom formalisation est due Schrödinger. Un wand est uno nehmen os probabilitat os presence om particules. Gwayder intensitat varyet, mathalan, sekwent id numer photonen present in un fasc wandlongen. Un statistic bestohmenkweitu tayt id absolut bestohmenkweit os classique mecanique : ghehdt just bihe hissapt id probabilitat an un electron au photon wehst in sem rewosdeil. Gohder, existent nebestohmenkweitsrelations, pagen af Heisenberg : un information de id position uns electron ghehdt bihe obtento tik sei biht tyohgvt obtene un information de idso syrat, ed invers-ye. Yed id nebestohmenkweitu ios punctual meid ne stambht bestehme un statistic meid. Est impossible sayge quer eet punctual-ye id particule pre id observation hat semkam kapt id. Observation duct ei "reduction ios wandenpack" perturbend-ye id evolution ios systeme. Observe sem particule ye un t instant ne maynt od id eet individual-ye situable prever in wakt ed rewos.
==Non-separabilitat==
Eti ghehdt bihe chohxt experiment-ye od particules bohnden in systeme-on - dwo photons mathalan emiss ab id excitation uns atom - remane bohnden nespekent id distance separatil ia. Hol jinkdout kamsei id information, bohndt ei stand om un systeme ed ids components, ignoriet ia dwineghs ios wakt-rewos. Sei biht kapen, mathalan, un particule in solg-on stand (un electron samt solg polarisation, uno neutron con talg spin), bihsiet bayad kapen alter, quoter ei eet bohndt in systeme-on, in sam-on stand, kamsei yaghend-ye un pisk ex un poul, bihiet bayad yaghen els dwin in id nieber poul, aun od uter habiet kafi wakto kay informe alter de sien stand (tod information tehrbiet trehce meis oku quem luce). Non-separabilitat revelet iter oins id global sulouk ios mund iom particules : biht dilen con systemenstands ed ne con stands om elements decomposible individual-ye ed separable in wakt-rewos. Quantic physique tun contradict ia models om classic ed relativiste physiques (qua describe ia movs iom corpsen samt masse, position, syrat bestohmen in rewos ed wakt). Quantic physic pont mahibe epistemologic problemes. Id nos dwinght disyunges id notion os "gnohim real" ud tod om "observable ed hissabim phenomens", areti ia observationsTechniques perturbe ia observen phenomens ed ob id limite quod separet el observant subject ed id observen object biht rhayr-wassic. Quantic physique nos faceiht sem perfect-ye experimentable ed hissabim phenomens, bet qua revele un real quod sammel skapt nies "fangh", un réel voilé sekwent un formule ios franceois physistios d'Espagnat.
Category:Science