Sociologia

Id lexis sociologia, creen ab Emannuel-Joseph Sieyès ed emen tsay ab Comte in 1839, kyeust id science quod oistudyet social facts. Med id antslehnken os ethnologia, ye id XIXt secule, hat-se instauren un sorte os territoriumdeilen : sociologia men chehxt ia moderne ed antslehnkus societats, ethnologia de ia aunscriben folks; id Occidentalisation ios mund hat lakin rencauset tod deilen. 
==Ies precursors os sociologia==
Id reflexion de societat est tem awo quem philosophia, quod id depend med sien interrogations de politique ed ethique : id studye iom social facts ne buit bemohnt, tienjien-ye, ka un autonom weidaxeimen. 
Id gnahsa ios sociologic men est bohnden ad dwo megil cultural mutations iom Moderne Tids : hois, id upergumt ex id Awo Regime do id industrial era, modifiend alnos id traditional organisation, dreibht un rekehnsen ios social existence; ciois, id triumph iom exact science impont nov objectivitatsnaudhs ei gnohsa iom menscenrealitats. 
Tod kaur de rigoro proe-prehpt bi Montesquieu qui poitt ses ayn oino iom precursors os sociologia. In De l'esprit des lois (1748), se demarquet radical-ye ud id politic philosophia sienen predecessors, Hobbes (1588-1679) au Locke (1632-1704) : tyehgvt reconstruge a priori id societat ed id Stat ep id dayi os social contract, ed anter antreust id observation ed id comparation iom real politic ed juridic institutions. 
Eti, kun is defineiht ia magna politic regimes (respublic, monarchia, despotisme), Montesquieu prefiguret oino iom essential methods iom "types" quod sessiet theorisen, ye id XXt secule, ab iom deutscho sociolog Weber (1864-1920): kay ghabe un social phenomen, anghen tehrpt construge un ideal model quod dart ids essential traits. 
De la démocratie en Amérique, publien in 1835 ab Tocqueville, bringht do luce sem gwayts ed problemes qua pinwsient id sociologic men : leit, med id observation iom institutions ed mores iom Uniet Stats os America, prest moderne democratia, de ghabe ia sulkweits iom societats sulen ep id egalisation iom conditions ed id disparition iom ordens. 
Comtes men hat decisive-ye influen sociologia. Id neologisme is populariset in 1839 revelet un project : leit de skipes un nov weidaxeimen quod, sult ep facts ed ne ep formehnens, poitt hassile scientific objectivitat. Comte enderkweit un "social statique" quod sbringht ia fundamental institutions qua possibleihnt id social aurdhen, ed un "social dynamique", quod deict ia necessar etapes ios evolution ios menscmenos. Est id fameus "loy iom tri stands" quod descript id perodhia ios menscmenos ex id theologic do id positive stand, unte id metaphysic stand. 
Bad, con Marx (1818-1883), id studye iom social phenomens yunct-se tei iom modus os economic Production. 
 Formen in id menscol os positivisme, David Emile Durkheim (1858, Epinal - 1917, Paris) defineiht id "social facto" ka un sui generis entitat, yani ka totalitat non-reductible ei summ sienen parts. Tod definition ei permit dissocye id Individual ex id collective ed id social ex id psychologic, ed sules logic-ye ia possibilitatsconditions uns dwinghend action ios societat uper i individus. "Exterioritat, extense ed dwinegh kweite id social fact" : tod these iom buwit iom druv dehtor os sociologia ka autonom ed scientific ilm. Durkheim hat creet plur lexis qua sont nundiens meg gnohn, kam anomia ed collective conscience.
==Id methode os sociologia ed idsa xeimens==
Is franceoiso sociolog Durkheim publiet ia Règles de la méthode sociologique in 1895 : social facts tehrbe ses ayt kam jects, ne ob ghehdent bihe reducen ei stand om jects, sontern ob face ia tehrpt bihe beviden id sam axiologic neutralitat quem dia jects. Kam cada theoric gwayt, sociologia dehlct bestehme sien ziel ed skipes, ab id observation iom facts, sem interpretative models. Quo tayt, in sociologia, id experimentation quod, in ia sciences os Nature, validet au invalidet ia starthypotheses, est id chehxen om statistic data, id neud om questionars ed maynmeids, qua Mathematique ghehdt beorbate rigoreus-ye.
Tod gwayt ghehdt lakin bihe tayt auter ye analytic weidos, yani ep limiten phenomens (facts os opinion au os sulouk ops oystudyet ab US sociologia), au ye synthetic weidos. 
Also, ab ia 1890tias antslehnct, eni quo bihsiet id Chicago scol, un importanto trend os empiric sociologia, suwt ab W.I.Thomas ed R.E.Park. Toy, atypic ed engaget sociologs, vahnt multiplie enquetes epstet ed id construction om autobiographias au gwitnarns, kay bayane id exraudhen quod affect i immigrants attragen do ia USA ab id extraordinar spando gnohto tun ab Capitalisme. Bayna ia mult wehrgs im almens ios Chicago scol, tehrpt bihe mohldt id nun classic over af H.Becker, Outsiders (1963), de deviance. In France, ia wehrgs os L.Dumont (Homo hierarchicus, 1979; Homo Aequalis, 1985) construge id diweiden inter "inegalitar" wa "holiste societats", quom type-exempel est id Hindi castensocietat, ed ia individualiste "moderne societats". Sam-ye, ia wehrgs ab Aron (1905-1983) de id industrial societat adduce uni vast mutaysa om marxisme ed ids avatars. Tocquevilles men, ed besonters ia werds is eiskwt de id democratic societat, vreht sem echo ia recent wehrgs ios philosoph G.Lipovetsky (L'Ere du vide, 1983). E.Morin de, in La Rumeur d'Orléans (1969), focust sien enquete ep quo est preter tik un fait-divers. 
Iaghi xeimens ghyanen ad sociologic sok sont immense : social stratification (R.Boudon, L'inégalité des chances, 1978), economic conducts (T.Piketty, Le Capital au XXIème siècle, 2013), cultural au religieus praxis (P.Bourdieu, L'Amour de l'art, 1969; R.Boudon, L'Idéologie ou l'origine des idées reçues, 1986), social changes (A.Touraine, La Fin des Sociétés, 2013). 
 Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002) est ayt oin im importantsten sociologs os dwoter dwidel ios XXt secule. Eti, ob sien public engagement, is hat biht, unte ia senst yars os sien gwit, oin im magn actors ios franceois intellectual gwits. Eys men hat muhim-ye influen ia social ed human sciences, besonters id franceoiso sociologia pos Mund Weir Dwo. 
==Sociologia ed politique==
Id evolution ios franceois muassir sociologia deict od id studye iom social sulouks ghehdt sib dahe distinct politic ziels. Also, in id moveina os Marx ed sub id influence ios Frankfurter scol, sociologia might iskwes ses "critic" ed sib dahe ka ziel enevidence ia conflicts ed contradictions iom moderne societats : to kweit id scol os Bourdieu (1930-2002). Ia privileget xeimens tos scol sont culture, ka loc os social hierarchisation, Talim samt id question ios chanceninegalitat, id smyehren ios politic magh ed daydeyer id weidos quosmed ia dominant classes teulge ed legitime ir uperwaldh. 
Sam-ye, con A.Touraine, id reflexion de social action ed ia changes ios industrial production adduct uni critique os modernitat : id studye ios moderne organisation os orbato duct tom sociolog ad construge id concept os pos-industrial societat. Id vetat iom productionsmodus esiet minter decisive quem id access do weida in social stratification; id forme ed id maynen iom politic jidals tehrbiet bihe mutayn. 
Biht tolken fin-ye de "sociologia os integration" pro autors kam R.Boudon au M.Crozier quoy, insistend id dayi os individual strategia in social conducts, interdehnt cada global interpretation os un sense os Historia. Sam-ye, id methodic individualisme quod lehrnt hat evident affinitats con politic liberalisme. 
Lakin, muassir sociologia refuset se sines menbehnde do ia meg vivace politic clifts iom 1970-1980tias. Id social est neter bemohnen ka un totalitat bestehmend ia individual actions, ni kam id simple summ tom actions. It, id interactioniste movment representen ab dwoter Chicago scol might ses neter exclusive-ye macro-sociologic, yani starte ab ia social structures, ni micro-sociologic, yani starte ab ia individual conducts. Id notion interaction dehlgiet it permitte meis-ye suakernes id complexitat ios social action. Sociologia ghi salct id era kun anghen tohrb "chuses sien lagher".