Prenuptial Agreement for the Prevention of Get-Refusal

Prenuptial agreements for the prevention of get-refusal were developed over the last century to answer a need that arose within Jewish marriages.See Rachel Levmore, “Get Refusal in the United States and One Method of Prevention: Prenuptial Agreements”, Women in Judaism [ed. Tova Cohen], Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 2001. The contemporary situation is that of general inability to dissolve a Jewish marriage without the agreement and cooperation of both spouses. This specific type of prenuptial agreement makes provisions for the possibility of divorce. By setting up the rules prior to the marriage in the form of a monetary contract, both spouses have an interest to negotiate a divorce in a dignified manner and thus get-refusal is discouraged.
==Halakhic Background==
Jewish law, halakha, has determined that in order for a Jewish divorce to be valid, the husband must place a get (writ of divorce) in his wife's hands out of his own free will (Yebamot, 14:1). If he does not have the intent to divorce his wife, no other party—person or court, can do so in his stead. A Jewish woman chained to her marriage because of her husband's inability or refusal to grant her a get, is referred to as an agunah. As of late, common usage has coined the term agunah to include a victim of get-refusal.
When discussing what is known as the "'agunah' problem", a distinction must be drawn between the classic definition of an agunah and a victim of get-refusal. Halakhically, an agunah is a woman whose husband has disappeared and it is not known whether he is alive or dead. The example used is the passenger on a boat that sank in “waters that have no end” (Babylonian Talmud, Yebamot, chapter 10). The case of the classic agunah is still a phenomenon which can be found today, albeit in small numbers. The wives of several of the men who were killed on 9/11 in the World Trade Center attack were agunot . With the help of Rabbinical Courts all these cases were resolved and the women were permitted to remarry. 
Nonetheless, the more prevalent problem is that of a husband who is alive and well (and may even be standing in front of the Rabbinical Court) who is explicitly refusing to give his wife a get. A woman in these circumstances is a mesorevet get - a victim of get-refusal.
==Historical background==
The problem of get-refusal became acute and prevalent when Jews lived in countries where civil divorce was available, separate from religious divorce. The earliest prenuptial agreement for the prevention of get-refusal was developed and accepted by the Rabbinical Council of Morocco on December 16, 1953 ("Sefer Hatakanot", Vol. 1, The Institute for Moroccan Jewish Tradition, Jerusalem). The prenuptial agreement gained further approbation in 1981 from Rabbi Shalom Messas, chief rabbi of Jerusalem ("Sefer Tevuot Shemesh", Jerusalem 1981). Following Rabbi Messas' involvement, the Rabbinical Council of America actively pursued this issue (“The RCA Commission: Solving the Problem of Gittin", Hamevaser, Vol. 22 No. 2, October 27, 1983). The latest in a series of RCA resolutions -- "that since there is a significant agunah problem in America and throughout the Jewish world, no rabbi should officiate at a wedding where a proper prenuptial agreement on get has not been executed” -- was passed on May 18, 2006.
==In the U.S.: Prenuptial agreements as a preventive solution==
In the United States, the most prominent prenuptial agreement for the prevention of get-refusal signed within the Orthodox Jewish community is the agreement of the Beth Din of America. It is in essence, as its title demonstrates, a “binding arbitration agreement”. The Beth Din, accepted by both bride and groom as an arbitration panel, is legally enabled to render a binding decision in all issues relating to a get. This ensures that all adjudication leading up to the administration of a get is done according to Orthodox halakha, by Rabbinical Judges. The clauses of the prenuptial agreement delineate the rules accepted by the signatories, according to which the Rabbinical Court should rule. There are optional clauses authorizing the court to rule on monetary matters or child custody and related issues. The entire agreement is in keeping with the law of the State where it is signed and can be enforced as a binding arbitration agreement in the State Court. 
The heart of the prenuptial agreement is the monetary obligation undertaken by the groom. He obligates himself to support his wife at a particular rate (from the point of separation) as long as they are married according to Jewish law, if the Beth Din renders a decision enforcing this obligation. In essence this means that from the point that his wife asks for a get and the Beth Din recommends that he deliver the get, until he gives the get, the husband is obligated “to support my Wife-to-Be from the date that our domestic residence together shall cease for whatever reasons, at the rate of $150 per … in lieu of my Jewish law obligation of support so long as the two of us remain married according to Jewish law….” 
The director of the Beth Din of America, Rabbi Yona Reiss , has repeatedly stated in public arenas (orally and weekly in the NY newspaper The Jewish Press) that to his knowledge, the "prenuptial agreement is one hundred percent effective. In every case of a couple that had previously signed a prenuptial agreement and later came to divorce, there was a get delivered in a timely fashion."
There are additional prenuptial agreements for the prevention of get-refusal which have been signed in the US. Orthodox Rabbi Moshe Tendler offers an alternate version.
Conservative Judaism has sought to prevent cases of get-refusal by attaching a clause to the ketuba, as opposed to a separate prenuptial agreement. This clause is known as the Lieberman clause, in which the parties agree that if there are civil divorce proceedings, then both must appear before a beit din of the Rabbinical Assembly and of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Rabbi Saul Lieberman, a professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary, proposed that the clause be added to ketubas to create a legal remedy through civil courts in case one party fails to cooperate in Jewish divorce proceedings. In practice, women who have been unable to obtain a get have not always been successful in enforcing the Lieberman clause in U.S. state courts, which have jurisdiction in divorce cases. Several state courts have refused to accept cases based on the Lieberman clause because, as it was argued, it violates the constitutional principle of separation of church and state.
In addition, The Women's League of Conservative Judaism has officially endorsed the use of the Lieberman clause in combination with a prenuptial agreement in 2008 .
==In Israel: Heskem L’Kavod Hadadi – The Agreement for Mutual Respect==
A different agreement developed in Israel in Hebrew, called the Heskem L’Kavod Hadadi—the Agreement for Mutual Respect , was authored by a team of two Rabbis and a Rabbinical Court Advocate— David Ben Zazon, Elyashiv Knohl and Rachel Levmore —in consultation with experts in various fields (Jewish law, Rabbinic courts, family law, women's organizations, psychology). This particular agreement is recommended by concerned organizations, rabbinic as well as feminist, including the director of the Israeli rabbinical courts, Rabbi Eliyahu Ben-Dahan . The prenuptial agreement essentially works on a similar principle of spousal support in the case of recalcitrance as that of the Beth Din of America. However, in the Agreement for Mutual Respect the obligation is mutual. Both the bride and the groom obligate themselves to support his or her spouse, the amount ranging from $1500 per month to half his/her monthly net income. The obligation is activated after notification followed by a defined waiting period, if the couple is still married according to halakha. If a spouse is willing to give/accept a get unconditionally at that point, his/her obligation is voided. In this manner only the recalcitrant spouse‘s obligation will remain in effect. Obviously, if a get were administered during the waiting period, neither spouse is obligated to the other. There are additional matters covered by this agreement, such as: If one of the spouses demands marital therapy, the other must comply up to three visits; the community property law of the State of Israel is accepted as halakha for those that sign the agreement.
==International: The Agreement for Mutual Respect – Heskem L’Kavod Hadadi==
The Council of Young Israel Rabbis in Israel, in cooperation with Rabbi Yonah Reiss and Rabbi Professor Michael Broyde, both of the Beth Din of America, translated the Agreement for Mutual Respect into English . A clause is included which assigns jurisdiction to the Beth Din of America in the case where the Agreement for Mutual Respect itself would prove to be unenforceable for any reason in the State of Israel or "in the jurisdiction that the parties reside in at the time that either one of them seeks enforcement of its provisions". Under those circumstances the Agreement for Mutual Respect converts into a binding arbitration agreement with the Beth Din of America assigned as the arbiter. This same agreement has been translated into French and Spanish .
In the United Kingdom, the London Beth Din offers a prenuptial agreement which is in essence a generic arbitration agreement appointing the London Beth Din as arbiter "in the event of any matrimonial dispute, they will both attend the Court of the Chief Rabbi, the London Beth Din … when required to do so and that they will comply with the instructions of that Beth Din, including co-operation in any mediation recommended, in seeking to resolve all problems arising out of or in connection with their Jewish marriage ".
The prenuptial agreement is a form of insurance which is reliable for the common problem of get-refusal, but is not effective in all cases of agunot. Orthodoxy has yet to develop additional solutions which, added all together, would resolve the “agunah problem" in its entirety.
==References==
==External links==
===International and Israel===
*Council of Young Israel Rabbis in Israel
*ICAR (International Coalition For Agunah Rights)
*for Women's Justice)
===United Kingdom===
*Agunah Research Unit-Manchester University
*The Agunot Campaign 
*Getting Your Get
===United States===
*Jewish Prenup.org 
*JOFA 
*Organization for the Resolution of Agunot
Category:Human rights
Category:Jewish marital law
Category:Marriage
Category:Family law
fr:Contrat de mariage
he:הסכם טרום נישואים