Literary references

== Episode Names ==
Most, if not all, of the episode names have several layers of meaning.
Episode Names - Meanings
== Player Piano, by Kurt Vonnegut ==
Jonathan Nolan gave credit, in a facebook live interview, to Kurt Vonnegut's prior use of a player piano as an analogy for Artificial Intelligence in his first novel Player Piano.https://www.facebook.com/WestworldHBO/videos/1792517574350961/
== Shakespearean Quotes==
=== Mercutio, in Romeo and Juliet ===
Note: The following quote doesn't appear in the series, but is from Shakespeare's play, Romeo and Juliet. The name of the host, Maeve (pronounced "Māv"), is somewhat similar to Queen Mab's name (pronounced "Măv") and Maeve manipulates those around her (hosts, guests, and Westworld employees) just as Queen Mab manipulates sleepers' dreams. Queen Mab is an angry and violent fairy. Similarly, Maeve has had much reason to be angry, and has attacked Sylvester and some of the hosts. Finally, in "The Bicameral Mind" she set two hosts, Armistice and Hector Escaton, loose in the Westworld Mesa Hub; knowing that they will be very violent.
=== Romeo and Juliet Act II, Scene VI: ===
From Peter Abernathy:
Peter Abernathy quotes Shakespeare to Dolores Abernathy in "The Original".  He whispers, "These violent delights have violent ends" to his daughter (from Romeo and Juliet) and later quotes Shakespeare to Dr. Robert Ford in the Westworld Mesa Hub.The Original
Some Westworld employees postulate that the addition of reveries in the recent update may have caused Peter Abernathy to have access to his previous build (in the role of a professor who like to quote Shakespeare). Theresa Cullen concludes that Peter's ability to 'see' the contents of the Guest Photograph, and his obsessive behavior following his discovery of the photograph, and his strange behavior in a Diagnostics lab constitute a host "breach". As stated by Cullen, the policy is to "put down" hosts who breach. Elsie Hughes states that a host breach is "memory recall of previous builds".
Bernard tells Ford that both Old Walter and Old Peter were experiencing other aberrant behavior "beyond memory recall of previous builds". These two hosts "were hearing voices" and "talking to someone". Ford tries to explain away this aberrant host behavior (in Westworld jargon aberrant behavior is called an "aberrancy") by saying that it is simply some cognitive dissonance. Bernard says that he'd believe Ford except for the fact that Walter and Abernathy were talking to the same imaginary person.
Hughes doesn't believe that Abernathy's breach was triggered by the photo (because it didn't happen immediately upon finding the photo). She also doesn't think that it was a result of cognitive dissonance caused by the addition of reveries (in the recent update). Hughes later finds that someone (Ford, as revealed by the showrunners) has been using a relay transmitter to broadcast via the old bicameral control system to the older hosts. Hughes states that she believes that the hosts that have received the broadcasts can probably lie to the employees, and possibly also kill humans.
From Robert Ford:
Abernathy gives Ford a cryptic answer when he says: "rose is a rose is a rose." Because of the other Shakespearean quotations in that scene, you might immediately think of Juliet's line:
But the line is from Gertrude Stein's poem Sacred Emily:
Stein was very fond of the line and used it in several of her works:
* Do we suppose that all she knows is that a rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. Operas and Plays
* ... she would carve on the tree Rose is a Rose is a Rose is a Rose is a Rose until it went all the way around. The World is Round
* A rose tree may be a rose tree may be a rosy rose tree if watered. Alphabets and Birthdays
* Indeed a rose is a rose makes a pretty plate. Stanzas in Meditation
=== King Lear Act II, Scene IV: ===
From Peter Abernathy
No, you unnatural hags, I will have such revenges on you both that all the world shall — I will do such things, — What they are, yet I know not, — but they shall be the terrors of the earth. You think I’ll weep; no, I’ll not weep: I'll have full cause of weeping; but this heart shall break into a hundred thousand flaws, or ere I'll weep. Oh Fool, I shall go mad! - King Lear
=== King Lear Act IV, Scene VI: ===
From Peter Abernathy
When we are born, we cry that we are come to this great stage of fools. This' a good block. It were a delicate stratagem to shoe a troop of horse with felt. I’ll put ’t in proof; and when I have stol'n upon these sons-in-law, then, kill, kill, kill, kill, kill, kill! - King Lear
=== Henry IV Part II, Act V, Scene V ===
From Peter Abernathy
My knight, I will inflame thy noble liver, and make thee rage. Thy Doll, and Helen of thy noble thoughts, is in base durance and contagious prison; Hal'd thither by most mechanical and dirty hand. Rouse up revenge from ebon den with fell Alecto’s snake, for Doll is in. Pistol speaks nought but truth. - Pistol
* Pistol accuses Hal of some sexual misconduct with Doll. Hal is Prince Henry (who is eventually crowned Henry V). Doll Tearsheet is Falstaff's favorite woman. (Falstaff is the "knight" that Pistol addresses.)
* "Mechanical hand" had a completely different meaning in Shakespeare's Henry IV than the meaning that most Westworld viewers would assume. A "mechanical" in Elizabethan times was a craftsmen or artisan (a skilled manual laborer like a: carpenter, tinsmith, weaver, or tailor).
=== The Tempest, Act I, Scene II: ===
From Peter Abernathy
Not a soul but felt a fever of the mad and play'd some tricks of desperation. All but mariners plunged in the foaming brine and quit the vessel, then all afire with me: the king’s son, Ferdinand, with hair up-staring — then like reeds, not hair, — was the first man that leap'd; cried, 'Hell is empty and all the devils are here.' - Ariel (to Prospero)
=== Hamlet, Act III, Scene I ===
From Robert Ford
Just before Ford kills Theresa Cullen using Bernard Lowe, he slightly misquotes Hamlet when he says "for in that sleep, what dreams may come?" The line is "for in that sleep of death, what dreams may come?"
=== Hamlet, Act III, Scene II ===
From Charlotte Hale to Lee Sizemore on advising him of the storyline adjustments he should make, "Brevity is the soul of wit". - Polonius (to Gertrude)
== The Bicameral Mind, by Julian Jaynes ==
Jaynes refers to Reveries in the second sentence of the introduction to his book, The Bicameral Mind.http://www.julianjaynes.org/origin-of-consciousness_english_introduction.php
== A Study in Scarlet, by Arthur Conan Doyle ==
The phrase "deep and dreamless slumber", one of the Voice Commands used in the show, is used in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet, Part 2, Chapter 1.
== Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll ==
Actor Evan Rachel Wood and creator Lisa Joy have both said that Dolores evokes Alice from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.http://time.com/4520599/westworld-references/
While interrogating Dolores, Bernard has her read a passage from Alice:"Dear dear, how queer everything is today and yesterday things went on just as usual. I wonder if I’ve been changed in the night."
== The Bridal of Triermain, by Sir Walter Scott ==
The following Ford quote is from Sir Walter Scott's The Bridal of Triermain, or The Vale of St. John: In Three Cantos (1813)http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/works/poetry/triermain.html:
*"Mr. Flood, we must look back and smile at perils past, mustn't we?" - Robert Ford to Teddy Flood in Season One, episode five: Contrapasso.
== Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley ==
The following Ford quote is from Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus (1818):
*"One man's life or death were but a small price to pay for the acquirement of the knowledge which I sought, for the dominion I should acquire." - Robert Ford (to Bernard Lowe in Season One, episode eight: Trace Decay)
== Hieronymus Bosch == 
"As Lee Sizemore presents his game-plan for a new ambitious story for the park, he brags that it 'will make Hieronymus Bosch look like he was doodling kittens.' Bosch was a Dutch painter who created haunting, chaotic masterpieces filled with religious imagery. He's best known for The Garden of Earthly Delights – which tells the story of humans who give into their temptations and are judged and ultimately punished in an apocalyptic setting." (Ashley Hoffman, of time.comhttp://time.com/4520599/westworld-references/)
== The Histories, by Herodotus ==
A possible, but very old, reference is to The Histories written in 440 BCE, by Herodotus. There's a passage about an ancient Greek king (Ford?), that redditor mfraher05 feels is analogous to the Westworld story:
"One final step he took was to follow the advice of an oracle, and lift a curse from the island of Delos: the ritual of purification [cleaning up Ford's mistake?] required him to dig up [Ford excavates Escalante] all the dead bodies which had lain buried within sight of the temple [Westworld's Mesa Hub], and transfer them to another part of the island [the Westworld park is probably on an island because of season one references to "the mainland"]."
- page 30, Tom Holland's translation (Penguin Classics),https://www.amazon.com/Histories-Penguin-Classics-Deluxe/dp/0143107542
αυτό μοιάζει με τίποτα για μένα <- Google Translate
== Jurassic Park, by Michael Crichton ==
This is a reverse reference, there's a suggestion that the book Jurassic Park by Crichton is a rewrite of his 1973 film Westworld (film). The suggestion is from redditer Atheose_Writing.
The suggestion is also supported, though not in any detail, by a vulture.com article.
The similarity between the two stories has been noted several times, though this is the only personal account I've been able to find of Crichton saying so in public.
== See also ==
* Film references
* References to 70s Westworld Franchise
==References==
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Category:Events
Category:Op-Ed Pieces