Comedia

Etymologia: Ex awo hellen κωμωδία (festsongv), idpet ex κομος (banquet) ed ωδή (oda). In latin, comoedia kyeust un "theatre piece, besonters comic". 
Definition: Est kyusen ka comedia un theatral forme provocabund Gleimen, quos denoument est noroct. 
 Jean-Baptiste Poquelin sayct Molière buit un franceois comedian ed dramaturg (1622-1673, Paris). 
Ex un familia om Parisian tajirs, is assocyet-se dwogimoinat con decen dusten, bayna qui iam comedianu Madeleine Béjart, kay skipes id trupp L'Illustre Théâtre, quod, nespekent id collaboration kluten dramaturgen, khact habe success in Paris. Unte tridem yars, Molière ed eys Béjart prients begwahnt ia sudprovinces ios roydem eni un wandernd trupp stohmen ab plur successive protectors. Molière, qui hat vimaystern unte tod prist ia techniques ed proceddat ios commedia dell'arte, script oik farces ed sien prest megil comedias. Reikus Paris in 1658, is biht oku med sien trupp is milt comedian ed actor os yun Louis XIV ed os eys curt, pro qui is concept mult spectacles, in collaboration con i gohdstens scenic architects, khoreographs ed musicians tos tid. Is mehrt penkgimoinat, oik hors pos agus ye id quart ker id magno rolo ios Malade Imaginaire. 
==Comedias kweitus==
Comedia se defineiht binisbat tragedia : witerom senter, id skaut persons os medium au ghem condition, kam i burgesens os Molière au i lytil aristocrats os Marivaux. Id bezielt suwes gleimen bil spectator ed endt opsst-ye samt un norocto denoument. Id universe os comedia est tod os cadadien realitat : ia questions exposen ep scene sont ta os gham, os social kamyab, iom sibias inter parents ed purts... A priori, prose men meis-ye suadehbht comedia, witerom de ia stiches adaptet ad tragedia. In France, Molières comedias oiskeipe id model ios comic jor. Ter sont ops person-types (is mahir ambikwol, is drughen man...), aun exclude un druv psychologic dube. Molière hat sagven ruydes, eni id comic darz, divers influences. Sem comedias, script in prose ed tri acts, ne renege id spirit os medieval farce (Les fourberies de Scapin). Alya, script in stiches ed penk acts, gwehme ender quo est kalt "serieus comedia" (Le Misanthrope, Les Femmes Savantes): el dramaturg ne kaurt tik de glihihes ni critique ("kyase ia mores gleihnd-ye"), sontern deschi insafihes graver questions (hypocrisis, relations inter wirs ed gwens...). Sei Tartuffe habiet esen tik un "gleimen piece", habiet id esen victim ios "dyindaren intriga", tos religious parties quod se khiss attaquen ab Molière ? Sam-ye, serieus comedia se enderkweit ud tragicomedia, quod ne est uno mix om comic ed serieus, sontern un tragedia samt peripetias ed norocto denoument.
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==Antique comedia==
Comedia appareiht unte hellen Antiquitat ed ids maschourst autor est Aristophanes (446-386 pre JC) : in Athenas in crise pos ia Peloponnese Weirs, is dramaturg naydt aun se restringes i democrats, Sophistes, eti Socrates (Οι Νεφέλες). Humor, derision, caricatures, id verve os Aristophanes est kwohrn ex mufide taymania, ed servicihn pace inter i menscens. 
In Rome, ye id IIt secule pre nies era, sontu mohmen Plautus ed Terence : preter, med un constant verbal invention, deridt id social aurdhen (Amphitruo). Dwoter, kaurnder de psychologic analyses, est prokwer id moren comedia (Hecyra). 
==Medieval farces ed sotias==
Id medieval zaman est riche med farces ed sotias, maschourst esend La Farce de Maître Pathelin (1464). Menxu sotia hat uno moralisator ziel, farce hat ka ambition goile : est ralise, kam is critique M. Bakhtin (1895-1975) hat diken, id sehkwt realism ed id spontan expression ios corpos. Id popules theatre, med sien simplicitat, laabiset id mierst numer. Jonglires, leikars ed kwalis wehnge comique pro id strad. Farce bihsiet continuet ab Molière, dind ab autors kaurdens de ruydes id brutalitat om bahsa ed gestes (tem ab Feydeau quem ab Beckett ed Ionesco). 
==Commedia dell'arte ye id XVIt secule==
Ye id XVIt antslehnct id commedia dell'arte, quod est un collective creation keihnd ep improvisation. Gwehmend ex Italia, tod theatral forme enscenet conventionspersons (Harlequin, Pantalone, il Capitano, is mahir ambikwol...) qui altient un druv khoreographia ep summar canvassa. Id wirt ios skau oriet ex tempo ed invention. Sem autors sient scribe serter in reference tei theatral forme (Shakespeare, Goldoni, Marivaux).
 Portrait (ex circum 1617) os Ben(jamin) Jonson (1572-1637), maschour ob ia satiric pieces Every Man in his Humour (1598), Volpone, or the Fox (circum 1606), The Alchemist (1610) ed Bartholomew Fair (1614), ed ob sien lyric ed epigrammatic poesis.
==Englisch comedia==
Lyehgend eni id prospect os Elisabethan theatre, Englisch comedia est khaliban-ye namic dank Shakespeare. Vafat uns creator effervescence, eys quardem comedias kwehke minter important quem eys tragedias; lakin habient esen kafi pro eys klewos. Bellsta sont, aundwoi, A Midsummer's Night Dream (1595), The Taming of the Shrew (1596), The Merchant of Venice (1602). Nev yars yuner quem Shakespeare, Ben Jonson (1572-1637) inkiep sien theatral carrier med un comedia, Every Man in his Humour (1599); is est yaschi is autor os Volpone (1602). Menxu Ben Jonsons persons kwehke yando debost, ti os Shakespeare hant mensclik realitat ed intensitat wirtic dia id tragic ghab irios creator. Congreve (1670-1729) continuet id tradition ios caractertheatre (Love for Love, 1695; The Way of the World, 1700). Goldsmith hat kathalika loikwnen un comedia : She stoops to conquer, 1773. The School for Scandal (1776) swekwehrt id klewos os Sheridan. Unte iens gohdst autors pro anglicisant humor circum 1900 tehrpt bihe udwekwnt, weidwos, Oscar Wilde, quos maschourst comedias (Of the importance of being Earnest, 1895) hant bihno minter kamen ab id public quem eys novellas au Salomé. Bernard Shaw apterlinkwt kathalika un vizic wehrg, ex quod id maschour Pygmalion. 
 1911 photo os George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Eirean dramaturg, critiquer ed polemiste quos influence ep Occidental theatre, Culture ed politique strohc ex ia 1880tias tiel eys daunet ed pos. Scripsit meis quem 60 pieces, pati qua major wehrgs kam Man and Superman (1902), Pygmalion (1912) ed Saint Joan (1923). Incorporend bo samzaman satire ed historic allegoria, Shaw bihsit un frontasch autor os sien generation, ed ielgv in 1925 id Literature Nobelpris.
==Rusk comedia==
Rusk comedia tohrb diu kay se ludhres ex ia gospoti influences : Sumarokov (1717-1777) jaalt literal-ye Molière. Tsarin Catherine script yaschi pro theatre. Yed, bad med Fonvisin gnoht id rusk theatre sien prest comic chefdovers (Бригадир, 1766; Недоросль, 1782); ta wehrgs sont ja pregen ab id realisme kwekmor os rusk literature unte ia sehkwnd secules. Griboiedov endt id cycle os classic comedia, bet Chatskiy, is magno personos eysios maschour comedia, Горе от ума, est ja un romantic heroy. Med Gogol ed eys Ревизор (1836), comedia druve-ye swobodasct ex sien occidental models. Id influence os Ostrovskiy buit preponderant : is est is druv creator ios "moren theatre" med sien comedias Свои люди — сочтёмся (1847) au Бедная невеста (1851). 
 Portrait (circum 1870) os Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovskiy (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Остро́вский, 1823-1886), dramaturg, quos wehrgs oiskip un vyigic etape ios antslehnken ios rusk national theatre.
==Franceois comedia==
Classic comedia est dominet ab Molière, esdi Corneille hat scriben plur comedias (Le Menteur) ed edsi Racine hat dught Les Plaideurs. 
Molière hat sagven nudes vasya ressurces os comedia, leitend ex farce do metaphysic comedia (Dom Juan), unte id pastoral au id comedia-ballett. Is blandt intrigacomedia ed caracterscomedia, kyeuct mythologia (Amphitryon, Psyché), altiet ye plur weidsa ep un sam theme (lieks, gwens...). Kamghi sigwrt ispet Molière, "est un stragno deursia glihihes honeste leuds". 
Sammel actor, autor ed truppdirector, Molière sagvt skaue : id scene est wict af human conflicts (familia, couples, generations, classes...) qua betrehve el spectator. Molière est uno moraliste bet neis precher : is kaurt del person ed de id situation pre quant; eyso theatre est orientet kye leik ed skau. 
Molieresk comedia est albatta steurbant, bet ne revolutionar : Tartuffe biht kyast ab "un peurst peind os fraud"; Alceste, is misanthrope, abeiht do un "desert"; Dom Juan biht vicen ed Sganarelle keupt prosayic-ye sien "gages". In molieresk comedias, paters vidahnt iri dugter iom mann quom commun sense ed aum - tem quem ia sentiments - demande : un renaurdhen mutt, esdi persist, ep ta human comedias, un annem os follia (Monsieur Jourdain, Harpagon...). 
 Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux (Paris, 1688-1763) eet un khalwani ed discret wir samt iracund personalitat, diu incomprehenden, ed buit journaliste, romanurg, bet hassa un dramatic autor iom Lumens, lieubher om theatre ed vertat qui observit ka lucid spectator uno mund in plen evolution, ed qui scripsit pro i "Comédiens italiens" inter 1722 ed 1740 sem comedias ep meid ed unios nov ton, in "tolkbahmen". Eys pieces sont, pos ta om Molière ed Racine, ia trit skaunsta ab id Comédie française. 
Marivaux ed Beaumarchais darnt, ye id XVIIIt secule, id dramaturgic experience os Molière : sont iter situations inspiret ex iro predecessor, besonters id sibia mayster/ambikwol. Bet id contestation iom wirts ed institutions est tun skarper : Marivaux rehft ia masks iom social hypocrisis; Beaumarchais swehreiht Figaro uno maschour accusationslogos samt prerevolutionar accents - eys piece Le Mariage de Figaro buit plurs-ye censuren pre sien prest public skau in 1784. 
 1755 portrait os Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (Paris 1732-1799), franceois scriptor, dramaturg, musician, verslyning. Is buit kathalika spion ed armentajir pro id conto ios Roy. Important rjienbwuts ios secule iom Lumens, is est kohnst ka oin qui hat mohlden id Franceois Revolution tem quem leudher wekwos it resumen in sieno maschourst piece Le Mariage de Figaro : "Aun leudher blame, est neid flatterzanbiu". Is buit yaschi initiator ios prest leg pro autorsrect.
Romantisme niet kules id gust os comedia, ploisko Huge ("Preface" os Cromwell, 1827) ed Musset (Comédies et proverbes, 1851). 
Ye id XIXt secule, laabtheatre despolyt ep ia boulevards, ed vaudeville triumph : tod werd, ops-ye pejorative-ye employn, hat vikyusen id vessel, elangver comedia aun intellectual pretension. Ids popularst autors sont Labiche dind Feydeau. Pos subeihs ia attaques im adibs, ta pieces sont nundiens reskaut ka weirmachines contre id burgese zalalat tos tid. Id sam phenomen biht observet de ia opera-bouffes os Offenbach (La Vie Parisienne, 1866).
Ye id XXt secule, comic theatre ne hat id favor im creators. Contra un theatre pact in ids conventions, Breton laudet id iconoclaste Ubu Roi ab Jarry (1896), ed Vitrac oiscript oin iom rar surrealiste piecen - skarper quem comic -, Victor ou les enfants au pouvoir (1928). 
I megil dramaturgs neti scribe comedias, sontern pieces quer se blandent divers tonalitats. Also, est men barroco tamaskhur bi Claudel, viz bi Giraudoux, skarp humor bi Anouilh, joyeus disrespect bi Vian, macabre fantasia bi Beckett, clownleik bi Ionesco. I de comedia autors qui nadureihnt id tradition ios theatre pro glihes we smihes : Roussin, Guitry, Pagnol, ti ement tsay ia recepts ios boulevard ed attrage un suamenos ed pau demandant public.
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==Cinema ed comedia==
Cinema concurrencet theatral production, proponend-ye mult comedias. Ponghi Meliès (1861-1938) est observable od id vis comica est bohndt ei cinematographic art, ed od gleimen hat ghohden betrehve pelu publics, ed serve pelu causes. Chaplin, B.Keaton, ed ies Marx braters hant glihihn trans mer laabs, kam schahident the Great Dictator (1940), satiric hajoum contra Hitler, au Duck Soup, un alnos caraghiose anarchiste hajou. 
Sei comic cinema ne semper dact ia favors ios serieus ed institutional critique, quod ei mambht idso subukia, certain films ed autors hant lakin trohven un stahalen success. Smad udwekwne in ia Uniet Stats os America, B.Wilder, qui hat popularisen id New York yudi humor, tem quem W.Allen, skaut-yos un goilisk portrait sienen samzamans. Cinema in Italia hat gnohn sien golden aiwo med id "Italian comedia", blandend farce ed social satire, quer hat maschourascen un generation em stauneihnd actors (Toto, Sordi, Gassman, Manfredi) ed megil cineasten (de Sica, Fellini, Scola). 
In television, sub forme om telefilms ed nundiens serials oispehrt comedia. Nespekent oik exceptions, mult realisations combine debosta situations, schablonen jawabs, summar psychologia kyun sammel facil ed captive public. 
Smad pardaftare med id musical, quod blandt theatre, operette, ballet ed commercial music, privilegend-ye decors, trakhs ed fuschwians. Terschi wehse authentic chefdovers kam West Side Story (1957) ed Cabaret (1966) qua sessient adapten ad cinema. Id maschour musical Hair (1967) hamraht id gnahsa ios protestmovment ed biht id agent ios contestation ios burgese aurdhen.