Criminologia

Etymologia: Italian werd, invent in 1885 ab iom Italian ieus professor Raffaele Garofalo. 
Definition: Criminologia est un science quod oistudyet criminal sulouks, id aurdht menghia iom empiric gnohsas de crime, del vinovat, de id social-ye deviant conduct ed de id control uper talgo conduct, ed del victim.
 
Portraits om different types maschouren criminals, in id franceois tarjem os Cesare Lombrosos L'Uomo delinquente (1876). 
Ex id historic vidpoint, criminologias inkapia tyehct samt id ischbat iom Lumens ye id XVIIIt secule ed besonters con iom Italian intellectual ed juriste Cesare Beccaria ed eys tractato Dei delitti e delle pene. In tod contexte gnaht id scol saycto "classic".
Successive-ye, ye id XIXt secule, samt id antslehnken iom empiric sciencen (psychologia, sociologia, anthropologia) gnaht id positive scol, quod articulet-se kye dwo directions : id studye al delinquent mensces sekwent id medical-biologic proschgumt os criminal anthropologia (Cesare Lombroso), ed id sociologic studye iom conditions qua favorise id "differential" commission agsen bi-sabab id social classe quod anghen bayght.
Sekwos-ye, samt id multiplication iom paurskens ed iom psychologic paurskens, id positive scol emt un psychopathologic ed psychiatric trend. Id disappointement subsequent ibs excessive intizars qua hieb wardhen binisbat id possibilitat os drehde scientific-ye ia criminalitatsproblemes bringhsiet ei emergence iom proschgumts os critic criminologia (os marxiste formulation) ed os "anticriminologia" hois, ed ciois ei reemergence ios classic scol in id trendo nundiens-ye namdeht "neoclassic".
In ia Uniet Stats os America ed alter anglicisant lands, criminologia, ab ia 1920tias, kweit ka khaliban sociologic ilm. Maght bihe saygen, in definitive, od criminologia skeipt id ghatpoint inter ia debats ed vasya scientific contributions de id probleme al delinquent ka person, ed criminalitat ka social phenomen.
== Anthropologic theorias ==
Pon Antiquitat hat esen tenten explie id criminal phenomen. Lit tienjien-ye de philosophic reflexions, ed ne de scientific studyes keihnd ep empiric paurskens. 
Bad medsu id XIXt secule hant ia druv paurskens inkapen con ia orbats os Lombroso. 
Is est is dehtor iom anthropologic theorias. Ye id end ios XIXt secule hat so Italian, gjugni ed professor os forensic medicin, propost id theoria sayct al criminale per nascita. 
Is pieurskit sibias inter delinquence ed sem anatomic traits. Lombroso pag id portrait al "criminal per gnahsa" : un recession ios ghalv, keng okwi meg prokwem mutu, un excessive longe ios mand... Dind is ibs addih sem psychologic traits : psychic insensibilitat, violence, imprevisibilitat, dimaar...
Ye id fin siens gwit, is addihsit oik sociologic traits tei portrait, studyend-ye id argot ed ia artistic ed literar productions im criminals. 
Weidwos, eyso theoria ne obkwohkit convincend : mult criminals nel-ye correspons tod portrait.
 1829 statistic map de crimes in France ab Guerry ed Balbi
== Theoria ios social milieu ==
===Cartographic scol===
Medsu tod sam secule, Quetelet (belg) ed Guerry (franceois), pos oistudyevs ia statistiques os franceois criminalitat, enevidenceer un stragno phenomen : crimes contra persons predominent nrekjis in Sudregions, ed crimes contra maals uperwehnde khankjis in Nordregions. Est id thermic loy os criminalitat. Ta studyes hant lyt continuet, dind hant pohdto do myehrsen samt Lombrosos gumt. 
===Socialiste scol===
Sekwent ti mentors, un important part os criminalitat est bohnden ibs economic conditions due id capitaliste regime. Iti Willem A. Bonger (1905) in "Criminalité et conditions économiques" : En se basant sur ce qui precede, on a le droit de dire que le role, joué par les conditions économiques dans la criminalité, est preponderant, et même qu'il est décisif.
===Hypothese ios milieu===
Promotor tos theoria buit is franceois Lacassagne. Eys dwo mathals destull suaresume eys dayis : Les sociétés n'ont que les criminels qu'elles méritent, ed Le milieu social est le bouillon de culture de la criminalité. Le microbe, c'est le criminel : un élément qui n'a d'importance que quand il trouve le bouillon qui le fera fermenter.
Tod theoria bad brigh do chehxe id influence ios social ed economic milieu, yed ne explicit ia individual aspects ni id influence ios milieu ep id personalital al delinquent. 
===Scol ios interpsychologia===
Tarde (1843-1904) mieyn od vasya sbias bihnt regen ab imitation. 
Iti societats nadure ob i purts imite i parents... Nu-klehpt we neict semanghen ob els milieu acceptet to. 
Tarde maung studyit ia swods ed mores im criminals (tatous, argots...)
===Sociologic scol os Durkheim=== 
Durkheim (1858-1917) est is dehtor ios theoria quod behndt criminal sulouk ed sociocultural structure. Preter trait os eyso theoria : criminalitat est un normal sociologic phenomen, quo maynt od est une partie intégrante de toute société saine. Dwoter trait : anomia. Quando sem societat gwehmti do luses we slabihes sien social norms, el individu se foract, ed delinquence auct. Durkheim buit is precursor iom multifactorial theorias.
Kip ab Matthew Staunton pro id Sambahsa tarjem os "Id stragno fall om Doctor Jekyll ed Poti Hyde" os R.L.Stevenson (1887). Quoter est horribler ? Ia crimes au id double personalitat ?
==Ferris multifactorial theoria==
Ferri (1856-1929), Italian civ, est is inventor iom moderne theorias. 
Sekwent iom, criminal activitat est bestohmen ab un serie om skeulosgehn factors qua se combine con mutu different-ye binisbat i delinquents. Quo bringht uni classification. Bihnt ghi enderkwit :
- anthropologic factors: badan, psychic constitution ed personal kweits (oumer, sexe...)
- factors ios physic milieu: climat, swolbuhsa, agrent production...
- factors ios social milieu: populationsdensitat, public opinion, religion, familial constitution, education, industrie, alcoholisme, economia ed politique. 
Ferri proponti tunkye un classication im delinquents do 5 categorias : 
- gnahn delinquents : correspondent Lombrosos criteria yed ne semper bihnti delinquents. Hol dependt ia social factors, qua sont determinant. 
- foll delinquents : Sonti delinquent bi-sabab un baygh-ye grave mental anomalia, yed Ferri ischbat iter od id social ambient esti determinant. 
- adic delinquents : persistanti delinquents, bi-sabab extreme-ye bfuryowkhowa sociala conditions, kwehndneut pon terwnia. Yed bihnti delinquent tik-ye qui hant un acquisihn we badani fragilitat. 
- waurmendelinquents : Skeipent id majoritat ios delinquent population. Pehdent do criminalitat sekwos uno menghia om baygh bfuryowkhowa sociala conditions, ed uno mank os soliditat face tentation. 
- passionsdelinquents : Ferri meilt i, eys description est idyllic : nu-seuwt id action om waurmenfactors ep un hyperkheissas ment id crime. 
Eys theoria hat esen tuntos, akster-ye critiquet, yed skeipt id base os moderne criminologia dehnd-ye perodh id "multifactorial".
==Psychomoral theoria==
Mult psychiaters hant proposen psychanalytic explications os delinquence. Antisocial psychologic structure, neuroses pregen ab uno megil emotivitat. 
Lagache bilax oppont el criminalem al neurotic insistend-ye id egocentric gon al delinquent. Freud, Jung ed Adler hant ielg dahn ir explication, bet neid samstehmt con alters. 
- Frustration-aggression os Dollard : inspiren ex Freud, tod theoria ischbat od cada frustration gehnt un aggression ed od cada aggression gehnt un frustration. 
Id ghehdt bihe inhibiht ab id menace uns punition : in tod fall, id aggression sessiet schiven bet ne batal. Quar solutions sont tun possible : 
- direct leuren contra el frustrant agent (nergvon, vurnsa)
- schift ios aggression kyun substitut (calumnia, hakaras)
- swoaggression (suicide)
- sublimation os agression : id energia bihti tunkye nuden ye un constructive ed social-ye accepten weidos. 
Tod theoria buit poskwo reject : preter, ne cada aggression resultet ex un frustration ed dind ne cada frustration gehnt aggression. 
- Etienne de Greeff : pro iom, psychisme est rect ab dwo antagoniste instincts. Id defense instinct, os conservation ios ego, quod gehnt paur, fug, aggression, ed id sympathia instinct, os conservation ios spece, ed os aundefense swotyehgven ed os total acceptation alyanghens. El mensc biht semper pussiren kye defense, bet el se khalwabehndiet : el tun reicskwt kye sympathia. Quando un subject ne kamyapti tod reiken biht el un delinquent. 
- Pinatel : pro tom Franceois ios end ios XXt secule, est neid fundamental difference inter delinquent ed non-delinquent. Est un question os degree. Egocentrisme, aggressivitat ed affective indifference exist bi ielg em nos : quando est hypertrophia au superposition tom traits biht el mensc un delinquent.
 Sult ab Clifford R. Shaw in 1934, id Chicago Area Project" est id veutst ed prest communitat-basen preventionsprogramme os delinquence in ia USA.''
==Theoria iom social factors os delinquence==
Socialiste theoria : Ye id XXt secule explicit id USSR od delinquence eet un forme om classenjidal, suwt ab multiple inegalitats, ab id concentration os opnos in ia ghesors pauken ed ab id misere ed id servitude altern. 
Ecologic theoria os Clifford Shaw: Nu-influent ia social ed economic circumstances os un geographic area (densitat, economic nivell), petis quem id buhsa ios concernen grupp, decisive-ye criminalitat. 
Differential associations os Sutherland : Id individual criminal sulouk biht ucen ye id contact altern med un communicationsprocess, in grupp-on (familia, bande, strad) per personal relations. Dependti tun id difference inter ia interpretations bfuryowkhowa dia id respect os penal loy ed ia interpretations ryowkhowa dia tod eni id grupp. Ye id collective nivell, id difference iom criminalitatsratios inter ia nations biht tolct med id degree os social desorganisation. Ye importanter id desorganisation, ye hoger id criminalitat. 
Sutherlands orbats buir emen tsay ed kayjinen, besonters ab Akers, Merton ed Clarck. Ta orbats kwahnt it explie id akster criminalitat iom lands samt multiple social trends, aun homogeneitat. Tod theoria est lakin limitet, bilhassa dayir general delinquence.
Mertons anomia : Inspiret ab Durkheims orbats, Merton, penkgim yars serter, propos oino iom interessantsten theorias. Kay explie masse delinquence, dwo suldata tehrbent bihe studyet. 
- culture, wa menghia iom wirts qua rege id conduct im individus in un sam societat, ed kyeuse id ziel kye-yod tehrbent trende i members ios social corpos. 
- id social organisation : id menghia iom normes ed institutions qua reule id access do culture edghi ia autorisen wassilas kay nake ta ziels. 
Est anomia quan id fark est pior plaut inter ia proposta ziels ed ia legitim zariyas kay nake ia. Also, in noster societat, nies culture est wohrten kye denars : ia legitim zariyas kay algve sems sont insignificant sei bihnt comparet ibs legal zariyas, quo expliciet tod importanto delinquence. 
Sekwos-ye, Sellin dind Szabo nud id theoria os Sutherland ed tod os Merton kay propones nov-ons, kam tod ios differential cultural integration au tod iom conflicts om cultures ed delinquent subcultures.
 Howard S. Becker (gnaht in 1928, Chicago) ka pianiste circum 1950 in un Chicago noctbar quod bieygh un gangster. H. Becker studyit kathalika id grupp im "dansmusicians" ob antplehcent ir wi subculture; meilent ghi kane uno meis artistic kam jazz menxu id public ed ir clients prefernt "commercialer" ed "popularer" musicstyles.
==Delinquence ed deviance==
Delinquence est definihn ka id transgression iom diksnormes wi uni societat, yani id transgression iom reuls oiscriben ed inscriben in ieus. 
Bet gwit in societat ne est tik bequadert ab scripta diksnormes, biht kathalika rult ab normes qua ne naudhe ses oiscript ni hatta gjuchient, sonti mer-ye uct newiss-ye ab i individus ed se revelent im tik-ye kun transgreddent ia. Id menghia iom script ed non-script normes qua definieihnt gwit in societat-on. Delinquence ghi est tik un sonterskeip os deviance. Ed id object os sociologia esti deviance sub quodkwe forme.
In 1963 is sociolog Howard Becker publiet un wehrg samt id titule Outsiders yani "dusyi". Is est member uns universitat quod advoquet plorsok, kalt id Chicago Scol. Ab un sok dei marijuana deumers, strehng-ye repressen ye tod zaman, is vaht comdehe id hol sociologia os deviance. Sekwent iom deviance dependti minter id commiss agos quem id reaction altern : est id theoria ios etiquettiren (wa labelling)
===Deviance ne dependt id committen agos===
Id prest brinegh ios sok os Becker consistti demonstrevs ye id prest ker od deviance ne wehst in id buhsa, id kweitu ios committen agos. Kay ghabe to, is kyunggiawt od deviance covehrti dwo phenomens qua yando samskeipe con mutu ed yando sonti distinct : id fact os transgredde id norme ed id fact od tod transgression est official-ye recognihn. Is bekeipti poskwo tod dayi enderkweitend-ye quar gjashels (dwo simple falls ed dwo minter simple alya : 
- Simple fall : el individu acti kemti id norme ed el biht recogniht ka talg, elghi est non-deviant;
- Simple fall : el individu transgreddt un norme, ed el biht recognihn ka talg ab id societat, elghi biht quo maght bihe kalen "un pur deviant"; 
- El individu transgreddt un norme bet nimen woid to, leitghi de un "secretem deviant";
- El individu transgreddt nia normes yed id societat ayt el ka deviant : el biht ghaw-ye accusen. 
===Deviance dependt altern reaction===
Studye ghi deviance est pro Becker daume de qui dostringeihnti ia normes, dende i deviants ed yinjier etiquettire alyens ka deviants. Quantenprest kyunggiawt is od sonti dwo gjashels in fall os real au supposto transgression unios norme : 
1 - Auter tik i members ios grupp qui kheisse concernen direct-ye ab tod transgression se mobilise, we wiswi members ios grupp se mobilise ar kehnsent od vasyi sont concernen, med alya werds od id grupp est menacet. Id tun iskwn werd est kam plaut ghehde ia grups impones ir normes altrims. Ghehdent bihe impost med gwis (id rol os police in noster societats est behande id monopol os legitim gvalt). Ghehdent bihe imposen med id menace ios denda au med idpet denda. Id denda ghehdt lites ex stigmatization tiel exclusion, in vasya falls kamyabe respecihes un norme presuppont habe meis magho quem i transgressors. 
2 - Betschi sont ia deviances qua ne reageihnt id reste ios grupp idghi reaction varyet sekwent ia historic contexts. Sulouks normal ye sem momento maghe bihe delicts ed invers-ye. Id exempel os abortionesti symbolic todih. 
Howard Becker maghti tun propones un definition os deviance : I... view deviance as the product of a transaction that takes place between some social groups and one who is viewed by that group as a rule-breaker. Id prospect is weidt iti bayghti quo est kalt interactioniste sociologia : se interesset ibs interactions, ibs reciproc actions inter grupps au inter individus ed grupps.
===Quosmed explie deviance ? Ia etapes ios "carriere"===
Dat sien definition os deviance Becker kyunggiawt od explie deviance est kam explie id process ye-yos termin un individu biht etiquettiret ka deviant. Kay bemehne to, is proponti describe ia different etapes os quo is kalt id "deviant carriere". Ye cada etape maght id carriere stope, sont kamyapta deviant carriers ed alya qua stope untitner. 
====Id entren do id carriere : id rol iom interactions inter el futur deviant ed id deviant grupp====
Sekwent Becker, ses deviantis ne est un process quod tyehct unte oino yawm : anghen leitti tadrijan do sem carriere es deviant. Is endekweitti tri etapes in id carriere es deviant : 
- Etape 1 : id talimat ios kerdos : deviance presuppont preter sem talimat ios kerdos quod vaht permitte id parkwehren uns deviant agos. Anghen tehrpt ne tik gnohe sem deviant grupp sontern tischi tehrbe doce al individu els kerdos; 
- Etape 2 : id talimat ios kwahsa iom effects : id kerdos ne est kafi, anghen tehrpt uces kwahe mathalan ia effects os drogh;
- Etape 3 : id talimat ios gust pro ia effects : deumers ne kame inkaptos ia effects os drogh, predominent ghi ia sensations om vertiges ed angst bim nov deviants. Ter iter, nu-vahnt ia interactions con alters dughes id gust pro ia effects.
====Id mantein in id carriere : id rol iom interactions inter id deviant grupp ed alter social grupps====
Id mantein in id carriere leitti terschi unte tri etapes : 
- El regular neuder dehlcti trehve ia wassilas kay se betyices menxu id droghenconsumm est banen. Tod prest etape presuppont od el deviant oistart ed posdehrjt sibias con deviant grupps qua vahnt possiblihes id repetition os els deviant agos (her mathalan i dilers); 
- Deviants peite gwupes secret ir deviance tehrbent vergihes po cada costo stigmatization. Pro to, deviants maghe in-kap-ye pites maske ir deviance, ed bilhassa vahnt se distance ud non-deviants. Rumpent ithan tadrijan ia sibias i hant con individus qui im disradhent se droghe ed se excludent ud alter social grupps. 
- Tadrijan sib forge i deviants ir wi moralitat, un justification os ir sulouk, protiev id dominanto moralitat quod aunstehmt i. Mathalan, vahnt sayge od dumes canep est minter dangereus quem drehnke alcohol. Sib forgent ir wi subculture os deviant grupp.