Covid-19

Id 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemia est un jinkdound pandemia os coronavirus siuge 2019 (Covid-19) causen ab severe acut respirator syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Id udbrehg stars in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, tem aus quem November 2019. Id Mund Sanitat Organisation (MSO) declarit id udbrehg ka Public Sanitat Urgence os Tienxia Kaur dien 30 Januar 2020 ed recognihsit id ka pandemia dien 11 Marto 2020. Dien 14 Mai 2020, est vohrten od circa 300 000 leuds mohr ob Covid-19 in meis quem 200 lands ed territoria. 
SARS-CoV-2, prever-ye gnohn sub id rlinji nam 2019-nCoV, est un positive-sense oinzangir RNA virus. est contagieus contra menscens ed est id cause ios 2019 coronavirus siuge (Covid-19; corona = "cron" in Latin, virus = "iad" in Latin ed disease = "siuge" in Englisch). SARS-CoV-2 hat un akster genetic samlikia con ia baulen coronavirus, ex-ya id hat shayad gnaht, quayque un intermedyis reservuar kam un pangolin est kohnstis ses involwtis. Ex un taxonomic perspective, SARS-CoV-2 est classifiet ka stammgendel ios spece severe acut respirator syndrome-relative coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 est id cause ios jinkdound 2019-2020 coronavirus udbrehg, un Tienxia Sanitatsurgence quod inkiep in Wuhan, China. Ob tod connexion, id virus est yando lakaben ka "Wuhan coronavirus". 
== Reservuar ==
Animals pohrnen ka pitu buir inkaptos suspecen de ses el reservuar au i intermedyi mejbans os SARS-CoV-2 ob maungs im prest individus obkwehkus infect ab id virus eent orbaters in id Wuhan Sud China Khayxian Pakyav Schijang. Uno mercat pehrnend gwivs ka pitu buitschi blamet unte id prever SARS udbrehg in 2003. Lakin, sem subsequent paursken hat suggesten od id Wuhan Khayxian Schijango ne est id tienjien surce os viral transmission do menscens.
Paursken de id origin ios 2003 SARS udbrehg hat habt ka resultat id aunstehgen om maung SARS-lik baul coronavirus. Dwo viral nucleic acid sequences ex Rhinolophus sinicus publiet in 2015 ed 2017 deike un 80% samkwehkia con SARS-CoV-2. Un tert viral nucleic acid sequence ex Rhinolophus affinis "RaTG13" kwaht in Yunnan Province, hat 96% samkwehkia con SARS-CoV-2. Ka comparation, tod mikdar os variation bayna virus esti samlik tei os mutation observet unte dec yars in id H3N2 menscflu virus. 
Paurskers ex Guangzhou sigwreer aunstehgus un "99% identic" viral nucleic acid sequence in un pangolin proba dien 7 Februar, yed ne skieur ir analyse. Pangolins sont protect ab Chinese ieus, bet braconierie ed torg pangolinen pro id traditional medicin remane commun. Uno metagenomic studye publien in 2019 revelit od SARS-CoV-2 hat diken od id receptor-behndend xeimen ios S-protein ios Pangolin-CoV est virtual-ye identic tei os 2019-nCoV, samt oin amino acid difference.
 Id Wuhan Sud China Khayxian Pakyav Schijang buit identifiet ka possible startpointo ios Covid-19 pandemia. Ex i 41 leuds qui eent confirmet ka SARS-CoV-2 sieug dien 2 Januar 2020, dwo tridels hieb est in tod mercat. Tod hieb esen cluden perdini pro sanitara proceddures ed disinfection.
== Structural biologia ==
Id diameter iom virus particulen oistrehct unte 50-200 nanometers. Kam alya coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 hat quar structural proteins, gnoht ka id S (sask), M (membrane), E (vulbh, Englisch = envelope) ed N (nucleocapsid) proteins. Id N protein arehct id RNA genome, ed S, E ed M proteins comcreent id viral vulbh. Id sask protein est massoul de permitte ei virus antgripes id membrane unios mejbancell. 
Proteinen modelisation experiments ep id sask protein ios virus moxu suggesteer od SARS-CoV-2 hat kafi affinitat con id angiotensine convertend enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptors iom menscencells pro nudes ia ka mecanismes os cellen insnehgen.
SARS-CoV-2 bayght id plaut familia om virus gnoht ka coronavirus. Est un positive-sense oin helix RNA virus. Alya coronavirus ghehde cause siuges oistrehcend ex id commun kholto do severer siuges kam id Mediorient Respirator Syndrome (MORS). Est id septim gnohn coronavirus quod infect menscens, pos 229E, NC63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, ed id tienjien SARS-CoV.
Kam id SARS-gendel coronavirus stub involven in id 2003 SARS udbrehg, SARS-CoV-2 est uno member ios subgenos Sarbecovirus. Ids RNA sequence esti takriban 30 000 bases long. SARS-CoV-2 est unique bayna ia gnoht betacoronavirus ob incorporet un polybase cleivsite, un kweit kohgnet pro crisces payttgehnia ed transmissibilitat bi alya virus. 
Med kafi sequencen genomes, est possible reconstruge un phylogenetic dru ios mutation historia uns familia om virus. Yant dien 12 Januar 2020, penk genomes om SARS-CoV-2 hieb esen isolen ex Wuhan kam reporten ab id Chinese Centre pro Siugen Control ed Prevention ed alya institution; id numer genomen crohsc do 81 yant dien 11 Februar 2020. Un phylogenetic analyse tom probas dik eent hog-ye gendel con meist-ye sept samatav mutations, impliend od id prest mensc infection jinkdousit in November au December 2019. 
Id stub massoul de id Wuhan epidemia buit identifiet unte ia presta diens os Januar 2020 ed kyust ka SARS-CoV-2 wa Wuhan Nov Coronavirus, menxu idso genome buit publieno dien 10 Januar. 
 Tod illustration, creen in ia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, revelet ultrastructural morphologia skaut ab coronavirus. Kaute ia saska qua orne id uder surface ios virus, qua id kwehkweihnt kam un cron, quando biht viden med un electronic microscope.
== Epidemiologia ==
Yeji id ghem variabilitat skaut bayna gnohn SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences, est mohnen od id stubo buit detect ab ia sanitat autoritats unte hevds os sien emergence bayna id menscpopulation in serto 2019. Id virus subsequent-ye spohr do vasya provinces Chinas ed do meis quem 80 alya lands in Europe, Asia, America, Africa ed Oceania. Mensc-do-mensc transmission ios virus buit confirmen in ta quant iklimes. Dien 30 Januar 2020, SARS-CoV-2 buit kyust ka Public Sanitat Urgence os Tienxia Kaur ab id Mund Sanitat Organisation. 
Dien 6 Marto 2020, sont 98372 confirmen falls os infection, ex-ya 80552 wehse eni dayluk China. Menxu id proportion infectionen qua resultent do confirmen infection we evolve do diagnosable siuge remanti neclar, uno mathematic model vohrt id numer leuden infecen in tik Wuhan do 75815 pro dien 25 Januar 2020, ye un tid kun ia confirmet infections eent for minter kathire. 
Mensc-do-mensc transmission ios virus hat est confirmet ed ubgwehmt khaliban via spaks ex kwasta ed sternues unte un circa 1,8m schaecheing. Viral RNA hat yaschi bihto trohft in fecal probas ex infecen patients. Kad id virus est infectieus hatta unte id incubation prist, bet to ne buit pruven. 
Ye id tarikhe ios 29 Aprile, ia lands qua hant publiet ir testdata hant mutawassit-ye tyict uno numer testen egal ad tik 1,4% irs population, menxu neid land hat testprobas egal ad meis quem 14% siens population. Maung lands hant haben official siyassas os ne teste ti samt tik mild symptomes. Un analyse ios aus phase ios udbrehg tiel dien 23 Januar vohrt od 86% ios Covid-19 infectionios ne hieb esto detect, ed od ta non-documentet infections eent id surce om 79% iom documentet falls.
Id wakt inter id antslehnken symptomen ed mohrt hat esen inter 6 ed 41 diens, id communst esus 14 diens.
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== Prevention ==
Strategias kay prevene transmission ios siuge include mantines daydey dohbro personal hygiene, lave sien hands, vergihes touche okwi, nas au stohmo med nelaven hands, ed kwase we sternue do un wehbh ed dehe id direct-ye do id sreupbak. Tim qui maghient ja habe id infection buit ops radhen vehse un chirurgic mask in public. Samvergen meids sont yaschi recommandet kay prevene transmission. Im ilajers kaurndims de semanghen quel maghiet ses infecen biht recommanden nudes standard precautions ed okwi protection. 
Maunga gouvernements hant restrict we disradht cada non-essential safer ex ed do lands ed zones affect ab id udbrehg. Lakin, id virus esti ja spehrnd eni koims in large parts ios mund, con maungs ne woidend quer ni quosmed buir infecen. 
Misghabens sont kwehlend de quosmed prevene id infection : mathalan, spules sieno nas ed gurgule stohmneigv ne sont efficient. Est neid Covid-19 vaccine, esdi maung organisations wehrge kay antplehce oin.
Lave sien hands est recommanden kay prevene id spehren ios siuge. Zaruri est od leuds lave ir hands ops med sapun ed wed unte minst-ye dwogim secundes, besonters pos gwahvs tualette we quando hands sont visible-ye murdar, pre edde, pos oismuncus, kwasus we sternuevs. Est ob exter id mensccorpos, id virus biht xohnen ab sapun, spranct-yod ids protective burbule. Sei sapun ed wed ne sont fauran behandet, est recommanden nudes un handdesinfector samt minst-ye 60% alcohol. Id Mund Sanitat Organisation radht im leuds mae touche okwi, nas ni stohmo med nelawt hands. 
Ia sanitatsorganisations hant recommanden od leuds covehrnt ir stohm ed nas med ir bughen olan quando kwasent we sternuent ed abdehnti tod wehbh fauran. Chirurgic maska sont recommandet pro qui maghient bihe infecen dat vehse uno masko ghehdt limite id wakel ed id pleukdistance om exannem spaks diaspohrt menxu anghen tolct, sternuet we kwast. Id Mund Sanitat Organisation hat recommandet vehse maska ad walleitend leuds tik sei sont in hog riska, besonters qui ilaje Covid-19 sieug persons, esdi recogneihnt edschi vehse maska maght hehlpe leuds ad vergihes touche ir lige. Plur lands encourage id neud om ligemaska ab id hol population.
 
Ielanghen dehlct respecte ia prekaurmeids. Is nov Slovak Premier Minister Igor Matovic (levi) ed eys gouvernemento dohlg, dien 21 Marto 2020, swehre ir amtsoit samt ligemaska ed guants face Presidentin Zuzana Caputova (dexi).
== Viral testen ==
Id Mund Sanitat Organisation hat publiet plura RNA testprotocols pro SARS-CoV-2, id presto dien 17 Januar. Id test neudt realwakt reverso transcription polymerase reactionkittar. Id test ghehdt bihe kwohrt ep respirator au sehrg probas. Resultats bihnti daydey behandet unte pauk hors au diens. General-ye, bihti tod testo tyicen med uno nasopharyngeal tupfer quayque un gurgule tupfer ghehdt yaschi bihe nudt. 
Uno numer om laboratoria ed compagnies sont antplehcend serologic testa, detegent-ya anticorpsa. In-kap Aprile 2020, neid tom buit pruven accurat pro un spohrt neud. In ia Uniet Stats os America, un serologic test antplohct ab Cellex buit approbet pro urgence tik ab certifiet laboratoria. 
Dien 9 Aprile 2020, preliminara resultats trohv od 15% leuden testen in Gangelt, centre unios major infectionsfocus in Deutschland, eent positive ibs anticorpsims. Covid-19 scrining am hamil gwens in New York, ed em sehrgspenders in Nederland, hat yaschi revelet uno numer positiven testen quod maghiet dikes od infections maghient ses hoger quem reportet.
In-kap 2020, id MSO sieyg id ne exspectit od un vaccine contra SARS-CoV-2 esiet behandet unte minter quem 18 munts.
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== Id rol ios Mund Sanitat Organisation (MSO) ==
Id MSO hat lauden ia efforts om Chinese autoritats de manage ed arke id epidemia. Id MSO kieusit id contraste inter id 2002-2004 SARS udbrehg, kun Chinese autoritats buir accusen de kehlmenos quod impedih prevention arken efforts, ed id jinkdound crise unte-yod id central gouvernement hat "dadwt regular ubnuwens kay vergihes panique pre ia xingia ferias". Critiques hant sayct id MSO managit id pandemia bfuciautaung-ye, id sanitatsurgence declaration ed id pandemia classification gwehmend pior sert. 
Dien 11 Februar 2020, id Mund Sanitat Organisation pagit Covid-19 ka nam ios siuge. Ye id sam dien, MSO Secretar-General Tedros sieyg od Uniet Nations Secretar-General Antònio Guterres hieb samstohmt ke "dadwsiet id magh ios hol UN systeme in id response". Un Uniet Nations Crise Management Swoin buit activet ka resultat, permittend id coordination ios hol UN response. 
Dien 25 Februar, id Mund Sanitat Organisation declarit od id "mundo tehrbiet kwehre meis kay se prepare uni possible coronavirus pandemia", addeihnd od menxu eet dar pior aus pro kale id un pandemia, ia lands tehrbient lakin ses in un "phase os preparation". 
Dien 28 Februar, id Mund Sanitat Organisation sieyg id coronavirus menace vehrten ye tienxia nivell esiet alen ex "hog" do "meg hog", id hogst nivell om alerte ed risk vehrten. Mike Ryan, executive director ios Mund Sanitat Organisation Sieune Urgencen Programme, wiern od "to est un realitat chehxen pro cada gouvernemento tienxia. Sbeudte, bihte parat. Id virus maghti gwehme ed yu tehrpte ses parat," urgend od ia dohbra response meids maghient hehlpe id mund ad vergihes id "khiterst". Ryan nabahsit od ia current data ne autoriseer public sanitat sarkaris ad declare un tienxia pandemia."
Id MSO sigwrit id pandemia ghehdt bihe controlt. Id pic ed ultim duren ios udbrehg sonti negnoht ed maghe differe stet-ye. Maciej Boni os Penn State UNiversity declarit, "likwna nechohxen, infectieus udbrehgs typic-ye viplateaunti dind bidecline quan i mejbans behandet ei siuge gwehme cort. Bet est quasi impossible accurat-ye presayge nunkye quan to wakyesiet."
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== Socioeconomic consequences ==
Id pandemia hat causet severe tienxia socioeconomic disruption, pati oino iom largest mundial recessions in historia. Hat duct ei hoanen au suppression om sport, religieus, politic ed cultural wakyas, platuspohrn betyeicenstaxirs exacerben ab panickaups ed (due reducen automobil trehcs ed cluden iom polluant industries) discrohscen air pollution ed carbon emissions. Scols, universitats ed collegia hant cluden auter ye uno national au local base in 196 lands, affecend takriban 98,4% os tienxia studyent population. Misinformation de id virus hat spohrn in-ligne, ed buir incidents de xenophobia ed discrimination contra Chinesens ed ti kwaht ka Chinesens, au ex affecen zones.
Id naudh os respecte ia quarantaine obligations ed os limite trehcs hant dwighen ibs autoritats ed entreprises operend in ia iklimes hihn ab id epidemia un en-masse neud os teleorbat : hat est id tienxia plautst experiment os smart-working. 
Pon id udbrehg os Covid-19, schengkjiens, xenophobia ed racisme hant est kauta dia leuds os Downgjien atavia, ed contra leuds ex hotspots in Europe, ia Uniet Stats ed alya lands. Incidents om paur, suspecen, ed hostilitat, buir observet in maung lands, besonters in Europe, Downgjien, Nord America ed id Asia-Pacific iklime. Reports ex Februar (quan id majoritat iom falls eent dar limitet ad China) hant documentet raciste sentiments expressen in variat grupps tienxia sekwent qua i Chineses oistahalient id virus we gainient quo eet ayn ka justifien kwoin. Maung residents om Wuhan ed Hubei hant reporten discrimination ob iro regional origin. Sekwos id progression ios udbrehg do nov hotspots lands, leuds ex Italia, id prest land in Europe quod subihsit un serieus udbrehg os Covid-19, bihr yaschi subjects om suspecen ed xenophobia. Civs in lands pati Malaysia, Nov Zeland, Singapura ed Sud Korea in-kap signeer petitions eiskwnd ke biht bant im Chineses entre ir lands kay stope id siuge.
 Li Wenliang (李文亮) eet un Chinese ophthalmologo qui orbiet in Wuhan Central Hospital. Dien 30 December 2019, Li diek un interne diagnose reporto de un suspect SARS patient (quod obkwohk ses ne SARS sontern un nov coronavirus) ud alyens doctors quod is ye sien roig smyehrih sien priebts. Quayque is hiebit buden ad jincienia, tod report kwohl public-ye. Ia novs uns katel SARS udbrehg tun spohr oku bayna ia Chinese social medyen platforms, ed Wuhan police endemur ed mieun iom ob "kwehrus ghawa commentes ep Internet de un non-confirmen SARS udbrehg. Li rik orbat ed buit, newissab se, infecen ab un Covid-19 sieug patient. Li mohr ob id siuge dien 7 Februar 2020, 33at.
== Meids in China ==
Id prest confirmet fall os Covid-19 hat biht ighnueto tsay do dien 1sto December 2019 in Wuhan; oin non-confirmen fall suggest id ausst fall buit dien 17 November. Doctor Zhang Jixian observit un cluster om pneumonia falls os negnoht cause dien 26 December, sekwos-ya ays hospital informit id Wuhan Jianghan Centre pro Siugen Control dien 27 December. Initial genetic testa om patienten probas dien 27 December 2019 dik id presence os un SARS-likios coronavirus. Un public ischtihar buit dught ab id Wuhan Municipal Sanitat Commission dien 31 December. Id Mund Sanitat Organisation buit informen ye id sam dien. Kun ta notifications tyohc, doctors in Wuhan buir warnen ab id police "mae spehre rumors" de id udbrehg. Id Chinese National Sanitat Commission in-kap sieyg od eent nia "clara pruvs" os mensc-do-mensc transmission. Unte un 14 Januar phonenconference, Chinese sarkaris declareer od mensc-do-mensc transmission eet un possibilitat, ed od preparations pro un pandemia eent naudht. 
Pos id udbrehg entrit sien global phase in Mart, Chinese autoritats emseer strict meids kay prevene mae id virus reentret China ex alya lands. Mathalan, Peking impos un 14-dienen quarantaine pro vasyens international mussafers entrend id citad. Sammel, un akster antigospoti sentiment jaldi crohsc, ed gospotis subihr hensel ab id general public ed deforce evictions ex appartments ed hotels.