Cardinals created by Eugene III

Pope Eugene III (1145–1153) created sixteen cardinals in nine consistories:Reconstruction based on Horn, pp. 184–188; cfr. Zenker, pp. 224-225; Brixius, pp. 53-57
==Consistories==
====9 March 1145====
*Pietro — cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata, † after 1148
====21 September 1145====
*Guido de Crema — cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico, cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (14 March 1158), Antipope Paschalis III (22 April 1164), † 20 September 1168
====25 February 1149====
*Grecus — cardinal-deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco, † 30 August 1149
====16 December 1149====
*Nicholas Breakspeare, C.R.St.-Ruf — cardinal-bishop of Albano, Pope Hadrian IV (4 December 1154), † 1 September 1159 
====22 September 1150====
*Rolando of Siena — cardinal-deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano, cardinal-priest of S. Marco (2 March 1151), Pope Alexander III (7 September 1159), † 30 August 1181
*Giovanni Gaderisio, Can.Reg. — cardinal-deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco, cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia (14 March 1158), † April 1182
====2 March 1151====
*Gerard — cardinal-priest of S. Stefano in Celiomonte, † 1158 
*Cencio de Gregorio — cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro, then cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina (21 February 1152) and cardinal-bishop of Porto e S. Rufina (April 1154), † 1157
====21 December 1151====
*Hugo, O.Cist. — cardinal-bishop of Ostia, † 1 December 1158
====21 February 1152====
*Giovanni da Sutri — cardinal-priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, † 1180 
*Enrico Pisano, O.Cist. — cardinal-priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, † 1166
*Gerard de Namur — cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church, then cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata (19 December 1152), † 1155
*Ottone da Brescia — cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church, then cardinal-deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere (19 December 1152), † 1174
====23 May 1152====
*Giovanni Morrone — cardinal-priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino, † ca. 1167/68
*Bernard de Rennes, O.Cist. — cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church, then cardinal-deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano (19 December 1152), † 1 May 1154
*Ildebrando Grassi, Can.Reg. — cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church, then cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio (19 December 1152), cardinal-priest of SS. XII Apostoli (21 December 1156), † 8 November 1178.
=="Presumed cardinals"==
The following other persons are also listed as cardinals created by Eugene III,Full list on The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church by Salvador Miranda; retrieved on 25 September 2009 but they should be excluded from that list because they were never promoted to the cardinalte or are confused with another cardinals ("presumed cardinals"):About the "presumed cardinals" in general see A. Paravicini Bagliani: Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, Padova 1972, p. 519 ff. and Elfriede Kartusch, Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227, Wien 1948, p. 428-438. After the publications of Hierarchia Catholica by Konrad Eubel (1st edition in 1898) and of the dissertation of Brixius (1910, printed in 1912), it is generally accepted that for 12th and 13th centuries the cardinals listed in the older literature (e.g. A. Ciacconius, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, ed. A. Oldoini, Rome 1677; or Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome 1792), who did not subscribe any papal bulls, should be eliminated from the catalogs of cardinals, unless other contemporary sources attest their promotion. Brixius, p. 40–60, identified only three such cardinals promoted between 1130 and 1159, one of them (Bernardo of Pisa, future Pope Eugene III) probably erroneously, cf. Horn, pp. 42-45.
Name 	Alleged cardinalate 	Notes
Guy 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico 1145–ca.1159 	He is the same as Guido di Crema, future Antipope Paschalis IIIBrixius, p. 108.
Rainiero Marescotti 	Cardinal-deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco in 1145 	This cardinal appears only in the falsehoods of 16th centuryH. Tillmann: Ricerche sull’origine dei membri del collegio cardinalizio nel XII secolo, Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia, XXIV, 1970, p. 450–452.
Bercarco 	Cardinal-deacon in 1145 	He subscribed a bull on 14 March 1145Jaffé, p. 20: Bercharchus but this is certainly the same person as cardinal-deacon Berardo created by Lucius II,cf. Brixius, p. 51 no. 1; Zenker, p. 184 no. 151. whose name has been corrupted on some copies of this bullThe edition by Migne, col. 1015-1017, has signature Berardus, diac. card. sanctae Rom. Ecclesiae ss.
Guido 	Cardinal-deacon in 1145 	Guido S.R.E. diaconus card. subscribed papal bulls between 14 March and 12 May 1145, but he is the same as Guido de Castro Ficeclo, created by Innocent II, not a separate individual Cf. Luchesius Spätling, Kardinal Guido und seine Legation in Böhmen-Märe, in: Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Universitäts Wien Institut für Geschichtsforschung und Archivwissenschaft in Wien, 1958, pp. 306–330
Bernard, O.S.B.Cas. 	Cardinal-priest in 1146 	He did not subscribe any papal bullsJaffé, p. 20–21. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III. Even Cardella, p. 67, questions the existence of this cardinal
Gregorio 	Cardinal-deacon 1146–1153 	He did not subscribe any papal bullsJaffé, p. 20–21, 89–90. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III.
Guido 	Cardinal-bishop of Ostia 1148/49–1150 	He is the same as Guido de Summa, who was created cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso by Celestine II in 1143; Eugene III promoted him to cardinal-bishop of Ostia in 1149The evidence confirming this identification by Brixius, p. 97–98
Giovanni 	Cardinal-priest of S. Marco 1149–1151 	He did not subscribe any papal bulls.Jaffé, p. 20. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene IIIThe title of S. Marco was occupied by Gilberto from 1143 until 1150 and then by Rolando from March 1151.Zenker, p. 85; Brixius, p. 138.
Galfroy, bishop of St.Asaph 1152–1154 	Cardinal-deacon 1149–ca.1175 	He did not subscribe any papal bullsJaffé, p. 20–21 and the great majority of the sources doubt or ignore his alleged promotion to the cardinalateThe Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church by Salvador Miranda; retrieved on 25 September 2009. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III.
Gualterio 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico 1149–1155 	The existence of this cardinal is not possible at that time because the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico was occupied by Guido di Crema from 1145 until 1158Brixius, p. 143; Zenker, p. 168; cf. Jaffé, p. 20–21, 89–90, 102–103.
Sylvester, O.S.B., abbot of Subiaco 	Cardinal-priest or deacon in 1150 	Neither the cardinal nor the abbot of Subiaco with this name is attested at that time.Jaffé, p. 20–21; Placido Lugano, L'Italia benedictina, Rome 1929, p. 146 Apparently he is confused with Simone Borelli, abbot of Subiaco 1149/52–1183/84,Placido Lugano, L'Italia benedictina, Rome 1929, p. 146 created cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Domnica by Hadrian IVBrixius, p. 59-60 no. 11; Zenker, p. 140–141 no. 113.
Jean, O.S.B.Clun. 	Cardinal-deacon in 1150 	He did not subscribe any papal bullsJaffé, p. 20–21. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III
Ardizzone, bishop of Cuma 	Cardinal-priest in 1150 	Bishop Ardicius of Cuma is well attested at that time but there is no evidence that he was promoted to the cardinalate.MGH DDF I, passim (see index, p. 372). He may be confused with Ardicio Rivoltella, who was created cardinal-deacon of S. Teodoro in 1156; cf. Brixius, p. 58 no. 2; Zenker, p. 157-159 no. 130.
Matteo, archpriest of the Liberian Basilica	Cardinal in 1150–1153 	Matteo, archpriest of the Liberian Basilica, is attested in January 1153 but he was not a cardinalCf. G. Ferri, Le carte dell'Archivio Liberiano dal secolo X al XV, Archivio della Societa Romana di storia patria, vol. 27, 1904, p. 444
Alberto 	Cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio in 1151 and then cardinal-priest of SS. Apostoli in 1153 	He did not subscribe any papal bulls.Jaffé, p. 20–21. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III. Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome 1792, vol. I, pt. 2, p. 81, lists him but considers his promotion doubtful. He may be confused with cardinal Ildebrando Grassi, who was at first deacon of S. Eustachio and then priest of SS. Apostoli.
Gregorio 	Cardinal-deacon of SS. Vito e Modesto 1152–1159, joined the obedience of Antipope Victor IV i 1159	He did not subscribe any papal bullsJaffé, pp. 20–21, 89–90, 102–103. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III and is not attested amng the adherents of Victor IV in 1159.cf. Brixius, p. 24 The cardinal with this name and title lived under Callixtus IIRudolf Hüls: Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130 Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag 1977, p. 244
Besides, it is often claimed that cardinals Jordan of S. Susanna, Bernardo of S. Clemente and Cinzio of SS. Sergio e Bacco were created by Eugene III, but they were all promoted by Lucius II as "cardinal-deacons of the Holy Roman Church"; Eugene III only gave them the titular churches.About Jordan see Brixius, p. 52 no. 7; Zenker, pp. 104-106 no. 72. About Bernardo and Cinzio see Horn, p. 385 and 387
==Notes==
==Bibliography==
*Barbara Zenker: Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159. Würzburg 1964, S. 224-225
*Johannes M. Brixius: Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181. Berlin 1912, S. 53-57
*Michael Horn: Studien zur Geschichte Papst Eugens III.(1145-1153), Peter Lang Verlag 1992
*Philipp Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. II, Berlin 1888 
*J. P. Migne: Eugenius III: Epistolae et Privilegia
Eugene III
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