Lumens

Ex id Latin werd lumen = "luce, leuxmen", id Sambahsa lexis hat equivalent in alya europay bahsas : in Franceois, id plural Lumières se dwinght ye id XVIIIt secule kay kyuses un philosophic ideal, sult ep id wirt os raison ed id cred in Progress. Sont samlik wekwsa in Deutsch : Aufklärung, Englisch : Enlightenment, Italian : Illuminazione, Espaniol : Ilustraciòn. Quanta kyeuse un dynamic process : id adgumt os luce oisweindt ia skadhs os ignorance. Per extension, id europay XVIIIt secule est kwit ka id "secule iom Lumens". 
==Ia origins ios movment iom Lumens==
Id secule iom Lumens inscript-se eni id continuation iom megil mutations qua determine id gnahsa ios moderne mund : Renaissance, Reformation, id Era iom Aunstehgens, id scientific revolution ios XVIIt secule, ia Englisch Revolutions. Biht mohlden med quo historian P.Hazard hieb namen id "crise os europay conscience" quod kweit id presto strehcend ex 1680 do 1715. 
Id Cartesian geste os methodic dwoi ed id vol os antruses natural-on, ed neti ia supernatural ed religieus luce, extendent-se tadrijan vasyims xeimens os menscactivitat : Religion, historia, politique... Pregnantst representer tos keyf est is protestant historian Bayle : autor uns Dictionnaire historique et critique (1696), is bevidt, dia ia religieus traditions, un critic menos quod kwehct tun scandaleus. 
Id secule iom Lumens inkapt-wert in France med id publication iom Lettres Persanes (1721) ab Montesquieu. Un prest moment ghehdt ses distingen, quod kwit med un strict rationalisme quos dwo megil models sont Descartes (1596-1650) ed Newton (1642-1727); ids wekwos wehst in id affirmation uns rigoreus determinisme quod regnet tant uper id physic mund quem uper historia. 
Dwoter dwidel ios XVIIIt secule sessiet prect ab preromantisme med, in Deutschland, id Sturm und Drang movment. In France biht constatet sem reiken kye Nature, id affirmation ios sensibilitat in Moralitat, id rupture con classic Esthetique. Bad, un sweurgh de progress biht express in id wehrg os Rousseau ed, serter, in tod os Laclos : Les liaisons dangereuses (1782) deikent quosmed raison ghehde vi-serve ad Khitert.
 Friedrich II is Megil, popular-ye yaschi der alte Fritz = "is veut Fritz" (1712-1786) buit pon 1740 Roy in, ed pon 1772 Roy os Preussen tem quem pon 1740 Peurst-Elector os Brandenburg. Is eet member ios Hohenzollern dynastia.
Ia tri Weirs act ab iom contra Osterreich po id fangh os Schlonsk dugh id "deutsch dualisme". Pos id senst tom weirs, id Septwetsen Weir ex 1756 do 1763 buit Preussen recognihn ka penkt augos bayna France, id Uniet Roydem, Osterreich ed Russia in id Europay Pentarchie. 
Friedrich ghohld ka representer os exclarat absolutisme. Is kwit seswo ka "presto sloug ios Stat". Is dostrig profund social reformes, abolih torture ed antplohc id talimsysteme.
==Ia Lumens ed Europe==
Ia Lumens buir sammel un europay phenomen ed id prest affirmation ios Europay Dayi. Philosophs ed mualims proclame ed gwive id universalitat os raison. Id movment iom Lumens buit cosmopolit in ia facts : Voltaire (1694-1778) gwaht bi Friedrich II os Preussen, Diderot (1713-1784) bi Catherine II os Russia. Bet id hat defenden unschi theoric cosmopolitisme : id triumph os raison, est id disparition iom seculaten cheids inter nations, ed tod os weir. Also, pro Kant (1724-1804), id cosmopolitic vidpoint est tod quod nos permitt kwenchaue historia ka progress. 
Dwo cultural manifestations hant besonters contribuen forme ed diffundes id menos iom Lumens : frankmassonrie ed ia salons. Preter men recrut sienens members per cooptation ed empraxiset un egalitarisme quod ei permitt blande artistens, mualims, philosophs, burgesens ed aristocrats. Sib daht ka ziel id material, moral ed intellectual kayjin os menscgenos. Ia de salons, ops animen ab exceptional gwens, skeipe un figure os dienghia sociabilitat, yed sib dahnt profunder-ye ka project forme un exclarat public opinion quod ghehdsiet duce do id reforme ios societat; quetos id sulmutalba os leudher menos. Suamehne, saycsiet Kant, est "commehne", edghi poitte permehlde. Oino iom figures os despotisme sessiet tuntos censure. 
 Catherine II (rusk : Екaтeринa Алексе́евна) wa Catherine ia Megil, gnahn ka Sophie Friederike Auguste os Anhalt-Zerbst, mohrn in 1796, buit cesarin os Russia ab 1762. Ia snub in 1745 iom Russian thronprince Karl Peter Ulrich os Holstein-Gottrop qui bihsit Peter III os Russia. Ia uperwieldh sieno mann unte un palatrevolution bet iaswo remien wanakti. Sub ays regne spiend Russia kreptic-ye ye id expense os Polska ed ios Ottoman Empire. Sekwent sien zaman ieg ia un liberal siyassa inspiren ab ia Lumens.
==Id philosophic engagement==
Ye id XVIIIt secule, id lexis philosoph meitht maynen, kam to est besonters schahiden in id article quo ei est consecret in L'Encyclopédie om Diderot ed d'Alembert (1745-1772). El philosoph neti est is sage oisgwehmus ex id mund qui se levert ad mon dyeia; est punor el intellectual quel serviceiht sien raison ei public wesu ed wehrct pro id progress os menscgenos. Tod kaur biht expresst in ia spectacular interventions os Voltaire pro ieustet ed vertat (Calas, Sirven, Ritter de la Barre affaires) au do id imposant enderghenden skipt ab L'Encyclopédie.
 Gnahn in Paris, son unios notar (alias Voltaire, 1694-1778)), François Marie Arouet biht eduquen bi iens Jesuits. Is oistudyet ieus, perikwehlt i libertins, ed inkapt meg yun scribe satiric poems contra iom Regent, valent-ya ei un oindemmunt karcerbehnden in id Bastille (1717-1718).
In 1718 sib daht id pseudonym "Voltaire" kay meis-ye suaskape censure, ed gnoht maung success med sien tragedia Oedipe. Tun dwogimquarat, is biht celebren ed primen do id Curt ed bim Grands quan udbrehct, in Januar 1726, id cheid con Ritter de Rohan, quod ei dwinght se exile do England, quer is aunstehct enthusiaste un regime os lure. 
Tsay do France in 1728, is retrehft id place quod eet eyso pre id de Rohan affaire. In 1734 publiet is sien Lettres philosophiques, qua zantant id regime ios Englisch constitutional monarchia ed sleurt fauran id grassab ios Parlament quod aydheiht ia ed yeist ir autor do id Bastille. Is endergwehmt tun rur do Cirey-sur-Blaise, bi Emilie du Châtelet, brilliant ed alim gwen qua biht eys parika. Is siet spende sien sellst wakto ter tiel 1744, scribend historic wehrgs (Le Siècle de Louis XIV) ed correspondend con iom roy os Preussen, Friedrich II, qui ei kwehct is model ios philosoph-roy.
In 1744, se sint bihe tentet ab id curt os Versailles, bet Ludvic XV - qui ne kamt Voltaire - disgracet iom 1747. Se exilet tun do Sceaux, bay Hercegin os Maine, quam is entreteint transponend-ye sien disappointements os cortoyer in Zadig ou la Destinée (1747). Dind is reict Cirey quer is aunstehct id nedervia as Madame du Châtelet.
Pos tas mohrt, is ceddt ibs peprehgens os Friedrich II qui diutos ee-inviteneut iom do Berlin, ed linkwt Paris in Juno 1750. Bet Friedrich ne est is exclarato despot is exspectit ed id philosoph sogno biht succedden ab desillusion, dind conflict. In 1755, Voltaire kaupt un vetat prokwem Geneve, Les Délices. Id Lisboa gischien ei inspiret pessimiste poem ed scripts. In 1756 is publiet l'Essai sur les Moeurs, ambitieus historic over quod enevidencet id progress iom civilisations ed id relativitat iom swohds. Se engaget kathalika do id combat ios Encyclopédie, publiet Candide, ed mutaweict do id latifundium Ferney, prokwem id schweizer grance, in 1760. 
Voltaire vaht spende ter ia senst octdem yars os sien gwit, preimend ter visitors ex hol Europe ed manteinend uno monumental correspondence con quantum id zaman contet ka megil persons ed intellectuals. Is oiscript Basma (L'Ingénu; la Princesse de Babylone) ed id Dictionnaire philosophique portatif (1764). Is lancet id philosophic combat contra intolerance ed hassilet id rehabilitation ios protestant Calas, makhkoumihn aun pruvs ob id maurdh os eys son, affaire quod ei inspiret id Traité sur la Tolérance (1763); sessient poskwo ia Sirven ed Ritter de la Barre affaires (1766). 
 In Februar 1778, 83at, Voltaire reict triumphal-ye Paris, quer is mehrt dien 30 Mai ios sam yar. In 1792, medsu un enthusiaste menegh quod iom ayt oino iom paters ios Revolution, eys kenis sessiet intikalto do id Panthéon. 
==Id evolution os Science==
Ye id XVIIt secule, ia progressa os science hieb esen hamrahn ab uno meg intense metaphysic reflexion : mualims kam Descartes au Leibniz eent semschi philosophs; ies pieursk id ultim sul os rational gnohsa eni Metaphysique, yani id dyeia kyun Div garantiend sammel id aurdhen ios mund ed id accord con id menscenment con ia jects. 
Ta kaurs vahnt ses protiagen ab id influence os empirisme ed ab un certain interpretation os Newtons men. Sei so dar assocyet cosmologia ed theologia - id stand ios planetar systeme supponiet un auwal seuwen ex iom-pet Div -, eys "natural philosophia" se presentet lakin ka un critique ios metaphysique os Descartes. Id mov os rational men biht invers : neti biht oistarten ex id dayi kay deduce tetos ia facts sontern idge observation iom facts permitt id aunstehgen iom loys qua unifient id diversitat iom phenomens. Tod type os proschgumt vaht discreditise ia theologic kaurs qua kwehcsient tuntos harsardeus ed, hassa, inutil hypotheses. 
Science vaht nakwehre kongcio id itner ghyanen ab id revolution tyicen ye id XVIIt secule. Nov xeimens ghyahnt ei experimental sok (chemia, Biologia, electricitat...). Ta quant paurskens vahnt antslehnke autonom-ye, aun metaphysic kaurs, inaugurend id era om scientific specialisation ed neutralitat. Id dwot gnohmen quod darmerasct est id utilitar vocation os science : mohlden sammel ab Bacon (1561-1626) ed Descartes, vaht concretasce spectacular-ye med id inleiten do id industrial era. Yant ia 1760tias aurght-se England do id prest industrial revolution. 
 François Quesnay (1694, Méré / 1774 Versailles) buit un franceois liek ed economiste, mentor os Roy Ludvic XV ed oino iom dehtors ios prest economia scol, id Physiocraten scol. Est is autor ios Tableau économique (1758) quod est id presto schematic kip os economia.
==Id gnahsa os politic economia==
Ye id XVIIIt secule hassilet economia sien swobodia, sammel ka xeimen os scientific men ed ka aysa modus iom menscenphenomens. Tuntro, tod activitat hieb est baygh angh-ye supodeht ad superior, politic au religieus, wirts. Unte secules, hieb esen ghaten inter, hois, ascese ed id honn os orbat wi ei hellen philosophia ed, ciois, id menos om paupertat ed charitat ios christianios moralitat. Locke (1632-1704) justifiet ye id prest ker id notion lautel. Ye id XVIIIt secule, ies "physiocrats" (Quesnay, Mirabeau, Condorcet...) defende id dayi od economia est un systeme ed, bilhassa, demande id lure om commerce ed exchanges; hant invent id formule : "Sinte kwehre, sinte passe." A.Smith, ayt is dehtor uns economic science distinct ud moralitat ed politique, start id studye os industrial orbat ed se beuwt is theoretic os liberalisme.
 Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquese os Condorcet (1743-1794) buit un franceois Mathematiquer ed politic wir, representer iom Lumens. Est maschour on sien pionnier wehrgs de statistique ed probabilitats, sien analyse iom possible scrutin modus ("id paradox os Condorcet") tem quem sien politic action, tem ant id Revolution quem unte id. Seddend bi iens Girondins, is propont reformes ios talimsysteme tem quem os penal ieus. Id National Convention wehlt arreste iom in 1793; karcerbohnden in 1794, is biht trohft mortu in sien cell dwo diens serter.
==Politique ed raison==
Id erosion iom religieus wirts hat-se uperwohrten med id reiken ios politic question. Id traditional question biht critiquet bachimien : gehrt un desire om reformes kye lure ed progress. Sei ia doctrines differnt unte ia proposen solutions, quanta keihnt ep un trusto dia raison. 
Tri majora trends ghehde bihe enderkwiten : id prest, con Montesquieu, est un profundereihsa ios Englisch liberal model; id dwot behdt, med id exclarato despotisme, servicihes absolutism ibs reformes; fin-ye, Rousseau radicaliset id dayi os social contract do id sense os democratia.
 Paul-Henri Thiry baron os Holbach (1723-1789) buit un philosoph iom franceois Lumens, khaliban-ye gnohn ob sien religioncritic ed atheiste theses.
==Deisme ed raison==
"Smad trudes el infam" : tod secret motto os Voltaire symboliset id jidal ornuwen ab iens Lumens tarafdars ne contra cada religion, sontern contra clericalisme ed religion. Continuent uno movment inkapen ab Spinoza in id Tractatus theologicopoliticus (1670). Tod texte, keihnd ep un critic releisen ios Bible quod siet inspiret Bayle, est is prest pleidoyeiro pro religieus tolerance ed id secularism os Stat. 
Quo contestent i Lumens tarafdars est id autoritat ios Kyrk de dogme, ed ids alliance con id thron : id discredit os metaphysique extendt-se ibs pruvs ios existence os Div, id moral conscience dehlgend ses saul judce ios cred; ia doctrines om orsynt ed grace kwehke dusbohr, id wirt uns act wehsend anter in id inner eiskwen al subject. Bet ploisko pauk exceptions - ta iom materialisten kam Helvetius au Baron os Holbach, au im skeptics kam Hume -, i Lumens tarafdars ne hant advoquet atheisme, sontern un religion saygen "natural", yani un deisme ud quod sont abdeht ia traditional dogmes ed quod keiht ep id dayi os un "saatar, legislator ed judce Div".
==Id dayi progress==
Ye id XVIIIt secule inkapt id lexis "progress" bihe uset in un absolut ed neti relative sense ("progress os semject"). Terschi gnahsit id dayi ye id XVIIt secule, bi Bacon, Pascal au Descartes. Id udleit tuntos id quader ios antslehnken om sciences ed Techniques ed se extendt ibs politic ed social xeimens. Ia vectors os progress sont civilisation, id fid in el mensc ed in menscgenos, economic antslehnken, luxe, arts ed moren dikat. Albatta, ta phenomens sont inegalitar, yed maungs mayne, con Hume, Voltaire au hatta Kant, od se extendsient tadrijan vasyims classes os societat. Id education al Individu ed civ biht antrusen, permittsiet-yod els emancipation. Idpet historia sessiet bemohnen, ab Kant au Condorcet, pro id education os menscgenos.
==Id heritage iom Lumens==
Id movment iom Lumens buit decisive pro id formation al moderne mensc. Exaltet ia maghs os raison, ios critic menos, ed os communication. In politique, est angh-ye bohnden ei 1789 Franceois Revolution : ei dayi uns limitet ed dilt magh, eiskwnd id general interesseed keihnd ep secularisme ed id education al mensc ed civ. 
Bet tod heritage miegh bihe contesten : ei buit mambhen ses id origin iom revultionar misgvalts ed ios Terror, uns redactor scientisme, uns angh utilitarisme, hatta os colonialism. Daydeyer, med romantisme oistartsiet un mahel adversus raison, quod naduret unte id XXt secule, eni Nietzsches moveina, con Heidegger au id Frankfurter Scol. 
Lakin, ye pelu regards, ia dayis iom Lumens dar nos exclarent-pet unte tids kun obscurantisme ed intolerance skeipe solg menaces dia democratia. Sei nundiens est politic-ye incorrect sigwra iskwes "trudes el infam", etileikwt yed, mathalan, od id defense os secularisme ed id appell pro religieus tolerance conserve ir hol actualitat face id augen vasyalgen integrismen.