CSS Albemarle

:See USS Albemarle and HMS Albemarle for other ships of the same name.
CSS Albemarle was an ironclad ram of the Confederate Navy (and later the second Albemarle of the United States Navy), named for a town and a sound in North Carolina and a county in Virginia. All three locations were named for General George Monck, the first Duke of Albemarle and one of the original Carolina Lords Proprietors.
On 16 April 1862, the Confederate Navy Department, enthusiastic about the offensive potential of armored rams following the victory of the ironclad CSS Virginia (the rebuilt USS Merrimack) over the wooden-hulled Union blockaders in Hampton Roads, Virginia, signed a contract with 19 year-old detached Confederate Lieutenant Gilbert Elliott of Elizabeth City, North Carolina, to oversee the construction of such a gunboat to destroy the Union warships in the North Carolina sounds. These men-of-war had enabled Union troops to hold strategic positions that controlled eastern North Carolina.
Since the terms of the agreement gave Elliott freedom to select an appropriate place to build the ram, he established a primitive shipyard, with the assistance of planatation owner Peter Smith, in a cornfield up the Roanoke River at a place called Edward's Ferry, near modern Scotland Neck, North Carolina. Smith was appointed the superintendenat of construction. There, the water was too shallow to permit the approach of Union gunboats that otherwise would have destroyed the ironclad while still on its ways. Using detailed sketches provided by Elliott, the Confederate Navy's Chief Constructor John L. Porter finalized the gunboat's design, giving the ram an armored casemate with eight sloping sides. Wihin this thick-walled bunker were two Brooke pivot rifles, one forward, the other aft, each capable of firing from three fixed gun ports. Both cannons were protected on all sides behind six exterior-mounted, heavy iron shutters. The ram was propelled by two, 3-bladed brass screws powered by two steam engines, each of , and built by Elliott.
Construction of the ironclad began in January 1863 and continued on during the next year. Word of the gunboat reached the Union naval officers stationed in the region, raising an alarm. They appealed to the War Department for an overland expedition to destroy the ship, to be christened Albemarle after the body of water into which the Roanoke emptied, but the Union Army never felt it could spare the troops needed to carry out such a mission. It was a decision that would prove to be very short-sighted.
In April 1864, the newly commissioned Confederate States Ship Albemarle, under the command of Captain James W. Cooke, got underway down-river toward Plymouth, North Carolina. Its mission was to clear the river of all Union vessels so that General Robert F. Hoke's troops could storm the forts located there. She anchored about three miles (5 km) above the town, and the pilot, John Lock, set off with two seamen in a small boat to take soundings. The river was high and they discovered ten feet of water over the obstructions that the Union forces had placed in the Thoroughfare Gap. Captain Cooke immediately ordered steam and, by keeping to the middle of the channel, they passed safely over the obstructions. The ironclad's armor protected them from the Union guns of the forts at Warren's Neck and Boyle's Mill.
However, two paddle steamers, USS Miami and USS Southfield, lashed together with spars and chains, approached from up-river, attempting to pass on either side of Albemarle in order to trap her between them. Captain Cooke turned to starboard, running dangerously close to the southern shore, and got outboard of Southfield. Turning back into the river, he rammed the Union sidewheeler, driving her under. Albemarle 's ram became trapped in Southfield 's hull from the force of the blow, and her bow was pulled under as well. As Southfield sank, she rolled over before settling on the riverbed. This action released the deathgrip that held the new Confederate ram.
Miami fired a shell into Albemarle at point-blank range while she was trapped by the wreck of Southfield, but the shell rebounded off Albemarle 's sloping armor and exploded on Miami, killing her commanding officer, Captain Charles W. Flusser. Miami 's crew attempted to board Albemarle to capture her but were soon driven back by heavy musket fire. Miami then steared-clear of the ironclad and escaped into Albemarle Sound.
With the river now clear of Union ships, and with the assistance of Albemarle 's rifled cannon, General Hoke attacked and took Plymouth and the nearby forts.
On 5 May, Albemarle and CSS Bombshell, a captured steamer, were escorting the troop-laden CSS Cotton Plant down the Roanoke River. They encountered four Union warships: USS Miami, now supported by USS Mattabesett, USS Sassacus, and USS Wyalusing. All four ships combined mounted more than 60 cannons. Albemarle opened fired first, wounding six men working one of Mattabesett 's two 100-pounder Parrott rifles, and then attempted to ram her, but the sidewheeler managed to round the ironclad's armored bow. She was closely followed by Sassacus, which then fired a broadside of solid 9-inch (229 mm) and 100-pound shot, all of which bounced off Albemarle 's casemate armor. However, Bombshell, being a softer target, was hulled by each heavy shot from Sassucus 's broadside and was quickly captured by Union forces, following her surrender.
Lieutenant Commander Francis Asbury Roe of Sassucus, seeing Albemarle at a range of about , decided to ram. The Union ship struck the Confederate ironclad full and square, broadside-on, shattering the timbers of her own bow, twisting off her own bronze ram, and jamming both ships together. With Sassucus 's hull almost touching the end of the ram's Brooke rifle, Albemarle quickly fired two point-blank shells, one of them puncturing Sassucus 's boilers. Though live steam was roaring through the ship, she was able to break away and drift out of range. Miami first tried to use her spar torpedo and then to tangle the Confederate ram's brass screws and rudder with a seine net, but neither ploy succeeded. More than 500 shells were fired at Albemarle during the battle, but she steamed back up the Roanoke the victor, soon mooring at Plymouth.
Albemarle successsfully dominated the Roanoke and the approaches to Plymouth through the summer of 1864. By autumn, the U. S. government decided that the situation should be studied to determine if something could be done. The U. S. Navy considered various ways to destroy Albemarle, including two plans submitted by Lieutenant William B. Cushing. They finally approved one of his plans, authorizing him to locate two small steam launches that might be fitted with spar torpedoes. Cushing discovered two picket boats under construction in New York and acquired them for his mission (some accounts have them as 45-feet to 47-feet). On each he mounted a 12-pound Dahlgren howitzer and a spar projecting into the water from its bow. One of the boats was lost at sea during the voyage from New York to Norfolk, Virginia, but the other arrived safely with its crew of seven officers and men at the mouth of the Roanoke. There, the steam launch's spar was fitted with a lanyard-detonated torpedo.
On the night of 27 and 28 October 1864, Cushing and his team began working their way upriver. A small cutter accompanied them, its crew having the task of preventing interference by the Confederate sentries stationed on a schooner anchored to the wreck of "Southfield." Both boats, under the cover of darkness, slipped past the schooner undetected. So Cushing decided to use all 22 of his men and the element of surprise to capture Albemarle.
 
As they approached the Confederate docks, their luck turned and they were spotted in the dark. They came under heavy fire from both the shore and Albemarle. As they closed with Albemarle, they quickly discovered she was defended against approach by floating log booms. The logs, however, had been in the water for many months and were covered with heavy slime. The steam launch rode up and then over them without difficulty. When her spar was fully against the ironclad's hull, Cushing stood up in the bow and detonated the torpedo's explosive charge.
The explosion threw everyone into the water. Cushing stripped off his uniform and swam to shore, where he hid until daylight. That afternoon, he stole a small skiff and paddled down-river to rejoin the Union forces at the river's mouth. Of the other men in Cushing's boat, one escaped, two were drowned, and eleven were captured.
Cushing's daring commando raid blew a hole in Albemarle 's hull at the waterline "big enough to drive a wagon in." She sank immediately in the six feet of water below her keel, settling into the heavy bottom mud, leaving the upper casemate mostly dry and the ship's large Stainless Banner ensign flying from its flag staff. Commander Alexander F. Warley, who had been appointed as her captain about a month earlier, later salvaged Albemarle 's Brooke rifles and shells and used them to defend Plymouth against subsequent Union attack--futilely, as it turned out.
After the fall of Plymouth, the United States Navy then raised the Confederate ram. At the end of the war, the Union gunboat USS Ceres towed Albemarle to the Norfolk Navy Yard where she arrived on 27 April 1865. On 7 June, orders were issued to repair her hull, and she entered dry dock soon thereafter. The work was completed on 14 August 1865, and, but a fortnight later, the ship was condemned by the Washington, D.C prize court. Purchased by the Navy, she saw little if any active service before being placed in ordinary at Norfolk, where she remained until being sold at public auction on 15 October 1867 to J. N. Leonard and Company. No record of her subsequent career has been found, so she was likely scraped for salvage. One of her double-banded Brooke rifled cannon is on display at the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief U. S. Atlantic Command at the Norfolk, Virginia Naval base.
Lieutenant William B. Cushing's successful effort to neutralize CSS Albemarle is honored by the U. S. Navy with a battle star on the Civil War campaign streamer.
==CSS Albemarle's naval jack and battle ensign==
The practice of using primary and secondary naval flags after the British tradition was common practice for the Confederacy, linked as she was by both heritage and economy to the British Isles. The fledgling Confederate Navy therefore adopted and used ensigns, jacks, boat ensigns, commissioning pennants, and signal flags aboard its warships during of the Civil War.
File:Conf Navy Jack (light blue).svg|The Second Confederate Navy Jack, 1863-1865
File:Navy Jack CSA.jpg|Navy Jack of the CSA
By both tradition and established regulations, both waring navies' jacks were flown forward of their ship's ensigns at prescribed times. Albemarle 's likely flew atop a removable jack staff positioned either on her bow or in front of her pilot house on the upper casemate deck (historic and contemporary drawings and paintings show her jack being flown at either station).
Albemarle 's naval jack was discovered below decks and preserved when her wreck was raised and refloated following the war. It's designated as "flag number 42" in the special collections catalog of the United States Naval Academy Museum at Annapolis. It has been in the museum's collection for many years. 
 
The jack's dimensions are 6 feet x 8 feet, 2 Inches (72 inches x 98 inches). 
 
Albemarle 's jack was a much larger version of her battle ensign's square, 13-star canton. However, there were two noticeable differences from the ensign: As with all Confederate jacks, their diagonal saltires were a lighter, medium-blue color instead of the dark blue seen on the battle ensign. And instead of the canton's square proportion, all jacks were rectangular in shape, in a proportion of 2:3, required under the regulations issued on 26/28 May 1863 by the Confederate Navy Department. But Albemarle 's jack is actually much closer to a proportion of 3:4, an example of just how loosely the official naval flag regulations were being followed by the time her jack was manufactured in 1864. This variation was likely due to differences in the regional flag making standards in use by both Carolinas, and also due to various material shortages common throughout the South during the later years of the war. Following the end of the Civil War and up through today, the rectangular Southern Cross naval jack became the single Confederate flag design most commonly associated with the post-war South, and controversy.
 
Albemarle 's battle ensign was recovered from atop her casemate's flag staff by Sailing Master George F. Ford of the U. S. Navy, at some point after she was sunk at her moorings. This ensign was eventually donated by H. C. Havens of Hartford, CT, to the flag collection of the Museum of the Confederacy, where it resides today. Havens received it from William Faxon, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. 
 
The ensign's overall dimensions are 8.45 feet x 16 feet (about 101 inches x 192 inches). 
 
Albemarle 's ensign was the Second National Flag of the Confederacy, also known as the Stainless Banner. Specifications for this new flag were established by the Confederate Congress on 1 May 1863, replacing the First National Flag, more commonly known as the Stars and Bars. This new flag's hoist-to-fly proportion (height-to-width) was in a 1:2 ratio, its white expanse being twice as wide as its height. Its square canton was the 13-star red, blue, and white Southern Cross, well known to the South's land forces as the Confederate Battle Flag. A short time after its adoption, the Confederate Navy Department revised all naval ensign proportions, requiring their flys (widths) to be shorter, in a new 2:3 ratio.
 
For reasons unknown, Albemarle retained her original 1:2 ratio ensign (see illustraton above right) until its capture sometime after Lieutenant Cushing's daring raid. Whatever proportion used, the white expanse of the Stainless Banner proved to have poor visibility at a distance, especially when viewed through the haze sometimes seen around water and in contrast against soft gray southern skies.
==Replica==
thumb|right|Replica of CSS Albemarle taken in 2003
A 63 foot (19.2m) replica of the Albemarle has been at anchor near the Port O' Plymouth Museum in Plymouth since April, 2002. The replica is self-powered and capable of sailing on the river.
==References==
*
*Maritime History and Naval Heritage Web Site
*Elliott, Robert G., Ironclad of the Roanoke: Gilbert Elliottt's Albemarle, White Mane Publishing, 1994, ISBN 0-942597-63-X.
*Campbell, R. Thomas, Rebel Fire: Exploits of the Confederate Navy (Chapters 8 and 9), Burd Street Press, 1997, ISBN 1-57249-046-2.
*Hinds, John W., The Hunt for the Albemarle: Anatomy of a Gunboat War, Burd Street Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1572492165.
*Madaus, H. Michael, Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine, (80-page special edition of "The Flag Bulletin, #115"), Winchester, MA, 1986, Flag Research Center, ISSN 0015-3370.
==Further reading==
*Roske, Ralph and Van Doren, Charles, Lincoln's Commando: The Biography of Commander W. B. Cushing, USN, Harper Brothers, New York, (First Edition) 1957, (No ISBN).
*Roske, Ralph, Cushing, W. B., and Van Doren, Charles, Lincoln's Commando: The Biography of Commander W. B. Cushing, USN, (Revised and Expanded Edition), Naval Institute Press, 1995, ISBN 1-55750-737-6.
==External links==
*American Civil War Web Site
*Confederate States Navy Research Center Mobile, Ala.
*John Mercer Brooke
Category:Naval ships of the Confederate States of America
Category:Ships built in North Carolina
pl:CSS Albemarle