Ethnologia

Id lexis ethnologia appareiht in 1787 in id quader ios Lumens philosophia quer id kyeust id Historia ios Progress iom folks kye civilisation. Sei, ye id XIXt secule, ethnologia hat-se definiht ka "science iom menscracen", id kyeust taiper id comparative studye iom menscCulturen 
==Id gnahsa os ethnologia==
Ethnologic curiositat, yani tod betrehvend alya folks, est tem veut quem script literature ed tarikhet tsay do Homers epsa (IXt-VIIIim secules pre JC), id Iliad ed id Odysseia. Lakin, ia soks ios "pater os historia", Herodotios (484-425) poitte ses ayna id prest wekwos uns objective gnohskwen alyen civilisations. Id formation ios Roman Imperium hat favoriset, med krigs ed Pax Romana, id extension tom paurskens do Germania ed id celtic area : to est schahiden ab ia geographias om Eratosthenes (284-192), Strabon (58 pre JC - 25 pos JC) au ia Weirnarns kam De Bello Gallico ab Iulius Caesar (101-44 pre JC), De Origine et Situ Germanorum ab Tacitus. Medievi, negnoht munds sont describen in safernarns quibs blandt-se ops id daumost, kam in le Devisement du Monde ab Marco Polo (1254-1324). Id exploration ed id krig ios mund, preter med ia safers ios Era iom Aunstehgens, ab id XVt secule, poskwo med id Colonisation, ghyane - gvalt-ye - id Occident ei kyudosti diversitat iom mensccultures. 
Medsu id XIXt secule, kam Sociologia, ethnologia wardht do Science, con iom US-Americano Morgan ed iom Britisch Tylor : ethnologia societats creent-se tun ed orneuwnt, bilhassa in anglicisant lands, un hol serie studyen epstet. 
 Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) definih, in sien wehrgs Primitive Culture (1871) ed Anthroloplogy (1881), id contexte ios scientific studye os anthropologia, baset ep ia evolutionar theorias os Charles Lyell. Is credihsit eet un functional base pro id antslehnken om societat ed Religion, bestohm-yod is ka tienxia. Tylor sigwrit od vasya societats lit per tri basic etapes os antslehnken : ex yeambania unte barbaria do civilisation. 
=="Dwo mahibe naunas"==
Ethnolog J.Servier (1918-2000) nud tod wekwos kay dikes qua buir ia dangereus ideologias qua prisess id gnahsa os ethnologia ed qua id dohlgit kardehe : hois evolutionisme, ciois Racisme. 
Id creation ios lexis ethnologia, in 1787,reflect id menscvision wi ibs Lumens : bi quel biht kalt maynwent-ye el "yeamban" - etymologic-ye ex 野 = "wakhschat", ed 蛮 = "bfukhanrjien" -, biht soken id auwal stand, hatta id nature stand unios menscgenos kwenchaut in id quader uns tienxia historia, yani commun vasyims menscims. Id schengkjien sessiet kardwnen ab positivisme, baygh influent in ia franceoisa social sciences ab id XIXt secule. Also, quando Durkheim script Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912), is ayt id (aborigine) Australian culture ka representative ios simplest social organisation. 
Alter schengkjian, tod os racisme, ghehdt bihe yuct ei romantic dayi os folk, betschi ei scientisme wi ei XIXt secule. Physic anthropologia, quod antslehnct sammel quem paleontologia, bemehnt i menscens ka races, ed ne ka cultures. Ia scientific gnohsas, besonters de genetique, tadrijan sient rencause tod notion om menscraces, it evolveihnd ethnologia kyalya vias. 
 Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908-2009) eet un franceois anthropolog ed ethnologo qui muhim-ye influencit tienxia ia human ed social sciences unte dwoter dwidel ios XXt secule. Is hat bihn besonters oin im sulrjienbwutsen os structuralisme ab ia 1950tias, antplehcend-ye un wi methodologia, structural anthropologia, quosmed is hat profund-ye udnot ethnologia ed anthropologia ibs appliend-ye ia holistes principes ois linguistique, phonologia, Mathematique, ed nature sciences.
==Id scientific project os ethnologia==
Unte id XXt secule, id ethnologic project leit pre quant per id recognition ios diversitat iom cultures, quod mides ye id maschtab os occidental civilisation est kongcio vain. Con Lévi-Strauss in Anthropologie structurale (1958), tri major nivells os paursken maghe ses enderkwit. 
Id prest est ethnographia, quod consist id observation epstet : buit preter id fact anglicisanten, idghi generalister franceoiso scol antplohc bad serter tod soktype con Rivet, Lévy-Bruhl ed Griaule - id Musée de l'Homme est creet in 1937. 
Ethnologia - lexis uper-yod i anglicisants prefernt tod os cultural anthropologia - skeipt id theoric elaboration iom materials collegen epstet. Tod synthese maght sib dahe ka ziel auter reconstitue vast cultural areas, we studye comparative-ye social conducts : kerabat, economia, religion... Also, id US scol con R.Benedict (1887-1948) au M.Mead (1901-1978) besonters eechehxt ia suloukmodus bohnden ibs familial structures ed ei sexual experience. Is de Franceois M.Mauss propont, in sien Essai sur le don (1932-1934), id sulnotion os "total social fact" : ia economic conducts dehlgent ses yuct ei symbolic ed institutional menghi quod ibs daht sense. 
Bad, con Lévi-Strauss, ethnologia se yunct ad structuralisme : id analyse os kerabat ed id studye iom Americanwalsk major mythsen leite unte id enevidencen iomcodes au inconscienten structures qua organise ia. Pro senter, ethnologia dehlgiet riawdalse do un general anthropologia, yungend ia social phenomens ibs natural phenomens, ed agend ka brigv inter biologia ed human sciencen. 
 Margaret Mead (1901-1978) eet un US cultural anthropologiste maschour ka autrice unte ia 1960tias ed 1970tias. Ia eet un respex ed ops controvers Ph.D qua popularisit ia ijmals os anthropologia do moderne Occidental culture. Ays bayans gjuchienend ia attitudes de sexe in Sud Pacific ed Sud-Eust Asiata traditional cultures influenceer id 1960tias sexual revolution. Ia ee-propont plauterihes sexual mores eni id cultural contexte ios traditional Occidental religieus gwit.
==Ethnologia, un nov specto kyalyem ?==
Id classic question de alteritat, exotisme ed iom sibias inter sonterkweit ed wiswitat hat endut un nov tonalitat ob id occidentalisation trend ios mundios tyehcneund pon id XIXt secule : ethnologia se consecret kongcio meis ei studye om multiculturalascus societats. 
Sammel kun kwecto swehndt id difference inter un "wey" ed un "i-on", prehpt "un endotic ethnologia" - wa ethnologia ios prokwtat (witer exotic au piern). Also est alyis neti tik el primitive, sontern em nos. 
Nundiens, ethnologia neti keiht ep id diweiden inter el primitive ed el antslehnkus, sontern ep un certain qualitat ios spectios kyalyem, quo Lévi-Strauss kalt id "piern spect" (1983) : tod spect acceptet kongcio reciprocitat.