Oraryi

Indo-germanique prohp in 1810 (in franceois) ab iom dansko geograph Malte-Brun, ed Indo-European (englisch) in 1813 ab iom britisch mualim Th. Young. In Sambahsa, « Hindeuropay » est nudt pro id linguistic familia, menxu « oraryo » (or + aryo) est uset pro id awo bahsa ed ids bahtors. Nundiens, id dwidel os menscgenos sagvt un bahsa descendant oraryios, bahsa-yod est id direct atav os Sambahsa. 
==Id aunstehgen ios linguistic familia==
Sekwos id Britisch colonial expansion do Hind, Occidental mualims quoy ja gnohr Hellen ed Latin buir budt uni bahsa, quo is orientaliste ed juriste Sir William Jones resumit in un dars ei Asiatick Society dien 2 Februar 1786, publieto dwo yars serter : 
“The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family.”
To buit un wehnd in id historia os science. Ye id prest ker eet id dayi od Latin ne eet deriven ex Hellen, sontern od bo eent « swesgen » os mutu, deriven ex uno neti bahn sam bahsa. Tod dayi buit inspiret ab id decisive aunstehgen uns trit member ios comparation (id tertium comparationis in technic jargon), nu Sanskrit – un bahsa geographic-ye baygh piern ud ta dwo. Eti, tod passage mathmount id prest clar formulation ios central prabhil ios comparative methode. 
Id ijmal os Jones marct id inkapem ios scientific studye ios linguistic familia nundiens kalen « Hindeuropay ». Eys bayan ja raht id dwidel iom branchen taiper identifiet pro tod familia : Hind-Irani (mathmounend Sanskrit ed ia Irani bahsas), Hellen, Italic (mathmounend Latin ed ia gendel bahsas Italias), Celtic ed Germanic (mathmounend Gothic ed ids kerabs os Nord Europe). 
Pos id logos ab Jones, quasi tri decennia dohlg dehne pre druv « Hindeuropay » studyes inkiep. Kun id prohp id lakin buit argist, samt outurnt wehrgs publien unte six yars in Danmark ed Deutschland, pati oin ab Jacob Grimm, uter iom dwo Grimm braters klut ob kitabus dongwas. Toy pionniers ed ies mualims quoy sohkweer iens vighieb od ne tik ia bahsas in id bayan ab Sir William hieb oriet ex id sam iswor sontern iaschi Baltic ed Slav (nundiens jamiyen ka « Baltslav »), Armene ed Schkip linguas. Unte id dwogimt secule, plus dwo branches, Anadoludan ed Kuchi, buir addiht ei familia, includend extinct bahsas bad aunstohgen in-kap ia 1900ens. Anadoludan obkwohk ses awst quanten, samt textes in Hittite tarikhend tsay do auser deil ios dwot millennium pre JC. Pauk alya bahsas samt tik muzlim etiloikwa sontschi clar-ye Hindeuropay, kam Phryg, Thraci au Messap ; kweter bayghent oino iom dec recognihn branchen we skeipe aparta branches ne est clar.
 Id schema ios diaspora iom oraryen dialects sekwent Pr. D.Anthony.
== Sem elements ios material culture im Oraryen ex reconstruct oraryo  ==
Id comparative methode nos dadwt oraryo werdskaut. Est prabh mayne od ia jects ia reconstrugen werds oiskeipent yaschi druve-ye existeer. Sei est un oraryo werdo pro « sneigv », tun sigwra eegnohnt i Oraryi quo sneigv eet. Sei i hieb un werdo pro « arater », tun dohlgeer gnohe sem genos os arater, etc. 
Doms : Id werdo pro « dom » eet *dôm, ex id verb « dehm » = *demH2. « Dwer » eet *dhwors, yeji O.Simon tod werd mieyn « ghyahsa », ed « aneta » = *H2enH2-t
Edden ed pohsa : Yod Oraryi ee-edde (*H1ed-) ed ee-pohnt (*peH3) ne est surprindend. Id werdo pro « pehkw » = *pekw ed maghses pro « bauk » = *bh(o)Hg^. « Miems » eet *mêms. Kad ee-eddent glahs ( gwlH2-n). Un baygh archayic werd est pro « sald » = seH2l. Suker eegwehmt ex mielt = mélit. Pro fruits, gnohms id werdo pro « apel » = H2ebol.
Oraryi eepohnt medu = medhu ; dat tod werd ops maynt « mielt » in sem purtbahsas, smos yakin tod scharab eet basen ep mielt. Id werdo pro « vin » ( ? waynos) esiet os Schemi au Kartvel origin.
Agriculture : Ia werds pro sehe = *seH1 ed ar(e) = *H2erH3 nos deike od i Oraryi gnohr agriculture. Id werdo pro arater = *H2erH3-trom est derivet ex dwoter verb. To eekwehrnt in id agros = *H2eg^ros. Id gwern = *gwerH2n eet gnohn. 
Peku = *pék^u : El importantst peku animal eet el gwow = *gweH3-, sohkwt ab el ow = H3ewi-, iom agno = H2egwno-, el ayg = *H2eig^. Mehlge eet H2melg^. Sem ex ti animals diedweer wuln = *Huln-
Bet el kwekmor animal im Oraryen eet el ekwis = *H1ekwos, esdi ischi eegnohnt el kwaun = *kwôn. 
Metalls : Id principal metall im Oraryen eet id ays (ex cuper) = *H2éios. Ne est yakin kweter tod werd mieyn « bronze » wa « glaugh » bet mualims samstehme od Oraryi ne eegnohnt « sider ». Punor eent werds pro gold = *g^hol- ed argwrnt = *H2erg^nt-. 
Transport : I Oraryi eeneudent woghs = *wog^ho- qua ee-wehghe = weg^h med rots = *HrotH2 wa kwekwls = *kwekwlo-
Ia werds pro kwekwl/kwekwlos, rot/roteH2, oisa/H2iHs-, axe/aks- ed wehght(i)/wégheti, commun pleistims hindeuropay bahsas, deike od Oraryi ja gnohr rotictechniques.
==Contacts con Uralsk==
Ia meist akster diemens sont con Uralsk. Ia Uralsk bahsas sont bahna nundiens in Nord Europe ed Sibiria, samt oin vlastar in Magyaria pon id dect secule. Shayad id orvatan os Oruralsko lyohg in id forestzone ep id suder flanks ios Ural gabehrg. Idghi reconstrugen Oruralsk werdskaut suggest ids bahtors eegwive dalg ud id mar in un forestambient. Eent yaghers qui xihr nei domestiquet plantes ni animals ploisko kwauns. In id region inter id Oka ed id Ural, id Lyalovo culture eet un centre interchangen unte 4500-3000 pre JC. Ia Uralsk bahsas oiskaunt preuvs om meg aus contacts con Hindeuropay bahsas. Dat ia grammatics tom dwo linguistic familias sont destull different (Uralsk bahsas sont agglutinant, Hindeuropay bahsas flexional), sigwra leit khaliban de launwerds. 
Mathalan : 
1 – dahe/pehrn ; Oruralsk *mexe, ex Oraryo *H2mei- = meith
2 – bringhes/duce/trage ; Oruralsk *wetä, ex Oraryo wedh- = « duce » (cf. Sambahsa wehd)
3 – lave ; Oruralsk *mos^ke, ex Oraryo mosgeie- = mergeih
4 – ghange, wander ; Oruralsk *kulke, ex Oraryo kwel- = kwehl
5 – baure ; Oruralsk *pura, ex Oraryo bhrH- = baur
6 – skules ; Oruralsk *kelke, ex Oraryo skel- = skeul
7 – ghalg ; Oruralsk *s^alka, ex Oraryo ghalgho- = ghalg
8 – wesu ; Oruralsk *wosa, ex Oraryo wesu = wesu
9 – snayu ; Oruralsk *söne, ex Oraryo sneHu = snayu
10 – nam ; Oruralsk *nime, ex Oraryo H3neH3mn- = nam
Tod cultural diemen inter Oraryum ed Oruralsk deict od sem Orarya werds buir launt ab i bahtors os Oruralsk. Ia lexis pro wesu ed meith maghient esus emt per un torgjargono nuden inter bo linguistic grupps. Tod diemen suggest id Oraryum orvatan lyohg prokwem tod os Oruralsk, in id vicinitat ios Sud Ural. Woidam yaschi od i leuds qui eegwive euster quem id Ural ne hieb domestiquen animals pre -2500. Oraryo ghi sollt esus bahn semloc suder ed wester quem id Ural, yani in id wahid iklime quer wodstu eet regular-ye tyicen pre -2500.
 Localisation iom magnen cultures tos zaman : 
- Gehlb : Yamnaya
- Rudh : Schnurceramique
- Pemb : Globular Amphora
- Mauve : Baden
==Id localisation ios Oraryios orvatan dank ta data==
Id presence os bariem « cuper » pfehrst kyid Glaughaiwo. Lexis kam « wuln », « mehlge » ed « wogh » khake nos nihes auser quem -4000. Dat Hittite est attestet ye id XIXt secule pre JC ed ob Hellens shayad gwohm do Awo Hellad circum -2200, sem tarikhe serter quem -2500 est impossible. 
Eti, est baygh mukhtmel od id orvatan im Oraryen lyohg semloc in id centre ios area quetro i serter pieg. Sei addeihms ia samkwehkias inter Oraryum ed Oruralsk, gwehmmos do un orvatan semquer in id sud om nundiens Europay Russia ed Ukraine. 
Uno magn indice est id werdo pro « ekwis », chunke est possible soke ab skeleta ekwen. Prokweust, Tyrkia ed ia Balkans ne hiebeer bad ekwens ye tod zaman. Eent pauks in central ed nord Europe. Id vatan al gverekwes ed quer id buit auwal-ye dohmt (Oraryo dmH2tòs) est id Pontic steppe area os Sud Russia, ex id Danwper do id Volga. Ia lietuvan archeolog Marija Gimbutas identificit in ia 1950tias i Oraryens ibs « kurgan » cultures. 
Tuntos, nies archeologic gnohsa tos iklime hat muhim-ye crohscen nuper. Pro id zaman quod nos interesset, trehvmos ia sehkwnd cultures : id Sredny Stog culture (4500-3500 yars pre JC) lyehgend ambh id niter druna ios Danwper tiel id Don, con id anghgendel Novodanilovka culture strehcend ambh id niter Donets ed id Niter Mikhaylovka-Kemi Oba grupp wehsend ana id niter Danwper ed in Kirime. Eusti, ana id Volga, id Khvalynsk culture est comparable. Id Sredny Stog satisfact alnos nies fiker dei Oraryens. Id folk tos culture eebeuwt sien parwarisch ex wodstu, plus agriculture, sayd ed peisken. I hieb ekwens, owens, aygs, gwowens, porks ed kwauns. Ansias deike reiden, ed is ekwis ieg unschi rol in rituals. Id neud om cuperalats est dar rar. 
Unte un serter phase hams id Yamnaya culture (yani id « kurgan culture as Marija Gimbutas) quod oistrohc ex id suder Bug tiel id Ural sreumen. Est oino iom plautst prehistoric complexen Europes, ed mualims hant hatta ghohdt enderkwites different regions eni id. Est tarikhet ex inter 3600-2200 pre JC. In tod culture, id neud os cuper kay makhe variat samans est communer. Ab circum -3000, bitrehvmos preuvs ios presence in tod culture om dwikwekwl ed quarkwekwl woghs. Mortus eent begrabhen in un ghyamen (яма in Rusk, tetos id nam tos culture). Tod kwekmorweidos os begrabhen remien it empraxiset diu, hatta pos i Oraryi hieb swarmto dalg ex tod orarea. Id grabh eet covohrno med un kurgan. 
Aundwoi skeipt id Yamnaya culture id senst phase oraryios linguistic unitat, esdi eent shayad ja significanta dialectal differences eni. 
Id combinen use al ekwes ed ios auxtragen wogh exceptional-ye mobilihsit i Oraryens. Eent ja in ia Balkans ye id quart millennium pre JC, edschi dalg eusttro, in id Afanasievo culture (circum -3000).
Est maynto diutos od id Schnurceramique culture (ex 3300 do 2300 pre JC) ex id medyo Danwper region ed id uber Volga tiel Scandinavia ed Holland buit antplohct ab un oraryo folk. Kwecto buir vagders, ir societat eet jenchi, ed introduxeer bo el ekwem ed id wogh. I trehvmos in Holland tem aus quem in -3000, ed eent clar-ye immigrants, ob ter buir vreht ia awst kwekwls os West Europe. Id Globularamphora culture precess tod ios Schnurceramique (ye -3500) in grosso modo id sam area, quayque id oistrohc suder tiel id medyo Danwper ed id Danwster. Id sibia inter ta dwo cultures ne est clar. Id preceddent Tricterbicair culture est uns alnos different kweit, ob id Schnurceramique kwehct meis kam id Yamnaya culture, esdi est impossible dikes an cid evolvit ex tod. Kad leit dei predecessors im bahtors os Germanic.
Category:Historia
Category:Bahsas