Geopolitique

Geopolitique est un ilm studyend id influence iom daten os physic, demographic, economic ed cultural geographia ep id politic strategia iom Stats ed ia international relations. 
Tod lexis prohp quasi sammel unte ia 1880tias in deutsch ed svensk, in ia wehrgs respective-ye ios deutsch geograph Ratzel ed ios svensk politolog Kjellén. 
 Disciple os Ratzel, is bayrisch general Karl Haushofer (1869-1946) emt tsay ud iom id notion gwitrewos. Is previdt uno munddeilen in 4 zones. Is buit professor ios Nazi Rudolf Heß, preter badakhsch os Hitler bet qui, pior influencen ab Haushofer theorie ed astrologia, abpluk do id Uniet Roydem wehlpend-ye conclude pace inter tod land ed Deutschland face id Soviet Union. Weidwos, id weir narierz ed Rudolf Heß remien prisoner tiel sien mohrt in 1987. 
==Un controverten ilm==
Ratzel ed Kjellén hant creet id concepto geopolitique in id historic ed cultural contexte ios end ios XIXt secule, kun crucent mutu id justification os europay colonial expansion ed id success ios Darwinian theoria os natural selection, quod is Englisch philosoph Spencer (1820-1903) appliet ibs menscensocietats. Ratzel dyeit nations ka gwiv entitats qua gnohnt gnahsa, maturitat ed decline ed quer ia aptsta se dwinghe ed revele ir vocation do hegemonia. It wardhe imperia, ed is deutscho geographo vidt ir moderne concretascen in id munddeilen ab i Europays. Eys wehrgs bihnt naducen af Haushofer qui, unte ia 1920tias, enderkweit quar major mundrewsa : un paneuropay rewos covehrnd Africa ed Prokweust quod Deutschland siet domine; un panAmerican rewos nihn ab ia Uniet Stats os America; un panRussian rewos ambghehrdend central ed nord Asia, ed un panasiat rewos oineihnd Downgjien ed Sud Asia sub id wanakia Japans. 
Ta theorias inspiresient Adolf Hitler quan is antplehct in Mein Kampf id sok uns "gwitrewos" (Lebensraum) pro id deutsch nation, quoswert intrinsec superioritato dependt ids racial purtat. Deutscho Science ob sien origin, geopolitique biht un ideologic sprijin ios III Reich ed wehst itak sammel discreditisen pos 1945. 
 Sekwent Mackinder, Terras land surface eet divisible do: 
- Ia Mundinsule, comprindend ia comyugen continents Europe, Asia ed Africa. Tod eet id plautst, befolctst ed richest vasyen possible landencombinations.
- Ia apoinsules, includend ia Britisch Insules ed id Japanese archipelegv.
- Ia exolyehgend insules, includend ia continents Nord America, Sud America, ed Australia
Id Kerdland (Heartland) lyohg ye id centre ios mundinsule, strehcend ex id Volga do id Chang Jiang ed ex ia Himalayas do Arctid. Mackinders Kerdland eet tun rulen ab id Russian Imperium ed poskwo ab id Soviet Union, minus id Kamchatka peninsula region, quod wehst ye id eustbors os Russia, prokwem ia Aliat ed Kurile insules.
Serter, in 1919, Mackinder resumit sien theoria kam sehkwt :
Quel reult Eust-Europe ammert id Kerdland;
Quel reult id Kerdland ammert id Mundinsule;
Quel reult id Mundinsule ammert id mund. 
(Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, p.150.)
==Geopolitiques regnahsa==
Yant ia 1900ens, alya conceptions os geopolitique hieb-se enderkwiten ex id deutsch Darwinian determinisme. In ia Uniet Stats, Mahan vis in id waldh uper id mar id sul iom politic suprematias ed is Britisch Mackinder privilegit id erkwen unios netwehrg modernen transports ab sem centre. Yed vaht in France, unte ia 1960tias, reprehpe un nov conception os geopolitique con iom geograph Y.Lacoste. 
Senter, qui se hat gnopihnum in 1976 med un buk samt provocator titule (La géographie, ça sert d'abord à faire la guerre) rehabilitet id dayi geopolitique, ludhern ex cada legitimation os expansionisme, ed quod is defineiht ka id "studye iom interactions inter politique ed territorium, ia tens rivalitats qua trehve ir origin ed antslehnken in id territorium". Neudend plaut-ye ka instrument un diuturno mapenstiumep, is emt tsay id dayi antplohcen af Historian Braudel (1902-1985) ios "geographic waktios" kwohrt ex lent ed nekwahim fluctuations resultend ex id sibia'l mensc dia els milieu. 
 Id Intermedyum Iklime est un geopolitic model recognihn ab id scientific communitat yant ia 1970tias, besonters ab id Royal Societat os Canada. Sekwent tod model sbright ab Dimitri Kitsikis (gnaht in Athenas, 1935), professor bei Universitat os Ottawa, Eurasia ananct, ne dwo civilisationsiklimes, nu Occident (wa West Europe) ed Orient (wa downgjieni civilisation), sontern kathalika un trito civilisation, lyehgend inter bo, kalen "intermedyum iklime."
Bayghent id Intermedyum Iklime quanta lands inter Adriatic ed Indus aynt-se un civilisationsbrigv inter Occident ed Orient. Tod vasto civilisational rewos uperstrehct Europes eustdwidel ed Asias westdwidel. To maynt od, ex id civilisational vidpoint, exist neter oin Europe, ni oin Asia. Ta lexis sont geographic ed ne civilisational. Dayir agama, id Intermedyum Iklime comprindt dwo sulReligions : orthodoxo christianisme ed sunni Islam, plus tri idafi religions : Schiya, alevisme ed Yahadut. Bilax, roman catholicisme ed protestantisme dominent in Occident, menxu hinduisme, ed Buddha-dharma upergeihnt in Orient.
Id Intermedyum Iklime agneut pon 2500 yars kam un weicmeniste imperium (central-ye delimitet ab stretts ed id Agayos), fundamental-ye id sam, quod hat semper pit unie tod hol iklime. Ex id Parsi Imperium os Darius, id imperium lit inter Alexanders ghesors, dind im pagan Romans, poskwo Christian Rhomays bad im sunni Ottomans, tiel 1923-1924, quayque id ottoman dynastia buit tienjien-ye bektaschi-alevi, quetos id importance bayna iens yenicheris ios bektaschi cred. Tod central imperium eet semper prispohrdt ab peripheric rigs qua peite lambhnes id succession ios weicmenic imperium, kam ia arab, islami, parsi ed Russian imperia tiel 1917.
Id dynamique ios Intermedyios Iklime, inter id central ed id peripheric imperia, skeipt id inner conflict. Ieter magno folko tos rewos se strehnct ad lambhnes id centre, quos focus remant, unte takriban 2000 yars, Byzantium-Constantinople-Istanbul. I Arabs ye id VIIIim secule ed i Russians ye id XXt, glohmber prosch success, aun kamyabe viwanake id weicmenic Imperium. Id intervention os Occident, yant id XVIIIt secule, do id Intermedyum Iklime, est kalt id extos conflict, habiet-yod ka ziel ne eme tsay id succession, sontern videstruge alnos, schtukles tod Intermedyum Iklime, ed impones id ideologic menkarcer os occidentalisation. 
==Un outurnto proschgumt==
Ia polemiques ambh id suagrund os geopolitic analyse hant sakwnerascen. Biht miden kam util tod methode ghehdt obkwehke face ia major actual au gwehmtura problemes : id paneg iom palestini ed kurd questions, id stabilisation os Africa, ia consequences ios demographic expansion ed iom climatic changen, iom migrator fluxen, ios access kye natural ressurces ed wed. Bet geopolitique ghehdt eti permitte interprete ia souverainitatsencausens (separtisme, independentisme), au ia jamiyaprocessa kam id Europay Union tem quem id skeipen om strategic alliancenblocks. Id ghehdt ses precious face ia antagonismenriska inter cultural areas, quo biht yando presenten ka id incontren om "incompatible universalismes" au "clasch iom civilisations". Geopolitique ghehdt ses id privileget instrument unios moderne tienxia diplomatia ye id maschtab os Globalisation