Forest

Yaghloc in awa tids, endergumt pro surgouns, legendrewos, forest ({forEst}, ex id niter Latin adjective in-kap Mediev forestis = "dworister") hat biht nundiens object os un systematic ed rentable economic reuyd. Forest ghehdt ses definihn ka un vegetal wardhen quod comprindt un druwento strate. Est unsmee ecosysteme, surce os "biodiversitat". Ex id yurlin do id tayga, tod vegetal menghia bevidt opnos yeji vasya maynens tos lexis. Biht traditional-ye enderkwit inter id orlays quer buit naiwo modifien ab mensc (10% vasyen foresten tienxia) ed id artificial forest, posdohrjt ed ruydt ab el mensc. 
Foresta tegent takriban 31% ios superficie iom emergen lands ios planete ed id dwidel iom widus est dayt ep penk lands : Brasilu, Canada, China, Uniet Stats os America ed Russia (yani un total om 31 millions om km² bayna qua 22% pro Russia, 15% pro Brasilu ed 7% pro Canada). Tod importance os widu binisbat id total superficie iom emergen lands ne dehlct illude. Inter 2000 ed 2010, mutawassit-ye takriban 13 millions hectaren foresten hant dispariht ielg yar. Sei widuplieute hat yed remanen stable, est bi-sabab nov plantations ye large scal, observet besonters in Hind ed China. 
==Foresten types==
===Khandays===
Foresta trende kyun vegetation om auter nadhbrads, au nadhbolipehds, au mix om bo samt meg pau enderbosc. Ploisko pro ia srigst iklimes, prokwem ia polar zones, ed engwn ia plateauleizda, ta drus trende ses destull weur ed buland. Matura drus ghehde ses 30-60 m buland eti meis. Kam vasyi gwivs, drus trende ses weurer ed prokwer mutu kun ia naudhe protiedare wierme. Kay tente kape id mierst ex id muzlim luce, ia nacrehsce ub. Yed, kun srigos trendt ses extreme, ta sam drus reducskwnt ir buliende ed ambislehncskwnt anter horizontal-ye. 
===Wondays===
Foresta kwahnt daydey uno mix om bolipehds samt weur waraks ed om nadhbrads. Ta matur sont biadet inter 15 ed 30 m buland ed vasyalg gensa abunde. Enderbosc est moderat in deub foresta bet maung denser ye lawckenars. 
===Nreschidays===
Drus samt weur persistant waraks uperghehlde. Enderbosc est invariable-ye dens ed id plantenvarietat est, in tod type iklimen, aunegal. Drus dlehnt ed wardhe teun ed hog kay kape diewo uper id drumostavan. Yurlins ghi ghehde ses oiskipen ab plur vegetationsnivells : enderbosc (tiel 6m), yundrumos (tiel 15m) ed ia "tavanformanta" matura drus qua nake 25-50m. 
===Gannredays===
Drus sont nisbatan rar ed trende ses sontergensa au weurwarak bolipehds ed persistant arbusta ed vraghs.
 Megders sont bayna ia tienxia bulandsta drus.
==Id forestal ecosysteme ed ids protector rol==
Id forestal ecosysteme skeipt un koim om vegetal ed animal yowkjitias interagend con mutu. Ia chlorophyllen vegetals (drus, arbusta, broutecks, yarplantes ed mossa) sont swodrehb, yani ghehdent makhe organic material ex id carbon ia kape in id hava dank photosynthese. Animals, aunchlorophylle vegetals ed mult microorganismes oiskeipent un complexe consummzangir in-yod cada spece oismyehrt id suawehrgen ios koim. 
Bi ia bremics, id turseina ex ia wetsi ghompohdt waraks oiskeipt un inter 2 ed 3 tonnes gwaur yarmasse pro hectare. Ta waraks bihnt myirken do smulk fragments ab baungs, bacterias ed divers microorganismens. Vehrms, quim masse ghehdt nake in gohd forestal swol meis quem oin tonne pro hectare, ingestend-ye ed peragend-ye ta smulk organic fragments, contribuent id posdehrjen ios grundfertilitat med un oku recycling ios organic materia. Mult baungs (amanitas, blets...) gwive in symbiose con ia drus, skeipend-ye ambh ir teun raudhs, sema muffs ex mycelium filaments. Ta sont seddos uns exchange samt reciproc brungos : id gosto dadwt ei dru ia mineral elements ois id organic materia id myeirct, ed haust po to ia sukers dissolven in id elaborat savd ios dru. 
Sem animals age un important rol in id regenerationsdynamique ios forest oiswekwehrnd-ye id transport iom forestal semens. El perkukikye begrabht mutawassit-ye pro yar takriban 5000 glans kay sib skipes foddersklads. Ta ithan diaspohrn glans, yando unte plur kilometers distance, teuke ed beuwnt 2500 perkuyaungs. Prest europay rewidutor, el kikye contribuet efficient-ye id expansion ios perku.
 Perkukikye (garrulus glandarius)
==Foresto swekwehrt biodiversitat==
Biodiversitat est definihn ka "id varietatsdegree iom productions os nature" ed se refert ibs different gensims em vegetals, animals, microorganismens tem quem irims ecosystems. Maghe bihe enderkwit : 
- genetic diversitat, quod refert-se wiswims iom gens im yowkjitias os un spece. 
 
- id diversitat iom specen, quod keiht ep id numer ed id frequence im yowkjitias gwivend in territorium-on.
- ecosystemen diversitat quod refert-se ei varietat iom milieus eni oin iklime. 
- landspecten diversitat, samt ka base un kafi vast region, inter 100 ed 10 000 000 km²
Api foresta skeipe un schangdien pro biodiversitat. Also, in yurlins gwive takriban 50% iom gwiv specen. Foresta skeipe id habitat em pelu animals ed vegetals ed favorise id gnahsa im microorganismen. Id scientific communitat vikehnst od ia yurlinmilieus sont arehctil ia futur pharmacs permittend jidale contra present au gwehmend siuges.
==Forest, "pulmon ios planete"==
Sei tod image os "forest, pulmon os menscgenos dehbht bihe temperen, ids sonterrol tehrpt bihe recognihn : id mecanisme os photosynthese consist od drus (khaliban) kape carbongas ex id air, id swolwed ed id solar energia ed transforme ia do organic materia, ed sammel rejece oxygen (est id chemic formule : 6CO2 + 6H2O + gwayder flux > C6H12O6 + 6O2). Forest com it product meis oxygen quem id consummt ed to expliet id ops nuden metaphor. Bet id photosynthese mecanisme act khaliban unte id crosct ios vegetal : oins gwohmen do maturitat, id production os oxygen tik tect id reject os carbongas. Tehrpt ghi bihe mohmt od id image ios "pulmon" ghehldt bilhassa pro crehscend foresta.
 Photosynthese spalt wed kay lures H² ed behndt CO² do suker.
==Foresto swekwehrt un rol os ecologic regulator==
Foresta, protiedarnd-ye wed, permitte un progressive restitution tos auter ob un progressive penetration do id swol ed bad-ye do ia enderghomwedernts, au ob absteumen. Ids consequence est od wed ne dehnt direct-ye ep id grund, quo est dreibhtil saylabs au bariem irregularitats in id druna iom fluvs. Foresta skeipe un protector barrier ud wind ed assocyet phenomens : est kongcio recognihn od mangroves age un rol os protector wall in fall os tsunami. Id 2004 Asiato tsunami, quod nic meis quem 200 000 leuds unte oik hors, habiet haben lyter consequences sei ia mangroves ne habient esto destruct (id dwidel ios mangrovensuperficie habiet disparihn unte id XXt secule). Forest eti est un preventionsinstrument avalanchen.
 Pichavaram (Hind) herbehrct tienxia dwot mierst mangrove. Uno mangrove est un busk au arbust quod crehsct ep caustal saldwent au saldmer wed. Id lexis estschi uset pro tropical caustal vegetation consistend solg spece.
==Forest, tsangschakht os carbon==
Climat warmen est besonters due id sleusa os carbongas do id atmosphere. Est also vohrtto do lyt meis quem sept milliards tonnen (1 milliard tonnen = 1 gigatonne = 1Gt) id yarsleusa os carbongas ob ia menscactivitats. 5,5 milliards tonnen gwehme ex id combustion om fossil energias ed 1,7 milliard ex deforestation. Api, ia meids kwohrt in id atmosphere deike un augen om tik 3,3 milliards tonnen. Id reste biht absorben ab ia oceans ed foresta. Taghi permitte tsange carbon. Drus kape carbongas ex air, swolwed ed solar energia, ed transforme ia, sekwent id ja udwekwnen photosynthese dastur, do organic materia, ed sammel rejece oxygen. Forest kapiet it inter 2 ed 4 tonnes CO2 pro hectare. Tod function est lakin limitet. Preter, kam dicto dayir id rol os "pulmon", tik ia crehscend foresta sont concernen ab id phenomen chunke oins gwohmen do maturitat, kapent carbongas tik ye lyter quantitat. Dwoter, tehrpti bihe kaun od deforestation, besonters ob pieurnen, sleut do id atmosphere un non-neglectible wakel os carbongas.
==Id economic rol os forest==
Foresta dadwnt : 
- aydsmo; 
- madeiro transformen ab industrie; 
- pharmacandsa;
- khassiat products : trufels, blets...;
- decorative vegetals : arfuls, eghels. 
Ia different parts ios dru ghehde bihe nudt pro mult productions : 
- gwetu entret id composition chemicalen; 
- waraks daughe pro compost; 
- id druet est nuden kay makhe meubles ed pipes; 
- id corce est nuden kay makhe stuppes au placks os isolation au os decoration; 
- id stamm est nuden ka segdreu (stolbs, dember, meubles...) au industrie dreu (spanplat, papierpulp, fanera...); 
- ozda sont nuden ka aydsmum ed spanplat. 
Id reuydmodus ios forest varyet sekwent id plantationstype : 
- pitsus naudhent takriban 50 yars crosct; 
- gwetuwents naudhent inter 60 ed 120 yars; 
- bremics naudhent inter 80 ed 240 yars crosct.
 Sajplantation. Massendeforestation heiht ia foresta in Amazonia, Congo auti Indonesia, kweter kay behande meis arwrs (in Brasilu) we ruydes madenn ressurces (in id Democratic Respublic ios Congo, id construction iom infrastructures hat ka consequence id destruction ios perambhend milieu) we ruydes ia forestal ressurces (saj in Indonesia). Takriban 25 000 km² os amazonic forest sont destruct it ielg yar.
==Menaces contra forest==
Deforestation concernt khaliban antslehnkend lands qua trage sem substantial opnos ex id reuyd iren foresten. Un part om ia, besonters yurlins, sont disparitionsmenacet. To dependt tri magna factors : id extension os agriculture ed os sylviculture tem quem ruydextraction. 
Id amazonic foresto strehct unte nev lands uper 7 millions om km². Idsmee skeipt 60% os tienxia forestal surface ed 66% iom tropical reserven; id mathmount tusent om different avspeces ed meis quem 60 000 gnohn speces vegetalen. Api id amazonic forest biht taiper destrugen kay ruydes idso dreu, extrage ruyds (gold, cobalt, nickel), linkwes rewos ad agriculture (kam pro soya, quos dwoto tienxia productor est Brasilu) ed ad wodstu. Inter 20 000 ed 25 000 km² forest biht destruct ielg yar. Id acceleration est notable : inter id aunstehgen ios Nov Mund ed id end iom 1960tias, minter quem 1% ios forest hieb esto destruct; unte 50 yars, takriban 15% ios superficie hat disparihn.
Id Indonesian orlays hat lika gnoht un deforestation crehscneuvs pon 1990. Ia causes sont tem economic - pauper nowngmins ne keungend de kules plors kay survive - quem financial, sem investors esend suspecen de encourage tabakplantation ye id detriment os forest. Consequences sont uno modification os climat ed iom gwitsconditions : un crisct intensitat om aumbers, saylabs ed plorsleids. 
Id Congolese forest est tienxia dwot plautst menghia : strehct uper circa dwo millions om km². Hat lusen uno magno parto siens orlays, bi-sabab id reuyd ab id dreu industrie, tropical dreu esend uno meg kimatih ware. 
Forestbrand est definiht ka id destruction ab piurn os minst-ye oin hectare uns widuschtuk. Ielg yar, brands destrugent circa 350 millions hectares om forest ed steppe tienxia, ex qua 700 000 in Europe. Brandprevention keiht besonters ep id rol iom local koims. Quando conscient ia brungsa brighen ab id prokwtat ios forest, hant meis motivation kay protege id. Mathalan, ia Chinese rural koims, qua gnohnt id opnos bright ab forest, age un important protectionsrol ed plaut-ye contribueneunt id absence om large scal forestbrands pon meis quem 30 yars.