List of wars involving Scotland

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Scotland before the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain by the Acts of Union 1707, including clan conflicts, civil wars, and rebellions. For dates after 1708, see List of wars involving the United Kingdom.
: - 16
: - 11
: - 11
: - 2 
*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
== 10th and 11th centuries ==
Conflict	Scotland & allies 	Scotland's opposition 	Result
Athelstan's invasion of Scotland
(934–937)
Location: Whole of Scotland	Kingdom of Scotland
Norse–Gaels
Kingdom of Strathclyde
Kingdom of Dublin	Kingdom of England
 Kingdom of Deheubarth
 Kingdom of Gwynedd	Partial Scottish Victory
* Defeat in final battle at Brunanburh
* However, end of Athelstan's plans to annex Scotland and Strathclyde
Annexation of Strathclyde
(c. 1034)
Location: Strathclyde	Kingdom of Scotland
 Kingdom of England	Kingdom of Strathclyde	Scottish Victory
Invasion of Northumbria
(1039)
Location: Northumbria	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of England 	Scottish Defeat at Siege of Durham
Norman invasion of Scotland
(1072)
Part of the Norman conquest of Britain
Location: Scottish Borders and Northumbria	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of England 	Treaty of Abernethy
*Scottish Defeat with Scottish attacks on Northumbria repelled
*Malcolm III forced to submit to William the Conqueror, though makes subsequent raids once the Norman king returns south
== 12th century ==
Conflict	Scotland & allies 	Scotland's opposition 	Result
Óengus's invasion of Scotland
(1130)
Location: Angus	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of Moray
Kingdom of Ross 	Scottish Victory
* King Óengus of Moray killed in battle, while Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair (King of Ross) imprisoned for life
Somairle's invasion of Scotland
(1164)
Location: Renfrewshire	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of the Isles
Kingdom of Dublin	Scottish Victory
* King Somairle of the Isles killed in battle, leading to mass destabilisation and war in his kingdom
Revolt of 1173–74
(1173–1174)
Location: England, Normandy, Scottish Borders, Brittany, and Flanders	English Rebels under Eleanor of Aquitaine
 Kingdom of Scotland
 Kingdom of France
 Duchy of Brittany
 County of Flanders
 County of Boulogne	English Royalists loyal to Henry II	Scottish Defeat
* Decisive defeat of rebel forces at Battle of Alnwick
* Scottish King William the Lion taken as prisoner of war in England
== 13th century ==
Conflict	Scotland & allies 	Scotland's opposition	Result
Scottish–Norwegian War
(1262–1266)
Location: Hebrides and the Scottish West Coast none|thumb|Coronation of Alexander III, who revived his father (Alexander II)'s ambitions to conquer the Western Isles - beginning the Scottish-Norwegian War	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of Norway
Kingdom of the Isles
 Earldom of Orkney	Treaty of Perth
* Indecisive
* Hebrides and Isle of Man bought from Norway for 4,000 marks to become part of Scotland
* Norwegian sovereignty recognised over Orkney and Shetland
First War of Scottish Independence
(1296–1328)
Location: Scotland, England, and Ireland	Kingdom of Scotland
Supported by:
 Kingdom of France
 Kingdom of Thomond
 Kingdom of Uí Maine
 Kingdom of Tyrconnell
 Kingdom of West Breifne
 Kingdom of Desmond
Kingdom of Magh Luirg
Kingdom of Oriel	Kingdom of England
 Lordship of Ireland	Scottish Victory, ending English military occupation in the country
* De facto independence won in 1314 at Battle of Bannockburn
Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
* Peace treaty signed and ratified by Scottish and English Parliaments in 1328
* Bruce family established as the new Scottish royal line
* Border re-established roughly where it is today
* Humiliation to English nobles, and family's prompting Second War of Independence only 5 years later
== 14th century ==
Conflict	Scotland & allies 	Scotland's opposition	Result
Second War of Scottish Independence
(1332–1357)
Location: Scotland	Kingdom of Scotland
 Kingdom of France	Kingdom of England
 Supporters of Edward Balliol	Scottish Victory with end of English claims to the country's sovereignty
Treaty of Berwick (1357)
* Scotland forced to pay 20,000 marks in ransom fees to reclaim David II (captive in England)
* 14-year truce established between Scotland and England
Hundred Years' War
(1296–1328)
Location: France, the Low Countries, Great Britain, and the Iberian Peninsula	Kingdom of Scotland
 Kingdom of France
 Crown of Castile
 Republic of Genoa
 Kingdom of Bohemia
 Crown of Aragon	Kingdom of England
 Duchy of Burgundy
 Duchy of Brittany (Montfort)
 Kingdom of Portugal
 Kingdom of Navarre
 Flanders
 Hainaut
Luxembourg	Scottish Victory
* Scots played a key role in this conflict after the battle of Agincourt, forming a large part of French armies in this period that changed the course of the war
* Battle of Homildon Hill ends in decisive English victory
* Battle of Sark Ends in decisive Scottish victory in the north, coinciding with victory on the continent in France
English victory in the Edwardian War
French victory in the Caroline War and the Lancastrian War
Anglo-Scottish Wars
(1377–1575)
Location: Scottish Borders and Northern England	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of England 	Series of border skirmishes resulting in stalemate
== 15th century ==
Conflict	Scotland & allies	Scotland's opposition	Result
 	 	 	
== 16th century ==
Conflict	Scotland & allies	Scotland's opposition	Result
War of the League of Cambrai
(1511–1513)
Location: Scottish Borders	Kingdom of Scotland
 France
 Duchy of Ferrara	Kingdom of England
 Papal States
 Venice
 Holy Roman Empire
 Spain
 Swiss mercenaries	Scottish Defeat
* Decisive loss at the Battle of Flodden with the death of James IV of Scotland
* However, French and Venetian victory overall
The Rough Wooing
(1543–1550)
Location: Scottish Borders	Kingdom of Scotland
 Kingdom of France	Kingdom of England 	Scottish Victory
* Treaty of Norham ends English military occupation in border regions, as well as returns hostages and grants Scotland full fishing rights to the River Tweed
Nine Years' War (Ireland)
(1594–1603)
Location: Ireland	Alliance of Irish clans
 Spain
Scottish Gaelic mercenaries	Kingdom of England
 Kingdom of Ireland	Scottish Gaels Defeat
* English victory
* Treaty of Mellifont (1603)
* Flight of the Earls (1607)
== 17th century ==
Conflict	Scotland & allies	Scotland's opposition	Result
==Civil wars and revolutions==
Conflict	Scottish Government 	Rebels 	Result
Invasion of Moray
(1040)
Location: Moray	Kingdom of Scotland 	Supporters of Macbeth
Kingdom of Moray 	Civil War, Victory of Macbeth 
* Death of Duncan I at Battle of Bothnagowan
Dubh's First Rebellion
(1501–1505)
Location: Scottish Hebrides	Kingdom of Scotland 	Lord of the Isles
 Clan Donald 	Civil War, Royalist victory
Dubh's Second Rebellion
(1545)
Location: Scottish Hebrides	Kingdom of Scotland 	Lord of the Isles
 Clan Donald
 Kingdom of England 	Civil War, Royalist victory
Marian Civil War
(1568–1573)
Location: Scotland	Supporters of Mary, Queen of Scots	Supporters of James VI, Mary's son
 Kingdom of England 	Civil War, Victory of James VI
* Imprisonment of Mary before her flight to England
Bishops' Wars
(1639–1640)
Location: Scottish Lowlands	Scottish Royalists
 Kingdom of England	Scottish Covenanters 	Civil War, Covenanter victory
Second English Civil War
(1648)
Location: Northern England	Scottish Royalists
 Scottish Engagers	Parliamentarians 	Civil War, Parliamentarian victory
* Decisive loss at the Battle of Preston (1648)
* Execution of Charles I
Third English Civil War
(1649–1651)
Location: Scottish Lowlands and Northern Englandleft|thumb|Modern re-enactment of musketeers at the Battle of Inverkeithing, during Oliver Cromwell's invasion of Scotland	Scottish Royalists
 Scottish Covenanters	Parliamentarians 	Civil War, Parliamentarian victory
* Exile of Charles II
* Establishment of the republican Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell
Glorious Revolution
(1688-1689)	James VII 	William of OrangeDutch military forcesBritish military forces	Internal Conflict
* James VII replaced as king by his daughter Mary II and her husband William III
Jacobite Rebellions
(1689–1746)
Location: Scotland, England, and Ireland	Scottish Williamites
 Scotland (until 1707)
 Great Britain (from 1707)	Scottish Jacobites 	Civil War, Williamite victory
* Williamite War in Ireland (1688–91) - The Battle of the Boyne saw the last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
* Jacobite rising of 1689 (1689-92) - resulting in Massacre of Glencoe
* Jacobite rising of 1715 (1715–16) 
* Jacobite rising of 1719 (1719)
* Jacobite rising of 1745 (1741–1746) - Jacobite restoration attempt defeated
===Clan Conflicts===
Conflict	Clan 1 	Clan 2 	Result
Clan MacDougall-Clan Campbell feud
Part of the First War of Scottish Independence
(c. 1294)
Location: Loch Awe	Clan MacDougall 	Clan Campbell 	Clan Conflict
*Clan MacDougall victory at the Battle of Red Ford, with heavy casualties on either side
* Ford ran "red with blood"
Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud
(c. 1330–1688)
Location: Lochaber and Southeastern Highlands	Clan Cameron 	Clan Mackintosh 	Clan Conflict
*Various clan battles and skirmishes over the centuries, with no overall winner
Ended in Battle of Mulroy, a Clan Cameron victory (allied with Clan MacDonald of Keppoch), after which clan warfare largely ceased in Scotland
Wolf of Badenoch feuds
(1391)
Location: Angus	Clan Stewart of Buchan
 Clan Robertson
 Clan Mackay	Clan Ogilvy
 Clan Lindsay
Clan Gray	Clan Conflict, Clan Stewart victory
* Lands of Angus burnt, homes sacked and civilians slaughtered
* Elgin Cathedral burnt to the ground
Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud
(1426–1517)
Location: Caithness and Sutherland	Clan Mackay
Supported by:
 Clan Keith
 Clan Ross	Clan Gunn
Supported by:
 Clan Matheson	Clan Conflict
*Various clan battles and skirmishes throughout the 15th century, with no overall winner
*Ended in Battle of Torran Dubh, a Gunn victory, after which the two feuding clans allied against Clan Sinclair
Royal-Black Douglas feud
(1440–1526)
Location: Galloway, Scottish Borders, and West Lothian	Royalists loyal to House of Stewart	Rebels allied to Black Douglases	Clan Conflict, Victory for House of Stewart
* Eventual exile of the leaders of Clan Douglas after the Battle of Linlithgow Bridge
Clan Gordon-Clan Lindsay feud
(1445–1452)
Location: Angus	Clan Gordon
Supported by:
 Clan Ogilvy	Clan Lindsay 	Clan Conflict
* Two clan battles: the first won by Clan Lindsay, the second, as part of the Royal-Black Douglas Civil War, Clan Gordon
Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud
(1452–1715)
Location: Ross	Clan Munro
Supported by:
 Clan Fraser of Lovat	Clan Mackenzie 	Clan Conflict
* Various clan battles and skirmishes over the centuries, with no overall winner
* Ended in Siege of Brahan during the Jacobite rising of 1715, when Clan Munro, loyal to the British Government, forced the Jacobite Mackenzies to surrender. Clan warfare largely ceased after this period
Clan Fraser of Lovat-Clan Mackenzie feud
(1452–1715)
Location: Rossleft|thumb|Beauly Priory, the lands of which saw many border disputes between Clans Fraser of Lovat and Mackenzie	Clan Fraser of Lovat
Supported by:
 Clan Munro	Clan Mackenzie 	Clan Conflict
* Various clan battles and skirmishes over the centuries, with no overall winner
* Ended in Siege of Brahan during the Jacobite rising of 1715, when Clan Fraser, loyal to the British Government, forced the Jacobite Mackenzies to surrender. Clan warfare largely ceased after this period
Clan Munro-Clan Mackintosh feud
(1454–1719)
Location: Inverness-shireleft|thumb|Monument in Clachnaharry to the first battle between Clans Munro and Mackintosh after a dispute between the two over a "road collop" (passage money)	Clan Munro 	Clan Mackintosh 	Clan Conflict
* Two clan battles and a perpetuated rivalry, ending after the Battle of Glen Shiel when Clan Mackintosh sided with the British Government, and Clan Munro the losing Jacobites
Clan Gunn-Clan Keith feud
(1464–c. 1478)
Location: Caithness	Clan Gunn 	Clan Keith 	Clan Conflict
* Two clan battles ending in a Keith victory at the Battle of Champions
* A treaty of friendship was signed by the clans in 1978, after 300 years of peace
Clan Mackay-Clan Ross feud
(c. 1480–1550)
Location: Ross and Sutherland	Clan Mackay 	Clan Ross 	Clan Conflict
* Various clan battles and skirmishes largely in the 1480s, with no overall winner
* Ended in a 1550 raid (and massacre) by Clan Mackay on Clan Ross
Clan MacDonald-Clan Maclean feud
(c. 1480–1598)
Location: Lochaber and Inner Hebrides	Various branches of Clan Donald 	Clan Maclean 	Clan Conflict
* Various clan battles and skirmishes largely in the 16th century, with no overall winner
* Ended in Battle of Benbigrie, a Clan Maclean victory
Clan MacDonald-Clan Mackenzie feud
(c. 1480–1602)
Location: Ross	Clan Donald 	Clan Mackenzie
Supported by:
 Clan Mackay
 Clan Fraser of Lovat
 Clan Ross	Clan Conflict
* Various clan battles and skirmishes largely in the 1480s, with no overall winner
* Ended in a tactical draw at Battle of Morar, after which both families agreed a peace
Clan Cunningham-Clan Montgomery feud
(1488–1586)
Location: Ayrshire	Clan Cunningham 	Clan Montgomery 	Clan Conflict
* Various clan battles and skirmishes, as well as several high-profile murders, with no overall winner
Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud
(1517–1590)
Location: Sutherland	Clan Mackay 	Clan Sutherland
 Clan Gordon 	Clan Conflict
* Various clan battles and skirmishes throughout the 16th century, with no overall winner
* Ended in Battle of Clynetradwell, after which Clan Sutherland turned their attentions on Clan Sinclair
Clan Sutherland-Clan Sinclair feud
(1570–1601)
Location: Sutherland	Clan Sutherland 	Clan Sinclair 	Clan Conflict
* Various clan battles and skirmishes resulting in Clan Sinclair surrendering in the Stand-off at Bengrime
==See also==
* List of wars in Great Britain
* Military history of Scotland
* List of wars involving the United Kingdom
 
Scotland
Wars
*
Wars Scotland