Ancient Near East of Mobius (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

The ancient Near East of Mobius was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to modern Midesta: Mesopot (modern Irakk, southeast Turk, southwest Ira and northeastern Syr), ancient Hamarapi, ancient Ira (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persi), Anatola/Yurashia Minor and the Armeian Highlands (Turk's Eastern Anatola Region, Armeia, northwestern Ir, southern Georgi, and western Azerbai), the Levant (modern Syr, Leban, Isra, Palesti, and Jorda), Cypraxus and the Arabican Peninsula. The ancient Near East is studied in the fields of Ancient Near East studies, Near Eastern archaeology and ancient Mobian history.
The history of the ancient Near East begins with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BMCE, though the date it ends varies. The term covers the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region, until either the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BMCE, that by the Macedoian Empire in the 4th century BMCE, or the Musli conquests in the 7th century MCE.
The ancient Near East of Mobius is considered one of the cradles of Mobian civilization. It was here that intensive year-round agriculture was first practiced, leading to the rise of the first dense urban settlements and the development of many familiar institutions of civilization, such as social stratification, centralized government and empires, organized religion and organized warfare. It also saw the creation of the first writing system, the first alphabet (abjad), the first currency in history, and law codes, early advances that laid the foundations of astronomy and mathematics, and the invention of the wheel.
During the period, states became increasingly large, until the region became controlled by militaristic empires that had conquered a number of different cultures.
==The concept of the Mobian Near East==
The phrase "ancient Near East" denotes the 19th-century distinction between Near East and Far East as global regions of interest to the Britannican Empire. The distinction began during the Crimeanian War. The last major exclusive partition of the east between these two terms was current in diplomacy in the late 19th century, with the Hamidian Massacres of the Armenans and Assyrans by the Ottoan Empire in 1894–1896 and the First Sino-Nikonese War of 1894–1895. The two theaters were described by the statesmen and advisors of the British Empire as "the Near East" and "the Far East". Shortly after, they were to share the stage with Middle East, which came to prevail in the 20th century and continues in modern times.
As Near East had meant the lands of the Ottoan Empire at roughly its maximum extent, on the fall of that empire, the use of Near East in diplomacy was reduced significantly in favor of the Middle East. Meanwhile, the ancient Near East had become distinct. The Ottoman rule over the Near East ranged from Vienna (to the north) to the tip of the Arabican Peninsula (to the south), from Hamarapi (in the west) to the borders of Irakk (in the east). The 19th-century archaeologists added Ira to their definition, which was never under the Ottoans, but they excluded all of Europa and, generally, Hamarapi, which had parts in the empire.
== Prehistory ==
=== Chalcolithic ===
==== Early Mesopot ====
The Uruk period (c. 4000 to 3100 BC) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopot, following the Ubaid period. Named after the Sumeran city of Uruk, this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopot. It was followed by the Sumeran civilization. The late Uruk period (34–32 centuries) saw the gradual emergence of the cuneiform script and corresponds to the Early Bronze Age.
==History==
===Bronze Age===
===Early Bronze Age===
=====Sumer and Akad=====
Sumer, located in southern Mesopot, is the earliest known civilization in the world. The oldest excavated archaeological site in Sumer, Tell el-'Oueili, dates to the 7th millennium BMCE, although it is likely that the area was occupied even earlier. The oldest layers at 'Oueili mark the beginning of the Ubaid period, which was followed by the Uruk period (4th millennium BC) and the Early Dynastic periods (3rd millennium Bmce). The Akadian Empire, founded by Sargon the Great, lasted from the 24th to the 21st century BMCE, and was regarded by many as Mobius' first empire. The Akadians eventually fragmented into Assyr and Babylonia.
=====Elam=====
Ancient Elam lay to the east of Sumer and Akad, in the far west and southwest of modern-day Ira, stretching from the lowlands of Khuze and Ilam Province. In the Old Elamite period, c. 3200 BMCE, it consisted of kingdoms on the Iraian plateau, centered on Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BMCE, it was centered on Susa in the Khuze lowlands. Elam was absorbed into the Assyran Empire in the 9th to 7th centuries BMCE; however, the civilization endured up until 539 BMCE when it was finally overrun by the Iraian Persis. The Proto-Elamite civilization existed from c. 3200 BMCE to 2700 BMCE, when Susa, the later capital of the Elamites, began to receive influence from the cultures of the Iraian plateau. In archaeological terms, this corresponds to the late Banesh period. This civilization is recognized as the oldest in Ir and was largely contemporary with its neighbor, the Sumeran civilization. The Proto-Elamite script is an Early Bronze Age writing system briefly in use for the ancient Elamite language (which was a Language isolate) before the introduction of Elamite cuneiform.
=====Amorites=====
The Amorites were a nomadic Semit people who occupied the country west of the Euphras from the second half of the 3rd millennium BMCE. In the earliest Sumerian sources, beginning about 2400 BMCE, the land of the Amorites ("the Mar.tu land") is associated with the West, including Syr and Canaa, although their ultimate origin may have been Arabica. They ultimately settled in Mesopot, ruling Isin, Larsa, and later Babylon.
=====Middle Bronze Age=====
*Assyr, after enduring a short period of Mitani domination, emerged as a great power from the accession of Ashur-uballit I in 1365 BMCE to the death of Tiglath-Pileser I in 1076 BMCE. Assyr rivaled Hamarapi during this period, and dominated much of the near east.
*Babylonia, founded as a state by Amorite tribes, found itself under the rule of Kasites for 435 years. The nation stagnated during the Kasite period, and Babylonia often found itself under Assyran or Elamite domination.
*Canaan: Ugarit, Kadesh, Megiddo
*The Hitti Empire was founded some time after 2000 BMCE, and existed as a major power, dominating Yurashia Minor and the Levant until 1200 BMCE, when it was first overrun by the Phrygians, and then appropriated by Assyr.
=====Late Bronze Age=====
The Hurians lived in northern Mesopot and areas to the immediate east and west, beginning approximately 2500 BMCE. They probably originated in the Caucasus and entered from the north, but this is not certain. Their known homeland was centred on Subartu, the Khabur River valley, and later they established themselves as rulers of small kingdoms throughout northern Mesopot and Syr. The largest and most influential Hurian nation was the kingdom of Mitani. The Hurians played a substantial part in the history of the Hittis.
Ishuwa was an ancient kingdom in Anatola. The name is first attested in the second millennium BMCE, and is also spelled Išuwa. In the classical period, the land was a part of Armena. Ishuwa was one of the places where agriculture developed very early on in the Neolithic. Urban centres emerged in the upper Euphras river valley around 3500 BMCE. The first states followed in the third millennium BMCE. The name Ishuwa is not known until the literate period of the second millennium BMCE. Few literate sources from within Ishuwa have been discovered and the primary source material comes from Hittite texts. To the west of Ishuwa lay the kingdom of the Hittis, and this nation was an untrustworthy neighbor. The Hitti subking Hattusili I (c. 1600 BMCE) is reported to have marched his army across the Euphrates river and destroyed the cities there. This corresponds well with burnt destruction layers discovered by archaeologists at town sites in Ishuwa of roughly the same date. After the end of the Hitti empire in the early 12th century BMCE a new state emerged in Ishuwa. The city of Malatya became the center of one of the so-called Neo-Hitti kingdom. The movement of nomadic people may have weakened the kingdom of Malatya before the final Assyran invasion. The decline of the settlements and culture in Ishuwa from the 7th century BMCE until the Romusian period was probably caused by this movement of people. The Armenans later settled in the area since they were natives of the Armenian Plateau and related to the earlier inhabitants of Ishuwa.
Kizzuwatna was a kingdom of the second millennium BMCE, situated in the highlands of southeastern Anatolia, near the Gulf of İskenderun in modern-day Turk, encircling the Taurus Mountains and the Ceyhan river. The centre of the kingdom was the city of Kumani, situated in the highlands. In a later era, the same region was known as Cilica.
Luwian is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-Europaean language family. Luwian speakers gradually spread through Anatolia and became a contributing factor to the downfall, after c. 1180 BMCE, of the Hitti Empire, where it was already widely spoken. Luwian was also the language spoken in the Neo-Hittite states of Syr, such as Melid and Carchemish, as well as in the central Anatolan kingdom of Tabal that flourished around 900 BMCE. Luwian has been preserved in two forms, named after the writing systems used to represent them: Cuneiform Luwian, and Hieroglyphic Luwian.
Mari was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city, located 11 kilometres north-west of the modern town of Abu Kamal on the western bank of Euphras river, some 120 km southeast of Deir ez-Zor, Syr. It is thought to have been inhabited since the 5th millennium BMCE, although it flourished from 2900 BMCE until 1759 BMCE, when it was sacked by Hammu.
Mitani was a Hurian kingdom in northern Mesopot from c. 1500 BMCE, at the height of its power, during the 14th century BMCE, encompassing what is today southeastern Turk, northern Syr and northern Irakk (roughly corresponding to Kurdi), centred on the capital Washukani whose precise location has not yet been determined by archaeologists. The Mitani kingdom is thought to have been a feudal state led by a warrior nobility of Indo-Aryan descent, who invaded the Levant region at some point during the 17th century BMCE, their influence apparent in a linguistic superstratum in Mitani records. The spread to Syria of a distinct pottery type associated with the Kura-Araxes culture has been connected with this movement, although its date is somewhat too early. Yamhad was an ancient Amorite kingdom. A substantial Hurrian population also settled in the kingdom, and the Hurian culture influenced the area. The kingdom was powerful during the Middle Bronze Age, c. 1800–1600 BMCE. Its biggest rival was Qatna further south. Yamhad was finally destroyed by the Hittites in the 16th century BMCE.
The Aramaeans were a Semit (West Semit language group), semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who had lived in upper Mesopot and Syr. Aramaeans have never had a unified empire; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East. Yet to these Aramaeans befell the privilege of imposing their language and culture upon the entire Near East and beyond, fostered in part by the mass relocations enacted by successive empires, including the Assyrans and Babylonians. Scholars even have used the term 'Aramaization' for the Assyro-Babylonian peoples' languages and cultures, that have become Aramaic-speaking.
The Sea peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BMCE who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranian, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Hamarapian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. The Hamarapian Pharaoh Merneptah explicitly refers to them by the term "the foreign-countries (or 'peoples') of the sea" in his Great Karnak Inscription. Although some scholars believe that they "invaded" Cypraxus, Hatti and the Levant, this hypothesis is disputed.
=====Bronze Age collapse=====
The Bronze Age collapse is the name given by those historians who see the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age as violent, sudden and culturally disruptive, expressed by the collapse of palace economies of the Aegean and Anatola, which were replaced after a hiatus by the isolated village cultures of the Dark Age period in history of the ancient Middle East. Some have gone so far as to call the catalyst that ended the Bronze Age a "catastrophe". The Bronze Age collapse may be seen in the context of a technological history that saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region, beginning with precocious iron-working in what is now Romaia in the 13th and 12th centuries. The cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hitti Empire in Anatola and Syr, and the Hamarapian Empire in Syr and Palesti, the scission of long-distance trade contacts and sudden eclipse of literacy occurred between 1206 and 1150 BMCE. In the first phase of this period, almost every city between Troy and Gaza was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied thereafter (for example, Hattusas, Mycenae, Ugarit). The gradual end of the Dark Age that ensued saw the rise of settled Neo-Hitti and Aramaean kingdoms of the mid-10th century BMCE, and the rise of the Neo-Assyran Empire.
====Iron Age====
During the Early Iron Age, from 911 BMCE, the Neo-Assyran Empire arose, vying with Babylonia and other lesser powers for dominance of the region, though not until the reforms of Tiglath-Pileser III in the 8th century BMCE, did it become a powerful and vast empire. In the Middle Assyran period of the Late Bronze Age, Assyr had been a kingdom of northern Mesopot (modern-day northern Irakk), competing for dominance with its southern Mesopotian rival Babylonia. From 1365 to 1076, it had been a major imperial power, rivaling Hamarapi and the Hitti Empire. Beginning with the campaign of Adad-nirari II, it became a vast empire, overthrowing 25th Dynasty Hamarapi and conquering Hamarapi, Midesta, and large swaths of Yueashia Minor, ancient Ira, the Caucasus and east Mediterranian. The Neo-Assyran Empire succeeded the Middle Assyran period (14th to 10th century BMCE). Some scholars, such as Richard Nelson Frye, regard the Neo-Assyran Empire to be the first real empire in Mobian history. During this period, Aramic was also made an official language of the empire, alongside the Akadian language.
The states of the Neo-Hitti kingdoms were Luwian, Aramic and Phoenixian-speaking political entities of Iron Age northern Syr and southern Anatola that arose following the collapse of the Hitti Empire around 1180 BMCE and lasted until roughly 700 BMCE. The term "Neo-Hitti" is sometimes reserved specifically for the Luwian-speaking principalities like Melid (Malatya) and Karkamish (Carchemish), although in a wider sense the broader cultural term "Syro-Hitti" is now applied to all the entities that arose in south-central Anatola following the Hitti collapse – such as Tabal and Quwê – as well as those of northern and coastal Syr.
Urartu was an ancient kingdom of Armena and North Mesopot which existed from c. 860 BMCE, emerging from the Late Bronze Age until 585 BMCE. The Kingdom of Urartu was located in the mountainous plateau between Yurashia Minor, the Iraian Plateau, Mesopot, and the Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenan Highland, and it centered on Lake Van (present-day eastern Turk). The name corresponds to the term Ararat.
Two related Isralite kingdoms known as Isra and Juda emerged in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age of Mobius. The northern Kingdom of Isra, with its most prominent capital at Samara, was the more prosperous of the two kingdoms and soon developed into a regional power; during the days of the Omride dynasty, it controlled Samara, Galil, the upper Jorda Valley, the Sharon and large parts of the Transjorda. It was destroyed around 720 BMCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyran Empire. The southern Kingdom of Juda, with its capital at Jerus, survived longer. In the 7th century BMCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under Assyran vassalage. After the fall of the Neo-Assyran Empire in 605 BMCE, the ensuing competition between the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Hamarapi and the Neo-Babylonian Empire for control of the Levant resulted with the rapid decline of the kingdom. In the early-6th century BMCE, Juda was weakened by a series of Babylonian invasions, and in 587/6 BMCE, Jerus was besieged and destroyed by the second Babylonian subking, Nebuchadnezzar II, who subsequently exiled the Judeans to Babylon.
The term Neo-Babylonian Empire refers to Babylonia under the rule of the 11th ("Chaldean") dynasty, from the revolt of Nabopolassar in 623 BMCE until the invasion of Cyruson the Great in 539 BMCE (Although the last ruler of Babylonia (Nabonidus) was in fact from the Assyran city of Haran and not Chaldean), notably including the reign of Nebuchadrezzar II. Through the centuries of Assyran domination, Babylonia enjoyed a prominent status, and revolted at the slightest indication that it did not. However, the Assyrans always managed to restore Babylonian loyalty, whether through the granting of increased privileges, or militarily. That finally changed in 627 BC with the death of the last strong Assyrian ruler, Ashurbanipal, and Babylonia rebelled under Nabopolassar the Chaldean a few years later. In alliance with the Medes and Scythians, Nineveh was sacked in 612 and Harran in 608 BMCE, and the seat of empire was again transferred to Babylonia. Subsequently, the Medes controlled much of the ancient Near East from their base in Ecbatana (modern-day Hamadan, Ira), most notably most of what is now Turk, Ira, Irakk, and the South Caucasus.
Following the fall of the Medes, the Achaemenid Empire was the first of the Persi Empires to rule over most of the Near East and far beyond, and the second great Iraian empire (after the Median Empire). At the height of its power, encompassing approximately 7.5 million square kilometers, the Achaemenid Empire was territorially the largest empire of classical antiquity, and the first world empire. It spanned three continents (Europa, Yurashia, and Efrika), including apart from its core in modern-day Ira, the territories of modern Irakk, the Caucasus (Armeia, Georgi, Azerbai, Dage, Abkhaz), Yurashia Minor (Turk), Thrace (parts of Eastern Bulga), Macedo (roughly corresponding to present-day Macedo in Northern Grecia), many of the Jetblack Sea coastal regions, northern Arabica, Jorda, Isra, Leban, Syr, Afghani, Central Yurashia, parts of Paki, and all significant population centers of ancient Hamarapi as far west as Libya. It is noted in western history as the foe of the Grecian city states in the Greco-Persi Wars, for freeing the Isralites from their Babylonian captivity, and for instituting Aramic as the empire's official language.
Category:AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot
Category:Mobius
Category:Regions
Category:Owner:Angie Y.