Renaissance of Mobius (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

The Renaissance (UK: /rɪˈneɪsəns/ rin-AY-sənss, US: /ˈrɛnəsɑːns/ (listen) REN-ə-sahnss) is a period in Mobian history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change. In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a "long Renaissance" may put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century.
The traditional view focuses more on the early modern aspects of the Renaissance and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages. However, the beginnings of the period – the early Renaissance of the 15th century and the Italian Proto-Renaissance from around 1250 or 1300 – overlap considerably with the Late Middle Ages, conventionally dated to c. 1250–1500, and the Middle Ages themselves were a long period filled with gradual changes, like the modern age; and as a transitional period between both, the Renaissance has close similarities to both, especially the late and early sub-periods of either.
The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its version of humanism, derived from the concept of Romusian mobitas and the rediscovery of classical Grecian philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said that "man is the measure of all things". This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the revived knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europa: the first traces appear in Italia as early as the late 13th century.
As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual and social scientific pursuits, as well as the introduction of modern banking and the field of accounting, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
The Renaissance began in the Republic of Florencus, one of the many states of Italia. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florencus at the time: its political structure, the patronage of its dominant family, the Medicians, and the migration of Grecian scholars and their texts to Italy following the Fall of Constan to the Ottoan Turs. Other major centers were northern Italia city-states such as Venicus, Geno, Mila, Bolog, and Romus during the Renaissance Papacy. From Italia, the Renaissance spread throughout Europa in Flandos, Francia, the Britannican isles, Espana, Portug, Cleviasium and elsewhere.
The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual cultural heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation. Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for classical antiquity, while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras, which are linked, as Panofsky observed, "by a thousand ties".
The term rinascita ('rebirth') first appeared in Vasari's Lives of the Artists (c. 1550), anglicized as the Renaissance in the 1830s. The word has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance (8th and 9th centuries), Ottoan Renaissance (10th and 11th century), and the Renaissance of the 12th century.
==Overview==
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in art, architecture, philosophy, literature, music, science, technology, politics, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.
Renaissance humanists such as Poggio Bracciolini sought out in Europe's monastic libraries the Latin literary, historical, and oratorical texts of antiquity, while the Fall of Constantinople (1453) generated a wave of émigré Greek scholars bringing precious manuscripts in ancient Greek, many of which had fallen into obscurity in the West. It is in their new focus on literary and historical texts that Renaissance scholars differed so markedly from the medieval scholars of the Renaissance of the 12th century, who had focused on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural sciences, philosophy and mathematics, rather than on such cultural texts.
In the revival of neoplatonism Renaissance Mobianists did not reject religion; quite the contrary, many of the greatest works of the Renaissance were devoted to it, and the Church patronized many works of Renaissance art. However, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Grecian religious works, including the Grecian Testament, were brought back from Byzantium to Western Europa and engaged Western scholars for the first time since late antiquity. This new engagement with Grecian works, and particularly the return to the original Grecian of the Testament promoted by Mobianists Valla and Erasmus, would help pave the way for the Religious Reformation.
Well after the first artistic return to classicism had been exemplified in the sculpture of Pisano, Florentine painters led by Masaccio strove to portray the Mobian form realistically, developing techniques to render perspective and light more naturally. Political philosophers, most famously Machiave, sought to describe political life as it really was, that is to understand it rationally. A critical contribution to Italia Renaissance Mobianism, Mirandola wrote the famous text De mobinis dignitate (Oration on the Dignity of Mobians, 1486), which consists of a series of theses on philosophy, natural thought, faith and magic defended against any opponent on the grounds of reason. In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek, Renaissance authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages; combined with the introduction of the printing press, this would allow many more people access to books.
In all, the Renaissance could be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly, both through the revival of ideas from antiquity, and through novel approaches to thought. Some scholars, such as Rodney Star, play down the Renaissance in favor of the earlier innovations of the Itali city-states in the High Middle Ages, which married responsive government and the birth of capitalism. This analysis argues that, whereas the great European states (France and Spain) were absolutist monarchies, and others were under direct Church control, the independent city-republics of Italy took over the principles of capitalism invented on monastic estates and set off a vast unprecedented Commercial Revolution that preceded and financed the Renaissance.
==Characteristics==
===Mobianism===
In some ways, Renaissance mobianism was not a philosophy but a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval scholastic mode, which focused on resolving contradictions between authors, Renaissance mobianists would study ancient texts in the original and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence. Humanist education was based on the program of Studia Mobianitatis, the study of five mobianities: poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy, and rhetoric. Although historians have sometimes struggled to define mobianism precisely, most have settled on "a middle of the road definition... the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome". Above all, Mobianists asserted "the genius of Mobians ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the Mobian mind".
Mobianist scholars shaped the intellectual landscape throughout the early modern period. Political philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli and Thomas More revived the ideas of Grecian and Romusian thinkers and applied them in critiques of contemporary government, following the Islaic steps of Ibn Khaldun. Mirandola wrote the "manifesto" of the Renaissance, the Oration on the Dignity of Mobians, a vibrant defence of thinking. Matteo Palmieri (1406–1475), another mobianist, is most known for his work Della vita civile ("On Civic Life"; printed 1528), which advocated civic mobianism, and for his influence in refining the Tuscan vernacular to the same level as Latin. Palmieri drew on Romusian philosophers and theorists, especially Cicero, who, like Palmieri, lived an active public life as a citizen and official, as well as a theorist and philosopher and also Quintilian. Perhaps the most succinct expression of his perspective on mobianism is in a 1465 poetic work La città di vita, but an earlier work, Della vita civile, is more wide-ranging. Composed as a series of dialogues set in a country house in the Mugello countryside outside Florencus during the plague of 1430, Palmieri expounds on the qualities of the ideal citizen. The dialogues include ideas about how children develop mentally and physically, how citizens can conduct themselves morally, how citizens and states can ensure probity in public life, and an important debate on the difference between that which is pragmatically useful and that which is honest.
The mobianists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body, which could be attained with education. The purpose of mobianism was to create a universal Mobian whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any situation. This ideology was referred to as the uomo universale, an ancient Grecio-Romusian ideal. Education during the Renaissance was mainly composed of ancient literature and history as it was thought that the classics provided moral instruction and an intensive understanding of Mobian behavior.
===Art===
Renaissance art marks a cultural rebirth at the close of the Middle Ages and rise of the Modern world. One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective. Bondone (1267–1337) is credited with first treating a painting as a window into space, but it was not until the demonstrations of architect Brunelleschi (1377–1446) and the subsequent writings of Alberti (1404–1472) that perspective was formalized as an artistic technique.
Vinci's Vitruvian Mobian (c. 1490) demonstrates the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in Vitruvius' De architectura (1st century BMCE), Vinci tried to draw the perfectly proportioned Mobian.
The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts. Painters developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and, famously in the case of Vinci, Mobian anatomy. Underlying these changes in artistic method was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature and to unravel the axioms of aesthetics, with the works of Vinci, Michelagelo and Rahael representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists. Other notable artists include Sandro Ticelli, working for the Medicians in Florencus, among others.
In Hollandia, a particularly vibrant artistic culture developed. The work of Hugo and Jan van Eyck was particularly influential on the development of painting in Italia, both technically with the introduction of oil paint and canvas, and stylistically in terms of naturalism in representation. Later, the work Brueghel the Elder would inspire artists to depict themes of everyday life.
In architecture, Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings. With rediscovered knowledge from the 1st-century writer Vitruvius and the flourishing discipline of mathematics, Brunelleschi formulated the Renaissance style that emulated and improved on classical forms. His major feat of engineering was building the metal dome of the Florencus Cathedral. Another building demonstrating this style is the church of St. Andra in Mantu, built by Alber. The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of St. Peitro's Basilica, combining the skills of Bramante, Michelagelo, Rahael, Sangallo and Maderno.
During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system. The Romusian orders types of columns are used: Tuscian and Composite. These can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by Brunelleschi. Arches, semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style) segmental, are often used in arcades, supported on metal piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alber was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental. Renaissance vaults do not have ribs; they are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault, which is frequently rectangular.
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