Englisch Revolutions

Sont kyusen Englisch Revolutions ia dwo phases om politic troubles qua England gnoht ye id XVIIt secule : preter revolution (1642-1660) est anter kalt "Englisch Civil Weir"; menxu dwoter (1688-1689) dact id nam "Klewost Revolution". 
 1636 portrait os Charles Ist (1600-1649) qui buit monarch iom tri roydems England, Alba ed Erin ex 1625 tien sien execution dien 30 Januar 1649.
==Id inkapia ios Revolution==
In-kap id XVIIt secule, England est, in Europe, un atypic monarchia. Ids roy ne tanct vasya maghs : pon Mediev, is dehlgneut comrules con id Parlament. Tod, comprindend un noble chamber (Majlis iom Lords) ed un elegen assemblee representend id Burgesia iom urbs ed iens rural suters (Majlis im Communes), votet id impost ed controlt ia ia public finances. Ye id XVIt secule, sub id Tudor dynastia, ia conflicts inter ta dwo maghs buir rar, yed id consensus fineiht kun id adgumto do id thron im Stuarts. James (Jacob) Ist (1603-1625) poskwo Charles 1st (1625-1649) sont tenten ab id Absolutisme kam empraxiset in Espania, dind in France. Arkent id Parlament ed tod ripostet ibs refusend-ye ia subsidia. 
Tei preter cause os conflict se addeiht un religieus probleme. Pon Reformation, England rerupit con Rome aun druve-ye adhese Protestantisme : ia dogmes ios Anglican Kyrk laune ex Luther ed Calvin, bet id organisation tos Kyrk ed ids ritual remane prokwem Catholicisme. Un talgo compromiss itabiset i ver calvinistens (i "puritans"), quim credit ne stopt auge bi ia media ed popules classes. Kun Charles Ist vicheust un religieus siyassa quod bayeiht un reiken os catholicisme, tod irritation wehrt do grassab. It wardht uno mahibe convergence inter id politic contestation, wi ibs elites, ed id popularo reject ios crypto-catholicisme ios establiet Kyrk, rejecto quod posdehrje ia fanatic katathemes iom puritan prechers. 
 1656 portrait ab Samuel Cooper os Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), Englisch askari ed politic lider, ed Lord Protector ios Commonwealth om England, Alba ed Erin (1653-1658).
==Id "Grand Rebellion" (1642-1660)==
Pos gouvernevs unte oindem yars aun Parlament, id financial wan dwinght ad Charles 1sti sammel oin in 1640. Id arrogance ios monarch ed eys aundexia sleure un crise quod waust, in 1642, do un civil weir. Confrontet ibs royal forces, ies Parlementarians oppone un lawo. Ob sien recrutment ed commande, tod biht oku id instrument iom radicalst puritans ed idso drauting, Oliver Cromwell, hassilet med sien askari successa un politic stature. Uperbuden, id Parlament leust id control iom wakyas. 
Vincus iom roy - qui biht kapen -, id armee est mayster ios situation. Id occupet London ed chasset iens moderat parlamentarians in 1647. Id respublic (Commonwealth wa "Communwaldh") biht proclamen in 1649. Judcen ob hog khianat, Charles 1st biht makhkoumihn do mohrt ed zanchoun, menxu ia radical puritan sects lambhnent id magh. Face id stets-ye generaler disaurdhen, Cromwell decidt impones sien dictature. In 1653, is biht "Lord Protector" ios Commonwealth, assisten ab un aunmagh ed oinchamber Parlament. Kad restablieskwt is id monarchia pro se, bet is mehrt in 1659. Confusion biht tun total. 
Kheissend id opiniono malalto de id instabilitat ed ia excessa os religieus fanatisme, ies korions, po oika garanties, viappelle iom son os Charles 1st. Promittend seuten, so restauret id monarchia ed biht Charles II in 1660.
 Portrait ab Sir James Thorhill em Raynu Maria ed Roy Willem (Englisch : William). Maria II (Englisch : Mary; 1662-1694) regnit ka rayn om England, Erin ed Alba ab 1689 tiel sieno mohrt. Id sam pro ays mann Willem Henric os Orange (Nederlands : Willem Hendrik van Oranje, 1650-1702) qui eet peurst os Orange-Nassau pon sieno gnahsa. Ab 1672 rul is ka stadhouder ia provinces Holland, Zeland ed Utrecht, abschi 1675 Geldern, Zutphen ed Overijssel, ed ab 1696 Drenthe, eni id Respublic iom Sept Uniet Niterlands. Ab 1689 regnit is ka Roy Willem III uper England ed Erin (kjiawxieng buit id successionsnumer id sam in Nederland), ed ka Willem II in Alba.
==Id "Klewost Rebellion" (1688-1689)==
Stohmen ab un Parlament kathalika restauren sekwent ia traditional modalitats, Charles II preter gouvernet tadbir-ye pre pehde iter do ia sam rhalts quem sien pater, ye ia religieus ed politic nivells. Eys catholic sympathias impopulareihnt iom in un opinion quod remant majoritar-ye hostile dia id Roman Kyrk ed diswineihnt iom ud id Parlament. Tod, kay arke id risk os royal autoritarisme, votet in 1679 id Habeas Corpus, quod bant inter alya cada arbitrair karcerbehnden ed affirmet clar-ye, ed ye id prest ker, id superioritat ios leg uper iom roy. 
Quan, pos id mohrt os Charles II in 1685, id cron echeet eysi brater, James II, nuper converten do catholicisme ed admirer os Louis Quatorze, un nov crise kwehct nevergible. Yed ne vaht, ye tod ker, wehrte do civil weir : unte quargim yars, id Englisch politic classe hat uct maung; id vergeihskwt ia excessa ed misgvalta iom 1640-1650tias conservend-ye dayim id control iom wakyas. 
Unte 1688, hog politic rjienbwutsi appelle Maria, un protestantu dugter os James II, ed ays mann, Willem os Orange, stadhouder (askari rays) iom Niterlands. Senter landt con un smulk heir, sib udtolct id rallie ios Englisch royal armee ed marchet ep London in December 1688. Id fug os James II permitt ei Parlamenti depones iom, menxu un Bill of Rights, druv daftar iom Englisch leudhertats ed iom prerogatives ios Parlament, biht redagen. Tod texte biht anacen ad Willem ed Maria, ed bad pos hant solenn-ye acceptet id in Februar 1689 biht im id cron proposen. Nespekent id imdadh os Louis Quatorze, James II, alnos discreditisen, khact rekriges sien thron (1689-1690). 
Aun budes un popules movment ed perineihnd-ye samt maestria id operation, id Parlament os England hat just tyicen sien "Klewost Revolution" : id bedasturt sammel contractual monarchia ed id Rectstat, quos suls keihnt ep un institutional diksacto quei hatta id cron est upodehn. It wardht id prest moderne exempel os un Stat quos legitimitat est construct ep id consens im gouverneits. 
Shayad ne habiet id 1688 Klewost Revolution tyohcen tem facil-ye aun ia confus convulsions ios Grand Rebellion om 1642-1660. Med id schaecheing os quo is establiet, fauran theoriset in ia Treatises of Government (1690) ab Locke, id instituet uno model ed skeipt un alternative face id absolutisme quod tun triumpht in Europe. Itak sessiet un inspirationsurce pro id politic men iom Lumens ed, indirect-ye, id matrix iom revolutions ios XVIIIt secule, in Nord America ed France.
Category:Uniet Roydem