Miriam

Miriam (Hebrew: "Rebellion") or perhaps originally from Egyptian mry "beloved" or mr “love”Behind the Name: Meaning, Origin and History of the Name Mary or the derived ancient Egyptian name Meritamen or “Merit-Amun,” “beloved of Amun”Holly Ingraham, People's names: A Cross-Cultural Guide to the Proper Use of Over 40,000 Names in Over One Hundred Culture Groups (1997); Greek name: Μαριάμ; Arabic name :مريم ) was the sister of Moses and Aaron, and the daughter of Amram and Jochebed. She appears first in the Book of Exodus in the Hebrew Bible. 
The name Miriam is the source of the modern names Mary and Maria.Behind the Name
==Biblical account==
At her mother Jochebed's request, Miriam hid her baby brother Moses by the side of a river to evade the Pharaoh’s order that newborn Hebrew boys be killed. She watched as the Pharaoh’s daughter discovered the infant and decided to adopt him. Miriam then suggested that the princess take on a nurse for the child, and suggested Jochebed; as a result, Moses was raised to be familiar with his background as a Hebrew. ()
Miriam is called a prophetess, and is traditionally believed to have composed a brief song after Pharaoh’s army was drowned in the Red Sea (). 
“Sing to the Lord, for he has 
triumphed gloriously;
Horse and rider he has thrown into 
the sea.”
It is considered by many that this poetic couplet is one of the oldest parts of the Biblical account. Rashi’s commentary on this verse, based on the Mekhilta (Be-Shalah, ch. 10), states “Moses chanted a song for the men; he would chant for them and they would answer him. And Miriam chanted a song for the women.” In other words, the Song on the Sea was recited twice, for the men and the women in parallel. Moses chanted the song in its entirety for the men, who answered him in refrain, and Miriam repeated this procedure for the women. 
Later, she objected to the marriage of Moses to a Cushite (Ethiopian) woman, which made her guilty of speaking Lashon Hara (gossiping, or speaking negatively about someone), for which she was struck with tzarat. After Aaron asked Moses to intercede for her, Moses uttered a five-word prayer: El nah refa nah-la — “O Lord, make her well,” and she recovered within seven days. () A passage in Micah suggests she had a legacy with significant regard among later prophets: “And I brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you from the house of bondage, and I sent before you Moses, and Aaron, and Miriam.” () 
Passover 
Miriam is a popular figure among Jewish Feminists, and Women's Passover Seders have Miriam's Cup, which is filled with water, and is placed beside the customary Cup of Elijah, which is filled with wine at the Passover Seder Table. Miriam's Cup contains water in memory of Miriam's Well, which according to a Midrash (see Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews 3, 50-54) accompanied the Israelites on their journey through the desert. 
Some Modern Orthodox Jews have revived a millennium-old custom of adding a piece of fish to the seder plate, with the lamb, egg and fish jointly symbolizing the three prophets referred to in Micah 6:4, and also alluding to the mythical beasts (the bird Ziz, the animal Behemoth, and the sea-creature Leviathan) which, according to Midrash, are to be served at the Seudat Chiyat HaMatim, the feast for the righteous following the resurrection of the dead, which the Passover Seder and the Cup of Elijah allude to. The fish represents Leviathan as well as Miriam and is also a water symbol.Where is Miriam on the Seder plate? Yael Levine, Edah, YNet News.com, 2006-11-04. Retrieved 2007-05-13. 
==Marriage==
Josephus in Antiquities of the Jews states that Miriam was the wife of Hur, who is mentioned in Exodus as a close companion of Moses.Antiquities, Book 3, ch. 1 However, in the Targum to I Chron. ii. 19, iv. 4, Miriam is said to be Hur's mother, asserting that Ephrath, the wife of Caleb, was another name for Miriam. 
==Snow-White Miriam==
At Hazeroth, Miriam and Aaron speak against Moses because:
:Of the Cushite (Ethiopian) woman whom he had married: for he had married a Cushite (Ethiopian) woman
Miriam and Aaron question Moses’ exclusive religious authority, since they consider themselves to also have been prophets
:'They said, 'Was it only to Moses that God spoke? Did he not speak to us as well?
God hears and calls all three to the door of the tabernacle. When they arrive, God states to them that Moses has a much greater authority than Miriam and Aaron; indeed, He chooses to speak to Moses face to face, rather than merely through dreams.
In anger, God subsequently visits a punishment on Miriam, giving her tzarath turning her “white as snow.” According to the rules concerning tzarath, Miriam must then live outside of the camp, in isolation, only being allowed back when Moses intercedes with God on her behalf. Nevertheless, God insists that she still be punished for seven days. ()
===Rabbinic Interpretation===
According to the Hebrew Bible, anyone with tzarath was tamei (). The Rabbis of the Talmud noted that Aaron did not receive the same punishment as his sister, because he would have no longer been able to perform his duties as a High Priest.
==Form criticism==
Zipporah is identified as the wife of Moses, so the traditional Jewish and Christian view is that Zipporah is the woman that Miriam opposes. However, Zipporah is described as being a Cushite from Midian. According to Richard E. Friedman, because Cush refers to Ethiopia (Note: “Ethiopia” in ancient resources refers to the region of Nubia in modern Sudan.) or other lands well outside, the “Cushite woman” of the story is not Zipporah. Friedman, building on interpretations from the documentary hypothesis, notes that Zipporah is only mentioned in the Jahwist text, while the story of Snow-white Miriam is assigned to the Elohist, and so, in each, Moses only ever has one wife.
According to Friedman's interpretation, these two accounts reflected the stories of two different, rival priesthoods, the Aaronic priesthood in the Kingdom of Judah, which claimed descent from Aaron and which controlled the Temple in Jerusalem, and a priesthood based at Shiloh, in the Kingdom of Israel. Friedman, following the tradition of the documentary hypothesis, asserts that various Biblical tales were created or publicized by these factions in order to add an aura of legitimacy to their various claims to privilege and power. According to Friedman, the Elohist was from, or supported, the Shiloh priesthood, and thus had a strong motivation to repeat or create this tale.
==References==
Category:Levites
Category:Torah events
Category:Torah people
Category:Ancient Jewish Egyptian history
Category:Judaism and women
Category:Burials in Tiberias