List of cardinal-nephews

A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a pope who was his uncle, or more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.Bunson, Matthew. 1995. "Cardinal Nephew." The Pope Encyclopedia. Crown Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-517-88256-6. From the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, Romanum decet pontificem (1692), nearly every pope who appointed cardinals appointed at least one relative to the College of Cardinals,Until Pope Innocent XII, the only exceptions were popes who did not appoint the cardinals at all (Pope Pius III, Pope Marcellus II, Pope Urban VII, Pope Leo XI) and Pope Adrian VI (who appointed only one cardinal). including every Renaissance-era pope.
Although nephews were the most common relation to be elevated to the College, other family members include (legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted) sons and grandsons, brothers, grandnephews, cousins and even uncles.Vidmar, John. 2005. The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History. Paulist Press. ISBN 0809142341. At least 15, and possibly as many as 19 cardinal-nephews were later elected pope (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII, perhaps also John XIX, Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals, as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators). One became antipope (John XXIII), and two or three were canonized (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if in fact he was really elected cardinal). 
Similarly-created cardinals include cardinal-nephews of antipopes and nephews of popes made cardinals by other popes.
==Notes on symbols==
Because statements concerning the familial ties of popes and cardinals prior to 14th century are often of much later origin, some sources regard their factual accuracy as dubious. Thus, individuals are marked with:
*, when the existence of the familial relationship is disputed, or
*, when their promotion to the cardinalate is disputed.
Occupants of the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew are denoted with †.
== 11th century ==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew 	Date of elevation 	Relationship 	Notes
Benedict VIII(1012–1024) 	Lotario (or Loctarius), seniore	circa 1015 	Cousin 	Authors which affirm his cardinalate do not mention any documentary proof to attest his existence and promotion (cf. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: consistory of 1015; retrieved on September 15, 2009; and Cardella, vol. I pt 1, p. 93). His name does not appear in the papal registers of that time (cf. Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 911-1024) and Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024-1058); retrieved on September 15, 2009; Ph. Jaffè: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. I, Leipzig 1885, p. 506-529; P. F. Kehr: Italia Pontificia, vol. I, Berlin 1906; J. P. Migne: Patrologia Latina, vol. 139 col. 1577-1638, vol. 141 col. 1115-1156 and 1343-1370) and is not mentioned in the genealogies of the family of Pope Benedict VIII, cf. Medieval Lands; retrieved on September 15, 2009; L.Brook, Popes and Pornocrats:Rome in the early middle ages Foundations (Vol. 1, no. 1, Jan 2003), p. 5-17; F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 4 pt. 1, London 1905, p. 6 and 19. Therefore, the existence of this cardinal remains uncertain.
Benedict VIII(1012–1024) 	Giovanni 	,Unknown 	Brother 	Future Pope John XIXAccording to his biography in Biographisch-Bibliografisch Kirchenlexikon; retrieved on September 1, 2009; and he was a layman at the time of his election to the papacy
Benedict VIII(1012–1024) 	Teofilatto 	,Unknown 	NephewNephew to both Benedict VIII and John XIX	Future Pope Benedict IXMiranda, S. 1998. "XI Century (999–1099)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.According to Genealogie-Mittelalter; retrieved on September 1, 2009; he was a layman when elected pope. Biographical entries by and Biographisch-Bibliografisch Kirchenlexikon; retrieved on September 1, 2009; do not mention his cardinalate
John XIX(1024–1032) 	Pietro 	1024For the date of promotion see Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung III. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024-1058) nr 71; retrieved on September 15, 2009	Cousin 	Genealogie-Mittelalter: Petrus von Silva Candida; retrieved on September 15, 2009
Benedict IX(1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048)	Giovanni 	before April 1044 	Nephew 	Hüls, p. 138 no. 1
Alexander II(1061–1073) 	St. Anselm of Lucca 	Circa 1062 	Brother or nephew 	
Urban II(1088–1099) 	Odon de Châtillon 	Circa 1095 	Nephew 	
==12th century==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew 	Date of elevation 	Relationship 	Notes
Callixtus II(1119–1124) 	Etienne de Bar 	1120 	Nephew 	Miranda, S. 1998. "XII Century (1099–1198)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Innocent II(1130–1143) 	Gregorio Papareschi 	1134/1137 	Nephew 	
Innocent II(1130–1143) 	Pietro Papareschi 	17 September 1143 	Brother 	
Lucius II(1144–1145) 	Ubaldo 	19 May 1144 	Cousin or nephew	
Lucius II(1144–1145) 	St. Guarinus of Palestrina 	22 December 1144 	Relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of December 1144". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Adrian IV(1154–1159) 	Boso Breakspeare 	21 December 1156 	Nephew 	Zenker, pp. 149–150; Robinson, pp. 254–255; c.f. Brixius, pp. 113–114
Lucius III(1181–1185) 	Uberto Allucingoli 	Circa 1182 	Nephew 	
Lucius III(1181–1185) 	Gerardo 	18 December 1182 	Nephew 	
Clement III(1187–1191) 	Lotario de' Conti 	22 September 1190 	Unknown 	Future Pope Innocent III
Clement III(1187–1191) 	Niccolo Scolari 	22 September 1190 	Nephew 	Kartusch, pp. 284-28; Maleczek, pp. 97–98.
Celestine III(1191–1198)	Bobo 	20 February 1193 	Relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 1193”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.Maleczek, p. 111
Celestine III(1191–1198)	Giovanni di San Paolo 	20 February 1193 	Nephew 	
Innocent III(1198–1216) 	Ugolino dei Conti di Segni 	19 December 1198 	Cousin 	Future Pope Gregory IXMiranda, S. 1998. "XIII Century (1198–1303)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Innocent III(1198–1216) 	Giovanni dei Conti di Segni 	3 June 1200 	Cousin 	
Innocent III(1198–1216) 	Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni	27 May 1206Maleczek, pp. 289–290	Cousin 	
Innocent III(1198–1216) 	Stefano Conti 	5 March 1216 	Unknown 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 1216 (X)”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
==13th century==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew 	Date of elevation 	Relationship	Notes
Gregory IX(1227–1241) 	Rinaldo Conti 	18 September 1227 	Unknown 	Future Pope Alexander IVWilliams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786420715. p. 32.
Gregory IX(1227–1241) 	Niccolo Conti di Segni 	December 1228 	Nephew 	Eubel, Vol. I, pp. 6 and 43; Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of December 1228”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Gregory IX(1227–1241) 	Riccardo Annibaldeschi di Molaria 	1238 	Unknown 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 1237”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Innocent IV(1243–1254) 	Guglielmo Fieschi 	28 May 1244 	Nephew 	
Innocent IV(1243–1254) 	Ottobono Fieschi 	December 1251 	Nephew 	Future Pope Adrian V
Urban IV(1261–1264) 	Anchero Pantaleone 	22 May 1262 	Nephew 	
Gregory X(1271–1276) 	Vicedomino de Vicedominis 	3 June 1273 	Unknown 	Future pope-elect, died before proclamationLevillain, 2002, p. 657.
Gregory X(1271–1276) 	Giovanni Visconti 	1275 	Unknown 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 1275”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Nicholas III(1277–1280) 	Latino Malabranca Orsini 	12 March 1278 	Nephew 	
Nicholas III(1277–1280) 	Giordano Orsini 	12 March 1278 	Brother 	Williams, 2004, p. 37.
Honorius IV(1285–1287) 	Giovanni Boccamazza 	22 December 1285 	Relative 	
Nicholas IV(1288–1292) 	Pietro Colonna 	16 May 1288 	Relative 	DeCormenin, Louis Marie, and de Lahaye, vicomte de Louis-Marie. 1857. A Complete History of the Popes of Rome (PDF link).
Boniface VIII(1294–1303)	Benedetto II Caetani 	between 23 January and 13 May 1295	Nephew 	Williams, 2004, p. 38.
Boniface VIII(1294–1303)	Giacomo Tomasi Caetani (Iacopo Tommasi)	17 December 1295 	Unknown 	
Boniface VIII(1294–1303)	Francesco Caetani 	17 December 1295 	Unknown 	
Boniface VIII(1294–1303)	Leonardo Patrasso 	2 March 1300 	Uncle 	
==14th century==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew 	Date of elevation 	Relationship 	Notes
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Berenger Fredoli 	15 December 1305 	Nephew, son of Guillaume de Frédol 	Miranda, S. 1998. "XIV Century (1303–1404)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.Contemporary accounts edited by G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, I, Paris 1914, pp. 25 and 55, say that out of ten new cardinals created on the first consistory of Clement V only four were papal relatives and do not mention Berengar among them. Sophia Menache: Clement V, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 41-42 and 50, does not consider him a relative of Clement V.
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Arnaud Frangier de Chanteloup 	15 December 1305 	Close relative, possible nephew 	
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Arnaud de Pellegrue 	15 December 1305 	Relative, possible nephew 	
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Raymond de Got 	15 December 1305 	Nephew, son of Arnaud Garcie de Got 	
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Guillaume Arrufat 	15 December 1305 	Relative, possible nephew 	
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Raymond Guillaume des Forges 	19 December 1310 	Nephew, son of Marquise de Got 	
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Bernard Jarre (or Garve) 	19 December 1310 	Relative 	
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Arnaud d'Aux 	23 December 1312 	Relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 23 December 1312 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement V(1305–1314) 	Berenguer Fredol 	23 December 1312 	Grandnephew 	He was nephew of Berenger Fredol, whose relationship with Clement V is disputed.
John XXII(1316–1334) 	Jacques de Via 	17 December (or 18), 1316	Nephew, son of Marie Duese 	
John XXII(1316–1334) 	Gauscelin Jean d'Euse 	17 December (or 18), 1316	RelativeAccording to G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 720 note 2, there was no blood relationship between Cardinal Gauscelin de Jean and John XXII but cardinal's uncle was married with pope's sister. See also Genealogies of John XXII and of the family de Jean (pp. 4 and 14).	
John XXII(1316–1334) 	Bertrand du Pouget 	17 December (or 18), 1316	Relative, possible nephew 	G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 725, says that the statement about his relationship with John XXII resulted from an error.
John XXII(1316–1334) 	Arnaud de Via 	20 June 1317 	Nephew, son of Marie Duese 	
John XXII(1316–1334) 	Raymond Le Roux 	19 December (or 20), 1320	Close relative, possible nephew 	G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 751 note 1, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven.
John XXII(1316–1334) 	Jacques Fournier 	18 December 1327 	Unknown relative 	Future Pope Benedict XII)G. Moroni Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni vol V, p. 5, says that he was son of Guillaume and of the sister of John XXII, and therefore, his nephew on his mother side, but this is certainly erroneous, see Genealogy of John XXII (p. 4). Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 December 1327 (IV)." Florida International University; Retrieved 25 June 2009; says that he was relative of John XXII but gives this information with a question mark.
John XXII(1316–1334) 	Imbert Dupuis 	18 December 1327 	Relative, possible nephew 	G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 768 note 2, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven and that documents from the register of John XXII attest only that he was born at Montpellier.
Benedict XII(1334–1342)	Guillaume Court 	18 December 1338 	Relative, mother's side 	According to G. Mollat (ed.), Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 816-817, his relationship with Benedict XII is not proven and is unlikely because pope Benedict XII legislated against nepotism and forbade his family to live at Avignon. Karsten Plöger: England and the Avignon popes: the practice of diplomacy in late medieval Europe, MHRA, 2005, p. 27, also say that Benedict XII opposed nepotism and did not promote any of his relatives to the cardinalate.
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	 	 	 	
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Aymeric de Chalus 	20 September 1342 	Cousin 	Miranda, S. “Consistory of 20 September 1342”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Hugues Roger 	20 September 1342 	Brother 	Williams, 2004, p. 42.
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Adhémar Robert 	20 September 1342 	Cousin or nephew 	
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Gérard Lagarde (or Domar) 	20 September 1342 	Cousin 	
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Bernard de la Tour 	20 September 1342 	Nephew 	
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Guillaume de la Jugée (Guillaume II Roger)	20 September 1342 	Nephew, son of Guillaumette Rogier 	
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Nicolas de Besse 	19 May 1344 	Nephew, son of Dauphine Roger 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 19 May 1344”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Pierre-Roger de Beaufort 	28 May (or 29), 1348 	Nephew 	Future Pope Gregory XIBiraben, Jean-Noël. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Plague." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0415922283. p. 1222.
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Raymond de Canillac 	17 December 1350 	Nephew 	
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille, seniore 	17 December 1350 	Cousin 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 17 December 1350”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement VI(1342–1352) 	Pierre du Cros 	17 December 1350 	Nephew or cousin 	
Innocent VI(1352–1362) 	Andouin Aubert 	15 February 1353 	Nephew, son of Guy Aubert 	
Innocent VI(1352–1362) 	Pierre de Salvete Monteruc 	23 December 1356 	Nephew of mother's side 	
Innocent VI(1352–1362) 	Etienne Aubert, iuniore 	17 September 1361 	Grandnephew 	
Urban V(1362–1370) 	Angelic de Grimoard 	18 September 1366 	Brother 	
Urban V(1362–1370) 	Pierre d'Estaing 	7 June 1370 	Relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 7 June 1370”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Gregory XI(1370–1378) 	Jean du Cros 	30 May 1371 	Nephew or cousin 	
Gregory XI(1370–1378) 	Jean de La Tour 	30 May 1371 	Brother-in-law of niece 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 30 May 1371”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Gregory XI(1370–1378) 	Pierre de la Jugée (or Jugie) 	20 December 1375 	Cousin 	
Gregory XI(1370–1378) 	Gui de Maillesec 	20 December 1375 	Nephew on mother's side 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 20 December 1375”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Gregory XI(1370–1378) 	Gérard du Puy 	20 December 1375 	Cousin or nephew 	
Urban VI(1378–1389) 	Francesco Moricotti Prignani 	18 September 1378 	Nephew 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 September 1378". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Urban VI(1378–1389) 	Filippo Carafa della Serra 	18 September 1378 	Relative 	Martin Souchon: Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, vol. 1, Braunschweig 1898, p. 22
Urban VI(1378–1389) 	Francesco Renzio 	21 December 1381 	Distant relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 21 December 1381". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Urban VI(1378–1389) 	Pietro Tomacelli 	21 December 1381 	Distant relative 	Future Pope Boniface IX
Urban VI(1378–1389) 	Tommaso Orsini 	ca.1383 	Relative 	
Urban VI(1378–1389) 	Rinaldo Brancaccio 	17 December 1384 	Relative 	
Urban VI(1378–1389) 	Marino Bulcani 	17 December 1384 	Distant relative, nephew of cardinal Francesco Renzio 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 17 December 1384”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Boniface IX(1389–1404) 	Enrico Minutoli 	18 December 1389 	Distant relative 	Martin Souchon: Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, vol. 1, Braunschweig 1898, p. 51
Boniface IX(1389–1404) 	Cosimo Migliorati 	18 December 1389 	Distant relative 	Future Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406)
Boniface IX(1389–1404) 	Baldassare Cossa 	27 February 1402 	Relative 	Future Antipope John XXIIIBBKL: Gegenpapst Johannes XXIII
==15th century==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew 	Date of elevation 	Relationship 	Notes
Innocent VII(1404–1406) 	Giovanni Migliorati 	12 June 1405 	Nephew 	Miranda, S. 1998. "XV Century (1404–1503)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Gregory XII(1406–1415) 	Antonio Correr 	9 May 1408 	Nephew, son of Filippo Correr 	
Gregory XII(1406–1415) 	Gabriele Condulmer 	9 May 1408 	Nephew, son of Beriola Correr 	Future Pope Eugene IV
Gregory XII(1406–1415) 	Angelo Barbarigo 	19 September 1408 	Nephew, son of Caterina Correr 	
Martin V(1417–1431) 	Prospero Colonna 	24 May 1426published 8 November 1430 	Nephew, son of Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna 	
Eugene IV(1431–1447) 	Francesco Condulmer 	19 September 1431 	Nephew 	Williams, 2004, p. 47.
Eugene IV(1431–1447) 	Pietro Barbo 	1 July 1440 	Nephew, son of Polissena Condulmer 	Future Pope Paul II
Nicholas V(1447–1455) 	Filippo Calandrini 	20 December 1448 	Half-brother 	
Callixtus III(1455–1458)	Luis Juan del Mila y Borja 	20 February 1456published 17 September 1456	Nephew 	
Callixtus III(1455–1458)	Rodrigo Borja 	20 February 1456published 17 September 1456	Nephew 	Future Pope Alexander VI
Pius II(1458–1464) 	Francesco Piccolomini 	5 March 1460 	Nephew 	Future Pope Pius III
Pius II(1458–1464) 	Niccolò Fortiguerra 	5 March 1460 	Relative on mother's side 	
Pius II(1458–1464) 	Giacomo Ammannati-Piccolomini 	18 December 1461 	Adopted 	
Paul II(1464–1471) 	Marco Barbo 	18 September 1467 	Unknown 	
Paul II(1464–1471) 	Giovanni Battista Zeno 	21 November 1468 	Unknown 	
Paul II(1464–1471) 	Giovanni Michiel 	21 November 1468 	Unknown 	
Sixtus IV(1471–1484) 	Pietro Riario 	16 December 1471 	Unknown 	
Sixtus IV(1471–1484) 	Giuliano della Rovere 	16 December 1471 	Unknown 	Future Pope Julius II
Sixtus IV(1471–1484) 	Girolamo Basso della Rovere 	10 December 1477 	Unknown 	
Sixtus IV(1471–1484) 	Raffaele Riario 	10 December 1477 	Unknown 	
Sixtus IV(1471–1484) 	Cristoforo della Rovere 	10 December 1477 	Unknown 	
Sixtus IV(1471–1484) 	Domenico della Rovere 	10 February 1478 	Unknown 	
Innocent VIII(1484–1492)	Lorenzo Cybo de Mari 	9 March 1489 	Unknown 	
Innocent VIII(1484–1492)	Giovanni de' Medici 	9 March 1489 	Relative 	Future Pope Leo XWilliams, 2004, p. 71.
Innocent VIII(1484–1492)	Pantaleone Cybo 	9 March 1489Never published 	Nephew 	Thomson, 1980, pp. 62–64.
Innocent VIII(1484–1492)	Niccolo Cybo 	9 March 1489Never published 	Nephew 	
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor	31 August 1492 	Son of cousin 	
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Cesare Borgia 	20 September 1493 	Son 	Resigned 18 August 1498Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. 2005. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521841542. p. 102.
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Giuliano Cesarini, iuniore 	20 September 1493 	Brother-in-law of daughter, Gerolama Borgia 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 September 1493 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor	19 February 1496 	Grandnephew 	
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Amanieu d'Albret 	20 March 1500 	Brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 March 1500 (VIII)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romaní 	20 March 1500 	Grandnephew 	
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Francisco de Borja 	28 September 1500 	Disputed relationship 	Miranda, S. 1998 "Consistory of 28 September 1500 (IX)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Juan de Vera 	28 September 1500 	Relative 	
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Juan Castellar y de Borja 	31 May 1503 	Cousin of Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 31 May 1503 (IX)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Alexander VI(1492–1503) 	Francisco Lloris y de Borja 	31 May 1503 	Grandnephew 	
==16th century==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew 	Date of elevation 	Relationship 	Notes
Julius II(1503–1513) 	Clemente Grosso della Rovere 	29 November 1503 	Unknown 	Miranda, S. 1998. "XVI Century (1503–1605)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Julius II(1503–1513) 	Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere 	29 November 1503 	Unknown 	
Julius II(1503–1513) 	Marco Vigerio della Rovere 	1 December 1505 	Distant relative 	
Julius II(1503–1513) 	Leonardo Grosso della Rovere 	1 December 1505 	Cousin 	
Julius II(1503–1513) 	Sisto Gara della Rovere 	11 September 1507 	Unknown 	
Leo X(1513–1521) 	Giulio de' Medici 	23 September 1513 	Cousin 	Future Pope Clement VII
Leo X(1513–1521) 	Innocenzo Cybo 	23 September 1513 	Unknown 	
Leo X(1513–1521) 	Luigi de' Rossi 	1 July 1517 	Cousin 	
Leo X(1513–1521) 	Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici 	1 July 1517 	Adopted as son 	
Leo X(1513–1521) 	Franciotto Orsini 	1 July 1517 	Son of Orso Orsini di Monteredondo 	
Leo X(1513–1521) 	Giovanni Salviati 	1 July 1517 	Son of Lucrezia de' Medici 	
Leo X(1513–1521) 	Niccolò Ridolfi 	1 July 1517 	Son of Contessina de' Medici 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1 July 1517 (V)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement VII(1523–1534) 	Niccolò Gaddi 	3 May 1527 	Related through Catherine de' Medici 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 3 May 1527 (I)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement VII(1523–1534) 	Ippolito de' Medici 	10 January 1529 	Illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 10 January 1529 (VI)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Paul III(1534–1549) 	Alessandro Farnese 	18 December 1534 	Grandson 	
Paul III(1534–1549) 	Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora 	18 December 1534 	Grandson 	
Paul III(1534–1549) 	Niccolò Caetani 	22 December 1536published 13 March 1538	Son of cousin 	
Paul III(1534–1549) 	Tiberio Crispo 	19 December 1544 	Brother, on his mother's side, of pope's daughter Costanza Farnese, possibly natural son of Paul III	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 19 December 1544”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Paul III(1534–1549) 	Ranuccio Farnese 	16 December 1545 	Grandson 	
Paul III(1534–1549) 	Giulio Feltre della Rovere 	27 July 1547 	Relative 	Trollope, 1876, p. 51.
Julius III(1550–1555) 	Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte 	30 May 1550 	Adopted 	
Julius III(1550–1555) 	Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte 	20 November 1551 	Cousin 	
Julius III(1550–1555) 	Fulvio della Corgna 	20 November 1551 	Nephew on his mother's side 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of November 20, 1551 (III)”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Julius III(1550–1555) 	Roberto de Nobili 	22 December 1553 	Grandnephew 	
Julius III(1550–1555) 	Girolamo Simoncelli 	22 December 1553 	Grandnephew 	
Paul IV(1555–1559) 	Carlo Carafa 	7 June 1555 	Unknown 	Williams, 2004, p. 83.
Paul IV(1555–1559) 	Diomede Carafa 	20 December 1555 	Relative 	
Paul IV(1555–1559) 	Alfonso Carafa 	15 March 1557 	Grandnephew 	Williams, 2004, p. 86.
Pius IV(1559–1565) 	Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni 	31 January 1560 	Cousin of Charles Borromeo 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 31 January 1560”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Pius IV(1559–1565) 	St. Charles Borromeo 	31 January 1560 	Nephew 	
Pius IV(1559–1565) 	Mark Sittich von Hohenems (or Marco Sittico d'Altemps	26 February 1561 	Nephew 	
Pius IV(1559–1565) 	Alfonso Gesualdo 	26 February 1561 	Brother-in-law of Charles Borromeo 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 26 February 1561 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Pius IV(1559–1565) 	Gianfrancesco Gàmbara 	26 February 1561 	Stepbrother of Charles Borromeo 	
Pius IV(1559–1565) 	Francesco Alciati 	12 March 1565 	Relative 	
Pius IV(1559–1565) 	Guido Luca Ferrero 	12 March 1565 	Cousin of Charles Borromeo 	Miranda, S. 1998. Consistory of 12 March 1565." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Pius IV(1559–1565) 	Gianfrancesco Commendone 	12 March 1565 	Relative 	
Pius V(1566–1572) 	Michele Bonelli† 	6 March 1566 	Grandnephew 	Lemaitre, Nicole. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Pius V." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0415922283. p. 1178.
Pius V(1566–1572) 	Girolamo Rusticucci 	17 May 1570 	Relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of May 17, 1570 (III)”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Gregory XIII(1572–1585)	Filippo Boncompagni† 	2 June 1572 	Unknown 	Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 142.
Gregory XIII(1572–1585)	Filippo Guastavillani 	5 July 1574 	Unknown 	
Gregory XIII(1572–1585)	Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora 	12 December 1583 	Relative through his sister Costanza, wife of pope's son 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of December 12, 1583 (VII)”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Sixtus V(1585–1590) 	Alessandro Peretti di Montalto† 	13 March 1585 	Unknown 	Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 92.
Gregory XIV(1590–1591) 	Paolo Emilio Sfondrati† 	19 December 1590 	Unknown 	Tizon-Germe, Anne-Cécile. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Gregory XIV." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0415922283. p. 666.
Gregory XIV(1590–1591) 	Flaminio Piatti 	6 March 1591 	Relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 6 March 1591 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Innocent IX(1591) 	Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce† 	18 December 1591 	Grandnephew 	
Clement VIII(1592–1605)	Pietro Aldobrandini† 	17 September 1593 	Unknown 	Levillain, 1981, p. 1129.Trollope, 1876, p. 52.
Clement VIII(1592–1605)	Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini† 	17 September 1593 	Unknown 	Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 81.
Clement VIII(1592–1605)	Silvestro Aldobrandini 	17 September 1603 	Grandnephew 	
Clement VIII(1592–1605)	Giovanni Battista Deti 	3 March 1599 	Relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 3 March 1599". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement VIII(1592–1605)	Bonifazio Bevilacqua Aldobrandini 	3 March 1599 	Adopted while already a cardinal on 3 April 1601 	
==17th century==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew 	Date of elevation 	Relationship 	Notes
Paul V(1605–1621) 	Scipione Borghese Caffarelli† 	18 July 1605 	Adopted nephew 	
Paul V(1605–1621) 	Giambattista Leni 	24 November 1608 	Distant relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 24 November 1608”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Paul V(1605–1621) 	Tiberio Muti 	2 December 1615 	Unknown 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 2 December 1615". Florida International University. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
Gregory XV(1621–1623) 	Ludovico Ludovisi† 	15 February 1621 	Nephew 	Miranda, S. 1998. "XVII Century (1605–1700)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Gregory XV(1621–1623) 	Francesco Boncompagni 	19 April 1621 	Unknown 	
Gregory XV(1621–1623) 	Marcantonio Gozzadini 	21 July 1621 	Cousin 	
Urban VIII(1623–1644) 	Francesco Barberini† 	2 October 1623 	Nephew 	
Urban VIII(1623–1644) 	Lorenzo Magalotti 	7 October 1624 	Brother in law 	
Urban VIII(1623–1644) 	Antonio Marcello Barberini 	7 October 1624 	Brother 	
Urban VIII(1623–1644) 	Antonio Barberini 	30 August 1627 	Nephew 	
Urban VIII(1623–1644) 	Francesco Maria Macchiavelli 	6 December 1641 	Relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of December 16, 1641 (VII)”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Innocent X(1644–1655) 	Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili† 	14 November 1644 	Son of Innocent X's sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini	Resigned 21 January 1647
Innocent X(1644–1655) 	Francesco Maidalchini† 	7 October 1647 	Nephew of Olimpia Maidalchini 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of October 7, 1647 (IV)”. Florida International University. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
Innocent X(1644–1655) 	Camillo Astalli† 	19 September 1650 	Cousin of Olimpia Maidalchini 	Deprived of the title of nipote in 1653Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 19 September 1650”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Alexander VII(1655–1667) 	Flavio Chigi, seniore† 	9 April 1657 	Nephew 	
Alexander VII(1655–1667) 	Antonio Bichi 	9 April 1657 	Unknown 	Levillain, 2002, p. 467.
Clement IX(1667–1669) 	Giacomo Rospigliosi† 	12 December 1667 	Nephew 	
Clement X(1670–1676) 	Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni†	24 January 1664(by Pope Alexander VII)	Adopted while already a cardinal 	Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 153.Williams, 2004, p. 119.Levillain, 2002, p. 468.
Clement X(1670–1676) 	Vincenzo Maria Orsini 	22 February 1672 	Relative 	Future Pope Benedict XIIIMiranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of February 22, 1672 (III)”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Innocent XI(1676–1689) 	Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri 	2 September 1686 	Distant relative 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 2 September 1686”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Alexander VIII(1689–1691)	Pietro Ottoboni† 	7 November 1689 	Grandnephew 	Standen, Edith A. 1981. "Tapestries for a Cardinal-Nephew: A Roman Set Illustrating Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata." Metropolitan Museum Journal. 16: 147–164.
Alexander VIII(1689–1691)	Giambattista Rubini 	13 February 1690 	Unknown 	
== 18th century ==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew 	Date of elevation	Relationship 	Notes
Clement XI(1700–1721) 	Annibale Albani 	23 December 1711 	Unknown 	Miranda, S. 1998. " Consistory of 23 December 1711 (VI)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement XI(1700–1721) 	Fabio Olivieri 	6 May 1715 	Cousin 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 6 May 1715". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Innocent XIII(1721–1724)	Bernardo Maria Conti 	16 June 1721 	Brother 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 16 June 1721 (I)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement XII(1730–1740) 	Neri Maria Corsini 	14 August 1730 	Unknown 	Miranda, S. 1998. "XVIII Century (1700–1799)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement XII(1730–1740) 	Giovanni Antonio Guadagni	24 September 1731	Unknown 	Miranda, S. 1998. “Consistory of 24 September 1731”. Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
Clement XIII(1758–1769) 	Carlo Rezzonico 	11 September 1758	Unknown 	Levillain, 1981, p. 1179.
Pius VI(1775–1799) 	Giovanni Carlo Bandi 	29 May 1775 	Uncle 	
Pius VI(1775–1799) 	Barnaba Chiaramonti 	14 February 1785 	Relative on his mother's side	Future Pope Pius VIIKazimierz Dopierała, Księga papieży, Pallotinum, Poznań 1996, pp. 373–374; Damian Hungs: Papst Pius VII
Pius VI(1775–1799) 	Romualdo Braschi-Onesti 	18 December 1786 	Unknown 	Levillain, 1981, p. 1184.
==19th century==
Elevating pope 	Cardinal-nephew	Date of elevation	Relationship	Notes
Leo XIII(1878–1903)	Giuseppe Pecci 	12 May 1879 	Brother 	Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 May 1879". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
==Footnotes==
==Notes==
==References==
* Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. 1972. Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, 2 vols. Padova.
* Brixius, Johannes M. 1912. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181. Berlin.
* Eubel, Konrad 1913. Hierarchia Catholica, vol. I-IX. Münster.
* Ganzer, Klaus 1963. Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelater. Tübingen. 
* Hüls, Rudolf 1977. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130. Tübingen. 
* Kartusch, Elfriede 1984. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227. Vienna.
* Klewitz, Hans-Walter. 1957. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg. Darmstadt. 
* Maleczek, Werner 1984. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216. Vienna.
*Robinson, I.S. 1990. The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge University Press. 
*Thomson, John A. F. 1980. Popes and Princes, 1417–1517: Politics and Polity in the Late Medieval Church. Boston: George Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-901027-1.
*Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. Chapman and Hall. 
*Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. ISBN 0786420715.
* Zenker, Barbara. 1964. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159. Würzburg.
*
Cardinal
es:Anexo:Cardenales nepotes
it:Lista dei cardinali nipoti
pt:Anexo:Lista de cardeais-sobrinhos