Mythos

Etymologia: ex awo hellen μύθος = "narn, fabule". 
Definition: Uno mythos est un exempelstoria, narreneut pon ciengow, aun autor-on, quod expliet, pro folk-on, ia megil enigmas ios mund ed ia menscensulouks. Mythos lyehct ye id crucen om civilisation, Religion, memoria ed Culture. 
 Mircea Eliade (1907, Bucuresti - 1986, Chicago) buit un romune historian iom religions, scriptor om fictions, philosoph ed professor bei Universitat os Chicago ab 1957. Autor om 30 scientific jasamats, literar wehrgs ed philosophic essais tarjta do 18 bahsas ed om circa 1200 articles ed rescension de variat thematiques. Mircea Eliades complete wehrg tehlpt eni takriban 80 jasamats. 
==Mythos ed origin==
Sekwent M. Eliade, "id mythos narret un iser storia; id relat un wakya quod muss unte id primordial tid, id fabulous tid iom "inkapems"; id narret quosmed, dank ia exploits im supernatural sesen, un realitat hat bihn druv, kweter leit de id total realitat, id cosmos au tik un fragment (insule, plante, institution)". Mythos est semper narn uns creation, ed est ayt un "ver storia" : "id cosmogonic mythos est ver ob id existence ios mund est ter kay pruves id" nascript Eliade (Aspects du mythe, 1963). Also enscenet id mythos ia megil werds i mensci sib eiskwnt : Quetos id mund ? Quod est gwit ? Quod est Mohrt ? Vasya civilisations hant creet creds ed mythsa kay dahe un sense iri gnahsa : id garden os Eden permitt lehge id gnahsa os menscgenos; id aventure om Remus ed Romulus tod os Rome. Ighi mensci naudhe name id "inkapem", id origin, kay ghabe qui sont, ka spece ed ka culture. 
 Ia Lupa Capitolina symboliset ia mythic origins os Rome. Proca, roy im Albans, hieb dwo sons, Numitor ed Amulius. Pos id mohrt ios roy, id rig buit loikwnen ad Numitor. Yed Amulius maung iskwit regne : itak is uperwieldh Numitor ed regnit vice iom. Is buwit Rhea Silvia, Numitors dugter, un sakerdot as Vesta (divu os chastitat, quas sakerdotas, ias vestals, dohlg remane virgens). Bet is Div os Weir, Mars, "visitit" Rhea Silvia, qua gohn dwins, Romulus ed Remus. Furieus, Amulius wohl xubhes iens novgnahts do id augwedor ios Tiber. Men id fluv sklas iens magvens pod Mont Palatin. Ter, un wulkwa anac ibs sien outers. Weitwodd ios kyudos, un pastor kwahsit iens magvens ed alih iens ab sien esor. 
==Μυθος ed ethnologia==
Id μύθος exmehnt id mund lehgend-ye id med kwiterplukwid narns, nekam id philosophic λόγος, quod keipt id med concepts. 
Lévi-Strauss kweit ithan id mythic men : "Aummos lyt ye tod weidos quando, buden ad dahe sem explication, antwehrdmos med "est quando" au "est kam"" (De près et de loin, 1988). Ma serpents ne hant pods ? Est quando Div hant makhkoumihn i ad rempes duili. Ma jisown ? Est kam Narkis fascinen ab sien wi kwiter. 
Esdi hellen philosophia se hat dwighen eiskwnd-ye supplante id tuntro predominanto mythic men, bo volge kye sense ed vertat : Platon (427-347 pre JC), in id IIt buk os Περὶ πολιτείας, ayt mythos un allegoria quod skaut - ed sammel kehldert ia sub uno narn - vertats. Senters ghi tehrbent bihe ghaben, ed tun tehrbmos abghende id inutil povesti quod est id mythic narn. 
Lakin, Platon folossiet mythos in sien-pet dialogsa, eni id λόγος, kay udwekwne quo ne est express med dialectic men : id mythos os Er iom Pamphyl, tom ritter nehcus in katu qui gwehmt tsay kay tolke de Akhira, concernt id buhsa ed id beurt iom atmens. Mythos khact bihe reducen uni prescientific stand os men. Id narret, expliet ed revelet id mund ye alyo - ne inferior - weidos. Idghi mythos est "wekwos", ed quo id sayct khact bihe saygen als. 
Ethnologia analyset mythsa kay sbringhes ia suls ed functionments os un societat : sense idsen institutions, relations inter wirs ed gwens, veuters ed yuners, ghomens ed divs... Ielg mythos propont it un gridel quod "permitt skwites un sense, ne ios-pet mythos, sontern ios hol reste : images ios mund, ios societat, os historia, teupend claus id conscience, samt ia werds i mensci sib eiskwnt de ia." (Lévi-Strauss, De près et de loin). 
Mythic persons semper yeisent tsay ids megil interrogations de menscencondition : also Ulysses, in sien odysseia unte id Mediomar, perkeipt id incontren ios Hellen con i ne-Hellens. Id episode ios Cyclop hat un anthropologic maynen, ed id sigh ios mahir Hellen uperwehrt id triumph ios mensc, "dvanedder", upper iom monster, praedder os mensckrewos. Id reference os Ulysses permitt also im Hellens se exmehne cultural-ye ed identifie ir wirts. Bet Ulysses ne buit invent kay reflege id hellen culture : kam Levi-Strauss kyunggiawt, mensci ne mehne in mythsa, sontern "mythsa bihnt exmohnen in i menscens, ed newissab i." (De près et de loin).
Psychanalyse, in sien different movments, ayt ia mythic narns kam id formulation inconscienten structures : Freud men (1856-1940) neudt iom person Oedipus kay enlaces ia complexe relations uniend el purt elsi mater. Jung de (1875-1961) installet id idee os "collective inconscient" quod prehpt in cultural symbols kam mythsa, basma ed folklore.
 Wahid gnohn samzaman (1429) kip as Jeanne d'Arc, gnahtu circum 1412 in Domrémy, village ios Hercegdem Bar, ed mohrt ep id piurna dien 31 Mai 1431 in Rouen, nagor ios Hercegdem Normandie tun possession ios Roydem England, est un heroyin ios historia os France, korion ed saint ios Catholic Kyrk, lakabneut pon dien XVIt secule "iam pylcell os Orléans". 
In-kap id XVt secule sigwrit sa septdemat gwenak os nowngmin origin dakus ex parte saints id mission os lures France ex Englisch occupation. Ia ghehdt ghate Charles VII, duce rhalib-ye ia Franceois trupps contra ia Englisch heirs, ende id siege os Orleans ed hamrahe iom roy do eys cronen in Reims, contribuend it inverte id druna ios Centwetsen Weir. 
Kapen ab iens Burgundions in Compiegne in 1430, ia biht pohrnt ibs Englisch ab Jean os Luxembourg, graf os Ligny, po dec mil punds. Ia biht makhkoumihta do bihe aydht in 1431 pos un heresie mahel ducen ab Pierre Cauchon, episkep os Beauvais.
==Mythic rjienbwutsi==
Hellen ed latino mythologias, semquayt id Bible, ia occidental (Celts), oriental (China, Japan), African (Misr) cultures hant loikwnen, unte ia secules, pelu exemplar ed emblematic persons. Sems hant bihn appellatives ("un Herakleus", "un phoenix"); alyi hant gohnen adjectives ("promanthusic", "proteiforme", "hermetic"). 
Id creation em mythic persons ne se limitet ibs awims tids : ielg zaman product siens mythic, Individual au generic rjienbwutsens. Also Faust, qui gnaht in medieval Deutschland, est emto tsay ed transformet, ab Marlowe (1564-1593), dind Goethe (1749-1832), ed pelu alyens poskwo; id sam pro Don Juan, creen in id catholic Espania ios XVIIt secule. Semschi historic (Jeanne d'Arc, Napoleon) au semi-historic (Robin Hood, Wilhelm Tell) persons accedde id status em mythic rjienbwutsens. 
Id modern zaman, besonters ob cinema, gehnt mythic rjienbwutsens. Ia Uniet Stats os America hant besonters dught id mythos ios cowboy, au ios extraterran. Also Batman, appariht pos id 1929 crise, samghat ia angsta ed fantasmes os un societat confronten ad economic marasmus. Id maynen ios lexis mythos hat her ormerasct : neti leit de un problematic narn quos sense khact bihe eluciden, sontern de un rjienbwutsem samt historic-ye limiten symbolic wirt. Barthes hat oistudyen in Mythologies (1970) id sonterkweitu tom muassir imagen. 
Fin-ye, dayis au notions poitte bihe kwiten "mythsa" : biht tolcto de id mythos os progress au ios sell yeamban. Is historian R.Girardet (1917-2013) hat enderkwit quar major mythsa (id conspiration, is salvor, id golden aiwo, id unitat) kay describe id franceois politic imaginarium pon id XIXt secule.
 US actor Christian Bale (ka Bruce Wayne) ant id Batman trakh in id film The Dark Knight rises ab Christopher Nolan, 2008. Batman est un fictional superheroy prehpend in ia publication os DC Comics. So person buit creet ab reisser Bob Kane ed scriptor Bill Finger ed buit publiet ye id prest ker in 1939. Id secret identitat os Batman est Bruce Wayne, un baygat US plaiboy, philanthrop ed suter om Wayne Enterprises. Pos weitwoddus ka magv id maurdh sienen parents, is kassiem vengence contra criminals, un oit mildert ab un sense os ieustet. Bruce Wayne trainiret physic-ye ed intellectual-ye ed se kiyafat med un baulweidos trakh kay combate crime. 
Batman act in id fictional citat Gotham samt id assistance diversen stehmpersons, bayna qui sieno majordomo Alfred, police commissar Gordon, ed vigilante allieits kam Robin. Nekam pleisti superheroys, Batman xeiht nia supermaghs; is petis antreust sien genial intellect, sien kyudost nerce, bwudschow imkans, detective ilms, science ed technologia, vast opnos, ed yunkci. Un large assortiment vilainen skeipt id duschmania os Batman, bayna qui eys archipeind, is Joker. 
==Mythos ed literature==
Literar wehrgs, ed daydeyer artistic wehrgs, weuxe ep mythsa. Racine (1639-1699) con sien tragedias (Phèdre, Iphigénie) seult-se ep ia hellen mythsa ja nudt ab tragedias ios Vt secule pre JC ed redinght ia. 
Penkdem secules separe Sophokleus (Vt secule pre JC) ed Anouilh (1910-1987), in ir perkeipen as Antigone : ia politic, ideologic, psychologic dimensions iom dwo piecen sont radical-ye different. Anouilh, in 1944, daht sieni person Antigone, face Creon, un logos quod pit ses in echo con id troublet zaman os Mund Weir Dwo. Romanurgs plukwid folossient situations au components ois mythsa : also id labyrinth est id cleich pro id Ulysses (1922) os Joyce, pro das Schloss (1926) os Kafka, pro L'emploi du temps (1956) os Butor, pro certain basma os Borges. 
Fin-ye, literar wehrgs gehne ep ir roig sem mythic rjienbwutsens : is Cid, Don Quijote, Gavroche, Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver concreteihnt nies aspirations, nies dwois, angsta au desires. Ti heroys ex fiction joine id existencial dimension im heroys os mythologia. 
Prest edition (samt un fictice portrait os Capitan Lemuel Gulliver) os Gulliver's Travels (1726, amenden 1736), un prose satire ab Eirean scriptor ed kyrkswir Jonathan Swift. Est bo un satire de menscbuhsa ed ios literar subjor iom "mussaferbasmen". Est id suagnohnst parscriben wehrg ab Swift, ed un classic os Englisch literature. Ispet sigwrit is oiscripsit Gulliver's Travels "kay vexe id mund anter quem diverte id".
==Mythsa ed ir echo==
Oik persons, bayghend oral tradition ed/au literature, hant tohrn wakt ed remane reference rjienbwutsi, skeipend it mythic persons. Est interessant observe od kun sem intellectual exmehnskwt un dayi, el folossiesiet un person quel hat bihn uno mythos. 
Also cheust Freud, kay enevidence ia sibias inter el magv ed els parents, iom person Oedipus : mayneiht eyso storia eni id prospecto quod est sien, tod os psychanalyse. Kay exmehne L'Amour et l'Occident - titule sienios essai, paruet in 1939 - Rougemont studyet iom person Tristan, ed propont un reflexion de liubhpassion in idso sibia dia mohrt ed paytten : Tristan est enliubht ob eys liubh est impossible, ed ob quo obstaht liubh construct wehnos. Prokwer nos, is epistemolog D.Lecourt, kay duce sien reflexion de id notion progress, studyet Promanthus, Faust ed Frankenstein : is deict it kam ύβρις (aunmeidia, in Hellen) est wehrgend in occidental men, ed quod est ids ambivalence. 
Idghi neud om mythsa est constant, ed id aunfin plasticitat os mythos possibleiht kmehnes idspet materia.