Egypt

The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British-backed monarchy in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's growing population through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.
==Economical characteristics==
* Currency: Egyptian pound (ISO code: EGP)
* Central bank discount rate: 8.5% (31 December 2009)
* Commercial banks lending rate: NA% (31 December 2008)
* Stock of money (M1): $31.72 billion (31 December 2008)
* Quasi money (with M1 makes M2): $112.2 billion (31 December 2008)
===Statistics===
Statistic / Year 	1999 	2000 	2001 	2002 	2003 	2004 	2005 	2006 	2007 	2008
GDP (million USD)World Bank. "Egypt: GDP", from World Bank Data. Referenced 2010-10-01. 	90 711	99 839	97 632	87 851	82 924	78 845	89 686	107 484	130 473	162 283
Govt. debt (% of GDP)World Bank. "Egypt: government debt", from World Bank Data. Referenced 2010-10-01. 	37.391	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Govt. revenue (% of GDP)World Bank. "Egypt: government revenue", from World Bank Data. Referenced 2010-10-01. 	 	 	 	24.350	25.431	24.640	24.292	28.139 	27.118 	27.715
Govt. expenses (% of GDP)World Bank. "Egypt: government expenses", from World Bank Data. Referenced 2010-10-01.	 	 	 	27.248	27.332	26.890	27.389	32.764 	29.336 	30.418
Debt to revenue (years) 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
==References==
Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.
==External links==
* Egypt on Wikipedia
* Central bank of Egypt
* Country profile (pdf) from the Enterprise Studies page (part of the The World Bank Group)
* Studies from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
* BBC country profile
Category:Countries