GWR 5600 Class

The GWR 5600 Class is a class of 0-6-2T steam locomotive built between 1924 and 1928. They were designed by Charles Collett for the Great Western Railway (GWR), and were introduced into traffic in 1924. After the 1923 grouping, Swindon inherited a large and variable collection of locomotives from historic Welsh railway companies, which did not fit into their standardization programme. GWR boiler inspectors arrived en masse and either condemned the original locomotives or had them rebuilt. The systematic destruction of many examples of locomotives, most still in serviceable condition, followed, but various were worked alongside 5600 Class.
Two hundred GWR 5600 Class replacement locomotives were built and remained in service until withdrawn by British Railways between 1962 and 1965. Nine of the class have survived into preservation.
==Background (Welsh 0-6-2T types)==
The railways of South Wales seem to have had a particular liking for the 0-6-2T type. This was because the nature of the work they undertook demanded high adhesive weight, plenty of power with good braking ability, but no need for outright speed, nor large tanks or bunker as the distances from pit to port were short. The 0-6-2 configuration was discovered to confidently handle the sharp curves so prevalent in the area. These Welsh locomotives were taken over by the GWR at the Grouping in 1922, as follows:
Railway 	Quantity	GWR numbers
Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway	4 	190–2, 663
Barry Railway 	72 	193–201/3/4/6–214, 223–235/8, 240–277
Brecon and Merthyr Tydfil Junction Railway (B&M) 	18 	11, 21, 332, 504, 698, 888, 1084, 1113, 1372–5, 1668/70/4/7/92, 1833
Cardiff Railway 	13 	151–163
Neath and Brecon Railway 	5 	1114/7, 1277, 1327/71
Port Talbot Railway and Docks Company 	7 	183–189
Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway 	19 	164–182
Rhymney Railway 	101 	30–44, 46–91, 97–101, 105–110/2–5/7–9, 122/7/9/30/1/3–145/7–150
Taff Vale Railway (TVR) 	209 	236, 278–302, 310/1/3–5/7–321/4, 333/5/7, 343–9, 351/2/6/7, 360–2/4–8, 370–391/3/4/7–9, 401–4/6/8–421/3–435/7–455, 462/6, 471–496/8–503/5–8, 511/3/5/6, 520, 552, 560/7, 573, 577–593/5–600/2/3
Some were rebuilt with GWR taper boilers. In 1946, all of the surviving B&M locomotives and several TVR locomotives were allotted new numbers, which were applied between 1946 and 1950 (although some were withdrawn before the new number could be applied). A number of them passed into British Railways (BR) ownership in 1948, including (with some gaps in numbering):
*Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway, BR number 190
*Barry Railway, BR numbers 198–277
*Brecon and Merthyr Tydfil Junction Railway, BR numbers 422-436
*Cardiff Railway, BR number 155
*Port Talbot Railway and Docks, BR number 184
*Rhymney Railway, BR numbers 30-83
*Taff Vale Railway, BR numbers 200–411
Of the Taff Vale Railway, many engines continued to operate up to the 1950s, but today only two locomotives survived, TVR 'O1' No.28, the last-surviving Welsh-built engine, and TVR 'O2' No.85.
For further information on these pre-grouping locomotives see Locomotives of the Great Western Railway.
==Origins==
When the GWR took over the Welsh valley lines, they discovered that the Welsh locomotive crews liked their 0-6-2T locomotives. Rather than a new design the 5600 Class was a "Swindonised" version of the Rhymney Railway M class and R class locomotives. The 1904 M class (and the similar 1909 R class) were successful designs ideally suited to hauling heavy coal trains a relatively short distance.
The 5600 Class was specially designed for work in South Wales, replacing the elderly, worn-out locomotives that had been 'inherited' in 1923, when the smaller railway companies were forcibly merged into the GWR at The Grouping. Contrary to this trend, the Rhymney Railway's more modern 0-6-2s were in generally good order and had proved successful. Thus they became the blueprint for the 56xx.
The first of five R class locos was re-boilered by the GWR in 1926 and a single M class was upgraded in 1930. In this form, both were visually almost indistinguishable from the 5600 Class.
==Design==
The design of the 5600 Class followed Great Western Railway practice as far as possible, by utilising many standardised parts. Included in Churchward's innovations was a Standard Number 2 boiler which was suitable for the 5600 Class, and the M and R class Rhymney locomotives, complete with the traditional brass GWR safety valve casing and copper-capped chimney.
They were substantial sized tank engines, 37 feet 6 inches in length and weighing 62 tons. The side tanks were capable of holding 1900 gallons of water. The high domed cab, bunker and tanks were closely related to the 31xx and 42xx classes. One hundred of the class were built at the GWR workshops in Swindon from 1924 to 1927.
While they were powerful machines, the 5600s were very unpopular with footplate crews at the time. They were beset by numerous failures, the most common of which was hot axle boxes. They lacked the wider tolerances in their boxes that the original Welsh company locomotives had. They also had the tendency to derail, so those driving them preferred them in reverse, where the pony truck was able to guide them around tight curves. When the first batch were hastily recalled back to Swindon, Collett faced criticism from the Director of Caerphilly Works in building such a locomotive unsuited to the lines they were meant to work on. 
In 1927 another 100 similar engines were constructed – these were slightly heavier and numbered in the 66xx series. Nos 6600–6649 were Swindon-built in 1927–1928, but due to the pressure of work 6650–6699 were built by Armstrong Whitworth in 1928. This resulted in some minor design differences from the Swindon locomotives, most visible were additional balance weights fitted inside the driving wheels webs opposite the crank pin to remedy the faults. When the Welsh railwaymen discovered that the new GWR 5700 Class 0-6-0 pannier tank (introduced 1929) was even more suitable for the same work – being shorter and lighter, with roughly the same (slightly lower) tractive effort – no further Class 56xx/66xx locos were built.
The 5600 Class had the distinction of being the only locomotive of 0-6-2 wheel arrangement built new by the GWR. Nevertheless, there were just over 400 locos with that wheel arrangement in service from 1940 to 1945, demonstrating the large number acquired in 1923.
Table of orders and numbers
Year 	Quantity	Lot No.	Locomotive numbers	Notes
1924–25	50 	228 	5600–5649 	
1926–27	50 	235 	5650–5699 	
1927–28	30 	244 	6600–6629 	
1928 	20 	252 	6630–6649 	
1928 	50 	255 	6650–6699 	Armstrong-Whitworth works nos. 938–987
==Dimensions==
*Locomotive weight: 
**All locos, 68 tons 12 cwt
**5600 Class, 68 tons 12 cwt
**6600 Class, 69 tons 7 cwt
**5600 Class, 62 tons 18 cwt
**6600 Class, 15 cwt more than 5600
==Service==
A fall in the South Wales coal trade in the 1930s saw many of the class re-allocated to other parts of the system. Due to the stability of the design, many drivers would typically operate the 56xx class down the Welsh valleys in reverse (bunker first). The placement of the trailing wheels helped the engine enter the curves better than if operated in the other direction. Typically, during operation, when pulling a heavy load the tanks were operated bunker first, and then smokebox first on the return trips up the valleys.
All the 56xx/66xx locomotives passed into British Railways ownership at nationalization in 1948, and all remained in service until 1962, at which time they were withdrawn from service quite rapidly, with the onset of diesel traction on BR gaining momentum. All had been retired by 1965.
==Withdrawal==
Withdrawn from 1962 to 1966, with nos. 5605 and 6697 being the last to go.
==Preservation==
Several ended up in Woodham Brothers' scrapyard in Barry, South Wales, with eight of the nine preserved engines saved from Barry. The majority of the class in preservation were built at Swindon Works, three of them: 6686, 6695 & 6697 being built by Armstrong Whitworth.
As the locomotives were operated mainly in South Wales, some railfans know the Class by the nickname "Taffy Tank"; 'Taffy' being a derogatory term for someone of Welsh descent. However, the 56xx class never had this title officially, whereas the more typical examples of the Rhymney Railway's M and R classes they replaced, were arguably the original 'Taffy Tanks' of fame.
As of 2017, six members of the class have run in preservation, with three engines currently in operation, 5668 undergoing restoration from scrapyard condition at the Kent and East Sussex Railway, 6634 and 6686 both awaiting restoration from scrapyard condition at Peak Rail and the Barry Tourist Railway respectively, and 6697 on static display at Didcot Railway Centre.
 
The following table lists the preserved locomotives:
Number	Builder 	Built 	Withdrawn 	Working Life 	Current Location 	Current Status 	Notes
5619 	Swindon Works 	March 1925 	June 1964 	39 Years, 3 months	Telford Steam Railway 	In Service 	In BR unlined Black, owned by the Telford Steam Railway
5637 	Swindon Works 	September 1925	June 1964 	38 Years, 9 months	 	Awaiting overhaul 	In BR lined Green, owned by the 5637 Steam Loco Group. The loco moved back to Blunsdon just before the lockdown and is awaiting overhaul.
5643 	Swindon Works 	October 1925 	July 1963 	37 Years, 9 months	East Lancashire Railway 	In Service 	In BR lined Green, owned by the Furness Railway Trust. Based at the Ribble Steam Railway but currently out on loan.
5668 	Swindon Works 	June 1926 	September 1964	38 Years, 3 months	Kent & East Sussex Railway 	Awaiting Restoration	Privately owned. Asbestos stripped in readiness for a boiler lift
6619 	Swindon Works 	January 1928 	March 1963 	35 Years, 1 month 	Kent & East Sussex Railway 	Awaiting Overhaul. 	In BR unlined Black. Owned by 6619 Ltd. Boiler Ticket Expired 1 January 2015.
6634 	Swindon Works 	August 1928 	June 1964 	35 Years, 8 months	Peak Rail 	Under Restoration 	Owned by Pete Waterman. Restoration was to be undertaken by the SVR but never commenced, moved to Rowsley in Nov 2017.
6686 	Armstrong Whitworth	October 1928 	June 1964 	35 Years, 6 months	Barry Tourist Railway 	 	Owned by the Vale of Glamorgan Council as part of the Barry Ten
6695 	Armstrong Whitworth	October 1928 	July 1964 	35 Years, 9 months	Swindon & Cricklade Railway	Undergoing Overhaul 	In BR lined Green, formerly based at Swanage Railway. Under overhaul and repairs at WSR after low loader incident where the trailer collapsed but now on the Swindon & Cricklade for the completion of this work.
6697 	Armstrong Whitworth	October 1928 	May 1966 	37 Years, 7 months	Didcot Railway Centre 	On Static Display 	In GWR unlined Green, only member of the Class not to go through Woodham Brothers' scrapyard
==Gallery==
File:6619 Grosmont engine sheds.jpg|No. 6679 Outside of the Workshops
File:2scrapped.webp
File:7229213466 7084326b33.jpg
File:9196488813 dd4a613df9 b.jpg
File:7925613490 d9fe1eec94 b.jpg
File:5619-in-woodhams-scrapyard-at-barry-circa-1975-1.jpg|No. 5619 in Woodhams scrapyard at Barry 1975
File:6697-at-tyseley-september-1969.jpg
File:DownattheStation2.jpg
File:GWR 56XX No. 5643 at Embsay & Bolton Abbey|No. 5643 at Embsay & Bolton Abbey
File:315299901 488307056597132 255211310103655397 n-750x500.jpg
File:6697 Didcot.jpg
File:Hugh llewelyn 6695 (5373474370).jpg
File:Train corfecastle ontheswanage railway.jpg|No. 6695 on the Swanage Railway viewed from Corfe Castle
==External links==
*5600 class (Great Western Archive)
*No. 5637 (5637 Steam Locomotive Group)
*No. 5643 (Furness Railway Trust)
*No. 6619 (Kent & East Sussex Railway)
*No. 6695 (Swanage Railway)
Category:0-6-2 steam locomotives
Category:0-6-2 locomotives
Category:0-6-2T locomotives
Category:0-6-2T steam locomotives
Category:Swindon Works locomotives
Category:Great Western Railway locomotives
Category:Tank locomotives
Category:Steam locomotives
Category:Locomotives
Category:Armstrong Whitworth locomotives
Category:4 foot 8 1⁄2 inch gauge
Category:Standard gauge locomotives
Category:Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Category:Built in 1924
Category:Built in 1925
Category:Built in 1926
Category:Built in 1927
Category:Built in 1928
Category:Restored locomotives
Category:Furness Locomotives
Category:British Rail locomotives
Category:Six-coupled locomotives
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