Memphis Belle

Memphis Belle is a 1990 war film directed by Michael Caton-Jones & written by Monte Merrick that is based on a fictionalization of William Wyler's 1943 documentary "Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress" which is about the final mission of an American Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber called the Memphis Belle that was based in England during World War II.
The film featured Matthew Modine, Eric Stoltz and Harry Connick Jr. (in his feature film debut).
==Plot==
In May 1943, the crew of the Memphis Belle, a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress of the US Army Air Force, are grounded in England while their aircraft is repaired.
The group is under the command of Col. Craig Harriman (David Strathairn), a no-nonsense, stoical leader, tasked with keeping the pressure on Nazi targets. An Army publicist, Lt. Col. Bruce Derringer (John Lithgow) is visiting the base, to interview the Belle crew in anticipation of their flying their 25th mission, a requirement to complete their tour of duty.
Derringer is eager to use the crew on a war bonds tour stateside. He believes their success would help the war effort, and confides to Harriman that many people back home are upset at the losses the Air Force has suffered. Some are beginning to think daylight bombing is ineffective, while Harriman openly favors it.
The officers of the squadron are informed the target for the day will be Bremen, Germany. After a delay due to poor weather over the target, the Memphis Belle and her squadron are airborne. They are soon assembled in formation with bomb group and their escort of North American P-51 Mustang fighters. 
They face frequent harassment by defending German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters along the way. Eventually the escorting fighters, low on fuel, turn away, while the bombers continue alone.
Back at the base, Harriman and Derringer have harsh words after the latter starts decorating the mess hall for a celebration upon the Belle's return. Derringer accuses Harriman of being cold-hearted and concerned only with advancing his military career. In response, Harriman brings Derringer into his office and angrily dumps a pile of letters on his desk and forces Derringer to read some of them. They are replies Harriman received from the grieving families of lost airmen.
Meanwhile, the bombers have suffered significant losses. The German interceptors focus their attacks on the leading aircraft in the formation. The first lead bomber, Windy City, loses its engines and explodes in front of the Belle, piloted by Captain Dennis Dearborn (Matthew Modine) and co-pilot 1st Lt. Luke Sinclair (Tate Donovan). 
More attacks ensue, and the replacement lead bomber, C Cup, is forced to break formation when its nose is crippled by a Bf 109. The crew of the Belle watch in horror when they see an airman fall out of the stricken aircraft without a parachute. The Belle is then tasked to lead the formation to the target.
Finding the target – an aircraft assembly plant – becomes difficult as bombardier 1st Lt. Val Kozlowski (Billy Zane) can't see the target because of a smokescreen the Germans had created. Dearborn aborts the initial bomb run and orders the formation to circle around for a second attempt, which frustrates the Belle crew who have had to endure the ongoing attacks from the Germans. 
On the second run, Kozlowski spots the assembly plant through a gap in the smokescreen and the bombers successfully hit their target. Once clear of the anti-aircraft fire, they are again attacked by fighters. 
Staff Sgt. Richard "Rascal" Moore's (Sean Astin) ball turret is destroyed, but he is saved by the safety strap. The attacks continue, blasting a hole in the fuselage, tearing off a large chunk of the tail, and setting the number four engine on fire. 
Radio operator Staff Sgt. (T/3) Danny "Danny Boy" Daly (Eric Stoltz), is wounded in the attacks, which puts Kozlowski in a difficult position when the crew enlists his self-exaggerated medical "expertise" to save the injured radioman. Meanwhile, Dearborn and Sinclair skillfully drop the aircraft into a steep dive and put the fire out, despite great risk of losing the aircraft.
As the B-17 limps closer to base, Dearborn orders the landing gear dropped. Only one wheel descends due to electrical failure caused by battle damage, but the crew are able to manually lower the malfunctioning wheel just before landing. 
The ground crew and a humbled Lt. Colonel Derringer race to greet them with jubilant cheers. The crew exits the battered bomber and celebrate their victory with Daly on an ambulance.
==Cast==
*Matthew Modine as Captain Dennis Dearborn
*Tate Donovan as First Lieutenant Luke Sinclair
*D.B. Sweeney as First Lieutenant Phil Lowenthal
*Billy Zane as First Lieutenant Val Kozlowski
*Eric Stoltz as Staff Sergeant (T\3) Danny Daly
*Reed Diamond as Staff Sergeant (T\3) Virgil Hoogesteger
*Sean Astin as Staff Sergeant Richard Moore
*Courtney Gains as Staff Sergeant Eugene McVey
*Neil Giuntoli as Sergeant Jack Bocci
*Harry Connick Jr. as Staff Sergeant Clay Busby
*Dan Strathairn as Colonel Craig Harriman
*John Lithgow as Lieutenant Bruce Derringer
==Production==
During the filming of "Memphis Belle," five real B-17s were rounded up out of eight that were airworthy during the late 1980s. Two were located in America (N3703G and N17W), two were in France (F-BEEA and F-AZDX The Pink Lady), and one (G-BEDF Sally B) in England. 
Since the original Memphis Belle was a B-17F model, almost all of the B-17s used in the film were heavily modified to look like earlier F models, having chin turrets removed, tail gun positions retrofitted with older designs and being painted olive drab green. 
During filming, two B-17s portrayed the Belle (one was the movie version of the Memphis Belle (N3703G) and the other was Sally B for the scenes that required pyrotechnics such as smoke and sparks indicating machine gun ("hits") while the rest had nose art and squadron markings changed numerous times to make it appear there were more aircraft.
The ground sequences for the movie (including the takeoff and landing scenes) were filmed at the non-operational RAF Binbrook in Lincolnshire, England with a period control tower and vehicles being placed on site. Flying sequences were flown from the airfield site of the Imperial War Museum Duxford. 
All the extras for the film were obtained from auditions held in the area, and included current and former members of the Royal Air Force. The filmmakers also used Pinewood Studios to shoot interior scenes and to shoot various models of B-17s.
A North American B-25 Mitchell was used to film the majority of the aerial scenes with several fixed and trainable cameras also mounted on B-17s and fighter aircraft for action shots. 
A Grumman TBM Avenger (with its tail section painted the same olive drab tones used on the B-17s) was used as back-up for a short time when the B-25 became unserviceable during filming.
The film pilots were warbird display pilots coming from the UK, USA, France, Germany, New Zealand and Norway, the roster changing several times as pilots had to return to their full-time jobs during filming. 
The flying sequences were devised and planned under the co-ordination of Old Flying Machine Company (OFMC) pilots Ray Hanna and his son Mark, who also acted as chief pilots for the fighter aircraft used and flew the camera-equipped fighter and TBM Avenger aircraft during filming
===Historical Accuracy===
With the exception of the aircraft names, this film is fiction based only very loosely on fact. The characters are composites, the names are not those of the real crew of the Memphis Belle and the incidents shown are supposed to be representative of B-17 missions in general. 
Indeed, the characters and situations of the film bear little resemblance to the crew of the actual Memphis Belle, the nature of her final mission, the accuracy of strategic bombing, or Allied policy on the bombing of civilians. 
No optimistic official celebration on the evening before the Belle's 25th mission occurred, and there was no special welcome for the crew when the mission was over.
The final and 25th mission of the real Belle was to Lorient, France before being flown back to the United States.
For the fighters, seven P-51 Mustangs were used, five of the P-51s were painted in the markings of the first USAAF Merlin-engined Mustang squadron to operate in Britain (a few months later in 1943 than the actual mission).
As there were no surviving flyable Messerschmitt Bf 109s, Luftwaffe fighter aircraft were represented by Ha-1112s, a Spanish version of the Bf 109 (which were also used to represent Bf 109s in the 1969 film Battle of Britain) in mid-war generic paint schemes.
===Notable Filming Incidents===
One of the French B-17s, (F-BEEA) used as a filming platform hit a tree and a pile of gravel during takeoff from Binbrook and was destroyed by the subsequent fire. 
The crew of 10 escaped, with two of them suffering serious injury and three suffering minor injury. While lined up on runway 21 awaiting takeoff, a puff of smoke was observed by a ground engineer from the vicinity of engine three which he conjectured could have been due to an overboost. 
The aircraft commenced its ground roll and after about 100 yards swung slightly to the left, which the commander (the handling pilot) corrected with the rudder and by reducing power to number 3 and 4 engines. 
Once corrected, full power on all engines was resumed, but the aircraft swung right. The commander applied corrective rudder and reduced power to number 1 and 2 engines, but this was not immediately effective and the aircraft left the runway before straightening, parallel to the runway. 
Knowing that the aircraft was capable of being operated from grass landing strips, the pilot opted to continue the take off; however, after 4-500 yards and at an airspeed of 90-95 mph the aircraft swung right and its course was obstructed by a tree which hit the left wing and a pile of gravel which hit the number 4 propeller. 
The aircraft yawed to the right and came to rest in a cornfield; the fuselage broke into two places aft of the bomb bay and caught fire.
==Reception==
===Box Office===
"Memphis Belle" opened at #2 at the box office, grossing $5,026,846 during its opening weekend, ranking behind the film Marked for Death.
===Critical Reception===
"Memphis Belle" received mixed reviews.
Roger Ebert stated that the film was "entertaining" yet filled with familiar wartime cliches, saying: "This human element in the experience of the "Memphis Belle" crew somehow compensates for a lack of human dimension in the characters. We can't really tell the crew members apart, and don't much care to, but we can identify with them."
U.K. film reviewer Andy Webb had similar reservations, saying: 
"Despite its good intentions to highlight the risks and heroics of the brave men who flew dangerous bombing missions deep into enemy soil during World War II, the one thing which you can't miss about "Memphis Belle" is that it is a cliche commercial production."
==Accolades==
1991 Bafta Awards
*Best Original Film Score: George Fenton (nominated)
1990 British Society of Cinematographers
*Best Cinematography Award: David Watkin (nominated)
1991 Evening Standard British Film Awards
*Best Technical\Artistic Achievement: David Watkin (won)
1991 Fantasporto Awards
*International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film: Michael Caton-Jones (nominated)
==Theatrical Trailer==
thumb|right|335 px
Category:1990 films
Category:War films
Category:Warner Bros. films
Category:Films based on true stories
Category:British films
Category:Rated PG-13