Cinema

Etymologia: Bragven os cinematographia, ex hellen κίνημα ("movment") ed γραφειν ("scribe"), apparihnum in France in 1892. 
Definition: Gnaht ye id end ios XIXt secule, cinema biht ops kekyeusmen pon 1912 ka "id septim art". Recent popularum art, cinema yunct multiple xeimens : Kwiter, narn, swon, dramaturgia...
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==Ex cinematographia do id "septim art"==
Cinema, etymologic-ye, est "movment". Dank ia technologic Innovations, ia fixa kwiters om rissem ed Photographia vahnt bihe animen ab 1880. Sei biht bilhassa id nam Edison (1847-1931) mohmt, cinema gnahsit ex ia yugen orbats pluren europay ed US inventors. Preter ayt un curiositat, cinema bihsiet tadrijan un wi expressionswassila.
Ies Lumière braters filme, in 1895, tri subjects qua seuwsient khabd : id exgumt ex ia Lumière fabrics, id arriven uns train do id station os La Ciotat ed id maschour Arroseur arrosé. In 1897, Méliès, pelughab inventor, wehrt ia presta scenes in artificialo luce, creet un studio ed instehlt special effects. Ies Gaumont ed Pathé productors appareihnt. Unte oika yars bihnt aunstohgen id closeup, id montage Technique, id tracking-shot, etc. 
Cinema hat gnahn ed tracet dwo vias : 
- fiction, quod keiht ep un scenario ed persons sub id direction iom prest regisseurs yant in-kap id XXt secule (Griffith in ia Uniet Stats os America, Feuilade ed Linder in France. 
- reportage, quod bezielt recorde druve layf. 
Id cinematographic aventure start tuntos, med importanta technologic innovations (swoncinema yant ia 1930tias, dind color). Inventen in Europe ed in ia USA, cinema se hat tadrijan extens tienxia. Unte payn oin secule, id hat sagven hassile semo noblesse, producend pelu chefdovers biht "classics", udnovend kamyabe-ye ia styles. 
Nundiens, id meinyun os cinema est intim-ye bohndto tei vasyen ecrans (television, DVD, internet) : tod Globalisation confert ad cinema un prestaurdhen place in id culture ios "global village". 
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==Cinema ed literature==
Un film est preter un scenario. Pre bihe kwiters, est un texte : el regisseur start ex un storia, eventual-ye pagen ab el scenariste ed el dialogar. Tod bihsiet uperwohrt sub formes om kwiters ed swons, preparen in id story-board, genis Comic-stripo previdend cada cadreplan ios film. 
Romans ed Theatre pieces oiskeipe un important surce om potential scenarios. Kay uperlites ex id scripto do id film, dehbht tyehce un adaptation, yani dehbht bihe kwenchaut quosmed id mussalsalia iom pagen bihsiet id sehkwo iom kwiters. Tod passionant ed difficil adaptationsorbat suppont sammel uno profundo gnohsa om literaro scriben ed cinematographic praxis. Filme Germinal (Cl.Berry, 1993), mathalan, obliget ad remenaye id wehrg in id prospect ios film : tyices kehrzens, installe dialogsa, gadabihes transitions... Tehrpsiet ses derv ei menos ios romanwehrg, esdi id sammel bayad transformet id. Zolas metaphors (id mine describen kam un infernal loc) dehlcsient bihe uperwohrtta do id lurhat iom visual kwiters : id uperleiten ex id buk do id film est meis transmutation quem transposition. 
Cinema, popularum art, hat permitten uni plaut public gnohe literar textes : J.Huston hat dughen un interessanto Moby Dick (1956) yeji Melvilles wehrg; J.Rivette hat subiht id grassab os censure deursend-ye uperwehrte id hava os La Religieuse (1966) ab Diderot; S.Frears hat kamyapt id challenge os enfilme Dangerous Liaisons/Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1988) ab Chanderlos de Laclos. 
Sont kathire scriptors qui hant chusen orbate pro cinema, eti hant bihnt cineastes : Prévert hat collaboren con Carné (Drôle de drame, 1937; Les Enfants du Paradis, 1945); Giraudoux hat adaptet Balzac (La Duchesse de Langeais, 1942); Sartre hat dught un scenario (Les jeux sont faits, 1947); Faulkner buit employ af Hollywood ka scenariste, participend besonters id maschour The Big Sleep (Hawks, 1946). I "nouveau-romanurgs" hant prolongen ir literar wehrg med un importanto cinematographic wehrg : Duras ed Robbe-Grillet hant collaboret con cineaste A.Resnais, preter pro Hiroshima mon amour (1958) ed dwoter pro L'année dernière à Marienbad (1961).
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==Cinema ed kip==
Id film os Kubrick Paths of Glory (1957) hat maghen bihe citen kay illustre Mund Weir Oin. Wohrten quargim yars pos ta wakyas ab un cineaste qui ne hat gwiwt ia, tod swordalbh film izhart lakin un pondost Realisme : daht id "illusion ios ver" kam saygiet Maupassant. Face un talg wehrg, el smautrer dehlct lakin gwupes in ment od el seddt ant un reconstruction ios real". Cada historic reenactmento dehlct duce el smautrer ad daume de id kip quod el regisseur ed elso zaman beuwnt ex id recreeto storia. Maghmos also daume ma id vision os Mund Weir Oin ab Kubrick est tem different ud tod propost ab B.Tavernier, in 1997, med Capitaine Conan.
Sam-ye, kun is polec cineaste A.Wajda wehrt Danton (1982), tehrbmos daume qualg vision is regisseuro propont de ia revolutionar episodes om 1789-1794, quosmed is enscenet Danton face Robespierre, qua sont eys itirafen we rhayr-itirafen ideologic cheusa, kam som-skweit is id Franceois Revolution. Cinema, instar roman, wehrct kam un double inikas : id film daht un - bilkull mukhtmelst - kwiter uns prev zaman, ed tod uns actual mentalitat, elswo regisseur esend lambht in els tid, els culture, els ideologia. Also, Wajdas Danton ne est aun diemen con id politic situation os Polska unte ia 1980tias, Walesa ducend in Gdansk id contestation os Sovietsk communisme. 
Cada film est yinjier revelator os un zaman in ids complexitat, tiel do ids ambiguitats, ed skeipt it un orbatsinstrument pro el historian iom mentalitats. Id western, pos enscenevs iom barbar Indian face iom civiliset blank wir, hat tadrijan-ye nuancen, hatta inverten tod dehtorMythos os US societat : ex J.Wayne do C.Eastwood, yani ex J.Ford do S.Leone, western nos invitet alyi mundvision. Tod ne maynt od dwoters udzamane preters : id US aventure biht skwit sammel ab id suggestive stieure os Rio Bravo (1950) ed in ia desenchanten kwiters os C'era una volta il West/Once upon a time in the West (1968).
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==Cinema ed culture(s)==
Definihes id IIIt millennium cinema est in se impossible : ia - edvas visible, eti steuga - grances inter ia different jors, ia different publics, ia different weidsa os consumme ia films, hant sbohrsten. Also, id cinema os Q.Tarantino hat ghohdt seduce meg different publics, aundwoi ob eys films behrnt in se ir wi parodia, in un subtile - ed harbant - mise-en-abime om wehrgs qua hant precess ia, ep qua Tarantino hat wuxt, ed qua is citet - ed screisct - pro un composite public, quod maght guses eys films ye quodlibt nivell. 
Sonst est interessant observe od gnahsit id wekwos "jor cinema" quod jamiyet ia nisbatan recent filmtrends : zombie films hant maung success, alliend-ye gore ad skarp humour. Ia wehrtboltias multiplient-se, kam weitwoss ab 300 (Snyder, 2006) ed Sin City (Miller & Rodriguez, 2005). 
Bad, pos ei hieb moliet bihe recognihn ka art, cinema biht nun studyen in Talim. Ed biht samstohmen od, kam i scriptors ed pictors, sem cineastes hant dught un wehrg, pati eni un jor, samt ids logique, coherence, profunditat ed schaecheing : Chaplin, B.Keaton, ies Marx braters bayna i comic autors; Ford, Hawks, A.Mann besonters pro western ed noar film, etc. 
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==Art ed societat==
Cinema, kam songv, est un art ios collective, quod sammel reflect ed forget ia wirts os noster societat : sociologs ter skweite revelator signes os un zaman. Also, id vogh iom horror films (Frankenstein, Dracula...) uperwohrt ia angsta bohndt ei 1929 crise, dind ad Mund Weir Dwo ed ibs Progressims os Science. Fantastic ed Science fiction na-reviste ia modern megil mythsa ed ibs dahnt uno muassir maynen : nies moderne Frankensteins orbate ep clonen ed artificial intelligence; id space aventure hat ghyanen id via vasyims exmehnim "Aliens". 
Unte men ia 1970tias, ye id fin iom Trente-Glorieuses, id khabdo pro catastrophenfilms (The Towering Inferno, Airport 1975) correspons un certain angsto dia future, sems de vide kathalika in id exceptional success os Titanic (1998) sema meg "seculend" paurs. In realister jors, Comedias au engagementsfilms weitwodde ia sam social, politic, cultural au ideologic mutations.