Keel-billed toucan

The keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), also known as sulfur-breasted toucan or rainbow-billed toucan, is a colorful Latin American member of the toucan family. It is the national bird of Belize. The species is found in tropical jungles from southern Mexico to Colombia. It is an omnivorous forest bird that feeds on fruits, seeds, insects, invertebrates, lizards, snakes, and small birds and their eggs.Josselyn,V.T., The Life History of the Toucan, Ramphastos brevicarinatus. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications. 1929, 19: 1–43.
==Taxonomy and systematics==
===Subspecies===
Two subspecies are recognized:
* R. s. sulfuratus – Lesson, 1830: Found in south-eastern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala
* R. s. brevicarinatus – Gould, 1854: Originally described as a separate species. Found in south-eastern Guatemala to northern Colombia and north-western Venezuela
==Description==
Including its bill, the keel-billed toucan ranges in length from around . Their large and colorful bill averages around , about one-third of its length. It typically weighs about . While the bill seems large and cumbersome, it is in fact a spongy, hollow bone covered in keratin, a very light and hard protein.
The plumage of the keel-billed toucan is mainly black with a yellow neck and chest. Molting occurs once per year. It has blue feet and red feathers at the tip of its tail. The bill is mainly green with a red tip and orange sides.
Keel-billed toucans have zygodactyl feet (or feet with toes facing in different directions) – two toes face forward and two face back. Because toucans spend a large portion of time in the trees, this helps the birds to stay on the branches of the trees and jump from one branch to another.
==Distribution and habitat==
The keel-billed toucan can be found from Southern Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia. It roosts in the canopies of tropical, subtropical, and lowland rainforests, up to altitudes of . It roosts in holes in trees, often with several other toucans. This can be very cramped, so the birds tuck their tails and beaks under their bodies to keep their body temperature at a normal level while sleeping. Adding to the lack of space, the bottoms of the holes are often covered with pits from the fruit the toucans have eaten.
==Behaviour and ecology==
Like many toucans, keel-billed toucans are very social birds, rarely seen alone. They fly in small flocks of approximately six to twelve individuals through lowland rainforests. Their flight is slow and undulating, consisting of rapid wing beats (six to ten), then a glide with the bird's beak extending forward and dipping downward as though pulling the rest of the bird. Their feet are drawn up forward in flight. The flight distances are typically short. They live together in groups, often sharing cramped living quarters of holes in trees. There is a family structure within the group. Birds often "duel" with each other using their bills, and throw fruit into each other's mouths. They 'play ball', one throwing a fruit in the air and a second seizing it.
===Breeding===
The female keel-billed toucan will lay 1–4 white eggs in a natural or already-made tree cavity. The male and female share in the caring of the eggs, both taking turns incubating. The eggs hatch approximately 15–20 days after being laid. After hatching, the male and female again take turns feeding the chicks. When the chicks hatch, they have no feathers, and have their eyes closed for approximately 3 weeks. The chicks have adequately formed heel pads, which assist on the pit-covered bottom of the nest. The chicks stay in their nest for approximately eight to nine weeks while their bills develop fully and they are ready to fledge from the nest.
===Food and feeding===
The diet of keel-billed toucans consists mostly of a wide range of fruit, but may also include insects, eggs, nestlings and lizards. The bill, surprisingly dexterous, allows this toucan to utilize a large variety of fruit that might not otherwise be reached. When eating the fruit, it uses its bill to dissect the fruit, and then tosses its head back to swallow the fruit whole.
Toucan2018.jpg|thumb|Keel-billed toucan in San Ramon, Costa Rica
File:Ramphastos sulfuratus -London Zoo-4c.jpg|At London Zoo
File:Keel-billed toucan.jpg|At Parque Municipal Summit, Panama
File:Keel-billed Toucan Miami MetroZoo.jpg|At Zoo Miami
File:Ramphastos sulfuratus 2012 000.jpg|Venezuela
File:Ramphastos sulfuratus 2012 001.jpg|Venezuela
==Aviculture==
The keel-billed toucan is sometimes kept in captivity, but it requires a high-fruit diet and is sensitive to hemochromatosis (an iron storage disease).
==Status==
Able to utilize human-altered habitat to some extent, this widespread bird is considered to be a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN. However, they are still threatened by hunting for their meat and beaks, and toucan populations are on a decreasing trend.
==References==
==External links==
* A Photo Gallery of Toucans at Emerald Forest Bird Gardens
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* Keel-billed toucan Stamps (7 countries) at bird-stamps.org
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* Bibliography of online ornithological articles which explore the natural history of the Rainbow or Keel-billed toucan, Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus.
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keel-billed toucan
Category:Birds of Central America
Category:Birds of Mexico
Category:Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula
Category:Birds of Belize
Category:Birds of Guatemala
Category:Birds of Nicaragua
Category:Birds of Costa Rica
Category:Birds of Panama
Category:Birds of Colombia
Category:National symbols of Belize
keel-billed toucan