The language of Hi

Hi is the indigenous language of Great Ardel (Ardellia and Indonardel). 
It's developed by /u/diesmaster
== Background ==
Hello fellow conlangers,
I started conlanging because I was playing a lot of Pathfinder. I’m a DM and I had an ancient civilization that left some text for the players to read and I thought, ”Wouldn’t it be cool if they had their own language?” So I started looking stuff up on youtube and then a youtuber I was a long subscriber of, Xidnaf, made his video with Artifexian about conlanging and that got me started for real. I had a winter break at the time so I had enough time to make a conlang. The languages that influenced my lang are: Dutch, my native language, Latin, which I have for 2,5 years now in school, Ancient Greek, which I have for 2 years in school, Korean, of which I followed classes for a month at the time and Japanese because my cousin whom I’m really close with has a major in Japanese and I watched a lot of anime. I made this lang not naturalistic at all but just how I wanted to be because I would probably be the only one using it.
The person that help me making this lang, J. Casteel, is my Latin teacher who answered all my ridiculous questions and replied to (most) of my spam mails. She is also part of the reason why the grammar is so similar to Latin and Greek, so big credits and thanks to her.
== Introduction to Hi ==
Hi is an ArtLang created for personal use, so some things may make no sense but they are probably there because I wanted them. As mentioned before: Latin, Ancient greek, Korean, Japanese and Dutch, my mother tongue. With all the grammatical rules there will be examples in romanised script and translations to English. It’s suppose to sound Asian and island -ish because the people that spoke this lived there. In their time where my story takes plays there are no speakers left only texts. It is like Latin taught in schools and some sentences are still spoken in Hi. 
== Phonology ==
''The phonology is based on Korean and Japanese to get the Asian island feel. I still dropped a lot because the writing system they use and grammar is syllable based so if I made too many options that would be a mess. Not all these sound are included in the Korean or Japanese phonology, but I put them there for symmetry.
=== Consonants: ===
 	bilabial	palatal	alveolar
plosive 	P      b	C     ɟ	T   d
nasal 	m 	ɲ 	n
fricative	ɸ  β 	Ç  ʝ 	S   z
sibilant 	 	 	
ɕ  ʑ 	 	 	
affricate	 	 	
T͡ɕ D͡ʑ 	ts dz 	 	
'''
Most words consist of only voiced consonants. Only sometimes voiceless consonants are used, mostly for grammar purposes. There is an aspirated version of each consonant too, but it’s only used in the polite form. Zjani - you	zjhani - polite you (thou, vous, Sie, u)
=== Vowels: ===
/a,o,i/, which can be half long vowels too, and /u/, but it can’t be long and when it is in a syllable it can’t be aspirated or voiceless spoken. That’s why u is very rare in words. This is represented by a greater than sign. A ‘ sign means that the stress is on this syllable instead of the normal first syllable.dzimi - see, da<zino - make a decision, zjo<da - scare, zjimuda - revealedNotice: That it has one high vowel one low vowel and two back vowels so it’s okay with the vowel law.
=== Romanisation: ===
 	bilabial	palatal 	alveolar
plosive 	p b 	tj dj 	t d
nasal 	m(vl) m 	nj(vl) nj	n(vl) n
fricative 	f v 	sgj zgj 	s z
multie 	 	 	
sj  zj 	 	 	
africatives	 	 	
ts dz 	tsj dzj 	 	
The romanisation is based on me going to the IPA website and listening to it and writing down what I thought I heard with the Dutch phonetic system as a basis.
== Grammar Notes ==
=== Nouns ===
Roots. Words that have something in common look alike.Dzimi - see 	dzi<da - feelNotice: Both start with dzi and express sensations.  
=== Classes ===
There are no classes in Hi. It’s just words of which the first syllable has a /a/, /o/, /i/ and /u/ in it. This does only matter with adjectives though.|Djo|da - night, |da<|moni - side |zji<|dja - majority , |bu|zja - stone
=== Cases ===
All cases are represented by a particle. In the roman version of the alphabet you put a dash between the the noun and particle. A particle is the same for all classes. This system is based on Korean and Japanese but the cases are almost identical with Latin and Greek grammar.
 	informal 	Polite (if it is a version of the ablative its a demonstrative pronoun)
Nom 	mi 	mhi
dat 	bo 	bho
Acc 	o 	oh
topic 	nja 	njha
The “to be” particle 	du 	njhabudo
Possession 	dzja + particle of the possessed	dzjha + particle of the possessed
Vocative? Not sure what you mean	di 	njho
ablative 	zjo< 	
means 	zi 	somi
time 	ni 	n(vl)ida
reson 	da 	tabo
Way of doing something 	vo 	fozja
feature 	ma 	mha
Point of view 	zjodi 	sjoti<
=== The end of the sentence particle ===
A sentence in Hi needs to end in a particle that shows the sentence ends. I took this from Korean but put some Greek words that normally are somewhere in the sentence at that slot.
functie 	normaal	net
informal 	bu 	buho
question 	dju 	djuha
negative 	zo 	zho
1. A request 	ba 	bha
2. A suggestion 	djo 	djho
3. That the situation will change 	zja 	zjha
4. Polar question 	njo 	njho
5. That something is still going on 	zgjo 	zgjho
6. Speaker thinks listener agrees 	dza 	dzha
7. Speaker thinks listener disagrees	o<mi 	ho<mi
8. irrealism 	na 	nha
A  statement 	hi 	da<zohi
# Could you do this for me? (request)
# Shouldn’t you do that? (suggestion)
# It will stop raining in a minute.
# That you expect a yes or a no
# It’s still raining
5b  it was raining for a long time but it stoped now.
6.   This makes sense, right?
7. 	This doesn’t make sense, he?
8.	If I were you. 
=== Verbs ===
==== Tenses ====
In Hi there are 4 tenses future, past, present and atemporal tense. Most of the tenses are perfect, to make them imperfect, you can add the and and particle zgjo.Zjadi-mi dinjo-o zjo<di zgjo.Literally: you still fear himZjandi-mi donjo-o a-zjo<di zgjo.Literaly: you feared him for a while but not any more
Notice: that the past is like the imperfect of latin and the present a uncompleted present form.
Only the atemporaltense is neither complete nor incomplete because it’s not a tense tense.
group a:
tijd 	normaal	net
Atemporal tense	u-vinja	u-vhinja
Atemporal tense	u-odo 	hu-hodu
Atemporal tense	u-dzimi	u-dzhimi
tegenwoordige tijd:
tijd 	normaal	net
present	vinja 	vhinja
present	odo	hodo
present	dzimi	dzimi
Verledentijd:
tijd	normaal	net
past	a-vinja	a-vinja
past	a-odo	a-odo
past	a-dzimi	a-dzhimi
toekomende tijd:
tijd 	normaal	net
futurum	o-vinja	o-vhinja
futurum	o-odo	o-hodo
futurum	o-dzimi	o-dzimi
The class of the verb doesn’t really matter now but the last syllable of a verb is the syllable that represents the verbs class.
=== Moods ===
There are two voices in Hi: Passive/active zjadi-mi u-djoda-noLiterally: you are dead.
Notice: The passive is used when something is in a state as in the door is open, you are dead, etc.
And the verb is automatically intransitive in which we will dig deeper in a sec.
and causative.I-mi djoda-no zjadi-oLiterally: i got killed by you
Notice: there the accusative is the one acting in this sentence.
Then there are the moods in the sentence anding system for instance: Zjadi-mi dinjo-o u-zjo<di njo.Literally: do you fear him?
The rest of the moods are handled with auxiliary verbs for instance:I-mi u-zjodini-nji-djo<zoLiterally: I can fight
Notice: that it’s made with a infinitive which we will discuss next. 
==== Infinitive ====
You make the infinitive by adding nji to a /a,u,i/ verb and zo to a /o/ verb
The infinitive in Hi is used in 6 ways:
Handling auxiliary mood verbsI-mi u-zjodini-nji-djo<zoLett: I can fight
An infinitive + The particle da mean even though this is happening, I am going to do this.Zjadi-mi dinjo-o zjo<di-nji-da da-djo<zo zgjo.Lett: even though i still fear him, i’m going to fight him
An infinitive + the participle of a noun means participium.I-mi dzimi dzi<da-nji-mi bu.Lett: i see while i feel
An infinitive + a (the past tense augment) befor it makes a perfectum particpium passive.I-mi dzimi a-dzi<da-nji-mi bu.Lett: i did see while i feel
An infinitive + o(the augment of the future) before it makes a futurum participium active. I-mi dzimi o-dzi<da-nji-mi bu.Lett: i’ll see while i feel
And an infinitive can also mean a compound verb.
I haven’t made any compound verb jet but I will make it like that. In englis you have the compound verbs stir-fry and head-start for example. 
==== Transitivity ====
Transitivity is handled by adding a syllable at the end of a verb, but if something is transitive you don’t do it.
Intransitive	zju
Ditransitive	djo
I-mi u-djoda-zjulett:I killI-mi zjadi-bo djodo-o u-danjizo-djoLett: i give dead to you
==== Adjectives ====
There are two ways to go about adjectives in Hi, one is to put a particle in between the noun and the adjectives the other way is let it to congregate with the noun. You do this by putting the nouns particle after the adjective.
 	normaal	Polite
/a,i,u/	nii 	nihi
/o/ 	mu 	muhi
===== Independent adjectives =====
If you want to make a adjective independent you give it the particle of a noun without it congregating with a noun.
===== Comparing adjectives =====
In Hi there is no cComparing because they think that that’s disrespectful to the person that’s worse. There is a superlative case you make it by adding dza to the adjective.
Notice: zja makes everything future, regardless of the actual time and has the word stop in it even though it’s not in the text. Njo makes it automatically a question.
=== Clauses ===
There are 2 kinds of cases in Hi: Involve actual clause and normal cases.
==== Involve actual clause ====
This is created by using the word zgji and adding the particle of the sentence part it involves with. They also automatically come with a form of “to be”.a-zjo<da-bo dinjo-mi nizjoma-o djuma<-o zjimi-o djodo-nizjoma, sgji(voicless)-mi dinjo-mi i-dzja-mi njizjuvo-zgja zo.Lett: Frightened it people only 5 to death, is it my best not.
==== Clauses ====
A normal clause is created by using zgji + the practice of the sentence part it replaces.
If the sentence part doesn't have a particle you use:
Non ablativus clauses	Conjunction word	independent
Of place 	dzino 	tsin(vl)i
direction 	zado 	sado
cause 	boduni 	poduni
result 	dzjoma 	tsjoma
condition 	dami 	tami
Submition 	tsopa 	dzoma
Circumstance 	njadzi 	nja(vl)tsi
purpose 	djonumi 	tjonumi
quantetie 	boda 	pota
Modality 	dino 	tinho
degree 	bamo 	pam(vl)o
'''
Nominative being the accusative at the same time
In a sentence where a person or thing is the nominative  and the accusative  you just add a nominative for and acc for of the same person to the sentence.
'''
=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
The demonstrative pronoun conjugates with a noun as with:
 	a 	o 	i
normal 	djidja< 	djidjo< 	djidji<
1 as place 	njinja< 	njinjo< 	njinji<
2 if it’s a negative thing.	zgjizgja<	zgjizgjo<	zgjizgji<
3 if it’s a posetive thing 	dzjidzja<	dzjidzjo<	dzjidzji<
Buzja-di djidja<-diLett: That stoneBuzja-mi njinja<-miLett: At that stoneBuzja-mi zgjizgja<-mi njizjuvo-duLett: That stone is goodBuzja-mi dzjidzja<-mi dzjivuzjo-duLett: That stone is bad
=== Prepositions ===
In contrast to most Latin-based languages, the prepositions adjust to the noun’s case and not the other way around. I-mi djodo-du dzja<-zjo< zjado-zjo<Lett: I’m dead without you
=== Relative Pronouns ===
In contrast to other romance languages they congurate in case to the relative noun and the use they have in the sentence. You add the relative nouns particle with a h to the RP  
 	a 	o 	i
Nom 	ni-mi 	va-mi 	do-mi
dat 	ni-ho 	va-ho 	do-ho
Acc 	ni-bo 	va-bo 	do-bo
topic 	ni-nja 	va-nja 	do-nja
The “to be” particle 	ni-du 	va-du 	va-du
Possession 	ni-dzja + particle of the possessed thing	va-dzja + particle of the possessed thing	do-dzja + particle of the possessed thing
vacative 	ni-di 	va-di 	do-di
ablative 	ni-zjo< 	va-zjo< 	do-zjo<
means 	ni-do 	va-do 	do-do
time 	ni-zi 	va-zi 	do-zi
reson 	ni-ni 	va-ni 	do-ni
Way of doing something	ni-da 	va-da 	do-da
feature 	ni-vo 	va-vo 	do-vo
Point of view 	ni-ma 	va-ma 	do-ma
degree 	ni-zjodi 	va-zjodi 	do-zjodi
=== Personal pronoun ===
In Hi, you don’t have verb endings that conjugate with the subject, but you need to put either a subject or a personal pronoun in a sentence.
'''
person 	formal 	polite
1 sig 	i 	
2 sig 	zjani 	zjhani
3 sig 	dinjo 	dinjo<
1 plural 	inclusive  mabo	exclusive mhabo
2 plural 	midjo 	mhidjo
3/2 b plural	abo 	habo
3 plural 	zidi 	zhidi
everybody 	damo<zi 	zhidamo
Notice: 3/2b is a small group of people it can be 3 person but it can also be 2 person
=== Nouns Plural sigle ===
All nouns are neither singular nor plural. To make it plural you need to add a number and boda like a adjective (but then boda instead of nji/zo). To make something singular you add the word for 1 and boda.		      
Djidja<-di zjimi<-boda-Buzja-diLett: Those 5 stonesdjidja<-di zjinj0<-boda-Buzja-diLett: That one stone
== Example Sentences ==
1. Zjadi-mi u-didji djidja< i-bo ba.2. Zjadi-mi u-djidji djidja< djo.dzjo<mi-bu abo-mi  bu. zji<dzja-bu mabu-mi, zido zji<dzja-mi u-zjo<di dzjo<mi-o zja.Lett: they are the few, we are the many, and when the many stop fearing the few…Zjadi-mi dinjo-o u-zjo<di njo.Lett: do you fear him?Zjadi-mi dinjo-o zjo<di zgjo.Lett: you still fear himZjandi-mi donjo-o a-zjo<di zgjo.Lett: you feared him for a while but not any moreI-mi danobi<-nja dza.Lett i’m strong rightI-mi danobi-nja o<miLett i’m strong right?I-mi zjandi-du na.Lett if i where you
zjudani-bu dzja< modo-dami, zgji(vl)-mi dzja<-mi zodji-mi u-odo, zjinjo<-boda-zjudani-mi,dzju< zodamo<zi-dami, zgji(vl)-dami u-dzodi.dzja< damo<zi-dami, zgji(vl)-dami u-djozjolett: that(1) without flaws has, one world(1) world is without life,
with no one that sins
without anybody that wages war
waits a few seconds(makes statement)u-zi<modju-zju i-mi zo, ni(vl)da djimozjo-zju damo<zi-mi, zgji za<vo-nja zjini<-boda-da<moni-vo, dzjivuzjo-nja o<mi-domi’. zjini<-vo za<vo-nja donji-mi da<moni-vo hi.lett: know i not, why say people, that sword with 2 sides bad (thinks listener doesn’t agree)-(thinks that is utterly stupid). two sword is it edges (makes statement).njizjuvo-dzo-u-dazji<mo u-dabo<di zjani-dzja-o zo<ba-o, zgji-du zjadi-mi u-zadimu dinjo-o hi.lett: the best way destroy your enemy is to become friends with him (statement)