Sumerian King List

The Sumerian King List is an ancient manuscript originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of "official" kingship. Kingship was believed to have been handed down by the gods, and could be transferred from one city to another, reflecting perceived hegemony in the region. Throughout its Bronze Age existence, the document evolved into a political tool. Its final and single attested version, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, aimed to legitimize Isin's claims to hegemony when Isin was vying for dominance with Larsa and other neighboring city-states in southern Mesopotamia.
==Composition==
The list blends prehistorical, presumably mythical predynastic rulers with implausibly lengthy reigns with later, more plausibly historical dynasties. Although the primal kings are historically unattested, this does not preclude their possible correspondence with historical rulers who were later mythicized. Some Assyriologists view the predynastic kings as a later fictional addition. Only one ruler listed is known to be female: Kug-Bau "the (female) tavern-keeper", who alone accounts for the Third Dynasty of Kish.
The earliest listed ruler whose historicity has been archaeologically verified is En-me-barage-si of Kish, ca. 2600 BC. Reference to this individual in the Epic of Gilgamesh has led to speculation that Gilgamesh himself may be historical.
Three dynasties are notably excluded from the list: the Larsa dynasty, which vied for power with the (included) Isin dynasty during the Isin-Larsa period; and the two dynasties of Lagash, which respectively preceded and ensued the Akkadian Empire, when Lagash exercised considerable influence in the region. Lagash in particular is known directly from archaeological artifacts dating from ca. 2500 BC.
For lack of a more accurate source, the list is central to the chronology of the 3rd millennium BC. However, the fact that many of the dynasties listed reigned simultaneously from varying localities makes it difficult to reproduce a strict linear chronology.
The oldest extant inscriptions containing the list, such as the Weld-Blundell Prism, Stephen Langdon,
Historical inscriptions, containing principally the chronological prism, W-B 444, Oxford University Press, 1923 date from the early 2nd millennium BC. The later Babylonian and Assyrian king lists that were based on it still preserved the earliest portions of the list well into the 3rd century BC, when Berossus popularized the list in the Hellenic world.
==The list==
The spelling follows the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian LiteratureBlack, J.A., Cunningham, G., Flückiger-Hawker, E., Robson, E., Taylor, J., and Zólyomi, G. (1998) Translation of the Sumerian King List (alternate site), The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (Ox.ac.uk/), Oxford
Early dates are approximate, and are based on available archaeological data; for most pre-Akkadian rulers listed, this king list is itself the lone source of information. Beginning with Lugal-zage-si and the Third Dynasty of Uruk (which was defeated by Sargon of Akkad), a better understanding of how subsequent rulers fit into the chronology of the ancient Near East can be deduced. The short chronology is used here.''
===Early Bronze Age I===
None of the following predynastic "antediluvian" rulers have been verified via archaeological excavations, epigraphical inscriptions, or otherwise. It is possible that they correspond to the Early Bronze Age Jemdet Nasr period culture which ended approximately 2900 BC, immediately preceding the dynasts. It is also possible that they were fictional creations to make the kingdom seem more legitimate and ancient to its subjects which would explain the exaggerated lifespans and recurring and composite characters that have overwhelming similarities with their predecessors.
====Antediluvian Rulers====
The following reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as sars (units of 3600), ners (units of 600), and sosses (units of 60). Christine Proust, Numerical and Metrological Graphemes: From Cuneiform to Transliteration, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2009, ISSN 1540-8779
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign 	Approx. dates 	Comments
:"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years."	
:"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years."	
:"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years."	
:"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years."	
:"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years."
Alulim 	 	8 sars (28,800 years) 	30th century BC or earlier	
Alalngar 	 	10 sars (36,000 years) 	 	
:"Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira."	
:"Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira."	
:"Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira."	
:"Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira."	
:"Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira."
En-men-lu-ana 	 	12 sars (43,200 years) 	 	
En-men-gal-ana 	 	8 sars (28,800 years) 	 	
Dumuzid, the Shepherd 	"the shepherd"	10 sars (36,000 years) 	 	
:"Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag."	
:"Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag."	
:"Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag." 	
:"Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag."	
:"Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag."
En-sipad-zid-ana 	 	8 sars (28,800 years) 	 	
:"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir."	
:"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir."	
:"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir." 	
:"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir."	
:"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir."
En-men-dur-ana 	 	5 sars and 5 ners (21,000 years)	 	
:"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag."	
:"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag."	
:"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag." 	
:"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag."	
:"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag."
Ubara-Tutu 	 	5 sars and 1 ner (18,600 years) 	 	
:"Then the flood swept over."
::Excavations in Iraq have revealed evidence of localized flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities. A layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to ca. 2900 BC, interrupts the continuity of settlement, extending as far north as the city of Kish. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (3000-2900 BC) was discovered immediately below the Shuruppak flood stratum.Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6	
:"Then the flood swept over."
::Excavations in Iraq have revealed evidence of localized flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities. A layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to ca. 2900 BC, interrupts the continuity of settlement, extending as far north as the city of Kish. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (3000-2900 BC) was discovered immediately below the Shuruppak flood stratum.Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6	
:"Then the flood swept over."
::Excavations in Iraq have revealed evidence of localized flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities. A layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to ca. 2900 BC, interrupts the continuity of settlement, extending as far north as the city of Kish. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (3000-2900 BC) was discovered immediately below the Shuruppak flood stratum.Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6	
:"Then the flood swept over."
::Excavations in Iraq have revealed evidence of localized flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities. A layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to ca. 2900 BC, interrupts the continuity of settlement, extending as far north as the city of Kish. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (3000-2900 BC) was discovered immediately below the Shuruppak flood stratum.Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6	
:"Then the flood swept over."
::Excavations in Iraq have revealed evidence of localized flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities. A layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to ca. 2900 BC, interrupts the continuity of settlement, extending as far north as the city of Kish. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (3000-2900 BC) was discovered immediately below the Shuruppak flood stratum.Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6
===Early Bronze Age II===
====First Dynasty of Kish====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
:"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish."	
:"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish."	
:"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish."	
:"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish."	
:"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish."
Ngushur 	 	1200 years 	after ca. 2900 BC	
Kullassina-bel 	 	960 years 	 	
Nangishlishma 	 	670 years 	 	
En-tarah-ana 	 	420 years 	 	
Babum 	 	300 years 	 	
Puannum 	 	840 years 	 	
Kalibum 	 	960 years 	 	
Kalumum 	 	840 years 	 	
Zuqaqip 	 	900 years 	 	
Atab (or A-ba) 	 	600 years 	 	
Mashda 	"the son of Atab" 	840 years 	 	
Arwium 	"the son of Mashda" 	720 years 	 	
Etana 	"the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries"	1500 years 	 	
Balih 	"the son of Etana" 	400 years 	 	
En-me-nuna 	 	660 years 	 	
Melem-Kish 	"the son of En-me-nuna" 	900 years 	 	
Barsal-nuna 	("the son of En-me-nuna")* 	1200 years 	 	
Zamug 	"the son of Barsal-nuna" 	140 years 	 	
Tizqar 	"the son of Zamug" 	305 years 	 	
Ilku 	 	900 years 	 	
Iltasadum 	 	1200 years 	 	
En-me-barage-si	"who made the land of Elam submit" 	900 years 	ca. 2600 BC 	the earliest ruler on the List confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence
Aga of Kish 	"the son of En-me-barage-si" 	625 years 	ca. 2600 BC 	contemporary with Gilgamesh of Uruk, according to the Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgameš and Aga Translation at ETCSL
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana." 	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana."
====First Dynasty of Uruk====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates	Comments
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher of E-ana	"the son of Utu" 	324 years 	ca. 27th 	
:"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared."	
:"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared." 	
:"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared."	
:"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared."	
:"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared."
Enmerkar 	"the son of Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, the king of Unug, who built Unug (Uruk)" 	420 years 	 	
Lugalbanda 	"the shepherd" 	1200 years 	 	
Dumuzid (Dumuzi) 	"the fisherman whose city was Kuara."("He captured En-me-barage-si single-handed.")*	100 years 	ca. 2600 BC 	
Gilgamesh 	"whose father was a phantom (?), the lord of Kulaba" 	126 years 	ca. 2600 BC 	contemporary with Aga of Kish, according to the Epic of Gilgamesh
Ur-Nungal 	"the son of Gilgamesh" 	30 years 	 	
Udul-kalama 	"the son of Ur-Nungal" 	15 years 	 	
La-ba'shum 	 	9 years 	 	
En-nun-tarah-ana 	 	8 years 	 	
Mesh-he 	"the smith" 	36 years 	 	
Melem-ana 	 	6 years 	 	
Lugal-kitun 	 	36 years 	 	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)." 	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."
===Early Bronze Age III===
====First dynasty of Ur====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Mesh-Ane-pada 	 	80 years 	ca. 26th century BC	
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna	"the son of Mesh-Ane-pada"	36 years 	 	
Elulu 	 	25 years 	 	
Balulu 	 	36 years 	 	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."
====Dynasty of Awan====
Ruler 	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Three kings of Awan	 	356 years 	ca. 26th century BC	
:"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."
====Second Dynasty of Kish====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Susuda 	"the fuller" 	201 years 	ca. 26th century BC	
Dadasig 	 	81 years 	 	
Mamagal 	"the boatman" 	360 years 	 	
Kalbum 	"the son of Mamagal"	195 years 	 	
Tuge 	 	360 years 	 	
Men-nuna 	"the son of Tuge" 	180 years 	 	
(Embi-Ishtar)	 	290 years 	 	
Lugalngu 	 	360 years 	 	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi."
The First Dynasty of Lagash (ca. 2500 – ca. 2271 BC) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions
====Dynasty of Hamazi====
Ruler 	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Hadanish	 	360 years 	ca. 2500 BC	
:"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."
====Second Dynasty of Uruk====
Ruler 	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
En-shag-kush-ana 	 	60 years 	ca. 25th century BC	said to have conquered parts of Sumer; then Eannatum of Lagash claims to have taken over Sumer, Kish, and all Mesopotamia. Kug-Bau of Kish is said to have gained independence from Lagash, and his Uruk, after Entemena's death.
Lugal-kinishe-dudu or Lugal-ure	 	120 years 	 	contemporary with Entemena of Lagash
Argandea 	 	7 years 	 	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."
====Second Dynasty of Ur====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Nanni 	 	120 years 	ca. 25th century BC	
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II	"the son of Nanni"	48 years 	 	
(?) 	 	2 years 	 	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab."	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab."	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab."	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab."	
:"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab."
====Dynasty of Adab====
Ruler 	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Lugal-Ane-mundu	 	90 years 	ca. 25th century BC	said to have conquered all Mesopotamia from the Persian Gulf to the Zagros Mountains and Elam
:"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari."	
:"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari."	
:"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari."	
:"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari."	
:"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari."
====Dynasty of Mari====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Anbu 	 	30 years 	ca. 25th century BC	
Anba 	"the son of Anbu" 	17 years 	 	
Bazi 	"the leatherworker" 	30 years 	 	
Zizi of Mari	"the fuller" 	20 years 	 	
Limer 	"the 'gudug' priest"	30 years 	 	
Sharrum-iter	 	9 years 	 	
:"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."
====Third Dynasty of Kish====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Kug-Bau (Kubaba)	"the woman tavern-keeper, who made firm the foundations of Kish"	100 years 	ca. 25th century BC	the only known woman in the King List; said to have gained independence from En-anna-tum I of Lagash and En-shag-kush-ana of Uruk; contemporary with Puzur-Nirah of Akshak, according to the later Chronicle of the É-sagila
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak."
====Dynasty of Akshak====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Unzi 	 	30 years 	ca. 25th – 24th century BC	
Undalulu 	 	6 years 	 	
Urur 	 	6 years 	 	
Puzur-Nirah 	 	20 years 	 	contemporary with Kug-Bau of Kish, according to the later Chronicle of É-sagila
Ishu-Il 	 	24 years 	 	
Shu-Suen of Akshak	"the son of Ishu-Il"	7 years 	 	
:"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."	
:"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."
====Fourth Dynasty of Kish====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Puzur-Suen 	"the son of Kug-Bau" 	25 years 	ca. 24th – 23rd century BC	
Ur-Zababa 	"the son of Puzur-Suen"	400 (6?) years 	ca. 2300 BC 	according to the king list, Sargon of Akkad was his cup-bearer
Zimudar 	 	30 years 	 	
Usi-watar 	"the son of Zimudar" 	7 years 	 	
Eshtar-muti 	 	11 years 	 	
Ishme-Shamash	 	11 years 	 	
(Shu-ilishu)*	 	(15 years)* 	 	
Nanniya 	"the jeweller" 	7 years 	ca. 2303-2296 BC (short) 	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."
====Third Dynasty of Uruk====
Ruler 	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Lugal-zage-si	 	25 years 	ca. 2296–2271 BC (short)	said to have defeated Urukagina of Lagash, as well as Kish and other Sumerian cities, creating a unified kingdom; he in turn was overthrown by Sargon of Akkad
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)"	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)"	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)"	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)"	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)"
====Dynasty of Akkad====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Sargon of Akkad 	"whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade"	40 years 	ca. 2270–2215 BC (short)	defeated Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, took over Sumer, and created the Akkadian Empire
Rimush of Akkad 	"the son of Sargon" 	9 years 	ca. 2214–2206 BC (short)	
Man-ishtishu 	"the older brother of Rimush, the son of Sargon" 	15 years 	ca. 2205–2191 BC (short)	
Naram-Sin of Akkad	"the son of Man-ishtishu" 	56 years 	ca. 2190–2154 BC (short)	
Shar-kali-sharri 	"the son of Naram-Sin" 	25 years 	ca. 2153–2129 BC (short)	
:"Then who was king? Who was the king?"	
:"Then who was king? Who was the king?" 	
:"Then who was king? Who was the king?"	
:"Then who was king? Who was the king?"	
:"Then who was king? Who was the king?"
*Irgigi
*Imi
*Nanum
*Ilulu	"and the 4 of them ruled for only 3 years" 	 	ca. 2128–2125 BC (short)	
Dudu of Akkad 	 	21 years 	ca. 2125–2104 BC (short)	
Shu-Durul 	"the son of Dudu" 	15 years 	ca. 2104–2083 BC (short)	Akkad falls to the Gutians
:"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)." 	
:"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."
====Fourth Dynasty of Uruk====
::(Possibly rulers of lower Mesopotamia contemporary with the Dynasty of Akkad)
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Ur-ningin 	 	7 years 	ca. 2091? – 2061? BC (short)	
Ur-gigir 	"the son of Ur-ningin" 	6 years 	 	
Kuda 	 	6 years 	 	
Puzur-ili 	 	5 years 	 	
Ur-Utu (or Lugal-melem)	("the son of Ur-gigir")*	25 years 	 	
:"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium."	
:"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium."	
:"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium."	
:"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium."	
:"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium."
===Early Bronze Age IV===
The 2nd Dynasty of Lagash (before ca. 2093–2046 BC (short)) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions.
====Gutian Rule====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
:"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years."	
:"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years."	
:"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years."	
:"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years."	
:"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years."
Inkishush 	 	6 years 	ca. 2147–2050 BC (short)	
Zarlagab 	 	6 years 	 	
Shulme (or Yarlagash) 	 	6 years 	 	
Silulumesh (or Silulu)	 	6 years 	 	
Inimabakesh (or Duga) 	 	5 years 	 	
Igeshaush (or Ilu-An) 	 	6 years 	 	
Yarlagab 	 	3 years 	 	
Ibate of Gutium 	 	3 years 	 	
Yarla (or Yarlangab) 	 	3 years 	 	
Kurum 	 	1 year 	 	
Apilkin 	 	3 years 	 	
La-erabum 	 	2 years 	 	mace head inscription
Irarum 	 	2 years 	 	
Ibranum 	 	1 year 	 	
Hablum 	 	2 years 	 	
Puzur-Suen 	"the son of Hablum"	7 years 	 	
Yarlaganda 	 	7 years 	 	foundation inscription at Umma
(?) 	 	7 years 	 	Si-um or Si-u? — foundation inscription at Umma
Tirigan 	 	40 days 	 	defeated by Utu-hengal of Uruk
:"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug (Uruk)."	
:"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug (Uruk)."
====Fifth Dynasty of Uruk====
Ruler 	Epithet	Length of reign 	Approx. dates 	Comments
Utu-hengal	 	conflicting dates (427 years / 26 years / 7 years)	ca. 2055–2048 BC (short)	defeats Tirigan and the Gutians, appoints Ur-Namma governor of Ur
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."	
:"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."
====Third Dynasty of Ur====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Ur-Namma (Ur-Nammu)	 	18 years 	ca. 2047–2030 BC (short)	defeats Nammahani of Lagash; contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk
Shulgi 	"the son of Ur-Namma" 	46 years 	ca. 2029–1982 BC (short)	possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC
Amar-Suena 	"the son of Shulgi" 	9 years 	ca. 1981–1973 BC (short)	
Shu-Suen 	"the son of Amar-Suena"	9 years 	ca. 1972–1964 BC (short)	
Ibbi-Suen 	"the son of Shu-Suen" 	24 years 	ca. 1963–1940 BC (short)	
:"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin."	
:"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin."	
:"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin."	
:"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin."	
:"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin."
===Middle Bronze Age I===
::Independent Amorite states in lower Mesopotamia.
The Dynasty of Larsa (ca. 1961–1674 BC (short)) from this period is not mentioned in the King List.
====Dynasty of Isin====
Ruler 	Epithet 	Length of reign	Approx. dates 	Comments
Ishbi-Erra 	 	33 years 	ca. 1953–1730 BC (short)	contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur
Shu-ilishu 	"the son of Ishbi-Erra" 	20 years 	 	
Iddin-Dagan 	"the son of Shu-ilishu" 	20 years 	 	
Ishme-Dagan 	"the son of Iddin-Dagan" 	20 years 	 	
Lipit-Eshtar 	"the son of Ishme-Dagan (or Iddin-Dagan)" 	11 years 	 	contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa
Ur-Ninurta 	("the son of Ishkur, may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life")*	28 years 	 	Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa
Bur-Suen 	"the son of Ur-Ninurta" 	21 years 	 	
Lipit-Enlil 	"the son of Bur-Suen" 	5 years 	 	
Erra-imitti 	 	8 years 	 	
Enlil-bani 	 	24 years 	 	contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon. During his reign, the king's gardener, to celebrate the New Year was named 'king for a day' then sacrificed, the "king" died during the celebration; Enlil-Bani remained on the throne.
Zambiya 	 	3 years 	 	contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa
Iter-pisha 	 	4 years 	 	
Ur-du-kuga 	 	4 years 	 	
Suen-magir 	 	11 years 	 	
(Damiq-ilishu)*	("the son of Suen-magir")* 	(23 years)* 	 	
* These epithets or names are not included in all versions of the king list.
==See also==
*Chronology of the Ancient Near East
*Short chronology timeline
*Cities of the ancient Near East
*History of Sumer
*Kings of Assyria
*List of ancient king lists
*Palermo stone
==Notes==
==References==
*Jacobsen, Thorkild. The Sumerian King List. Oriental Institute, Assyriological Studies 11, University of Chicago Press, 1939
*Rowton, M. B. The Date of the Sumerian King List, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 156-162, 1960
*P. Steinkeller, An Ur III Manuscript of the Sumerian King List. In Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien: Festschrift fur Claus Wilcke, ed. W. Sallaberger et al., Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 267-92, 2003
*Young, Dwight W. The Incredible Regnal Spans of Kish I in the Sumerian King List, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 23-35, 1991
*Hallo, William W. Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 52-57, 1963
*Vincente, Claudine-Adrienne, "The Tall Leilan Recension of the Sumerian King List", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 50 (1995), 234–270
*Friberg, Jöran. "The Beginning and the End of the Sumerian King List", in A remarkable collection of Babylonian mathematical texts: Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection Cuneiform Texts I, Springer, 2007, ISBN 0-387-34543-4
*Michalowski, Piotr. History as Charter Some Observations on the Sumerian King List, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 237-248, 1983
*Jean-Jacques Glassner, Mesopotamian Chronicles, Brill, 2005, ISBN 90-04-13084-5
*J. J. Finkelstein, The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 39-51, 1963
*Albrecht Goetze, Early Kings of Kish, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 105-111, 1961
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Category:History of Iraq
Sumer
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Sumer
Category:Legendary rulers
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Category:Fertile Crescent
Category:Amorites