Urb

Etymologia: Ex Latin urbs, samo maynen. citad ed civitat gwehme ex Latin civitas = "civ-kweit", idswo civis ex id oraryo raudh pro "keiw". "wastu" gwehmt ex oraryo *H2westu-, yani quer anghen wehst. "weik" sigwra mieyn (*woiks/wik-) "loc" in oraryo. 
Definition: Id urb hat aiwo haben id sam social rol, tod uns loc om exchanges ed relations essential ei functionment ios societat. 
 Jericho (in id Palestini Territorium, arab : أريحا‎ = "'arîHâ") est ayn oino iom veutst wiken urbs tienxia, ed tod samt id veutst wall tienxia. Lyehgend prokwem id Jordan in id Westouper, id hieb 18 346 weikers in 2007. (photo ab Daniel Case)
 
==Id prehpen urben ye id end os neolithique==
Baygh serter quem id rural agglomeration quod gnaht unte neolithique ob id praxis uns wikpact Agriculture, urbo prehpt quan ia opsa se diversifient ed se specialisent, ed quan ia commercial exchanges antslehnke. 
Tod wakya ubgwehmt ye id fin os neolithique ed in-kap id metallenaiwo (IVt ed IIIt millennia pre JC); suppont id existence uns agriculture bringhmon kafi exceddents kay ammes un population affectet alyims taskims quem parwarisch Production. Id correspondt idschi id elaboration iom prest formes os Stat, id urb tankend id supreme expression iom civil ed religieus maghs, daydey confuden do id person uns divinihn souverain. 
 Ijmal os Dimaschk (arab: دمشق) focusen ep id Masjid iom Umayyads. Est id nagor ios Suri Arab Jumhuriat, ed id miersto citad Surias, sekwos Aleppos populationsdecline ob id boi unte id civil weir. Ids lakab est "wastu ios Yasmin" = مدينة الياسمين"/"madînat-ul yâsmîn. Dimaschk est ne tik oino iom awst mudam weweikmen urbs tienxia, sontern unschi major cultural centre os Schark (hetos sien dwoter nam : "Schaam" = الشام‎) ed ios Arab Mund. Ids population eet vohrtto do 1 711 000 weikers in 2009.
==Id antique urb==
Ta conditions explient od id prehpen iom urbs buit apanage iom agrent civilisations gnahn in latya ed in ia deltas iom Nil, Purat ed Tigris, Indus au mier Chinese fluvs. In id west ios Awios Mundios, ia schoumri ed akkadita citads os Uber Antiquitat (Ur, Lagasch), id nagor ios Awios Misri Imperium (Memphis), ta ios Indus civilisation (Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa) sont aundwoi ia awst urban agglomerations os Historia. Mehldent id paydrwn uns urbscivilisation quod kweit ia iklimes Prokweust ed Mediomar, unte hol Antiquitat, ed quod contribuet, pro i Awens, enderkwites id civiliset rewos ud tod iom barbar folks. Ia antique, celt ed Germanic, cultures os medyum ed atlantic Europe ignore urb, importet ab id hellen Colonisation au id roman krig. 
Antique wastus izharnt ja id multiplicitat ed id diversitat iom bungsen qua remane id essential kweitu ios urban phenomen : sont sammel politic, administrative, religieusa centres, edschi poles om sonteropsa (Mercat, sanat, services) ed locs os cultural creation). 
Diu - ed bi mer-ye economic sababs - Antiquitats urbs jamiyent tik oik tusents weikern. Eet dar id fall iom citads os Awo Hellad : ye id Vt secule pre JC, Antique Athenas - bariem in sien strict-ye urban part - payn udmikdart 40 000 weikers. 
Lakin, unte id Hellenistic zaman, id tawrlienen os fiscal administration ed id crisct importance iom agrent preleivs permit id crosct iom economic ed politic nagors : Alexandria, Antakya hant centens om tusents weikern; unte id Roman Imperium, Rome streipt aundwoi id million weikern ed mobiliset pro sien aprovianden id quasi-totalitat ios segetal ed olproduction ex id province Africa, nundiens Tunisia.
 Ijmal os Tokyo (東京) kata id "Skytree" (dwot hogst tor tienxia) samt id varf os Mont Fuji, Japans bulandst ghyor (3776 m) in id aptergrund. Tokyo est oin om Japans 47a prefectures ed ids nagor pon 1869. Con Yokohama, skeipt id tienxia befolkenst metropolitan area, med meis quem 39 millions weikern. Est id seddos ios Cesar os Japan, ios Japanese Gouvernement ed ios Parlament. Tokyo eet xiawngja namen Edo quando Schogun Tokugawa Ieyasu buw id urb sien chefquartier in 1603. Bihsit id nagor pos Cesar Meiji mutasess ex Kyoto do id in 1868; ye tod tid buit Edo mutanamen do Tokyo. (photo ab Yodalica)
==Id europay urb, ex Mediev do ia Moderne Tids==
Ia Folkenmigrations provoque in Occident un brutal decline os urbanisationo menxu in Orient, mier metropolis nadure we bihnt creen, kam Constantinople au Bagdad. Tehrpt bihe intizarn tiel id Xt secule ed id lent restart iom commercial exchangen pre se orneuwt un discret urban regnahsa. 
Unte hol Mediev, id europay urbo remant os smulk dimension, rigen ab walls qua swekwehre idso defense. Id organiset-se destull aunaurdhen ambh un castell, uno monasteir, un cathedrale, yando un ramsaplor. Nespekent sieno modestia, id medieval varosch enderkweit-se yed radical-ye ud id rural village. Beghaben med ids bungsa samt quanta attributs kweitent id urban agglomeration, ids population, yant ia XIt ed XIIt secules, frankasct ud ia dwineghs os Feudalisme ed skeipt un social sontercategoria formen ex tajirs ed dabers : Burgesia. Nughi Renaissance rehabilitet plen-ye id model os urban civilisation.
Gnahn in Italia, quer urban densitat eet Occidents hogst, bertor uns raunstehgen iom antique mehnmodus, Renaissance ayt urb ka hem os civilisation, loco quer biht elaboren, witerom id gamayden rurmund, un dienghia type om relations - todpet namen "urbanitat".
Id top tos esthetisation ios urbios biht nact unte id barroc aiwo, quando megil architectes reisse ed redinghe urban spaces qua ies richereihnt med uno monumental décor : Fischer von Erlach in Vienna, Mansart in Paris, Guarini in Turin, Wren in London. Bet unte id elan ios Era iom Aunstehgens ed ios crehscend emergence os burgesia ka predominant economic agent, tod exaltation ios urb weitwoddt idschi meger rol id biact.
 Ijmal os Jakarta (photo ab Georgi Kovachev), nagor ios Respublic Indonesia, quod lyehct ep id nordwestcaust ios insule Java. Jakarta hieb 9 769 000 weikers in 2014, yed skeipt con nieber urbs id agglomeration "Jabodetabek" quer habitent takriban 30 millions, yani leit de tienxia dwot au trit befolctst urban area. Jakarta est id politic, economic ed cultural centre os Indonesia, tem quem id mierst metropoli Sud-Eust Asias.
==Id urb ios industrial aiwios==
Tod rol biht prest quando, med id Industrial Revolution ed id affirmation os liberal Capitalisme, Occident volvt ex un Economia samt agrent preponderance do un organisation focust ep fabrication. Confronten sammel ei strohm im exraudht rurals sokend po Orbat ed ibs speculative operations qua hamrahnt id installation iom industrial xitus, id occidental urb ios inkapem ios XIXt secule gnoht un tem oku quem aunaurdhen crosct. 
Menxu id historic centre, desadapten ibs nov conditions, se deterioret, id explosion ios urban Demographia extendt aunmeid-ye id construgen surface kyid peripheria, ta suburbs quer kowpt uno miser proletariat qua sudehns aynt id dangerspace quer zrehle crime ed revolution. Estmen un loco quer id laisser-faire ios liberal credo hat desastreus consequences, id de est id urb quod jaldi se industrialiset. Ia liberal waldhs viconscient to yant medsu id secule ed raunstehge id naudh uns rationalisen urbanisme. Id redinghen os Paris sub Napoleon III (1852-1870) ab prefect Haussmann est id typic exempel, yed analog operations bihnt enderghenden in Berlin au Vienna. Tod urbanistic regnahsa biht hamrahn ab un reiken iom esthetic kaurs, qua redahnt ei architecte un essential rol ed also smyehrnt important-ye ia udnovens skeipend Moderne Art. Inter 1850 ed 1940, urban organisation ed decor se transforme, prect ab grand creators, iens ingenieur-architectes ios XIXt secule, iens theoretics os Art-Nouveau, iens dehtors os functional architecture, iom US-American Burnham, oino iom inventors ios nebhskrehb, iom Deutsch Gropius, iom Franceois Perret, iom Schweizer Le Corbusier.
 Noctijmal os Pudong, weik os Schanghay (上海 / Shànghǎi), oino iom quar gouvernement-directen citads os China. Schanghay hat uno municipal population om 24 millions weikern, yed udmikdart 30 millions med sien total urban area, quo beuwt id oin om tienxia mierst agglomeration. Est un global financial centre ed transportfocus, ed tienxia chepranst containerport. Lyehct ep id sudbors ios khaykou ios Chang Jiang. (photo ab Mstyslav Chernov)
==Posweir urbanisation==
Ab 1950, id posweiro reconstruction, id akster economic crosct ed ia acceleret technologic mutations yungent-se ad mutu kay modifie profund-ye id aspect ed ia structures iom europay citads. Ye id sam moment, id demographic explosion dreibht un aunpreceddent urbanisation in ia tert-mund lands. In vasya falls, urgence, fundal speculation, id absence uns definihn siyassa upergeihnt ia urbanistic kaurs. 
In Europe, id strohmo noven citadin populations qua dehbhent bihe bewict, reproduct id XIXt secule situation, ia upercrehscus suburbs se substituend ibs prev orbaterweiks, areti ia rehabilitationsefforts ios historic centre iom urbs chasse neopnost habitants tois. Preter skipen ab liewenparcellations, suburbs mutawardhe, pos 1960, do mier menghias om hast-ye struct binas. Meg centrepiern, dusbetyohcen ab collective schowbeys ed services, ta suburbs remane aunatmen citads quer id gwitstandard ne stopt se degrade. Oku desern ab ia medya social categorias, concentrent ia nidehn, besonters immigrant, populations, quo duct in certain falls do id skeipen om druv ghettos.
Analog phenomens prehpe in ia mier metropolis ios tert-mund, dar-ye graveriht ab id sliebe ios gwitstandard ed id violence iom social sibias : suburbs bihnt tun tayn ab immense areas os nasuk weiken beghis cada urban schowbey (barrios, favelas) qua wehrtent do aunieusa spaces. Tod ne- we duscontrolt evolution, id crehscend gigantisme iom mier metropolis - penkdemtia agglomerationen udmikdarnt 15 millions weikern tienxia in 2013 - gehne pelu negative effects ed vierds : traffic problemes, crehscend atmospheric pollution, excessive pris os beweiken quod gravereiht social segregation, insecuritat ed delinquence, inter-ethnic tensions.
 Waurntos ijmal os Delhi, samt rivier Yamuni dexi (photo ab Sumita Roy Dutta). Delhi (Hindustani : Dilli) hat 11 millions weikern, bet idso Central National Capital Region, con nieber citads, maght udmikdare 27 millions, yani tienxia quart befolkenst urban area. Oin idsen urban districts est New Dehli quod daught ka nagor os Hind.
==Comgwive urbi==
Est previs od 60% os tienxia population sessiet citadinum in 2030 : tod scalchange obliget dyies ia relations im menscen con ir urb, ed ta im menscen inter se in ta urbs, ye un radical-ye different weidos. Hams entret id urban era, ed id werd urb leust tadrijan id angho maynen id hieb habt in id druna ios XXt secule. Kam expliet is geograph J.Lévy : il faut désormais concevoir la ville comme une des expressions particulières de l'urbain (Dictionnaire de la géographie et de l'espace des sociétés, 2012) : id urb "articulet" ambh se different figures qua sont id urbcentre, ia suburbs, id periurban, id enderurban. Hant also prohpen i "rurbans", qui orbate urbi bet weike in peripheric villages. Buir kathalika constituen ia gated-communities, sorte om suaguarden gordsa qua skeipe druv protect weiks. 
Iaschi suburbs change, tem in ir composition quem in ir definition : pro Paris, lyeict symptomatic-ye au-delà du périphérique. Estwert myohrst ed desvantaget, yed wehst in id centre iom public ed politic debats, tem pro questions os education quem os securitat. Sei oik pessimists kyunggiawe id ineluctable implosion iom suburbs, alyi, laudend ir gwis ed ir besonters cultural inventivitat, vate kem ir future sessiet seller. 
Alo, in un stets urbanisen mund, id bespehcen iom specific problemes posen ab ia moderne urbs oiskeipt oino iom urgencen iom gwehmend decennia. Impont ka absolut naudh id redefinition unios muassir urbanisme ed id enplacen uns real "urbsiyassa" ye tienxia maschtab.
 "Urbo" biht yaschi ops awien ka id lytsto dem uns land, esdi tik oino smulk portion tos dem est druve-ye urbanisen. Sekwent tod ghaben, tienxia plautst "commune" (dansk : kommune) est Sermesooq (Gronlandsk Inuit : "maungo sneigv"), in tod autonom swostyrend land ios Roydem Danmark. Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq hat 22 738 weikers ed un total superficie om 635 600 km². Tod photo (ab Oliver Schauf) deict Nuuk (17 796 weikers) quod est bo nagor os Gronland ed dorghi tos commune, samt mont Sermitsiaq (Gronlandsk Inuit : "aiwic glehdj") in aptergrund.
==Urb in literature==
Samt id apparition ios realiste roman ye id XIXt secule, urb skaun-ye entret literature. Balzac, kay inscribe sien persons do id realitat siens tid, descript rlienxien-ye id urban quader in-yod agent. Med wasahas depinct is Paris (Le Père Goriot, 1835) : urb occupet un privileget place ka loco quer se yungent con mutu magh, verslyn, id cultural gwit, ed quer age claus mutu id veut aristocratia ed id stets meis vyigic burgesia. 
Samt id explosion os urbanization, id XXt secule roman biht scriben de id urb : Joyce, med Ulysses (1922), reinventet Dublin; Céline, med id Voyage au bout de la nuit (1932), aunkehldert ta nov territoria qua New York ed ia Parisian suburbs sont; Aragon expont sien vision ios real mund in Les Beaux Quartiers (1936); Butor portrait, med L'Emploi du Temps (1956), el moderne mensc in elso symbolic sibia con id urb. 
Fin-ye, id Detectiven roman begwaht bachimien id urb ed ids mysteirs : ies Franceois Malet, Izzo, is Belg Simenon, ies US-Americans Chandler, Chester Himes ed meis nuper Chesbro, Connelly ed Lehane invente enigmas quom secret est xihn ab id moderne - fascinant ed bfuxiong urb. Cinema ed Comic-strip nadureihnt tod seduction : urb kwehct ter bo human - "cheprano meurmend citad" - ed inhuman - id "Moloch-urb" quod mault i sesens.
Category:Societat