Cloning

Cloning was the process of duplicating an organism into one or many genetically identical individuals known as clones. During the final years of the Galactic Republic, an army of clone troopers was grown on the planet Kamino. Using the human Mandalorian bounty hunter Jango Fett as a template, the Kaminoans tampered with Fett's genetic structure to make his clones more docile. In addition, they were designed to grow at twice the rate of normal human aging, making the clone troopers ready for deployment in a decade's time. At Fett's request, an unmodified clone—Boba Fett—was created from his template and given to him to raise as his son.
During the Clone Wars, Fett's clone soldiers served in the Grand Army of the Republic under Jedi leadership until Order 66 called for the destruction of the Jedi Order. The clones carried out their mandate due to their programming, eliminating most of the Jedi Knights across the galaxy, after which the Galactic Empire was formed by the Sith Lord Darth Sidious. Shortly thereafter, the entire clone army was decommissioned and replaced by birth-born stormtroopers.
The Empire ultimately fell to the New Republic after the Emperor's destruction. However, Sidious managed to cheat death. Through the combined use of cloning and the dark side of the Force, the Sith Lord transferred his spirit to a new host that had been cloned from his original body. Though the transference had been a success, Sidious' new vessel suffered from rapid deterioration and was unable to contain the dark energy of his soul. His followers, the Sith Eternal, experimented with Sidious' template in the hope of creating a more suitable vessel. Their efforts produced various Strand-Casts, including Supreme Leader Snoke and multiple genetic copies of him, as well as a modified clone that was healthy yet lacked Sidious' connection to the Force. As such, the clone's only worth to Sidious lay in continuing the Palpatine bloodline through more natural means, resulting in the birth of Rey who, unlike her father, was regarded as the ideal host for her grandfather's essence following Ben Solo's rejection of the dark side.
==Overview==
Cloning was the scientific procedure of growing a clone from the genetic template of a living organism. The template's DNA was the foundation for clones, which could number from at least one genetic copy to millions of specimens that shared the same face, voice, and even skills inherited from the original source. The template's genetic code could be altered through modifications to the cloning process for various purposes, including growth acceleration and greater docility. Without alterations to the genome, a clone would be the exact duplicate of its template at the genetic level.
The practice of cloning humans was an imperfect science. In spite of the Kaminoans' efforts to perfect the art, it was still possible to discover the occasional genetic or physical defects in their specimens, producing both wanted and unwanted results.
Millions of clones could be grown from a single genetic sample, but only while it was viable. Over time the sample would degrade. Therefore, cloners required regular access to the original source or donor in order to extract replacement samples. Otherwise a new host would have to be adopted to continue the cloning production. Clones were also considered mentally superior to droids. Their physical conditioning could be enhanced through technological augmentation, which, in the case of clone troopers, increased their chances of surviving against numerous endless waves of battle droids.
Clone troopers were created for the sole purpose of fighting; as such, they were afforded little respite. They were also capable of developing genuine resentment for their opponents, in particular the battle droids who they referred to by the derogatory slang "clankers." Some clones developed a habit for collecting droid parts as war trophies, although this act was considered a sign of defectiveness or deviant behavior.
A clone's DNA could be modified in a way that made it impossible for the clone to disobey a specific order. This was accomplished by encoding a directive in the clone's biology. Strand-Casting was a modified form of the cloning process that resulted in the creation of a strandcast,Star Wars: The Secrets of the Sith an "artificial genetic construct" made from a hybrid of donated cells, some of which could be extracted from cloned tissue samples. This was the case withSkywalker: A Family at War Dathan, a strandcast whose composite genetic structure comprised the cells of various specimens, including the cloned DNA of the Sith Lord Darth Sidious. The father of Rey was, therefore, a non-identical clone of Sidious.Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker: Expanded Edition
==History==
===Fall of the Republic===
Though not the only practitioners of cloning in the galaxy, the Kaminoan government turned its mass production of clones into a large-scale commercial enterprise. It was through the Kaminoan cloning process that an army was created for the Galactic Republic, almost ten years before the Clone Wars, at the behest of Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Lama Su, the Kaminoans utilized their cloning expertise to create millions of genetically-engineered soldiers who would form the backbone of the new Republic Military. The Chief Medical Scientist of Kamino, Doctor Nala Se, was directly involved in the clone army's creation as one of its primary engineers.
Following the death of Sifo-Dyas, the Sith took control of his project and hired a human bounty hunter, Jango Fett, to serve as the army's clone template. Fett's genetic code served the foundation for millions of clone troopers who all shared the same face, voice, and combat prowess as their progenitor, although they were also structurally modified at the genetic level to make them less independent and more docile. The first clones of the Jango Fett genotype were designated as "generation one," and among their ranks was Clone Captain CT-7567 of the 501st Legion.
Further genetic tampering caused Fett's clones to grow at twice the rate of the human species, making them ready for deployment in a decade's time. While the process of growing clone troopers was left to Kaminoan scientists, the Sith took a more active role in their programming, having supplied their cloners with behavioral modification biochips to be implanted in the brain of every clone at the earliest stage of their development. Portrayed as a structural inhibitor chip, they ostensibly made their hosts more docile and less aggressive than their template, but their true purpose was to force the clones to obey Order 66—a secret protocol authorizing the immediate extermination of the Jedi Order as enemies of the state.
In addition to Fett's considerable monetary fee, the Kaminoans compensated him by creating a clone—codenamed Alpha—that stood apart from the rest of his artificial progeny. Unlike the others, Alpha was an example of pure genetic replication and as such he was neither programmed for loyalty nor designed to grow at an accelerated rate. Fett took custody of the unmodified clone to raise as his son, granting him the name "Boba Fett." Boba was not the only example of pure genetic replication, however. Another unmodified clone of Jango Fett was created, possessing first generation DNA, and was codenamed Omega. Omega was a human female clone who served as Nala Se's medical assistant.
===Clone Wars===
The clone army's development had proceeded according to schedule as the Separatist Crisis entered its final days. The Kaminoan capital, Tipoca City, housed tens of thousands of clones, while millions more were in development in facilities scattered across the planet Kamino.Star Wars: Complete Locations When Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi discovered the clone army, Su praised it as one of the finest ever produced by his people. As war became imminent, with thousands of secessionist star systems joining the Confederacy of Independent Systems, the Galactic Senate empowered Supreme Chancellor Sheev Palpatine, secretly Sith Lord Darth Sidious, to mobilize the clone troopers as the Grand Army of the Republic.
Clone troopers were the legal property of the Galactic Republic, although Doctor Nala Se—one of the clones' main engineers—believed that the Kaminoan government still owned them. Clones fought for the Republic on all battlefronts across the galaxy and were loyal to their Jedi Generals as well as Chancellor Palpatine. During the conflict, the Jedi oversaw the training of younger clones on Kamino. With a limited supply of genetic material from the late Jango, Lama Su was concerned that the new clones would be less effective as soldiers. He recommended the Jedi acquire a new template, but his Jedi liaison Master Shaak Ti, advocated her support for the remaining Fett clones, particularly the clone cadets of Domino Squad.
Fett's genetic record was considered a military asset of the highest importance to the Republic's continued war effort. Knowing this, the Separatists sought to halt the production of new clones by invading Kamino, where the Fett's genetic material was kept safe within the Clone DNA room of Tipoca City. Should the Confederacy have succeeded in destroying the room or Fett's genetic material, clone trooper production would have come to a halt, shifting the war in the Confederacy's favor. However, invasion commander and Kenobi’s rival, General Grievous, also expressed interest in securing the Fett DNA for the Confederacy. Though the clone troopers were soldiers of the Republic, they harbored an affinity with the Kaminoan homeworld, which they viewed as their home as well. This collective sentiment motivated the clones to make every effort in pushing back against the Separatist invasion, ultimately winning the Battle of Kamino through acts of bravery and sacrifice.
As the war continued, the Senate broached the subject of buying more clones to augment the Grand Army's ranks. While Senator Padmé Amidala and other like-minded politicians advocated fiscal responsibility and a diplomatic solution to the war, others argued for increased military spending. Senator Halle Burtoni favored legislation that would deregulate the InterGalactic Banking Clan, thereby providing the Republic with new lines of credit to purchase more clone troopers from Burtoni's homeworld of Kamino. At the time of the Siege of Saleucami, it was rumored the CIS was working on its own clone-soldier program that could rival Kaminoan production in hidden laboratories on the planet Saleucami.Star Wars: Battles that Changed the Galaxy
===Age of the Empire===
In the aftermath of the Clone Wars, Sidious proclaimed himself Galactic Emperor of the first Galactic Empire reorganized from the Republic. During the early years of the Imperial Era, the clone troopers that fought for the Republic became the first generation of stormtroopers. At first the clones continued to form the backbone of the army, and some troopers joined the ranks of the Emperor's Royal Guard, but to their own surprise the New Order terminated the cloning operation on Kamino.Darth Vader (2017) 2 The decision to phase the clones out of military service was influenced not only by their rapid aging process, but also the influx of non-clone humans who were inspired to enlist by Imperial propaganda.
The decision to terminate the production of clone troopers also came as a surprise to Prime Minister Su, who believed the Kaminoan government would continue to grow clones for the Republic after the Clone Wars ended. With the rise of the Empire, however, the contract between Kamino and the Republic was nullified. Following the Emperor's announcement, his protege Admiral and Governor Wilhuff Tarkin was sent to Kamino—under the protection of Imperial shock troopers of the Coruscant Guard—to assess the remaining clone units and determine whether there was a need to produce future clone troopers for the Empire. Su argued that the Empire needed more clones to maintain order throughout the galaxy, although Tarkin countered that was a service recruitment soldiers could provide at half the cost.
Su hoped to ensure the security of his people and their operation by convincing the Empire that the clones were indispensable. To that end, he sought to create a new breed of clones superior to the previous generations. As an experimental clone who possessed the pure DNA of the clone army's template, Jango, Omega was essential to Su's contingency plan. With their remaining supply of genetic samples taken from Fett continuing to degrade, Su intended to extract a sufficient amount of genetic material from Omega before terminating her. Se secretly undermined his efforts, however, using bounty hunter Fennec Shand to prevent the clone from being returned to Kamino by one of Su's mercenaries, such as Cad Bane.
Having deemed the clone trooper program obsolete due to its cost, the Empire canceled its contracts with the Kaminoan government. Vice Admiral Edmon Rampart oversaw the removal of all viable clones from Kamino, along with the Kaminoans' essential personnel and resources, putting the cloning technology firmly under the Empire's control. Prime Minister Su sought to evacuate his staff as well, hoping to continue his cloning operation elsewhere, but Rampart prevented him from succeeding and took Se into Imperial custody too since he and Tarkin believed she was still useful for the Empire due to her skills as the Chief Medical Scientist. Following the shutdown of clone production on Kamino, the destruction of Tipoca City commenced when Rampart's fleet of Venator-class Star Destroyers opened fire on the decommissioned cloning facility after getting permission from Tarkin, the opening volleys causing large sections of the city to fall into the ocean.
The final batches were brought online, but the Stormtrooper Corps was henceforth comprised of birth-born human volunteersStar Wars Propaganda: A History of Persuasive Art in the Galaxy and children. Under Project War-Mantle, the first members of the new generation of stormtroopers were recruited from across the galaxy and trained by clone commandos in an Imperial base on the planet Daro. One of the recruiters, Commander CC-5576 "Gregor," noted that while the Tk stormtroopers were not as skilled as clone troopers, they pledged their allegiance to the Empire whereas the clones were the soldiers of the Republic that no longer exists.
Although clones could be programmed for unconditional loyalty, the Empire discovered that a more uniform, malleable soldier could be produced through the fervent patriotism of the young than the genetic duplication of a single template. Boba Fett also survived the Clone Wars and became a notorious bounty hunter like his father before him.Star Wars: The Complete Visual Dictionary, New Edition While the relationship of Jango and Boba was that of donor and clone, Boba considered Jango his father.
Secure in power as Emperor, Sidious employed his followers of the Sith Eternal, to help him obtain immortality. Based on the Sith’s hidden world Exegol, the cultists began to experiment with cloning in a bid to extend the Sith Lord's lifespan and hopefully sustain it indefinitely; should Sidious die, his soul would escape his body and take refuge in a cloned form. Kaminoan technologySkywalker: A Family at War and Strand-Casting were used in the effort.
The Tarkin Initiative utilized the genetic template of the Hutt species to create a line of Hutt clone troopers. The Empire possessed a small supply of Hutt clones, which were frozen in stasis aboard the Hivebase-1 space station, having rejected them for mass production.Doctor Aphra (2016) 18 Armed with supercharged carbines, the Hutt clones were activated by Commander Yewl to serve as soldiers alongside his personal guard of death troopers.
===New Republic Era===
Clones were remembered long after the Clone Wars, having made an impact on galactic history, well past the fall of the Empire and throughout the era of the New Republic. Lady Bo-Katan Kryze recognized Boba by his clone origins, due to her past dealings with the Republic and its clone army during the Clone Wars. She also knew that Fett's donor also provided the genetic material that spawned thousands of identical soldiers. During the days of the New Republic Era, Commandant Brendol Hux who was a member of the Shadow Council of the Imperial Remnants and eventual First OrderPhasma was incredibly interested in recreating and completing the lost cloning research for Project Necromancer of the Imperial cloning program started by the late Chief Scientist Doctor Royce Hemlock of the Advanced Science Division of the Imperial Science Bureau. Fellow Shadow Council member Moff Gideon decried it as an obsession while secretly doing his own cloning experiments.
Gideon's Imperial remnant employed the services of Doctor Penn Pershing, a clone engineer as well as a high-value target of the New Republic. Gideon tasked Pershing to oversee the remnant's experimentation on blood samples with a high count of midi-chlorians. Pershing was captured, however, by Marshal Carasynthia Dune as part of the Mandalorian warrior Din Djarin's efforts to rescue the foundling Grogu. After Pershing enrolled in the New Republic Amnesty Program, Gideon had Elia Kane erase his memory to prevent him from leaking his clone project. Despite losing Pershing, Gideon was able to create a batch of clones of himself on an Imperial base in the ruins of Mandalore, with Gideon believing his work had perfected giving the Force to cloned beings. However, these clones were all destroyed by Djarin when the Mandalorians returned to attempt to recolonize the planet.
During the Cold War, the First Order warlord Kylo Ren had an argument with his rival and Brendol’s son, General Armitage Hux, concerning the newest generation of stormtroopers. Ren openly criticized Hux's soldiers, convinced they were all capable of high treason due to the actions of a single traitor in their ranks, and declared Supreme Leader Snoke should consider using a clone army.
===Darth Sidious reborn===
====The Emperor's cloned body====
After a generation of Sith rule over the galaxy, Darth Sidious got killed by his Sith apprentice, Sith warlord Darth Vader, who gave his life to save his son, Luke Skywalker. With their deaths, the lineage of Sith from Darth Bane to Vader was broken.Star Wars: The Last Jedi: The Visual Dictionary Anakin fulfilled his destiny as the Chosen One by bringing balance to the Force, but Sidious had discovered a way to return from death.
Darth Sidious died when his body was destroyed on the DS-2 Death Star II Mobile Battle Station's main reactor during the Battle of Endor in 4 ABY.Star Wars: Galactic Atlas However, his spirit passed into a clone been hastily prepared on Exegol. Using the knowledge gained from his Master Darth Plagueis, Sidious succeeded in transferring his essence to his clone, but the process was rushed and flawed. While Sidious sensed a remnant of the light side of the Force within Vader and suspected his apprentice’s loyalty was not where it lied before the Empire rose to power, he did not foresee that Vader would turn against him at Endor.
Darth Sidious' clone was deemed an imperfect replacement, suffering from physical deterioration as a result of his powerful connection to the dark side. The Sith Eternal cult attempted to perfect the procedure that led to the Sith Lord's revival. They conducted many experiments on his genetic template, creating multiple specimens through the process of gene splicing, but none of their creations were deemed a suitable replacement to Sidious' current vessel. Although his clone was wracked with pain, the Emperor sought to prolong its survival by relying on Clone War-era technology and an ancient Ommin harness.
====The creation of Snoke====
The Sith Eternal conducted more experiments with Darth Sidious' genetic template, endeavoring to create a stronger vessel to contain their master's essence unlike the flawed clone that he inhabited. One of the specimens that they engineered was naturally intoned with the Force; however, the Sith Lord deemed it an "unworthy" form. Nevertheless, he saw its usefulness as a figurehead through which he could influence galactic events from his sanctuary on Exegol. This being adopted the identity of Snoke,The Rise of Kylo Ren 2 becoming the Supreme Leader of the First Order. Although Snoke was capable of self-determination, his actions and objectives were influenced by Sidious and the Sith Eternal.Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker: The Visual Dictionary In addition to taking control of the First Order, Snoke's creators designed him to train Ren, the grandson of Darth Vader, as an heir to the new Sith Empire the Sith Eternal secretly created in the Unknown Regions.
====The son of Darth Sidious====
Despite years of experience in cloning, the Sith Eternal continually failed to create a stable host for Sidious' spirit. Using a form of cloning known as Strand-Casting, they engineered multiple specimens from Sidious' template, none of which were considered a success. Only one of their creations survived the cloning process; a byproduct of the Sith Eternal's genetic experiments, the Emperor's "son" had been engineered from his cloned tissue, as well as other genetic samples, during the Imperial Era. The result had been a healthy strandcast instead of an exact clone of Sidious. While Sidious regarded the strandcast as his son from a biological standpoint, he noted with disappointment that the strandcast lacked any connection to the Force. The Emperor's son was a healthy, yet ordinary man, and as such, he rejected what he saw as a "useless creature."
Though appalled by his son's lack of Force-sensitivity, Sidious permitted the strandcast to live in order to preserve the Palpatine family through natural methods, having theorized the next generation could inherit his power. When Vader and Ochi of Bestoon journeyed to Exegol, the clone took the chance to escape and lived away from his father ever since, taking the name Dathan after a Sith slave who helped him. Sidious' plan succeeded when the strandcast sired Rey, who was Force-sensitive like her grandfather. While the Sith Lord did not anticipate his son's relationship with Rey's mother, he was determined to take possession of their child nonetheless. Sidious regarded her as another heir to the new Sith Empire and the only vessel capable of housing his spirit. Rey's father, however, fled into hiding with his child and her mother, disrupting the Emperor's plan for Rey.
====Return of the Emperor====
Darth Sidious' clone was on the verge of death by the time he broadcasted his return to the galaxy during the First Order-Resistance War. His flesh became putrid; he was blind in both eyes; and completely dependent on the support of his harness for survival. Supreme Leader Ren estimated only a short time remained before Sidious' clone was completely destroyed by his connection to the dark side. In addition to finding the Sith Lord on Exegol, Ren discovered the genetic duplicates of Snoke, who were kept sedated in a tank of nutrient fluid.
Sidious' return baffled Colonel Aftab Ackbar, Commander Rose Tico, and other members of the Resistance. Sidious was believed to have been dead by this time. However, Resistance trooper Captain Beaumont Kin correctly theorized Hemlock’s dark cloning science was involved in the Emperor's revival as well as secrets only the Sith knew. As Darth Sidious' plot for revenge continued apace, Rey confronted her grandfather on Exegol where she learned the details of his survival through cloning in a Force vision. The Sith Lord goaded Rey to surrender herself to the dark side by participating in a ritual sacrifice. By killing Sidious in anger and hatred, Rey would become possessed by his spirit, freeing him from the confine of his cloned vessel.
Rey's youth, her strength in the Force, and her lineage made her the most suitable host in the Emperor's mind. While his plan relied on her ending the existence of his cloned body, Sidious was content to know that their souls would be merged within her body, allowing him to rule the galaxy in spirit. However, the Sith Lord abandoned this plan upon discovering the extent of Rey's Force-bond with Solo, who renounced the dark persona of Kylo Ren. The realization that they were a dyad in the Force led Sidious to drain them of their combined power, thereby healing his body and restoring himself to full power. Vowing to herald the return of the Sith, Sidious moved to annihilate the Resistance but was opposed by Rey, who managed to destroy his spirit's vessel with the help of all the Jedi who were one with the Force.
==Appearances==
===Non-canon appearances===
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*LEGO Star Wars: The Force Awakens 
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*The LEGO Star Wars Holiday Special
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*A Vader Family Sithmas
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*LEGO Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga
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==Sources==
===Non-canon sources===
*LEGO Star Wars: Choose Your Side: Doodle Activity Book
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*The Art of Star Wars: Visions
==Notes and references==