Miguel Pro

Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez (January 13, 1891 – November 23, 1927) was a Mexican Jesuit priest, executed during the persecution of the Catholic Church under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles after trumped up charges of involvement in an assassination attempt against former President Álvaro Obregón. Fr. Pro was beatified by John Paul II as a martyr on September 25, 1988.
==Historical background==
At the time of the killing of Pro, Mexico was under rule of the fiercely anti-clerical and anti-Catholic President Plutarco Elías Calles who had begun what writer Graham Greene called the "fiercest persecution of religion anywhere since the reign of Elizabeth." Greene, Graham: The Lawless Roads, Prologue (Penguin Classics 1993)
==Childhood==
Miguel Pro was born into a mining family on January 13, 1891, in Guadalupe, Zacatecas. He was the third of eleven children, four of whom had died as infants or young children. Since a young age, he was called "Cocol" as a nickname. Two of his sisters joined the convent. He entered the Jesuit novitiate at El Llano on August 15, 1911.
==Jesuit life in Mexico, persecution, exile abroad and ordination==
One of his companions, Fr. Pulido, said that he "had never seen such an exquisite wit, never coarse, always sparkling." Gentges, Mary E. Father Pro of Mexico (Angelus Online 20070 He was noted for his charity and ability to talk about spiritual subjects without being boring. Gentes Fr. Pulido remarked that there were two Pros: the playful Pro and the prayerful Pro.Gentes He was known for the long periods he spent in the chapel.Gentes
Long-time President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz was ousted in 1911 after staging a rigged reelection, and a struggle for power — the Mexican Revolution — began.
Pro studied in Mexico until 1914 when a massive wave of governmental anti-Catholicism forced the novitiate to dissolve and the Jesuits to flee to Los Gatos, California, in the United States.BLESSED MIGUEL PRO JUAREZ, PRIEST AND MARTYR (Catholic News Agency 2007) He then went to study in Granada, Spain (1915–19), and then taught in Nicaragua from 1919 to 1922.Gentes Miguel Pro Juárez Encyclopedia Britannica 2007 
Back in Mexico, a new constitution for the country had been signed (1917). Five articles of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico were particularly aimed at suppression of the Catholic Church. Article 3 mandated secular education in schools, prohibiting the Church from participating in primary and secondary education. Article 5 outlawed monastic religious orders. Article 24 forbade public worship outside of church buildings, while Article 27 restricted religious organizations' rights to own property. Finally, Article 130 took away basic civil rights of members of the clergy: priests and religious were prevented from wearing their habits, were denied the right to vote, and were not permitted to comment on public affairs in the press. Most of the anti-clerical provisions of the constitution were removed in 1998.
For his theological studies Pro was sent to Enghien, Belgium where the French Jesuits (also in exile) had their faculty of Theology. His health continued to deteriorate. There he was ordained priest on August 31, 1925. He wrote on that occasion: "How can I explain to you the sweet grace of the Holy Spirit, which invades my poor miner's soul with such heavenly joys? I could not keep back tears on the day of my ordination, above all at the moment when I pronounced, together with the bishop, the words of the consecration. After the ceremony the new priests gave their first blessing to their parents. I went to my room, laid out all the photographs of my family on the table, and then blessed them from the bottom of my heart."
His first assignment as a priest was to work with the miners of Charleroi, Belgium. Despite the socialist and communist tendencies of the workers, he was able to win them over and preach the Gospel to them.
Three months after ordination, he was forced to undergo several operations because of his ulcers. He remained cheerful and courageous, explaining that the source of his strength was his prayer.
==Return to Mexico==
In summer 1926 - his studies in Europe being completed - Father Pro returned to Mexico. On the way, he took a trip to Lourdes, where he celebrated Mass and visited the grotto of Our Lady's apparitions.
Father Pro arrived at Veracruz on July 8, 1926. Plutarco Elías Calles was now president of Mexico. Unlike his predecessors, he vigorously enforced the anti-Catholic provisions of the 1917 constitution, implementing the so-called "Calles Law", which provided specific penalties for priests who criticized the government (five years imprisonment) or wore clerical garb in certain situations outside their churches (500 pesos). This law went into effect on July 31, 1926.
By this time, some states, such as Tabasco under the notorious anti-Catholic Tomás Garrido Canabal, had closed all the churches and cleared the entire state of openly serving priests, killing many of them, forcing a few to marry and leaving a few to serve covertly at risk of their lives. On his return Fr. Pro served a Church which was forced to go “underground.” He celebrated the Eucharist clandestinely and ministered the other sacraments to small groups of Catholics.
We owe our details of Pro's ministry in the underground church to his many letters, signed with the nickname Cocol. In October 1926, a warrant for his arrest was issued. He was arrested, released from prison the next day, but kept under surveillance.
==Arrest and execution==
 
An assassination attempt by bombing against Álvaro Obregón (which only wounded the ex-president) in November 1927 provided the state with a pretext to capture Pro and his brothers Humberto and Roberto. A young engineer who was involved and confessed his part in the assassination testified the Pro brothers were not involved. Bucko S.J., Ray and Ball, Ann Miguel Pro Bioraphical Data (Creighton University 2006) Miguel and his brothers were taken to the Detective Inspector's Office in Mexico City. 
On November 13, 1927, President Calles gave orders to have Pro executed under the pretext of the assassination, but in reality for defying the virtual outlawing of Catholicism. BLESSED MIGUEL PRO JUAREZ, PRIEST AND MARTYR(Catholic News Agency 2007) Calles had the execution meticulously photographed, and the newspapers throughout the country carried them on the front page the following day. Presumably, Calles thought that the sight of the pictures would frighten the Cristero rebels who were fighting against his troops, particularly in the state of Jalisco. However, they had the opposite effect. 
Fr. Pro and his brothers were visited by Generals Roberto Cruz and Palomera Lopez around 11 p.m. on November 22, 1927. The next day, as Fr. Pro walked from his cell to the courtyard and the firing squad, he blessed the soldiers, knelt and briefly prayed quietly. Declining a blindfold, he faced his executioners with a crucifix in one hand and a rosary in the other and held his arms out in imitation of the crucified Christ and shouted out, "May God have mercy on you! May God bless you! Lord, Thou knowest that I am innocent! With all my heart I forgive my enemies!" Before the firing squad were ordered to shoot, Pro raised his arms in imitation of Christ and shouted the defiant cry of the Cristeros, "Viva Cristo Rey!" -"Long live Christ the King!" . When the initial shots of the firing squad failed to kill him, a soldier shot him point blank.
The Cristeros became more animated and fought with renewed enthusiasm, many of them carrying the newspaper photo of Pro before the firing squad.
==Beatification==
Fifty-two years after Pro's execution, the Pope visited Mexico, was welcomed by the President, and celebrated open-air Masses before thousands of people (an act which would have been a crime during Pro's life and was still technically illegal at the time of the pope's visit, though unenforced). At his beatification on September 25, 1988, Pope John Paul II honored Fr. Pro with these words:
==References==
== External links ==
*Catholic web site dedicated to Miguel Pro including numerous photographs
*Catholic web site providing biographical information about Miguel Pro and shrine housed at St. Francis Religious Goods in Houston, Texas
* Video reenactment of Miguel Pro
Category:1891 births
Category:1927 deaths
Category:Christ the King
Category:Martyred Roman Catholic priests
Category:Jesuit martyrs
Category:Mexican Jesuits
Category:Beatified people
Category:Executed Mexican people
Category:People executed by Mexico
Category:Victims of Anti-Catholicism in Mexico
Category:Religious persecution
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Category:20th-century venerated Christians
cs:Michal Pro
de:Miguel Pro
es:Miguel Agustín Pro
eo:Mikaelo Pro
fr:Miguel Agustin Pro
nl:Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez
no:Miguel Agustín Pro
ru:Про, Мигель Августин Хуарес
sc:Padre Pro