Pattern recognition

Pattern recognition is how you recognise differences (it may thus be termed difference recognition). 
Generally it is how entities recognise patterns. 
 It is a cognitive process that matches information from a stimulus with information retrieved from memory. 
One can recognize patterns when doing signal processing or plain data analysis—thus pattern recognition is much broader than machine learning.
In computers it is a type of machine learning that focuses on the recognition of patterns and regularities in data.
Computer Vision and Image Recognition use pattern recognition.
In  cognitive neuroscience, pattern recognition describes a cognitive process that matches information from a stimulus with information retrieved from memory.