Decolonisation

Id werdo decolonisation kyeust id fact od un colonisen land recupert sien independence. Yed, tod lexis est daydey reserven ei abolition ios dominationsysteme enplacet unte dwoter europay Colonisation, ye ia XIXt ed XXt secules. Ia prever "decolonisations" - id independence iom Uniet Stats os America ye id fin ios XVIIIt secule ed tod iom espaniol ed portughesche colonias os Latin America in-kap id XIXt secule - gwehme ender alyo logique chunke concreteihnt id pamrlan im europay colons asadhascend ex id waldh iren materlands. Different, id decolonisation ios XXt secule uperwehrt id emancipation iom submitten folks leurnd-se ex un gospoti fangho kay kriges ir independence. 
==Un posweir emancipation==
Unte Mund Weir Dwo, id sibia inter ia europaya stieures ed ir colonias hat-se modifien. Quantenprest, senters hant insaft ir rol pro id allieit victoria - kweter in id resistence ios Uniet Roydem face Nazi Deutschland au in id reconstitution ios Franceois armee pos id 1940 desaster - ed kehnse ir stehmen stahalt uno mizdo. Dind, id invasion ab ia Nazi armeen om France, Belgia ed Nederland hat grave-ye hiht id prestige tom dominant nations. Bad, in Asia, ies Japanese occupants hant favoriset ia independentiste movments contra ia europay administrations. 
Smad addihes od ia dwo superstieures qua se dwinghe pos id weir, Uniet Stats ed Soviet Union, sont - ne aun hegemonic aptosmenos ud se - hostile prabhil-ye id colonial systeme ed od id Uniet Nations Charta (juno 1945) proclamet id rect iom popules ad swodetermination. Pos 1945, kwehct also evident od id colonial systeme est udzamant, areti antslehnke movments militend pro independence quom representativest est tod agen in Hind ab Mahatma Gandhi. Ies lucidst europay wanaks kwecto conscient to ed bevide platumenos dia concessions : unte id weir, Britisch premier Winston Churchill hat kwenchaun un status change pro Hindo menxu, in sien Brazzaville logos (30 Januar 1944), General de Gaulle hat udwekwnen id possibilitat os sem inner autonomia pro ia franceois colonias.
Endus id weir, ta promissa bihnt baygh divers-ye respex. Idmen Uniet Roydem, quod hat inventen yant id XIXt secule pro sien befolkenscolonias id dominion systeme, status os plaut swostyr quod synoriset de facto independence, hieb ja transformen, inter 1926 ed 1931, id Britisch Empire do Commonwealth of Nations. Tod urand systeme vaht muhim-ye facilihes, pro London, id styren iom decolonisationsoperations. In de France, nespekent id creation in 1946 ios Union française - quod obkwehct ses uno mer mutanamen ios colonial empire -, decolonisation vaht oistarte uno majoro crise quod videughsiet id pehden ios Quartios Respublic. Id sam ghehldsiet pro Nederland quod tyehgvsiet Indonesia bas pos quar yars vainen katus (1945-1949), pro Belgia quod empraxiset politic immobilisme tiel 1960 ed bilhassa pro Portugal quer id nationaliste dictature os Antònio de Oliveira Salazar ayt sien African colonias ka "ultramara provinces" ed ceddt neid. Also buit decolonisationo meis dwight ibs quem acceptet ab ia colonial stieures.
 Pos uno mukam in France, Hô Chi Minh (1890-1969) fortrehct do id USSR do China quer is biht formen do un revolutionar. Tsay do Indochina, is seult in 1930 id prest Indochinese communiste parties ed, decen yaren serter, id Viet-Minh, quod bihsiet Vietnam instrument os leuren. Communiste ed nationaliste, is est uno mahir diplomat ed negociator. Ka President ios Democratic Respublic Vietnam in 1945, "Oncle Hô" act con General Giap un revolutionsWeir quod trehnct France do marloubia ed dreibht id bipartition ios land. President os Nord Vietnam, is najidalt pro id unification ios land ed, ab 1960, orneuwt id katu protie Sud Vietnam ed ia USA. Is mehrt in 1969 aun vidus id reoineihsa siens land. Pater os Vietnams independence, Hô Chi Minh est is symbol ios anticolonialiste jidal.
==Decolonisationsinkapem==
Hinds independence in August 1947 maght ses ayt id startpoint os decolonisation. Bi-sabab ia religieus antagonismes inter hindus ed muslims qua gehne terrible gvalts, i Britisch vicreent dwo dominions : Hind ed Pakistan, eti fauran in weirfert ob bo keupe Kashmir. Hind biht in 1950 un alnos independent secularo respublic wanact ab iom pregnant rjienbwutso Jawaharlal Nehru. 
Id amplop tos wakya se repercutt do Asia. In Indochina, ia tolks ornuwen yant 1946 con id Vietminh communiste rebellion, duct af Hô Chi Minh, bihnt sabotagen ab id collusion iom militar ed economic milieus. France sammel tentet knigves ep local conservator elements ed oistart un exhausant weir face un duschman kardwnt ab id adgumt os communisme in China, in 1949, endt-yod med id militar disaster in Diên Biên Phu (1954). Id franceois gouvernement os Pierre Mendès-France decidt tun negocye : id Geneve conference recogneiht id independence iom indochinesen Stats (Aprile-Jul 1954). Entrim, in Indonesia, is nationaliste lider Soekarna sib hat udjidalen yant December 1949 independence ud i Nederlanders. 
Unte id elan iom Geneve playcts, id franceois gouvernements acceptet tunkye negocye id independence om siena Nordafrican protectorats, Tunisia ed Marok, hassilet respective-ye in 1955 ed 1956. Tod politic evolution dreibht id ubstand os Algeria. Kreigneun pon 1830 ed integreneun do France sub forme om departments, Algeria est un befolkenscolonia quer gwivt meis quem oino million Franceoisen, pleisten gnahten ter. Paris refuset tyehgve tod territorium, areti id hat just obkwohken riche med naft ed gas. Id Quarto Respublic sammel tentet - pior sert - oistarte un reformenplan ed orneuwt un repression quod oku wehrt do un gver weir pau kaurndo de ia nudt wassilas (1954-1962). Id impossibilitat os vinces id rebellion ed id agitation im Franceois os Algeria sessient ia essential causes ios pehden ios regime in 1958 ed ios reiken do magh os General de Gaulle. Pos plur mutamaynens, so acceptet id independence os Algeria (Evian playcts, 1962), quo deught id massenexodus im franceoisen statans.
 Dehtor ios National Partise Indonesias in 1927, Sukarno (prever orthograph : Soekarno, gnahsa nam : Koesno Sosrodihardjo, 1901-1970) biht plurs arresten ob sieno militant activitat. Pos Mund Weir Dwo, unte quod is collaboret con iens Japanese occupants, is proclamet in August 1945 id independence ios Respublic Indonesia, quos president is biht. Pos quar yars conflictios contra Nederland, Sukarno impont un autoritairo presidential regime, id "wanaken democratia", lancet un vast programme om nationalisations ed unifieskwt id land. Stiftor ios 1955 Bandung conference, is act un anti-US siyassa ed oistract (zanchey-ye) Indonesia ex ia Uniet Nations. Pos id 1965 putsch, is ceddt sien place ad Suharto ed biht dombohnden in 1968.
==Un global process==
Tuntos, id decolonisationstrend se acceleret. Id Uniet Roydem, usend ia Commonwealth proceddures, hat ja recogniht in 1960 id independence om sien Westafrican colonias (Ghana, Nigeria) ed, drehdend un armet insurrection in Kenya, sgwehmt tadrijan ex Eustafrica inter 1961 ed 1963. 
In France, de Gaulle sehkwskwt ia Britisch methodes ed, eni id quader ios 1958 Constitution, creet la Communauté française, association os federal type inter France ed ids prever colonias promota do statkweit. Ids existence est ephemer, ia nov Stats demandend baygh oku ir total independence : tod os Niger (August 1960) start id fin tos Communauté. Etileikwnt sub franceoiso souverainitat tik ia ultramar departments ed collectivitats, franceois pagsa tarikhend ops ex id Ancien Régime ed diutos integren. 
Dayir id vast belgo Congo, Roy Baudouin os Belgia hat recognihn yant 1959 ids rect ad independence. Obtenen dik-ye posuti, tod tyehct un in un hava troublen ed violence tiel 1965. Dec yars serter, id recognition ab Portugal ios independence om Angola ed Mozambique deht fin ei colonial era.
 Reclame pro id swodeterminationsreferendum in Nov Caledonia os November 2018. Pos gvalts inter walskens (Kanaks) ed kjeingchat in tod franceois ultramar territorium ios West Pacific, un boidos (accord de Matignon) buit pact inter independentistens ed duschmans tos ziel sub ia auspices ios franceois Premier Ministre M.Rocard. Tuntos, Nov Caledonia brunct un quasi-independence, hatta sien wi civstand. Dien 4 November 2018 muss id swodeterminationsreferendum unte-yod i voters dohlg antwehrde tei question : Volte yu ke Nov Caledonia acceddt plen souverainitat ed biht independent ?. 56,4% im stehmberect Nov-Caledonians hant decis remane franceois. 
==Ia economic sababs os decolonisation==
Esdi politic dasturs hant nevergiblihto decolonisation, tehrbent bihe bespohct semschi hissabs os economic buhsa. Viden ud Europe ed ploisko ia Britisch Indias, colonisation buit bruct ab uno minoritat, ed hat vicostto dorgv ibs finances iom colonisator Stats quibs eent dwighen administre, schowbeye, defende immense territoria - eti intizame ter. Inter 1945 ed 1960, id franceois colonial empire hat guraght id equivalent dwis wiswen imdadhs ios Marshal Plan consecret, pos id weir, ei reconstruction ios land. Yant ia 1950tias, campagnes - maschourst buit act ab iom journaliste Raymond Cartier - demandeer Corrèze anter quem Zambèze ! In Nederland, id asimat ex Indonesia buit pregen ab muhim ed fructueus reinvestions iom colonial capitals do id materland. Ta considerations ne sont rhayir ei relative facilitate quosmed pleist colonial stieures accepteer decolonisation circum 1960. Id concept os - tant politic quem economic ed cultural - influence zone se substituit ei direct presence, gehnend-ye inter alya quo buit namt id Françafrique. Tod permiss conserve - eti crisces - ia vantages ed profits obtenen sub id colonial regime aun assumpe ids responsibilitats ed expense. 
Zaruri est recognihes id permanence tos contexte dar nundiens; besonters Africa remant loc om rivalitats inter stieures ed interesses qua posdehrje instabilitato ter.
Category:Historia