Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)

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The Lutheran liturgical calendar is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by various Lutheran churches. The calendars of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC) are from the 1978 Lutheran Book of Worship and the calendar of Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (LCMS) and the Lutheran Church - Canada use the Lutheran Book of Worship and the 1982 Lutheran Worship. Elements unique to the ELCA have been updated from the Lutheran Book of Worship to reflect changes resulting from the publication of Evangelical Lutheran Worship in 2006. The elements of the calendar unique to the LCMS have also been updated from Lutheran Worship and the Lutheran Book of Worship to reflect the 2006 publication of the Lutheran Service Book.
The basic element to the calendar is Sunday, which is a festival of Jesus’ resurrection. However, Christian Churches have historically observed other festivals which commemorate events in the life of Jesus or of significant individuals in the history of the Church.What Is a Lesser Festival and How Do We Celebrate Them The purpose of the liturgical calendar is to guide commemorations as a part of the daily worship of the Lutheran Church. There is some variation associated with the observance of the calendar, as each Lutheran Church creates its own calendar and each congregation must choose independently how many individuals will be commemorated within a given year and how many festivals and lesser festivals they will publicly celebrate, especially if they do not coincide with a Sunday.
==Structure==
The Lutheran calendar operates on two different cycles: the Temporal Cycle and the Sanctoral Cycle. The Temporal Cycle pivots on the festivals of Christmas and Easter. All Sundays, Seasons, and Festivals are related to these festivals.Phillip Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, p. 11. Because Easter varies in date each year based on the vernal equinox and the phases of the moon, it is called a moveable feast (see: date of Easter). Dates affected by placement of Easter include Ash Wednesday and the start of Lent, the start of Easter itself, Pentecost, and Holy Trinity.Phillip Pfatteicher, Lutheran Book of Worship: Manual on the Liturgy, p. 22. Advent, the other pivotal season on the calendar, comes exactly four Sundays before the start of Christmas (if Christmas falls on a Sunday, that day does not count), or the Sunday closest to St. Andrew's Day (November 30).Phillip Pfatteicher, Lutheran Book of Worship: Manual on the Liturgy, p. 22. Like the other Western Church calendars, the first Sunday of Advent is also the first day of the liturgical year.Pfatteicher, Lutheran Book of Worship: Manual on the Liturgy, p. 22. The Sanctoral Cycle is the fixed daily commemorations of individuals and events not related to the Temporal Cycle of Sundays, Festivals, and Seasons.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, p. 11. It is the Sanctoral Cycle which is sometimes thought of as being the “Calendar of Saints” of a Church.
Beyond their place in the Temporal or Sanctoral Cycles, the events commemorated on the Lutheran liturgical calendar fall into one of three different categories depending upon their liturgical priority: Festivals, Lesser Festivals, and Commemorations.
===Festivals===
The Festivals are Nativity, Epiphany, the Baptism of our Lord, the Transfiguration, the Annunciation, Palm Sunday, Easter, the Ascension, Pentecost, Holy Trinity, All Saints, and Christ the King.Evangelical Lutheran Worship, p. 3 and Lutheran Service Book, p. xi Most of these festivals are tied to the moveable feast of Easter. Festivals take precedence over all other days, including Sundays, have their own collects and Eucharistic proper prefaces. Of the festivals, Christmas is considered to be twelve days in length (from December 25 until January 5) and Easter is fifty days in length (from Easter Sunday up to and inclusive of Pentecost).Phillip Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 498. For Easter, Sundays are considered to be another part of the festival. For the Ascension which, falling on fortieth day of Easter, will always be on a Thursday, the festival is sometimes transferred to the Seventh Sunday of Easter in addition to or in place of the normal part of the Easter festival for that day.Evangelical Lutheran Worship, p. 23.
There is another type of day which, while not a festival, is considered to be equal with a festival. These days, called Days of Special Devotion, are Ash Wednesday and all the days of Holy Week, especially Good Friday.Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 498. These particular days, like other festivals, automatically take precedence over any event on the calendar and sometimes even over other festivals. A good example of this would be in 2005 when Good Friday and the Annunciation fell on the same day (March 25). The Annunciation was transferred to March 28, or the second day of Easter, to make room for Good Friday.Philip Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, 132.
One unique feature of the ELCA calendar is that it has given congregations the options of two dates for the Transfiguration.Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 498. Following most other Western Churches, the ELCA moved the Transfiguration from its August 6 date to the Last Sunday after Epiphany (the Sunday immediately preceding Ash Wednesday) as an option to the traditional Last Sunday after Epiphany in an effort to encourage a wider observance of the Transfiguration within congregations. However, the traditional date of August 6 was left on the calendar. Congregations were given the option of observing Transfiguration on the Last Sunday after the Epiphany and August 6, thus leaving open the possibility that the Transfiguration could be commemorated twice within a calendar year.Philip Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, 133
===Lesser Festivals===
These are days which are associated with the life of Christ or the Apostles and deserve attention in their own right. Lesser Festivals do not have priority over festivals and technically do not have precedence over ordinary Sundays. However, the Lutheran Book of Worship does permit the celebration of a Lesser Festival on Sundays where the normal color of the day would be green (that is, seasons after Epiphany or after Pentecost) or on the Sundays in Christmas.Pffatteicher, Lutheran Book of Worship: Minister’s Desk Edition, 21. This is abrogated for patronal festivals (that is, the day commemorating the saint or event for which a congregation is named) provided that they do not take place in Lent, Advent, or Easter, in which case they must also be transferred to the next convenient weekday.Pffatteicher, Lutheran Book of Worship: Minister’s Desk Edition, 21. Most Lesser Festivals have their own collects and a few, such as All Saints, have their own proper.
===Commemorations===
Commemorations are for individuals or events which have been noteworthy in the life of the Church and in the history of Lutheranism in particular.Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 22. These days do not take precedence over any other festival day, and if there is a conflict between a commemoration and a festival of any other rank, the commemoration is generally transferred to the next open weekday. If a commemoration falls on a Sunday where the color of the day is green, the collect for which that individual or event belong to could be said before the daily collect/prayer of the day or in place of it. For example, if September 13 fell on a Sunday and there was a desire to commemorate St. John Chrysostom, the pastor would recite the common of theologians and then the prayer of the day or the common of theologians on its own. The person may also be mentioned by name in the prayers of the faithful in addition to recitation of the applicable collect. Finally, their lives might be summarized or their teachings related to the day's lessons in some way.Frequently Asked Questions on Worship
In cases of conflict between commemorations (for example, November 11 with St. Martin of Tours and Søren Kierkegaard), there is no order of precedence, and individual worship planners need to choose which commemoration, if any, to highlight. In some cases, several individuals are listed together (June 14 with St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory the Theologian, and St. Gregory of Nyssa) because of their close association with each other, and they are thus designed to be commemorated jointly, not as a choice between one or the other.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, p. 20
The schedule of commemorations within the ELCA has been specifically designed so that there is at least one person on the calendar from each century so as to emphasize the continuity of Christian tradition.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, 19. Clearly, some centuries have more commemorations than others, the largest number of persons commemorated being in the first four centuries of Christian history and immediately following the Reformation. This leaves the space from the 5th to the 15th centuries and the 16th to the 20th centuries rather sparse; nevertheless, it is an improvement over some calendars wherein only a very few persons, all from the patristic or Reformation periods, were commemorated.Phillip Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 22.
==Liturgical colors==
The service books of Lutheran Churches designate specific colors for events which are listed on the liturgical calendars and the seasons which are a part of the Temporal Cycle. This color is sometimes known as “the color of the day.” The Lutheran Church generally follows the color scheme which is used by other churches in Western Christianity since Lutheranism has historically been linked with the Roman Catholic Church. The color of the day dictates the color of the vestments for all ministers and the color of paraments. White is the color designated for Festivals of Christ, with gold sometimes offered as an alternative for the first days of Easter.The Meaning and Use of Liturgical Colors Festivals for which white is the color of the day include:
*Christmas (all twelve days)
*Epiphany
*The Baptism of our Lord (First Sunday after Epiphany)
*Transfiguration (Last Sunday after Epiphany and/or August 6)
*Easter (all days except Pentecost)
*Holy Trinity
*Christ the King
White is also used as the color for anyone commemorated on the calendar who was not martyred and is the color appointed for funerals regardless of whatever the color of the day might otherwise be. Purple is commonly used for the season of Lent. It is also optional for use during Advent, though blue is the preferred color for this season because of its hopeful connotations rather than the penitential character implied by purple and its association with Lent.The Meaning and Use of Liturgical Colors Red is used for the commemorations of martyrs and is used on the Day of Pentecost. Scarlet is also used for Holy Week, though purple is also allowed. Black (with purple as an alternative) may be used on Ash Wednesday. The only day which does not have a color is Good Friday, when all the paraments are traditionally removed from the church. The color for Holy Saturday is white or gold since it is the day when the Great Vigil of Easter is celebrated, though until the vigil, the church would remain void of paraments.
==Historical development==
Liturgical calendars began to be developed in Christianity around the fourth century, with the church calendar as it is known today coming into full development in the period of the medieval sacramentaries.Frank C. Senn, Christian Worship, p. 188. While Sunday had long been established in the weekly calendar, festivals such as Easter and Christmas were also a fixed part of the calendar by this time. The ninth century also saw the inclusion of numerous saints in the calendar (a practice already begun by the second century), even to the point that normal Sunday propers were taking place over those normally appointed for Sunday.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 162-163, 188. The Lutheran calendar owes much to the proliferation of commemorations of the medieval calendars of Western Christianity. 
===Reformation era===
All of the Reformers attempted to reduce the number of individual commemorations and “saint’s days”, though this reduction was sometimes more drastic than others. In the case of the Lutheran churches, most of the saints' days were removed (with the exception of some New Testament personages), though the basic temporal cycle of the calendar remained more or less intact.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, 11. In some instances, a celebration of the Reformation was added to October 31, the first instance being the church order prepared by Johannes Bugenhagen, though other churches selected alternative dates, including June 25, the anniversary of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 344. The commemoration of the Reformation quickly died out before the Thirty Years War.Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 22. 
====In Germany====
The content of the liturgical calendar (like the content of the liturgy itself) was the responsibility of territory in which the church was found.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 342. Thus, there was a different order for Saxony, one for Prussia, one for Hesse, and one for Wittenberg, among others. Despite their differences, the calendars and liturgies maintained significant similarities between each other as well as the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. The church year continued to begin with the First Sunday of Advent (which was still fixed based on the traditional formula), and many of the festivals surrounding Christmas (Saint Stephen, Saint John, the Holy Innocents) remained in place, even if they were often ignored.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 342. Epiphany also continued to be celebrated as the visit of the Magi, though Martin Luther preferred to commemorate the baptism of Christ.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 343. 
Brandenburg and Calenburg and Göttingen retained Lent and the fasting days associated with the season. They also retained the violet or black vestments for the penitential season.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 343. However, popular devotions such as the blessing of palms or the imposition of ashes were suppressed in most church orders,Senn, Christian Worship, p. 346. despite the fact that a number of them had retained Ash Wednesday as the start of Lent. Good Friday, while kept with solemnity, was often a celebration of Holy Communion, thus less somber than the contemporary Roman Catholic Church.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 343. And while Easter had been a common day of communion in the church before the reformation, “the reformers tried to prevent too many communions on this day, and instead urged the faithful to receive it on various Sundays throughout the year.”Senn, Christian Worship, p. 343. The Reformation also saw the development of a new “festival” connected to Easter, where the second Sunday became popularly known as “Good Shepherd Sunday” based on the opening of the psalm appointed for the day, Misericordia domini or “Goodness of the Lord”).Senn, Christian Worship, p. 343. In addition, Corpus Christi was commonly retained until about 1600, owing to its significant popularity in the Medieval period.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 344. 
While many saints were removed from liturgical calendars by the reformers, some were nevertheless retained. Saint Ansgar was commemorated in Halberstadt and Nordligen with a special thanksgiving service on the Sunday after 3 February, no doubt because of the saint's historic connection to the area.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 345. The same was true of Elizabeth of Thuringia in the Schweinfurth Order, and Saint George was also commemorated in Nordlingen.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 345. Festivals of the apostles and evangelists were also found on Lutheran calendars of the era, but were not always observed if they fell on a day other than Sunday.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 345. Some of the Marian festivals, notably the Nativity of Mary (September 8) and her Assumption (August 15) were retained by Luther whereas the feasts of her conception and presentation in the Temple were suppressed “because they were judged to have no scriptural or dogmatic interest.”Senn, Christian Worship, p. 344.
====In Scandinavian countries====
When the Lutheran Reformation was brought to Sweden from Germany via Denmark after the election of Gustav Vasa in 1523, the movement from the start had its own distinct characteristics. The development of Swedish liturgy was, in part, thanks to Olavus Petri, which is sometimes regarded as his most important work.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 404. His Swedish Mass, 1531 remained in use, with only slight modifications, until the twentieth century.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 404. The Swedish Mass draws from a number of different sources, though Luther's Formulae Missae is apparent in regards to the Eucharistic structureSenn, Christian Worship, p. 407. This included revising the calendar along similar lines as those in Germany. Laurentius Petri further revised the Swedish Mass 1557. In large part, the Swedish liturgy retained “vestments, altars and frontals, gold and silver chalices and patens” and many other “popish” customs.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 415. Following Laurentius’ death in 1573, King John III embarked on a separate, though similar, religious policy more conciliatory towards Catholicism. Much of his work was in the area of liturgy and his Nova Ordinantia reinstated much of the sanctoral cycle from the Old Swedish Mass, reviving the feasts of Saint Mary Magdalene, Saint Lawrence, Corpus Christi, and the Assumption and Nativity of Mary.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 419. Many of John's reforms were controversial. 
===Modern era===
The majority of calendars between the start of the Reformation and the 20th century were quite minimal in their commemorations. Most included events such as the Annunciation or persons such as Saint Paul, these days often went unobserved despite scrupulous attention to the temporal cycle. Even further, the commemoration of some biblical persons of note (including the Virgin Mary) were often omitted entirely.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, 11-12. During the 20th century, especially at the instigation of the liturgical movement, familiar saints began make a reemergence onto the calendar, along with newer names and events.
====The calendar in Europe====
Many of the changes to the calendar that had accompanied the Reformation remained in place during the subsequent centuries. In Saxony in the eighteenth century, in addition to chief festivals of Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost, a number of festivals were also celebrated with Vespers and Holy Communion, including Saint Stephen, Saint John, the Circumcision, Epiphany, Purification of Mary, the Annunciation, the Ascension, Holy Trinity, Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, the Visitation (on July 2), and Saint Michael (on September 29)Senn, Christian Worship, p. 500. When Holy Communion was celebrated, a chasuble was used in the color of the day, though especially at Lepzig, these colors were different from the ones normally used today.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 500-501. In the twentieth century, Lutherans in Europe came under the influence of the Liturgical Movement and many Lutheran churches adopted new calendars and rubrics similar to the Roman Calendar as revised by Vatican II.Senn, Christian Worship, p. 657-658. The Swedish Church also experienced a similar reform of its liturgy can calendar during this same period.
====The calendar in North America====
When Lutherans came to North America, they brought with them their disparate liturgical traditions. The Pennsylvania Ministerium composed the first liturgy for North America, including its calendar along somewhat minimal lines. However, since the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the calendar within North American Lutheran churches has been expanding.Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 20. In 1868, four chief festivals in the Church Book were Christmas, New Year's Day, Epiphany, and Reformation Day, with Easter and Pentecost being considered a separate category because they invariably fell on Sunday.Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 20. The Church Book also included several minor festivals, including festivals for all the Apostles, and the Annunciation. The Common Service Book (1918) also expanded the calendar to help congregations determine which days took priority over others in cases of coincidence. It added to the calendar the Sundays of Advent, Transfiguration (last Sunday after Epiphany), Septuagesima, Sexagesima, Quinquagesima, Ash Wednesday, Sundays in Lent, all days in Holy Week, Ascension and the following Sunday, and Holy Trinity. It also included All Saints, and Saints Mark and Luke, both of which were omitted from the Church Book.Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 20-21. The Service Book and Hymnal (1941) also moved the Transfiguration to August 6 and added Holy Innocents to the calendar.Service Book and Hymnal, p. 278
The previous North American calendar of the ELCA was different from its European counterparts in that it does not give equal weight (and sometimes gives no mention) to persons who may be commemorated in Scandinavian regions. One example would be the absence of St. Lucia on December 13, although she enjoys particular popularity in Sweden.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, p. 11. But Lutheran calendars also differ amongst one another in North America (though St. Lucia is commemorated by the LCMS on her traditional date); with the 2006 publication of Evangelical Lutheran Worship (ELW) as a replacement to the Lutheran Book of Worship (LBW), some of these deficiencies in the ELCA calendar have been corrected. Furthermore, while the ELCA and the LCMS share several commemorations in common, in many instances individuals are commemorated on different days in the two calendars (with St. John Chrysostom being commemorated on January 27 in the LCMS and September 13 in the ELCA). Within the ELCA, This Far by Faith and Libro de Liturgia y Cantico both prescribe calendars with additional commemorations specific to the ethnic communities they were intended to be used in (African Americans and Latinos respectively).Worship Resources Official Webpage The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod has a different, somewhat minimized calendar when compared the LCMS and especially the ELCA.The majority of WELS congregations utilize The Service Book and Hymnal or Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal, neither of which have extensive calendars of commemorations. The LCMS prayerbook, Lutheran Worship, is available through the official WELS publisher, Northwestern Publishing House, which would provide congregations utilizing that prayerbook a larger calendar to select from. Unlike the ELCA and the LCMS, the WELS does not maintain an official Sanctoral Cycle, but they do have congregational resources available for the full Temporal Cycle on their official website.
==Differences from other calendars==
The Lutheran calendar is most similar to the calendar of The Episcopal Church and thus to the Anglican Calendar of Saints, though it also bears resemblance to the Roman Calendar of Saints because it commemorates many of the same individuals. However, the Lutheran calendar differs from both in two very significant ways, aside from its emphasis on commemorating persons important to the Lutheran tradition.
First, the Lutheran calendar, while commemorating many of the same events or persons, often does so on different days from either calendar (St. Cyprian of Carthage on September 16 for Lutherans, but September 13 in the Episcopal Churchcf. Calendar of Saints (Episcopal Church); of note, Cyprian is commemorated on September 16 in the Roman Catholic Calendar.). In other cases (such as St. Valentine on February 14), individuals who have long standing within Western Christianity are not mentioned in the Lutheran calendar, or are only mentioned in the calendars of some Lutheran churches.cf. Calendar of Saints (Lutheran) where Valentine is commemorated by the LCMS but is not commemorated by the ELCA. Furthermore, some Lutheran calendars (such as that of the LCMS) still venerate individuals whose commemorations have been suppressed in other Western Churches. Finally, the Lutheran calendar commemorates persons or events (such as the presentation of the Augsburg Confession on June 25) which are not commemorated in any other Christian calendar because of their specific importance to the Lutheran Church.Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, p. 22. In general, like the Anglican counterpart, the Lutheran calendar has taken on many of the precedents established by the post-Vatican II reforms of the liturgy in the Roman Catholic Church.
The other significant difference is that the Lutheran calendar commemorates a wider variety of individuals than does either of its counterparts. Included on the calendar are musicians and artists who are associated with the Church, but are not typically thought of as “saints” in the classical sense. The intent is to provide a wider venue for commemoration of outstanding individuals who have served the Church through their vocations rather than simply commemorating the outstanding among the religious.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, 18
The calendar for the ELCA is similar to many other Western Calendars in that it does not commemorate any persons from the Old Testament.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, 19. The calendars of the Orthodox Churches have Old Testament individuals, and the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod has done the same. At one point there was a proposal to include a day on the Episcopal Church calendar (which was taken into consideration by the Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship in developing the Lutheran Book of Worship) for Old Testament saints following the octave of All Saints (November 8), but this idea was ultimately rejected as tokenism.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, 19.
=="Saints" in the liturgical calendar==
There is also no use of the title "saint" for anyone other than biblical persons (and even then the title is used with a certain degree of exclusivity). This is to prevent oddities of convention (such as St. Nicolaus Copernicus)Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, 22. as well as to underline the Lutheran emphasis on the priesthood of all believers. Nevertheless, individuals who typically have "saint" affixed to their given name are still referred to as such in common discourse (so that Francis of Assisi would still be called "St. Francis" rather than just "Francis").Pfatteicher, Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship, 22.
In the New Testament, all Christians are referred to as saints. However, the use of "saint" as a title for an individual who had led a good and exemplary life or who had been martyred began to develop in Christianity. By the time of the Reformation, the use of "saint" was almost exclusively the restrictive, titular sense.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, p. 12. One of the effects of the Reformation was to eliminate the abuses of the cult of saints, and as a result, it is a common misconception that Lutherans do not have (or rather, do not venerate) saints. However, the confessional documents of the Lutheran Church, particularly the Augsburg Confession, accept both the general and particular use of the word saints.Robert Kolb and James Schaffer, The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Augsburg Confession, Article XXI. In regards to the titular sense, the Augsburg Confession commends that "it should be taught among us that saints should be kept in remembrance so that our faith may be strengthened when we see what grace they received and how they were sustained in faith. Moreover, their good works are to be an example for us, each of us in his own calling."Robert Kolb and James Schaffer, The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Augsburg Confession, Article XXI. Article XXI of The Apology to the Augsburg Confession goes further to describe three types of honor which are due to the saints and acknowledgment that the saints pray for the Church.Pfatteicher, Festivals and Commemorations, p. 12. However, the Augsburg Confession opposes prayer to saints, stating, "Scripture does not teach calling on the saints or pleading for help from them. For it sets before us Christ alone as mediator, atoning sacrifice, high priest, and intercessor."Augsburg Confession Article XXI. Augsburg Confession, Article 21, "Of the Worship of the Saints". trans. Kolb, R., Wengert, T., and Arand, C. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2000.
==Notes==
==References==
*Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Evangelical Lutheran Worship - Final Draft. Minneapolis; Augsburg Fortress Press, 2006.
*-----. Evangelical Lutheran Worship . Minneapolis; Augsburg Fortress Press, 2006
*Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship. Lutheran Book of Worship. Augsburg Fortress Press, 1978.
*Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship. Lutheran Book of Worship: Minister's Desk Edition. Minneapolis; Augsburg Fortress Press, 1978.
*Kolb, Robert and James Schaffer. The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 2001.
*Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. Lutheran Worship. Concordia Publishing House, 1982.
*Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. Lutheran Service Book. Concordia Publishing House, 2006.
*Pfatteicher, Philip H. The Lutheran Book of Worship: Manual on the Liturgy. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 1979.
*-----.Festivals and Commemorations: Handbook to the Calendar in Lutheran Book of Worship. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 1980.
*-----. Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 1990.
*Senn, Frank C. Christian Worship: Catholic and Evangelical. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 1997
Category:Lutheran liturgy and worship
Lutheranism