Magnetic Accelerator Cannon

The Magnetic Accelerator Cannon, also known as a Mass Accelerator Cannon,, is a large coilgun that serves as the primary offensive weapon for UNSC warships. Larger versions are used as orbital defense platforms. MACs are the only non-nuclear weapons in the UNSC arsenal capable of effectively reducing or destroying Covenant capital ships' energy shields. Smaller ship-borne versions can take as many as three hits to overload a shield, while an orbital platform can put a hole through any Covenant vessel even with fully charged shields. This does not guarantee that the ship will be disabled, however, as Covenant ships can continue to function even with holes through non-critical systems. The Magnetic Accelerator Cannon should not be confused with the Railgun, despite their superficial similarities. 
==Design==
The operation principle of a MAC is that of a coilgun. The cannon fires a massive metal projectile using a linear system of magnetic coils down a long shaft, which increase the projectile's velocity until it carries an incredible amount of kinetic energy. The weapons are as destructive as nuclear weapons without the risk of radiological contamination from ionizing radiation and fallout; the sheer kinetic energy of an impact is capable of destroying whole targets. The ship-based models commonly use a depleted uranium core jacketed with a ferric lining to magnetically propel the round while orbital platforms and station-based versions use ferric tungsten rounds.
===Mounting===
The size of a Magnetic Accelerator Cannon is such that it is normally an integral component of a warship's superstructure. Some types of Defense Stations are literally built around the massive weapon for orbital defense.
===Ammunition===
A standard frigate-based MAC fires slugs of either ferric tungsten or depleted uranium measuring approximately 9.1 meters long at around 30 kilometers per second. The high muzzle speed gives the 600-ton slug the kinetic energy and momentum necessary to damage a target and partially mitigates the unguided nature of the slug and its lack of maneuverability; once the round leaves the barrel, its trajectory is essentially a straight line and is incapable of reorienting or changing direction. Orbital Defense Platforms fire a 3,000-ton slug at four-hundredths, or 4% of, the speed of light, around 12,000 kilometers per second. Unlike explosive artillery rounds, missiles, and energy weapons, the destructive force of the MAC round comes purely from kinetic energy imparted upon impact with the target.
===Aiming===
Because of their size, power required, and the physical forces involved in firing, Magnetic Accelerator Cannons are most commonly built into the superstructure of a ship or weapons platform, requiring that the platform itself maneuver in order to aim the weapon. Accuracy is important, since the projectile itself is, as explained above, unguided; once the round is fired, its trajectory cannot be changed by the firing ship or emplacement. Shipboard versions generally require an AI to aim the cannon, as the unguided projectiles and considerable forces make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to aim by manual fire. Orbital MAC platforms have dedicated targeting computers. However, smaller MACs may exist as turrets which can be aimed independent of ship or platform orientation.
===Firing===
The firing process uses electromagnetism to fire a ferromagnetic-tungsten slug at high velocity. An extremely large current is run through the first solenoid (coil of conducting wire), creating a strong magnetic field that attracts the metal slug. As the slug passes into the solenoid, the solenoid is quickly turned off and the second solenoid, further along the line, is activated, thus attracting the now-accelerating metal slug in the same manner as the first. This process is repeated along the barrel of the cannon. By the time the slug is fired out the end of the barrel, it has accelerated to a speed of approximately 30 kilometers per second for a ship-based MAC and around 12,000 kilometers per second for a "super" MAC.
For ODPs (Orbital Defense Platforms), a pair of thrusters on the bottom side of the station fire for a few seconds to counteract the inertia imparted to the station. It normally takes five seconds to recharge the capacitors as well as load the slug, leaving the station vulnerable to boarding actions between shots.
==Variants==
===Mark II, Light Coil===
The standard frigate-mounted Mk. II MAC fires a 600-ton ferric-tungsten projectile with a depleted uranium core at 30 kilometers per second. The large amount of energy needed to fire the weapon is particularly onerous on a warship, and the extended recharge time is a significant factor in combat against Covenant warships, as multiple MAC rounds are required to penetrate Covenant shields. At 2.7e14 Joules per shot (Ek = ½ × 600,000 kg × 30 km/s2), it has a standard destructive output of 64.53 kilotons TNT-equivalent, roughly three times greater than the yield of the nuclear bomb dropped on Nagasaki in 1945. 
Shipborne MAC draw power from the ship's reactor and require a charge of the weapon's magnetic coils in order to be fired. According to Halo: the Fall of Reach, it takes three shots from a standard MAC to effectively lower the shields of a standard Covenant ship and subsequently destroy it. The time it takes to bring the MAC's systems to full charge on a UNSC vessel is therefore frequently the deciding force in a conflict. Accordingly, while a vessel may not run out of ammunition for a long time (depending on the size/weight of the slugs fired and the capacity of the ship), a captain or commander has to carefully analyze the situation of a battle and use their shots strategically. The weapon can, if need be, be fired even when not at full charge, albeit at a considerably-diminished velocity (and therefore less energy on impact.)
====Types====
*56A2S4 MAC - Used on the ,Halo Waypoint: Universe - In Amber Clad and likely every .
*83B6R3 MAC - Used on the , and likely every .
====Mark II "Modified MAC"====
When the UNSC ship Pillar of Autumn was refitted for the war against the Covenant, it received the latest version of the ship-based MAC weaponry. Magnetic field recyclers coupled with booster capacitors allowed the light coil cannon to be fired three times per full charge, unlike traditional shipborne MAC systems, which could only fire once per charge. Pillar of Autumn also carried new lighter MAC rounds that had a less dense ferrous core, but a harder outer layer of tungsten carbide, and likely enabled the projectiles to be accelerated to a greater velocity.  Additionally, the Pillar of Autumns MAC charged up faster than normal UNSC MACs, likely as a result of the Pillar of Autumns advanced reactor(s).
===Mark 2547 "Mini MAC"===
One of the smallest vehicular mounted MACs. This weapon is first seen on the UNSC Mammoth and fires a smaller round than the standard MAC. It uses the same technology as the standard-sized MAC, housed in a smaller frame for more power during siege operations. Despite its size, it is capable of considerable hitting power; even capable of striking targets in orbit. In an atmosphere, it can completely obliterate a Phantom in a single shot. Properly-aimed shots from this MAC can even damage a Covenant battlecruiser.
=== Mark V "Super MAC" ===
UNSC Orbital Defense Platforms typically mount larger and more powerful versions of the standard Magnetic Accelerator Cannon, nicknamed "super" MACs or "the big stick."
These cannons fire a 3000-ton ferric-tungsten round at 11991 kilometers per second, or .04% the speed of light.
Against Covenant shield technology, the rounds possess enough kinetic energy to punch through shields, cut through the ship, and, upon exit, still retain enough energy to destroy a second ship, and cripple a third ship.
It is theorized that if a ship's armor or shields were to absorb all the kinetic energy of a super MAC round, the release of thermodynamic energy would still vaporize the ship. By receiving power from ground-based power plants, orbital platforms are capable of recharge and reload times as short as five seconds.
===Series-8 "Super-Heavy MAC"===
Only seen onboard , the CR-08 Series-8 is a 27-meter bore diameter MAC which fires an ultra-dense projectile at a fraction of the speed of light and is capable of creating terrestrial craters several miles wide. The shock-wave generated is powerful enough to knock in-atmosphere starships out of the air. The gun can also fire several sub-caliber rounds as well as unmanned cargo packages. Its exo-atmospheric combat capabilities were shown when the UNSC Infinity managed to use the Series-8 to puncture the Mantle's Approach's hull.
===Mark IV, Heavy Coil===
The Post-war heavy frigate utilized a Mark IV, Heavy Coil - 94B1E6 MAC.
===Mark IX, Heavy Coil===
The Mark IX, Heavy Coil - 45J3D3 MAC was installed onboard s.
==Related Technologies==
===M68 Gauss Cannon===
The M68 Gauss Cannon is a UNSC weapon mounted on the M12G1 Light Anti-Armor Vehicle as well as on stationary turrets. It utilizes the same coilgun technology used in Magnetic Accelerator Cannons, but on a smaller scale.
===M99 Stanchion Gauss Rifle===
The M99 is a man-portable anti-material and anti-personnel special application weapon. Like the M68 Gauss Cannon, it utilizes the same coilgun technology as a MAC, only on an even smaller scale, using 5.4mm/.21 caliber rounds. Though smaller than conventional ammunition, these rounds are accelerated to speeds fast enough to travel long distances with almost no change in trajectory, punch through any obstructing materials, hit their target, and still retain significant kinetic energy.
===M92 Principle Gauss Cannon===
The M92 Principle Gauss Cannon is a Magnetic Accelerator Weapon that runs along the length of the Open Frame 92/Extra-Vehicular Activity.
===M555 Electromagnetic Launcher===
===Mass drivers===
The mass driver is a somewhat primitive United Nations Space Command orbital launch assembly designed to propel low-weight payloads into orbit, in a process commonly known as "orbital lifting". The operating principle of the mass driver is essentially the same as that of the Magnetic Accelerator Cannon: it is a large coilgun that magnetically accelerates a package consisting of a magnetizable holder containing a payload.
While not a purpose-built weapon like the UNSC's Magnetic Accelerator Cannon, these platforms are still potent weapons of opportunity; when necessary, mass drivers have been used at as defensive magnetic accelerator weapons at Harvest, the Rubble, Reach, Ivanoff Research Station and on . An Onager-class driver has proven capable of disabling a , with its shielding down.
==Gameplay==
thumb|right|The MAC Blast in use.
===MAC Blast===
In Halo Wars, the MAC Blast ability allows the player to use 's MAC for pinpoint orbital bombardment. It is mainly used as a support weapon to help the UNSC penetrate heavy Covenant defenses and Covenant bases, and is a potent weapon against Scarabs.
In skirmish and multiplayer, the MAC Blast can only be used if Captain Cutter is selected as the player's leader. In the campaign, the MAC Blast is available in several missions, most notably Dome of Light, during which the player is granted access to forty rapid-fire MAC rounds to destroy a Covenant base, a feat that would be impossible outside of gameplay.
==Trivia==
*The Magnetic Accelerator Cannon is twice wrongly addressed in the Halo Universe - once as the "Mass Accelerator Cannon" in Halo: Contact Harvest, and as the "Mass Accelerated Cannon" in Halo Wars.
*The upgraded colony ship 's MAC is unable to penetrate a Covenant citadel's shield in Halo Wars with one round.
*The primary MAC on was capable of creating a crater several miles wide on Sanghelios.Halo: The Thursday War - page ??
==Gallery==
Coilgun animation.gif|The basic design of a coilgun.
Mac.jpg|Three UNSC Frigates unleashing their MAC on the Forerunner dreadnought over the Forerunner Structure.
Halo3 - FrigateAssault.png|MAC charges impacting the Forerunner dreadnought, to little effect.
Navesota.jpg|The front view of a UNSC Frigate's MAC.
Halo3 - MAC muzzle.jpg|A close view of the MAC muzzle of a UNSC .
POA-MAC Schematic.jpg|An overlay of Pillar of Autumn and its possible MAC position.
Cairo Mac firing.jpg|An example of an Orbital Defense Platform firing its "Super" Magnetic Accelerator Cannon.
Nassau.png|Nassau Station firing its MAC.
MAC - Bombardment.jpg|A MAC round impacting a planetary surface.
PoAMAC.jpg|UNSC Pillar of Autumn's MAC Muzzle.
Super MAC.png|A close up of Cairo Station's MAC.
CairoStation MAC Firing.png|A close up of Cairo Station's MAC firing.
H2A Terminal MACFiring.png|Two Orbital Defense Platforms firing their MACs at ships of the Fleet of Particular Justice.
==Appearances==
==Notes==
==Sources==
==External==
*Halo.bungie.org: Overview of an Orbital Defense Platform by Stephen Loftus
*Wikipedia's article on Coilgun
es:MAC
es:Cañones de Aceleración Magnética
Category:Human Weapons
Category:Strategic Weapons
Category:UNSC Starship Armament