Tutorials/Improving frame rate

Frame rate (also known as FPS) is the frequency rate at which a video device produces unique consecutive images called frames. Frames are still pictures that when in a sequence form a fluid animation that is the basis for all moving media. Frame rate is most often expressed in frames per second (FPS).
Low FPS will result in a "choppy" gaming experience, as far as looking like a slideshow in extreme cases. Difficult calculations (like blowing up large amounts of TNT or spawning in a large number of mobs) can temporarily decrease the FPS to a complete stop.
== Monitoring frame rate ==
Press to bring up the debug screen. The frame rate will be shown under the Minecraft version at the top left.
Note that the debug screen is known to cause more load to your system, resulting in lower FPS than you would normally achieve, so your FPS might increase as soon as you close the display. You can still see the FPS in other ways, such as downloading GUI mods.
== Game Settings ==
Most of the following suggestions are configurable in the game's Options menu, accessible by pressing .
* Turn down your render and simulation distances.
* Set Maximum FPS to Unlimited; however, lower-mid end PCs will experience stutter.
* Reduce Graphics from Fabulous! to Fancy or Fast.
* Turn off smooth lighting and clouds.
* Reduce your FOV.
* Set Particles to Minimal.
* Turn off V-Sync.
*If the mouse cursor is lagging, change the mouse sensitivity to HYPERSPEED!!!.
* Disable mipmaps. Note that this can result in water/lava drips not being visible, and thus taking a lava bath.
* Disable biome blending. This will make the color of certain blocks change less smoothly between biomes.
* Reduce the size of the game's window, as this makes the game render less, making the game run a little bit faster.
** If your computer has a better graphics card, you might want to enable full screen, as this will make your GPU focus more on Minecraft and less on other programs. Test both ideas and see which setting works best!
* Install optimization mods.
**OptiFine is the most well-known optimization mod, but only supports either running by itself or as a Forge mod. However, in more recent times there have been mods such as Sodium, made for Fabric.
**Note that Sodium only supports Minecraft 1.16+ with Fabric/Quilt and can't be installed together with OptiFine, but provides significantly higher performance than OptiFine on most PCs. Sodium can be paired with Starlight and Lithium to speed up lighting updates and general game systems respectively. Phosphor may also be used in place of Starlight, although Starlight is several times faster than Phosphor. You cannot run both Starlight and Phosphor at once, so it is suggested to use Starlight. Other optimization mods to use alongside Sodium for Fabric include:
***LazyDFU speeds up the game's startup.
***DashLoader caches the game's content, allowing you to load faster. Can be used alongside LazyDFU.
***Cull Leaves skips rendering of leaves obscured by blocks.
***DynamicFPS lowers the game's FPS when the game's window is no longer in focus.
***FerriteCore optimizes RAM usage. This doesn't by itself improve performance, but it allows more tasks to be run in the background.
***Krypton optimizes the network stack.
***Enhanced Block Entities makes some block entities use block models rather than laggy entity models.
**However, if you absolutely want to run Forge mods, then here are some options:
*** There are multiple Forge ports of Sodium available. They are NOT and will never be compatible with OptiFine or each other.
****Rubidium seems to be more up-to-date than Magnesium.
****Magnesium though is a bit more popular.
***Starlight Forge is the official Forge version of Starlight, to optimize the lighting engine.
***RoadRunner is an unofficial port of Lithium for Forge, to optimize general game systems.
***FerriteCore Forge is the official Forge version of FerriteCore, to reduce RAM usage.
***
*If your computer is hot or your fan is loud, avoid running mods which add a lot of content and don't do anything that causes your computer to run a lot of calculations. This means closing any browsers or other games.
*If you want to run shaders, use Iris instead of OptiFine. Iris has compatibility with most OptiFine shaders(with some exceptions) and is much faster due to being an add-on for Sodium.
**Or, if you want to run Forge mods, use Oculus. The creator recommends using Rubidium as the Sodium base.
== Gameplay Issues ==
* Try not to go to the Nether on lower-end PCs. Particularly complex terrain like mountains, jungles, mangrove swamps, or even ancient cities, can also be troublesome.
* If in multiplayer, move away from areas densely populated by players.
* Large numbers of item frames in view (even through walls) can cause lag. This includes map walls!
* Be careful about building large farms or other devices. 
** While crop growth is not usually burdensome, for sufficiently large farms even plant growth can add up.
** Farms that produce large amounts of animals or item entities can cause lag.
** Large and complex redstone devices, especially those driven by fast clocks, can likewise make trouble. Keeping redstone dust and other changeable blocks out of sight can be helpful.
*** Rapid changes in lighting are especially troublesome. Several redstone devices emit changeable light: Even switching a redstone torch can require updating the light levels for blocks up to 6 spaces away. Redstone lamps (and mobile glowstone or other lights), can affect much larger areas, especially if they are illuminating a complex landscape or build.
== Outside of Minecraft ==
* Close or minimize any programs in the background, making sure to definitely close Internet browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari etc.
*On Windows, open Task Manager and go to the details section, find javaw.exe (the one the game uses), right click it and set its priority to "High" (not "Realtime", as realtime will try to allocate all of the PC's resources (RAM/CPU/GPU) to the game, not leaving enough for Windows to function, causing it to freeze or even blue-screen).
* Make sure you have enough RAM available (in a program such as a task manager), else your computer may swap to disk, which could cause the game to stutter intermittently.
* On laptops and most pre-built desktops, uninstall bloatware.
*The current Minecraft Launcher is very, very slow and heavy to boot itself and the game. Instead of using it, try checking out some third-party launchers. Beware as they are not associated with Mojang and they may be dangerous, especially if they are not open source. MultiMC is a good choice if you don't play too much with many modpacks. It is fast and light, and it allows having multiple separate instances of Minecraft at once. The source code is hosted on GitHub and is under the Apache 2.0 license.
* Do frequent malware scans with an antivirus program, to ensure no malicious programs are consuming computer resources.
* Do not run other CPU- or GPU-intensive programs while the game is open.
* On Windows Vista through Windows 7, disable graphical effects such as Windows Aero and taskbar transparency.
* Disable compositing (sometimes called "desktop effects") on GNU/Linux. When compositing is disabled, all window managers tend to give similar performance, so there is no need to use a "lightweight" one.
* Update your graphics card drivers. You can find these on your GPU manufacturer's website.
* Disable anti-aliasing and anisotropic filtering in your GPU driver settings.
* Ensure the computer is running at a cool enough temperature so as to not cause thermal throttling. This is especially effective for laptops and older desktops. If the computer is too hot, look into cleaning out dust.
* Reduce the display resolution. Play Minecraft in windowed mode and make it about half the size of your screen.
* You may be able to switch your operating system to a GNU/Linux distribution, depending on what you use your computer for. Linux is generally easier on the computer's resources compared to Windows. However, it is important to research hardware/software compatibility (for example, Nvidia graphics cards) before switching operating systems. This makes the most effect on AMD graphics cards, which can see a 2x performance improvement from Linux drivers on OpenGL games such as Minecraft! There are many distributions to choose from, but you should stick to tried and trusted ones. Some recommended distros for beginners include Linux Mint (Cinnamon desktop with a Windows-like interface, large community, wide application support, easy to install graphics drivers), Fedora (cutting-edge technologies, GNOME desktop (not the most familiar), also wide community) or Pop!_OS (GNOME desktop, also very good graphics support).
**Note that a lot of Windows software isn't available for Linux, including Adobe software, Microsoft Office, as well as many games (Minecraft is an exception, most Steam games also work). You may find alternatives though, such as LibreOffice.
**If you'd like to have both operating systems, you should look into dual-booting.
* If you are playing on a desktop computer, look into upgrading your graphics card, which can help the game render objects faster.
== JVM optimizations ==
* Use a high performance garbage collector such as ZGC or Shenandoah. These consume more CPU resources than the default one, but reduce lag spikes.
* Allocate a reasonable amount of memory to Minecraft. Minecraft runs best with 2-4 GB of memory. Using ZGC or Shenandoah allows for large 16+ GB allocation without a performance penalty unlike the default G1GC collector. Be sure to leave memory for the system and other programs!
* Use the latest OpenJDK to play Minecraft. If you're on Windows, install OpenJDK from Adoptium.
== Stuttering on Mac ==
* Try testing your performance while toggling the V-Sync option.
* The other option when V-Sync is off to stop the stuttering is to set the maximum FPS down to 30, matching the FPS seen when when having V-Sync off, rather than FPS being set to Unlimited as suggested above.
== Alternative Minecraft launchers ==
The official Minecraft launcher (sometimes known as Mojang Launcher) is very slow and very inefficient, so here are some trusted alternatives players can use.
* MultiMC - Allows you to have multiple, cleanly separated instances of Minecraft (each with their own mods, resource packs, saves, etc) and helps you manage them and their associated options with a simple and powerful interface. Has multiple forks, including PolyMC and PrismLauncher.
* ATLauncher - Allows you to easily download mods without having to download them from CurseForge and transferring those mods to your Minecraft folder.
* GDLauncher
There are also clients that improve performance and are mainly intended for PVP. Examples include:
* Lunar Client - Arguably the most popular and reliable client in Minecraft, Lunar can boost your performance and doesn't have a laggy GUI, though in modern versions it doesn't boost as much FPS as its main rival, Feather.
* Feather Client - A popular client mainly used in modern versions. In lower-end devices, Feather gives more FPS than Lunar and is more stable. Also, another advantage it has is its ability to add your own mods by dragging it in the user-mods folder. However, the GUI is laggy and installation can take a while depending on how many mods you have.
* Badlion 
* Labymod
== External links==
*PirateCraft, 25 tricks on how to fix Minecraft lag
==Notes==
ja:チュートリアル/フレームレートの向上
zh:教程/提高帧率