Clark, William. Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

== Summary ==
Tracing
the transformation of early modern academics into modern researchers from the
Renaissance to Romanticism, William Clark ''reframes the
"Protestant Ethic" to reconsider the conditions of knowledge production
in the modern world. Clark argues that the research university—which
originated in German Protestant lands and spread globally in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries—developed in response to market forces and bureaucracy,
producing a new kind of academic whose goal was to establish originality and
achieve fame through publication. Academia lost its theological, transcendental
mission during the Enlightenment, when religion moved from the affairs of the
state to the private individual. Further, Ministries and markets worked to
rationalize practices of authority and “bureaucratic and entrepreneurial
interests worked to alter or subvert the traditional authority of faculties and
colleges.” It resulted in the transition from the traditional or medieval
(Church-state) juridico-ecclesiastical academic world into the modern politico-economic regime
of research. 'Vested in the
clothing, books, furniture, titles, and so on, “charisma at the traditional
university served to uphold authority by sanctifying traditions and
differentiating academics as a group from others groups in society.” (18) In
contrast, “The strength of the modern research university consists in its
ability to rationalize and routinize such prophecy and revolution” and “make
equilibrium dynamic.” Rather than being invested in a collective, corporate, or
collegial body, academic charisma at the research university inheres more in 
individuals.
Example: German Policey Staat monitored behavior of subect by paper work. They policed the guilds and sought to transforms them from complext traditional groups into occupational groups. University as a result became regulated and required to produce a politico-economic report about their affairs.
See also: Julie Reuben, The Making of the Modern UniversityThe Making of the Modern University; Thomas Bender, The University and the City
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