Feudalisme

Etymologia: Ex Medievalo Latin feudum = "fief". Id origin tos werd est rhayr-yakin, maghses ex uno mix pluren werds : Latin fides = "fid", foedus = "boidos", Frankisch fehu = "peku". 
Definition: Stricto sensu, id werd feudalisme kyeust un politic ed social organisationsmodus wi ei Occidental Mediev, inter ia IXt ed XIIIt secules. 
 Idealisen vision os feudalisme : ep tod picture, Roland swehrt loyaltatsoit ad Charlemagne qui ei uperdaht id maschour eins Durandal. 
Feudalisme gnaht ex id slabascen ios royal magh, sub id regne iom successors os Charlemagne, ye id IXt secule, menxu Europe biht perilahn ab i scandinavens Vikings, i muslim pirates ex Mediomar (Sarakains) ed i Magyarens reiders ex ia steppes. Antslehnct in un quasi-exclusive-ye rural, subbefolct societat, quer opnos ed stieure se confundent con fanghe araszi. 
Kwiterwent initial ex un Franceois pustak ios XIIIt secule Li livres dou santé : symbolic kip iom tri ordens os feudal societat : un sakerdot, un wigh ed un artor. Kad tod (di)vision gwehmt ex Oraryo tripartition, bet leit kadschi de un coincidence.
==Id systeme ios "recommandation"==
Pon Niter Antiquitat, id dominant social classe in Occident est tod iom latifundal suters. Kyust in Latino med id werdo dominus ("poti", *domion), is latifundal suter biht yaschi kalt, ab i nowngmins qui keule eys araszi, patronus (ex pater) au, in id malo Latin baht pos ia Folkenmigrations (VIt-VIIt secules), senior = "veuter". 
Yant id fin ios Roman zaman (IIIt-IVt secules) ed ob ia carences ios Stat, ies potis iom latifundia se instituent protectors im nowngmins sekwent id praxis ios "recommandation". Po tod protection ed un perakende araszi allodht pro id parwarisch os sien familia, is nowngmin qui se "recommandet" iti dadwt sien orbat ep id "reserve", yani id araszi ios poti. 
 Ep tod scene ios Bayeux Taam, is Englisch arel Harold swehrt un religieus oit - touchend-ye dwo altars - ant Wilhelm, Herceg os Normandie, qui hat just ritteriht iom (1064). Id Medievalo Latin legend sayct : Harold sacramentum fecit Willelmo duci = "Harold swehrt oit ei Herceg Wilhelm", quo maght ne ses exact. Quan, in Januar 1066, Harold sessiet kyusen ka Roy os England - rigo quod ne applicit feudal ieus pro successionsreuls -, Wilhelm aysiet to ka oitbrehg, ed neudsiet to ka pretexte kay invade England, quos roy is bihsiet pos vincus Harold in Hastings. Tod est un fameus exempel ios implohca creet ab ia multiple feudal diemens.
==Ia vassalitatsibias, sul ios feudal systeme==
Id systeme ios recommandation, general ye Uber Mediev, ne est bad feudalisme. Tod wardht quand id praxis os recommendation se extendt ei-pet fundal aristocratia, wehbhend inter araszi-suters uno menghia om contractual diemens ed reciproc obligations sult ep swohrt parole ed dervia dia ia homologhias. 
Tod evolution est un consequence ios insecuritat quod regneihnt Vikings, Magyars ed Sarakains ye ia IXt ed Xt secules. Ies grafs ed hercegs, mer delegeits os royal autoritat sub Charlemagne, hant bifanghen tod kay swekwehre id defense ios territorium quod ibs hieb est betrust. Samghatskwnt ambh se, pro militar ziels, araszi-possessors quoy seni khakent swekwehre id salvguardia iren wi wesus. Senters ghi vahnt se institue vassals ed homologhe, per oit, ad responde ei kyeuken ios graf au ios herceg kay skipes ambh iom un heir. Po to, tod silah zaruri protecsiet iens-pet. It wardht un hol netwehrgo quod uniet, med sibias os ne-juridic sontern personal buhsa (diemens ex wir do wir), iens vassals uni staurer superstah, quei biht reservet id nam "swamen". Tod netwehrg mutualen homologhias vaht bihe unios mier complexitat, unghi swamen poitt vassalasce bi semquom staurer quem se ed neid oistambht uni vassal accepte slabers quoy beude ad bihe ep ir roig eys wi vassals. 
Kay solennihes id vassalascen, in un societat quer rite act uno megil rol, un particular ceremonia mutt : id "homage". Is genuend vassal biht is wir (in Awo Franceois hom) os sien swamen ed ei promitt imdadh ed radh. Kay materialise id homologhia ed per reciprocitat, is swamen ei mehght tun sem araszi, id fief, garant irs boidos.
 Typic organisation uns fief in Novo France. Kay kules tod colonia in Nord America, France introduxit id feudal regime tetro. Quando krigeer quo vahsit bihe Canada, i Britisch mantin tod systeme quod nadurit in id Province os Québec. Un 1854 leg abolih ia feudal privileges bet ne ia rentes ex ia vetatsrects qua bihr payghen tiel November 1940 im hereds im prever swamens, dind, tiel in-kap ia 1980tias, uni communal fund.
==Un jenchi aristocratia, un ordensocietat==
Id feudal homage suaperkeipt id mecanisme ios recommendation, yed samt tod difference od neti leit de dadwtu orbat, sontern de draukht. Feudalisme instituet ab id XIt secule in Occident, ed unte long secules, id predominance os un jenchi noblesse quod se confundt ibs grundsuters. Id parallel existence ios cler duct tun iens theologs ad concepe id ordensocietat. Inter 1017 ed 1030, Adalberon os Laon descript in id Carmen ad Rotbertum Regem tri enderkwiten ordens : oratores (qui gvehde), bellatores (quoy weighe) ed laboratores (qui orbate). Her est recognible id model quod siet nadure tiel id Revolution in France : Cler, Noblesse ed Terto Stat, bo preter ordens brungend social preeminence. 
Sei, in preter tid, id feudal systeme bevidt efficience face ia invasions, id oku creet, pos id fin tom, un situation os anarchia due id multiplicitat iom local conflicts inter swamens. Professionals os weir, ies feudals gwive wahid-ye kay wighes ed seuwnt dayim id waurmen pro. Eti, id schteukeln ios souverainitatios do un dwaschaw om de facto swobod peurstdems reduct royaltato do uno maghfassade : ses el supreme swamen (el uperswamen) remant id saul bungos ios roy, quei ies staursti feudal peursti swehre homage.
 Un ekwotract wogh in Sark. Tod Chenal insule (Franceois : Sercq) buit tiel 2008 id sensto tienxia territorium quer subsistit sem politic feudalisme. Id insule buit daht ka fief in 1565 ab Elisabeth os England ad Hellier de Carteret kay defende id contra potential pirates. Pro to, de Carteret divis id insule do 40 "tenements", qua is concess tantims wirs, kay forme uno milice. Ir hereds sib hant transmiss ta rects hoydtro. Tiel 1922, tik i tenement suters eent members ios Parlament ios insule, hina buir admitten 12 elect members. In 2006, ies Barclay dwins, milliardaires suters ios Daily Telegraph ed ios holm Brecqhou quod est oin tenement os Sark, menaceer sudye id insule ant id Europay Curt iom Menscenrects (Concil os Europe) ob ids non-democratic politic systeme (quod ibs oistabh widihes qualibt legal changes); itak ia politic rects bohnden ad feudalisme buir abolihn ed un nov Parlament, quod compris tik sem elegen members, buit kyuken in 2008. Lakin Sark hat conservet sem particular swohds, kam, mathalan, id ban om privat automobils (ploisko tractors). Kam ceter Chenal Insules, Sark ne bayght id Uniet Roydem, bet tod swekwehrt nundiens ir defense ed gospoti res.
==Id decline ios feudal systeme==
Lakin ies roys vahnt recupere lyt ed lyt ir autoritat neudend-ye ia feudal reuls. It se enplacet, in id druna ios XIIt secule, id feudal monarchia quod uset ia vassalic obligations kay dwinghes taatia ibs major territorial swamens. Ye id end ios XIIIt secule eet feudalisme ja amalan kenmathmoun. Evolvt kye quo vaht bihe id "swamenregime", menghia om charges ed demosias heritet ex id prev qua vyeige uper i nowngmins ed tadrijan-ye mafloukascent ud sense, chunke po ia hat el swamen neti dohlg-ons. Quayque id feudal regime hat declinet in West Europe pos id XIIIt secule, id hat survivet diuter in alya iklimes, sub nieber formes : in Russia inter ia XIIIt ed XVIt secules. Bad ye id end ios XIXt secule, pau pre id instauration os Sovietsk communisme, buir ter abolihn serfdem ed id fundal vetat os feudal type.