K'awiil

K'awiil, also known as God K, is a Maya deity identified with lightning, serpents, fertility and maize. He is often associated with the Maya maize god (especially the Tonsured Maize God aspect Taube 1998: 39) and Chaac. He is characterized by a zoomorphic head, large eyes, long, upturned snout and attenuated serpent tooth.Stone and Zender 2011: 49 He is often shown as having a serpent foot, and a torch, stone celt, or cigar, coming out of his forehead, normally emitting smoke. 
==Names==
From the correspondence between Diego de Landa's description of the New Year rituals and the depiction of these rituals in the Dresden Codex, it can be inferred that in 16th-century Yucatán, god K was called Bolon Dzacab 'Innumerable (bolon 'nine, innumerable') maternal generations', perhaps a metaphor for fertility. God K's name in the Classic period may have been the same, or similar, since the numeral 'nine' is repeatedly included in the deity's logogram.
However, based on epigraphical considerations, the Classical god K is now most often referred to as K'awiil. Hieroglyphically, the head of god K can substitute for the syllable k'a in k'awiil, a word possibly meaning 'powerful one', and attested as a generic deity title in Yucatec documents. This substitution has given rise to the idea that, inversely, the title k'awiil as a whole should be considered a name specifically referring to god K.Stuart 1987: 13-16
==Narratives and scenes==
Lightnings play a crucial role in tales dealing with the creation of the world and its preparation for the advent of mankind. In the cosmogony of the Popol Vuh, three Lightning deities identified with the 'Heart of the Sky' (among whom Huraqan 'One-Leg') create the earth out of the primordial sea, and people it with animals. Bolon Dzacab plays an important, if not very clear role in the cosmogonical myth related in the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, where he is identified with wrapped-up seeds.Roys 1967: 99 The rain gods or their lightnings once opened up the Maize Mountain, making the maize seeds available to mankind. 
K'awiil also figures in an enigmatic Classic scene known only from ceramics (see fig.2), showing an aged ancestor or deity emerging from the serpentine foot of the lightning god, apparently to mate with a nude young woman of decidedly aristocratic allure entwined by the serpent. Not impossibly, the meaning of the scene is ritual, rather than mythological. Perhaps related to this, stucco reliefs at Palenque depict a king (and perhaps also a queen) holding a baby with a lightning celt in the forehead and a serpentine leg.
==Functions==
The illustrated katun cycle of the Paris Codex suggests that the presentation of the head of god K – perhaps holding the promise of 'Innumerable Generations' – was part of the king's ritual inauguration and accession to the throne. God K not only embodied the king's war-like lightning power, but also his power to bring agricultural prosperity to his subjects: The Lightning deity was a god of agricultural abundance, and of the maize and cacao seeds in particular. Therefore, he is often depicted with a sack of grains, sometimes accompanied by the expression hun yax(al) hun k'an(al) 'abundance'.Houston, Stuart, Taube 2006: 25
==See also==
*List of Maya gods and supernatural beings
*Maya religion
==References==
==Bibliography==
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Category:Maya mythology and religion
Category:Deities