Financialo globalisation

Id 1990 decennium hat vis un spraneg iom movments capitalen inter ia lands. To est kalen financialo Globalisation. Smyehrt id financialisation ios mund, i.e. id stets importanter vyige ios finance in ia economias. 
Un ciffer uperwehrt id amplor os financialo globalisation : quan oin dollar biht exchanget pro commercial bayeat, sixgim-penk bihnt exchanget tik pro finance. Recenta data conclude lakin de un - relative - financialo globalisation in un contexte os kardwnen financialisation iom national economias. 
 
==Ia actors ios financialisation==
Qua sont ia actors iom financial mercats ? Sont khaliban funds managend capitals pro alya : pensionfunds (rentenfunds), mutual funds (OCIWs, SICAV, fonds communs de placement, etc), hedge funds, private equities, ed souverain funds (inlyeigenfunds iom Stats behandend uno naft- au gasmanna au importanta change reserves). 
Ye endo 2014, sekwent id consultationsfirma Towers Watson, id global wirt iom amlaks managen ab professionals mikdart 76 billions dollaren (100% os tienxia BIP), prokwem id 2007 nivell (69). Inter 2002 ed 2007, ia managen amlaks hieb luden ub unte takriban 73%. Ia Uniet Stats os America domine id ranking : sept im dec prest management campagnien sont US American - adadh oin BlackRock managet meis quem 4,3 billions dollaren amlaken. 
Idmen total balance iom pensionfunds mikdart 36 billions dollaren, ia Uniet Stats ka presta samt 23 billions dollaren capitalisation, pro 127% irs BIP. Pro Nederland skeipe ta funds id mierst part ios Brutto Inland Product, samt 165,5 %. Bayna ia magna funds, wehst id Japanese (public) souverain fund samt 1,6 billion sohkwn ab id norsk fubd (820 milliards); souverain funds commikdarnt circa 3,7 billions dollaren. Ia de hedge funds managent 2,6 milliards dollaren ye endo 2014, esient circa 10 000 tienxia. 
==Direct investions do kharij==
Capitalen movments ghehde bihe decomposta do dwo meger categorias, sekwent od sont cortmeiwrnt au longmeiwrnt. Preters, kalt portfolio investions, sont yando speculative, menxu dwoters, kalta direct investions do kharij (DIKs) sont os productive buhsa. 
Ia fluxa om DIKs buir multiplieneut med septa pon 1990, leitend per dwo hogpoints in 2000, in un contexte os beursburbule ep technologic wirts, ed in 2007, in id contexte os precrise euphoria. Wehsent ye 1,23 billion dollaren in 2014, sehnkneuvs unte 16% pon oino yar. China remant prest gawun om DIKs in 2014, sohkwt af Hong Kong (China) ed ia Uniet Stats. Ia antslehnkend lands ka hol hant attracto 681 milliards dollaren om DIKs, presta tienxia in procentage. Bayna ia dec tienxia prest bructors om DIKs, id dwidel bieygh id antslehnkend mund : China, Hong Kong (China), Singapura, Brasilu ed Hind. Nekam in ia 1990tias, ia DIKs sont kathalika nundiens-ye stets-ye skedhen : lands kam Chile, Mexico, Peru, Malaysia auti Indonesia brungent ta plaut-ye.
Hatta Africa profitet tod leik : inter 2000 ed 2014, ia DIKs, ia portfolio investions ed id public imdadh ei antslehnken (PIA) hant amalan quintuplet, uperleitend ex 27 milliards dollaren ye pristinkapem do 126 in 2014. Bet idge composition tom brineghs gohdst-ye uperwehrt Africas nov economic dynamism : pon 2005, id continent attragneut meis DIKs quem PIA. Eti, Africas part in ia tienxia fluxa om DIKs ne stopneut auge pon dec yars, uperleitend ex 0,7% in 2000 do 11% in 2014 (128 milliards, in progression unte 136%, un record pon penk yars). Ta ciffers schahident id nov place quod Africa occupet tienxia, ed ids crehscend imkan os kules ia waurmens bohndt ad globalisation.
==Offshoring==
Offshoring ghehdt bihe definiht ye tri weidsa : 
- stricto sensu, est mutawikes un productionsunitat aun od biht affecen id bestehmen iom product wares au servicen; 
- poitt yaschi kyuses id recurs os exoboidos propost ab un gospoti compagnie kay dadwe wares producen prever-ye epstet ab id entreprise : est "offshore outsourcing";
- lato sensu, est id creation unios nov productionsunitat in kharij anter quem ep id national territorium. Id enderkweiten inter offshoring ed direct investion in kharij dependt woide kweter id production ghohd we ne tyict local-ye. 
Offshorings esient id sword face os globalisation : mer mehldens sont desastreus, ia social consequences harbant. Yed, permittent yaschi paradoxal-ye salve employs. Id sabab os to est od un part ex ia bezielt fragmente ia different stadia os production in ia lands quer ia costa sont muzlimst. Meincend-ye ia costa ios entreprise, id offshoring uns productionstadium ghehdt schowi permitte ei production ios final ware remane competitive. Tod strategia buit ducen ab Deutschland unte ta akhir yars, ia production outsourcings do Eust Europe kardwnend paradoxal-ye id productive imkan od ids industrie. 
Id id sam logique, analysend ia effects iom US offshorings do Hind, McKinsey gwohm do uno netto gain pro mund economia (1,46 $ gain contra 1 $ leus bohndt ibs offshorings). Aweis, Hind gaint, kwahndo 33 cents sub forme salairen payghen ed loyal employeits, beneficen em hindi exobeidmens ed iren dadwers, ed imposten kwaht ab id hindi gouvernement. Bet hassa, paradoxal-ye, terschi, iaschi Uniet Stats gaine 13 cents. 
==Inconvenients os financialo globalisation==
Financialo globalization est quantprest id antslehnkensockel os financial capitalisme, quod creet un distorsion in id nehmen ios addiht wirt ye id detriment im salariats. In to, gehnt id antslehnken iom inegalitats eni ia lands, iom resultend tensions. 
Eti, ia capital movments esend plaut-ye reversible, vyigeihnt ep tienxia economia un risk os criscen instabilitat. Id probleme est od ia capitals esend perfect-ye mobil, besonters ta inlyigen ye cort meiwrnt, ghehdent salge ia lands tem oku quem hant entret ia. Sei linkwnt effective-ye un land, tei gwehme ia financens cort, pro ids antslehnkensoperations betschi ids cadadien betyeicens. Ia resultend economic difficultats sont tun dramatic, kam ia crises tem akhir yars hant diken. Meis khiter, ia financial crises sont taiper systemic : un crise tyehcend ye un stet au ep uno mercat affect wiswa lands au mercats.