Steam locomotives of British Railways

The steam locomotives of British Railways were used by British Railways over the period 1948–1968. The vast majority of these were inherited from its four constituent companies, the "Big Four".
In addition, BR built 2,537 steam locomotives in the period 1948–1960, 1,538 to pre-nationalisation designs and 999 to its own standard designs. These locomotives had short working lives, some as little as five years, because of the decision to end the use of steam traction by 1968, against a design life of over 30 years and a theoretical final withdrawal date of between 1990 and 2000.
==Background==
British Railways was created on 1 January 1948 principally by the merger of the "Big Four" grouped railway companies: the Great Western Railway (GWR), the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and the Southern Railway (SR). It inherited a wide legacy of locomotives and rolling stock, much of which needed replacing due to the ravages of World War II.
==Locomotives inherited from constituent companies==
A wide variety of locomotives was acquired from the four major constituent companies. These had generally standardised their own designs. See:
*Locomotives of the Great Western Railway
*:specifically List of GWR locomotives as of 31 December 1947
*Locomotives of the Southern Railway
*:specifically List of Southern Railway locomotives as of 31 December 1947
*Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
*:specifically List of LMS locomotives as of 31 December 1947
*Locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway
*:specifically List of LNER locomotives as of 31 December 1947
In addition, a handful of locomotives were inherited from minor constituents.
The 1948 Locomotive Exchange Trials compared locomotives from each company against each other.
==Classification==
After initially using letter prefixes (E for ex-LNER, M for ex-LMS, S for ex-SR, and W for ex-GWR locomotives, as used for other inherited rolling stock), a numbering scheme was decided on in March 1948. Generally ex-GWR locomotives retained their numbers (and hence were able to retain their cast brass number plates) and it was decided to add 30000 to the Southern numbers, 40000 to the LMS numbers and 60000 to the LNER numbers. There were some exceptions though.
BR adopted a slightly modified version of the LMS classification system, itself based on the Midland Railway's system. Each locomotive class was given a number 0–9 that signified its power, 0 for the least powerful and 9 for the most, with a suffix of F or P, indicating freight and passenger roles respectively. Freight power ranged from 0–9, passenger from 0–8. Many locomotives were used for both roles, in which case they were given two class numbers, the P-rating first e.g. 3P4F or 6P5F. A slight change from the LMS system saw those where the freight classification (x) equalled the passenger classification (also x) reclassified as xMT, MT standing for mixed-traffic, e.g. for the LMS Black Five locomotives, LMS 5P5F became BR 5MT. Mixed traffic locomotives had power in the range of classes 2–6.
==Locomotives acquired from the War Department==
In addition to the inherited and new-build locomotives, B.R. also purchased 620 locomotives of three types from the War Department. These had been in use on railways in Great Britain and elsewhere in Europe during the Second World War. For two of these types, BR was adding to two classes it already had. BR had inherited 556 ex-LMS Stanier Class 8F 2-8-0s, and added 39 in 1949 and an additional three in 1957, bringing the class total to 666. Additionally, it had acquired 200 ex-LNER Class O7 2-8-0s of the WD Austerity 2-8-0 type, to which it added another 533 examples. The ex-LNER locomotives were later renumbered from the ex-LNER 6xxxx series into the BR series as 90000-90100, 90422-90520. The third type, of which it had no other examples, were the 25 of the WD Austerity 2-10-0s. Of the eight WD ex-LMS Fowler Class 3F 0-6-0Ts exported to France, the five survivors were repatriated in 1948, and resumed their original numbers in the sequence of LMS Fowler Class 3F locomotives (albeit with the additional 40000 that identified ex-LMS locomotives under BR ownership). The ex-WD Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0STs were ex-LNER Class J94 locomotives and are included in the total of LNER locomotives inherited.
Nos 	BR Class 	WD type 	Number acquired	Dates acquired	Power class	Wheel arrangement	Notes
47589/607/11/59/60 	ex-LMS Fowler Class 3F 	WD ex-LMS Fowler Class 3F	5 	1948 	3F 	0600T0-6-0T 	
48012 etc., 48773–5	BR Stanier Class 8F 	WD / LMS Stanier Class 8F	42 	1949, 1957 	8F 	08202-8-0 	
90101-421,521-732 	BR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0 	WD Austerity 2-8-0 	533 	1948 	8F 	08202-8-0 	Plus another 200 examples of LNER Class O7, later renumbered 90000-100,422-520
90750–74 	BR ex-WD Austerity 2-10-0	WD Austerity 2-10-0 	25 	1948 	8F 	10202-10-0 	
==Locomotives built by BR to Big Four designs==
Initially, the newly nationalised network continued to be run as four different concerns, and pursued the policy of building of well-established designs. Some of these were already quite old, one class (the J72 tank engines) being a Pre-Grouping design.
===GWR designs===
Great Western management was opposed to nationalisation and built many pannier tanks, resulting in a surplus of them. 452 locomotives were built to ex-GWR designs, of which 341 were pannier tanks.
Class 	Numbers 	PowerClassification	WheelArrangement	Number
Built	Dates
Built
1500 	1500–9 	4F 	0-6-0PT 	10 	1949
1600 	1600–69 	2F 	0-6-0PT 	70 	1949–51, 1954
9400 	3400–9, 8400–99, 9410–99	4F 	0-6-0PT 	200	1949–56
2251 	3218–9 	3MT 	0-6-0 	2 	1948
5101 	4160–79 	4MT 	2-6-2T 	20 	1948–9
5700 	6760–79, 9662–82 	3F 	0-6-0PT 	41 	1948–50
6959 "Modified Hall"	6981–99, 7900–29 	5MT 	4-6-0 	49 	1948–50
4073 "Castle" 	7008–37 	7P 	4-6-0 	30 	1948–50
7400 	7430–49 	2F 	0-6-0PT 	20 	1948, 1950
7800 "Manor" 	7820–9 	5MT 	4-6-0 	10 	1950
Total 	 	 	 	452	1948–56
===SR designs===
The SR designs built by BR included 50 Bulleid Pacifics. Many of these were later rebuilt in an un-streamlined form. BR also completed and steamed one of the experimental SR Leader class, but did not take it into stock, and cancelled the remaining orders in various states of completeness.
Class 	Numbers 	PowerClassification	WheelArrangement	Number
Built	Dates
Built
West Country/Battle of Britain	34071–110	7P5F 	4-6-2 	40	1948–51
Merchant Navy 	35021–30 	8P 	4-6-2 	10	1948–9
Total 	 	 	 	50	1948–51
===LMS designs===
640 locomotives were built to LMS designs. They were built at various BR works, not just at the ex-LMS works at Crewe, Derby and Horwich. Many of the later BR standard designs were based on the LMS designs.
Class 	Numbers 	PowerClassification	WheelArrangement	Number
Built	Dates
Built
Ivatt 2MT 2-6-2T 	41210–329 	2MT 	0622T2-6-2T 	120	1948–52
LMS Fairburn 2-6-4T 	42050–186, 42190–9	4MT 	0624T2-6-4T 	147	1948–51
Ivatt 4MT 2-6-0 	43003–161 	4MT 	06202-6-0 	159	1948–52
Stanier "Black Five"	44658–757 	5MT 	06404-6-0 	100	1948–51
Stanier "Coronation"	46257 	8P 	4-6-2 	1 	1948
Ivatt 2MT 2-6-0 	46420–527 	2MT 	06202-6-0 	108	1948–53
Kitson saddle tank 	47005–9 	0F 	0400ST0-4-0ST 	5 	1953–4
Total 	 	 	 	640	1948–54
===LNER designs===
BR built 396 locomotives to LNER designs. The J72 Class was a North Eastern Railway design, dating from 1898.
Class 	Numbers 	Power classification	Wheel arrangement	Number built	Dates built
A1Peppercorn A1 	60114–62 	8P6F 	06424-6-2 	49 	1948–49
A2Peppercorn A2 	60526–39 	8P7F 	06424-6-2 	14 	1948
B1Thompson B1 	61273–409	5MT 	06404-6-0 	136 	1948–52
J72J72 	69001–28 	2F 	0600T0-6-0T 	28 	1949–51
K1Thompson/Peppercorn K1	62001–70 	6MT 	06202-6-0 	70 	1949–50
L1Thompson L1 	67702–800	4MT 	0624T2-6-4T 	99 	1948–50
Total 	 	 	 	396 	1948–52
==BR 'Standard' classes==
From 1951, BR started to build steam locomotives to its own standard designs intended to succeed a disparate number of pre-grouping engines. They were largely based on LMS practice but incorporating ideas and modifications from the other constituent companies and America. Their design was overseen by Robert Riddles.
Characteristic features were taper boilers, high running plates, two cylinders and streamlined cabs.
Although more were ordered, 999 BR "Standards" were constructed: the last, 92220 Evening Star, was built in 1960. Most never achieved their potential service life and were withdrawn in working order.
Riddles put his case for continuing to build steam locomotives in his presidential address to the Institution of Locomotive Engineers in November 1950. He compared capital costs to show that steam was cheaper than the alternatives, though he didn't mention productivity differences, except to say fuel costs did not rank very high relative to total costs. For example, a Class 5 cost £16,000, compared to £78,100 for a 1,600 h. p. diesel, £138,700 for a gas turbine, or £37,400 for electric. He calculated the costs per drawbar horse power as £13 6s (steam), £65 (diesel), £69 7s (turbine) and £17 13s (electric). Riddles retired in 1953.
Class 	Numbers 	Powerclassification	Wheelarrangement	Quantity
built	Years
built	RA	Tender types 	Image
Class 7 (Britannia) 	70000–054	7P6F 	06424-6-2 	55 	1951–54	8 	BR1, BR1A, BR1D 	
Class 8 (Duke of Gloucester)	71000 	8P 	06424-6-2 	1 	1954 	8 	BR1E until 1957, BR1J thereafter 	
Class 6 (Clan) 	72000–009	6P5F 	06424-6-2 	10 	1952 	8 	BR1 	
Class 5 	73000–171	5MT 	06404-6-0 	172	1951–57	7 	BR1, BR1B, BR1C, BR1F, BR1G, BR1H	
Class 4 4-6-0 	75000–079	4MT 	06404-6-0 	80 	1951–57	4 	BR2, BR2A 	
Class 4 2-6-0 	76000–114	4MT 	06202-6-0 	115	1952–57	4 	BR2, BR2A, BR1B 	
Class 3 	77000–019	3MT 	06202-6-0 	20 	1953 	4 	BR2A 	
Class 2 	78000–064	2MT 	06202-6-0 	65 	1952–56	3 	BR3 	120px
Class 4 Tank 	80000–154	4MT 	0624T2-6-4T 	155	1951–57	5 	— 	
Class 3 Tank 	82000–044	3MT 	0622T2-6-2T 	45 	1951–53	4 	— 	
Class 2 Tank 	84000–029	2MT 	0622T2-6-2T 	30 	1953–57	3 	— 	
Class 9F 	92000–250	9F 	10202-10-0 	251	1954–60	9 	BR1B, BR1C, BD1F, BR1G 	
Total 	 	 	 	999	1951–60	 	 	
==Liveries==
Initially, BR decided upon blue for the largest passenger types, with GWR-style Brunswick green for passenger locomotives, and LNWR-style lined black for mixed-traffic locomotives. The blue however was quickly dropped and passenger livery for all locomotive classes reverted to green. Towards the end locomotives tended to be painted in lesser liveries, and often this was covered in a layer of grime.
Two logos (or crests) were used during the period. The first logo (1948–1956) was the "Lion and Wheel" (sometimes nicknamed the "Cycling Lion"), showing a lion standing over a spoked wheel upon which the words "British Railways" were displayed. The second logo (1956–1965) featured a lion holding a wheel (which gave rise to the nickname "ferret and dartboard"), sitting in a crown, with the words "British" and "Railways" to left and right. (Passenger stock and certain diesel locomotives used a roundel variant, where the words "British Railways" were in a ring surrounding the crest.) From 1965, the BR Corporate Image and "Double Arrow" logo was adopted, but this logo was not applied to steam locomotives (except on the Vale of Rheidol line).
Certain classes of steam locomotives were barred from working south of Crewe with effect from 1 September 1964 due to clearance issues with the new overhead electrification. Those locomotives affected had a broad yellow band painted diagonally across their cabsides to denote this prohibition.
==Withdrawal==
The 1955 Modernisation Plan called for the phasing out of steam traction. Major withdrawals occurred during 1962–1966, and steam traction ended in August 1968, coinciding with the Beeching Axe.
Some tank engines were sold to London Transport, where steam traction remained in use until 1971. Steam on industrial lines remained until the 1980s.
With regular maintenance, British steam locomotives typically lasted for approximately 30 years of intensive use, before major components would need to be replaced or overhauled. For a steam locomotive built in 1960, the economic lifespan would have led to it being withdrawn in the 1990s.
==Vale of Rheidol finale==
The locomotives of the Vale of Rheidol Railway, from the 2 ft narrow gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway (VoR) in Mid-Wales, had been inherited with the rest of the GWR stock in 1948. BR however continued to use steam locomotives on the line as a commercial heritage railway. This situation continued until 1989 when the line was privatised, and steam continued. These engines were the only steam locomotives to receive the Rail Blue with double arrow livery.
==Preservation==
Withdrawn locomotives were sent for scrap to various locations around the United Kingdom, either to the railway workshops at Brighton in Sussex, Crewe in Cheshire, Darlington in County Durham, Doncaster in South Yorkshire and Swindon in Wiltshire, etc.; or to scrap metal merchants who had been approved to bid on the contracts – these included Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales, which became a centre for the UK railway preservation movement.
Former main line locomotives, along with various smaller industrial shunters, form the backbone of steam motive power for heritage railways. Main line running on charter trains is possible and they run under TOPS code as Class 98.
===Preserved Locomotives===
Over 40 BR Standard Locomotives are preserved.
*BR Standard Class 9F/2-10-0 – 9 examples
*BR Standard Class 8 (Duke) – 1 example
*BR Standard Class 7 (Britannia) – 2 examples
*BR Standard Class 5/5MT – 5 examples
*BR Standard Class 4/4-6-0 – 6 examples
*BR Standard Class 4/2-6-0 – 4 examples
*BR Standard Class 4 Tank – 15 examples
*BR Standard Class 2/2-6-0 – 3 examples (briefly there was a 4th)
In addition to the preserved ex-BR Standard Class locomotives, three new-build projects are currently underway.
On the Bluebell Railway, Barry scrapyard-condition 2MT 2-6-0 No.78059 is being used as the basis for a new built 2MT 2-6-2T, to be numbered 84030. Three other members of this class of locomotive survive in preservation. None of the 78xxx class were ever allocated to, or regularly worked on the Southern Region, so the decision was taken to convert this locomotive to the tank engine (2-6-2T) version, of which none now exist.
The 82045 Steam Locomotive Trust is part way through building a brand new example of the 3MT tank engine, currently under construction at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway.
The 'Clan' Project is constructing a new-build 6MT 4-6-2, to be numbered No. 72010. Following the naming sequence planned by British Railways before the cancellation of the second batch of Clan class locomotives, the locomotive will be named Hengist. Final assembly of the locomotive is aimed to be completed at the Great Central Railway prior to career on both the mainline and heritage railways.
==See also==
For a list of Diesel and Electric locomotives of British Railways:
*List of British Rail classes
*Motive power depot
*List of British Railways shed codes
==Further reading==
*Hugh Longworth British Railway Steam Locomotives 1948–1968, Ian Allan. 
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