Arab lands

In arab : بلدات عربية = buldân 'arabiya(t). Vyigic populations iom lands kalt "araben" bahnt alya linguas (amasirr in Maghreb, kurd in Irak, Somali ed African bahsas in Somalia ed Sudan); id majoritat im muslims ne sont arab menxu sont notable christiana minoritats in Misr ed Prokweust. Id daftar iom members ios Jamiya im Arabs est ops nudt, lakin Suria est suspendneun pon 2011. 
 Arab est official bahsa in 24 Stats, sei excludmos West Sahara ka ne-independent ed hissabmos Palestine bayna ia daulats. Arab hat est co-official in Israel con Ibri tiel Jul 2018, lakin, pon id weiden uns leg ab id Knesset, brungneu(ie)t neid meis quem un "special status" (takriban 18% em Israels weikers sont "arab", eni ids UNO grances). Lands in glend hant tik arab ka official bahsa, menxu est co-official in lands in maurblou (con Kurd in Irak, con Amasirr in Algeria ed Marok, con Franceois ed id local Swahili dialect ep ia Comores, con Franceois in Djibouti ed Chad, con Englisch ed Tigrigna in Eritrea, con Somali in Somalia, con Englisch in Sudan). Arab est minoritar in lands in thark. Eti, Marok, Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia ed Lubnan ops neude Franceois ka administrative bahsa, ed Englisch in alter lands. Id total population tom lands udmikdart 500 millions leuden. 
 
==Id periode iom independencen==
Ex id tyrko krig (XVIt secule) do ia colonial interventions iom Occidental Stats ye id XIXt secule, ia arab lands eegegnohr pon penk secules tik gospoti fangh ed humiliation. Just pre Mund Weir Dwo, tik Saudi Arabia est druve-ye independent. Irak men eet ithan tik official-ye, Misro de eebrungneut (pon 1936) sem swobodia yed limitet ab id Britisch militaro presence in id zone ios Suways Canal. Eet hatta un fall os mer annexion : Algeria, tun franceois departments. 
Id prest phase uns commun siyassa iom Arab Daulats buit yinjier id hassilen os souverainitat, ex 1946 (fin iom international mandats betrusen ad France ed ei Uniet Roydem in Prokweust) do 1962 (independence os Algeria). Tod periode buit lakin grave-ye taraght ab id creation, samt id samstehmen iom megil stieures, os Arasz'Israel, quod id improvisen coalition iom lands ios Jamiya im Arabs khiekit kyimes ed quod resultit do id exodus em takriban 800 000 Palestinis. Id refuse ios fait accompli vaht skipes, sekwos to, un staur cement in id sohkwo po un unitat ios arab mund.
 Ardent defensor om decolonisation ed panarabisme, Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر) buit oin im liders ios non-alignement ed is dehtor uns independent ed socialiste Misr. Yun officier, organisit ab 1943 id movment iom Leudher Officiers, quod uperwieldh Roy Farouk ed proclamit id Jumhuriat in 1953. Ka chef ios Majlis ios Revolution, se dwinght yant 1954 ka is absolut mayster os Misr. Id crise due id nationalisation ios Suways Canal ei swekwehrt uno muhim prestige. Electo ka Rays, is empraxiset un unitatsiyassa inter ia Arab Daulats, se rapprochet kyid Soviet Union, quod financet id construction ios Aswan uber gatye, ed acceleret id stabilisationsprocess os Economia. Eys meteoric marloubia face Israel iom slabereiht, yed ne eptemment eys popularitat.
==Arab Nationalisme==
Id 1952 misri revolution, quod uperwaldht id monarchia ed bringht do magh un askari junta mox direct ab colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, ghyant nov prospects. Pregen ab ia reformes duct inter bo Mund Weirs in Tyrkia ab Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nasser ed ies "leudher officiers" seuwskwnt impones uno modernisation ios societat, wohrten kye economic ed technic antslehnken, ed quod se distance ud id religieus. Vanschent ithan dehe un fin ad quo ies aynt id chitay iom arab lands. 
Emend tsay ed secularisend id dayi uns unitat ios arab mund, id interpretent yeji id nationalitatenprabhil quod hieb ornuwen in Europe, ye id XIXt secule, id unification om Italia ed Deutschland. Est id ideologia ios "arab nationalisme", nu-yod Nasser wardheihskwt unifiend-ye, in 1958, Misr, Suria ed Yemen do un Unien Arab Jumhuriat (UAJ), prelude sekwent iom uni vast federation quod vitayiet id Jamiya. 
Tod projecto deuyst. Yant 1961, Suria seceddt ed, credeihnd relance interarab solidaritat mobilisend-ye id contra Israel, Nasser incurrt in 1967 id risk uns conflictios quod wehrt do askari kasra (Weir iom Six Yawms). Id cheus os sovietsko stehmen eni id quader ios Srig Weir som-discreditiset arab nationalisme, quod niet survive sien suwtor, qui mehrt in 1970. 
Id sam ghehldt pro id secular ed socialisanto trend incarnet in Suria ed Irak ab id Baath Partise (resurrection) quod viwehrt do askari dictature, tem tod os Saddam Hussayn quem tod os Hafez Al-Assad.
 Flag ios Arab Socialiste Baath Partise (Arab : حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي‎ ), sulen in Suria ab Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, ed associeits os Zaki al-Arsuzi. Baathia est un ideologia mixend nationalisme, panarabisme, arab socialiste ed anti-imperialiste interesses, ed appellet ei unification ios Arab mundios do un wahid daulat. Ids motto "Unitat, Lure, Socialisme" se refert ei Arab unitat, ed ei lure ud rhayr-arab fangh ed interference.
Creeto dien 7 Aprile 1947, tod parties jaldi establicit branches in alya Arab lands, quayque id viwaldhiet tik Suria ed Irak. Id nov parties buit un success ed bihsit id dwot-largest parties ios Suri Majlis unte id 1954 election. Lakin, sem askari activists hieb creen un askari comitee kay rehve id Baath ex civil ghesors; dien 8 Mart 1963, tod comitee lambh id magh med un revolution. Dat ia relations inter ia civil (vatani) ed askari factions deterioreer-se, id Askari comitee stiert id 1966 coup-d'etat, quod abdehsit id vatani ammer ducen ab Aflaq, al-Razzaz ed ir tarafdars. Tod coup sciss id Baath do dwo different partises in Suria ed Irak.
==Id rol os naft==
Ex ia aunstehgens pre 1939 in Irak do ia prospections agen in Saudi Arabia ed ambh id Gulf os Pars pos tod tarikhe, hat prohpen od id arab Medorient skeipt oin om tienxia colossalst hydrocarbonen reserves. Tiel ia 1970tias, ta enorma ressurces eent ruyden ye id brungos iom mier US-American au europay naftmultinationals, qua se contenteer med retropayghe ibs daulats sem demosias (royalties), ops aun ratio binisbat id amplor iom hassilen profits. 
In 1973, ye id waurmen unios nov misri-israeli weir (Weir os Yawm Kippur), ia araba productorstats, samghaten eni id Organisation om NaftExportend Lands (ONEL), fayssale un embargo de naftpehrns, impone un control ios Production quod, modifiend id relation con ia naftcompagnies, duct do un druv retrofangh ios ressurce ab ia productors. Pos oika diens, id pris os naft auct unte 70%. 
Tod nov situation, quod swekwehrt ibs naftstats sem enorma denaramdanis, taraght id geopolitic tula ios arab mund, ijabend preeminence ibs hydrocarbonenxihtors. Misr, befolctst arab daulat, lakin quasi aun naft, leust sien liderspect ye id brungos os Saudi Arabia, iom Gulf Amirats, om Irak, Libia, Algeria, daulats bayna-ya plurs sont traditional monarchias pau platumenos dia politic au societal modernitat. Ne vaht stopt crehsce id influence os Saudi Arabia ed iom Amirats, riche dank athime change reserves.
 Id ONEL (Organisation om NaftExportend Lands, Englisch : Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries = OPEC) est un intergouvernemental organization om 15 daulats, sulen in 1960 in Bagdad ab ia prest penkwe members (Iran, Irak, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia ed Venezuela), ed baseneun pon 1965 in Vienna, Osterreich. In 2018, ta 15 members sont kohnsen skipes 44% os tienxia naftproduction ed xihes 81,5% om tienxia "pruft" naftreserves.
==Id reiken ios religieus==
Ia sensta decennia ios XXt secule sont pregen in ia arab lands ab un reislamisation. To maght ses ayt sammel un consequence ios ideologic kenos creen ab id deuysen os arab nationalism, betschi id rol iom Daulats ios Arabios Peninsule, prect ab id wahabia, rigoreus fundamentalisme ois id prechen os Muhammad ibn Abd'al Wahhab, theolog ios XVIIIt secule bohnden ei Saud clan, quod wanact nundiens tienxia prest naftproductor ios Arab mund, Saudi Arabia. 
Id rol iom Saudi denars, qua financent charitatsmovments ed religieus propaganda, id influence iom Gulf medyen (besonters TVs) hant permitten id irsal do vasya arab lands uns religieus message quod advoquet id unitat ios Umma (id communitat im muaminen) ed appellet ei regnahsa ios khilafat, theocratic politic conception. 
Tod stumia hat favoriset ia politic-religieus keiwias kam iens Muslim Braters, quens i arab nationalists hiebeer persecut in Misr ed quoy seskipeer pon ia 1980tias un druv international netwehrg. Ir politic programme tehlpt eni oino motto : الإسلام هو الحل = Id Islam idge solution.
Ia Arab Revolutions os 2011 hant ghyant in plur lands (Tunisia, Misr) id itner kyid magh tibs movments kwekmor os politic Islamisme bet ir waldhinexperience ed iro religieuso sectarisme hant oku beghsiht ia id stehmen om platu fractions ios pledveh. Yant liento 2013, id magh iom Muslim Braters buit uperwaldht in Misr ab un askari coup-d'etat hamrahn ab popular demonstrations. 
 Ecrankip ex un irsal os Al-Jasihra. Stars dien 1st November 1996, Al-Jasihra (Arab : الجزيرة, yani id "insule", ka reference ei Arabi Pen-insule; id Englisch transcription est ops nuden :Al Jazeera) est un TV-Channel os Doha, Gatar, financet indirect-ye ab tod daulat. Tod station hassilit tienxia attention kun id weir in Afghanistan udbrohg, idsghi office epstet eet id saul quod reportit layf ex id conflict zone.
==Id actual ahammiyat iom arab lands==
Global-ye, id economic vyige iom arab lands est muhim. In 2012, producent 35% os tienxia naft ed 15% ios natural gas. Takriban 40% iom gnohn reserves lyehge in ir enderghom. Gatar seni xeiht meis quem oin secule gasdeughen ye id actual reuydenstempo. 
Lakin tod description kehlt enorm disparitats inter ia daulats behandend hydrocarbonen lyogsa (Saudi Arabia, Gulf lands, Irak, Algeria) ed ta qua aunt ia. Menxu id brutto inlandsproduct (BIP) mikdart 24 300 US $ in Saudi Arabia - nact hatta 88 000 $ in Gatar -, id correspond tik 6300 in Misr, 5900 $ in Jordania, ed pehdt do 1100 $ in ia Comores. 20% ios misri population gwivt ender id paupertatsoyl. Un part ios arab lands tyeict un opulent renteneconomia menxu ad alter moliet salge subantslehnken. 
Idghi economia iom arab lands hat lipsen id Industrial Revolution. Sub meis au minter colonial fangh ex id XIXt tiel medsu id XXt secule, ta hant ghohdt se modernise bad sert-ye. Pos 1950, id facilitat ios naftrente pro uters, pau incitative ad deursia, id mank om capitals pro alters ed - yando - discussible cheusa kam buit tod ios independent Algeria os tente un antslehnken yeji id sovietsk communiste model, hant kyimen id industrial antslehnken, quod se hat limitet ei inner Mercat au ad exoboidos ye id brungos om occidental entreprises. Qualifiet mandover hat idschi ops manken. Ia arab lands sont daydey subindustrialisen. 
Ploisko rar exceptions, Agriculture hat remanto traditional, dahndo muschkil-ye parawarisch uni kathire nowngminia quer (besonters-ye ster) beghsgramatia remant important. Ia ressurces hant tun gwohmt ex alya sectors, khaliban tourisme favoriset ab climat ed id archeologic opnos, kam vis in Misr, Tunisia ed Marok.
Idghi actual ahammiyat ios arab mund in id globalisen economia keiht quasi alnos ep ia hydrocarbons, quom lyogsa sient se exhause sem dien. Certain naftstats mehne de to ed tente fiker id posnafto zaman - besonters Saudi Arabia -, lakin ia politic ed societal structures sont pau compatible con modernitat. Id malaise due to buit oino iom factors iom politic taraghs intervenneun pon 2011. 
 (Photo ab Khaled Abdullah/Reuters). Un wir behrct un vurnt bent ex un kharabo bina os Sanaa, nagor os Yemen, pos un airhajoum ios Saudi-ducen coalition; vasyi prokwst kerabs tas bentias nohc unte id bombardement. Pon 2011, Yemen wehsneut in un stand os politic crise quod stiert med stradprotests contra paupertat, beghsorbatia, corruption ed id plan os President Saleh os modifie id Constitution kay remane rayso jumiung-ye. Saleh istifit bet encouragit i Houthis ad pamrlane. To resultit do un civil weir ed uni Saudi-ducen askari intervention kay chasse i Houthis ex Sanaa. Id weir hat blockt anonimports, deughend un famine quod heiht 17 millions leuden, ed un kholera epidemia quod takriban oino million sieugen kwehndiet. In 2016, ia Uniet Nations bayien od Yemen eet tienxia id land meist wanend humanitair imdadh, pro 21,2 millions leuden.
==Ia arab lands face ir future==
Ibs arab lands, qua jamiye 335 millions weikern hereds unios megil civilisation ed historic eten uns cultural area quod leit ex Indonesia do West Africa, moliet entre modernitat. Kay kamyabe ed accede uno neti artificial croscto keihnd ep id reuyden om natural ressurces sontern ep un opnosdeughend production, dehlgent upergihes plur obstacles. 
Preter, tod uns extercontrol demographic crosct quod perneict ia antslehnkensefforts : Misro hat also uperlit ex minter quem 10 millions weikern in 1900 do 85 millions in 2012, Algeria ex 9 millions in 1954 do 37 millions in 2012. Ter prehpe sem encouragend signes - besonters un general sehnken ios fertilitatsratio. 
Punor, id archayisme iom politic systemes, id absence os democratia, id vyige iom traditions uns patriarchal societat, id absence om schijangs quod duct ad pondost beghsorbatiaratios ed ei exodus iom elites obscureihnt id future. Id sam ghehldt pro id aunfin Israeli-arab conflict, surce os blockade ed permanent pretexte ad steril etimleusas qua posdehrje ia divisions. 
Kay gwupes iro rang in id crastino mund, ia arab lands dehlgent tyices un profund mutamehnen irios relation do id moderne mund, comparable tei quod metamorphosit Japan ye id XIXt secule, ed China au Hind ye id XXt secule. Tod khact tyehce eni un isolement enderghenden ni un sogno de rikes id prev. In tod sense, kad id taragh provoquet ab ia arab revolutions, nespekent hasardeus prospects, est znayc od semjecto changet in ta lands quer, ops, id dwidel ios population est minter quem trigimat ed wehlpt un dohbrer gwit.