The models of atoms nucleus and table of elements

Model  of  atom’s  nucleus  and table  of  elements.



   Every  subsequent  element of  the  table  of  elements  differs  from the  previous  one  in  the  amount  of  protons  in  its  nucleus  which  is  increased  by  one  unit  and  the  amount  of  neutrons is  increased  by  several  units  in  general. That  means , that  there  are  more  neutrons  in  the  nucleus  than  protons  (without  taking  into  consideration  the lightest  nucleuses). The  scientific  literature  doesn’t  give  any  explanation  of  this  strange  correlation  of  neutrons’  number  to  the  protons’  number.

    It  should  be  noted  that  for  the  construction  of  the  model  of  atom’s  nucleus ,  He  nucleuses  have  the  same  energies  during  the  alpha-radioactivity. That’s  why  let’s place  all protons  with  the  same  number  of  neutrons  on the  nucleus  external  shell , that  means , that   on  the  same  energy  level   only  bosons  can  be  found , and  they  are   considered  to  be  alpha-elements  found  on  the  nucleus  external  shell.

    Let’s  place  the  rest  of  neutrons  inside  the  nucleus , their  task   is  to  weaken  the  electrostatic  field  of  protons’  repulsion.  Supposing  that  the  nucleus  is  spherical  and  protons  and  neutrons  have  the  same  radiuses , we’ll  get  a  model  of  nucleus  for  any  element , which explains  the  number  of  neutrons’ ratio  to  the  number  of  protons , which follows  from   the  existence  of  nucleons  in  the  atom’s  nucleus .

   Radioactive  decay  is  probably  connected  with  the   nucleus  compression , because  neutrons  in  the  nucleus  capacity   weaken  radial  forces  of  protons’  repulsion  with  the  growth   of  an   element’s  ordinal  number.

   If  nucleuses mass  is  primary  and  chemical  qualities  of  an  atom  are  secondary , than  in  the  table  of  elements  atomic   weight  must  change  continuously  either  down   on  across. Having  constructed   the  table  according  to  these  features   we  have  to  leave  four  empty  places  after  Lu  and  Lr  in  order  to  observe  chemical  qualities  of  elements . Determination  of  nucleus  charge  is  probably  necessity  in  discovering  elements .

   As  a  matter  of  fact  elements  are  considered  to  be  discovered  based  on  their  chemical   qualities .



H

1

He

2

Li

3

Be

4

B

5

C

6

N

7

O

8

F

9

Ne

10

Na

11

Mg12

Al

13

Si

14

P1

5

S

16

Cl

17

Ar

K

19

Ca

20

Sc

21

Ti

22

V

23

Cr

24

Mn

25

Fe

26

Co

27

Ni 28

Cu

29

Zn

30

Ga

31

Ge

32

As

33

Se

34

Br

35

Kr

36

Rb

37

Sr

38

Y

39

Zr

40

Nb

41

Mo

42

Tc

43

Ru

44

Rh

45

Pd

46

Ag

47

Cd

48

In

49

Sn

50

Sb

51

Te

52

I

53

Xe

54

Cs

55

Ba

56

La

57

Ce

58

Pr

59

Nd

60

Pm

61

Sm

62

Eu

63

Gd

64

Tb

65

Dy

66

Ho

67

Er

68

Tu

69

Yb

70

Lu

71

?

72

?

73

?

74

?

75

Hf

76

Ta

77

W

78

Re

79

Os

80

Ir

81

Pt

82

Au

83

Hg

84

Tl

85

Pb

86

Bi

87

Po

88

At

89

Rn

90

Fr

91

Ra

92

Ac

93

Th

94

Pa

95

U

96

Np

97

Pu

98

Am

99

Cm

100

Bk

101

Cf

102

Es

103

Fm

104

Md

105

No

106

Lr

107





  In  1891 James  Chardwik  carried  out  researches   and  with  the  help  of  Rezerford’s  formula  rated  nucleuses  charges  for  platinum-77,4 ; silver-46,3 ; copper-29,3 . These  results almost  coincided  with  ordinal  numbers  of  these  elements  in  the periodic  table .

   But  the  last  lanthanide  are radioactive ! According  to our  model  of  atom’s  nucleus  radioactivity  of  the subsequent   after  lanthanide  elements  can  be  reduced , by  bringing  a  shell  inside  the nucleus  which  consists  of  4  protons  or  4  alpha-elements.

   But  then  defining  the  nucleuses  charge  of  platinum’s  atom  on  Chardwik’s  method , we  would  get  again   77,4  ; because  alpha-elements  would  disperse  on the  nucleus’s  external  shell  of  an  atom .

   That’s  why  the  question  of  more  precise  definition  of  nucleus  charges  of  elements  following  the  Hf , is  raised .

   This  is  probably  the  reason  of   the  failure  to  get  to  the  “ island  of  stability “  and seditious  idea  comes  to  the  mine  we  build  atomic  electric  power  stations  without  knowing the  definite  amount  of  neutrons  and  protons  in  the  nucleuses  of  uranium  and  plutonium .



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   Henadzi   Filipenka , teacher  of  materials 



   HTTP:// HOME. URAL.RU/~FILIP

   

                 References:

   Hehadzi  Filipenka  “Engineer”  Moscow  N4  1990  ,  N4  1991.