Query: Bidirectionaloptical signal transmission between two identical devices using perovskitediodes

Candidate papers:

abstract: The integration of optical signal generation and reception into one device thus allowing a bidirectional optical signal transmission between two identical devices is of value in the development of miniaturized and integrated optoelectronic devices. However, conventional solution processable semiconductors have intrinsic material and design limitations that prevent them from being used to create such devices with a high performance. Here we report an efficient solution processed perovskite diode that is capable of working in both emission and detection modes. The device can be switched between modes by changing the bias direction, and it exhibits light emission with an external quantum efficiency of over 21% and a light detection limit on a subpicowatt scale. The operation speed for both functions can reach tens of megahertz. Benefiting from the small Stokes shift of perovskites, our diodes exhibit a high specific detectivity (more than 2 x 10 12 Jones) at its peak emission ~804 nm) which allows an optical signal exchange between two identical diodes. To illustrate the potential of the dual functional diode, we show that it can be used to create a monolithic pulse sensor and a bidirectional optical communication system. A solution processed perovskite diode that functions as both optical transmitter and receiver can be used to build a monolithic pulse sensor and a bidirectional optical communication system.
author_names: Chunxiong Bao

Weidong Xu

Jie Yang

Sai Bai

Pengpeng Teng

Ying Yang

Jianpu Wang

Ni Zhao

Wenjing Zhang

Wei Huang

Feng Gao
title: Bidirectional optical signal transmission between two identical devices using perovskite diodes
venue: Nature electronics
year: 2020

abstract: Data transmission between two or more digital devices in industry and government demands secure and agile technology. Digital information distribution often requires deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and Data Fusion techniques which have also gained popularity in both, civilian and military environments, such as, emergence of Smart Cities and Internet of Battle eld Things (IoBT) This usually requires capturing and consolidating data from multiple sources. Because datasets do not necessarily originate from identical sensors, fused data typically results in a complex Big Data problem. Due to potentially sensitive nature of IoT datasets, Blockchain technology is used to facilitate secure sharing of IoT datasets, which allows digital information to be distributed, but not copied. However, blockchain has several limitations related to complexity, scalability, and excessive energy consumption. We propose an approach to hide information (sensor signal) by transforming it to an image or an audio signal. In one of the latest attempts to the military modernization, we investigate sensor fusion approach by investigating the challenges of enabling an intelligent identification and detection operation and demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed Deep Learning and Anomaly Detection models that can support future application for specific hand gesture alert system from wearable devices.
author_names: Piyush Kumar Sharma
title: Heterogeneous Noisy Short Signal Camoflage in Multi Domain Environment Decision Making
venue: Trans. Mass Data Anal. Images Signals
year: 2020

abstract: This device for transferring information between two digital signals comprises selection means (26, 44; 62, 86) characteristics of a digital input signal, the direct transmission means (28, 46; 78 94) to a digital output signal and positioning means (28, 46; 80; 114) therein, elements of the input signal conveying first characteristics authorized by the selection means to be directly transferred to the output signal, measuring means (30, 32, 48, 50; 72, 74, 90, 92, 98) of the second characteristics of the input signal identified by the selection means, and modifying means 78, 80, 102, 110) of the output signal from the measurement values of the second characteristic such that said second characteristics of the output signal and the input signal are identical.
author_names: Jean-Hubert Wilbrod
title: Device for transferring information between two digital signals and signal generator using such an information transfer device
year: 1995

abstract: This paper presents a novel method for classifying radio frequency (RF) devices from their transmission signals. Given a collection of signals from identical devices, we accurately classify both the distance of the transmission and the specific device identity. We develop a multiple classifier system that accurately discriminates between channels and classifies devices using normalized in phase and quadrature (IQ) samples. Our network uses residual connections for both distance and device classification, reaching 88.33% accuracy classifying 16 unique devices over 11 different distances and two different times, on a task that was previously unlearnable. Furthermore, we demonstrate the efficacy for pre training neural networks for massive data domains and subtle classification differences.
author_names: Ryan M Dreifuerst

Andrew Graff

Sidharth Kumar

Clive Unger

Dylan Bray
title: End to End Radio Fingerprinting with Neural Networks
year: 2020

abstract: A novel holographic grating for simultaneous coupling of power and optical beam splitting application is designed. The proposed design incorporates two identical holo gratings separated by a distance D A microscopic object such as micro sphere or micro ring is introduced in between these two gratings at a distance \frac{D}{2} D 2 and a Gaussian signal is allowed to pass through the first holo grating which emerges out of the second one. With the proposed design eleven different splitting ratios could be achieved successfully by varying dimension of microscopic objects and the orientations of holo gratings with respect to plane of incidence. For coupling applications the simulation of the proposed design shows 100% Transmission Efficiency (TE) This leads to an immense flexibility for the use of proposed model in Photonic Integrated Circuits. We demonstrate the possibility of such a multi functional Holographic device with the aid of Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation where simultaneous beam splitting and coupling applications are realized in a holographic optical element.
author_names: A K Tripathy

S K Tripathy

Susanta Kumar Das
title: Multifunctional holographic gratings for simultaneous coupling and beam splitting applications in photonic integrated circuits
year: 2020

abstract: This article presents a reflectometer based on chip dielectric sensor with integrated transducers at 240 GHz. The chip simplifies the measurement of a vector network analyzer (VNA) to sense the incident and reflected waves by using two heterodyne mixer based receivers with a dielectric sensing element. Radio frequency (RF) and local oscillator (LO) submillimeter waves are generated by two frequency multiplier chains, respectively. Two back to back identical differential side coupled directive couplers are proposed to separate the incident and reflected signals and couple them to mixers. Both transmission line and coplanar stripline transducers are proposed and integrated with reflectometer to investigate the sensitivity of dielectric sensors. The latter leads to a larger power variation of the reflectometer by providing more sufficient operating bands for the magnitude and phase slope of $S_{11} The readout of the transducers upon exposure to liquids is performed by the measurement of their reflected signals using two external excitation sources. The experimental dielectric sensing is demonstrated by using binary methanol ethanol mixture placed on the proposed on chip dielectric sensor in the assembled printed circuit board. It enables a maximum 8 dB of the power difference between the incident and reflected channels on the measurement of liquid solvents. Both chips occupy an area of 4.03 mm2 and consume 560 mW. Along with a wide operational frequency range from 200 to 240 GHz, this simplified one port VNA based on chip device makes it feasible for the use of handle product and suitable for the submillimeter wave dielectric spectroscopy applications.
author_names: Defu Wang

Mohamed Hussein Eissa

Klaus Schmalz

Thomas Kampfe

Dietmar Kissinger
title: 240 GHz Reflectometer Based Dielectric Sensor With Integrated Transducers in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS Technology
venue: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
year: 2021

abstract: We report a study of the influence of a thin gold film on the transmission of polarization entangled photon pairs using quantum tomography to compare the state of the system with and without metallic film. Measurement is done with either a plasmonic nanostructures or a continuous, planar gold film. We find that plasmonic resonances are not responsible of the robustness of entanglement. At normal incidence, quantum entanglement is preserved also with the continuous metallic film, in consequence of the equality between transmission coefficients for polarizations s and p. This result reduces the need of plasmonic nanostructures when intensity of transmitted signal is sufficient. As shown in the literature, a periodic array of subwavelength nanostructures on a metallic film enables coupling of light with localized surface plasmons: the latter allow greatly enhanced transmission at resonance [2 4] with preservation of entanglement [5,6] We studied entanglement preservation after the interaction of polarization entangled photons with such materials using quantum tomography. The near infrared (818 nm) polarization entangled photons pairs are produced by parametric downconversion using two identical type I BBO crystals with orthogonal optical planes. The sample is placed through one of the two optical paths of the degenerate photon pairs. In each photon path, quarter and half waveplates placed in front of a polarizing beamsplitter select the basis of the polarization measurement. Photons are finally detected with four singlephoton counting modules and coincidences are recorded using a field programmable gate array coincidence counter. The quantum state of the pairs before and after their interaction with the sample is determined by quantum tomography using the code developed by Paul Kwiat's quantum information group [1] With this estimation of the quantum state, we evaluated different quantum features of the system, like the experimental state fidelity with respect to the maximally entangled Bell state theoretically produced F (ph+ si) and with respect to the state before the sample F (r0, si) and the entanglement of formation Ef (si) These properties quantify the influence of the film on the entanglement and polarization state of the photon pairs. Similarly, we investigated the need of plasmonic resonances by studying the survival quantum entanglement after transmission through a continuous, planar gold film, in function of the angle of incidence. Our experimental and theoretical results show that, at normal incidence, the sample does not affect the polarization of transmitted photons. Consequently, entanglement is preserved even though the total number of detected correlations decreases. When increasing the angle of incidence, the different transmission coefficients for s and p polarizations decrease entanglement, as the sample starts to behave as a partially polarizing device. In comparison to nanostructured samples, our results on the flat, thin film of gold indicate that the interaction with surface plasmons at resonance enhances transmission. However, it does not play a role on the robustness of the quantum entanglement for the photon pairs that are transmitted. [1] Altepeter J B, Jeffrey E and Kwiat P G, Advances in atomic, molecular and optical physics 52 105 159 (2005) [2] Ebbesen T W, Lezec H J, Ghaemi H F, Thio T, and Wolff P A, Nature, 391 667 669 (1998) [3] Martin Moreno L, Garcia Vidal FJ, Lezec H J, Pellerin K M, Thio T, Pendry J B, and Ebbesen T W, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 1114(2001) [4] Ghaemi H F, Thio T, Grupp D E, Ebbesen TW, and Lezec H J, Phys. Rev. B 58 6779 6782 (1998) [5] E.Altewischer, M.P.Van Exter, and J.P.Woerdman, Nature, 418 304 306 (2002) [6] Olislager L, Kubo W, Tanaka T, Ungureanu S, Vallee R, Kolaric B, Emplit P, and Massar S, Nanophotonics 4 324 331 (2015) CEWQO 2019
author_names: Mathilde Remy

Bojana Bokic

Mirko Cormann

Wakana Kubo

Yves Caudano

Branko Kolaric
title: Survival of quantum entanglement in transmission without plasmonic resonance
year: 2019

abstract: Concatenated modal interferometers based multipoint sensing system for detection of instantaneous amplitude, frequency, and phase of mechanical vibrations is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor probes are fabricated using identical photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sections and integrated along a single fiber channel to act as a compact and efficient sensing system. Individual probes operate independently producing a resultant signal that is a superposition of each interferometer response signal. By analyzing the resultant signals, information about the measurand field at each location is realized. Such a sensing system would find wide applications at industrial, infrastructural, and medical fronts for monitoring various unsteady physical phenomena. Real time monitoring of mechanical vibrations over multiple locations enables structural health monitoring, posture recognition, and industrial surveillance. Such mechanical vibrations are characterized by their physical parameters viz. frequency, amplitude, and relative phase that differ over a broad range depending on the measurand field's functionality. Detection of the aforementioned vibration parameters has been prominently achieved by conventional electronic vibration sensors at many fronts. However, the performance of these devices is influenced by power fluctuations, environmental temperature variations, and stray electromagnetic field interference. Alternatively, optical fiber based vibration sensors have proven to be a potential class of devices that function on the principle of modulation of intensity, wavelength composition, or phase of the propagating light in the presence of an external measurand field. These sensors are compact, accurate, reconfigurable, corrosion resistant, temperature tolerant, and immune to electromagnetic fields. All fiber interferometric techniques like Sagnac interferometer, MachZehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer have been reported for distributed contactless sensing of vibrations driven by dynamic displacements and strains. However, these sensors are bulky, require precise alignments, and require multiple sensing channels. Besides, vibration detection has been demonstrated by measuring the external vibration induced back scattered light in conventional fiber using optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) techniques that rely on the modulation of the phase (Ph OTDR) polarization state (POTDR) and beam frequency (BOTDR) of the propagating wave in the presence of external perturbation. However, these sensing systems incur diminished sensitivity over long range distributed sensing and require additional expensive components like pulsed lasers, electro optic modulators (EOM) and erbiumdoped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) Also, FBG based vibration interrogators have been utilized to develop distributed vibration sensors. However, FBG based sensors require additional reference mass that make them bulky and are intolerant towards external temperature fluctuations. Dynamic measurement of instantaneous frequency, amplitude, and phase of the vibration at multiple locations using a single fiber channel has remained challenging and elusive. Simultaneous instantaneous phase monitoring at multiple locations can enlighten the complex structural vibrations associated with unsteady aerodynamic loads and can also be used to infer instantaneous peak vibrations, which are otherwise difficult to be monitored using conventional Fourier transform based averaging techniques. In this letter, we propose and demonstrate a multipoint vibration sensing technique for detection of instantaneous frequency, amplitude, and phase of vibrations by implementing photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based modal interferometery principle. Such interferometry principle involves fabricating fiber configurations with specialty waveguides that enables excitation and recombination of waveguide modes resulting in stable interference spectra over the source spectrum. In our approach, commercially available solid core photonic crystal fiber (SCPCF) based identical interferometers are concatenated along single fiber channel (fig.1) for detecting mechanical vibrations at multiple locations. FIG. 1. Schematic representation of integrated sensor probes for vibration sensing. Each PCF section acts a modal interferometer to enable sensing. The PCF sections act as independent modal interferometers wherein the interference between the PCF's core and higher order cladding modes occurs. The resultant intensity variation over the source spectrum at each modal interferometer, Ij, can be written as j cr cl cr cl I I I 2 I I cos (1) where, Icr and Icl are spectral intensity distributions of core and cladding modes of PCF, ph is the phase difference between the two modes given by, eff eff cr cl 2 L( n n 2 nL (2) where, L is the length of PCF, l is the free space wavelength of light, eff cr n and eff cl n are the effective refractive indices of core and cladding modes of PCF respectively and Dn is the difference between the effective modal refractive indices. The maxima of the spectra occur for the condition ph=2Np or DnL=Nl that is dependent on the wavelength of light and length of the interferometer at a constant value of Dn and N is an integer. In the presence of an external strain field, the length of the interferometer changes due to field induced bending, and the magnitude of change in length depends on the amplitude and direction of applied strain. Due to a change in interferometer length, the wavelength values corresponding to the interference maxima condition readjust. This causes shift in the maxima peak positions that results in modulation of Ij over the spectral range. In the presence of alternating strain or vibrational field of specific amplitude and frequency about an interferometer, the bending of the interferometer becomes periodic. As a result, the interference maxima shifts periodically over a range of wavelength values resulting in dynamic modulation of Ij. The corresponding sensitivity (Sj) that is the net shift of maxima wavelength of Ij with respect to applied measurand field, for each interferometer (j) is represented as, j j j I S X (3) where, X is the external vibration field that can be given as X Xo sin (ot+th) with Xo, o, and th being the amplitude, frequency, and initial phase of vibration, respectively. Under the simultaneous operation of multiple concatenated interferometers in transmission mode, the resultant sensitivity is a summation of the individual sensitivities and can be represented as, j m j j I S X (4) where, j 1, 2, Thus, the transmitted signal is a superposition of the individual interferometer responses. The resultant real time sensitivity is influenced by the amplitude, frequency, and relative phase of the vibrations about each interferometer. As proof of concept, we demonstrate multipoint vibration sensing using two identical independently operating modal interferometers integrated along a single fiber length. The sensor probes are kept in contact with externally controlled vibrations and characterized by the wavelength interrogation technique. To fabricate the sensor probes, two solid core photonic crystal fiber (SCPCF) sections of length 10 0.01 mm are taken with their ends being sharply cleaved using a precision fiber cleaver. The PCF sections are then spliced sequentially along a standard Single Mode Fiber (SMF) using a programmable fusion splicer at 150 mm apart along the SMF length as shown in fig. 1. Each PCF section acts as a sensor probe to detect the external vibrations. As the interferometers operate independently, the distance between the interferometers can be chosen as per the sensing positions. To characterize the sensor probes, light from a broadband Super luminescent Light Emitting Diode (SLED) source emitting about a central wavelength of 1552 nm is launched through the in line interferometers. The resultant interference spectrum is recorded using a spectrum analyzer (OSA) The spectrum (Fig.2) is first recorded for a single interferometer (S1) (red line) and then for the two interferometers integrated in series (blue line) FIG. 2. Characteristic interference spectra of the sensors. As the interferometers are identical, the spectrum of concatenated interferometers is similar to that of single interferometer except with weak overriding peaks in the former that arises from the intermodulation products in typical sensor array. The negligible loss in the average power is attributed to the splice loss at the splicing points. To interrogate the interferometers with respect to external vibrations over real time, the interferometers, S1 and S2, are mounted on piezoelectric transducers, PZT (T1 and T2, respectively) as shown in fig.3. The PZTs are powered by a multichannel piezoelectric controller. To generate vibrations of varied frequencies and amplitudes, the piezo controller is driven by a function generator to control the vibration parameters of the PZTs. The sensor probes are kept straight to avoid strain or bend induced losses along the interferometers' fiber length. For detecting the real time signal, the transmitted spectra are analyzed with an FBG based wavelength interrogator, and the output is recorded on a computer. The periodic shift in maxima wavelength of transmission spectra, in presence of external vibrations, is tracked for recording the real time response of sensor probes. FIG. 3. Schematic diagram of the experimental set up. The parameters of vibrations that is amplitude, frequency, and initial phase are varied about each interferometer and the signals are recorded for analysis. Fig. 4 shows the results of the characterization of the sensing system. Firstly, in phase vibrations of 50 Hz are applied about both interferometers and only the amplitude of vibrations at S2 is varied (see Fig. 4 (a) From the calibrated curve it is observed that the sensitivity increases
author_names: Kalipada Chatterjee

Venugopal Arumuru

Dhananjay B Patil

Rajan Jha
title: Multipoint Monitoring of Instantaneous Amplitude, Frequency, Phase and Sequence of Vibrations Using Concatenated Modal Interferometers
year: 2021

abstract: The potential capability of wireless wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing can enable the next development of smaller photonic counterparts for network architectures. This paper numerically represents a new design of a wireless transmission in C band infrared wavelengths within two identical resonant cavities between photonic chips. This system consists of an H1 rod type two dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) microcavity, which can be operated as both a transmitter and a receiver without interfering with the signal in each PhC waveguide. By using the point to point oscillatory light field exchange between resonant cavities, two independent photonic circuits are linked with each other. The obtained results show that the multi resonance wavelengths in one chip can be transferred to another chip located far away by ten times the highest resonance wavelength. Such a device can be useful for integrated optical circuit interconnect and small scale sensors between photonic chips.
author_names: Teanchai Chantakit

S Chiangga

Iraj Sadegh Amiri

Preecha P Yupapin
title: All optical wireless wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing using resonant cavity.
venue: Applied optics
year: 2018

abstract: In this paper, we consider a class of wireless powered communication devices using hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol to ensure reliable communications. In particular, we analyze the trade off between accumulating mutual information and harvesting RF energy at the receiver of a point to point link over a time varying independent and identically distributed (i.i.d. channel. The transmitter is assumed to have a constant energy source while the receiver relies, solely, on the RF energy harvested from the received signal. At each time slot, the incoming RF signal is split between information accumulation and energy accumulation with the objective of minimizing the expected number of re transmissions. A major finding of this work is that the optimal policy minimizing the expected number of re transmissions utilizes the incoming RF signal to either exclusively harvest energy or to accumulate mutual information. This finding enables achieving an optimal solution in feasible time by converting a two dimensional uncountable state Markov decision process (MDP) with continuous action space into a countable state MDP with binary decision space.
author_names: Mehdi Salehi Heydar Abad

Ozgur Ercetin

Tamer A Elbatt

Mohammed Nafie
title: Wireless energy and information transfer in networks with hybrid ARQ
venue: 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)
year: 2018