Query: Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters Solution manual

Candidate papers:

abstract: Preface. About the Author. List of Symbols. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Classification of Power Supplies. 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators. 1.3 Power Relationships in DC DC Converters. 1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC DC Converters. 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators. 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators. 1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators. 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC DC Converters 1.9 Relationships among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power. 1.10 Electromagnetic Compatibility. 1.11 Summary. 1.12 References. 1.13 Review Questions. 1.14 Problems. 2 BuckPWMDC DCConverter. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM. 2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM. 2.4 Buck Converter with Input Filter. 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier. 2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail. 2.7 Tapped Inductor Buck Converters. 2.8 Multiphase Buck Converter. 2.9 Summary. 2.10 References. 2.11 Review Questions. 2.12 Problems. 3 Boost PWM DC DC Converter. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM. 3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM. 3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters. 3.5 Tapped Inductor Boost Converters. 3.6 Duality. 3.7 Power Factor Correction. 3.8 Summary. 3.9 References. 3.10 Review Questions. 3.11 Problems. 4 Buck Boost PWM DC DC Converter. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Boost Converter for CCM. 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Boost Converter for DCM. 4.4 Bidirectional Buck Boost Converter. 4.5 Synthesis of Buck Boost Converter. 4.6 Synthesis of Boost Buck (Cuk) Converter. 4.7 Noninverting Buck Boost Converters. 4.8 Tapped Inductor Buck Boost Converters. 4.9 Summary. 4.10 References. 4.11 Review Questions. 4.12 Problems. 5 Flyback PWM DC DC Converter. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Transformers. 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for CCM. 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM. 5.5 Multiple Output Flyback Converter. 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback Converter. 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter. 5.8 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping. 5.9 Two Transistor Flyback Converter. 5.10 Summary. 5.11 References. 5.12 Review Questions. 5.13 Problems. 6 Forward PWM DC DC Converter. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM. 6.3 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM. 6.4 Multiple Output Forward Converter. 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier. 6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping. 6.7 Two Switch Forward Converter. 6.8 Summary. 6.9 References. 6.10 Review Questions. 6.11 Problems. 7 Half Bridge PWM DC DC Converter. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half Bridge Converter for CCM. 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half Bridge Converter for DCM. 7.4 Summary. 7.5 References. 7.6 Review Questions. 7.7 Problems. 8 Full Bridge PWM DC DC Converter. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full Bridge Converter for CCM. 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full Bridge Converter for DCM. 8.4 Phase Controlled Full Bridge Converter. 8.5 Summary. 8.6 References. 8.7 Review Questions. 8.8 Problems. 9 Push Pull PWM DC DC Converter. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 DC Analysis of PWM Push Pull Converter for CCM. 9.3 DC Analysis of PWM Push Pull Converter for DCM. 9.4 Comparison of PWM DC DC Converters. 9.5 Summary. 9.6 References. 9.7 Review Questions. 9.8 Problems. 10 Small Signal Models of PWM Converters for CCM and DCM. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Assumptions. 10.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM. 10.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances. 10.5 Model Reduction. 10.6 Large Signal Averaged Model for CCM. 10.7 DC and Small Signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM. 10.8 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM. 10.9 PWM Small Signal Switch Model for CCM. 10.10 Modeling of the Ideal Switching Network for DCM. 10.11 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM. 10.12 Small Signal Models of PWM Converters for DCM. 10.13 Summary. 10.14 References. 10.15 Review Questions. 10.16 Problems. 11 Open Loop Small Signal Characteristics of Boost Converter for CCM. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 DC Characteristics. 11.3 Open Loop Control to Output Transfer Function. 11.4 Delay in Open Loop Control to Output Transfer Function. 11.5 Open Loop Audio Susceptibility. 11.6 Open Loop Input Impedance. 11.7 Open Loop Output Impedance. 11.8 Open Loop Step Responses. 11.9 Summary. 11.10 References. 11.11 Review Questions. 11.12 Problems. 12 Voltage Mode Control of Boost Converter. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage Mode Control. 12.3 Pulse Width Modulator. 12.4 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network. 12.5 Error Amplifier. 12.6 Integral Single Lead Controller. 12.7 Integral Double Lead Controller. 12.8 Loop Gain. 12.9 Closed Loop Control to Output Voltage Transfer Function. 12.10 Closed Loop Audio Susceptibility. 12.11 Closed Loop Input Impedance. 12.12 Closed Loop Output Impedance. 12.13 Closed Loop Step Responses. 12.14 Closed Loop DC Transfer Functions. 12.15 Summary. 12.16 References. 12.17 Review Questions. 12.18 Problems. 13 Current Mode Control. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak Current Mode Control. 13.3 Relationship between Duty Cycle and Inductor Current Slopes. 13.4 Instability of Closed Current Loop. 13.5 Slope Compensation. 13.6 Sample and Hold Effect on Current Loop. 13.7 Current Loop in s Domain. 13.8 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current Mode Control. 13.9 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current Mode Control without Slope Compensation. 13.10 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current Mode Control and Slope Compensation. 13.11 Closed Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains. 13.12 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current. 13.13 Relationships for Constant Frequency Current Mode On Time Control. 13.14 Summary. 13.15 References. 13.16 Review Questions. 13.17 Problems. 13.18 Appendix: Sample and Hold Modeling. 14 Current Mode Control of Boost Converter. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Open Loop Small Signal Transfer Functions. 14.3 Open Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current. 14.5 Closed Voltage Loop Transfer Functions. 14.6 Closed Loop Step Responses. 14.7 Closed Loop DC Transfer Functions. 14.8 Summary. 14.9 References. 14.10 Review Questions. 14.11 Problems. 15 Silicon and Silicon Carbide Power Diodes. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Electronic Power Switches. 15.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors. 15.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors. 15.5 Silicon and Silicon Carbide. 15.6 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes. 15.7 Static I V Diode Characteristic. 15.8 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes. 15.9 Capacitances of Junction Diodes. 15.10 Reverse Recovery of pn Junction Diodes. 15.11 Schottky Diodes. 15.12 SPICE Model of Diodes. 15.13 Summary. 15.14 References. 15.15 Review Questions. 15.16 Problems. 16 Silicon and Silicon Carbide Power MOSFETs. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs. 16.3 Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs. 16.4 Derivation of Power MOSFET Characteristics. 16.5 Power MOSFET Characteristics. 16.6 Mobility of Charge Carriers. 16.7 Short Channel Effects. 16.8 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs. 16.9 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs. 16.10 Gate Oxide Breakdown Voltageof Power MOSFETs. 16.11 Resistance of Drift Region. 16.12 Figures of Merit. 16.13 On Resistance of Power MOSFETs. 16.14 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs. 16.15 Switching Waveforms. 16.16 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs. 16.17 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors. 16.18 Heat Sinks. 16.19 Summary. 16.20 References. 16.21 Review Questions. 16.22 Problems. 17 Soft Switching DC DC Converters. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Zero Voltage Switching DC DC Converters. 17.3 Buck ZVS Quasi Resonant DC DC Converter. 17.4 Boost ZVS Quasi Resonant DC DC Converter. 17.5 Zero Current Switching DC DC Converters. 17.6 Boost ZCS Quasi Resonant DC DC Converter. 17.7 Multiresonant Converters. 17.8 Summary. 17.9 References. 17.10 Review Questions. 17.11 Problems. Appendix A Introduction to SPICE. Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB. Answers to Problems. Index.
author_names: Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Power Converters
year: 2008

author_names: Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Power Converters: Kazimierczuk/Pulse width Modulated DC DC Power Converters
year: 2008

author_names: Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Power Converters: Kazimierczuk/Pulse Width
year: 2013

abstract: Visible light communication (VLC) has gained relevance during the last few years. It consists in using high brightness LEDs (HB LEDs) both for lighting and transmitting information by changing the light intensity rapidly. However, there are some bottlenecks that are slowing down the deployment of this technology. One of the most important problems is that the HB LED drivers proposed for addressing high data rates in VLC achieve poor power efficiency. Since these HB LED drivers must be able to reproduce fast current waveforms, the use of linear power amplifiers has been adopted, which clearly damages the power efficiency of HB LED lighting. In order to alleviate this problem, an HB LED driver made up of two DC DC power converters is presented in this work. One of them is responsible for performing the communication functionality by operating at high switching frequency (10 MHz) whereas the second converter fulfills the illumination functionality by ensuring a certain biasing point. The split of the power allows us to minimize the power delivered by the fast response DC DC power converter, which suffers from high switching losses. Thus, the overall efficiency can be maximized for each particular communication scenario and for scenarios with changing conditions (i.e. mobile transmitter and/or receiver, presence of mobile obstacles, etc. In this sense, how the lighting level and the communication signal power affect both the power efficiency and the communication efficiency is deeply analyzed in the experimental section. The implemented prototype achieves an overall efficiency around 90% In addition, the proposed VLC transmitter is able to reproduce a wide range of digital modulation schemes, including the preferred one for wireless communications: orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.
author_names: Juan Rodriguez

Diego G Lamar

Pablo Fernandez Miaja

Daniel Garcia Aller

Javier Sebastian
title: Power Efficient VLC Transmitter Based on Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Converters and the Split of the Power
venue: IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
year: 2019

abstract: This book is a comprehensive textbook in the areas of electrical, electronics, and telecommunications engineering. It consists of 17 chapters and two appendices. Some of the topics covered include: buck PWM DC DC converters; boost PWM DC DC converters; buck boost PWM DC DC converters; half bridge and full bridge converters; push pull PWM DC DC converters; open loop small signal characteristics of boost converters for CCM; current mode control of boost converters; silicon and silicon carbide power diodes; and soft switching DC DC converters. Appendix A is an introduction to SPICE and Appendix B provides an introduction to MATLAB. Answers to problems and the index are also included at the end of the book. The book is recommended for senior undergraduate and graduate students but also for practicing engineers working with switch mode power supplies, within applications such as computers, telecommunications, industrial electronic systems, automobile electronics, medical equipment, radars, and aerospace power technology.
author_names: Marian P Kazmierkowski
title: Power converters and amplifiers (review of "Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Power Converters" by Kazimierczuk, M.K. 2008) [Book News]
venue: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
year: 2009

abstract: The electric vehicle (EV) charging systems employ dc dc power converters as EV chargers. Currently, the expected high penetration of electric vehicle (EV) demands for the integration of the renewable energy sources (RES) into the electric vehicle charging system as a promising solution to cut down the load on the electrical grid. These systems interface with RES by implementing dc dc power converters. Moreover, with the advent of high power dc charging, the charging efficiency is largely dependent on the performance of the power converters. Hence, to improve the charging, the soft switching dc dc converters are implemented to maintain low switching losses and to achieve high efficiency operation. This paper reviews the non isolated, soft switching dc dc power converters for EV charging application. For this purpose, different types of soft switching topologies, namely the snubber, the series resonant, the shunt resonant and the pulse frequency modulated converters are investigated. The advantages and the disadvantages associated with these converters are highlighted. Furthermore, to perform a comparative evaluation, the topologies are simulated in a standard simulation platform. Consequently, the relative standing of the converters depending on several parameters, i.e. the component count, the output voltage and current ripple, the soft switching range, and the power losses are established. Finally, based on these results, the optimum applicability of the converters in the EV charging application is determined. GUB JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Vol 6(1) Dec 2019 P 60 74
author_names: Ratil Hasnat Ashique
title: A Review of High Efficiency Non Isolated DC DC Power Converters for Electric Vehicle Charging Application
year: 2020

abstract: Regan Zane and Dragan Maksimovic, Nonlinear Carrier Control for High Power Factor Rectifiers Based on Up Down Switching Converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 13, No. 2, Mar. 1998 pp. 213 221. Luigi Calderone, Lician Pinola and Vincenzo Varoli; Opti mal Feed Forward Compensation for PWM DC/DC Con verters with "Linear" and "Ouadratic' Conversion Ratio, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 7, No. 2, Apr. 1992 pp. 349 355. Fakhralden A. Huliehel, Wei Tang, Fred C. Lee and Bo H. Cho; Modeling, Analysis, and Design of the Quasi Charge Control, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 10, No. 5, Sep. 1995, pp. 597 604. Wei Tang, Fred C. Lee, Raymond B. Ridley and Isaac Cohen, Charge Control: Modeling, Analysis, and Design, IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vol. 8, No. 4, Oct. 1993 pp. 396 403.
author_names: Vincenzo Varoli

Fakhralden A Huliehel

Wei Tang
title: PULSE. WIDTH MODULATED DC DC CONVERTER WITH A RAMP GENERATOR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
year: 2017

abstract: DC DC pulse width modulated (PWM) converters are nonlinear systems that require control circuits to obtain the desired output voltage. These control circuits are often designed using linearized models of the converters, so modeling is a relevant topic for the design of performing closed loop converters. In this paper, the nonlinear nature of DC DC PWM converters operated under continuous conduction mode (CCM) is considered. It is first shown how the exact periodic solutions can be analytically computed for the nonlinear converter model in the high frequency steady state operating condition. Also, a nonlinear variation model, which characterizes the closed loop dynamics, induced by perturbations of the steady state, is provided. The nonlinear models and the analytical periodic solutions are implemented in MATLAB and SIMULINK and applied to a boost converter subject to parasitic components. In particular, the behavior to step changes in duty cycle, input voltage, and load resistance are compared with the results obtained using small signal circuit averaging techniques.
author_names: Alberto Reatti

Fabio Corti

Alberto Tesi

A Torlai

Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Nonlinear Exact Analysis and Solution of Power Stage of DC DC PWM Boost Converter
venue: 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)
year: 2019

abstract: This study proposes an extension to the well known Fryze power theory, which allows the development of a mathematical procedure that defines a global factor for the active and non active power processing in pulse width modulated (PWM) dc dc converters. This global factor is the dc power factor. The proposed extension is a vector representation of periodic currents and voltages mapped into a k dimensional Euclidean space, which permits that all non active power of all converter elements to be collected into a single figure of merit. To validate the approaches, a 220 W prototype of an isolated dc dc Cuk converter architecture was implemented and evaluated. Experimental results have confirmed that both total non active power, the proposed dc power factor, and system efficiency are correlated. In the worst case of step down mode, the converter prototype presented the lowest total non active power of ~25 var for the turns ratio of 0.567, resulting in the highest dc power factor of 0.135 and prototype efficiency of 80.6% In step up mode, it was obtained the lowest total non active power of ~1.14 kvar for the turns ratio of 1.764, resulting in the highest efficiency of 88.3% and dc power factor of 0.145.
author_names: Niwton Gabriel Feliciani dos Santos

Helio Leaes Hey

Jonatan Rafael Rakoski Zientarski

Mario L S Martins
title: Piecewise Fryze power theory analysis applied to PWM DC DC converters
year: 2020

abstract: Pulse width modulated power converters are devices which transform voltages and currents between different levels to meet the requirements of the appliances. In contrast to conventional transformers, they use transistors and other semiconductor components to abruptly switch on and off the input voltage source to generate an output voltage or current which, averaged in time, equals the desired values. The so generated pulsed signal is usually filtered by an active or passive filter to suppress the high frequency components and thus smoothen the output. The numerical simulation of these devices is computationally expensive since with conventional time discretization very small time steps are necessary to properly represent the steep transients induced by the abrupt switching of the semiconductor devices. If the semiconductor behavior is idealized, a switch event detection is often necessary to prevent a failure of the time integration algorithm. In this dissertation a multirate approach is developed to efficiently tackle these problems. The idea is to split the solution of the ordinary differential or differential algebraic equations describing the power converters into slowly varying parts and fast varying parts. The output of the converter is represented as a sum of fast periodically varying ripples and a slowly varying envelope. The differential equations are, in a first step, reformulated into so called multirate partial differential equations (MPDEs) which allow to explicitly split the solution by associating the different components to different artificial time scales. The MPDEs are solved using a combination of two methods. First, a Galerkin approach is applied to solve along the fast time scale. Three different types of basis functions, namely PWM basis functions, PWM eigenfunctions and B spline basis functions, are employed. Second, a conventional time integration algorithm is used on the remaining differential equation system. It is assumed that the semiconductor switching behavior can be idealized as such that it can be represented by an ideal pulsed voltage source. The solution components along the fast varying time scale, i.e. the ripples, are represented by basis functions, which are specifically designed for this purpose. Since in some of the solution components the ripples are only continuous and not smooth, the basis functions take these points of C0 continuity at the proper position into account by construction. The MPDE approach is applied to different examples to demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency. It is applicable to single phase DC DC and DC AC power converters. If the power converter or the application consists of nonlinear elements the computational effort increases. For nonlinear elements, e.g. nonlinear inductors, a simplification is proposed which keeps the simulation efficient. To generate the pulsed excitation, a pulse width modulation (PWM) with constant switching frequency and varying duty cycle is applicable. It is generated by either sawtooth or triangle carriers. Both natural or regular sampling are supported. Besides circuit simulation the method is also applied to a field circuit coupled model.
author_names: Andreas Pels
title: Multirate modeling and simulation of pulse width modulated power converters
year: 2020