Query: phase change heat storage materials AND power battery thermal management

Candidate papers:

abstract: Scientific and reasonable battery thermal management systems contribute to improve the performance of a power battery, prolong its life of service, and improve its safety. Based on TAFEL LAE895 type 100Ah ternary lithium ion power battery, this paper is conducted on charging and discharging experiments at different rates to study the rise of temperature and the uniformity of the battery. Paraffin can be used to reduce the surface temperature of the battery, while expanded graphite (EG) is added to improve the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the composite phase change material (CPCM) and to reduce the fluidity after melting. With the increase of graphite content, the heat storage capacity of phase change material (PCM) decreases, which affects the thermal management effect directly. Therefore, this paper combines heat pipe and semiconductor refrigeration technology to transform heat from the inner CPCM to the thermoelectric cooling sheet for heat dissipation. The results show that the surface temperature of the battery can be kept within a reasonable range when discharging at high rate. The temperature uniformity of the battery is improved and the energy of the battery is saved.
author_names: Ke-Jun Xu

Shuaitian Li
title: Study of Thermal Management System Using Composite Phase Change Materials and Thermoelectric Cooling Sheet for Power Battery Pack
venue: Energies
year: 2019

abstract: Abstract Li Ion batteries will play an important role in reaching emission targets by sustaining the further integration of renewable energy technologies and Electric Vehicles (EVs) in society. Their performance however is quite sensitive to temperature, leading to capacity fade, acceleration of ageing effect and possible thermal runaway. A Thermal Management System (TMS) should maintain a battery at an operating temperature within an optimal range and maximise temperature uniformity, i.e. approaching an isothermal condition. Many studies have experimentally investigated the electrical performance of Li Ion batteries under controlled environmental temperatures. Notably however, these controlled conditions do not impose a uniform temperature or a controlled rate of cooling, as a TMS would. From a review of the relevant literature a ratio of the heat generation to the power production is proposed, i.e. quantifying an equivalent electro chemical efficiency to advance research in this technological area and as additional TMS design metric. Overall, there is enough evidence that 25 30 degC is the best temperature range to minimise the ageing effect while 25 40 degC is typically reported as the general Li Ion cells operating range. No specific temperature is identified to optimise the cycle electro chemical efficiency and minimise the ageing effect. Therefore, a TMS should keep Li Ion batteries within a specific temperature range according to the need for either higher electro chemical efficiencies (i.e. higher powers and lower heat generation rates) or higher operating life. There are four main thermal management approaches of Li Ion batteries: air cooling, liquid cooling, boiling and Phase Change Materials (PCM) Air cooling is preferred for safety reasons but is less efficient as the rate of heat transfer achievable is relatively low. Forced air cooling can effectively keep the temperature at a preferred level but fails to guarantee a uniform temperature. Liquid cooling is better in terms of heat transfer performance, but it is less safe and can still result in significant thermal gradients within the pack. Boiling effectively keeps Li Ion cells temperature constant and uniform but can be quite complex to operate and control. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as a passive cooling approach are proposed as an effective and low cost isothermalisation technique. However, when Li Ion batteries are operated under extreme conditions (high ambient temperature, high discharge rates) PCM are not able to recover all latent energy potential during solidification and this leads to possible thermal runaway. Overall, it is clear that no TMS alone is holistically better than others and the choice between air cooling, liquid cooling, boiling and latent heat PCM systems is entirely linked to the specific combination of temperatures, heat rates, cells capacity and geometry. Active PCM systems however, mainly a combination of liquid cooling and passive PCM, show promising results towards an ideal isothermal condition. Also, they introduce the potential to store the thermal energy and use it as needed, converting a Li Ion cell from an Electrical Energy Storage System (EESS) to a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system.
author_names: Sara Landini

J Leworthy

Tadhg S O'Donovan
title: A Review of Phase Change Materials for the Thermal Management and Isothermalisation of Lithium Ion Cells
venue: Journal of Energy Storage
year: 2019

abstract: Abstract To control the operating temperature and temperature differences, the battery thermal management system (BTMS) is very necessary for the electric vehicle batteries. Phase change material can be widely used in the BTMS. In other direction, at the present time the continuous increase in energy consumption due to human population growth and rising demand in the industrial sector is considered as a major challenge. More energy should be produced to meet this growing energy demand, which means a greater amount of fossil fuels should be burned, leading to more air pollution. These challenges made researchers work on the exploitation of renewable sources of energy, such as solar as unlimited, sustainable, and clean. Solar power is expected to become the largest source of electricity by 2050. However, solar energy is only available at a certain period during the daytime, and its application is limited by some conditions like terrain, climate condition, and geographical location. Therefore the heat storage unit could permit the solar thermal plant to deliver electricity at night and on the bad weather. In this regard the utilization of phase change material (PCM) is an operative approach for storing solar energy when this energy is available and releasing the stored heat at a later time, which has plenty of practical applications for solar energy storage. This chapter aims to take a close look at the applied methods for enhancing the efficiency of thermal energy storage systems utilized in ventilation systems. Solidification and melting processes have been investigated considering several geometrical shapes. The results revealed that an increase in copper oxide nanoparticle concentration leads to augmenting melting fraction. Following the addition of nanomaterial, the temperature of the outlet air increases, and conduction heat transfer in the top layer enhances. The effectiveness of adding nanosized powders is higher when this approach is combined with employing the sinusoidal surface. With the progress of time, heat flux transfer to PCM reduces. The increase in the wavy duct amplitude leads to minimizing the rate of discharge. When pure paraffin is employed, the effect of wavy surface amplitude is more noticeable.
author_names: Mohsen Sheikholeslami

Elham Abohamzeh

M Jafaryar

Ahmad Shafee
title: Heat storage unit involving nanoparticle enhanced phase change materials
year: 2021

abstract: Phase change materials (PCM) are of attractive interest in electricity storage and power management applications. In this paper, PCMs are used for thermal management of an electric battery pack. Paraffin with a melting temperature of 58degC, OM35 with melting temperature of 35degC, two PCMs (paraffin and OM 35) were used for the study, as mixtures at two different ratios (50 50 and 60 40) Computations and experiments were allotted to estimate the heat transfer, solidifying and melting characteristics of the PCM utilised in the Li ion cell battery module. Since PCM has low thermal conduction, thermal improvement techniques were investigated by inserting the copper plate into the PCM mixtures to boost the thermal conduction. PCM combination 50 50 is capable of holding battery running temperature compared to PCM combination 60 40. PCM combination 50 50 evidences to be ideal and lowered the operating temperature of the battery pack to 47degC.
author_names: Rohini Pradeep

T Venugopal
title: Experimental study of lithium ion battery cooling using mixture of phase change materials
year: 2020

abstract: Phase change materials are of great interest in energy storage and energy management applications due to their high latent heat and excellent cycling stability. In this paper, the thermal characteristics of phase change materials (PCM) for thermal management of cylindrical 18650 lithium ion battery (LIB) were experimentally investigated. A commercial paraffin wax with a melting temperaturerange between 47 53.8oC was used in this study. A metal cylinder with a heater was used to emulate the heat generation from a battery, which was surrounded with the paraffin PCM and containted in a metal housing. The experiment was conducted in an environmental test chamber with controlled ambient temperatures and power inputs. Both the battery temperature and the housing wall temperature were measured during steady state heating and cyclic heating conditions. Since PCM has low thermal conductivity, thermal enhancement techniques were investigated by adding metal foams (MFs) or combining metallic foam and fins into the PCM to enhance the thermal conductivity. The battery temperatures were measured for all the cases and the results were analyzed and discussed.
author_names: Y C Deng

Hong Yu Zhang

Xinlin Xia
title: Experimental investigation of thermal characteristics of lithium ion battery using phase change materials combined with metallic foams and fins
year: 2016

abstract: Abstract Lithium ion (Li ion) batteries are an integral part of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles or smartphones because of their high energy and power density. These batteries suffer from a high temperature rise and generate excessive heat during operation. An improvement technique, passive thermal management (e.g. a phase change material) has become an attractive approach in recent years as it is highly efficient, compact and lightweight. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) store thermal heat in the form of sensible and principally latent heat. PCM changes state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas or vice versa at almost constant temperature during latent heat storage. Metal foams have also been proven to be a viable option in enhancing thermal conductivity of PCMs. High porosity, good thermophysical properties and mechanical strength are salient features of metal foams. In this paper, a simple rectangular electronics passive cooling device was implemented for Li Ion Battery. A PCM material with metal foam was numerically investigated. Numerical simulations were carried out using the Ansys Fluent code. Results in terms temperatures, melting time and max reached temperature were reported.
author_names: Bernardo Buonomo

Davide Ercole

Oronzio Manca

Ferdinando Menale
title: Thermal cooling behaviors of lithium ion batteries by metal foam with phase change materials
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract The thermal properties of paraffin/graphite composite phase change materials for power nickel metal hydride batteries were experimentally investigated. Two different modes for heat dissipation were designed in this experimental study: air cooling and cooling with phase change materials. Paraffin/graphite composite phase change thermal energy storage materials were prepared and tested by differential scanning calorimetry. It appeared that the battery thermal management system with phase change materials had better performance than air cooling, especially when the scale of paraffin/graphite composite material approximates 4:1.
author_names: Zhonghao Rao

Guoqing Zhang

Z J Wu
title: Thermal properties of paraffin/graphite composite phase change materials in battery thermal management system
year: 2009

abstract: Lithium ion capacitors (LiCs) have emerged as a promising technology for automotive applications due to the solution offered by their power density, high voltage operation and their excellent durability (more than 2 million cycles) Nevertheless, the reliability of LiCs can be drastically affected by overheating issues which raise the importance of thermal management. Nowadays, active cooling is employed to keep the battery systems temperature in range. However, due to the bulkiness and weight of the existing active cooling systems, latent heat thermal energy storage through the use of phase change materials (PCMs) represents an attractive way. In this paper, paraffin is investigated experimentally and simulated as a PCM cooling solution for the thermal management of a dual LiC module. Moreover, since paraffin presents a low thermal conductivity characteristic, an additional component such as aluminium mesh grid is inserted to the system to solve the low conductivity issue. Results show good performance of the Al PCM on the battery thermal management for both ESSs with a relatively lower temperature. The Al PCM combination was able is lower the temperature to 36 degC compared to natural convection (46 degC)
author_names: Joris Jaguemont

Danial Karimi

Joeri Van Mierlo
title: Investigation of a Passive Thermal Management System for Lithium Ion Capacitors
venue: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
year: 2019

abstract: We review the thermal properties of graphene, few layer graphene and graphene nanoribbons, and discuss practical applications of graphene in thermal management and energy storage. The first part of the review describes the state of the art in the graphene thermal field focusing on recently reported experimental and theoretical data for heat conduction in graphene and graphene nanoribbons. The effects of the sample size, shape, quality, strain distribution, isotope composition, and point defect concentration are included in the summary. The second part of the review outlines thermal properties of graphene enhanced phase change materials used in energy storage. It is shown that the use of liquid phase exfoliated graphene as filler material in phase change materials is promising for thermal management of high power density battery parks. The reported experimental and modeling results indicate that graphene has the potential to outperform metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and other carbon allotropes as filler in thermal management materials.
author_names: Jackie D Renteria

Denis L Nika

Alexander A Balandin
title: Graphene Thermal Properties: Applications in Thermal Management and Energy Storage
year: 2014

abstract: Carbon based latent heat storage systems represent a powerful class of thermal management materials that allow for the dissipation of heat produced during peak electronic output operation. The composite materials unite the good thermal conductivity of carbon, usually in the form of graphite, with the thermal characteristics of phase change materials (PCM) Applications are found in automotive systems, such as passive cooling of components in vehicles with internal combustion engines. It is also used in electric vehicles that require a suitable temperature management system, especially for the battery cells to prevent thermal runaway and maintain the required operation temperature of the cell packs [1] Electronic components, such as those found in mobile devices or power electronics, can successfully be thermally regulated and protected against overheating by phase change composite materials. Other well known applications are temperature control in buildings and the heating of water [1,2] In many cases, the geometry of the desired temperature regulation components hamper their success in commercial applications. Here, a novel preparation method is presented that allows for the straightforward manufacturing of complex geometries followed by the infiltration with a phase change material working at the required temperature. The porosity as well as the operating temperature of the composite can be adjusted by tuning the process parameters and by a careful choice of employed raw materials.
author_names: Florian Preishuber-Pfluegl

Alexander Buchner

Klaus Reiser

Sandra Reisinger

Klaus Hoell
title: Novel Expand To Shape latent heat storage systems based on carbon composite materials
venue: 2017 33rd Thermal Measurement, Modeling Management Symposium (SEMI THERM)
year: 2017