Query: A development nanocrystalline TiO2 based on dye sensitized solar cells with solid state electrolyte

Candidate papers:

abstract: The dye sensitized solar cell, based on a wide bandgap semiconductor photosensitized with an organic dye, is an attractive low cost alternative to conventional silicon based solar cells. Absorption of a photon by the dye results in the formation of a strongly bound electron hole pair, also referred to as an exciton. A key feature of the dye sensitized solar cell is that efficient exciton decay into separate charge carriers can only occur at the interface between the dye and the semiconductor, leading to injection of an electron into the conduction band of the semiconductor. Since O'Regan and Gratzel reported an efficiency over 10 for a cell based on an interpenetrating network of dye coated nanocrystalline TiO2 particles and a liquid electrolyte containing a iodide/ triiodide redox mediator, the use of nanostructured films in photovoltaic devices has been studied extensively. Due to complications involved in the use of a liquid electrolyte, there is presently great interest in the development of all solid state organic/inorganic solar cells. For these cells a maximum performance of 4 has been realized so far. The use of nanostructured networks avoids the necessity of long range exciton diffusion through the dye layer. However, in such systems electron transport is hampered by trapping at surface defects. The difficulties involved in electron transport can be avoided by using a bilayer configuration consisting of a bulk semiconductor and a relatively thick dye layer. In order to realize efficient charge separation in such a bilayer configuration, the distance excitons are able to cover by diffusion (exciton diffusion length) needs to be equal to or larger than the light penetration depth, which has a typical value of 50 100 nm. The exciton diffusion length in molecular organic dye layers is usually of the order of only a few nanometers, although Nature shows that it is possible to transport excitation energy efficiently over considerably longer distances. An example is found in the photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria, which consists of reaction centers and two types of lightharvesting complexes: LHI and LHII. The light harvesting complexes consist of chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules, kept in place by proteins. The presence of chlorophyll molecules leads to a strong light absorption. In addition, the structure of the light harvesting complexes provides a highly efficient pathway for exciton transport; 80 90 of the excitons formed on light absorption are transferred to the reaction center, where charge separation occurs. For a few molecular dye systems only, exciton diffusion lengths considerably longer than a few nanometers have been realized in vacuum thermal deposited layers. However, the expensive elaborate deposition technique makes these layers commercially less attractive and could only be applied for a few dye materials. Chlorophylls and their analogues are attractive candidates for application in dye sensitized solar cells, since these molecules strongly absorb light and they have the potential to provide pathways for long range exciton transport. Porphyrin derivatives are of particular interest because of their improved stability, as compared to chlorophylls. Of crucial importance is the realization of low cost dye layers in which photons are efficiently harvested. Recent studies have shown that the lifetime of the excited states and the mutual arrangement of porphyrin dye molecules play a key factor in realizing efficient light harvesting layers. In this paper we present the results of a study on the molecular arrangement and exciton diffusion in thin spin coated meso tetra(4 n butylphenyl)porphyrin (TnBuPP) films. It is shown that a bilayer of TnBuPP and TiO2 yields a light induced charge separation efficiency that largely exceeds previous findings. Steady state optical absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy, and X ray diffraction (XRD) are used to elucidate the arrangement of TnBuPP molecules. The light induced charge separation efficiency in 35 5 nm thick TnBuPP films spin coated on top of a smooth TiO2 layer is determined using the time resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) technique. This technique is based on probing the formation of mobile charge carriers formed on pulsed illumination by a change in microwave power transmitted through the sample. The light induced charge separation efficiency is represented by the incident photon to charge C O M M U N IC A TI O N S
author_names: Annemarie Huijser

Tom J Savenije

Arkadiusz Kotlewski

Stephen J Picken

Laurens D A Siebbeles
title: Efficient Light Harvesting Layers of Homeotropically Aligned Porphyrin Derivatives
year: 2006

abstract: Abstract A quasi solid state electrolytes can be done by adding potassium iodide (KI) and iodine (I 2 into quasi solid state electrolytes. Consisting 1,2,4,5 tetrakisbromomethyl benzene (TB) g butyrolactone (GBL) propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) gelated with sample 1, 2, 3 and 4. Potassium iodide salt poorly soluble in liquid electrolyte, but can dissolve completely in quasi solid state electrolytes. The dye sensitized solar cell (DSSCs) with the quasi solid state electrolytes were fabricated. The results showed that the energy conversion efficiency of light to electricity were 0.052% 0.126% 0.121% and 0.125% respectively, under irradiation of 80 mW/cm 2 The performance of the dye sensitized solar cell with quasi solid state electrolytes is more stable than that of liquid electrolytes.
author_names: Surasak Santhaveesuk

Teeratan Srimaha
title: A study nanocrystalline TiO2 based on dye sensitized solar cells with quasi solid state electrolytes
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract A solid state electrolyte can be done by adding potassium iodide (KI) and iodine (I2) into solid state electrolyte. Consisting propylene carbonate (PC) ethylene carbonate (EC) and 1 methyl 3 propylimidazodium iodide (MPI) and poly (styrene co acrylonitril) (P(S A) gelated with solid state electrolyte. Potassium iodide salt poorly soluble in liquid electrolyte, but can dissolve completely in solid state electrolyte. The dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with the solid state electrolyte were fabricated. The results showed that the energy conversion efficiency of light to electricity were 2.56% under irradiation of 80 mW/cm2. The performance of the dye sensitized solar cells with solid state electrolyte is more stable than that of liquid electrolyte.
author_names: Surasak Santhaveesuk

Supakorn Pukird

Chokchai Kahattha
title: A development nanocrystalline TiO 2 based on dye sensitized solar cells with solid state electrolyte
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract The present work reports on solvent free quasi solid state polymer electrolyte comprising of polyethyleneimine, polyethylene glycol, KI, I2 with newly synthesized N,O,S based organic compounds and application for nanocrystalline dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) The synthesized compounds was confirmed by NMR and mass spectra the conductivity and the surface study were analysed by FTIR spectra, impedance spectra, CV, microscope image, UV and XRD. The performance of the fabricated solar cell and conductivity of polymer electrolyte was enhanced by the electron donicity of hetero atom in the synthesized organic compound such as tetraethylene glycol and O C C O units. Among all synthesized organic compound, the (4,4' (oxybis(ethane 2,1 diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane 2,1diyl))bis(sulfanediyl))dipyridine) dopant (I) showed a strong interaction with nano TiO2 electrode, redox couple and the electrolyte resulted with short circuit current (Jsc) open circuit voltage (Voc) fill factor (ff) and energy conversion (NG) values of about 12.9, 890, 0.56 and 9.2% under the sunlight irradiation of 70 mW/cm2.
author_names: Pranavamoorthy Karthika

Shanmugam Ganesan

M Arthanareeswari
title: Low cost synthesized organic compounds in solvent free quasi solid state polyethyleneimine, polyethylene glycol based polymer electrolyte for dye sensitized solar cells with high photovoltaic conversion efficiencies
year: 2018

abstract: THE USE OF POLYMER GEL ELECTROLYTE CONTAINING I /I 3 REDOX COUPLE TO ASSEMBLY A SOLID STATE DYE SENSITIZED TiO2 SOLAR CELL A solid state dye sensitized TiO 2 nanocrystalline solar cells was assembled employing a polymer gel electrolyte contains of iodide/triiodide (I /I 3 redox couple. The use of solid electrolyte based on polymer matrix for redox 'couples is aimed to overcome several problems of liquid cell, such as leaks of electrolyte that result in degradation of solar cell. TiO2 nanocrystalline layer was grown on TCO glass substrate by doctor blade technique was stained by synthetic dye Ruthenium 535 for a day. To complete the cell, a polymer gel based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing I /I 3 redox couple was sandwiched between a working electrode (nanoporous TiO 2 layer on conductive glass substrate) and a counter electrode (graphite sheet) The solid state cell does not need a clipp, so the gel polymer electrolyte also acts as a glue to join the electrodes. Two cells assembled with different amount of I /I 3 redox couple used in each cell, one of cell use 20 drops of Iodolyte (contains (I /I 3 redox couple) and another cell use 30 drops of Iodolyte solution (purchased fromSolaronix, SA) The cells were characterized their photovoltaic performances included: open circuit voltage (V oc short circuit current (I sc ,maximum power (P max fill factor (FF) and energy conversion efficiency.
author_names: Akhiruddin Maddu

Irmansyah Irmansyah

Mahfuddin Zuhri
title: THE USE OF POLYMER GEL ELECTROLYTE CONTAINING I /I3 REDOX COUPLE TO ASSEMBLY A SOLID STATE DYE SENSITIZED TiO2 SOLAR CELL
year: 2019

abstract: Abstract This article describes a cell architecture that achieves enhanced light harvesting with less dye quantity while simultaneously improving the performance of the polysiloxane based solid state dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) We report the synthesis of bimodal mesoporous anatase TiO2 films by a dual templating approach, combining a block copolymer template (Pluronic P123) and polystyrene nanospheres (PS) as soft and hard templates, respectively. The AFM and TEM analysis of TiO2 films revealed a mixture of mesoporous and macroporous morphology in which dual porosity is generated by combustion of soft and hard templates. The size of the macropores was varied by employing PS beads with different diameters (62, 130 and 250 nm) The influence of the macropore size on the dye loading and pore infiltration is the main purpose of this article. The bimodal porosity leads to increased light scattering due to enhanced optical path length, and better pore infiltration of the polysiloxane electrolyte is achieved. The amount of dye uptake by the dual films is lower than that of soft films because the large pore size reduces the total surface area. The optimum bimodal structure was obtained when combining P123 surfactant and the 130 nm PS beads leading to the lowest charge transfer resistance and a high efficiency for DSSCs is reported with both liquid and polymer electrolytes. Even if the dye uptake was lower, the photovoltaic performance has been maintained and improved in some devices. The open circuit voltage and fill factor were improved, owing to a successful joining of different effects i.e. increased light harvesting, facile electrolyte penetration and reduced charge recombination.
author_names: Anil Kumar Bharwal

Laura Maria Manceriu

Fannie Alloin

Cristina Iojoiu

Jennifer Dewalque

Thierry Toupance

Catherine Henrist
title: Tuning bimodal porosity in TiO2 photoanodes towards efficient solid state dye sensitized solar cells comprising polysiloxane based polymer electrolyte
year: 2019

abstract: DSSC is a 3rd generation photovoltaic technology with potential to economically harvest and efficiently convert photons to electricity. Full solid state DSSC based on solid polymer electrolyte prevents the solvent leaking and evaporation during cell fabrication and operation, which will effectively prolong the cell life time. However, it suffers from low ionic conductivity and poor pore infiltration.The present thesis is dedicated to the concomitant development of polysiloxane based polymer electrolytes on one side, and TiO2 photoanodes with tuned porosity on the other side, and their incorporation in solid state dye sensitised solar cell (ss DSSCs) with the aim to improve their photovoltaic efficiency and the long term stability. To best of our knowledge, DSSCs comprising bimodal TiO2 layers and polysiloxane electrolytes have never been reported.The ionic conductivity and tri iodide diffusion coefficient of the polysiloxane based poly(ionic) liquids (PILs) were largely improved by adding of ionic liquids (ILs) or ethylene carbonate (EC) achieving ionic conductivities of 10 4 10 3 Scm 1. The DSSCs fabricated with the optimized electrolytes showed efficiencies up to 6% with long term stability for 250 days.Bimodal TiO2 films with dual porosity (meso and macro porosity) were fabricated by spin coating, by using soft and hard templating. The dual templated films benefit from increased pore size while maintaining high surface area for dye adsorption. Bimodal films were shown to be more efficient when tested with polymer electrolytes, having comparable efficiencies with liquid electrolyte when in DSSCs, despite lower dye uptake.This thesis brings a significant contribution to the field of DSSCs as efficient and stable solar cells were prepared from newly synthesized polymer electrolytes and bimodal films.
author_names: Anil Kumar Bharwal
title: Hierarchical porous TiO2 and ionic liquid like polysiloxane electrolyte for solid state Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract The present work demonstrates a simple one pot synthesis method for the synthesis of NiO@TiO 2 nanocomposites as a working electrode in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) i.e. the applicability of n type TiO 2 and p type NiO. These hybrid nanostructures which were, beneficial because of its increasing dye adsorption with suppressing electron hole recombination and were characterized by using X ray diffraction (XRD) Energy Dispersive X ray (EDX) and UV vis spectroscopy. The morphology and size of the NiO@TiO 2 hybrid nanoparticles were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Graphene Oxide (GO) immobilized into gelatin hydrogel was used as the quasi solid state gel electrolyte. This study is concerned with the effects of different GO concentration in gelatin and effect of NiO content on the energy conversion efficiency of the quasi solid state DSSCs. DSSCs fabricated by using conventional TiO 2 shows maximum open circuit voltage (V oc of 0.68 V, short circuit current density (J sc of 3.06 mA cm 2 and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.31% at an optimum concentration of 0.1% GO in gelatin, as graphene oxide forms some networks with gelatin matrix which enhances charge transportation through the gel electrolyte. The optimized NiO@TiO 2 photoanode (i.e. 5% NiO content) achieved a PCE of 4.02% J sc of 7.68 mA cm 2 and V oc of 0.75 V.
author_names: Momina Khannam

Ratan Boruah

Swapan Kumar Dolui
title: An efficient quasi solid state dye sensitized solar cells based on graphene oxide/gelatin gel electrolyte with NiO supported TiO2 photoanode
year: 2017

abstract: Abstract We have synthesized rare earth element cerium (Ce 3+ doped TiO 2 nanoparticles by using hydrothermal method. This doped TiO 2 is used as photoanode in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) The nanoparticles were characterized by using X ray diffraction (XRD) energy dispersive X ray (EDX) and UV visible spectroscopy. From XRD it was found that the anatase crystalline phase keeps unchanged after Ce 3+ doping while the crystallite size decreases. There is a decrease in the band gap of doped TiO 2 is observed, Ce 3+ positively changes the conduction band minimum of TiO 2 due to the introduction of unoccupied 4f states of Ce 3+ The gel electrolyte was prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline in the mixture of PEO and c MWCNT. The synthesized gel electrolyte was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) SEM, and EDX analyses. The thermal stability of these gels also increased with the addition of c MWCNT. The present study is concerned with effect of c MWCNT and Ce 3+ on the conversion efficiency of the quasi solid state DSSCs. DSSCs fabricated with 0.1% c MWCNT c in PEO/PAni and TiO 2 as photoanode achieved maximum conversion efficiency of 1.62% The introduction of c MWCNT improved ionic conductivity of composite electrolytes and enhanced interfacial contact between electrode and electrolyte. The Ce 3+ @TiO 2 photoanode influences the performance of DSSCs due to the increased electron injection. 0.5 wt% Ce 3+ @TiO 2 photoanode gives a maximum PCE of 4.08% J sc of 7.36 mA cm 2 and V oc of 0.76 V.
author_names: Momina Khannam

Swapan Kumar Dolui
title: Cerium doped TiO2 photoanode for an efficient quasi solid state dye sensitized solar cells based on polyethylene oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline gel electrolyte
year: 2017

abstract: The quest for cost effective and efficient solid state electrolytes is a primary goal for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) The present study describes an experimental approach of synthesizing simple composite electrolytes from iodide triiodide ions (I /I3 incorporated into a polyaniline/thiourea matrix for solid state DSSC applications. This electrolyte composition can be effectively used to decrease the probability of recombination at the TiO2/electrolyte interface and increase the catalytic process of I3 reduction at the electrolyte/counter electrode interface. The application of the optimized electrolyte in DSSC results in increased open circuit voltage as well as short circuit current density, thereby increasing the overall efficiency by 73% as compared to the reference electrolyte. The present composition can prove to be a promising redox medium for solid state DSSCs.
author_names: Himanshi Jauhari

Rakhi Grover

Nidhi Gupta

Omita Nanda

Dalip Singh Mehta

Kanchan Saxena
title: Solid state dye sensitized solar cells with polyaniline thiourea based polymer electrolyte composition
year: 2018