Query: Power electronics  masters thesis topic

Candidate papers:

abstract: The importance of technology and electronics in our daily life is constantly increasing. At the same time portability and energy efficiency are currently some of the hottest topics. This creates a huge need for power converters in a compact form factor and with high efficiency, which can supply these electronic devices. This calls for new technologies in order to miniaturize the power electronics of today. One way to do this is by increasing the switching frequency dramatically and develop very high frequency switch mode power supplies. If these converters can be designed to operate efficiently, a huge size, weight and cost reduction can be achieved due to the smaller energy storing elements needed at these frequencies. The research presented in this thesis focuses on exactly this. First various technologies for miniaturization of power supplies are studied, e.g. piezo electric transformers, wide band gap semiconductors and integrated power supplies. Afterwards a wide range of topologies suited for operation at very high frequencies is investigated and the most promising ones are tested experimentally. Through a comparison of these topologies the class DE inverter is found to be superior to the other alternatives, at least for converters with hundreds of volts as input and a few tens of watts output power. A class DE inverter does however require a high side gate drive, which have never been presented before for these frequencies and voltages. This thesis presents the worlds first high side gate drive capable of operating at these frequencies and voltage levels. With this gate drive the worlds first class DE inverter operating at very high frequencies with more than 100 V input is also developed and presented. These achievements are considered huge breakthroughs in the development of technologies for very high frequency switch mode power supplies. At these highly elevated frequencies normal bulky magnetics with heavy cores consisting of rare earth materials, can be replaced by air core inductors embedded in the printed circuit board. This is investigated thoroughly and both spirals, solenoids and toroids are considered, both for use as inductors and transformers. Two control methods are also investigated, namely burst mode control and outphasing. It is shown that a very flat efficiency curve can be achieved with burst mode. A 89.5% efficient converter is implemented and the efficiency only drops 5% at 10% load. This is some of the highest efficiencies presented for converters operating at these frequencies. Burst mode control does however have two major drawbacks,
author_names: Mickey Pierre Madsen
title: Very High Frequency Switch Mode Power Supplies. Miniaturization of Power Electronics.
year: 2015

abstract: In recent decades, improvements in power electronics have led to a significant spread of grid connected converters, both for AC and DC applications. These converters are often interconnected together into a complex, typically non linear power system, where the interaction between harmonics at the various interfaces of the network can lead to unstable operation mode. Hence, the development of methods in order to perform stability analysis of power systems has been a challenging topic for researchers. The analysis of DC and balanced three phase AC systems has been widely studied and precise methods have been developed. However, in the case of single phase or unbalanced three phase systems, the analysis is more complex and at the beginning of this project it was still an open field for research. Thus, with focus on the latter systems, this thesis presents the stability analysis approach derived in the Linear Time Periodic (LTP) framework. Given a general power system, this is split into a source and a load subsystem. At the point of common coupling, small signal current injections are performed in order to measure the harmonic matrix impedances of source and load. Then, LTP Nyquist Criterion is applied to the ratio of the two harmonic impedances. This allows one to perform stability analysis of any system, without the requirement of knowing its structure or its parameter values. Hence this can be referred to as a "black box approach" Furthermore, in order to provide a theoretical validation of the method, several systems have been analysed and their LTP models have been analytically calculated and validated through simulation and experimental results. The harmonic impedances have been experimentally measured using a so called Stability Measurement Unit (SMU) which is an independent converter that performs small signal current injections and records voltage and currents perturbations. The recorded data has been post processed in Matlab to calculate harmonic impedances and LTP Nyquist. A precise stability boundaries identification has been obtained for all the analysed systems.
author_names: Valerio Salis
title: Stability analysis of AC power system in the linear time periodic framework
year: 2019

abstract: The integration of renewable resources at urban and building scale is one of the major challenges that the cities of the XXI century will face in reducing greenhouse gases emissions and becoming Smart cities. From solar systems, small wind turbines and in pipe hydro systems, to Heat pumps and Micro Combined Heat and Power Fuel Cell Systems, up to energy harvesting systems from roads, pavements, urban furniture and electric vehicles, there are more and more successful cases of application of these clean technologies on new and existing buildings and districts in order to achieve zero energy buildings (ZEB) and to reduce the consumption of fossil energy in urban areas. Here is presented an overview of the different types of renewable energy sources in development, or already available, and illustrates their possible integration at the urban and building scale, showing the benefits achievable in terms of energy production, environmental impacts and architectural quality, taking into account demand response, energy storage and electric grid integration issues. 2016 APCBEES ROME CONFERENCES 12 Keynote Speaker II Prof. Jacek Namiesnik Head of Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland Recent posts: 1996 2002 2005 2012 Dean of Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology 1995 Head of the Department of Analytical Chemistry at the Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology 1996 Member of the Senate of Gdansk University of Technology 2007 Chairman of the Committee of Analytical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) 2007 Member of the State Commission for evaluation of scientific degrees and titles Degrees etc. MSc in Chemistry (Inorganic Technology) 1972, Gdansk University of Technology Ph.D. in Chemistry, 1978, Gdansk University of Technology DSc in Chemistry, 1985, Gdansk University of Technology February 1996 Scientific title of professor conferred by President of the Republic of Poland 2007 Kemula Medal (for achievements in the field of analytical chemistry) Polish Chemical Society 2008 Prime Minister Reward for scientific achievements in the field of environmental engineering 2009 Grant MASTER attributed by Foundation for Polish Science for the period of three years 2012 Sniadecki Medal for achievements in chemistry Polish Chemical Society Research interests new techniques of extraction of analytes from different types of samples, new procedures of determination of wide range of analytes from samples characterized by complex composition of the matrix, Author or coauthor of over 500 papers published in journal of JCR (IF 1231,487) number of independent citation n 4383, Hirsh index h 34. Tutor of 41 and co tutor of 8 PhD degrees. Topic: "Microextraction Procedures as Sample Preparation Techniques for Organic Trace Constituents" Abstract Accurate monitoring of the state of the environment requires the introduction of additional isolation and/or preconcentration steps prior to the final determination of organic pollutants because Accurate monitoring of the state of the environment requires the introduction of additional isolation and/or preconcentration steps prior to the final determination of organic pollutants because 2016 APCBEES ROME CONFERENCES 13 most analytical instruments cannot handle the matrix directly. Attention is focused on analytes separation from samples with a complex matrix composition, with high efficiency allowing they enrichment to reach detection limits of final determination technique. Another important issue is to minimize consumption of organic solvents during sample preparation procedure. In consequence, solventless procedures as well as suitable analytical equipment utilizing green solvents for the sample preparation are developed. [1] [2] Special attention is paid to microextraction techniques. Different types of such techniques have been elaborated and validated. The most widely used green sample preparation technique is Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) used in laboratory application, also in environmental, clinical and industrial applications. Adequate sensitivity, precision and accuracy can be achieving using SPME technique coupled to typical separation and detection instruments. Interest of SPME grows along with the increasing number of new application, new technical solutions and modification of SPME devices appearing in the literature. [3] [4] The number of fibre coatings has been development to extend the applications of SPME technique for environmental application. Among broad range of the new materials applied as the retaining phase, our special emphasis is laid on the Membrane Solid Phase Microextraction technique (M SPME) In this case the polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used as very polar retaining medium physically separated from the sample by hydrophobic, thermally stable and permeable layer of polydimethylosiloxane (PDMS) which acts as a membrane. An analyte needs to be very slightly soluble in the membrane phase to effectively be isolated from an aqueous and/or gaseous media. In our studies, out so far, this system has been implemented in SPME enabling usage of the water soluble PEG without the risk of their dissolving in the polar sample matrix. This new variant of SPME has provided interesting and valuable results during studies on the extraction of polar analytes from different media. We found it applicable for the step of sample preparation in monitoring of environmental pollution. [5] Due to the unique properties, ionic liquids can be an attractive alternative to organic soolvents used currently in sample prepartion procedures. In order to determine their usefulness, new methodology for the preparation of a SPME fiber coating was elaborated. In this way the ionic liquid maintains on the fiber in a liquid state. The methodology relies on the use of sol gel technique. As a result of reaction of silica precursor in presence of ionic luiqid the silica network with pores filled with an ionic liquid is created. Selection of reaction conditions allows to change the amount of retained ionic liquid and the thickness of the final coating. Obtained ionogel fibers were used for the isolation and enrichment of aromatic organic compounds from water samples. The results showed that the ionogel coating has sufficient thermal and mechanical resistance what allows to its application in the SPME technique. [6] [1] Galuszka A. Migaszewski Z. Namiesnik J. Trends Anal. Chem, 50, 78 (2013) [2] Tobiszewski M. Mechlinska A. Zygmunt B. Namiesnik J. Trends Anal. Chem. 28, 943, (2009) [3] Spietelun A. Pilarczyk M. Kloskowski A. Namiesnik J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 4524 (2010) [4] Spietelun A. Kloskowski A. Chrzanowski W. Namiesnik J. Chem. Rev. 113, 1667 (2013) [5] Kloskowski A. Pilarczyk M. Namiesnik J. Membrane Solid Phase Microextractiona new concept of sorbent preparation, Anal. Chem. 81, 7363, (2009) [6] Pena Pereira F. Marcinkowski L. Kloskowski A. Namiesnik J. Anal. Chem. 86. 11640 (2014) 2016 APCBEES ROME CONFERENCES 14 Keynote Speaker III Prof. Hartmut Hinz University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany Prof. Hartmut Hinz was born in Duren, Germany. He received the diploma degree in electrical engineering from the University of Applied Sciences, Aachen and the Ruhr University, Bochum in Germany in the years 1990 and 1994 respectively. He received the Ph.D. degree from the Technical University, Darmstadt in Germany in 2000. From 1999 to 2009 he worked for General Motors Europe in the research department for fuel cell vehicles. In 2009 he was appointed as a Professor in power electronics at the Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Germany. Since 2011 he is the academic leader of the study program Energy efficiency and renewable energy. Since 2010 he is a visiting Professor at the Vietnamese German University in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. His research interests are in the areas power electronics and decentralized power generation. Topic: "Electrical Energy Storage: State of the Art" Abstract Electrical energy storage (EES) is a well established technology in the three main application fields: storing electrical energy in order to reduce electricity costs improve the reliability of the power supply maintain and improve power quality, frequency and voltage. Nowadays the large scale penetration of distributed and renewable energy sources leads to a gaining importance of EES. Furthermore electrical energy storage is one of the essential elements in developing Smart Grids. In off grid areas, particularly in the transport sector EES is the key technology for plug in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. This keynote speech will present the state of the art and the future challenges of EES. First the types and features of EES are explained. Then the markets, economic benefits and technical applications are provided. Finally a forecast of the EES commercial potential is discussed. Electrical energy storage (EES) is a well established technology in the three main application fields: storing electrical energy in order to reduce electricity costs improve the reliability of the power supply maintain and improve power quality, frequency and voltage. Nowadays the large scale penetration of distributed and renewable energy sources leads to a gaining importance of EES. Furthermore electrical energy storage is one of the essential elements in developing Smart Grids. In off grid areas, particularly in the transport sector EES is the key technology for plug in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. This keynote speech will present the state of the art and the future challenges of EES. First the types and features of EES are explained. Then the markets, economic benefits and technical applications are provided. Finally a forecast of the EES commercial potential is discussed. 2016 APCBEES ROME CONFERENCES 15 Keynote Speaker IV Prof. Dr.
author_names: Jerry W Dunn

Young-Bae Park

Hee-Jeong Park

Ibrahim Girginand

Cuneyt Ezgi

Metin Gumus

Seema Unnikrishnan

Ahmet Serdar Yilmaz

J Seo
title: Tuesday Time 13 30 16 15 Venue Room II Session 2 11 presentations Topic " Energy Power Urban Planning "
year: 2017

abstract: As the penetration of offshore wind farms continues to increase in Western Europe, the North Sea in particular is becoming more densely populated by offshore wind farms. Wind turbine wakes have been a topic of great research in the field of wind energy for some time, however the industry now seeks an understanding of the in fluence of the wake from one wind farm on the performance of a downstream wind farm. Few studies have been conducted to this end. This project will contribute to the greater work of the DTU OffshoreWake project. This master thesis will use 2018 SCADA data provided by the project partner, Vattenfall, meteorological mast data provided by BMWi and PTJ, and the author will conduct and analyse simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for the same time period. Additionally, this project will comment on the validity of the wind farm param eterization sub models within WRF, and investigate the dependance of wakes on climatological variables and offer a longer term study than previously conducted, therefore giving the possibility of conclusions with greater certainty based on this body of work. It is found that both of the wind farm parameterization schemes (Fitch and EWP) used in this project can reasonable replicate the trends seen in the measured data. The EWP scheme tends to over predict both gross power produc tion and mean wind speed, while the Fitch scheme tends to underpredict the same. However, for both schemes, good agreement is found with measurements when the wind speed is accurately predicted. Wind farm wakes are observed in SCADA data and WRF simulations. The magnitude of velocity deficit tends to increase for sea sons in which atmospherically stable conditions are most frequent. In the region of study, these stable conditions are accompanied by generally lower wind speeds and winds which prevail from the east.
author_names: Erin Langor
title: Characteristics of Offshore Wind Farm Wakes and their Impact on Wind Power Production from Long term Modelling and Measurements
year: 2019

abstract: Bitcoin is a novel peer to peer payment network that was started in 2009 and that has since flourished, gaining acceptance all over the world. By contributing their ressources such as network connectivity and computing power, all participants are creating the the Bitcoin network together. Designed as an open source software system, the participation rules for this network are not upheld by humans, but implemented in code, and generally allow anyone to join or leave the network at will. Since the time of Bitcoin's inception, software errors had to be fixed and network attacks that tried to make parts of the network unavailable have been endured. This thesis provides a solution to the problem of illegal data inclusions within the blockchain, a data structure that cannot easily be changed and that has to be transmitted to participants of Bitcoin. The flaw, i.e. the possibility for any user of Bitcoin to potentially include illegal data and therefore illegalizes the whole blockchain, is not just a software flaw, but can be seen as a structural one if free participation and uncensorable payments are to be provided. The proposal to solve the problem is layered in two tiers. The first tier prevents effective data inclusion for some standard payment functions within Bitcoin. This allows participants to be certain that these transactions do not contain bad data, allowing them to be included into Bitcoin blocks. It also solves the problem of illegal data permanently occupying valuable ressources on Bitcoin nodes, as parts of the provably clean transactions are generally held in RAM until they have been spent. The prevention mechanism is essentially a system that provides proof that bitcoins were sent to actual Bitcoin addresses, stopping data inclusion by address fields abusal. The second tier consists of rule changes for Bitcoin. First of all, all non standard payment transactions are removed from Bitcoin, with the exception of the more computationally flexible and popular P2SH transactions. This limits the avenues for data inclusion in Bitcoin without destroying its flexibility or its smart contract capabilities. Then, P2SH transactions are redesigned to allow for a more fine grained deletion of their data, so only offending parts could be removed without destroying the integrity of the rest. Finally, a special type of transaction is introduced that allows censorship of just the signature data of a P2SH transaction. This transaction has to include a payment equal to the Bitcoin provided by the previous P2SH transaction, however. By adding this requirement, the system is protected from becoming open to money creation attacks that might inflate the currency without the agreement of all participants. With these changes, illegal data inclusion becomes either impossible, or they can be removed without destorying the integrity of the payment system as a whole or for payments that have already happened. Implementing all proposed changes would go beyond the scope of a master thesis. Tier 1 of the presented solution has been implemented as a proof of concept, though. As a basis, the most popular Bitcoin node software, Bitcoin Core, has been used. Additionally, the ideas behind tier 2 are explained in full, and the potential impact on the system is discussed.
author_names: Andreas Seeg
title: Hardening Bitcoin against off topic data inclusion attacks
year: 2018

abstract: Computer simulation techniques are essential to electric power system studies to reduce risks and improve reliability. Modern power systems are undergoing significant changes with better monitoring and communication capabilities, higher levels of renewable penetration, and a considerable number of connected power electronics devices. There arises a pressing need for a testbed with structural and functional representations of modern power systems, including wide area measurement, energy management, communication, and measurement based control. The topic of the dissertation, Large Scale Simulation of Modern Electric Power Systems, is broad. This dissertation will cover two aspects of the topic. The first aspect is the design and implementation of a communication network enabled large scale testbed (LTB) for wide area measurement based control verification. The second aspect is the modeling and control of voltage source converter (VSC) based multi terminal dc (MTDC) networks. In detail, the LTB section introduces the concepts and techniques that are being used in the current implementation. A proposal of a cyber physical system (CPS) design for the next generation LTB follows. The VSC MT HVDC part covers a) the steady state power flow analysis of ac/ dc hybrid systems, b) positive sequence transient dynamics models of VSC with inertia emulation and frequency response capability, and c) an application of multi terminal dc for integrating offshore wind generation with inertial and frequency support. The outcome in the testbed section includes an implementation of the CURENT LTB. A decoupled architecture enabled by distributed messaging environment allows for building up a simulation environment with modules for simulation, communication, energy management, and wide area control. The LTB also features module interchangeability by adopting a unified communication format that makes the modules agnostic of each other. The testbed has successfully demonstrated state estimations, frequency control and damping control on the CURENT test systems. In the VSC based MTDC modeling section, the power flow model is able to handle systems with more than 10,000 buses at a calculation speed faster than MATLABbased open source packages. The transient models of the VSCs and the dc network demonstrate power transfer capability for inertial response and frequency control in a single grid and a multi area grid with offshore wind generations. CONTENT FROM POWID MEMBERS Author: Paulo Alberto Viana Vieira Advisor: Dr. Edson Bortoni Institute: Institute of Electrical Systems and Energy (ISEE) University: Itajuba Federal University, Brazil Abstract: Nowadays, the transition from conventional fossil fuel based and centralized energy generation to distributed renewables is increasing rapidly, due to the environmental concerns and political incentives. Wind and solar power generation offer carbon dioxide neutral electricity but also present some integration difficulties for energy system operators and planners due to intermittent power output. A promising way of dealing with the intermittency from renewables is energy storage. Many types of energy storage have been under development and study. Therefore, a battery energy storage system has been implemented mainly in residential applications to utility power grids. Battery energy storage can allow higher amounts of renewable electricity generation to be integrated by smoothening power output, and time shifting generated energy to follow demand and increase hosting capacities through peak shaving. Power quality related issues due to intermittency can be mitigated by controlling the storage's charging patterns to respond to grid variables. For optimal utilization and maximum storage value, several applications should be within the operational repertoire of the storage unit. Other applications including arbitrage, grid investment deferral, and load following are discussed. This thesis proposes a study and analysis of the Conti Varlet approach or stretchedthread method (STM) a powerful graphical based technique used to partial flow regularization for hydropower plants to provide auxiliary service regularization considering a battery energy storage system (BESS) The proposal is maintaining the power more stable and constant as possible, mitigating the PV intermittence. A one year analysis is performed for each BESS size, ranging from 10% to 90% A cost for each scenario and an optimal BESS is presented to reduce the disutility. The changing of the consumption costs is defined as disutility. Large Scale Simulation of Modern Electric Power Systems Nowadays, the transition from conventional fossil fuel based and centralized energy generation to distributed renewables is increasing rapidly, due to the environmental concerns and political incentives. Wind and solar power generation offer carbon dioxide neutral electricity but also present some integration difficulties for energy system operators and planners due to intermittent power output. A promising way of dealing with the intermittency from renewables is energy storage. Many types of energy storage have been under development and study. Therefore, a battery energy storage system has been implemented mainly in residential applications to utility power grids. Battery energy storage can allow higher amounts of renewable electricity generation to be integrated by smoothening power output, and time shifting generated energy to follow demand and increase hosting capacities through peak shaving. Power quality related issues due to intermittency can be mitigated by controlling the storage's charging patterns to respond to grid variables. For optimal utilization and maximum storage value, several applications should be within the operational repertoire of the storage unit. Other applications including arbitrage, grid investment deferral, and load following are discussed. This thesis proposes a study and analysis of the Conti Varlet approach or stretchedthread method (STM) a powerful graphical based technique used to partial flow regularization for hydropower plants to provide auxiliary service regularization considering a battery energy storage system (BESS) The proposal is maintaining the power more stable and constant as possible, mitigating the PV intermittence. A one year analysis is performed for each BESS size, ranging from 10% to 90% A cost for each scenario and an optimal BESS is presented to reduce the disutility. The changing of the consumption costs is defined as disutility. Large Scale Simulation of Modern Electric Power Systems Energy Storage System Sizing Using The Conti Varlet And Disutility Optimization
author_names: Xinsheng Lou
title: ISA Power Industries Division Newsletter
year: 2019

abstract: JOONA LEINONEN: Real time Electrical Emulation of Li ion Battery Storage Using Power Hardware in the Loop Tampere University Master's Thesis, 55 pages, 3 Appendix pages June 2019 Master's Degree Programme in Computing and Electrical Engineering Major: Power Electronics Examiner: Academy Research Fellow Tomi Roinila
author_names: Joona Leinonen
title: Real time Electrical Emulation of Li ion Battery Storage Using Power Hardware in the Loop
year: 2019

abstract: ALEKSI SALMI: Analysis of harmonic content and power losses of a frequencyconverter fed high speed induction motor system Tampere University Master of Science Thesis, 63 pages, 4 Appendix pages January 2019 Master's Degree Programme in Electrical Engineering Major: Power Electronics Examiners: University Lecturer Jenni Rekola, Assistant Prof. Tuomas Messo
author_names: Aleksi Salmi
title: Analysis of harmonic content and power losses of a frequency converter fed high speed induction motor system
year: 2019

abstract: There is an increasing demand for compact onsite dielectric test systems of medium and high voltage equipment. Though there are commercially available mobile high voltage (HV) test sources, they have some important drawbacks such as limitation in voltage capability, complexity in building up the test setup and lack of versatility to test different equipment. Alternatively, the present challenges in these conventional test sources could be resolved by constructing a power electronics based test source. Amongst various converter topologies, Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is considered as a suitable topology for this application because of its high efficiency, modular structure, and reduced filter requirement. In order to achieve a compact solution, an oil immersed design of MMC, instead of the typical air insulated converter design is proposed in this master thesis. Oil can act both as a coolant and an effective insulating medium, thereby reducing the dimensions of the test system. This master thesis demonstrates the feasibility of oil immersed MMC based HV test source, covering both system level and component level aspects. The extent of compactness of the test source in oil was estimated at a system level. It was found that for the given trailer dimensions, the voltage capability of test source is around 4 times higher in oil when compared to air, This shows the effectiveness of oil as an insulating medium. The feasibility of oil immersed converter design depends on the degree of compatibility of its components under oil. Hence, experimental investigation was conducted on Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor modules (IGBT) under oil as they are considered to be a pivotal component in MMC. Preliminary results show the penetration of oil into the IGBT chip surface. Despite oil migration, the operation of IGBT was not hindered during the test. Based on the results obtained from experimental work, a road map of future tests is suggested that need to be performed to realize an oil immersed HV mobile test source.
author_names: Getssy Prathiba Lourduraj
title: Feasibility study of oil immersed power electronic based high voltage test source for onsite testing purpose
year: 2019

abstract: After a total blackout in its own area, each Transmission System Operator (TSO) has a responsibility to initiate a restoration process as quickly, safely and reliably as possible, re establishing the integrity of the electric power system (EPS) In recent years, this became topic on which the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO E) increased attention, requiring each TSO to establish and test appropriate restoration scenarios. In order to be able to restore the EPS safely and efficiently, it is necessary to verify the feasibility of a restoration scenario and be aware of the main issues during such a procedure. It is therefore important to develop testing models that should be able to simulate the behaviour of the EPS under various conditions. This master thesis presents a real time dynamic simulation of an EPS restoration procedure. In general, the thesis is split in two main parts. In the first part, an EPS is modelled for several restoration scenarios, implementing different re energization approaches. We considered several scenarios for the dynamic analysis, applying re energization of the transmission system by black start units or, with the help of neighbouring systems. In the second part of the thesis we focused on the operation of the re energized areas, in terms of synchronizing the re energized parts of the EPS, adding load to the system and maintaining the frequency. The simulations were carried out by specially designed computer system with a custom hardware and all in one software, Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) Using the RTDS device for restoration processes enables a wide range of simulations under various operating conditions, furthermore a possibility of testing a real physical power equipment operation during a black start procedure.
author_names: Rajne Ilievska
title: Real time dynamic simulation of a power system restoration process
year: 2019