Query: Recent developments in graphene-based optical modulators

Candidate papers:

abstract: Graphene has shown promising perspectives in optical active components due to the large active control of its permittivity variation. This paper systematically reviews the recent developments of graphene based optical modulators, including material property, different integration schemes, single layer graphene based modulator, multi layer and few layer graphene based modulators, corresponding figure of merits, wavelength/temperature tolerance, and graphene based fiber optic modulator. The different treatments for graphene's isotropic and anisotropic property were also discussed. The results showed graphene is an excellent material for enhancing silicon's weak modulation capability after it is integrated into the silicon platform, and has great potentials for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible optical devices, showing significant influence on optical interconnects in future integrated optoelectronic circuits.
author_names: Ran Hao

Jiamin Jin

Xinchang Wei

Xiaofeng Jin

Xianmin Zhang

Erping Li
title: Recent developments in graphene based optical modulators
year: 2014

abstract: Significant achievements have been made on the development of next generation filtration and separation membranes using graphene materials, as graphene based membranes can afford numerous novel mass transport properties that are not possible in state of art commercial membranes, making them promising in areas such as membrane separation, water desalination, proton conductors, energy storage and conversion, etc. The latest developments on understanding mass transport through graphene based membranes, including perfect graphene lattice, nanoporous graphene and graphene oxide membranes are reviewed here in relation to their potential applications. A summary and outlook is further provided on the opportunities and challenges in this arising field. The aspects discussed may enable researchers to better understand the mass transport mechanism and to optimize the synthesis of graphene based membranes toward large scale production for a wide range of applications.
author_names: Pengzhan Sun

Kunlin Wang

Hongwei Zhu
title: Recent Developments in Graphene Based Membranes: Structure, Mass Transport Mechanism and Potential Applications.
venue: Advanced materials
year: 2016

abstract: DOI: 10.1002/admt.201700248 intelligence, healthcare monitoring, artificial prosthesis, and human machine interaction electronics.[1 4] Human skin, served as the largest sensory organ in human body, can help us communicate with surroundings such as the contacted pressures, changed temperatures, shapes, and textures of touched objects, via the specialized sense receptors.[5,6] For an intact haptic system, the collected information will be sent to the central nervous systems for comprehending and processing the meaning of the received information, and then our body will be guided to respond to the physical contact successfully. To imitate the sophisticated perception of human skin, various kinds of functional electronic devices which can sense and distinguish external physical, chemical, and biological signals simultaneously are integrated in a flexible or elastic system likes human skin. The functional electronic devices including pressure sensor, temperature sensor, and humidity sensor[7 9] have the ability to transfer the generated information from physical signals into electrical signals that electronic devices can recognize.[10 12] However, there remains enormous challenges to construct E skins with multimodal detection, fleet response, high sensitivity and resolution, even though much research has been reported on the imitation of human skin behaviors recently. The rise of E skins in early years may be resulted from the inspiration of science fiction and movies, which builds a bridge between virtual imagination and scientific reality. Since a prosthetic hand with tactile feedback was demonstrated by Clippinger et al. in 1974,[13] several studies have been followed to explore the potential application of tactile bionics.[14 16] Especially, flexible electronics achieved significant progress which served as a foundation to construct E skins, due to the particular importance of mechanical compliance and highly sensitive characteristics in mimicking human skin.[17 21] For examples, Rogers and co workers developed flexible electronics technologies to transfer traditional Si electronic devices onto 100 nm ultrathin films connected by stretchable interconnects.[22,23] Someya and co workers integrated a large scale organic fieldeffect transistors (FETs) based on flexible pentacene which showed excellent pressure sensitivity.[24] Bao and coworkers developed novel self healing and mechanical force sensing E skins with microstructured elastomeric dielectrics.[25 27] In addition, piezoresistive, capacitive, and piezoelectric sensors are deemed as three major transduction mechanisms for the Human skin, the largest organ of human body, can perceive tactile sensations, temperature, humidity, and other complex environmental stimulations. To mimic the capabilities of human skin, graphene provides great potential in building wearable electronic skins (E skins) which hold broad applications in advanced robotics, healthcare monitoring, artificial intelligence, human machine interfaces, etc. Herein, the recent progress in flexible tactile sensors and E skins based on graphene material is presented. A brief introduction of the main approaches to prepare graphene nanosheets is provided. The main developments on the functions and mechanisms of bionic functional devices in E skins including tactile sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors are then highlighted. The current and future applications for graphenebased E skins, such as multifunctional biomimetic E skins, healthcare monitoring, and interactive human machine interface, are also described. Finally, the existing challenges and future development trends for graphenebased E skins are discussed.
author_names: Shuai Chen

Kai Jiang

Zheng Lou

Di Chen

Guozhen Shen
title: Recent Developments in Graphene Based Tactile Sensors and E Skins
year: 2018

abstract: Optical modulators (OMs) are a key device in modern optical systems. Due to its unique optical properties, graphene has been recently utilized in the fabrication of optical modulators, which promise high performance such as broadband response, high modulation speed, and high modulation depth. In this paper, the latest experimental and theoretical demonstrations of graphene optical modulators (GOMs) with different structures and functions are reviewed. Particularly, the principles of electro optical and all optical modulators are illustrated. Additionally, the limitation of GOMs and possible methods to improve performance and practicability are discussed. At last, graphene terahertz modulators (GTMs) are introduced.
author_names: Siyuan Luo

Yanan Wang

Xin Tong

Zhiming M Wang
title: Graphene based optical modulators
venue: Nanoscale Research Letters
year: 2015

abstract: The optical loss of graphene can be tuned by shifting its Fermi level. We demonstrated that this tuning can be used for in a high speed optical modulator at telecommunication wavelength.
author_names: Ming Liu

Xiang Zhang
title: Graphene based optical modulators
venue: OFC/NFOEC
year: 2012

abstract: Tiny active components will enable a new generation of integrated photonics for communications and sensing. This paper discusses highlights from ongoing programs that seek to reduce the footprint of optical modulators using strong light matter interaction.
author_names: Gordon Arthur Keeler
title: Nanoscale Optical Modulators: Application Drivers and Recent Developments
venue: 2018 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exposition (OFC)
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract The majority of the most successful optical modulators in silicon demonstrated in recent years operate via the plasma dispersion effect and are more specifically based upon free carrier depletion in a silicon rib waveguide. In this work we overview the different types of free carrier depletion type optical modulators in silicon. A summary of some recent example devices for each configuration is then presented together with the performance that they have achieved. Finally an insight into some current research trends involving silicon based optical modulators is provided including integration, operation in the mid infrared wavelength range and application in short and long haul data transmission links.
author_names: Graham T Reed

Goran Z Mashanovich

Frederic Y Gardes

Milos S Nedeljkovic

Youfang Hu

David J Thomson

Ke Li

Peter Wilson

Shen-Wen Chen

Shawn S H Hsu
title: Recent breakthroughs in carrier depletion based silicon optical modulators
year: 2013

abstract: Optical modulators are commonly used in communication and information technology to control intensity, phase, or polarization of light. Electro optic, electroabsorption, and acousto optic modulators based on semiconductors and compound semiconductors have been used to control the intensity of light. Because of gate tunable optical properties, graphene introduces new potentials for optical modulators. The operation wavelength of graphene based modulators, however, is limited to infrared wavelengths due to inefficient gating schemes. Here, we report a broadband optical modulator based on graphene supercapacitors formed by graphene electrodes and electrolyte medium. The transparent supercapacitor structure allows us to modulate optical transmission over a broad range of wavelengths from 450 nm to 2 mm under ambient conditions. We also provide various device geometries including multilayer graphene electrodes and reflection type device geometries that provide modulation of 35% The graphene supercapacitor structure together with the high modulation efficiency can enable various active devices ranging from plasmonics to optoelectronics.
author_names: Emre O Polat

Coskun Kocabas
title: Broadband optical modulators based on graphene supercapacitors.
venue: Nano letters
year: 2013

abstract: Abstract Graphene, a monolayer of graphite sheet consisting of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms covalently bonded to three other atoms (discovered in 2004) has recently attracted the attention of chemical sensor researchers owing to its unprecedented structural, mechanical and electrical properties. Excellent mechanical strength (Young modulus ~0.05 TPa) potentiality of ultrafast electron transport (highest mobility ~200,000 cm 2 /V s) along with the best surface to volume ratio has opened up the opportunity to use the material for future gas and vapor sensors with ultra fast speed and long term durability. Since it is a two dimensional material, every atom of graphene may be considered a surface atom and as a result every atom site may be involved in the gas interactions. This feature of graphene can eventually be responsible for its ultra sensitive sensor response with the lowest detection capability approaching even a single molecule. Further, the ease of functionalization of the material either by chemical means (absorption of many molecules like oxygen or hydrogen) or by application of voltage or pressure, facilitates bandgap engineering which in turn may lead to a possible solution to the selectivity issues, the perennial problems of chemical sensors. In this review, the latest advancement and new perspectives of graphene based gas and vapor sensors have been discussed critically.
author_names: S Basu

Partha Bhattacharyya
title: Recent developments on graphene and graphene oxide based solid state gas sensors
year: 2012

abstract: Research and development in graphene synthesis has been rapidly growing in the past few years because of its extraordinary physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties. Graphene flakes, one of the most popular forms of graphene, can be used for many applications such as conductive inks, nanofluids, supercapacitors, composites, etc. Synthesis of graphene flakes is indeed a path to reach large scale production even if the cost of production and efficiency are required to be further improved. This review sheds light on the recent advancements of graphene flake synthesis and it gives a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis methods. Keys for further improvements are proposed based on the mechanisms involved in the graphene flake formation.
author_names: Muhammad Izhar Kairi

Sebastian Dayou

Nurul Izni Kairi

Suriani Abu Bakar

Brigitte Vigolo

Abdul Rahman Mohamed
title: Toward high production of graphene flakes a review on recent developments in their synthesis methods and scalability
year: 2018