Query: Development of On-Chip Calibration for Hybrid Pixel Detectors

Candidate papers:

abstract: Semiconductor hybrid pixel detectors of X ray radiation are recently commonly used in many fields, such as material science, medicine, and synchrotron measurements. One of the most common problems to be solved in the pixel detector design are offsets and gain spreads in the readout electronics, which come from very small sizes of the transistors used. The mentioned problem can be mitigated by implementing a "digital assisted analog" design approach, where the offsets are corrected by trimming digital to analog converters (DACs) fed with proper digital data. To find the correct input value for each DAC, the execution of the calibrating procedure is necessary, which is usually run using assistive devices, such as PCs or FPGAs, and is a time consuming task. This paper presents the concept of the pixel matrix detector on chip calibration, that enables standalone improvement of the device accuracy. The proposed solution integrates the RISC V based microprocessor, Pixel Matrix Controller, and pixel matrix detector inside the single integrated circuit. The solution does not require data transfer out of the chip and is therefore significantly faster than off chip methods.
author_names: Pawel Skrzypiec

Robert Szczygiel
title: Development of On Chip Calibration for Hybrid Pixel Detectors
venue: 2021 24th International Symposium on Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits Systems (DDECS)
year: 2021

abstract: An upgrade of the ATLAS experiment for the High Luminosity phase of LHC is planned for 2024 and foresees the replacement of the present Inner Detector (ID) with a new Inner Tracker (ITk) completely made of silicon devices. Depleted active pixel sensors built with the High Voltage CMOS (HV CMOS) technology are investigated as an option to cover large areas in the outermost layers of the pixel detector and are especially interesting for the development of monolithic devices which will reduce the production costs and the material budget with respect to the present hybrid assemblies. For this purpose the H35DEMO, a large area HV CMOS demonstrator chip, was designed by KIT, IFAE and University of Liverpool, and produced in AMS 350 nm CMOS technology. It consists of four pixel matrices and additional test structures. Two of the matrices include amplifiers and discriminator stages and are thus designed to be operated as monolithic detectors. In these devices the signal is mainly produced by charge drift in a small depleted volume obtained by applying a bias voltage of the order of 100V. Moreover, to enhance the radiation hardness of the chip, this technology allows to enclose the electronics in the same deep N WELLs which are also used as collecting electrodes. In this contribution the characterisation of H35DEMO chips and results of the very first beam test measurements of the monolithic CMOS matrices with high energetic pions at CERN SPS will be presented.
author_names: S Terzo

E Cavallaro

Raimon Casanova

Francesco Armando di Bello

Fabian Forster

Sebastian Grinstein

Ivan Per'ic

Carles Puigdengoles

Branislav Ristic

M Vicente Barreto Pinto

Ev Energies

D'epartement de Physique Nucl'eaire et Corpusculaire

University of Geneva

Instituci'o Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanccats

Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie

University of Liverpool

United Kingdom
title: Characterisation of novel prototypes of monolithic HV CMOS pixel detectors for high energy physics experiments
year: 2017

abstract: JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two dimensional hybrid pixel detector under development for photon science applications at free electron laser and synchrotron facilities. In particular, JUNGFRAU detectors will equip the Aramis end stations of SwissFEL, an X ray free electron laser currently under construction at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Villigen, Switzerland. JUNGFRAU has been designed specifically to meet the challenges of photon science at XFELs, including high frame rates, single photon sensitivity in combination with a high dynamic range, vacuum compatibility and tilable modules. This has resulted in a charge integrating detector with three dynamically adjusting gains, a low noise of 55 ENC RMS, readout speeds in excess of 2 kHz, single photon sensitivity down to 2 keV (with a signal to noise ratio of 10) and a dynamic range covering four orders of magnitude at 12 keV. Each JUNGFRAU module consists of eight chips of 256 x 256 pixels, each 75 x 75 mm2 in size. The chips are arranged in 2 x 4 formation and bump bonded to a single silicon sensor 320 mm thick, resulting in an active area of approximately 4 x 8 cm2 per module. Multi module vacuum compatible systems comprising up to 16 Mpixels (32 modules) will be used at SwissFEL. The design of SwissFEL and the JUNGFRAU system for the Aramis end station A will be introduced, together with results from early prototypes and a characterisation using the first batch of final JUNGFRAU modules. Plans and first results of the pixel by pixel calibration will also be shown. The vacuum compatibility of the JUNGFRAU module is demonstrated for the first time.
author_names: Sophie Redford

Anna Bergamaschi

Martin Bruckner

Sebastian Cartier

Roberto Dinapoli

Yasin Ekinci

Erik Frojdh

Dominic Greiffenberg

Davit Mayilyan

Davide Mezza

Aldo Mozzanica

Rajendran Rajeev

Marco Ramilli

Christian Ruder

L Schadler

Bernd Schmitt

Xintian Shi

Dhanya Thattil

Gemma Tinti

Jiangdong Zhang
title: Calibration status and plans for the charge integrating JUNGFRAU pixel detector for SwissFEL
year: 2016

abstract: The next steps in particle physics will involve colliders that are able to investigate the TeV energy scale so that many of the unanswered questions can be addressed. The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) aims to do this through collisions of electrons and positrons at a high luminosity and at centre of mass energies of up to 3 TeV. In addition to the accelerator, a detector system is under development that targets precision physics measurements in an environment with a high rate of beam induced backgrounds. One of the sub detectors that faces particularly challenging requirements is the pixel vertex detector. To achieve its goals, hybrid readout chips either bump bonded to planar sensors or capacitively coupled to High Voltage CMOS (HV CMOS) sensors, fabricated in a commercial 180 nm technology, are under study. Both of these sensor options have a small pitch of 25 x 25 um2 and are hybridised to 65 nm CLICpix readout ASICs. Initial investigations have shown the feasibility of such technologies, but further, and more detailed studies are needed. This is done through a series of simulations and measurements to assess the suitability of each technology for the CLIC vertex detector. Simulations of the custom designed CCPDv3 HV CMOS sensor have been carried out using the Sentaurus Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulation software. Firstly, a comparison of a 2D model and a resource intensive 3D model was carried out, showing an agreement within 15% of the sensor properties, such as electric field, depletion depth and charge collection. However, there is a difference of 40% for the capacitance, indicating 3D simulations are better suited to capacitance measurements. The 2D model was then expanded to include a multi pixel model for studies of charge sharing. Lab characterisations of planar sensor assemblies were undertaken to determine the quality of the bump bonds and define regions with an acceptable level of working pixels for three assemblies. Calibrations were performed to convert the Time over Threshold (ToT) energy measurements and Digital to Analogue (DAC) threshold voltage steps into physical units. For the HV CMOS assemblies, the analogue output of several pixels was compared to the ToT response of the CLICpix readout chip so that the simulation results could be converted to ToT and compared to the beam test data. The performance of the HV CMOS assemblies was assessed at the CERN SPS using 120 GeV/c secondary beams. This was done over an incident angle range of 0 80deg and showed excellent efficiency above 99.7% and a spatial resolution of 5 7 um after eta correction was applied to correct for non linear charge sharing. The measurements were then compared to the simulations, showing a good agreement for the current voltage, breakdown and charge collection properties. The validated simulations were used to investigate possible prospects for improved performance that can be applied in future sensor designs. Two avenues of investigation were explored: increasing the bulk resistivity and biasing from the backside. The largest improvement was for a back bias model with a resistivity of 1 kOcm.
author_names: Matthew Daniel Buckland
title: Simulation and evaluation of HV CMOS pixel sensors for the CLIC vertex detector
year: 2018

abstract: ePix10K is a hybrid pixel detector developed at SLAC for demanding free electron laser (FEL) applications, providing an ultrahigh dynamic range (245 eV to 88 MeV) through gain auto ranging. It has three gain modes (high, medium and low) and two auto ranging modes (high to low and medium to low) The first ePix10K cameras are built around modules consisting of a sensor flip chip bonded to 4 ASICs, resulting in 352x384 pixels of 100 \mu$m x 100 \mu$m each. We present results from extensive testing of three ePix10K cameras with FEL beams at LCLS, resulting in a measured noise floor of 245 eV rms, or 67 e$ equivalent noise charge (ENC) and a range of 11000 photons at 8 keV. We demonstrate the linearity of the response in various gain combinations: fixed high, fixed medium, fixed low, auto ranging high to low, and auto ranging medium to low, while maintaining a low noise (well within the counting statistics) a very low cross talk, perfect saturation response at fluxes up to 900 times the maximum range, and acquisition rates of up to 480 Hz. Finally, we present examples of high dynamic range x ray imaging spanning more than 4 orders of magnitude dynamic range (from a single photon to 11000 photons/pixel/pulse at 8 keV) Achieving this high performance with only one auto ranging switch leads to relatively simple calibration and reconstruction procedures. The low noise levels allow usage with long integration times at non FEL sources. ePix10K cameras leverage the advantages of hybrid pixel detectors with high production yield and good availability, minimize development complexity through sharing the hardware, software and DAQ development with all other versions of ePix cameras, while providing an upgrade path to 5 kHz, 25 kHz and 100 kHz in three steps over the next few years, matching the LCLS II requirements.
author_names: G Blaj

Angelo Dragone

Christopher J Kenney

Faisal T Abu-Nimeh

Pietro Caragiulo

Dionisio Doering

Maciej Kwiatkowski

Jack Pines

Matt Weaver

Sebastien Boutet

Gabriella Carini

C -E Chang

Philip Hart

Jasmine Hasi

Matt J Hayes

Ryan Herbst

Jason E Koglin

Kazutaka Nakahara

Julie D Segal

Gunther Haller
title: Performance of ePix10K, a high dynamic range, gain auto ranging pixel detector for FELs.
year: 2019

abstract: New developments in medical imaging head towards semiconductor detectors flip chip bonded to CMOS readout chips. In this work, detectors fabricated on SI GaAs bulk material were bonded to Photon Counting Chips. 1 This PCC consists of a matrix of 64 64 identical square pixels (170mm 170mm) with a 15 bit counter in each cell. We investigated the imaging properties of these detector systems under exposure of a dental X ray tube. First, a dose calibration of the X ray tube was performed. Fixed pattern noise in flood exposure images was determined for a fixed dose and an image correction method, which uses a gain map, was applied. For characterising the imaging properties, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) was calculated as function of exposure dose. Finally, the dynamic range of the system was estimated. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
author_names: C Schwarz

Michael Campbell

R Goeppert

J Ludwig

Bettina Mikulec

M Rogalla

Keith Runge

A Soeldner-Rembold

K M Smith

W Snoeys

J Watt
title: Dose dependent X ray measurements using a 64x64 hybrid GaAs pixel detector with photon counting
year: 2001

abstract: The LHCb experiment requires positive kaon identification in the momentum range 2 100 GeV/c. This is provided by two ring imaging Cherenkov detectors. The stringent requirements on the photon detectors are fully satisfied by the novel pixel hybrid photon detector, HPD. The HPD is a vacuum tube with a quartz window, S20 photo cathode, cross focusing electron optics and a silicon anode encapsulated within the tube. The anode is a 32/spl times/256 pixels hybrid detector, with a silicon sensor bump bonded onto a readout chip containing 8192 channels with analogue front end and digital read out circuitry. An external magnetic field influences the trajectory of the photoelectrons and could thereby degrade the inherent excellent space resolution of the HPD. The HPDs must be operational in the fringe magnetic field of the LHCb magnet. This paper reports on an extensive experimental characterization of the distortion effects. The characterization has allowed the development of parameterisations and of a compensation algorithm. A calibration procedure based on the imaging of pre defined test patterns that has been developed for the RICH detectors is also proposed.
author_names: Gianluca Aglieri Rinella

T F Bellunalo

Carmelo D'Ambrosio

Roger W Forty

Thierry Gys

M Patel

Didier Piedigrossi

A Van Lysebetten
title: Pixel hybrid photon detector magnetic distortions characterization and compensation
venue: IEEE Symposium Conference Record Nuclear Science 2004.
year: 2004

abstract: The Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD) is the innermost detector of the ALICE Inner Tracking System and the closest one to the interaction point. In order to operate the detector in a safe way, a control system was developed in the framework of PVSS which allows to monitor and control a large number of parameters such as temperatures, currents, voltages, etc. The control system of the SPD implements interlock features to protect the detector against overheating and prevents operating it in case of malfunctions. The nearly 50,000 parameters required to fully configure the detector are stored in a database which employs automatic configuration versions after a new calibration run has been carried out. Several user interface panels were developed to allow experts and non expert shifters to operate the detector in an easy and safe way. This contribution provides an overview of the SPD control system. I. THE SILICON PIXEL DETECTOR SPD is based on a hybrid silicon pixels technology and contains around 9.8 M read out channels. It is composed of 120 half staves (HS) mounted on 10 carbon fibre supporting sectors (Fig. 1) Each half stave is made of two ladders, a Multi Chip Module (MCM) and an aluminium polyimide multilayer bus. Each ladder consists of 5 front end chips flipchip bonded to a 200 microns thick silicon sensor [1] Figure 1: The Silicon Pixel Detector The MCM constitutes the on detector electronics and performs operations such as clock distributions, data multiplexing, etc. The multilayer bus provides the connection between the MCM and the front end chips, while communication between the MCM and the off detector electronics (Routers) is assured by three single mode optical fiber links. The SPD low voltage power supply (PS) system is based on 20 CAEN A3009 dc dc converter modules (1 for each half sector) housed in 4 CAEN Easy3000 crates located about 40m from the detector. The sensor bias voltage is provided by 10 CAEN A1519 modules (1 for each sector) housed in a CAEN SY1527 mainframe 100 m away from the detector. II. OVERVIEW OF THE DETECTOR CONTROL SYSTEM The DCS plays a leading role in operating the SPD and fulfils very stringent requirements. The ALICE Detector Control System (DCS) as well as all the LHC experiments, is supervised by a SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) based on a software platform called PVSSII [2] The aim of every control system is to supervise all the operations carried out in its structure and to react promptly in case of misbehaviors. The ALICE DCS group, in collaboration with every detector, foresaw a series of constrains to integrate the control system of each sub detector into a unique control system. The DCS of the SPD was designed according to such requirements. Standard components were mainly used to reduce maintenance efforts and, in few cases, dedicated components were developed for specific and innovative tasks. The block diagram shows the connections between the hardware and software components (Fig. 2) Figure 2: Detector control system scheme There are 4 sub control systems: PS control, Interlock control, Cooling Control and the Front End driver (FED) control. The first three directly communicate with the hardware via Ethernet (TCP/IP, OPC protocol) while the last one uses the same protocol to connect to the FED, which is the driver that communicates with the off detector electronics (20 routers) via a VME bus.
author_names: Claudio Bortolin

Romualdo Santoro

Ivan Amos Cali

C Torcato de Matos
title: Development and commissioning of the ALICE pixel detector control system
year: 2009

abstract: ECLAIRs is a 2 D coded mask imaging telescope on board the Sino French SVOM space mission, in order to detect and locate precisely Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) in the 4 150 keV energy range. Its design has been drawn by the central objective of achieving a low energy threshold of 4 keV. In that respect, the camera is formed by 6400 Schottky CdTe detectors organized on elementary hybrid matrices of 4 x 8 pixels, which will be polarized up to 450V and operated at 20degC. The remarkable low energy threshold homogeneity required for the detection plane has been achieved thanks to an extensive characterization of the innovative hybrid module composed of 32 CdTe detectors, associated to a very lownoise 32 channel ASIC chip, and both assembled on specific ceramics. In this paper, we outline the SVOM space mission, and then describe the ECLAIRs instrument. We continue by focusing on the different elements of the camera prototype named "ProtoDPIX" Indeed, this is a very important step for the project because it is the first time we are working in Camera Mode with 800 detectors. Then, we present some spectral results obtained from this, to show its great spectroscopic performance, after explaining the setup. Thus, we performed a large spectral measurements campaign at the regulated temperature of 20degC, using several calibrated radioactive sources (241Am and 57Co) Moreover, we will resume the future steps of development of the final flight model camera and the different constraints due to the short planning and the very challenging technical requirements. In conclusion, thanks to this prototype we are in the process of validating a complete detection chain, from the detectors to the backend electronics, and from mechanical study through thermal design. Finally, we are checking the performance to be ready for integration, functional tests and calibration stages.
author_names: Carine Amoros

Baptiste Houret

Karine Lacombe

V Waegebaert

J L Atteia

Armelle Bajat

L Bautista

I Belkacem

S Bordon

Bertrand Cordier

M Galliano

Olivier Godet

Francois Gonzalez

Philippe Guillemot

Stephan Maestre

Pierre Mandrou

W Marty

Roger Pons

Damien Rambaud

Pascale Ramon
title: Status of technological development on ECLAIRs camera onboard the SVOM space mission
venue: Astronomical Telescopes Instrumentation
year: 2018

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Performance of 5 Micron, Molecular Beam Epitaxy HgCdTe Sensor Chip Assemblies (SCAs) for the NGST Mission and Ground Based Astronomy. Cosmic Rays and Other Nonsense in Astronomical CCD Imagers. An Overview of CCD Development at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Scientific CMOS Pixels. Secrets of E2V Technologies CCDs. Progress in Ultra Low Noise Hybrid and Monolithic FPAs for Visible and Infrared. A Marconi CCD42 40 with Anti Blooming. Very Large Format Back Illuminated CCDS. Compound Semiconductor Detectors. Optical Photon Counting STJ Activities at ESA. Silicon on Insulator Based Single Chip Image Sensors. Large Format and Scientific Detectors at Fairchild Imaging. HgCdTe Detectors for the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 IR Channel. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Developments at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. Observatory Status/Plans. Eso's Optical Detector Sytems in the VLT Operations Era. The Detector Systems of the Keck Observatory: UV to 25 Microns. IR Detector Developments at Eso. Controller Developments. Detector Work at the UKATC. CCD Camera Systems for the GTC. Detectors at CTIO: Present Status and Future Plans. Strange Happenings in the Dungeons. NOAO Observatory Plans. MONSOON Image Acquisition System. Instrumentation. Improved CCD Detectors for High Speed, Charge Exchange Spectroscopy Studies on the DIII D Tokamak. A CCD Wavefront Sensing System for the ESO Multi Conjugate Adaptive Optics Demonstrator (MAD) CFHT's Skyprobe: True Atmospheric Attenuation Measurement in the Telescope Field. CFHT's Flyeyes: Assessing On sky Performance of the New MIT/LL CCID 35 CCD Curvature Wavefront Sensor. Ultra Clean CCD Cryostats. The Impact of Astronomy Technologies on Chemical Analysis. A CCD based Curvature Wavefront Sensor for Adaptive Optics in Astronomy. Performance and Results of the NAOS Visible Wavefront Sensor. Fabry Perot Observations Using a New GaAs Photon Counting System. Near IR Fringe Tracking for VLTI: the FINITO Detection System. OSIRIS Detectors. The Optimized Cryostat for the LBC Camera. The Omegacam Shutter. Ultra Deep Optical Spectroscopy with PMAS. The Tololo all Sky Camera. The Orthogonal Parallel Imaging Transfer Camera. Giga Pixels and Sky Surveys. The Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Instrument Charge Coupled Device Detectors. Camera and Detector Development in the Space Science and Technology Department of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. Compact CCD Camera. Electronics. The Design and Testing of a Cryogenic Pre amplifier for the Rockwell HAWAII and HAWAII II Detector Arrays. The New Generation CCD Controller: First Results. ISPI Software. Compact CCD Guider Camera for Magelian. Readout Techniques for Drift and Low Frequency Noise Rejection in Infrared Arrays. AzCam: A Windows Based CCD/CMOS Client/Server Data Acquisition System. Upgrade of Eso's Fiera CCD Controller and Pulpo Subsystem. An Optimized Data Acquisition System Without Reset Anomaly for the Hawaii and Hawaii 2 Arrays. GTC Acquisition Cameras and Wavefront Sensors. A New CCD Controller at UCO/Lich Observatory. The use of ASIC Thecnology in the Development of Compact, Low Power CCD Cameras. Detector Testing and Characterization. Characterization of the Si: As Blocked Impurity Band (BIB) Detector in Keck's Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS) Characterizing the CCDS of the Omegacam Wide Angle Camera. Emir HAWAII 2 Detector Test Bench. Emir HAWAII II First Test Results. Test Results with 2Kx2K MCT Arrays. The HAWAII 2 2048x2048 HgCdTe Detector Arrays. How Accurate Are QE Measurements? Focal Plane Mosaics. The Electronic Controller of the 40 CCDS MegaCam Mosaic. Design of the CRIRES 512x4096 Pixel Aladdin InSB Focal Plane Array Detector Mosaic. Performance of HAWAII 2 FPA for Subaru Multi Object Near Infrared Camera and Spectrograph. Wide Field Focal Plane Arrays for UKIRT and VISTA. Fully Buttable Imagers. Mosaic Focal Plane Development. Space Missions. In flight Performance of the Advanced Camera for Surveys CCDS. On the Implementation and Calibration of the Focal Plane for GAIA. Behaviour of a Raytheon IRFPA (438x270) under High Energy Protons. Radiation Damage Effects in XMM Newton Epic Mos CCDs. 95 Million Pixel Focal Plane for Use on the Kepler Discovery Mission. Sub electon Noise Focal Plane Arrays. L3CCDs: Fast Photon Counting for Optical Interferometry. L3CCD's: Low Readout Noise CCDs in Astronomy. Zero Noise CCD. First Results of an L3CCD in Photon Counting Mode.
author_names: Paola Amico

James William Beletic

Jenna E Beletic
title: Scientific detectors for astronomy the beginning of a new era
year: 2004