Query: Harmonic generation in solids with direct fiber laser pumping

Candidate papers:

abstract: High harmonic generation in solids presents the possibility for bringing attosecond techniques to semiconductors and a simple source for frequency comb spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet. We generate up to the seventh harmonic of a Tm fiber laser by focusing in silicon or zinc oxide. The harmonics are strong and stable, with no indication of material damage. Calculations show the potential for generating nineteenth harmonic photons at 12 eV photons of energy.
author_names: Kevin F Lee

Xiaoyan Ding

T J Hammond

Martin E Fermann

Giulio Vampa

P B Corkum
title: Harmonic generation in solids with direct fiber laser pumping.
venue: Optics letters
year: 2017

abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the possible application of multiphoton fluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy for imaging the structural features of keratoconus cornea and to evaluate its potential as being a clinical in vivo monitoring technique. Using the near infrared excitation source from a titanium sapphire laser pumped by a diode pumped, solid state (DPSS) laser system, we can induce and simultaneously acquire multiphoton autofluorescence and SHG signals from the cornea specimens with keratoconus. A home modified commercial microscope system with specified optical components is used for optimal signal detection. Keratoconus cornea button from patient with typical clinical presentation of keratoconus was obtained at the time of penetrating keratoplasty. The specimen was also sent for the histological examination as comparison. In all samples of keratoconus, destruction of lamellar structure with altered collagen fiber orientation was observed within whole layer of the diseased stromal area. In addition, the orientation of the altered collagen fibers within the cone area shows a trend directing toward the apex of the cone, which might implicate the biomechanical response of the keratoconus stroma to the intraocular pressure. Moreover, increased autofluorescent cells were also found in the cone area, with increased density as one approaches the apical area. In conclusion, multiphoton autofluorescence and SHG microscopy non invasively demonstrated the morphological features of keratoconus cornea, especially the structural alternations of the stromal lamellae. We believe that in the future the multiphoton microscopy can be applied in vivo as an effective, non invasive diagnostic and monitoring technique for keratoconus.
author_names: Yen Sun

Wen Lo

Sung-Jan Lin

Wei-Chou Lin

Shiou-Hwa Jee

Hsin-Yuan Tan

Chen-Yuan Dong
title: Multiphoton fluorescence and second harmonic generation microscopy for imaging keratoconus
venue: SPIE BiOS
year: 2006

abstract: Over the past decade, development of high energy ultrafast laser sources has led to important breakthroughs in attoscience and strong field physics study of atoms and molecules. Coherent pulse synthesis of a few cycle high energy laser pulse is a promising tool to generate isolated attosecond pulses via high harmonics generation (HHG) An effective way to extend the HHG cut off energy to the higher values is by making use of long mid infrared (MIR) driver wavelength, as the ponderomotive potential scales quadratically with the driving wavelength. If the energies of these driving pulses are properly scaled to multi mJ level and few cycle duration, such pulses can provide a direct path to intriguing attoscience experiments in gases and solids. They can even permit the realization of a bright coherent table top HHG sources in the water window and keV X ray region. However, the generation of a high intensity long wavelength MIR pulse has always been challenging, in particular starting from a high energy picosecond 2 mm laser driver that is suitable for further energy scaling of the MIR pulses to multi mJ energies by utilizing optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) In this thesis, a front end source for such MIR OPA is presented. In particular, a novel and robust strong field few cycle 2 mm laser driver directly from picosecond Ho:YLF laser and utilizing Kagome fiber based compression is presented. We achieved: a 70 fold compression of 140 mJ, 3.3 ps pulses from a Ho:YLF amplifier to 48 fs with 11 mJ energy. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates a straightforward path towards the generation of few cycle MIR pulses, and we believe that in the future, the ultrafast community will benefit from this enabling technology. The results are summarized in mainly four parts: The first part is focused on the development of a 2 mm, high energy laser source as the front end. Comparison of available technology in general and promising gain media at the MIR wavelength are discussed. Starting from the basics of an OPA, the design criteria, constraints on the pump seed source and a proper phase matching requirement for efficient amplification are discussed. In particular, starting from the challenge of developing a Ho:YLF oscillator, pulse amplification and the problem of gain narrowing are addressed. In the second part, various nonlinear compression schemes are discussed in general, and specifically, inhibited coupling Kagome fiber based compression is discussed and implemented. The experimental results for the generation of a few cycle, mJ level 2 mm laser pulses in a two stage compression scheme are then xvi presented. In the third part, the seed pulse generation for the MIR OPA by utilizing supercontinuum (SC) is presented. The theoretical background of SC generation and the constraints on the pulse duration are discussed. Finally, in the last part, the results obtained are summarized in conclusion and the outlook in presented. The front end source developed here can be used to generate few cycle MIR pulses by employing non oxide based nonlinear crystals. Moreover, as both the pump and seed pulses are derived from the same laser source, it offers the possibility of generating a passively carrier envelope phase (CEP) stable idler.
author_names: Krishna Murari
title: Few Cycle High Energy Mid Infrared Pulse From Ho:YLF Laser
year: 2016

abstract: Continuous demand for compact and efficient laser sources, specifically those operating in short wavelength spectral range, have resulted in dynamic development of both semiconductor and diode pumped solid state lasers. Undoubtedly, semiconductor lasers are presently the most intensively investigated field of active materials and a number of impressive results has been achieved, including violet GaN laser diodes. Nevertheless, solid state lasers are constantly considered as irreplaceable in all applications requiring excellent optical parameters of the beam together with high power levels. The short wavelength emission and lasing in solid state lasers is typically obtained via harmonic generation or up conversion phenomena. The latter method, involving either stepwise absorption of photons or energy transfer processes, is specifically applicable to fiber geometry, where high intensity of radiation and waveguiding effect guarantee high up conversion efficiency. Trivalent thulium is the activator ion, which energy structure in certain conditions specifically favours a multi photon or multi ion pumping mechanisms resulting in emission within the UV VIS part of spectrum. In low phonon glasses and fibers, luminescence from 1G4 (480 nm) 1D2 (455 nm) as well as 1I6 (287 nm) has been reported, typically involving ESA type consecutive absorptions of 650 nm photons (3H6 3F2+3F3, 3F4 1G4, 3H4 1D2, 1G4 3PJ) [1] UV VIS emission has been also observed under multi wavelength pumping at 1112 nm, 1116 nm and 1127 nm [2] Several years ago laser action at 287 nm in Tm3+:ZBLAN fiber was obtained under consecutive ESA of 1064 nm delivered by an Nd3+:YAG laser [3] which is to date the shortest wavelength of stimulated emission generated in an optical fiber. Laser experiments with thulium activated fluoride fibers, however very promising, were all severely hindered by photodarkening effects accompanying excitation of UV violet radiation in the fibers. In this work we present our latest results on UV emission properties of bulk ZBLAN glasses doped with thulium and co doped with ytterbium ions in different concentrations. In particular, we carefully examined the absorption characteristics, as well as concentration dependant spectra of UV emission from the 1I6 and 1D2 levels obtained under direct and up conversion excitation. The fluorescence dynamics profiles, recorded for all concentrations, together with excitation spectra enabled discussion of mechanisms responsible for upper levels populating. Moreover, the multi ion processes resulting in non radiative depopulation of excited states have been carefully examined and appropriate cross relaxation rates have been determined, giving further impact to better understanding of the short wavelength optical properties of the investigated system. This work has been supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, grant number 2011/03/B/ST7/01917. [1] J. Y. Allain, M. Monerie, H. Poignant. Blue upconversion fluorozirconate fibre laser, Electronics Letters 26 (1990) 166 168. [2] S. G. Grubb, K. W. Bennett, R. S. Cannon, W. F. Humer, CW room temperature blue upconversion fibre laser, Electronics Letters 28 (1992) 1243 1244 [3] R. M. El Agmy, Upconversion CW Laser at 284 nm in a Nd:YAG Pumped Double Cladding Thulium Doped ZBLAN Fiber Laser, Laser Physics 18 (2008) 1 4.
author_names: Anna Jusza

Michael E Poplawski

Krzysztof Anders

Ryszard Piramidowicz
title: UV VIS upconversion emission properties of Tm3++Yb3+:ZBLAN glasses (Conference Presentation)
year: 2018

abstract: Efficient sources of many partite non classical states are key for the advancement of quantum technologies and for the fundamental testing of quantum mechanics. We demonstrate the generation of time correlated photon triplets at telecom wavelengths via pulsed cascaded parametric down conversion in a monolithically integrated source. By detecting the generated states with success probabilities of (6.25 1.09)x 10 11 per pump pulse at injected powers as low as 10 mW, we benchmark the efficiency of the complete system and deduce its high potential for scalability. Our source is unprecedentedly long term stable, it overcomes interface losses intrinsically due to its monolithic architecture, and the photon triplet states dominate uncorrelated noise significantly. These results mark crucial progress towards the proliferation of robust, scalable, synchronized and miniaturized quantum technology. 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author_names: Stephan Krapick

B Brecht

Harald Herrmann

Christine Silberhorn
title: qu an tph 2 6 M ay 2 01 7 On chip generation of photon triplet states
year: 2018

abstract: We developed a high repetition rate optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) laser system based on fiber laser seeded Innoslab to generate few cycle pulses around 2 mm with passively stable carrier envelope phase (CEP) by difference frequency generation (DFG) Incorporating a piezo mirror before the DFG stage permits rapid CEP control. The OPCPA system is seeded by a stable supercontinuum generated in bulk material with the picosecond Innoslab pulses. Few cycle pulses with durations of 17 fs and energies of over 100 mJ were produced in a single OPCPA stage. Three different nonlinear crystals: BBO, BiBO, and LNB were tested in the final parametric amplifier, and their average power related limitations are addressed. (c) 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement OCIS codes: (140.3070) Infrared and far infrared lasers; (140.7090) Ultrafast lasers; (190.4970) Parametric oscillators and amplifiers; (190.7110) Ultrafast nonlinear optics; (320.7090) Ultrafast lasers; (320.7110) Ultrafast nonlinear optics. References and links 1. M. F. Kling, P. von den Hoff, I. Znakovskaya, and R. de Vivie Riedle, "(Sub )femtosecond control of molecular reactions via tailoring the electric field of light," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15(24) 9448 9467 (2013) 2. F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, "Attosecond physics," Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1) 163 234 (2009) 3. B. Forg, J. Schotz, F. Sussmann, M. Forster, M. Kruger, B. Ahn, W. A. Okell, K. Wintersperger, S. Zherebtsov, A. Guggenmos, V. Pervak, A. Kessel, S. A. Trushin, A. M. Azzeer, M. I. Stockman, D. Kim, F. Krausz, P. Hommelhoff, and M. F. Kling, "Attosecond nanoscale near field sampling," Nat. Commun. 7, 11717 (2016) 4. M. G. Pullen, B. 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Biegert, "Sub 250 mrad, passively carrier envelope phasestable mid infrared OPCPA source at high repetition rate," Opt. Lett. 36(19) 3918 3920 (2011) 31. C. Li, E. Moon, H. Wang, H. Mashiko, C. M. Nakamura, J. Tackett, and Z. Chang, "Determining the phaseenergy coupling coefficient in carrier envelope phase measurements," Opt. Lett. 32(7) 796 798 (2007) 32. T. Stanislauskas, R. Antipenkov, V. Martinenaite, L. Karpavcius, A. Varanavicius, V. Sinkevicius, P. Miseikis, D. Grigaitis, and T. Balciunas, "Carrier envelope phase control of Yb:KGW laser and parametric amplifiers," CLEO EUROPE/EQEC, 12 16 May 2013. 33. C. Burger, W. F. Frisch, T. M. Kardas, M. Trubetskov, V. Pervak, R. Moshammer, B. Bergues, M. F. Kling, and P. Wnuk, "Compact and flexible harmonic generator and three color synthesizer for femtosecond coherent control and time resolved studies," Opt. Express 25(25) 31130 31139 (2017) 34. M. Ueffing, R. Lange, T. Pleyer, V. Pervak, T. Metzger, D. Sutter, Z. Major, T. Nubbemeyer, and F. Krausz, "Direct regenerative amplification of femtosecond pulses to the multimillijoule level," Opt. Lett. 41(16) 3840 3843 (2016) 35. T. Nubbemeyer, M. Kaumanns, M. Ueffing, M. Gorjan, A. Alismail, H. Fattahi, J. Brons, O. Pronin, H. G. Barros, Z. Major, T. Metzger, D. Sutter, and F. Krausz, "Powerful 100 fs scale Kerr lens mode locked thin disk oscillator," Opt. Lett. 42, 1381 1384 (2017) Vol. 26, No. 13 25 Jun 2018 OPTICS EXPRESS 16075
author_names: N M

F H

S M

S J

T M

R P

H H D

R E

M

Pandurangan V

K M F

W P
title: 10 W CEP stable few cycle source at 2 m m with 100 kHz repetition rate
year: 2018

abstract: Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are attractive for many pumping and direct diode applications due to combined advantages in low cost, high reliability, narrow and thermally stable spectrum, high power scalability, and easy system integration, etc. We report our progress on electrically pumped, GaAs based, high power high brightness VCSELs and 2D arrays in the infrared wavelength range. At 976nm, over 5.5W peak CW output and 60% peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) were demonstrated with 225um oxide confined device. For 5x5mm arrays, peak PCE of 54% and peak power of >450W at 976nm, peak PCE of 46% and peak power of >110W at 808nm were achieved respectively under QCW conditions. External cavity configuration was used to improve the VCSEL brightness. Single mode output of 280mW and 37% PCE were realized from 80um device. For large 325um device, we obtained single mode (M2=1.1) CW output of 2.1W, corresponding to a brightness of 160MW/cm2*sr. Three major areas of applications using such VCSELs are discussed: 1. High brightness fiber output; 2. High power, high efficiency green lasers from 2nd harmonic generation. 3.34W green output with 21.2% PCE were achieved; 3. Pumping solid state lasers for high energy pulse generation. We have demonstrated Q switched pulses with 16.1mJ at 1064nm and 4.9mJ with 1W average power at 473nm.
author_names: Delai Zhou

Jean-Francois P Seurin

Guoyang Xu

Pu Zhao

Bing Xu

Tong Chen

Robert van Leeuwen

Joseph Matheussen

Qing Wang

Chuni L Ghosh
title: Progress on high power high brightness VCSELs and applications
venue: Photonics West Optoelectronic Materials and Devices
year: 2015

abstract: Index Babzien Canova Chowdhury Chvykov Corner Ditmire Donovan Flippo Galvanauskas Gaul Karsch Krushelnick Leemans Lu Martinez Osterhoff Polyanskiy Rosenzweig Roth Schroeder Specka Toth Umstadter Zeil Name of submitting author Mr. Marcus Babzien Institution Brookhaven National Laboratory Email babzien@bnl.gov Abstract Title BNL ATF Timing System Upgrades Author/Affiliation listing M. Babzien, M. Montemagno, V. Yakimenko Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY 11973Title BNL ATF Timing System Upgrades Author/Affiliation listing M. Babzien, M. Montemagno, V. Yakimenko Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY 11973 Abstract A key enabling technology in advanced accelerators is the synchronization of precision frequency and pulse sources at the picosecond or subpicosecond level. The synchronization system employed at the BNL Accelerator Test Facility will be presented, as well as ongoing work to extend present capabilities to multiple laser and RF sources.A key enabling technology in advanced accelerators is the synchronization of precision frequency and pulse sources at the picosecond or subpicosecond level. The synchronization system employed at the BNL Accelerator Test Facility will be presented, as well as ongoing work to extend present capabilities to multiple laser and RF sources. Summary At the Brookhaven National Laboratory Accelerator Test Facility (BNL ATF) the low level RF system provides a reference signal for locking the phase of the Nd:YAG drive laser that illuminates the photoinjector. A TW level picosecond CO2 laser serving user experiments is seeded with semiconductor and Kerr switches controlled by the photoinjector drive laser, providing optical synchronization between the electron bunches and CO2 laser pulses with sub picosecond stability. Upgrades at the facility will require additional laser sources to operate with improved synchronization. of the CO2 laser will be reached when a shorter seed pulse than the present 1ps becomes available. A Ti:sapphire laser currently being tested will provide 300fs pulses that are frequency converted to the 10micron spectral range for CO2 amplifier seeding, and will require an approximately threefold improvement in synchronization accuracy. A phase locked loop (PLL) controls the repetition rate of a modelocked fiber oscillator that seeds the ti:sapphire amplifiers. By operating the PLL at the 70th harmonic of the laser repetition rate, the ratio of phase error signal to amplitude noise is correspondingly enhanced. The frequency comb generated from the modelocked laser eliminates the need for a conventional RF multiplier and minimizes noise in the frequency domain. A second RF mixer is used outside the PLL to measure the residual phase error. Both temperature and laser amplitude variations can contribute to instability in the PLL and are minimized by component selection and characterization as well as temperature stabilization. integration of a future second Ti:sapphire laser planned for driving the electron gun will rely on RF synchronization also. A second laser seed oscillator and PLL will lock to the optical pulse train of the first laser oscillator. The 70m distance between the two laser systems will necessitate transport of the optical train through single mode optical fiber in order to achieve minimum phase drift. The same optical train will also be used provide the low level RF required for the electron photoinjector and linac. Name of submitting author Federico Canova Institution Amplitude Technologies Email fcanova@amplitude technologies.com Abstract Title High peak power laser systems for application: high repetition rate PW lasers Author/Affiliation listing P.M.Paul, F. Canova, F. Ple, F. Falcoz, G. Riboulet, L.Vigroux, P. Leroy, S. Branly Amplitude Technologies, 2 4 rue du Bois Chaland, CE2926 Lisses, Evry, FranceTitle High peak power laser systems for application: high repetition rate PW lasers Author/Affiliation listing P.M.Paul, F. Canova, F. Ple, F. Falcoz, G. Riboulet, L.Vigroux, P. Leroy, S. Branly Amplitude Technologies, 2 4 rue du Bois Chaland, CE2926 Lisses, Evry, France Abstract Amplitude has developed and is commissioning high repetition rate PW class laser systems. We will comment our approach in term of laser technology (temporal duration and contrast, high energy amplification and compression, cryogenic cooling) infrastructure management (overall control command and supervision) and modes of operation to support application.Amplitude has developed and is commissioning high repetition rate PW class laser systems. We will comment our approach in term of laser technology (temporal duration and contrast, high energy amplification and compression, cryogenic cooling) infrastructure management (overall control command and supervision) and modes of operation to support application. Summary Amplitude Technologies mission is to produce robust and reliable, ultra intense femtosecond systems with the best performance with respect to pulse duration, temporal contrast and spatial beam quality. Our performance engagement continues after delivery and our close collaboration with the customer guarantees that the system's specification is maintained for the duration of its operational life. We are currently developing 3 lasers of PW class for the Saphir project (France) for HZDR (Germany) and for CLPU (Spain) [1] A general overview of the project will give a clear and detailed presentation fo the different type and characteristics of this kind of projects. The project management in the 3 cases will be presented, with a particular attention to the objective in term of the applications and daily operation of the laser. We will comment the required competences in the company, and we will detail the different brick of our technology in term of: ultra short high energy pulses amplification, to obtain pulses of less than 20fs at high energy ultra high contrast front end, delivering a pulse with a temporal contrast of better than 14 orders of magnitude high energy extraction and parasiting lasing management; cryogenic cooling at high energy, to manage the beam profile, quality and pointing stability pump laser technology and operation mode. The applications for high peak power lasers require high repetition rate. Thanks to the cryogenic cooling technology, Amplitude Technologies goal is to operate the PW lasers up to 5Hz. The risk management issues have been integrated in the technological approach. A set of test benches and characterization procedures have been developed to quality the supplies of the PW laser systems, as an extension of the ISO 9001 quality approach. In term of infrastructure management, we will present the issues linked to the Control Command: overall operation and upscalabilility. Power supplies size Electrical supply Control and Securities for daily operation. At the end of the presentation we will discuss different scenarios of daily operation of the PW laser systems, in term of current operation, maintenance, and ownership costs. [1] CLPU project: http:/www.clpu.es/en/home.html Name of submitting author Dr. Federico Canova Institution Amplitude Technologies Email fcanova@amplitude technologies.com Abstract Title Contrast Enhancement and Measurement in PW Class laser systems Author/Affiliation listing P.M.Paul, F. Canova, F. Ple, F. Falcoz, G. Riboulet, L.Vigroux, P. Leroy,P.Monot 1) Amplitude Technologies, 2 4 rue du Bois Chaland, Evry, France 2) CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, Service des Photons, Atomes et Molecules, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, FranceTitle Contrast Enhancement and Measurement in PW Class laser systems Author/Affiliation listing P.M.Paul, F. Canova, F. Ple, F. Falcoz, G. Riboulet, L.Vigroux, P. Leroy,P.Monot 1) Amplitude Technologies, 2 4 rue du Bois Chaland, Evry, France 2) CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, Service des Photons, Atomes et Molecules, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France Abstract We have developed a 4mJ, 60nm bandwidth and 10^14 contrast Laser system. We used the most energetic 1mJ XPW signal ever produced to seed a standard CPA Laser. We report development of a new high dynamic range third order cross correlator, which has been performed in the CEA AT lab IMPULSE.We have developed a 4mJ, 60nm bandwidth and 10^14 contrast Laser system. We used the most energetic 1mJ XPW signal ever produced to seed a standard CPA Laser. We report development of a new high dynamic range third order cross correlator, which has been performed in the CEA AT lab IMPULSE. Summary The ability to produce laser pulses with ASE background as low as possible is of a major importance in laser solid target interaction, like particles acceleration. During the last few years, Cross PolarizedWave (XPW) [1] generation has been intensively studied. Its unique features, such as contrast enhancement or bandwidth enhancement at the fundamental wave have attracted a lot of attention. In a were able to first, produce the most energetic XPW signal ever, and then seed a standard CPA Laser. The XPW signal has been obtained using techniques like regenerative pulse shaping via Acousto Optic Programmable Gain Control filter (AOPGCF or Mazzler)[2] or close loop spectral phase control. The demonstration has been performed with two compact CPA lasers systems (Fig.1) The first laser system is a high contrast 10^ 9 laser equipped with a contrast cleaning device. This technique used by Amplitude Technologies for many years use the direct amplification of the oscillator (booster) in combination with a saturable absorber. The first CPA also contains a Dazzler for active control of the laser overall spectral phase and a Mazzler [2] for regenerative pulse shaping. contrast laser systems. The demonstration has been made at the few milliJoule level but is easily scalable to several Joules, corresponding to hundreds of Terawatt or even PetaWatt lasers for particles acceleration applications. allows us to measure pulses contrast ratio of the order of 10^ 14, this i
author_names: Cs Toth
title: Working Group 8 Laser Technology for Laser Plasma
year: 2012

abstract: We demonstrate a technique for tunable single mode operation of high power laser diode arrays. A spatially filtered part of the far field from a gain guided GaAlAs laser diode array is directed to a diffractive grating and is coupled to a phase conjugating self pumped barium titanate crystal. The interaction among the grating, the dynamic gratings in the photorefractive crystal, and the spatial filter forces the laser diode array with poor spatial and temporal coherence to oscillate in a single spatial and single longitudinal mode. At a drive current of two times the threshold, the array operates in a single lobed far field pattern that is only 1.5 times the diffraction limit. The bandwidth of the enhanced output beam is measured to be less than 0.03 nm, and the coherence length of the output is increased 45 times, to at least 16 mm. Once single mode operation has been obtained, one can continuously tune the frequency over a range of 5 nm around a center wavelength of 811 nm by tilting the grating. More than 50% of the radiated energy of the free running laser is coupled out of the system. The significantly enhanced coherence properties of the output may lead to a number of new or improved applications in areas such as second harmonic generation, coupling into single mode fiber, and pumping of solid state lasers.
author_names: Martin Lobel

Paul Michael Petersen

Per Michael Johansen
title: Tunable single mode operation of a high power laser diode array by use of an external cavity with a grating and a photorefractive phase conjugate mirror
year: 1998

abstract: The applications of mode locked lasers have expanded considerably over the last few years. Especially the possih to use mode locked lasers for frequency metrology [I] and nonlinear optics and spectroscopy with powerful few cycle laser pulses [2] has drawn a lot of attention. We are interested in both applications to generate attosecond X ray pulses and to perform precision frequency measurements to study QED and nuclear effects in atoms. Both types of experiments require stabilization of the carrier envelope phase of subsequent pulses of a modelocked laser. Especially for non linear optics such as X ray generation with 2 3 cycle femtosecond pulses and direct pulse train excitation of atoms, the phase control has he better than a fraction of an optical cycle. In a standard Ti:Sapphire laser amplifier system there are many sources of carrier envelope phase noise. We have performed a systematic study of these effects, ranging from the influence of the choice of pump laser for the modelocked oscillator laser, to the effect of different prism compressor geometries. Our laser system consists of a chirped mirror oscillator laser, a small scale Ti:Sapphire amplifier, a prism compressor, and a LCD shaper. The absolute phase is measured using nonlinear f2f interferometers with micro structured fiber operating at 480 nm. One such interferometer is used to provide feedback to the oscillator laser phase, which is controlled via the pump laser power. We have achieved a rrns phase jitter of less than 1/30 of an optical cycle for the oscillator laser. The pulse repetition rate is also controlled, using a piezo mounted mirror in the laser with a feedback signal based on the 140th harmonic of the repetition rate. Our results indicate that the type of pump laser for pumping the oscillator laser can have a significant impact on the phase stability that can be achieved. We compared a multi mode solid state pump laser (MilleniaX, running at 5 W) with a single mode solid state laser (Verdi, also running at 5W) The single mode Verdi laser allowed for an order of magnitude better phase stability, especially on a ms timescale. We have indications that this might he due spatial mode fluctuations, and not so much due to intensity variations. In the figure an example is given of the phase stability measurements we performed on a (in this case) standard double pass prism compressor, compensating is own glass dispersion of 1800 fs' A second f2f interferometer was used to detect the phase of oscillator pulses at 70 MHz after the compressor. In the left panel the phase lock beat signal of the oscillator is shown. The middle panel shows the same heat note after going through the prism compressor. The extra noise seen in this case is mostly due to air turbulence. The third panel shows the noise for the same compressor, hut now in a shielding box. The results of these measurements show the importance of good environmental shielding of the beam paths and components in a amplifier system to maintain phase stability.
author_names: R Th Zinkstok

Stefan Witte

W Hogervoist

K S E Eikema
title: Control and measurement of the carrier envelope phase of an ultrafast Ti:sapphire laser amplifier system
venue: 2003 Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics Europe (CLEO/Europe 2003) (IEEE Cat. No.03TH8666)
year: 2003