Query: Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Multi-Functional Materials for Biomedical Engineering

Candidate papers:

abstract: Currently, a lot of efforts have been applied to diagnosis and treat tumors through the fabrication of highly efficient and multi functional nanomaterials. Superior to other methods, photothermal therapy (PTT) has been demonstrated as a noninvasive, controllable, and targeted strategy to eliminate tumor cells. The use of functional biomedical and bioactive nanomaterials can enhance the photothermal performances and meanwhile integrate with favorable functions, by taking into account their risk assessments. In this review, novel engineered photothermal nanomaterials, such as noble metal carbon semiconductor and organic molecule based PTT agents, as well as their targeted biomedical applications were summarized and discussed comprehensively. Particularly, the latest advances of not only the conventional nanomaterials, but also the newly discovered alternatives, like Au Ag, graphdiyne, and selenides, were introduced. Besides the benefits, the risks and other implications of novel PTT agents were recorded and evaluated. Moreover, the potential applications of nanomaterials in targeted and multi functional PTT treatments, which served as foundations and directions for future PTT approaches developments, were stated. Depending on the urgency and boosting demands for tumor treatments, novel engineering advancements of techniques, not limited to PTT and nanomaterials, are prerequisites in the history of medical development.
author_names: Wenfeng Wei

Xiaoyuan Zhang

Shan Zhang

Gang Wei

Zhiqiang Su
title: Biomedical and bioactive engineered nanomaterials for targeted tumor photothermal therapy: A review.
venue: Materials science engineering. C, Materials for biological applications
year: 2019

abstract: Functional carbon based nanomaterials (CBNs) have become important due to their unique combinations of chemical and physical properties (i.e. thermal and electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, and optical properties) and extensive research efforts are being made to utilize these materials for various industrial applications, such as high strength materials and electronics. These advantageous properties of CBNs are also actively investigated in several areas of biomedical engineering. This Perspective highlights different types of carbon based nanomaterials currently used in biomedical applications.
author_names: Chaenyung Cha

Su Ryon Shin

Nasim Annabi

Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci

Ali Khademhosseini
title: Carbon based nanomaterials: multifunctional materials for biomedical engineering.
venue: ACS nano
year: 2013

abstract: After hydrogen and oxygen, carbon is the third most abundant component present in the cosmos with excellent characteristic features of binding to itself and nearly all elements. Since ancient times, carbon based materials such as graphite, charcoal, and carbon black have been utilized for writing and drawing materials. As these materials possess excellent chemical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal features, they have been readily engineered into carbon based nanomaterials (CNMs) such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, carbon nano onions, and so forth. These materials are now widely explored in biomedical applications. Thus, the emergence of CNMs has opened up a gateway for the detection, delivery, and treatment of a multitude of diseases. They are being actively researched for applications within tissue engineering, as vaccine vectors, and for the delivery of therapeutics to the immune system. This review focuses on the recent advances in various types of CNMs, their fabrication techniques, and their application in the delivery of therapeutics both in vitro and in vivo. The review also focuses on the toxicity concern of the CNMs and the possible remedies to tackle the toxicity issues. Concluding remarks emphasize all the CNMs discussed in the review over their possible biomedical applications, while the future perspectives section discusses the approaches to bring CNMs into the mainstream of clinical trials and their therapeutic applications.
author_names: Alok Mahor

Prem Prakash Singh

Peeyush Bharadwaj

N Sharma

Surabhi Yadav

Jessica M Rosenholm

Kuldeep K Bansal
title: Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Delivery of Biologicals and Therapeutics: A Cutting Edge Technology
year: 2021

abstract: Surface functionalization of nanomaterials to combine different material's properties together opens up unlimited possibilities for both academic research and industrial applications. In this thesis, flexible and scalable chemical approaches to functionalize carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are developed for different applications, including electronics, composite and biomedical applications. According to the bonding difference between CNMs and functional components, these approaches can be divided into two groups, including covalent functionalization and non covalent functionalization. Covalent functionalization of CNMs surface is based on reactions of different components with the oxygen containing groups of CNMs. The first part in this section introduced the covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for biomedical application. The surface of CNTs was modify by a multi oxidation process and coated by silver nanoparticles to improve CNT's antibacterial property. The developed silver/CNT composites show strong antibacterial property to bacteria. The second part presents covalent functionalization of graphene oxide for cement reinforcement. The developed surface functionalized GO (FGO) can improve both the early and ultimate strength of the Portland cement mortar efficiently. The key benefit of FGO lies in its ability to form covalent bonds with C S H whilst having minimum effect on the workability of mortar paste. The third part introduced the covalent functionalization of graphene based films (GBFs) that act as heat spreaders for hotspot cooling. The applied covalent bonding between GBF and the substrate can significantly reduce the thermal interface resistance, showing great advantages on cooling of high power density devices. Non covalent functionalization utilizes various functional molecules or active species as assembly mediators to functionalize the surface of CNMs via non covalent interactions. The first part of this section presents a method of non covalent self assembly of high thermal conductivity of graphene films (GFs) The fabricated smooth, large grain and turbostratic stacking GFs shows excellent thermal and mechanical properties, which is superior to most of currently existing thermally conductive materials. The second part introduced the non covalent functionalization of graphene for high thermal conductive adhesive. Liquid exfoliated few layer graphene was utilized as fillers to improve the thermal conductivity of the thermal conductive adhesive which showed an improvement of 400 The third part presents a non covalent functionalization process for synthesizing intrinsically flexible multi functionalized CNT based hybrid nanowires. The synthesized multi functionalized CNT based hybrid nanowires possess many excellent properties, such as good dispersability and stability in various polar solvents, large flexibility and high electrical conductivity. These extraordinary properties facilitate the application of hybrid nanowires in the fabrication of flexible and stretchable circuits (FSCs) with high resolution.
author_names: Nan Wang
title: Functionalization and Characterization of Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Electronics, Composite and Biomedical Applications
year: 2017

abstract: Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) not only retain a similar one dimensional nanostructure, similar special properties, and similar multi functionality to carbon nanotubes, but they also exhibit a few advantages, like easier production, lower cost, lower crystallinity, and more defects. Therefore, CNF based nanomaterials have been widely used for applications relating to energy conversion/storage, catalysis, sensors, adsorption/separation, and biomedical engineering. Due to their high specific surface area, interconnected porous structure, light weight, and high mechanical strength, CNF based three dimensional (3D) nanomaterials have attracted more and more attention in many fields, especially in energy production/storage and environmental science. In this work, we demonstrate the development of CNF based 3D nanomaterials for applications relating to energy and environmental science. To achieve this aim, typical design strategies for the production of CNF based 3D nanomaterials, including electrospinning, chemical vapor deposition, templated synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, and other combined techniques are introduced and summarized, and then cases involving fabricated CNF 3D nanomaterials for supercapacitors, fuel cells, electrochemical batteries, water purification, air cleaning, and microwave/radiation adsorption are presented and discussed. This study will be helpful for readers to understand the production of CNFs, and the subsequent design and fabrication of functional CNF based 3D nanostructures and nanomaterials; meanwhile it will be valuable for promoting the advanced applications of CNF based nanomaterials in different fields.
author_names: Xinxiao Zhou

Bin Liu

Yun Chen

Lei Guo

Gang Wei
title: Carbon nanofiber based three dimensional nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary area that requires an understanding of various fields such as chemistry, electronics, physics, biology, and engineering. It is one of the fastest emerging research areas; therefore, it would not be wrong to call this period as "Nano era." Furthermore, Nanotechnology is the study of materials that are characterized by at least one dimension in the nanometer range. These materials include carbon based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, metal based nanomaterials (metal oxides, nanogold, and nanosilver) micelles, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles to name a few. In general, the main function of nanomaterials is the vectorization of insoluble drugs. Hence, drug delivery can be achieved by targeting biomolecules such as receptors both on the cell surface and inside the cells. This can enhance the biodistribution of the drug while providing targeted delivery to diseased tissue only. Although nanomaterials have a good impact on medical science, military technology, and space programs, the size and shape of these nanosized materials pose a danger as they can interact with other living systems by crossing the skin and blood/brain barrier. Therefore, this chapter highlights the different carrier platforms, clinical applications, and challenges in the use of these nanomaterials.
author_names: Jyoti Ahlawat

Mahesh Narayan
title: Introduction to Active, Smart, and Intelligent Nanomaterials for Biomedical Application
year: 2020

abstract: Carbon based materials (CBMs) such as graphene, nanodiamonds, carbon fibers, and carbon dots, have attracted much scientific attention as promising biomedical tools. Following exposure, particularly intravenous injection, these nanomaterials can be recognized by immune cells. Such interactions could be modulated by the different physicochemical properties of the materials (e.g. structure, size, and chemical functions) by either stimulating or suppressing the immune response. However, a harmonized cutting edge approach for the classification of these materials based not only on their physicochemical parameters but also their immune properties was missing. The European Commission funded G IMMUNOMICS and CARBO IMmap projects aimed to fill this gap, developing a functional pipeline for the qualitative and quantitative immune characterization of graphene, graphene related materials (GRMs) and other CBMs. The goal was to open breakthrough perspectives for the definition of the immune profiles of these materials. Here we summarize our methodological approach, key results, and the necessary multidisciplinary expertise ranging across various fields, from material chemistry to engineering, immunology, toxicology, and systems biology. G IMMUNOMICS, as a partnering project of the Graphene Flagship, the largest scientific research initiative on graphene worldwide, also complemented the studies performed in the Flagship on health and environmental impact of GRMs. Finally, we present the nanoimmunity by design concept, developed within the projects, which can be readily applied to other 2D materials. Overall, the G IMMUNOMICS and CARBO IMmap projects have provided new insights on the immune impact of GRMs and CBMs thus laying the foundation for their safe use and future translation in medicine.
author_names: Arianna Gazzi

Laura Fusco

Marco Orecchioni

Silvia Ferrari

Giulia Franzoni

J Stephen Yan

Matthias Rieckher

Guotao Peng

Matteo Andrea Lucherelli

Isabella Anna Vacchi

Ngoc Do Quyen Chau

Alejandro Criado

Akcan Istif

Donato Mancino

A Dominguez

Hagen Eckert

Ester Vazquez

Tatiana Da Ros

Paola Nicolussi

Vincenzo Palermo

Bjorn Schumacher

Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Yiyong Mai

Cecilia Clementi

Matteo Pasquali

Xinliang Feng

Kostas Kostarelos

Acelya Yilmazer

Davide Bedognetti

Bengt Fadeel

Maurizio Prato

Alberto Bianco

Lucia Gemma Delogu
title: Graphene, other carbon nanomaterials and the immune system: toward nanoimmunity by design
year: 2020

abstract: Carbon based nanomaterials are gaining more and more interest because of their wide range of applications. Carbon dots (CDs) have shown exclusive interest due to unique and novel physicochemical, optical, electrical, and biological properties. Since their discovery, CDs became a promising material for wide range of research applications from energy to biomedical and tissue engineering applications. At same time several new methods have been developed for the synthesis of CDs. Compared to many of these methods, the sonochemical preparation is a green method with advantages such as facile, mild experimental conditions, green energy sources, and feasibility to formulate CDs and doped CDs with controlled physicochemical properties and lower toxicity. In the last five years, the sonochemically synthesized CDs were extensively studied in a wide range of applications. In this review, we discussed the sonochemical assisted synthesis of CDs, doped CDs and their nanocomposites. In addition to the synthetic route, we will discuss the effect of various experimental parameters on the physicochemical properties of CDs; and their applications in different research areas such as bioimaging, drug delivery, catalysis, antibacterial, polymerization, neural tissue engineering, dye absorption, ointments, electronic devices, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. This review concludes with further research directions to be explored for the applications of sonochemical synthesized CDs.
author_names: Rajesh Kumar

Vijay Bhooshan Kumar

Aharon Gedanken
title: Sonochemical synthesis of carbon dots, mechanism, effect of parameters, and catalytic, energy, biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
venue: Ultrasonics sonochemistry
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract One of the pillars of nanotechnology is the study of materials whose nanoscale properties allow developing technologies for several fields. Carbon nanomaterials, such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, with applications in engineering and medical fields are highlighted. This chapter provides a brief review on these nanomaterials and emphasizes their relevance to nanotechnology. The main properties and synthesis methods will be discussed, as well as the research fields that benefit from their use. Our emphasis is on the use of C60 fullerene in organic solar cells, CNTs in sensors and biosensors, and graphene in batteries and supercapacitors. Other areas of interest that are shared by the three types of materials, such as engineering and biomedical applications, are also mentioned.
author_names: Jose R Siqueira

Osvaldo N Oliveira
title: Carbon Based Nanomaterials
year: 2017

abstract: s for Posters 1. Innervation of an engineered muscle graft for reconstruction of muscle defects Ben Kaplan* c,d Tal Kaufman* a,b Luba Perry d,e Yulia Shandalov c Itay Srugo f Dean Ad El a,b and Shulamit Levenberg +c a Department of Plastic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel. b Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. c Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. d Bruce Rapaport Faculty of Medicine, TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. e Interdepartmental Program in Biotechnology, TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. f Vetneuro, Beit berel Israel. Autologous muscle flaps are commonly used to reconstruct defects that involve muscle impairment. In order to maintain viability and functionality of these flaps, they must be properly vascularized and innervated. Tissue engineered muscles could potentially replace autologous muscle tissue, but still require establishment of sufficient innervation to ensure functionality. In this study, we explored the possibility of innervating engineered muscle grafts transplanted to an abdominal wall defect in mice, by transferring the native femoral nerve to the graft. Six weeks post transplantation, nerve conduction studies and electromyography demonstrated increased innervation in engineered grafts that were neurotized with the femoral nerve, as compared to non neurotized grafts. Histological assessments revealed axonal penetration and formation of neuromuscular junctions within the grafts. The innervation process described in this study may advance the fabrication of a fully functional engineered muscle graft that will be of utility in clinical settings. 2. Single layer graphene promotes neuronal activity by regulating potassium ion channels in interfaced neural networks Niccolo Paolo Pampaloni, Martin Lottner, Michele Giugliano, Alessia Matruglio, Francesco D'Amico, Maurizio Prato, Jose Antonio Garrido, Laura Ballerini, Denis Scaini Graphene, with its peculiar bi dimensional crystal arrangement of pure carbon atoms, is catching the eye of the research community with its extraordinary physicochemical properties. In particular, single layer graphene (SLG) potential applications in biology and (nano)medicine have being deeply investigated during last years. Although preliminary reports have shown that graphene based materials can be safely interfaced with neuronal cells, to date an exhaustive functional study of neuronal networks developed interfaced with SLG is missing. For the first time, we show that uncoated SLG is not only fully biocompatible but, surprisingly, induces in cultured neurons an increased network synaptic activity, presumably by altering the availability of extracellular K ions. The homeostatic changes observed in SLG interfaced cells, as well as the increased network activity, were not observed when neurons were interfaced neither on a many layers graphene (MLG) nor onto conductive thin gold substrates, suggesting a highly material specificity of this adaptive interaction. In particular, combining material characterization, electrophysiological patch clamp recordings and neuronal network simulations, we propose a model in which the peculiar interaction of SLG with the ionic species present in solution shifts a significant fraction of phasically firing neurons towards a tonic phenotype, and these changes ultimately reflect as an increase in firing activity of the entire network. 3. A Quest for the Cortical Representation of Subjective Surprise With a Virtual Reality Neurofeedback Platform Hadar Levi Aharoni 1* Oren Alkoby 2 Naftali Tishby 1,3 Oren Shriki 2 1 The Edmond Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; 2 Dept. of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Israel; 3 The School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel ELSC, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. E mail: hadar.levi@mail.huji.ac.il It is well known that responses to external stimuli are context dependent. Specifically, when a rare event occurs, it elicits the P300 event related potential (ERP) while when a stimulus repeats itself responses are attenuated. Context dependency can be modelled by conditional probabilities of future events. Arguably, these are the measures that give rise to the experience of expectation and surprise. These expectations, or conditional probabilities, should depend on both the memory capacity of subjects and on their goals. Using the Information Bottleneck method developed by Tishby et al. a trial by trial subjective surprise signal can be calculated, taking into account the subject's memory resources and goals. This calculated surprise signal can then be tested against physiological data. We examine the above hypothesis in the framework of an auditory oddball experiment. Our results indicate a correlation between the trial by trial measure of subjective surprise and an EEG metric based on the P300 component. Moreover, a platform we developed containing a virtual reality game combined with EEG measurements, allows us to have an ERP based neurofeedback in which the subject is getting feedback within the game on his current surprise related EEG feature. 4. Extended LFP study reveals the dorsal STN as the source of Beta
author_names: Liav Leiboviz

Valentina Borgil

Mirit Eynan

Rivka Efrat

Ben Aviner
title: Neural Interfaces Abstracts March 5 7 2018 Carbon based nanomaterials for active neuronal interfacing impact on signaling and regrowth
year: 2018