Query: diodes detector radiation

Candidate papers:

abstract: Solution processed 2D perovskite diodes with fully depleted junction enable highly sensitive and robust thin film x ray detectors. Solid state radiation detectors, using crystalline semiconductors to convert radiation photons to electrical charges, outperform other technologies with high detectivity and sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate a thin film x ray detector comprised with highly crystalline two dimensional Ruddlesden Popper phase layered perovskites fabricated in a fully depleted p i n architecture. It shows high diode resistivity of 1012 ohm*cm in reverse bias regime leading to a high x ray detecting sensitivity up to 0.276 C Gyair 1 cm 3. Such high signal is collected by the built in potential underpinning operation of primary photocurrent device with robust operation. The detectors generate substantial x ray photon induced open circuit voltages that offer an alternative detecting mechanism. Our findings suggest a new generation of x ray detectors based on low cost layered perovskite thin films for future x ray imaging technologies.
author_names: Hsinhan Tsai

Fangze Liu

Shreetu Shrestha

Kasun Fernando

Sergei Tretiak

Brian Scott

Duc Ta Vo

Joseph W Strzalka

Wanyi Nie
title: A sensitive and robust thin film x ray detector using 2D layered perovskite diodes
venue: Science Advances
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract This paper studies the radiation hardness of low gain avalanche detector (LGAD) developed by the Novel Device Laboratory (NDL) in Beijing and the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the context of an upgrade project of the ATLAS detector for the high luminosity phase of LHC. NDL LGAD sensors with different layouts, epitaxial resistivity and doping profile were irradiated up to 1.02 x 1015 neq/cm2 by 70 MeV protons at Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC) The timing resolution of NDL LGAD sensors reached 50 ps and the collected charge reached 3 4 fC after irradiation.
author_names: Y Y Fan

S Alderweireldt

C Agapopoulou

Nikolay Atanov

M K Ayoub

D Caforio

Huihuang Chen

S Christie

J Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa

G D'amen

Yu I Davydov

Ryuta Kiuchi

A S C Ferreira

Z Galloway

Michela Garau

J J Ge

C M Gee

Gabriele Giacomini

V Gkoukousis

C Grieco

S Guindon

Y Jin

Maoqiang Jing

E S Kuwertz

C A Labitan

M Leite

B Li

H Y Liang

Z Liang

Jian Liu

M Lockerby

Feng Lyu

N Makovec

S M Mazza

F Martinez-McKinney

Irina Nikolic

Rene Padilla

Baohua Qi

K Ran

Huan Ren

C Rizzi

E Rossi

S Sacerdoti

H F-W Sadrozinski

G T Saito

B A Schumm

A Seiden

Lianyou Shan

L Shi

Y H Tan

Alessandro Tricoli

S Trincaz-Duvoid

M Wilder

K Wu

W T Wyatt

X Shi

T Y Yang

L Zhao

M Zhao

Y P Zhao

Z Zhao

X Zheng

Xingang Zhuang
title: Radiation hardness of the low gain avalanche diodes developed by NDL and IHEP in China
year: 2020

abstract: This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a zero bias quasi optical terahertz detector based on monolithically integrated heterostructure backward diodes (HBDs) for operation at G band. The reported detectors consist of HBDs with <inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"$0.7 \times 0.7 \mu \text{m}{2} /tex math>/inline formula> active device area and submicrometer scale airbridges, integrated with lens coupled high impedance planar folded dipole antennas. Measurements of the HBD detector show that a peak measured detector sensitivity of approximately 2400 V/W and a minimum noise equivalent power (NEP<sub>min</sub> of 2.14 pW/<inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"\surd /tex math>/inline formula>Hz have been obtained at 170 GHz. If an antireflection coating was used on the lens, a sensitivity of approximately 3500 V/W and NEP<sub>min</sub> of 1.48 pW/<inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"\surd /tex math>/inline formula>Hz is projected. The radiation patterns of the quasi optical detector in both <inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"$E$ /tex math>/inline formula> and <inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"$H$ /tex math>/inline formula> planes have been measured, and good agreement has been achieved between simulation and measurement. The performance of this detector can be further improved by scaling the HBD device active area. The reported approach using monolithically integrated heterostructure backward tunneling diodes and submicrometer airbridges is promising for developing high performance and compact detectors and focal plane arrays for millimeter wave and terahertz sensing and imaging applications.
author_names: Syed M Rahman

Zhenguo Jiang

Md Itrat Bin Shams

Patrick J Fay

Lei Liu
title: A G Band Monolithically Integrated Quasi Optical Zero Bias Detector Based on Heterostructure Backward Diodes Using Submicrometer Airbridges
venue: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
year: 2018

abstract: Recently, high energy radiation has been widely used in various industrial fields, including the medical industry, and increasing research efforts have been devoted to the development of radiation detectors to be used with high energy radiation. In particular, nondestructive industrial applications use high energy radiation for ships and multilayered objects for accurate inspection. Therefore, it is crucial to verify the accuracy of radiation dose measurements and evaluate the precision and reproducibility of the radiation output dose. Representative detectors currently used for detecting the dose in high energy regions include Si diodes, diamond diodes, and ionization chambers. However, the process of preparing these detectors is complex in addition to the processes of conducting dosimetric measurements, analysis, and evaluation. Furthermore, the minimum size that can be prepared for a detector is limited. In the present study, the disadvantages of original detectors are compensated by the development of a detector made of a mixture of polycrystalline PbI2 and PbO powder, which are both excellent semiconducting materials suitable for detecting high energy gamma rays and X rays. The proposed detector shows characteristics of excellent reproducibility and stable signal detection in response to the changes in energy, and was analyzed for its applicability. Moreover, the detector was prepared through a simple process of particle in binder to gain control over the thickness and meet the specific value designated by the user. A mixture mass ratio with the highest reproducibility was determined through reproducibility testing with respect to changes in the photon energy. The proposed detector was evaluated for its detection response characteristics with respect to high energy photon beam, in terms of dose rate dependence, sensitivity, and linearity evaluation. In the reproducibility assessment, the detector made with 15 wt% PbO powder showed the best characteristics of 0.59% and 0.25% at 6 and 15 MV, respectively. Based on its selection in the reproducibility assessment, the 15 wt% PbO detector showed no dependence on the dose rate changes, with R SD 1% Finally, a coefficient of determination of 1 in the linearity assessment demonstrated very good linearity with regards to changes in dose. These results demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the proposed detector made from a mixture of PbI2 and PbO semiconductors.
author_names: Young Jin Heo

Kyoungwoon Kim

Moo-Jae Han

C W Moon

Jong-Chan Kim

Ji-Koon Park

Sung-Kwang Park
title: Development of a stable and sensitive semiconductor detector by using a mixture of lead(II) iodide and lead monoxide for NDT radiation dose detection
year: 2018

abstract: A new absorbance detector for capillary electrophoresis featuring relatively high intensity light emitting diodes as radiation sources and photodiodes for the deep UV range was developed. The direct relationship of absorbance values and concentrations was obtained by emulating Lambert Beer's law with the application of a beam splitter to obtain a reference signal and a log ratio amplifier circuitry. The performance of the cell was investigated at 255 nm with the detection of sulfanilic, 4 nitrobenzoic, 4 hydroxybenzoic and 4 aminobenzoic acid and the indirect detection of acetate, propionate, butyrate and caproate using benzoate as the displacement dye molecule. Vanillic acid, L tyrosine and DL tryptophan as well as the sulfonamides sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole and sulfamethazine were determined at 280 nm. Good linearities over 3 orders of magnitude were obtained. The noise level recorded was as low as 50 mAU and the drift typically <200 mAU/5 min.
author_names: Duy Anh Bui

Peter C Hauser
title: Absorbance detector for capillary electrophoresis based on light emitting diodes and photodiodes for the deep ultraviolet range.
venue: Journal of chromatography. A
year: 2015

abstract: Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) Schottky diodes with very low reverse leakage current have been fabricated and characterized for high resolution gamma ray detectors. The diodes were made using <formula formulatype="inline"<tex Notation="TeX"\rm Cd}_{0.9}\rm Zn}_{0.1}\rm Te}/tex>/formula> detector grade crystals grown from zone refined Cd, Zn, and Te (7N) precursor materials using low temperature tellurium solvent method. Various crystallographic defects including Te inclusions/precipitates were identified and characterized using electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurement and thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy. The EBIC images were correlated with transmission infrared (TIR) images of CZT crystals and the EBIC contrast was attributed to the nonuniformities in spatial distribution of Te inclusions. Characterization by TSC revealed shallow and deep level centers with activation energies 0.25 0.4 eV and 0.65 0.8 eV respectively, which were attributed to intrinsic defects associated with Te inclusions. Pulse height measurements were carried out using <formula formulatype="inline" <tex Notation="TeX"{137}\rm Cs}/tex>/formula> (662 keV) radiation source and energy resolution of <formula formulatype="inline"<tex Notation="TeX"\sim 1.51}/tex>/formula> full width at half maximum (FWHM) was obtained from the as grown boule.
author_names: Krishna C Mandal

Ramesh M Krishna

Peter G Muzykov

Timothy C Hayes
title: Fabrication and Characterization of \rm Cd}_{0.9}\rm Zn}_{0.1}\rm Te} Schottky Diodes for High Resolution Nuclear Radiation Detectors
venue: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
year: 2012

abstract: PURPOSE To determine the potentialities of synthetic single crystal diamond Schottky diodes for accurate dose measurements in radiation therapy small photon beams. METHODS The dosimetric properties of a diamond based detector were assessed by comparison with a reference microionization chamber. The diamond device was operated at zero bias voltage under irradiation with high energy radiotherapic photon beams. The stability of the detector response and its dose and dose rate dependence were measured. Different square field sizes ranging from 1 x 1 cm2 to 10 x 10 cm2 were used during comparative dose distribution measurements by means of percentage depth dose curves (PDDs) lateral beam profiles, and output factors. The angular and temperature dependence of the diamond detector response were also studied. RESULTS The detector response shows a deviation from linearity of less than 0.5% in the 0.01 7 Gy range and dose rate dependence below 0.5% in the 1 6 Gy/min range. PDDs and output factors are in good agreement with those measured by the reference ionization chamber within 1% No angular dependence is observed by rotating the detector along its axis, while ~3.5% maximum difference is measured by varying the radiation incidence angle in the polar direction. The temperature dependence was investigated as well and a 0.2% variation of the detector response is found in the 18 40 degC range. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate the investigated synthetic diamond based detector as a candidate for small field clinical radiation dosimetry in advanced radiation therapy techniques.
author_names: I Ciancaglioni

Marco Marinelli

E Milani

Giuseppe Prestopino

Claudio Verona

G Verona-Rinati

Rita Consorti

Assunta Petrucci

Francesco de Notaristefani
title: Dosimetric characterization of a synthetic single crystal diamond detector in clinical radiation therapy small photon beams.
venue: Medical physics
year: 2012

abstract: A HPLC detector has been designed which employs light emitting diodes in the deep UV range below 300 nm as wavelength specific radiation sources and special UV photodiodes for measuring the signal. A monochromator is therefore not needed. The design features a beam splitter and a reference photodiode, precision mechanics for adjustment of the light beams and electronics for stabilization of the LED current. The processing of the photodiode currents is carried out with a high performance log ratio amplifier which allows direct absorbance measurements. The optical and electronic performance of the detector was characterised and high precision over several absorbance units was obtained. Testing of analytical separation methods in isocratic as well as gradient modes employing UV detection at 255 and 280 nm showed a very similar performance to a commercial photodiode array detector used in the fixed wavelength mode in terms of linearity, precision and detection limits. The chief advantages of the new device are small size, low power consumption, and low cost.
author_names: Benjamin Bomastyk

Igor Petrovic

Peter C Hauser
title: Absorbance detector for high performance liquid chromatography based on light emitting diodes for the deep ultraviolet range.
venue: Journal of chromatography. A
year: 2011

abstract: Abstract In this paper, we discuss results of avalanche photodiodes radiation tests for Projectile Spectator Detector at future Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment. The tests were carried out in Nuclear Physics Institute of ASCR in Rez using the cyclotron facility. Secondary neutron beam was used for irradiation because the main radiation damage in the Projectile Spectator Detector is caused by neutrons. Two types of the avalanche photodiodes from Zecotek and Ketek manufacturers were investigated. Special attention was given to the noise investigation and self annealing after the irradiation. We have irradiated two Ketek PM3375 diodes with equivalent dose for 1 MeV neutrons equal to 2.5+ 0.2x10 12 n/cm 2 and single Zecotek MAPD 3N diode with equivalent dose for 1 MeV neutrons equal to 3.4+ 0.2x10 12 n/cm 2 All the types of the diodes have shown an increasing level of the noise after the irradiation. From that we can conclude that those avalanche photodiodes are not able to detect single photons anymore due to high noise levels.
author_names: Vasilij Kushpil

Vasily Mikhaylov

S Kushpil

Pavel Tlusty

Ondrej Svoboda

Andrej Kugler
title: Radiation hardness investigation of avalanche photodiodes for the Projectile Spectator Detector readout at the Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment
year: 2015

abstract: PURPOSE To determine the potentialities of synthetic single crystal diamond Schottky diodes for accurate dose measurements in radiation therapy small photon beams. METHODS The dosimetric properties of a diamond based detector were assessed by comparison with a reference microionization chamber. The diamond device was operated at zero bias voltage under irradiation with high energy radiotherapic photon beams. The stability of the detector response and its dose and dose rate dependence were measured. Different square field sizes ranging from 1 x 1 cm(2) to 10 x 10 cm(2) were used during comparative dose distribution measurements by means of percentage depth dose curves (PDDs) lateral beam profiles, and output factors. The angular and temperature dependence of the diamond detector response were also studied. RESULTS The detector response shows a deviation from linearity of less than 0.5% in the 0.01 7 Gy range and dose rate dependence below 0.5% in the 1 6 Gy/min range. PDDs and output factors are in good agreement with those measured by the reference ionization chamber within 1% No angular dependence is observed by rotating the detector along its axis, while ~3.5% maximum difference is measured by varying the radiation incidence angle in the polar direction. The temperature dependence was investigated as well and a 0.2% variation of the detector response is found in the 18 40 degC range. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate the investigated synthetic diamond based detector as a candidate for small field clinical radiation dosimetry in advanced radiation therapy techniques.
author_names: I Ciancaglioni

Marco Marinelli

E Milani

Giuseppe Prestopino

Claudio Verona

G Verona-Rinati

Rita Consorti

Assunta Petrucci

Francesco de Notaristefani
title: Dosimetric characterization of a synthetic single crystal diamond detector in clinical radiation therapy small photon beams.
venue: Medical physics
year: 2012