Query: 976nm VCSEL array

Candidate papers:

abstract: Many applications require laser pump sources with high output power (tens to hundreds of Watts) in the smallest spot, with the smallest divergence. Such high brightness pump sources typically use edge emitting semiconductor lasers. However, it is also possible to use high power two dimensional vertical cavity surfaceemitting laser (VCSEL) arrays for this purpose. Using a single 976nm 2D VCSEL array chip in an external cavity configuration, combined with a matching micro lens array, we have demonstrated more than 30W output power from a 50mm/0.22NA fiber, corresponding to a brightness of 10MW/cm2.sr. This represents a substantial reduction in module complexity compared to edge emitter based modules with similar brightness. These novel high brightness pump sources exhibit some well known intrinsic VCSEL performance features such as wavelength stability and narrow spectrum. Power and brightness can be scaled up using polarization and spectral combining.
author_names: Jean-Francois P Seurin

Guoyang Xu

Qing Wang

Baiming Guo

Robert van Leeuwen

Alexander Miglo

Prachi Pradhan

James D Wynn

Viktor Khalfin

Chuni L Ghosh
title: High brightness pump sources using 2D VCSEL arrays
venue: OPTO
year: 2010

abstract: We present an indoor free space optical communication system to augment traditional short range radio frequency wireless links. In this system, we integrated a high frequency, high current laser driver with an 850 nm wavelength, 500 mW vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array to transmit high speed optical signals with a large spatial coverage. The large current bandwidth capability of the laser driver is enabled by a distributed current driver design utilizing three enhanced mode pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors. At the optical receiver end, a high sensitivity avalanche photodiode is used to achieve high speed optical signal detection without any light concentrating optical device and is tolerant to angular deviation up to 27deg. The communication link described in this article forms an optical femtocell with an area of 100 cm2 at a distance of three meters from the transmitter. A bit error rate of less than 10 4 is achieved throughout the optical femtocell in a normal in door environment. On off keying and four level pulse amplitude modulation schemes are both implemented with 1.25 Gb/s and 2 Gb/s data rate respectively, using the hardware described in this article. Additionally, the overall performance of this free space optical link is evaluated in terms of viewing angle, distance range, and bit error rate.
author_names: Spencer Liverman

Hayden Bialek

Arun S Natarajan

Alan X Wang
title: VCSEL Array Based Gigabit Free Space Optical Femtocell Communication
venue: Journal of Lightwave Technology
year: 2020

abstract: Novel 940 nm (quasi )coherent VCSEL array (3x3) is demonstrated. It exhibits high power (62.4 mW) single spot output with narrow divergence angle ~5deg) over the full range of bias currents, and wide 3 dB E 0 bandwidth (10 GHz)
author_names: Zuhaib Khan

Jie-Chen Shin

Yung-Hao Chang

Jin-Wei Shi
title: High Brightness and High Speed Coherent VCSEL Array
venue: 2020 Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics (CLEO)
year: 2020

abstract: We observe experimentally collective lasing of a topological mode in a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array. The array is comprised of pillar shaped VCSELs in a crystalline model geometry and is optically pumped.
author_names: Alex Dikopoltsev

Tristan H Harder

Eran Lustig

Oleg A Egorov

Johannes Beierlein

Monika Emmerling

Christian Schneider

Sven Hofling

Mordechai Segev

Sebastian Klembt
title: Topological Insulator VCSEL Array
venue: 2020 Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics (CLEO)
year: 2020

abstract: Implant defined coherent vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays with an integrated phase shifter that can convert the out of phase mode into the in phase mode were demonstrated. The measured angular full width at half maximum (FWHM) from a <inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"{9} \times {9} /tex math>/inline formula> coherent VCSEL array in the far field lobes is only 0.82deg. The intensity of the central lobe is about 2.9 times than that of surrounding sidelobes, showing excellent beam quality. The FWHM of the spectrum of a <inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"{9} \times {9} /tex math>/inline formula> array is only 0.02 nm, showing a single mode operation. It provides a potential method to fabricate larger in phase coherent VCSEL arrays. A remaining challenge is enhancing output power via solving the heat problem.
author_names: Meng Xun

Yun Sun

Xiaowei Jiang

Runze Zhang

Jing-tao Zhou
title: Stable in Phase Mode Operation in Coherent VCSEL Array With an Integrated Phase Shifter
venue: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
year: 2020

abstract: We present the design and test results of a 4 channel 10 Gbps/ch Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser array driver, the cpVLAD. With on chip charge pumps to extend the biasing headroom for the VCSELs needed for low temperature operation and mitigation of the radiation effects. The cpVLAD was fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The test results show that the cpVLAD is capable of driving VCSELs with forward bias voltages as high as 2.8 V from a 2.5 V power supply. The power consumption of the cpVLAD is 94 mW/ch.
author_names: X Huang

Datao Gong

Q Sun

Chong-shun Chen

Di Guo

Suen Ray Hou

G Huang

Szymon Kulis

C Liu

T Liu

Paulo Moreira

A S'anchez Rodr'iguez

H L Sun

Jan Troska

L Xiao

Longkun Zhang

W Zhang

J Ye
title: A 4 Channel 10 Gbps/ch CMOS VCSEL Array Driver with on chip Charge Pumps
year: 2020

abstract: Beam steering devices have wide applications in both military and civil fields. The ultimate goal for such devices is to reduce their size, weight, and power consumption. However, the laser source in these devices is spatially separate from the phase shifter, resulting in large size, complex packaging, and low coupling efficiency. To solve these problems, a novel electrically controlled beam steering chip based on coherently coupled vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array directly integrated with liquid crystal optical phased array (LCOPA) is proposed in this paper. Implant defined in phase coherently coupled VCSEL arrays (CCVAs) with uniform near field are designed and fabricated first to act as the coherent laser source for the chip. Then, taking advantage of the CCVA planar structure, the LCOPA is integrated directly on the CCVA by conventional process. The coherent light generated by the in phase CCVA is uniformly and normally incident into the LCOPA and is electrically steered by the LCOPA. One dimensional beam steering is achieved by two proof of concept integrated chips. The chips based on a 4 x 4 square CCVA and a 16 element hexagonal CCVA offer a field of view of 2.21deg and 6.06deg, respectively. Independent control of the CCVA and LCOPA guarantees a relatively high wavelength stability and power stability. Theoretical calculations are also performed, which are consistent with the experiments.
author_names: Guanzhong Pan

Chen Xu

Yiyang Xie

Yibo Dong

Qiuhua Wang

Jun Deng

Jie Sun

Hongda Chen
title: Ultra compact electrically controlled beam steering chip based on coherently coupled VCSEL array directly integrated with optical phased array.
venue: Optics express
year: 2019

abstract: This paper presents a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogator based on vertical surface cavity emitting lasers (VCSEL) A Fabry Perot filter technique is developed to directly calibrate the dynamic wavelength behavior of VCSELs at both low and high sweep rates. A broad bandwidth light source is constructed by multiplexing five VCSELs together to increase the number of FBGs that can be tracked. Scanning of the VCSEL array is accomplished by a high speed electronic switch circuit. The developed interrogator achieves a sweep bandwidth of 10 nm at a scanning rate of 4 kHz. Low velocity impact testing of a composite plate with a surface mounted FBG sensor shows that the wavelength detection error was 2.7% when compared with the FBG strain obtained by a high speed swept laser.
author_names: Guodong Guo

Mark Pankow

Kara Peters
title: High Speed Interrogation Approach for FBG Sensors Using a VCSEL Array Swept Source
venue: IEEE Sensors Journal
year: 2019

abstract: The operating conditions and structural design that are necessary to realize 2dimensional (2D) phased locked VCSEL array using Talbot effect (Talbot VCSEL) were studied by numerical analysis of mutual injection locking by using the laser rate equation. Analysis of a few elements confirms the tendency of mutual injection locking and shows that the locking range can be expanded by increasing the number of elements which have close wavelength. Furthermore, Talbot VCSEL of a 2D array was analyzed to clarify the optimal array configuration that are necessary for locking operation. As the results, the aperture diameter of >5 m and the array size of 9x9 with 30 m of array pitch is appropriate minimum configuration of the 2D VCSEL array.
author_names: Taichi Shichijo

Tomoyuki Miyamoto
title: Rate equation based numerical analysis of mutual injection for phase locked 2D VCSEL array using Talbot effect
venue: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
year: 2019

abstract: Metal grids are used to solve the current spreading problem in coherently coupled implant defined vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays. In phase mode operation with a near diffraction limited beam is achieved in hexagonal 19 element arrays. The measured beamwidth of the arrays is as low as 1.3deg, which is only about 1.08 times of the diffraction limit. The arrays can maintain a relatively high proportion of 29.2% average power in the central lobe from threshold to maximum output power. The narrow beamwidth and high power proportion benefit from the uniform near field optical intensity owing to the metal grids. This technique provides an alternative method to realize large area in phase coherently coupled VCSEL array with high beam quality.
author_names: Guanzhong Pan

Yiyang Xie

Chen Xu

Qiuhua Wang

Yibo Dong

Jun Deng

Hongda Chen

Jie Sun
title: In Phased Implant Defined Hexagonal VCSEL Array With Near Diffraction Limited Beam
venue: IEEE Photonics Technology Letters
year: 2019