Query: "A 52–57 GHz 6-Bit Phase Shifter With Hybrid of Passive and Active Structures

Candidate papers:

abstract: It is very hard to realize a 6 bit resolution millimeter wave phase shifter whether by passive structure or by active structure. A 52 57 GHz 6 bit phase shifter with hybrid of passive and active structures is proposed. The switched LC phase shifter is adopted for the passive structure because of its compact size, and the vector sum phase shifter is chosen for the active structure in the 6 bit phase shifter. The proposed 6 bit phase shifter uses the passive structure to realize 5.625deg and 11.25deg phase shifts and uses the active structure to realize the <inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"$N \times 22.5^\circ /tex math>/inline formula> phase shifts. Implemented in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company 40 nm CMOS technology, the 6 bit phase shifter has a RMS error <3.76deg and a RMS gain error <2.23 dB at 52 57 GHz. The proposed 6 bit millimeter wave phase shifter achieves a high phase resolution with a compact size. The core die occupies an area of 500 <inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"\mu \text{m}\times 300\\mu \text{m} /tex math>/inline formula> and consumes about 13 mA from a 1.1 V supply.
author_names: Xing Quan

Xiang Yi

Chirn Chye Boon

Kaituo Yang

Chenyang Li

Bei Liu

Zhipeng Liang

Yiqi Zhuang
title: A 52 57 GHz 6 Bit Phase Shifter With Hybrid of Passive and Active Structures
venue: IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters
year: 2018

abstract: Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) has recently been used to reach record distances in long haul lightwave communication systems. This paper will review theoretical, as well as implementation, aspects of DPSK, and discuss experimental results.
author_names: Alan H Gnauck

Peter J Winzer
title: Optical phase shift keyed transmission
venue: Journal of Lightwave Technology
year: 2005

abstract: Multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with adaptive multiuser subcarrier allocation and adaptive modulation is considered. Assuming knowledge of the instantaneous channel gains for all users, we propose a multiuser OFDM subcarrier, bit, and power allocation algorithm to minimize the total transmit power. This is done by assigning each user a set of subcarriers and by determining the number of bits and the transmit power level for each subcarrier. We obtain the performance of our proposed algorithm in a multiuser frequency selective fading environment for various time delay spread values and various numbers of users. The results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms multiuser OFDM systems with static time division multiple access (TDMA) or frequency division multiple access (FDMA) techniques which employ fixed and predetermined time slot or subcarrier allocation schemes. We have also quantified the improvement in terms of the overall required transmit power, the bit error rate (BER) or the area of coverage for a given outage probability.
author_names: Cheong Yui Wong

Roger S Cheng

Khaled Ben Letaief

Ross D Murch
title: Multiuser OFDM with adaptive subcarrier, bit, and power allocation
venue: IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
year: 1999

abstract: This paper presents a low power 10 bit 50 MS/s successive approximation register (SAR) analog to digital converter (ADC) that uses a monotonic capacitor switching procedure. Compared to converters that use the conventional procedure, the average switching energy and total capacitance are reduced by about 81% and 50% respectively. In the switching procedure, the input common mode voltage gradually converges to ground. An improved comparator diminishes the signal dependent offset caused by the input common mode voltage variation. The prototype was fabricated using 0.13 ?m 1P8M CMOS technology. At a 1.2 V supply and 50 MS/s, the ADC achieves an SNDR of 57.0 dB and consumes 0.826 mW, resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of 29 fJ/conversion step. The ADC core occupies an active area of only 195 x 265 ?m2.
author_names: Chun-Cheng Liu

Soon-Jyh Chang

Guan-Ying Huang

Ying-Zu Lin
title: A 10 bit 50 MS/s SAR ADC With a Monotonic Capacitor Switching Procedure
venue: IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits
year: 2010

abstract: Integrated 60 GHz active and passive phase shifters for RF path phase shifting phased array transceivers are demonstrated in this paper. The reflection type passive phase shifter achieves 180deg phase variation across the 57GHz 64GHz band with insertion loss varying from 4.2dB 7.5dB at 60GHz. The active phase shifter employs vector interpolation architecture and achieves 360deg phase variation, 2dB gain, 12GHz 3dB bandwidth and 16.5dB noise figure at 60GHz. Measurements over process and temperature are also discussed and comparisons are drawn between active and passive phase shifting approach for 60GHz phased arrays.
author_names: Ming-Da Tsai

Arun S Natarajan
title: 60GHz passive and active RF path phase shifters in silicon
venue: 2009 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium
year: 2009

abstract: This paper presents our vision of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) "Tangible Bits." Tangible Bits allows users to "grasp manipulate" bits in the center of users' attention by coupling the bits with everyday physical objects and architectural surfaces. Tangible Bits also enables users to be aware of background bits at the periphery of human perception using ambient display media such as light, sound, airflow, and water movement in an augmented space. The goal of Tangible Bits is to bridge the gaps between both cyberspace and the physical environment, as well as the foreground and background of human activities. This paper describes three key concepts of Tangible Bits: interactive surfaces; the coupling of bits with graspable physical objects; and ambient media for background awareness. We illustrate these concepts with three prototype systems the metaDESK, transBOARD and ambientROOM to identify underlying research issues.
author_names: Hiroshi Ishii

Brygg Ullmer
title: Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms
venue: CHI
year: 1997

abstract: Based on the indoor radio wave propagation analysis, and the fundamental limits of CMOS technology it is shown that phased array technology is the ultimate solution for the radio and physical layer of the millimeter wave multi Gb/s wireless networks. A low cost, single receiver array architecture with RF phase shifting is proposed and design, analysis and measurements of its key components are presented. A high gain, two stage, low noise amplifier in 90 nm CMOS technology with more than 20 dB gain over the 60 GHz spectrum is designed. Furthermore, a broadband analog phase shifter with a linear phase and low insertion loss variation is designed, and its measured characteristics are presented. Moreover, two novel beamforming techniques for millimeter wave phased array receivers are developed in this paper. The performance of these methods for line of sight and multipath signal propagation conditions is studied. It is shown that one of the proposed beamforming methods has an excess gain of up to 14 dB when the line of sight link is obstructed by a human.
author_names: Mohammad Fakharzadeh

Mohammad-Reza Nezhad-Ahmadi

Behzad Biglarbegian

Javad J Ahmadi-Shokouh

Safieddin Safavi-Naeini
title: CMOS Phased Array Transceiver Technology for 60 GHz Wireless Applications
venue: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
year: 2010

abstract: This thesis evaluates bit rate selection techniques to maximize throughput over wireless links that are capable of multiple bit rates. The key challenges in bit rate selection are determining which bit rate provides the most throughput and knowing when to switch to another bit rate that would provide more throughput. This thesis presents the SampleRate bit rate selection algorithm. SampleRate sends most data packets at the bit rate it believes will provide the highest throughput. SampleRate periodically sends a data packet at some other bit rate in order to update a record of that bit rate's loss rate. SampleRate switches to a different bit rate if the throughput estimate based on the other bit rate's recorded loss rate is higher than the current bit rate's throughput. Measuring the loss rate of each supported bit rate would be inefficient because sending packets at lower bit rates could waste transmission time, and because successive unicast losses are time consuming for bit rates that do not work. SampleRate addresses this problem by only sampling at bit rates whose lossless throughput is better than the current bit rate's throughput. SampleRate also stops probing at a bit rate if it experiences several successive losses. This thesis presents measurements from indoor and outdoor wireless networks that demonstrate that SampleRate performs as well or better than other bit rate selection algorithms. SampleRate performs better than other algorithms on links where all bit rates suffer from significant loss. Thesis Supervisor: Robert T. Morris Title: Assistant Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
author_names: John C Bicket
title: Bit rate selection in wireless networks
year: 2005

abstract: A 5 bit digital controlled switch type passive phase shifter realised in a 40 nm digital CMOS technology without ultra thick metals for the 60 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band is presented. A patterned shielding with electromagnetic bandgap structure and a stacked metals method to increase the on chip inductor quality factor are proposed. To reduce the insertion loss from the transistors, the transistor switches are implemented with a body source connection. For all 32 states, the minimum phase error is 1.5deg, and the maximum phase error is 6.8deg. The measured insertion loss is 20.9 1 dB including pad loss at 60 GHz and the return loss is >10 dB over 57 64 GHz. The total chip size is 0.24 mm2 with 0 mW DC power consumption.
author_names: Hao Gao

Kuangyuan Ying

Marion K Matters-Kammerer

Pja Pieter Harpe

Bindi Wang

B Bo Liu

Wouter A Serdijn

Pgm Peter Baltus
title: 60 GHz 5 bit digital controlled phase shifter in a digital 40 nm CMOS technology without ultra thick metals
year: 2016

abstract: With the severe spectrum shortage in conventional cellular bands, large scale antenna systems in the mmWave bands can potentially help to meet the anticipated demands of mobile traffic in the 5G era. There are many challenging issues, however, regarding the implementation of digital beamforming in large scale antenna systems: complexity, energy consumption, and cost. In a practical large scale antenna deployment, hybrid analog and digital beamforming structures can be important alternative choices. In this article, optimal designs of hybrid beamforming structures are investigated, with the focus on an N (the number of transceivers) by M (the number of active antennas per transceiver) hybrid beamforming structure. Optimal analog and digital beamforming designs in a multi user beamforming scenario are discussed. Also, the energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency of the N x M beamforming structure are analyzed, including their relationship at the green point (i.e. the point with the highest energy efficiency) on the energy efficiency spectrum efficiency curve, the impact of N on the energy efficiency performance at a given spectrum efficiency value, and the impact of N on the green point energy efficiency. These results can be conveniently utilized to guide practical LSAS design for optimal energy/ spectrum efficiency trade off. Finally, a reference signal design for the hybrid beamform structure is presented, which achieves better channel estimation performance than the method solely based on analog beamforming. It is expected that large scale antenna systems with hybrid beamforming structures in the mmWave band can play an important role in 5G.
author_names: Shuangfeng Han

I Chih-Lin

Zhikun Xu

Corbett Rowell
title: Large scale antenna systems with hybrid analog and digital beamforming for millimeter wave 5G
venue: IEEE Communications Magazine
year: 2015