Query: Spintronics: A Spin-Based Electronics Vision for the Future

Candidate papers:

abstract: This review describes a new paradigm of electronics based on the spin degree of freedom of the electron. Either adding the spin degree of freedom to conventional charge based electronic devices or using the spin alone has the potential advantages of nonvolatility, increased data processing speed, decreased electric power consumption, and increased integration densities compared with conventional semiconductor devices. To successfully incorporate spins into existing semiconductor technology, one has to resolve technical issues such as efficient injection, transport, control and manipulation, and detection of spin polarization as well as spin polarized currents. Recent advances in new materials engineering hold the promise of realizing spintronic devices in the near future. We review the current state of the spin based devices, efforts in new materials fabrication, issues in spin transport, and optical spin manipulation.
author_names: Stuart A Wolf

David D Awschalom

Robert A Buhrman

J M Daughton

Stephan von Molnar

Michael L Roukes

Almadena Yu Chtchelkanova

Daryl M Treger
title: Spintronics: A Spin Based Electronics Vision for the Future
venue: Science
year: 2001

abstract: Conventional electronic devices based on the transport of electrical charge carriers electronsin a semiconductor such as silicon. Spintronics is an emerging field of electronics, where instead of using the charge of electrons, devices work by manipulating electron spin. In this paper describe a new paradigm of electronics based on the spin degree of freedom of the electron. Either adding the spin degree of freedom to conventional electronic devices or using the spin alone has the potential advantages of non volatility increased fast speed of data processing decreased electric power consumption, more versatile and increased integration densities compared with conventional semiconductor devices also used in Semiconductor lasers and nanotechnology. Recent research in new materials engineering hold the promise of realizing spintronic devices in near
author_names: Vijay Laxmi Kalyani

Vaishali Agrawal
title: Spintronics A Vision for Future in Electronics and Computers
year: 2015

abstract: In very near future human blood will be streaming with tiny nanorobots to get exact information about the infected cells or as intelligent drug delivery system and transmit the information to wireless cloud. Accordingly, low power and low dimensional electronics technology needs to be incorporated in a single agenda to show the path for development of these types of robots. Hence, the idea is to build low power, low dimensional nano robotic system which can be achieved by new generation ULSI hardware implementation. As an attempt towards this, here we present a straintronics based nano robotic system and its ULSI architecture. Straintronics or strain based spin electronics is an emerging field of IC fabrication technology for modern and future electronics. In straintronics data manipulate, control and store with spin degree of freedom. Electron spin instead of electron charge carries information in these devices. Hence, it requires very low power to operate and also the device can generate its own power from any stress upon it. This aspect offers opportunities for development of new generation of nano robotic devices with spin based electronics.
author_names: Sampreet Sarkar

Syed Intekhab Alam

Varun Ravindran

Arpan Banerjee

Arghya Debnath

Ankush Ghosh
title: Spintronics based Systems for AI Nano Robots
venue: 2018 International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON)
year: 2018

abstract: Metals recovery from electronic product recycling is currently focused on high value precious metals high volume metals that are easily recoverable. Current and future electronics will increasingly contain small quantities of resources which are not currently recovered in today's recycling infrastructure. Trends toward miniaturization, product dematerialization, and increasing materials heterogeneity create increasing challenges with respect to materials recovery, and the financial viability of electronics recycling generally. This situation is bad and getting worse. iNEMI (the International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative) undertook a project, the first phase of which was to examine the role its members could play in increasing metals recovery, while promoting sustainable electronics. In the second phase the project narrowed its focus to specifically address hard disk drives (HDDs) but expanded its focus to include all dimensions of the end of use system (EoU) that impact its financial viability. This included the reuse of HDDs, always the superior option, as well as the reclamation of critical raw materials being lost under the existing recycling paradigm. The report from this second project phase includes, a comprehensive assessment of the annual sales and trends for HDDs, a projection of the quantity of used HDDs available for enhanced value recovery through a stocks and flows analysis using system dynamics, a detailed characterisation of the decision trees employed by HDD EoU processors which determine whether a drive is reused (either directly, white labelled or for parts) or recycled (largely based on shredding) and the parameters that guide these decisions, an overview of data security and data destruction methods employed, an investigation of new pathways to value recovery including automated disassembly, removal and repurposing of magnets, and an industry wide survey examining the barriers and potential solutions to implementing these pathways. The project further examined whether conditions exist, as a way to implement these improvements, to develop a voluntary, community based solution involving adaptive governance systems to self manage common pool resources. This concept was inspired by the work of Dr. Eleanor Ostrom (2009 Nobel Laureate in Economics) It was concluded that the key necessary conditions do exist. Specifically: the system dynamics are sufficiently predictable, the number of users are known, the leadership exists The electronics industry is well organized by industry associations and certain large companies are recognized as leaders, the users of the resources share experience in group processes The industry has worked well together on many initiatives, e.g. RoHS transition, iNEMI, EICC, IEC EPEAT standards, and there exists a recognition of the importance of critical resources and supply risks. In summary the iNEMI study has defined a basis for action to address the disastrous economic situation for EoU electronics by maximizing value recovery opportunities. There are two directions that should be pursued from here: implement the opportunities for HDD value recovery, and conduct comparable analyses for other EoU components and products
author_names: Wayne Rifer

Carol A Handwerker

William Olson

Colin Fitzpatrick

Willie Cade

Haley Fu
title: A Vision for the Circular Economy in Hard Disk Drives Based on Self Management of Common Pool Resources
year: 2017

abstract: Abstract Mass Customization (MC) has become a major trend in the consumer goods market in recent years. While the economic chances and threats are already described very well, the social and environmental impact of MC products remain unclear. Phonebloks, a design study of a modular smartphone launched in 2013, created a vision about fostering sustainability through MC. Teaming up with Google's Project Ara, a modular and customizable smartphone approach seemed very likely to reach market maturity. In 2016, Google canceled Project Ara shortly before the awaited market introduction. Analyzing the rise and fall of the first large scale MC based business model that was initially designed to foster sustainability in the consumer electronics market, gives us the opportunity to revise the economic, social and ecologic potential of modular and customizable smartphones in general. Furthermore, with constantly growing consumer requirements for new product iterations in shorter time frames, traditional measures for success, such as time to market, could change inherently as we are moving closer towards iterative product development processes and much shorter product life cycles. This, in turn, leads to major changes for ramp up processes. Using a qualitative case study approach based on expert interviews at two different stages of the Project Ara development process (2015 and 2017) we shed light on the future of modular and customizable smartphones and their economic, social and ecologic sustainability potential. We show that while Project Ara failed in the end, it had the economic potential to outperform its competitors in the field of modular smartphones. We find that an MC approach could lead to longer smartphone or, at least, component life cycles. Finally, we affirm a positive potential for influencing sociocultural behavior in the long tail of the smartphone market.
author_names: Stephan Hankammer

Ruth Jiang

Robin Kleer

Martin Schymanietz
title: Are modular and customizable smartphones the future, or doomed to fail? A case study on the introduction of sustainable consumer electronics
year: 2017

abstract: Spin logic devices, due to their programmability and nonvolatility, are deemed as an ideal building block for the next generation of electronics. Though several types of spin logic based on domain wall motion, spin field effect transistor and automata made of magnetic nanoparticles have been proposed, an architecture with scalability, energy efficiency and compatibility with current complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology is still in urgent demand. Here, it is experimentally demonstrated that the spin Hall effect in magnetic films with perpendicular anisotropy can be utilized to construct such a spin logic device. Five commonly used logic gates with nonvolatility in a single device are realized. This demonstration could pave the way towards application of spintronics in logic circuits as well as the memory industry in the near future and could even give birth to logic in memory computing architectures.
author_names: Caihua Wan

Xuan-tong Zhang

Z H Yuan

Chi Fang

Wenjie Kong

Qintong Zhang

Hao Wu

Usman Khan

Xiufeng Han
title: Programmable Spin Logic Based on Spin Hall Effect in a Single Device
year: 2017

abstract: Room temperature spin based electronics is the vision of spintronics. Presently, there are few suitable material systems. Herein, we reveal that solution processed mixed phase Ruddlesden Popper perovskite thin films transcend the challenges of phonon momentum scattering that limits spin transfer in conventional semiconductors. This highly disordered system exhibits a remarkable efficient ultrafast funneling of photoexcited spin polarized excitons from two dimensional (2D) to three dimensional (3D) phases at room temperature. We attribute this efficient exciton relaxation pathway towards the lower energy states to originate from the quantum coupling between intermediate states. This process bypasses the omnipresent phonon momentum scattering in typical semiconductors with stringent band dispersion, which causes the loss of spin information during thermalization. Film engineering using graded 2D/3D perovskites allows uni directional out of plane spin funneling over a thickness of ~600 nm. Our findings reveal an intriguing family of solution processed perovskites with extraordinary spin preserving energy transport properties that could reinvigorate the concepts of spin information transport.
author_names: David Giovanni

Jia Wei Melvin Lim

Zhongcheng Yuan

Swee Sien Lim

Marcello Righetto

Jian Qing

Qiannan Zhang

Herlina Arianita Dewi

Feng Gao

Subodh Gautam Mhaisalkar

Nripan Mathews

Tze Chien Sum
title: Replication Data For: Ultrafast long range spin funneling in solution processed Ruddlesden Popper halide perovskites
year: 2019

abstract: Room temperature spin based electronics is the vision of spintronics. Presently, there are few suitable material systems. Herein, we reveal that solution processed mixed phase Ruddlesden Popper perovskite thin films transcend the challenges of phonon momentum scattering that limits spin transfer in conventional semiconductors. This highly disordered system exhibits a remarkable efficient ultrafast funneling of photoexcited spin polarized excitons from two dimensional (2D) to three dimensional (3D) phases at room temperature. We attribute this efficient exciton relaxation pathway towards the lower energy states to originate from the energy transfer mediated by intermediate states. This process bypasses the omnipresent phonon momentum scattering in typical semiconductors with stringent band dispersion, which causes the loss of spin information during thermalization. Film engineering using graded 2D/3D perovskites allows unidirectional out of plane spin funneling over a thickness of ~600 nm. Our findings reveal an intriguing family of solution processed perovskites with extraordinary spin preserving energy transport properties that could reinvigorate the concepts of spin information transfer. Spin information transport or transfer is essential for spintronics applications and often relies on high purity and quality materials. Here, the authors report on the defect tolerant solution processed Ruddlesden Popper halide perovskites, where a spin propagation length of 600 nm was achieved via spin funneling.
author_names: David Giovanni

Jia Wei Melvin Lim

Zhongcheng Yuan

Swee Sien Lim

Marcello Righetto

Jian Qing

Qiannan Zhang

Herlina Arianita Dewi

Feng Gao

Subodh Gautam Mhaisalkar

Nripan Mathews

Tze Chien Sum
title: Ultrafast long range spin funneling in solution processed Ruddlesden Popper halide perovskites
venue: Nature Communications
year: 2019

abstract: Today's world is driven by digital computing and information technology, which has been made possible by the mass production of integrated circuits with faster and smaller transistors. Since the last five decades, the semiconductor industry has been successful in doubling the processing power of a computer chip every 2 years. This has been achieved by making tinier transistors and packing more of them in the same chip. Presently, the transistor sizes are in the order of a few nanometres, approaching the size of atoms (a million times smaller than the diameter of a human hair) However, as the transistor size is reduced further, its performance is adversely affected due to quantum mechanical effects. This has led to the development of alternative technologies for future device applications. This thesis is about one such alternative technology, which utilizes a fundamental property of the electron, known as 'spin' instead of the electronic charge. Spintronics, or spin based electronics, can be utilized to make cheaper, faster and energy efficient devices. The three main challenges in spintronics are the efficient generation, manipulation and detection of spin currents. The experiments presented in this thesis attempt to provide innovative solutions and investigate new ways of tackling these main challenges. Spin transport in a non local geometry is the primary tool that has been used for this research. The experimental chapters investigate different techniques through which spins can be efficiently controlled, viz. spin orbit interaction, heat, curved geometry and magnons. These results have direct implications for spin based memory and logic devices.
author_names: Kumar Sourav Das
title: Controlling spins in nanodevices via spin orbit interaction, magnons and heat
year: 2019

abstract: Electron spins are envisioned to play a key role in future information technologies. Apart from complementing charge based functionalities, spin based electronics (spintronics) offers entirely new possibilities. They emerge particularly from spintronic effects allowing for the mutual conversion of charge (or heat) and spin currents. Consequently, widespread applications already exist, including the magnetic random access memory, which became commercially available only recently. On the other hand, field effect transistors reaching cut off frequencies of up to 1THz have been demonstrated. This strongly suggests that future spintronic devices eventually need to operate at terahertz (THz) speeds. Consequently, the following questions will be studied in this thesis: Are central spintronic effects operative up to highest THz frequencies? What are the initial elementary processes in their formation? How can we exploit new functionalities? Thereby, intriguing, new phenomena may be found since many fundamental excitations in solids resonate with THz radiation. Most importantly, the spin orbit interaction, one of the cornerstones of spintronics, typically falls into the THz energy range. Apart from these exciting fundamental motivations, innovative spintronic concepts might advance other application fields, in particular THz photonics. In this work, we first demonstrate the anomalous Hall effect at highest THz frequencies in technologically relevant metals. Remarkably, we find an anomalous Hall angle ~2% nearly constant from 1 40 THz. This result is understood in terms of the largely disordered materials, strongly blurring any spectral features. Second, we exploit spintronic effects at THz frequencies to build an efficient and ultrabroadband THz spintronic emitter, based on nanometer thin magnetic and strongly spin orbit coupled metals. It relies on ultrashort photoexcitation and the combination of the ultrafast spin dependent Seebeck effect with the inverse spin Hall effect, and outperforms standard emitters in terms of bandwidth, ease of use, low cost, and scalability. By upscaling, we develop a THz spintronic high field source allowing for nonlinear THz spectroscopy. Furthermore, we use THz emission spectroscopy to characterize spintronic materials all optically. Third, we aim at revealing the fundamental processes in the ultrafast conversion of heat gradients into spin currents. Therefore, we measure the spin Seebeck effect at THz frequencies in prototypical magnetic insulator/normal metal bilayers. We find an ultrafast rise time of ~100 fs, which is ascribed to carrier multiplication during the thermalization of the photo excited metal electrons. Our findings are relevant for all processes involving photo induced spin transfer. In conclusion, this work demonstrates the synergies released upon combining two vibrant fields of research: spintronics and THz spectroscopy.
author_names: Tom S Seifert
title: Spintronics with Terahertz Radiation: Probing and driving spins at highest frequencies
year: 2018