Query: Thermal Management of Electronics: A review of Literature

Candidate papers:

abstract: Due to rapid growth in semiconductor technology, there is a continuous increase of the system power and the shrinkage of size. This resulted in inevitable challenges in the field of thermal management of electronics to maintain the desirable operating temperature. The present paper reviews the literature dealing with various aspects of cooling methods. Included are papers on experimental work on analyzing cooling technique and its stability, numerical modeling, natural convection, and advanced cooling methods. The issues of thermal management of electronics, development of new effective cooling schemes by using advanced materials and manufacturing methods are also enumerated in this paper.
author_names: Sundaram Shanmuga Anandan

Velraj Ramalingam
title: Thermal management of electronics: A review of literature
year: 2008

abstract: Abstract Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used extensively to improve thermal conduction across two mating parts. They are particularly crucial in electronics thermal management since excessive junction to ambient thermal resistances can cause elevated temperatures which can negatively influence device performance and reliability. Of particular interest to electronic package designers is the thermal resistance of the TIM layer at the end of its design life. Estimations of this allow the package to be designed to perform adequately over its entire useful life. To this end, TIM reliability studies have been performed using accelerated stress tests. This paper reviews the body of work which has been performed on TIM reliability. It focuses on the various test methodologies with commentary on the results which have been obtained for the different TIM materials. Based on the information available in the open literature, a test procedure is proposed for TIM selection based on beginning and end of life performance.
author_names: Jens Due

A J Robinson
title: Reliability of thermal interface materials: A review
year: 2013

abstract: The thermal management of magnetic components for power electronics is crucial to ensure their reliability. However, conventional thermal models for magnetic components are known to have either poor accuracy or excessive complexity. Contrary to these models, the use of Thermal Resistance Matrices is proposed in this paper instead, which combine both accuracy and simplicity. They are usually used to characterize semiconductor devices, but not for magnetic components. The guidelines to apply Thermal Resistance Matrices for magnetic components are discussed in detail. The accuracy of this model is validated by 3D FEA simulations and experimental results, showing an absolute error lower than 5 C and a relative error between 6.4% and 3.9% which is outstanding compared to the carried out literature review.
author_names: Guillermo Salinas

Juan A Serrano-Vargas

Javier Munoz-Anton

Pedro Alou
title: Thermal Resistance Matrix Extraction from Finite Element Analysis for High Frequency Magnetic Components
year: 2021

abstract: Dielectric materials with high thermal conductivity (TC) can enable disruptive performance enhancement in the areas of electronics packaging, thermal management, energy storage, cabling, and heat sinks. There have been widespread global efforts over the past decade on developing novel nanocomposite dielectric materials. As a baseline, legacy polymers and epoxies used in the abovementioned applications have very low thermal conductivities ranging from 0.1 0.5 \text{W}\cdot \text{m} 1} \cdot \text{K} 1} Recent advances have led to the commercial availability of polymeric materials with thermal conductivities approaching 10 \text{W}\cdot \text{m} 1} \cdot \text{K} 1} Importantly, several fundamental studies report novel nanocomposites with thermal conductivities >50\\text{W}\cdot \text{m} 1} \cdot \text{K} 1} This article summarizes progress in the development of such materials with a focus on developments that show promise for improved practical dielectrics. This review highlights that high TC alone is inadequate to characterize the suitability of any material for the above applications. Other thermal properties, such as thermal diffusivity, glass transition temperature, and the ratio of the in plane to out of plane TC, are important to quantify the thermal performance of novel nanocomposites. In addition, characterization and understanding of mechanical properties (coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) tensile strength and elastic modulus) and electrical properties (dielectric strength and dielectric permittivity) are critical for holistic multifunctional assessments of these materials. There are other parameters and properties that influence performance, life, and manufacturability, such as viscosity and moisture absorption. This study reviews all the above aspects of nanocomposite dielectric materials reported in the literature. More specifically, we analyze various filler polymer combinations, and the influence of approaches to incorporate fillers in the polymer on the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. While the addition of fillers leads to huge enhancements in TC, the TC is highly anisotropic, with out of plane TC lower than in plane TC by an order of magnitude. It is seen that most present day materials are still inadequate for future applications due to their low glass transition temperatures; specific promising materials are highlighted. While the addition of fillers reduces the CTE, further reduction is needed to favorably improve the mechanical performance of these materials. While the electrical insulating properties of these composite materials are adequate, there is very little data reported on other electrical properties. In summary, while there is an understandable focus on enhancing the TC, other properties are underreported, and there is insufficient information to support the assessment of most novel materials for practical applications. Overall, this study summarizes the state of the art dielectric nanocomposites and outlines directions for future research to bridge the gap between basic materials science and applications.
author_names: Manojkumar Lokanathan

Palash V Acharya

Abdelhamid Ouroua

Shannon Strank

Robert E Hebner

Vaibhav Bahadur
title: Review of Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials With High Thermal Conductivity
venue: Proceedings of the IEEE
year: 2021

abstract: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and disabling psychiatric condition that is linked to significant disability and psychosocial impairment. Although current neuropsychological, molecular, and neuroimaging evidence support the existence of neuroprogression and its effects on the course and outcome of this condition, whether and to what extent neuroprogressive changes may impact the illness trajectory is still poorly understood. Thus, this selective review was aimed toward comprehensively and critically investigating the link between BD and neurodegeneration based on the currently available evidence. According to the most relevant findings of the present review, most of the existing neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and molecular evidence demonstrates the existence of neuroprogression, at least in a subgroup of BD patients. These studies mainly focused on the most relevant effects of neuroprogression on the course and outcome of BD. The main implications of this assumption are discussed in light of specific shortcomings/limitations, such as the inability to carry out a meta analysis, the inclusion of studies with small sample sizes, retrospective study designs, and different longitudinal investigations at various time points.
author_names: Gianluca Serafini

Matteo Pardini

Fiammetta Monacelli

Beatrice Orso

Nicola Girtler

Andrea Brugnolo

Mario Amore

Flavio Nobili
title: Neuroprogression as an Illness Trajectory in Bipolar Disorder: A Selective Review of the Current Literature
venue: Brain sciences
year: 2021

abstract: BackgroundLaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a common weight loss operation that is increasingly being managed on an outpatient or overnight stay basis. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the available literature and develop recommendations for optimal pain management after LSG.MethodsA systematic review utilizing preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analysis with PROcedure SPECific Postoperative Pain ManagemenT methodology was undertaken. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the English language from inception to September 2018 assessing postoperative pain using analgesic, anesthetic, and surgical interventions were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Databases.ResultsSignificant heterogeneity was identified in the 18 RCTs included in this systematic review. Gabapentinoids and transversus abdominis plane blocks reduced LSG postoperative pain. There was limited procedure specific evidence of analgesic effects for acetaminophen, non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, dexamethasone, magnesium, and tramadol in this setting. Inconsistent evidence was found in the studies investigating alpha 2 agonists. No evidence was found for intraperitoneal local anesthetic administration or single port laparoscopy.ConclusionsThe literature to recommend an optimal analgesic regimen for LSG is limited. The pragmatic view supports acetaminophen and a non steroidal anti inflammatory drug, with opioids as rescue analgesics. Gabapentinoids should be used with caution, as they may amplify opioid induced respiratory depression. Although transversus abdominis plane blocks reduced pain, port site infiltration may be considered instead, as it is a simple and inexpensive approach that provides adequate somatic blockade. Further RCTs are required to confirm the influence of the recommended analgesic regimen on postoperative pain relief.
author_names: Hoani Macfater

Weisi Xia

Sanket Srinivasa

Andrew G Hill

Marc Van de Velde

Girsh P Joshi

On Behalf Of D C V A S Collaborators
title: Evidence Based Management of Postoperative Pain in Adults Undergoing Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
venue: World Journal of Surgery
year: 2019

abstract: PurposeThe aim of this project was to develop clinical practice guidelines on the use of antimicrobials, mucosal coating agents, anesthetics, and analgesics for the prevention and management of oral mucositis (OM) in cancer patients.MethodsA systematic review of the available literature was conducted. The body of evidence for the use of each agent, in each setting, was assigned a level of evidence. Based on the evidence level, one of the following three guideline determinations was possible: recommendation, suggestion, or no guideline possible.ResultsA recommendation was developed in favor of patient controlled analgesia with morphine in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. Suggestions were developed in favor of transdermal fentanyl in standard dose chemotherapy and HSCT patients and morphine mouth rinse and doxepin rinse in head and neck radiation therapy (H&N RT) patients. Recommendations were developed against the use of topical antimicrobial agents for the prevention of mucositis. These included recommendations against the use of iseganan for mucositis prevention in HSCT and H&N RT and against the use of antimicrobial lozenges (polymyxin tobramycin amphotericin B lozenges/paste and bacitracin clotrimazole gentamicin lozenges) for mucositis prevention in H&N RT. Recommendations were developed against the use of the mucosal coating agent sucralfate for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy induced or radiation induced OM. No guidelines were possible for any other agent due to insufficient and/or conflicting evidence.ConclusionAdditional well designed research is needed on prevention and management approaches for OM.
author_names: Deborah P Saunders

Joel B Epstein

S Elad

Justin Allemano

Paolo Bossi

Marianne D Wetering

Nikhil G Rao

C M J Potting

K K F Cheng

Annette Freidank

Michael T Brennan

Joanne M Bowen

Kristopher Dennis

Rajesh V Lalla

For the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Ass Oncology
title: Systematic review of antimicrobials, mucosal coating agents, anesthetics, and analgesics for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients
venue: Supportive Care in Cancer
year: 2013

abstract: PurposeThe aim of this study was to review the available literature and define clinical practice guidelines for the use of natural agents for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis.MethodsA systematic review was conducted by the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society for Oral Oncology. The body of evidence for each intervention, in each cancer treatment setting, was assigned an evidence level. Based on the evidence level, one of the following three guideline determinations was possible: recommendation, suggestion, and no guideline possible.ResultsA total of 49 papers across 15 interventions were examined. A new suggestion was developed in favor of systemic zinc supplements administered orally in the prevention of oral mucositis in oral cancer patients receiving radiation therapy or chemoradiation (Level III evidence) A recommendation was made against the use of intravenous glutamine for the prevention of oral mucositis in patients receiving high dose chemotherapy prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplant (Level II evidence) No guideline was possible for any other agent, due to inadequate and/or conflicting evidence.ConclusionsOf the various natural agents reviewed here, the available evidence supported a guideline only for two agents: a suggestion in favor of zinc and a recommendation against glutamine, in the treatment settings listed above. Well designed studies of other natural agents are warranted.
author_names: Noam Yarom

Anura Ariyawardana

Allan J Hovan

Andrei Barasch

Virginia Jarvis

Siri Beier Jensen

Yehuda Zadik

S Elad

Joanne M Bowen

Rajesh V Lalla

For the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Ass Oncology
title: Systematic review of natural agents for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients
venue: Supportive Care in Cancer
year: 2013

abstract: PurposeThe aim of this study was to review the available literature and define clinical practice guidelines for the use of agents for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal mucositis.MethodsA systematic review was conducted by the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) The body of evidence for each intervention, in each cancer treatment setting, was assigned an evidence level. Based on the evidence level, one of the following three guideline determinations was possible: recommendation, suggestion, and no guideline possible.ResultsA total of 251 clinical studies across 29 interventions were examined. Panel members were able to make one new evidence based negative recommendation; two new evidence based suggestions, and one evidence based change from previous guidelines. Firstly, the panel recommends against the use of misoprostol suppositories for the prevention of acute radiation induced proctitis. Secondly, the panel suggests probiotic treatment containing Lactobacillus spp. may be beneficial for prevention of chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced diarrhea in patients with malignancies of the pelvic region. Thirdly, the panel suggests the use of hyperbaric oxygen as an effective means in treating radiation induced proctitis. Finally, new evidence has emerged which is in conflict with our previous guideline surrounding the use of systemic glutamine, meaning that the panel is unable to form a guideline. No guideline was possible for any other agent, due to inadequate and/or conflicting evidence.ConclusionsThis updated review of the literature has allowed new recommendations and suggestions for clinical practice to be reached. This highlights the importance of regular updates.
author_names: Rachel J Gibson

Dorothy Keefe

Rajesh V Lalla

Emma H Bateman

N M A Blijlevens

Margot Fijlstra

Emily E King

Andrea M Stringer

Walter J F M van der Velden

Roger Yazbeck

S Elad

Joanne M Bowen

For the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Ass Oncology
title: Systematic review of agents for the management of gastrointestinal mucositis in cancer patients
venue: Supportive Care in Cancer
year: 2012

abstract: Purpose of ReviewThis review aims to summarize the type 1 diabetes (T1D) and weight literature with an emphasis on barriers associated with weight management, the unique T1D specific factors that impact weight loss success, maladaptive and adaptive strategies for weight loss, and interventions to promote weight loss.Recent FindingsWeight gain is associated with intensive insulin therapy. Overweight and obese weight status in individuals with T1D is higher than the general population and prevalence is rising. A variety of demographic (e.g. female sex) clinical (e.g. greater insulin needs) environmental (e.g. skipping meals) and psychosocial (e.g. depression, stress) factors are associated with overweight/obese weight status in T1D. Fear of hypoglycemia is a significant barrier to engagement in physical activity. Studies evaluating adaptive weight loss strategies in people with T1D are limited.SummaryThere is a growing literature highlighting the prevalence and seriousness of overweight and obesity among both youth and adults with T1D. There is an urgent need to develop evidence based weight management guidelines and interventions that address the unique concerns of individuals with T1D and that concurrently address glycemic control.
author_names: Kimberly A Driscoll

Karen D Corbin

David M Maahs

Richard E Pratley

Franziska K Bishop

Anna R Kahkoska

Korey K Hood

Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis

on behalf of the Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes a Network
title: Biopsychosocial Aspects of Weight Management in Type 1 Diabetes: a Review and Next Steps
venue: Current Diabetes Reports
year: 2017