Query: Snow y Hrebiniak (1980),

Candidate papers:

abstract: June 1980, volume 25 This study examines relationships among strategy, distinctive competence, and organizational performance. The analysis focuses on the perceptions of top managers in four industries (plastics, semiconductors, automotives, and air transportation) Findings indicate that these managers perceive four strategy types, Defender, Prospector, Analyzer, and Reactor, to be present within their industry. Defenders, Prospectors, and Analyzers all show competence in general and financial management. Beyond these two functions, Defenders and Prospectors have identifiable but different configurations of distinctive competence, while Analyzers' special capabilities are considerably less apparent. Reactors, as expected, have no consistent pattern of distinctive competence. Finally, although the data are only suggestive, Defenders, Prospectors, and Analyzers consistently outperform Reactors in competitive industries, but not in an industry that is highly regulated.
author_names: Charles C Snow

Lawrence G Hrebiniak
title: Strategy, Distinctive Competence, and Organizational Performance.
year: 1980

abstract: William Jack Davies Goodall, "one of the three pioneers of modern Chilean ornithology" (Vuilleumier 2006) a Corresponding Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) (Wolfson 1953) and co recipient of the AOU's Brewster Memorial Award in 1973 (Banks 1974) was born on 13 September 1892 at his parents' home, St. Jean d'Acre Cottage, Kings Road, Bembridge on the Isle of Wight, England (certifi ed copy of an entry in register, Isle of Wight [FD 968782, 15 September 2010] By April 1911, when he signed the Census Schedule for 52 Oxford Gardens, North Kensington, London (see below) he had dropped his fi rst name and thereafter was known generally as Jack (Davies) Goodall. Although Goodall lived most of his life in Chile, a country with a strong Spanish influence where an individual uses a two name "surname" the fi rst being the father's and the second the mother's there is no known basis for Vuilleumier's (2006) indication that he ever used the name "Jack Goodall Callaway".Jack's father was William Henry Goodall (born c. 1855) (the surname was sometimes spelled Goodhall in the mid 1800s) who gave his occupation as "scientific chemist" when his son's birth was registered. Jack's mother was Alma Louise Callaway (born c. 1859) William Henry Goodall and Alma Callaway were married in 1883 in St. Helens, Isle of Wight. The 1911 English census returns indicates that the couple had been married for 27 years and had had four children. The eldest, our subject William Jack Davies Goodall, born nine years after his parents married, was followed by three sisters: Luisa Mary, Frances Josefi na and Almita Bessie. It is noteworthy that in 1901, at least on Census Day, Mrs. Alma Goodall and her three daughters were at 134 St. Helens Green, home of her elderly parents, William and Henrietta Callaway. At the same time, William Jack D. Goodall (then aged eight) was also not staying with either of his parents but was listed at his aunt's house at 12 St. Helens Green. She was Fanny H. Seymour, a widow aged 43 "living on (her) own means" with her daughters Marie and Cecily.A decade later, on Census Day, Sunday 2 April 1911, Jack was again away from the family home studying to be a naval architect (the profession of one of his uncles, Frank Clement Goodall) and "passed the night" at 52 Oxford Gardens, North Kensington, west London. He fi lled in the return for the house and signed it. Jack listed himself as "nephew" because the owner of 52 Oxford Gardens was another uncle, Jeremiah Matthews Goodall FZS (1862 1939) also of The Nest, Bembridge. Jeremiah was probably a most infl uential person in Jack Goodall's life, more so than his own father or his uncle Frank, although the evidence is entirely circumstantial. J. M. Goodall was a founding member of the Isle of Wight Natural History Society in 1919 and one of its original vice presidents (L. Snow, pers. comm. He was especially interested in birds' eggs (Cole Trobe 2000) and made several collecting trips in Argentina; it is possible that the main purpose of his visits to Argentina was business,
author_names: C Stuart Houston

Fabian M Jaksic

E Charles Nelson

Tippitiwitchet Cottage
title: Jack Goodall (1892 1980) ornithologist and artist of "Las aves de Chile" Some biographical notes Jack Goodall (1892 1980) ornitologo y artista de "Las aves de Chile" Algunas notas biografi cas
year: 1980

abstract: Strategic behaviour has been defined as managing environmental risks and matching organisational capabilities with the opportunities offered by the environment (e.g. Hofer Schendel (1978) One possible theoretical framework for analysing strategies of a firm is the Miles Snow typology (Miles Snow, 1978) It has received considerable attention and has been tested empirically with respect to business strategy in various industries (Snow Hrebiniak, 1980; Hambrick, 1983) as well as marketing strategy (McDaniel Kolari, 1987) In this paper we attempt to apply the Miles Snow typology to technology strategy and to relate technology strategies to the perception of environment and project risks. Thus, we Empirical data from companies involved in biotechnology is used to study some key questions.
author_names: Ursula Weisenfeld-Schenk
title: Technology strategies and the Miles Snow typology: a study of the biotechnology industries
year: 1994

abstract: IntroductionEntrepreneurship, attributed with qualities such as creativity, flexibility, ability to find novel solutions, opportunity recognition, proactiveness, value creation and risk taking in literature (Morris et. al. 2004, Covin and Slevin 1991; Snow and Hrebiniak, 1980; Knight, 1997) is of critical significance, especially, for small and medium scale enterprises. Entrepreneurial marketing, which lies in the intersection between marketing and entrepreneurship and aims at making proactive use of opportunities through innovative perspectives, can be considered a strong and flourishing alternative in boutique hotel marketing activities. The concept of entrepreneurial marketing is described as unplanned, non linear and visionary (Morris et. al. 2002: 4) marketing activities of the entrepreneur. In fact, such an entrepreneurial perspective helps enrich the marketing mix instead of diversifying it and leads to a more entrepreneurial perception of its content. The qualities attributed to entrepreneurship in the literature can also be found in entrepreneurial marketing activities which emerge through an entrepreneurial perspective on traditional marketing.Based on the question of 'Can entrepreneurial marketing be adopted in the tourism sector? and considering the relevant findings that show entrepreneurial marketing as suitable to small scale enterprises in the literature (Kocak, 2004; Geursen and Mulye, 2001; Morris et. al. 2002; Carson, 1995) the boutique hotels within this context were examined in this study. The ultimate aim of this study is to asses the applicability of the seven dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing (opportunity focus, proactiveness, innovativeness, calculated risk taking, resource leveraging, customer intensity and value creation) in boutique hotels and to identify the internalized applications which activate such marketing activities. In order to achieve this aim we tried to determine to what extent the current marketing approaches show convergence or divergence to the entrepreneurial marketing and attempted to identify the tools and applications that boutique hotels pursued in adapting entrepreneurial marketing processes in their own businesses. This study seeks to make a contribution to the understanding of the area of marketing in boutique hotels in general and more specifically, entrepreneurial marketing in boutique hotels. The originality of this study is stemmed from the fact that the notion of entrepreneurial marketing has not been examined empirically from the viewpoint of boutique hotels. The major motivation of this research is that entrepreneurial marketing in tourism sector and particularly in boutique hotel sector has received no or little attention up to now.This research undertook a qualitative method and an exploratory design, since the notion of entrepreneurial marketing in tourism, and particularly in the boutique hotel sector, is a relatively new and untouched issue so that the study seems to be a preliminary one for the subsequent researches in this field. The semi structured interview technique was used in this study as the principal method in collecting data. A semi structured interview form consisting of open ended questions encompassing seven dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing was constructed by the authors considering the relevant literature and previous research evidence.Literature ReviewThe Concept of EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship refers to the pursuit of creative or novel solutions to challenges confronting the firm, including the development or enhancement of products and services, as well as new administrative techniques and technologies for performing organizational functions (Knight, 1997:213) Stevenson et al. (1989) defined the entrepreneurship as "the process of creating value by bringing together a unique package of resources to exploit an opportunity." The process includes the set of activities necessary to identify an opportunity, define a business concept, assess needed resources, acquire those resources, and manages and harvests the venture (Morris et al.
author_names: Rambabu Pentyala
title: Interface between Marketing and Entrepreneurship A Study of Boutique Hotels
year: 2016

abstract: Researchers have begun to focus on identifying organizational capabilities, but still relatively little is known on the types of business capabilities stimulating innovation. From this point forth, this study investigated the possible relationships among production capabilities, marketing capabilities and innovation. By the findings of this study we aim to reveal whether primary capabilities effect innovation or not and which one effect more. Many researchers suggest that capabilities can be determined via the value analysis of functional areas such as production, marketing, finance, research and development, human resource management (Snow and Hrebiniak, 1980; Hitt and Ireland, 1985; Acar, 1993; Hafeez, Zhang and Malak 2002; Based on this common idea and aiming to contribute a better understanding of innovation in relation to capabilities, firstly, a brief review of resource based view is given and then production and marketing capabilities evaulated in this study are discussed. For this study a research model and hypotheses have been developed. In order to test the model and hypothesis, 122 organizations that are operating in Kocaeli, in Turkey were surveyed. Which capabilities can contribute positively to innovation is tried to be determined by regression analysis. As a result, according to the findings from this study, it can be said that there are significant relationships among marketing capabilities, production capabilities and innovation.
author_names: Nurullah Genc
title: RESOURCE BASED VIEW AND THE IMPACTS OF MARKETING AND PRODUCTION
year: 2013

abstract: Much diversification research has focused on related versus unrelated diversification and the benefits of each (e.g. Hoskisson and Hitt, 1990; Ramanujam and Veraderajan, 1989) Firms pursuing unrelated diversification attempt to reduce business risk (e.g. Amit and Wernerfelt, 1988) and systematic risk (e.g. Barton, 1988; Montgomery and Singh, 1984) creating a structure where each company in the corporate portfolio has access to internal capital. On the other hand, firms pursuing related diversification attempt to leverage competencies across multiple businesses (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990; Robbins and Wiersema, 1995; Snow and Hrebiniak, 1980) Though the tactics of these two diversification strategies are different, at a general level each is an attempt to exploit market inefficiencies. For example, successful unrelated diversification may occur when strategic business units (SBUs) acquire capital more efficiently from the parent corporation than from the market (e.g. Williamson, 1975) Likewise, successful related diversification may occur when firms leverage resources that competing organizations cannot imitate or duplicate (e.g. Argyres, 1996) In sum, diversification is an attempt to create and capitalize on inefficiencies surrounding certain market transactions. One type of transaction that is characterized by innate market inefficiencies involves the delivery of services. Scholars have identified two aspects that are often associated with the production and delivery of services (e.g. Mills, 1986; Normann, 1984) The first is intangibility (Kotler, 1983) While manufacturing firms produce tangible products, most services cannot be seen or touched. This gives rise to information asymmetry, where customers may have difficulty evaluating the quality of service output. This can reduce a customer's ability to make comparisons among competing services (Chase and Bowen, 1989) Second, customers typically participate in the production of a service (Mills, 1986; Skaggs and Huffman, 2003; Skaggs and Youndt, 2004) In most manufacturing environments, products are produced, inventoried, shipped, and then sold to customers; production and consumption occur at different times and often at different locations. However, the simultaneous nature of production and consumption in services requires customers to interact with the firm in order to receive the service (Chase and Bowen, 1989; Mills, 1986; Normann, 1984) Together, these two unique aspects of services (intangibility and customer involvement in the service production process) have been theorized to create market inefficiencies by constraining competitive forces. For example, Nayyar (1990) suggests that information asymmetry in services acts as a switching cost for customers. Because of the inherent difficulty in making comparisons of service output among competing firms, customers are more likely to stay with their current firm. Furthermore, customer participation in service production can act to limit the scope of the competitive arena, since services typically cannot be produced and then sold elsewhere (Mills, 1986; Normann, 1984) Given that successful diversification involves the creation and/or exploitation of market inefficiencies and that, unlike goods, services have innate characteristics that can create these inefficiencies, it is possible that firms producing both goods and services may have an advantage over those that are strictly manufacturing oriented. However, there is little to no research examining this issue. This is somewhat surprising given the dominance of services in the U.S. economy and the fact that many manufacturers are beginning to add service components. To that end, this study represents an initial investigation into whether, at a general level, diversification into services by manufacturers yields higher and more stable performance. Because this topic has received such little research attention, we view this as an exploratory study.
author_names: Bruce C Skaggs

Scott B Droege
title: The Performance Effects of Service Diversification by Manufacturing Firms
year: 2004

abstract: Widely used in contemporary organizational and management theories, as well as in the discursive universe of corporate consulting, the term strategy has become a target of attention and attributed with a variety meanings, definitions and models. Authors celebrate this diversity, or at least, find it inevitable, due to the semantic richness of the vocabulary and the intrinsically complex and mutable nature of that which has been commonly dealt with as strategy in the context of organizations (MINTZBERG; LAMPEL; AHLSTRAND, 2000; SMIRCICH; STUBBART, 1985; SNOW; HREBINIAK, 1980) Others defend a particular discipline in the field, especially to facilitate the accumulation of knowledge through the systematic use of a set of reasonably accepted concepts and alternatives to its operational use (VENKATRAMAN; GRANT, 1986) This paper aims to revisit the concept of strategy and its current use in management, from its specific usage, such as in the strategic management of people or communication strategy, as well as its general application, such as in organizational positioning, which constitutes a company's soul, its personality its reason for being.
author_names: Anthero de Moraes Meirelles

Carlos Alberto Goncalves
title: ESTRATEGIA: ACORDOS, DESACORDOS E REVISOES SOBRE O TEMA
year: 2010

abstract: Variability in the SO]and C1time series for the 1980s from 12 shallow snow pits a*ross the Greenland ice sheet is used to ewlua, te the record of the 1982 E1 Chich6n eruption *nd the potential for recording moderate northern equatorial eruption in single Greenland ice core. Composition of volcanic glass found in spring 1983 snow in one of the pits in the Summit region m*tches that from E1 Chich6n glass, thereby verifying the deposition of m*teri*l from the eruption. High N* *nd C1concentrations in this s*me l*yer probably represent deposition of the ree*ction products of h*lite *nd H2SO4 as observed in the stratosphere following the eruption. These findings *nd the presence of C1signal in five of the other pits indicate that the C1a*rosol component of some eruptions has the potential to remain *loft for *t least I year Mter the eruption. Some of these *erosols m*y be adsorbed onto tephm p*rticles. Distinct SO* 2pe*ks that c*n be confidently linked to E1 Chich6n were found in only 50% of the records developed through subseasonal s*mpling. However, in several other pits *n elewted baseline, thought to represent more lengthy periods of E1 ChichSn aerosol deposition as opposed to deposition from single snowfall event, were observed. Smoothing of the original d*t* by the c*lcul*tion of *nnu*l SO]flux resulted in the presence ofhigh flux v*lues between 1982 *nd 1984 (years thought to be *ffcctcd by E1 Chich6n aerosol deposition) in 9 of the 12 pits. These results suggest hat single ice core from *nywhere in Greenland m*y record signal from northern equatorial eruption of m*gnitude similar to that of E1 Chich6n *bout 75% of the time; this is despite the overall high levels of SO]deposition from *nthropogenic sources that now m*ke identification d qu*ntific*tion ofthe volcanic SO* 2portion of the record more difficult th*n obtaining the s*me d*t* for preindustri*l volcanism. Nevertheless, composite records from *ll the pits s*mpled yielded stmtospheric loading *20 Mt) and optical depth (r: 0.13) estimates imilar to stratospheric and satellite based measurements following the eruption. Equally high SO* 2concentration and flux values in snow from 1980 to 1982 reflect deposition from the series of middle to high northern latitude volcanic eruptions 1979 1981.
author_names: Gregory A Zielinski

Jack E Dibb

Qing Yang

Paul A Mayewski

Mark S Twickler
title: Variability in the SO and C 1 time series for the 1980 s from 12 shallow snow
year: 2018

abstract: Abstract. The local weather and climate of the Himalayas are sensitive and interlinked with global scale changes in climate, as the hydrology of this region is mainly governed by snow and glaciers. There are clear and strong indicators of climate change reported for the Himalayas, particularly the Jammu and Kashmir region situated in the western Himalayas. In this study, using observational data, detailed characteristics of long and short term as well as localized variations in temperature and precipitation are analyzed for these six meteorological stations, namely, Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Kokarnag, Qazigund, Kupwara and Srinagar during 1980 2016. All of these stations are located in Jammu and Kashmir, India. In addition to analysis of stations observations, we also utilized the dynamical downscaled simulations of WRF model and ERA Interim (ERA I) data for the study period. The annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation changes were analyzed by carrying out Mann Kendall, linear regression, cumulative deviation and Student's t statistical tests. The results show an increase of 0.8 C in average annual temperature over 37 years (from 1980 to 2016) with higher increase in maximum temperature (0.97 C compared to minimum temperature (0.76 C Analyses of annual mean temperature at all the stations reveal that the high altitude stations of Pahalgam (1.13 C and Gulmarg (1.04 C exhibit a steep increase and statistically significant trends. The overall precipitation and temperature patterns in the valley show significant decreases and increases in the annual rainfall and temperature respectively. Seasonal analyses show significant increasing trends in the winter and spring temperatures at all stations, with prominent decreases in spring precipitation. In the present study, the observed long term trends in temperature C year 1 and precipitation mm year 1 along with their respective standard errors during 1980 2016 are as follows: (i) 0.05 (0.01) and 16.7 (6.3) for Gulmarg, (ii) 0.04 (0.01) and 6.6 (2.9) for Srinagar, (iii) 0.04 (0.01) and 0.69 (4.79) for Kokarnag, (iv) 0.04 (0.01) and 0.13 (3.95) for Pahalgam, (v) 0.034 (0.01) and 5.5 (3.6) for Kupwara, and (vi) 0.01 (0.01) and 7.96 (4.5) for Qazigund. The present study also reveals that variation in temperature and precipitation during winter (December March) has a close association with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Further, the observed temperature data (monthly averaged data for 1980 2016) at all the stations show a good correlation of 0.86 with the results of WRF and therefore the model downscaled simulations are considered a valid scientific tool for the studies of climate change in this region. Though the correlation between WRF model and observed precipitation is significantly strong, the WRF model significantly underestimates the rainfall amount, which necessitates the need for the sensitivity study of the model using the various microphysical parameterization schemes. The potential vorticities in the upper troposphere are obtained from ERA I over the Jammu and Kashmir region and indicate that the extreme weather event of September 2014 occurred due to breaking of intense atmospheric Rossby wave activity over Kashmir. As the wave could transport a large amount of water vapor from both the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea and dump them over the Kashmir region through wave breaking, it probably resulted in the historical devastating flooding of the whole Kashmir valley in the first week of September 2014. This was accompanied by extreme rainfall events measuring more than 620 mm in some parts of the Pir Panjal range in the south Kashmir.
author_names: Sumira Nazir Zaz

Shakil Ahmad Romshoo

Ramkumar Krishnamoorthy

Yesubabu Viswanadhapalli
title: Analyses of temperature and precipitation in the Indian Jammu and Kashmir region for the 1980 2016 period: implications for remote influence and extreme events
year: 2019

abstract: L 18 19: the definition of threshold wind speed used here is questionable and a value of the threshold velocity with two decimal value may not be relevant for the abstract. Thanks! This has been changed in L 19: "In a first order approximation, the travel distance increases linearly with the wind velocity, allowing for an estimate of a threshold wind velocity for snow particle entrainment and transport of 7.5 8.8 m s, most likely depending on the prevailing snow cover properties." P 1 l 30: the references to Gerber et al (2018) and Sharma et al (2019) are not fully appropriate here. Indeed, the paper by Gerber et al (2018) does not study blowing and drifting snow and the paper by Sharma et al (2019) focuses on snow bedforms, which are typically below the slope scale. This was a bit confusing as these references were referring to "slope scale" and not meant to refer to drifting and blowing snow. Slope scale can be few meters to hundreds of meters (Review Mott et al. 2018) Therefore, both papers should be OK in our opinion. Nevertheless, we added some more references: L33: "Schon, P. Prokop, A. Vionnet, V. Guyomarc'h, G. Naaim Bouvet, F. and Heiser, M. Improving a terrain based parameter for the assessment of snow depths with TLS data in the Col du Lac Blanc area. Cold Regions Sci. Technol. 114, 15 26. doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.02.005, 2015. Shook, K. and Gray, D. M. Small scale spatial structure of shallow snow covers. Hydrol. Process. 10, 1283 1292, 1996." Discussion paper P 2 L 46: the paper by Gerber et al (2018) only concerns modelling and observations of snowfall in alpine terrain. It would be valuable to add references to other studies that also consider drifting and blowing snow. See Mott et al. (2018) for a list of relevant references. Thanks, we added two more references: L49: "Guyomarc'h and Merindol 1998, Naaim Bouvet et al. 2010" P 3 L 66 67: it would be interesting here to provide the link to the Envidat webpage that host the data collected during the campaign. Good point! We added a reference containing the link. L 93: "The data collected during the campaign including that used in this study can be found at Raclets (2019)" RACLETS: Envidat data repository, https:/www.envidat.ch/group/raclets field campaign, 2019. Table 1: the date for event 3 in the table differ from the date given in the text (L 129) We changed this. P 13 L 304: should it be " 0.05 for period one" We changed this. P 14 L 329 330: the dismantling date for the MRR and the SDS should be given in the Methods section. We added this to the Methods Section: L123: "On 2019 03 21, the MRR and the instruments of the SDS were dismantled." References (used in this review and not present in the initial manuscript) All of the suggested references below were included in the manuscript. Aksamit, N. O. Pomeroy, J. W. (2016) Near surface snow particle dynamics from particle tracking velocimetry and turbulence measurements during alpine blowing snow storms. The Cryosphere, 10(6) 3043 3062. Fohn, P. M. (1980) Snow transport over mountain crests. Journal of Glaciology, 26(94) 469 480. Geerts, B. Pokharel, B. Kristovich, D. A. (2015) Blowing snow as a natural glaciogenic cloud seeding mechanism. Monthly Weather Review, 143(12) 5017 5033. Guyomarc'h, G. Merindol, L. (1998) Validation of an application for forecasting blowing snow. Annals of Glaciology, 26, 138 143. Guyomarc'h, G. Bellot, H. Vionnet, V. Naaim Bouvet, F. Deliot, Y. Fontaine, F. Naaim, M. (2019) A meteorological and blowing snow data set (2000 2016) from a high elevation alpine site (Col du Lac Blanc, France, 2720 m asl) Earth System Science Data, 11(1) 57 69. rinter friendly version Discussion paper Moore, G. W. K. (2004) Mount Everest snow plume: A case study. Geophysical research letters, 31(22) Naaim Bouvet, F. Bellot, H. Naaim, M. (2010) Back analysis of drifting snow measurements over an instrumented mountainous site. Annals of Glaciology, 51(54) 207217. Schmidt, R. A. (1980) Threshold wind speeds and elastic impact in snow transport. Journal of Glaciology, 26(94) 453 467.
author_names: Michele Guala Referee
title: Interactive comment on "Radar measurements of blowing snow off a mountain ridge" by Benjamin Walter et al
year: 2020