Query: Thermoelectric power of bulk black-phosphorus

Candidate papers:

abstract: The potential of bulk black phosphorus, a layered semiconducting material with a direct band gap of ~0.3 eV, for thermoelectric applications has been experimentally studied. The Seebeck Coefficient (S) has been measured in the temperature range from 300 K to 385 K, finding a value of S +335 10 mV/K at room temperature (indicating a naturally occurring p type conductivity) S increases with temperature, as expected for p type semiconductors, which can be attributed to an increase of the charge carrier density. The electrical resistance drops up to a 40% while heating in the studied temperature range. As a consequence, the power factor at 385 K is 2.7 times higher than that at room temperature. This work indicates the prospective use of black phosphorus in thermoelectric applications such as thermal energy scavenging, which typically require devices with high performance at temperatures near room temperature.
author_names: Eduardo Flores

Jose Ramon Ares

Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Mariam Barawi

Isabel J Ferrer

Carlos S'anchez
title: Thermoelectric power of bulk black phosphorus
year: 2014

abstract: The electric field effect is a useful means of elucidating intrinsic material properties as well as for designing functional devices. The electric double layer transistor (EDLT) enables the control of carrier density in a wide range, which is recently proved to be an effective tool for the investigation of thermoelectric properties. Here, we report the gate tuning of thermoelectric power in a black phosphorus (BP) single crystal flake with the thickness of 40 nm. Using an EDLT configuration, we successfully control the thermoelectric power (S) and find that the S of ion gated BP reached +510 mV/K at 210 K in the hole depleted state, which is much higher than the reported bulk single crystal value of +340 mV/K at 300 K. We compared this experimental data with the first principles based calculation and found that this enhancement is qualitatively explained by the effective thinning of the conduction channel of the BP flake and nonuniformity of the channel owing to the gate operation in a depletion mode. Our results provide new opportunities for further engineering BP as a thermoelectric material in nanoscale.
author_names: Yu Saito

Takahiko Iizuka

Takashi Koretsune

Ryotaro Arita

Sunao Shimizu

Yoshihiro Iwasa
title: Gate Tuned Thermoelectric Power in Black Phosphorus.
venue: Nano letters
year: 2016

abstract: Chemical doping of bulk black phosphorus is a well recognized way to reduce surface oxidation and degradation. Here, we report on the fabrication of terahertz frequency detectors consisting of an antenna coupled field effect transistor (FET) with an active channel of Se doped black phosphorus. Our devices show a maximum room temperature hole mobility of 1780 cm2 V 1 s 1 in a SiO2 encapsulated FET. A room temperature responsivity of 3 V W 1 was observed, with a noise equivalent power of 7 nW Hz 1/2 at 3.4 THz, comparable with the state of the art room temperature photodetectors operating in the same frequency range. The inclusion of Se dopants in the growth process of black phosphorus crystals enables the optimization of the transport and optical performances of FETs in the far infrared with a high potential for the development of BP based electro optical devices. We also demonstrate that the flake thickness can be tuned according to the target application. Specifically, thicker flakes >80 nm) are suitable for applications in which high mobility and high speed are essential, thinner flakes <10 nm) are more appropriate for applications requiring high on/off current ratios, while THz photodetection is optimal with flakes 30 40 nm thick, due to the larger carrier density tunability.
author_names: Leonardo Viti

Antonio Politano

Kai Zhang

Miriam Serena Vitiello
title: Thermoelectric terahertz photodetectors based on selenium doped black phosphorus flakes.
venue: Nanoscale
year: 2019

abstract: The electronic properties of the layered black phosphorus (black P) and its monolayer counterpart phosphorene are investigated by using the first principles calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) The room temperature electronic transport coefficients are evaluated within the semi classical Boltzmann theory. The electrical conductivity exhibits anisotropic behavior while the Seebeck coefficient is almost isotropic. At the optimal doping level and room temperature, bulk black P and phosphorene are found to have large thermoelectric power factors of 118.4 and 138.9 \mu}Wcm 1K 2, respectively. The maximum dimensionless figure of merit (ZT value) of 0.22 can be achieved in bulk black P by appropriate n type doping, primarily limited by the reducible lattice thermal conductivity. For the phosphorene, the ZT value can reach 0.30 conservatively estimated by using the bulk lattice thermal conductivity. Our results suggest that both bulk black P and phosphorene are potentially promising thermoelectric materials.
author_names: Hongying Lv

W -J Lu

Ding-Fu Shao

Y P Sun
title: Large thermoelectric power factors in black phosphorus and phosphorene
year: 2014

abstract: Efficient continuous wave (CW) and passively Q switched Ho<sup>3+/sup>,Pr<sup>3+/sup>:LiLuF <sub>4</sub> (Ho,Pr:LLF) laser operating at 2.95 <italic>m</italic>m were realized using a 1150 nm Raman fiber laser as the pump source. A CW output power as high as 1.15 W, which we believe to be the highest one ever achieved from Ho <sup>3+/sup> doped bulk laser emission around 3 <italic>m</italic>m, corresponds to an optical to optical conversion efficiency of 14.5% and a slope efficiency of 15.5% respectively. A high quality saturable absorber (SA) based on multilayered black phosphorus (BP) nanosheet film deposited on a CaF<sub>2</sub> substrate was successfully fabricated and employed. Under the absorbed pump power of 7.36 W, the shortest pulse width of 194.3 ns was obtained, which is the shortest among the two dimensional materials as SA around 3 <italic>m</italic>m. The results not only indicated that Ho,Pr:LLF crystal would be a promising mid infrared (MIR) gain medium for obtaining high power output, but verified that the multilayered BP is a promising optical modulator for generating short pulses in MIR spectral range.
author_names: Hongkun Nie

Peixiong Zhang

Baitao Zhang

Min Xu

Kejian Yang

Xiaoli Sun

Lianhan Zhang

Yin Hang

Jingliang He
title: Watt Level Continuous Wave and Black Phosphorus Passive Q Switching Operation of Ho3+,Pr 3+:LiLuF4 Bulk Laser at 2.95 mm
venue: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
year: 2018

abstract: In recent years, two dimensional black phosphorus (BP) has seen a surge of research because of its unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties. BP has also received interest as a potential thermoelectric material because of its high Seebeck coefficient and excellent charge mobility, but further development is limited by the high cost and poor scalability of traditional BP synthesis techniques. In this work, high quality BP is synthesized using a low cost method and utilized in a PEDOT:PSS film to create the first ever BP composite thermoelectric material. The thermoelectric properties are found to be greatly enhanced after the BP addition, with the power factor of the film, with 2 wt BP (36.2 mW m 1 K 2) representing a 109% improvement over the pure PEDOT:PSS film (17.3 mW m 1 K 2) A simultaneous increase of mobility and decrease of the carrier concentration is found to occur with the increasing BP wt which allows for both Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity to be increased. These results show the potential of this low cost BP for use in energy devices.
author_names: Travis G Novak

Ho Sun Shin

Jungmo Kim

Kisun Kim

Ashraful Azam

Chien Viet Nguyen

Sun Hwa Park

Jae Yong Song

Seokwoo Jeon
title: Low Cost Black Phosphorus Nanofillers for Improved Thermoelectric Performance in PEDOT:PSS Composite Films.
venue: ACS applied materials interfaces
year: 2018

abstract: An elementary and economical approach is demonstrated for achieving bulk nanostructured calcium cobalt oxide (CCO) ceramics with enhanced thermoelectric power factor (PF) of 64.2 x 10 3 W m 1 K 2 at 770 K. Nanostructures of CCO are realized by high energy ball milling of the as synthesized CCO and are consolidated using hot press (HP) technique to form fully dense pellets. The morphological, crystallographic, and spectroscopic properties suggest the formation of highly pure nanostructures and ceramics of CCO. The significant improvement of ~11 times in PF for bulk nanostructured CCO ceramics compared to the pellets of as synthesized CCO microstructures is attributed to the enhancement of Seebeck coefficient (S) triggered due to structural deformations originated from the rearrangement of atomic contents and development of oxygen vacancies during the HP process of ceramic formation with application of high pressure at elevated temperatures and introduction of an enlarged interface area at grain boundaries
author_names: Nidhi Puri

R P Tandon

Ajit Kumar Mahapatro
title: Significant Enhancement in Thermoelectric Power Factor of Bulk Nanostructured Calcium Cobalt Oxide Ceramics
year: 2019

abstract: Recent progress in the currently available methods of producing black phosphorus bulk and phosphorene are presented. The effective passivation approaches toward improving the air stability of phosphorene are also discussed. Furthermore, the research efforts on the phosphorene and phosphorene based materials for potential applications in lithium ion batteries, sodium ion batteries, and thermoelectric devices are summarized and highlighted. Finally, the outlook including challenges and opportunities in these research fields are discussed.
author_names: Yu Zhang

Yun Zheng

Kun Rui

Huey Hoon Hng

Kedar Hippalgaonkar

Jianwei Xu

Wenping Sun

Jixin Zhu

Qingyu Yan

Wei Huang
title: 2D Black Phosphorus for Energy Storage and Thermoelectric Applications.
venue: Small
year: 2017

abstract: We investigate anisotropic electronic structure and thermal transport properties of bulk black phosphorus (BP) Using density functional dynamical mean field theory we first derive a correlation induced electronic reconstruction, showing band selective Kondoesque physics in this elemental $p$ band material. The resulting correlated picture is expected to shed light onto the temperature and doping dependent evolution of resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity, as seen in experiments on bulk single crystal BP. Therein, large anisotropic particle hole excitations are key to consistently understand thermoelectric transport responses of pure and doped BP.
author_names: Luis Craco

T A S Pereira

Stefano Leoni
title: Electronic structure and thermoelectric transport of black phosphorus
year: 2017

abstract: Black phosphorus (BP) has attracted great attention for applications in thermoelectric devices, owing to its unique in plane anisotropic electrical and thermal properties. However, its limited conversion efficiency hinders practical application. Here, the thermoelectric properties of 1D BP nanotubes (BPNTs) with different tube chirality are investigated using first principles calculations and Boltzmann transport theory. The results reveal that variation of crystallographic orientation has a distinct impact on band dispersions, which provides a wide tunability of electronic transport. It is shown that (1,1) oriented BPNT structure can yield an order of magnitude enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit ZT at room temperature (as high as 1.0) compared with the bulk counterpart. The distinct enhancement is attributed to the favorable multiple band structures that lead to high carrier mobility of 2430 cm2 V 1 s 1 Further performance improvement can be realized by suitable doping, such as N alloying, reaching an increase of room temperature ZT by a factor of 3 over that of pristine BPNT. The work provides an applicable method to achieve band engineering design, and presents a new strategy of designing 1D BPNT that are promising candidates for flexible, eco friendly, and high performance thermoelectrics.
author_names: Xin-Yu Chen

Shuai Duan

Wencai Yi

David J Singh

J G Guo

Xiaobing Liu
title: Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance in Black Phosphorus Nanotubes by Band Modulation through Tailoring Nanotube Chirality.
venue: Small
year: 2020