Query: Yashchin, E. (2012) On detection of changes in categorical data.

Candidate papers:

abstract: Abstract We consider situations where the observed data is of categorical type and the underlying parameters are subject to abrupt changes of unpredictable magnitude at unknown points in time. We derive change point detection schemes based on generalized likelihood ratio tests and develop procedures for their design and analysis. We also discuss problems related to parameter estimation for categorical data in the presence of abrupt changes. We illustrate use of the proposed methodology for fault characterization and monitoring in the semiconductor industry.
author_names: Emmanuel Yashchin
title: On Detection of Changes in Categorical Data
year: 2012

abstract: Remotely sensed datasets are increasingly being used to model habitat suitability for a variety of taxa. We review habitat suitability models (HSMs) developed for both plants and animals that include remote sensing predictor variables to determine how these variables could affect model projections. For models focused on plant species habitat, we find several instances of unintentional bias in HSMs of vegetation due to the inclusion of remote sensing variables. Notably, studies that include continuous remote sensing variables could be inadvertently mapping actual species distribution instead of potential habitat due to unique spectral or temporal characteristics of the target species. Additionally, HSMs including categorical classifications are rarely explicit about assumptions of habitat suitability related to land cover, which could lead to unintended exclusion of potential habitat due to current land use. Although we support the broader application of remote sensing in general, we caution developers of HSMs to be aware of introduced model bias. These biases are more likely to arise when remote sensing variables are added to models simply because they improve accuracy, rather than considering how they affect the model results and interpretation. When including land cover classifications as predictors, we recommend that modellers provide more explicit descriptions of how habitat is defined (e.g. is deforested land considered suitable for trees? Further, we suggest that continuous remote sensing variables should only be included in habitat models if authors can demonstrate that their inclusion characterizes potential habitat rather than actual species distribution. Use of the term 'habitat suitability model' rather than 'species distribution model' could reduce confusion about modelling goals and improve communication between the remote sensing and ecological modelling communities. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
author_names: ethany A Bradleya

Aaryn D Olssonb

Ophelia Wangb

Brett G Dicksonb

Lori Pelecha

E Sesnieb

Luke J Zachmannb
title: eview pecies detection vs habitat suitability Are we biasing habitat suitability models ith remotely sensed data
year: 2012

abstract: Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012 Mar 31 Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Mammographic density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer associated with a large relative and attributable risk for the disease. Given the prevalence of women with increased breast density, the attributable risk may be as high as 33% The largest factor influencing density is heredity, but various lines of evidence suggest that modification of breast density is associated with a decrease in breast cancer risk. Studies have found vitamin D levels to be inversely related to breast density. Here we present a cross sectional analysis of vitamin D and breast density in women enrolled in the Vermont Cancer Centers High Risk Breast Program. Longitudinal associations and correlations of vitamin D and breast density were evaluated. Methods: The High Risk Breast Program database, for women with strong family history, BRCA mutations, high risk pathology or prior chemoradiotherapy for Hodgkins Disease, was initiated in 2003 and contains over 500 women. A subset of 51 women ranging in age from 31 69 with a mean lifetime Gail risk of 21% is the subject of this analysis. Data collected included mammograms, a medical and dietary history, BMI, and serum Vitamin D levels. Breast density was interpreted (at baseline, 2 years and 4 years) from mammograms using a visual analogue scale and reliability was evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using SAS statistical software. Results: The intra observer variability for density determination using a visual analogue scale was comparable to published studies (R=0.82) Baseline BMI showed an inverse univariate trend with percent of dense tissue at both time points (p=0.001) No correlation was found between any determinant and change in breast density measured at the 2 year time point. A subset of patients (n=37) was followed for 2 additional years. A model for change in percent dense tissue was obtained for this subset of patients using multivariate analysis that included baseline BMI and change in serum Vitamin D level (R2=0.23) The other factors with a univariate relationship were not found to contribute to the multivariate model. Conclusions: The HRBP database has become an invaluable resource, significantly reducing the financial resources necessary to complete this study and aiding the expansion of the study when needed. Information has been gained with high potential impact on prevention and early detection of breast cancer; first is the reproducibility of the visual analogue scale, a method of quantifying density which is readily available to clinicians and research staff with little training and minimal resources. Second, this study illuminates the importance of a longer follow up period for the detection of changes in mammographic breast density. Third, this study validates the association between serum vitamin D levels and percent breast density, and more importantly the inverse relationship between change in vitamin D levels and change in breast density. Citation Format: {Authors} {Abstract title} [abstract] In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31 Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA) AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 575. doi:1538 7445.AM2012 575
author_names: Shaleen K Theiler

Farrah B Khan

Chelsea A Thompson

Brian L Sprague

Kim L Dittus

Betsy L Sussman

Marie E Wood
title: Abstract 575: Correlation of serum vitamin D levels and changes in breast density
year: 2012

abstract: Monitoring gene activation and repression in cellular signaling pathways requires specific tools. Reporter gene assays use a technique of attaching a genetic regulatory element, or promoter, to a gene encoding for a protein with enzymatic, chromophoric or fluorescent properties. Cloned into a plasmid vector, these sequences can be transfected or transduced into animal, plant or tissue culture cells. Reporter gene expression can be measured via bioluminescent, chemiluminescent or fluorescent output to quantify the element or protein activity in the pathway affecting the regulatory element. Bioluminescent output is formed through the catalysis of a substrate and the natural enzyme luciferase. Present in many terrestrial and marine metazoans, bioluminescence is a powerful instrument for mutational analysis of gene promoters, transcription factor dynamics, and protein protein interactions. Our study confirmed the beneficial use of sensitive bioluminescent enzymes in reporter gene assays with wide dynamic ranges and flexibility in signal identification. Mutation of several of the luciferase genes resulted in spectral shifting and narrowing of the photon reaction products relative to the wavelength of the natural state. The mutations provide the ability to spectrally resolve the modified luciferases in a single reaction. In addition, multiplex assays relying on sequential addition of substrates can be achieved through manipulation of the enzyme substrate reaction conditions. Marine copepod and ostracod luciferase enzymes are naturally secreted, and reporter assays using these genes can capture real time or time course data by sampling the media of transfected cells or blood from transgenic animals and assaying for luciferase. The distinct advantage of these assays is that they are not destructive to the cells or animals. Our study used spectral separation using Gaussia/firefly and multiplex assays relying on sequential addition of substrates and Gaussia/Cypridina to monitor changes in NFkB activity in response to small molecule agonists. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of dual secreted luciferase assays for sensitive real time monitoring of NFkB activity in media. Furthermore, these assays enable simultaneous detection of spectrally resolvable luciferases using filter based detection. Citation Format: {Authors} {Abstract title} [abstract] In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31 Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA) AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3207. doi:1538 7445.AM2012 3207
author_names: Megan Dobbs

Douglas E Hughes

Janaki Narahari

Jae Seong Choi

Atul S Deshpande

Brian Webb
title: Abstract 3207: Monitoring changes in NF kB pathway regulation using highly sensitive multiplex bioluminescent reporter assays
year: 2012

abstract: Abstract Hydrological data may be temporally autocorrelated requiring autoregressive process parameters to be estimated. Current statistical methods for hydrological change detection in paired watershed studies rely on prediction intervals, but the current form of prediction intervals does not include all appropriate sources of variation. Corrected prediction intervals for the analysis of paired watershed study data that include variation associated with covariance and linear model parameter estimation are presented. We provide an example of their application to data from the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study located in the western Cascade foothills of Southern Oregon, USA. Research implications of using the correct prediction limits and incorporating the estimation uncertainty of autoregressive process parameters are discussed. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Citation Som, N.A. Zegre, N.P. Ganio, L.M. and Skaugset, A.E. 2012. Corrected prediction intervals for change detection in paired watershed studies. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (1) 134 143.
author_names: Nicholas A Som

Nicolas Zegre

Lisa M Ganio

Arne E Skaugset
title: Corrected prediction intervals for change detection in paired watershed studies
year: 2012

abstract: Security issues in communication environment pose a special challenge. At the same time challenges are increased from the illegal users.in the communication environment, a good security policy and its proper implementation go a long way in ensuring adequate security management practices. But violations of policies on access information are handles through intrusion. Intrusion detection and prevention systems are learning from attacks either before or after its success and used to detect unauthorised intrusions into computer system and network. It focused on identifying possible threats, user's information about them, attempting to stop them, and reporting them to security administrators.as technology has developed, and a new industry based on intrusion detection has sprung up. Security firms are growing up everywhere to offer individual and property security. IDPS have been made to configure changes, compare user actions against known attack scenarios, and able to predict changes in activities that indicate and can lead to suspicious activities.in this paper describes about protocol sequences which is used to detect the intrusion on upgrade network and its attributes and recommend the standardized ARP protocol for the intrusion detection process and another alternatives to improves efficiencies for security. 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the communication environment, a good security policy and its proper implementation go a long way in ensuring adequate security management practices. But violations of policies on access information are handles through intrusion. Intrusion prevention is mostly impossible to achieve at all times. Hence focus is on intrusion detection.it can help to collect more information about intrusions, strengthening the intrusion prevention method and act as good deterrents to intruders.Security are needed to protect data during their transmission, in last two decades multimedia data are increased on the internet, in fact ,in term network security is somewhat important, because all business, government and academic organizations interconnect their data processing equipment with a collection of interconnected networks. Many applications are available over the internet to secure overall important data. The networks are usually secured by anti key logger, cryptographic software, firewall, sandbox etc. Since it has been proven that attacker can always find a way to attack a network. These systems are known as Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and are placed inside the secured network, looking for potential threats in network traffic and or audit data recorded by host [1].Protocols are set of rules that governing how data is transferred, compressed and presented over networks. Network layer security is a main aspect of the internet base security mechanism [7] The network layers protocols generally used to send and receive messages in the form of packets to route them from source to destination. By using a routing algorithm and also perform fragmentation and reassembly, and report delivery errors However, new security requirements demand that even the lower level data units should be protected. With this view in mind network layer security mechanism have emerged and are being used quite extensively in real life. In network layer protocols are widely used. Besides Internet Protocol (IP),higher level protocols TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP all integrate with IP to provide additional capabilities. Similarly, lowerlevel Protocols like ARP and ICMP also co exist with IP. These higher level protocols interact more with applications like Web browsers while lowerlevel protocols interact with network adapters and other computer hardware. The following part of the paper provides more details on ARP protocol and its functional services. [1] 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Initially intruder attempts to break into an information system or performs an action not legally allowed; we refer to this activity as an intrusion [8] Intruders can be divided into two groups, external and internal. The former refers to those who do not have authorized access to the system and who attack by using various penetration techniques. The latter refers to those with access permission who wish to perform unauthorized activities. Intrusion techniques may include exploiting software bugs and system misconfigurations, password cracking, sniffing unsecured traffic, or exploiting the design flaw of specific protocols [8].An Intrusion Detection System is a system for detecting intrusions and reporting them accurately to the proper authority. Intrusion Detection Systems are usually specific to the operating system that they operate in and are an important tool in the overall implementation an organization"s information security policy [8] which reflects an organization's statement by Mr.D.Y.Thorat International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248 9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue5, SeptemberOctober 2012, pp.1490 1494 1491 P a g e defining the rules and practices to provide security, handle intrusions, and recover from damage caused by security breaches. There are two generally accepted categories of intrusion detection techniques: misuse detection and anomaly detection. Misuse detection refers to techniques that characterize known methods to penetrate a system. These penetrations are characterized as a ,pattern" or a ,signature" that the IDS looks for. The pattern/signature might be a static string or a set sequence of actions. System responses are based on identified penetrations. Anomaly detection refers to techniques that define and characterize normal or acceptable behaviours of the system (e.g. CPU usage, job execution time, system calls) Behaviours that deviate from the expected normal behaviour are considered intrusions [5] 3.0 ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL (ARP) The ARP is a protocol in the network layer. The ARP associated with its physical address. On a typical physical network such as a LAN, each device on the link is identified by a physical or station address usually imprinted on the network interface card (NIC).The function of ARP is to map IPaddresses onto hosts hardware addresses within a local area network [2] As such, its correctness is essential to proper functioningof the network. However, otherprotocol within IP, ARP is subject to a range of serious and continuing security vulnerabilities.In a local area network, however, addresses for attached devices are 48 bits long[1] A table, usually called the ARP cache, is used to maintain a relation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address. ARP supports the protocol rules for making this relation and providing address conversion in both directions. This is used to identify and monitor packet communication across the network. These parts of the work try to optimize and construct the ARP sequence to detect the Intrusion [1].The communication network consist of wireless and wire specification with LAN and wan architectures connected intranet, internet extranet to support the services for the faculties, scholars, and student. This network used for NETBIOS, Print server, file transfer protocol(FTP) Active Directory Services(DNS) PING ICMP, IP telephony (Internal),Wireless Fidelity, Bluetooth, Remote access(TELNET) VPN,Email(IMAP) SMTP, E Learning(Web server HTTP),etc. services. While supporting the above services with the network bandwidth, reply and its quality of services differ due to the protocols which are used for the service. To reach the large service utilization, existing services are observed based on its protocol in and between the networks. There are many protocols working over the network to support various requests and services. In this study we considered few services and its related protocol for the practical observation and analyse to construct the packet sequence to detect the intrusion.The Network architecture of academic network which connects two academic department and three nonacademic departments. This network provides educational management and Teachinglearning.It provides Services 2000 students and the faculties in the campus. This consists of LAN and the following technological configurations this academic network is framed as two clusters to provide the educational services. For the effective administration and maintenance of this network services, the classification and cluster made in the department level. In this study, the academic network structure and its laboratories setup data communication and transformation architecture is adopted [1] The network architecture constructed with modern technological equipment"s such as ciscoswitches,cisco routers,Firewall CISCO ASA 5510, this also integrated with High end servers" such as HP, IBM,and Xeon.SAN SWITCHA device that routes data between servers and disk arrays in a storage area network. Its" 800 nodes are typically Conduit with UTP CAT 5, CAT 5E, CAT 6 and fiber Channel switch made up of fiber multimode channels. The established infrastructure integrated with wireless fidelity of various manufacturers. Video conferencing is supported for inter and intra conferencing facility in this network. There are many protocols are analysed for the intrusion detection process to frame the sequence generation. But in this paper we are going to discuss the common sequence formation of the ARP protocol. 4.0 WORKING ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL ARP In the networking process, ahost, or a router/gateway, needs to find the physical address of the another host on its network.it sends an ARP query packet that includes the physical and IP addresses of the sender and the IP address of the receiver .since the sender does not know the physical address of the receiver the query broadcast over the network [1] Every host, or router/gateway on the network receives the processes the ARP query packet, but only the intended recipient recognizes its IP address and sends back a ARP response packet,
title: Secure Arp Protocol For Intrusion Detection System Mr
year: 2012

abstract: Conservation and management programs use populations of sentinel taxa, such as stream associated amphibians, as indicator species due to their perceived sensitivity to environmental change. Estimating population size with traditional tools such as mark recapture estimators may be impractical for forestdwelling stream associated amphibians, many of which are cryptic and have low detection probabilities. In addition, sampling techniques can alter habitat conditions, particularly with repeat sampling, and compromise inferences about management impacts. We used simulated and empirical data and N mixture models to estimate detection probabilities and abundances for two amphibian genera, giant Dicamptodon and torrent Rhyacotriton salamanders, sampled with a less invasive approach than other methods. We surveyed forested headwater streams located in western Washington, USA, for salamanders 7 July 27 August 2008. We assessed model sensitivity to changes in animal abundance (5 and 15) and detection probability (0.05 0.5) as well as study design alternatives including number of sample plots (50 150) and number of sampling visits (2 4) We also evaluated the effects of stream temperature and stream order on detection probability using data collected from forested streams in Washington, USA. Precision of detection probability estimates improved as the number of plots and sampling occasions increased. Variability of estimated population sizes decreased with higher detection probability, although species abundance had little effect on precision of detection probability estimates. Detection probability estimated from empirical data ranged from 0.07 to 0.65 for giant salamanders and 0.06 0.67 for torrent salamanders. Giant salamander detection probability was positively associated with stream temperature regardless of stream order, and was higher in second and third order streams than first order streams. Detection probability for torrent salamanders varied with stream temperature, order, and the interaction of those covariates, with detection increasing with temperature for second and third order streams but showing a flat or decreasing trend for first order streams. N mixture models, paired with careful consideration of study design alternatives, can produce robust estimates of abundance and obviate the traditional reliance on indices of relative abundance for many rare and sensitive taxa. Use of a less invasive technique for sampling stream associated amphibians resulted in sufficient animal captures for suitable model performance. Our simulation results can inform study design and direct efficient allocation of field effort. 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
author_names: Aimee P Mcintyre

Jay E Jones

Eric M Lund

Frithiof T Waterstrat

Jack N Giovanini

Steven D Duke

Marc P Hayes

Timothy Quinn

Andrew J Kroll
title: Empirical and simulation evaluations of an abundance estimator using unmarked individuals of cryptic forest dwelling taxa
year: 2012

abstract: Change detection An image enhancement technique that compares two images of same area from different time periods. Identical picture elements are eliminated leaving signature that have undergone change. As used here, the term change detection pertains to the visual process involved in first noticing a change. It denotes not only detection (the observer reporting on the existence of the change) but also identification (reporting what the change is) and also specifies localization (reporting where it is) Classification It is the process of classifying something according to shared qualities, some common characteristics and affinities. In supervised classification, it approaches the classification that is created and is based on all samples being created from domain (user) knowledge. This method require a significant number of pre labeled sample in order to determine accurate classifiers of an image where as unsupervised approaches to classification clutters data points together to produce the data sheet classifier. Study area It covers Industrial area Kundli which is located near NH1and between 28o53' 17" N to 28o52' 3" N and 77o 5'56"E to 77o8'44"E in Sonipat, Haryana. The study area is characterized by vegetal cover and industrial building between the year 2004 to 2012.
author_names: Harshita Singh

Rohit Dahiya
title: Change detection and Classification of Industrial Area Kundli
year: 2012

abstract: Nowadays wireless technology plays an important role in public and personal communication. However, the growth of wireless networking has confused the traditional boundaries between trusted and un trusted networks. Wireless networks are subject to a variety of threats and attacks at present. An attacker has the ability to listen to all network traffic which becoming a potential intrusion. Intrusion of any kind may lead to a chaotic condition. In addition, improperly configured access points also contribute the risk to wireless network. To overcome this issue, a security solution that includes an intrusion detection and prevention system needs to be implemented. The intrusion detection system is one of the security defense tools for computer networks. In recent years this research has lacked in direction and focus. In this paper we present a survey on the recent progression of multi agent intrusion detection systems. We survey the existing types, techniques and architectures of Intrusion Detection Systems in the literature. Finally we outline the present research challenges and issues. In addition to examining the challenges of providing intrusion detection in this environment, this paper reviews current efforts to detect attacks against the ad hoc routing infrastructure, as well as detecting attacks directed against the mobile nodes. KeywordsIntrusion Detection System, DIDS, SNORT 1. Wireless Ad hoc Networks The proliferation of mobile computing and communication devices (e.g. cell phones, laptops, handheld digital devices, personal digital assistants, or wearable computers) is driving a revolutionary change in our information society. We are moving from the Personal Computer age (i.e. a one computing device per person) to the Ubiquitous Computing age in which a user utilizes, at the same time, several electronic platforms through which he can access all the required information whenever and wherever needed. The nature of ubiquitous devices makes wireless networks the easiest solution for their interconnection and, as a consequence, the wireless arena has been experiencing exponential growth in the past decade. Mobile users can use their cellular phone to check email, browse internet; travelers with portable computers can surf the internet from airports, railway stations, Starbucks and other public locations. Wireless ad hoc networks do not rely on a preexisting network infrastructure, and are characterized by wireless multi hop communication. Wireless ad hoc networks are vulnerable to additional threats above those for a fixed wired network, due to the wireless communication link and the dynamic and cooperative nature of the ad hoc routing infrastructure. The wireless nature of communication and lack of any security infrastructure raises several security problems. There are two different types of wireless networks: The easiest network topology is where each node is able to reach all the other nodes with a traditional radio relay system with a big range. There is no use of routing protocols with this kind of network because all nodes "can see" the others. The second kind uses also the radio relay system but each node has a smaller range, therefore one node has to use neighboring nodes to reach another node that is not within its transmission range. Then, the intermediate nodes are the routers. The focus is mainly on the security of the routing protocols used in the second kind of ad hoc network described above. Any routing protocol must encapsulate an essential set of security mechanisms. These are mechanisms that help prevent, detect, and respond to security attacks. There are five major security goals that need to be addressed in order to maintain a reliable and secure ad hoc network environment. They are mainly: Confidentiality: Protection of any information from being exposed to unintended entities. In ad hoc networks this is more difficult to achieve because intermediates nodes (that act as routers) receive the packets for other recipients, so they can easily eavesdrop the information being routed. Manish Kumar,Dr. M. Hanumanthappa,Dr. T. V. Suresh Kumar/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248 9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 1, Jan Feb 2012, pp.274 280 275 P a g e Availability: Services should be available whenever required. There should be an assurance of survivability despite a Denial of Service (DOS) attack. On physical and media access control layer attacker can use jamming techniques to interfere with communication on physical channel. On network layer the attacker can disrupt the routing protocol. On higher layers, the attacker could bring down high level services e.g. key management service. Authentication: Assurance that an entity of concern or the origin of a communication is what it claims to be or from. Without which an attacker would impersonate a node, thus gaining unauthorized access to resource and sensitive information and interfering with operation of other nodes. Integrity: Message being transmitted is never altered. Non repudiation: Ensures that sending and receiving parties can never deny ever sending or receiving the message. All the above security mechanisms must be implemented in any ad hoc networks so as to ensure the security of the transmissions along that network. Thus whenever considering any security issues with respect to a network, we always need to ensure that the above mentioned security goals have been put into effect and none (most) of them are flawed. Broadly there are two major categories of attacks when considering any network Attacks from external sources and attacks from within the network. The second attack is more severe and detection and correction is difficult. Routing protocol should be able to secure themselves against both of these attacks. As there is no infrastructure in mobile ad hoc networks, the nodes have to cooperate in order to communicate. Intentional non cooperation is mainly caused by two types of nodes: selfish ones that, e.g. want to save power and malicious nodes that are not primarily concerned with power saving but that are interested in attacking the network. Use of wireless links renders an ad hoc network susceptible to link attacks ranging from passive eavesdropping to active impersonation, message replay and message distortion. Nodes roaming freely in a hostile environment with relatively poor physical protection have non negligible probability of being compromised. Hence, we need to consider malicious attacks not only from outside but also from within the network from compromised nodes. Eavesdropping might give an attacker access to secret information thus violating confidentiality. Active attacks could range from deleting data, injecting erroneous messages; impersonate a node etc. thus violating availability, integrity, authentication and non repudiation. Most of the security measures surrounding ad hoc networks in general and their routing solutions are, as yet, incomplete and mostly inefficient. 2. Intrusion Detection in Wireless Ad hoc Networks Security mechanisms must be deployed in order to counter threats against wireless ad hoc networks. While cryptographic mechanisms provide protection against some types of attacks from external nodes, cryptography will not protect against malicious inside nodes, which already have the required cryptographic keys. Therefore, intrusion detection mechanisms are necessary to detect these Byzantine nodes. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) may be classified based on the data collection mechanism, as well as the technique used to detect events. While the requirement of intrusion detection for both fixed wired and wireless ad hoc networks are the same, wireless ad hoc networks impose additional challenges. In general, the effectiveness of solutions designed for fixed wired networks are limited for wireless ad hoc networks. 2.1. Classifications of IDS Two distinct types of intrusion detection systems exist. Pattern based intrusion detection system has the capability to identify all the known intrusions, while anomaly based intrusion detection mechanisms have the intelligence to identify and respond to new intrusions which are not known. IDS are further classified as Stand alone IDS, Distributed and Cooperative IDS, and Hierarchical IDS [22] Standalone IDS operates on each node independently to determine intrusions by monitoring the internal events which are recorded in the system logs. In distributed and cooperative IDS, every node participate in intrusion detection and response, while in hierarchical IDS, the cluster heads monitor all of its child nodes, and respond in case of intrusion is detected. 2.2. Components of IDS Broadly speaking, IDS has two main components [5] i.e. the features and the modeling algorithm. Features include attributes or measures which are mostly concern with the functionalities the IDS would provide. Algorithm is the core component and the efficiency and accuracy of detecting and responding intrusion is totally dependent on the underlying algorithm. IDS may have many components depend on the nature and characteristics of the network and possible intrusions. Most of the IDS have some common components such as: Monitoring Component, this is used for local events monitoring as well as neighbors monitoring. Intrusion database, which contains the records of recent misbehaviors and reputation value for the neighbors. Response component, which is used to respond in case of intrusion, is detected. The response may be to raise an alarm to alert the administrator or to Manish Kumar,Dr. M. Hanumanthappa,Dr. T. V. Suresh Kumar/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248 9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 1, Jan Feb 2012, pp.274 280 276 P a g e broadcast the information to its neighbor nodes about the misbehaving node. However, the components and the response nature of IDS are ma
author_names: Munendra Kumar

M Hanumanthappa

T V Suresh Kumar
title: INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS CHALLENGES FOR WIRELESS NETWORK
year: 2012

abstract: Objective: to identify the profile sociodemographic and academic graduate students in nursing. Method: a descriptive transversal study with a quantitative approach, conducted with nursing students from a public university of Rio Grande do Sul RS, Brazil. The population consisted of 130 academic students. Data were collected through a form, between April and May 2011, and then we created a database in Excel spreadsheet program, programs analyzed by Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and statistics. For continuous variables, we used measures of central tendency and dispersion, for categorical variables: relative frequency and absolute (n) The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UFSM under CAEE No 0380.0.243.00010. Results: There was a predominance of female students (86.92% aged between 20 and 24 years old (69.23% unmarried (86.92% without children (93.08% living with family (60% do not practice sport (70.77% perform leisure activity (68.46% participate in group research study (64.62% did not receive a paid scholarship (64.62% not work (93.08% do not have professional experience in healthcare (89.23% did not attend another college (97.69% are satisfied with the course (86.92% and thought to give up the same (34.62% Conclusion: knowledge of sociodemographic and academic of nursing students, allows us to understand the reality and the needs of, and assist the course coordinator and constitute an important tool to propose actions in interventional Education Program Course. Descriptors: nursing; nursing students; institutions of superior teaching. RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o perfil sociodemografico e academico de estudantes de graduacao em enfermagem. Metodo: estudo descritivo, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com discentes de enfermagem de uma universidade publica do Rio Grande do Sul RS, Brasil. A populacao foi constituida por 130 academicos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um formulario, entre abril e maio de 2011; em seguida, foi constituido um banco de dados em planilha do Programa Excel, analisados pelos programas Statistical Analisys System (SAS) e estatistica. Para as variaveis continuas, foram utilizadas medidas de tendencia central e dispersao; para as variaveis categoricas: frequencia relativa e absoluta (n) O projeto de pesquisa teve a aprovacao do Comite de Etica em Pesquisa da UFSM sob o CAEE no 0380.0.243.000 10. Resultados: houve predominio de discentes do sexo feminino (86,92% com idade entre 20 e 24 anos (69,23% solteiros (86,92% sem filhos (93,08% residem com familiares (60% nao praticam esporte (70,77% realizam atividade de lazer (68,46% participam de grupo de pesquisa/estudo (64,62% nao recebem bolsa remunerada (64,62% nao trabalham (93,08% nao possuem experiencia profissional na area da saude (89,23% nao frequentaram outro curso superior (97,69% estao satisfeitos com o curso (86,92% e pensaram em desistir do mesmo (34,62% Conclusao: o conhecimento das caracteristicas sociodemograficas e academicas dos alunos de enfermagem, permite compreender a realidade e as necessidades desses, alem de auxiliar a coordenacao do curso e constituir se em uma importante ferramenta para proposicao de acoes interventivas no Projeto Pedagogico do Curso. Descritores: enfermagem; estudantes de enfermagem; instituicoes de ensino superior. RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar a los estudiantes graduados sociodemograficas y academicas de enfermeria. Metodo: estudio descriptivo transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado con estudiantes de enfermeria de una universidad publica de Rio Grande do SulRS, Brasil. La poblacion de estudio estuvo constituida por 130 estudiantes. Los datos fueron recolectados a traves de un formulario, entre abril y mayo de 2011, y entonces se creo una base de datos en el programa de hoja de calculo Excel, programas analizados por el Sistema de Analisis Estadistico (SAS) y las estadisticas. Para las variables continuas, se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersion, para las variables categoricas: frecuencia relativa y absoluta (n) El proyecto de investigacion fue aprobado por el Comite Etico de Investigacion de UFSM bajo CAEE No 0380.0.243.000 10. Resultados: se observo un predominio de estudiantes mujeres (86,92% con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 24 anos (69,23% solteros (86,92% sin hijos (93,08% viviendo con la familia (60% no practican deporte (70,77% realizar actividades de ocio (68,46% participar en el grupo de investigacion estudio (64,62% no recibio una beca pagada (64,62% no funciona (93,08% no tiene experiencia profesional en el sector sanitario (89,23% no asistir a otra universidad (97.69% estan satisfechos con el curso (86,92% y el pensamiento a renunciar a los mismos (34,62% Conclusion: el conocimiento de variables sociodemograficas y academicas de los estudiantes de enfermeria, nos permite comprender la realidad y las necesidades de los y ayudar al coordinador del curso y constituyen una herramienta importante para proponer acciones de intervencion en el Curso del Programa de Educacion. Descriptores: enfermeria; estudiantes de enfermeria; IES. Nurse, Master in Nursing Program by the Program of Post Graduation in Nursing/Federal University of Santa Maria/RS. Santa Maria (RS) Brazil. E mail: etiof@yahoo.com.br; Nurse, Mastering in Nursing by the Program of Post Graduation in Nursing Federal University of Santa Maria/RS. Santa Maria (RS) Brazil. E mail: susan.bublitz@gmail.com.br; Nurse, Ph.D in Nursing by the College of Nursing Anna Nery, of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Associate Professor of the Department of Nursing and Permanent Professor of the Post Graduation Program in Nursing, of the Federal University of Santa Maria/UFSM, Coordinator of the Graduation Course in Nursing CCS/Federal University of Santa Maria/RS. Santa Maria (RS) Brazil. E mail: elianeves03@gmail.com; Nurse, Ph.D in Nursing by the School of Nursing of the University of Sao Paulo, Associate Professor of the Department of Nursing of the Federal University of Santa Maria/RS. Santa Maria (RS) Brazil. E mail: lguido344@gmail.com Article compiled from the dissertation Stress, Coping, Burnout, and Depressive Symptoms among nursing students Hardiness presented to the Graduate Program in Nursing, the Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria UFSM. Santa Maria (RS) Brazil. in 2012 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Freitas EO, Bublitz S, Neves ET et al. Sociodemographic and academic profile of. English/Portuguese J Nurs UFPE on line. 2012 Oct;6(10):2455 62 2456 DOI: 10.5205/reuol.3111 24934 1 LE.0610201217 ISSN: 1981 8963 The changes occurring in the political economy, technological and social, during the last years, have influenced changes in the health and education of future professionals who will work in this particular industry. In this sense, the training of nurses, was directed to a more critical and general education in order to adapt to the social reality and the new organization of the health sector. It is noteworthy that these changes have provided growth and enhancement of the profession and especially the recognition of users and managers of health services. 3 It is believed that this recognition is mainly due to professional training centers, which prepare students for that when nurses meet the demands required by the labor market. In this context, is the Undergraduate Nursing, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) in Rio Grande do Sul, whose Political Pedagogical Project aims at training contemporary, contextual and dynamic, based on the inseparability of teaching, research and extension, which aims to train the generalist nurse, critical, able to work in all dimensions of care and health in various scenarios as a promoter of citizen's health, family and community. The graduate course in nursing, of UFSM, in the context of external evaluations in favor of quality, has been outstanding, with excellent assessment by the National Assessment of Higher Education (SINAES MEC) getting top marks in the National Survey of Student Performance (ENADE) and four in the overall concept, having been among the top five nursing courses in the country in 2011 and first in the Rio Grande do Sul in 2010, the course was selected for obtaining the quality seal of System ARCU SOUTH accreditation of undergraduate MERCOSUR, ongoing process. However, until then, had not been any study on the profile of nursing students of this institution, data essential to the ongoing process of assessment and curriculum restructuring that may contribute to the development of strategies that address the needs of students. Thus, with a view to the continuous improvement of training in Nursing Course UFSM, and believing that this becomes more appropriate in that the teacher knows and (re) meets the characteristics of learners, this study aims to: Identify the sociodemographic profile and academic graduate students in Nursing. This is a descriptive, exploratory, crosssectional quantitative approach, developed with the students of Nursing, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It included students from 1st to 8th semester, enrolled in Undergraduate Nursing, aged equal or over 18 years old. We excluded students who were not enrolled in vocational disciplines cycle (specific to nursing) and those who, during the period of data collection, would not complete the curriculum for exceeding the time limit training graduation (12 semesters) The completion of data collection took place in classrooms, at time previously scheduled with students and faculty and with consent of course coordinator. The students who were not in the classroom were subsequently searched and scheduled time for delivery of the questionnaire. The collection took place between April and May 2011 by means of a questionnaire for sociodemographic and academic o
author_names: Etiane de Oliveira Freitas

Susan Bublitz

Eliane Tastch Neves

Laura de Azevedo Guido
title: Sociodemographic and academic profile of nursing students of a public university
year: 2012