Query: AM FM music synthesis

Candidate papers:

abstract: There are many techniques currently used for digital music synthesis, including frequency modulation (FM) synthesis, waveshaping, additive synthesis, and subtractive synthesis. To achieve rich, natural sounds, all of them require fast arithmetic capability, such as is found on expensive computers or digital synthesizers. For musicians and experimenters without access to these machines, musically interesting digital synthesis has been almost impossible. The techniques described in this paper can be implemented quite cheaply on almost any computer. Real time synthesis implementations have been done for Intel 8080A (by Alex Strong) Texas Instruments TMS9900 (by Kevin Karplus) and SC/MP (by Mike Plass) microprocessors. David Jaffe and Julius Smith have programmed the Systems Concept Digital Synthesizer at the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) to perform several variants of the algorithms (Jaffe and Smith 1983) Not only are the algorithms simple to implement in software, but hardware realizations are easily done. The authors have designed and tested a custom n channel metal oxide semiconductor (nMOS) chip (the Digitar chip) which computes 16 independent notes, each with a sampling rate of 20 KHz.
author_names: Kevin Karplus

Alexander R Strong
title: Digital Synthesis of Plucked String and Drum Timbers
year: 1983

abstract: Created in 1985 by Barry Vercoe, Csound is one of the most widely used software sound synthesis systems. Because it is so powerful, mastering Csound can take a good deal of time and effort. But this long awaited guide will dramatically straighten the learning curve and enable musicians to take advantage of this rich computer technology available for creating music. Written by the world's leading educators, programmers, sound designers, and composers, this comprehensive guide covers both the basics of Csound and the theoretical and musical concepts necessary to use the program effectively. The thirty two tutorial chapters cover: additive, subtractive, FM, AM, FOF, granular, wavetable, waveguide, vector, LA, and other hybrid methods; analysis and resynthesis using ADSYN, LP, and the Phase Vocoder; sample processing; mathematical and physical modeling; and digital signal processing, including room simulation and 3D modeling. Supplemental Content is now available for download at http:/mitpress.mit.edu/9780262522618
author_names: Richard Boulanger
title: The Csound book: perspectives in software synthesis, sound design, signal processing, and programming
year: 2000

abstract: In this paper, the AM FM modulation model is applied to speech analysis, synthesis and coding. The AM FM model represents the speech signal as the sum of formant resonance signals each of which contains amplitude and frequency modulation. Multiband filtering and demodulation using the energy separation algorithm are the basic tools used for speech analysis. First, multiband demodulation analysis (MDA) is applied to the problem of fundamental frequency estimation using the average instantaneous frequency as estimates of pitch harmonics. The MDA pitch tracking algorithm is shown to produce smooth and accurate fundamental frequency contours. Next, the AM FM modulation vocoder is introduced, which represents speech as the sum of resonance signals. A time varying filterbank is used to extract the formant bands and then the energy separation algorithm is used to demodulate the resonance signals into the amplitude envelope and instantaneous frequency signals. EAcient modeling and coding (at 4.8 9.6 kbits/sec) algorithms are proposed for the amplitude envelope and instantaneous frequency of speech resonances. Finally, the perceptual importance of modulations in speech resonances is investigated and it is shown that amplitude modulation patterns are both speaker and phone dependent. " 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Zusammenfassung
author_names: Alexandros Potamianos

Petros Maragos
title: Speech analysis and synthesis using an AM FM modulation model
venue: Speech Commun.
year: 1999

abstract: Vocoders received renewed attention recently as basic components in speech synthesis applications such as voice transformation, voice conversion and statistical parametric speech synthesis. This paper presents a new vocoder synthesizer, referred to as Vocaine, that features a novel Amplitude Modulated Frequency Modulated (AM FM) speech model, a new way to synthesize non stationary sinusoids using quadratic phase splines and a super fast cosine generator. Extensive evaluations are made against several state of the art methods in Copy Synthesis and Text To Speech synthesis experiments. Vocaine matches or outperforms STRAIGHT in Copy Synthesis experiments and outperforms our baseline real time optimized Mixed Excitation vocoder with the same computational cost. We report that Vocaine considerably improves our statistical TTS synthesizers and that our new statistical parametric synthesizer [1] matched the quality of our mature production Unit Selection system with uncompressed waveforms.
author_names: Yannis Agiomyrgiannakis
title: Vocaine the vocoder and applications in speech synthesis
venue: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)
year: 2015

abstract: Digital synthesis of music has led to the consideration of models other than the usual additive (Fourier) synthesis of waveforms. One of these methods, based on the FM equation, has been found to be of particular value due to its easy implementation and the richness and evolutionary character of its harmonic structure in time. Any useful synthesis procedure should be accompanied by a corresponding analytic procedure. In this paper we lay the foundations for such a procedure based on the discrete Hilbert transform.
author_names: James H Justice
title: Analytic signal processing in music computation
year: 1979

abstract: BACKGROUND Ligustilide is a bioactive phthalide derivative isolated from Cnidii Rhizoma (Cnidium officinale, rhizome) and Angelicae Gigantis Radix (Angelica gigas Nakai, root) which are both medicinal herbs used to treat circulatory disorders. Vascular endothelium is a central spot in developing cardiovascular diseases and chronic vascular inflammation might result in atherosclerosis development. PURPOSE We previously found out that a traditional herbal formula, Samul Tang (Si Wu Tang, containing Cnidii Rhizoma and Angelicae Gigantis Radix) attenuated vascular inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) However, which compound was responsible for vascular protective action remained unclear. Here, we investigated vascular protective potential of an isolated single compound, (Z) ligustilide. METHODS MTT assay, western blotting, immunofluorescence, electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed. BCECF AM, CM H2DCFDA, DAF FM diacetate were used as a fluorescent indicator. RESULTS Ligustilide suppressed HL 60 monocyte adhesion and CAMs (ICAM 1, VCAM 1, E selectin) expression in HUVECs. Ligustilide significantly inhibited TNF a increased production of ROS and activated NF kB signaling pathway. Also, ligustilide treated HUVECs exhibited significant HO 1 induction via Nrf2 nuclear translocation and endothelial NO synthesis. CONCLUSION Present study demonstrates that ligustilde attenuates vascular inflammation and activate defense system of endothelial cell. Ligustilide is a bioactive compound which might prevent cardiovascular complications such as thrombosis or atherosclerosis.
author_names: Eun Sik Choi

Jung Joo Yoon

Byung Hyuk Han

Da Hye Jeong

Yun Jung Lee

Dae Gill Kang

Ho Sub Lee
title: Ligustilide attenuates vascular inflammation and activates Nrf2/HO 1 induction and, NO synthesis in HUVECs.
venue: Phytomedicine international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
year: 2018

abstract: Granular synthesis has been used for a number of years as a sound synthesis technique. This method constructs an acoustic signal from a number of short duration acoustic elements, called grains. These grains are produced either by extracting short segments of natural sounds such as speech, or by synthesis according to a mathematical description of the grains. Efficient methods of producing and combining these grains are currently especially interesting, because the recent development of special purpose digital signal processing (DSP) microprocessors has made real time granular synthesis possible at a reasonable hardware cost. This paper discusses the computational aspects of granular synthesis. Methods of extracting grains from natural signals and recombining them with phase alignment are described. Fast methods for digital generation of synthetic signals with linear frequency modulation (FM) are also presented.
author_names: Douglas L Jones

Thomas W Parks
title: GENERATION AND COMBINATION OF GRAINS FOR MUSIC SYNTHESIS.
year: 1988

abstract: Analysis and Synthesis of Musical Instrument Sounds: Analysis/Synthesis Methods.Analysis Results using SNDAN.Summary. Fundamental Frequency Tracking and Applications to Music Signal Analysis: Introduction to Musical Signal Analysis in the Frequency Domain.Calculation of a Constant Q Transform for Musical Analysis.Musical Fundamental Frequency Tracking using a Pattern Recognition Method.High Resolution Frequency Calculation Based on Phase Differences.Applications of the High Resolution Pitch Tracker.Summary and Conclusions. Beyond Traditional Sampling Synthesis: Real Time Timbre Morphing using Additive Synthesis: Introduction.Additive Synthesis Model.Additive Sound Analysis.Navigating Source Timbres: Timbre Control Space.New Possibilities for the Performer: the Continuum Fingerboard.Final Summary. A Compact and Malleable Sines Transients Noise Model for Sound: Introduction.System Overview.Multi Resolution Sinusoidal Modeling.Transform Cided Transients.Noise Modeling.Applications.Conclusions.Acknowledgement. Spectral Envelopes and Additive Residual Analysis/Synthesis: Introduction.Spectral Envelopes and Source Filter Models.Spectral Envelope Estimation Methods.Representation of Spectral Envelopes.Transcoding and Manipulation of Spectral Envelopes.Synthesis with Spectral Envelopes.Applications.Conclusions.Summary. A Comparison of Wavetable and FM Data Reduction Methods for Resynthesis of Musical Sounds: Introduction.Evaluation of Wavetable and FM Methods.Comparison of Wavetable and FM Methods.Results.Conclusions. The Effect of Dynamic Acoustical Features on Musical Timbre: Introduction.Global Time Envelope and Spectral Parameters.The Experimental Control of Acoustical Variables.Conclusions and Directions for Future Research. Mental Representation of the Timbre of Complex Sounds: Timbre: A Problematic Definition.The Notion of Timbre Space.Categories of Timbre.Conclusions.
author_names: James W Beauchamp
title: Analysis, Synthesis, and Perception of Musical Sounds: The Sound of Music (Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing)
year: 2006

abstract: This paper introduces a general and flexible framework for F0 and aperiodicity (additive non periodic component) analysis, specifically intended for high quality speech synthesis and modification applications. The proposed framework consists of three subsystems: instantaneous frequency estimator and initial aperiodicity detector, F0 trajectory tracker, and F0 refinement and aperiodicity extractor. A preliminary implementation of the proposed framework substantially outperformed (by a factor of 10 in terms of RMS F0 estimation error) existing F0 extractors in tracking ability of temporally varying F0 trajectories. The front end aperiodicity detector consists of a complex valued wavelet analysis filter with a highly selective temporal and spectral envelope. This front end aperiodicity detector uses a new measure that quantifies the deviation from periodicity. The measure is less sensitive to slow FM and AM and closely correlates with the signal to noise ratio.
author_names: Hideki Kawahara

Yannis Agiomyrgiannakis

Heiga Zen
title: Using instantaneous frequency and aperiodicity detection to estimate F0 for high quality speech synthesis
venue: SSW
year: 2016

abstract: Herein, an ultrasensitive and label free electrochemical biosensor was developed for microRNA (miRNA) based on rolling circle amplification (RCA) mediated palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) The sensor was fabricated by immobilizing dual functionalized hairpin probes onto an electrode. The specific recognition of target miRNA 21 by the hairpin probes could trigger the RCA reaction, which produced numerous guanine (G) rich long single stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) Based on the interaction of the PdII species with the nitrogen atoms of the G bases, these G rich long ssDNAs served as specific templates in the in situ synthesis of massive PdNPs as electrochemical indicators. The formation of PdNPs was demonstrated to be exactly along the RCA products by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Using this cascade signal amplification strategy, the developed biosensor achieved a linear range of 50 aM 100 fM with an ultralow detection limit of 8.6 aM miRNA 21. Furthermore, the developed biosensor exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility, stability and satisfactory feasibility for miRNA 21 detection in human serum samples; this ensured significant potential of this biosensor in disease diagnosis and prognosis applications.
author_names: Cuiling Zhang

Dan Li

Dongwei Li

Kai Wen

Xingdong Yang

Ye Zhu
title: Rolling circle amplification mediated in situ synthesis of palladium nanoparticles for the ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of microRNA.
venue: The Analyst
year: 2019