Query: electric wheel loader

Candidate papers:

abstract: Variable speed drives are entering heavy duty vehicle drive lines, improving their performance and reducing emissions. Especially, the market of permanent magnet machines is emerging due to high efficiency and compact size of the machines. In that transition, the challenge is to fit the electric motor, a new type of drive line component, into drive lines originally designed for combustion engines. In order to make the modification as smooth as possible, simulation models are needed to show the performance with an electric drive. In this study, a simulation model of the electric drive was developed. The model is based on the electric drive and electrical machine parameters and test results. The model predicts performance of the permanent magnet variable speed drive taking into account thermal behavior of the drive. The novel model was compared with the currently used electric drive model, referred later as comparison model, which takes into account also fast electrical transients. The novel loss model predicts the inverter losses very accurately compared to the comparison model. In terms of model usability, the semiconductor thermal values are comparable enough with the respective values of the comparison model.
author_names: Lauri Pyrhonen
title: Modeling of permanent magnet electric drive in full electric wheel loader
year: 2020

abstract: The drive torque for each motor can be performed independently for the distributed drive electric wheel loader (DDEWL) On the shovelling condition, the torque distribution can be optimised accordi.
author_names: Guangzong Gao

Jixin Wang

Tao Ma

Xihao Yang

Xuefei Li
title: Optimisation strategy of torque distribution for the distributed drive electric wheel loader based on the estimated shovelling load
year: 2021

abstract: Optimized torque distribution control method (OTCM) is a critical technology for front/rear axle electric wheel loader (FREWL) to improve the operation performance and energy efficiency. In the paper, a longitudinal dynamics model of FREWL is created. Based on the model, the objective functions are that the weighted sum of variance and mean of tire workload is minimal and the total motor efficiency is maximal. Four nonlinear constraint optimization algorithms, quasi newton Lagrangian multiplier method, sequential quadratic programming, adaptive genetic algorithms, and particle swarm optimization with random weighting and natural selection, which have fast convergent rate and quick calculating speed, are used as solving solutions for objective function. The simulation results show that compared to no control FREWL, controlled FREWL utilizes the adhesion ability better and slips less. It is obvious that controlled FREWL gains better operation performance and higher energy efficiency. The energy efficiency of FREWL in equipment transferring condition is increased by 13 29% In addition, this paper discussed the applicability of OTCM and analyzed the reason for different simulation results of four algorithms.
author_names: Zhiyu Yang

Jixin Wang

Guangzong Gao

Xiangyu Shi
title: Research on Optimized Torque Distribution Control Method for Front/Rear Axle Electric Wheel Loader
year: 2017

abstract: Abstract Wheel loaders often have a highly repetitive pattern of operation, which can be used for creating a rough prediction of future operation. As the present torque converter based transmission is replaced with an infinitely variable device, such as an electric or hydraulic transmission, a freedom in the choice of engine speed is introduced. This choice is far from trivial in the extremely transient operation of these machines, but the availability of a load prediction should be utilized. In this paper, a predictive engine and generator controller, based on stochastic dynamic programming, is described, implemented and evaluated. The evaluation is performed against non predictive controllers in the same system, to lift out any possible benefits of utilizing the repetition based prediction. Simulations and field tests show that the controllers are able to handle disturbances introduced from model errors, the machine environment and the human operator, and that the predictive controller gives around 5% lower fuel consumption than the non predictive reference controllers.
author_names: Tomas Nilsson

Anders Froberg

Jan Aslund
title: Predictive control of a diesel electric wheel loader powertrain
year: 2015

abstract: Performance of a wheel loader with permanent magnet synchronous electric wheel driven technologies was studied by theoretical and experimental methods.Theoretical analysis shows that electric wheels of the loader,based on field weakening control algorithm,can be well adapted to the traveling,braking,traction and steering conditions with cooperative and efficient work.Experiments on an improved ZLM15B wheel loader under the above driving conditions were carried out on the level cement road.Experiment results further validate that the traveling and traction efficiencies between permanent magnet synchronous electric wheels are both better than 90%,which can well adapt differential steering with good consistency of the speed and the torque between electric wheels under braking.
author_names: Bian Yongming
title: Experimental Research on Performance of Permanent magnet synchronous electric wheel Loader
year: 2010

abstract: Abstract This paper presents a multi objective energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles. It aims at reducing fuel consumption and minimizing battery wear simultaneously while fulfilling system's constraints. A control oriented differential model is considered to account for battery aging effects, and an algorithm is developed to identify its parameters. The energy management is formulated as an optimal control problem and is solved by Pontryagin's minimum principle. The controller is then implemented for a hybrid electric wheel loader to demonstrate its effectiveness. In short term simulations for four drive cycles, behavior of the vehicle is compared to the case where the energy management policy does not encompass battery wear minimization. Long term simulations suggest that there is a huge potential in extending battery life while the price to pay is a negligible increase in fuel consumption. It is observed that the proposed methodology works best for nonaggressive drive cycles.
author_names: Iman Shafikhani

Jan A slund
title: Energy management of hybrid electric vehicles with battery aging considerations: Wheel loader case study
year: 2021

abstract: In order to reduce energy loss of steering system, a high energy efficiency electronic control independent variable speed closed circuit steering principle is proposed. All the hydraulic valves of the original steering system are removed, the required flow of the hydraulic steering cylinder is supplied by the fixed displacement pump, independently and directly. The servo motor speed is set proportional to the steering speed of an independent electric controlled steering wheel. Thus the output flow and the output volume of the pump match with steering speed and the steering angular of the wheel loader, respectively. To verify the feasibility and stability of the steering system during the automatic steering process, firstly, a co simulation model of proposed steering system is built in the SimulationX software. Then, in order to validate the dynamic characteristics of the steering system, the test prototype of it is established. Finally, energy consumption of new steering systems is analyzed. Based on the results, by using the energy saving closed circle pump controlled flow matching steering system the throttling loss, the relief loss and the median unloading loss of the steering process are eliminated, the energy consumption is reduced by 61% A wheel loader can save about 83. 6 L of fuel. If this energy saving steering system is adopted to all wheel loaders in china, the carbon emissions of 3.3 104 T will be reduced per year.
author_names: Wang Xiangyu

Quan Long

Yang Jing

Feng Jiangjiang

Zhang Xiaogang
title: A Novel High Energy Efficiency Electronic Control Independent Variable Speed Closed Circuit Steering System for Wheel Loader
venue: 2019 IEEE 8th International Conference on Fluid Power and Mechatronics (FPM)
year: 2019

abstract: Torque Converter is a major component of hydraulic drive system in heavy equipment including wheel loader unit. The workings of the torque converter is to convert mechanical energy from engine rotation to kinetic energy (oil flow) and then convert it back into mechanical energy in the output shaft. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of hydraulic oil pressure on the work of torque converter, and to identify the occurrence of low power case on Wheel Loader ZL50GN unit. The inspection procedure performed on torque converter is visual inspection of hydroulic system, electric system, cooling system, and engine. In addition, measurements of torque converter stall speed oil to determine the value of stall speed on the wheel loader unit experiencing trouble, and measurement of oil pressure on the port pressure oil to determine the amount of oil pressure into the torque converter. The results of the analysis show that the cause of trouble in the torque converter is the existence of fine grams of turbine torque converter which resulted in oil contaminated. And the main cause is the damaged ball bearings that resulted in turbine torque converter become damaged. Keywords: Torque converter, pressure oil, ball bearings
author_names: Tegar Putra Wardana

St Mt Supriyono
title: Analisa Kerusakan Torque Converter Wheel Loader Zl50gn
year: 2019

abstract: Three Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) implementations are developed for control of a diesel electric wheel loader transmission. The implementations each use a stochastic description of the loa
author_names: Tomas Nilsson

Anders Froberg

Jan Aslund
title: Using Stochastic Dynamic Programming for look ahead control of a Wheel Loader Diesel Electric Transmission
year: 2014

abstract: As an important mining equipment, L 2350 loader has the characteristics of large volume, high price and complex maintained process because of its high flexibility. The article analyzes the electric wheel failure damage problems, and presents effective repair preventive measures combining with on site maintenance.
author_names: Duan Xia
title: Failure analysis and repair preventive measures of L 2350 wheel type loader electric wheel
year: 2015