Query: Heralded Nondestructive Quantum Entangling Gate with Single-Photon Sources

Candidate papers:

abstract: Heralded entangling quantum gates are an essential element for the implementation of large scale optical quantum computation. Yet, the experimental demonstration of genuine heralded entangling gates with free flying output photons in linear optical system, was hindered by the intrinsically probabilistic source and double pair emission in parametric down conversion. Here, by using an on demand single photon source based on a semiconductor quantum dot embedded in a micropillar cavity, we demonstrate a heralded controlled NOT (CNOT) operation between two single photons for the first time. To characterize the performance of the CNOT gate, we estimate its average quantum gate fidelity of (87.8+ 1.2) As an application, we generated event ready Bell states with a fidelity of (83.4+ 2.4) Our results are an important step towards the development of photon photon quantum logic gates.
author_names: Jin-Peng Li

Xuemei Gu

Jian Qin

Dian Wu

Xiang You

Hui Wang

Christian Schneider

Sven Hofling

Yongheng Huo

Chao-Yang Lu

Nai-Le Liu

Li Li

Jian-Wei Pan
title: Heralded Nondestructive Quantum Entangling Gate with Single Photon Sources.
venue: Physical review letters
year: 2021

abstract: We theoretically and experimentally investigate the conditions necessary to realize highly indistinguishable single photon sources using parametric down conversion. The visibilities of Hong Ou Mandel (HOM) interference between photons in different fluorescence pairs were measured and a visibility of 95.8 2% was observed using a 0.7 mm long beta barium borate crystal and 2 nm bandpass filters, after compensating for the reflectivity of the beam splitter. A theoretical model of HOM interference visibilities is proposed that considers non uniform down conversion process inside the nonlinear crystal. It well explains the experimental results. (c) 2012 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (270.5585) Quantum information and processing; (270.5290) Photon statistics. References and links 1. C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, "Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing," Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computers Systems and Signal Processing 175 179 (1984) 2. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2000) 3. V. Giovannetti, S. Lloyd, and L. Maccone, "Quantum enhanced measurements: beating the standard quantum limit," Science 306, 1330 1336 (2004) 4. E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, "A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics," Nature (London) 409, 46 52 (2001) 5. C. K. Hong, Z. Y. Ou, and L. Mandel, "Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference," Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2044 2046 (1987) 6. T. C. Ralph, N. K. Langford, T. B. Bell, and A. G. White, "Linear optical controlled NOT gate in the coincidence basis," Phys. Rev. A 65, 062324 (2002) 7. H. F. Hofmann and S. Takeuchi, "Quantum phase gate for photonic qubits using only beam splitters and postselection," Phys. Rev. A 66, 024308 (2002) 8. J. L. O'Brien, G. J. Pryde, A. G. White, T. C. Ralph, and D. Branning, "Demonstration of an all optical quantum controlled NOT gate," Nature (London) 426, 264 267 (2003) 9. N. K. Langford, T. J. Weinhold, R. Prevedel, K. J. Resch, A. Gilchrist, J. L. O'Brien, G. J. Pryde, and A. G. White, "Demonstration of a simple entangling optical gate and its use in Bell state analysis," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 210504 (2005) 10. N. Kiesel, C. Schmid, U. Weber, R. Ursin, and H. Weinfurter, "Linear optics controlled phase gate made simple," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 210505 (2005) 11. R. Okamoto, H. F. Hofmann, S. Takeuchi, and K. Sasaki, "Demonstration of an optical quantum controlled NOT gate without path interference," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 210506 (2005) 12. R. Okamoto, J. L. O'Brien, H. F. Hoffman, T. Nagata, K. Sasaki, and S. Takeuchi, "An entanglement filter," Science 323, 483 485 (2009) 13. B. P. Lanyon, M. Barbieri, M. P. Almeida, T. Jennewein, T. C. Ralph, K. J. Resch, G. J. Pryde, J. L. O'Brien, A. Gilchrist, and A. G. White, "Simplifying quantum logic using higher dimensional Hilbert spaces," Nat. Phys. 5, 134 140 (2009) #167018 $15.00 USD Received 18 Apr 2012; revised 25 May 2012; accepted 29 May 2012; published 22 Jun 2012 (C) 2012 OSA 2 July 2012 Vol. 20, No. 14 OPTICS EXPRESS 15275 14. R. Okamoto, J. L. O'Brien, H. F. Hofmann, and S. Takeuchi, "Realization of a Knill Laflamme Milburn C NOT gate a photonic quantum circuit combining effective optical nonlinearities," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 10067 10071 (2011) 15. H. Lee, P. Kok, and J. P. Dowling, "A quantum Rosetta stone for interferometry," J. Mod. Opt. 49, 2325 2338 (2002) 16. T. Nagata, R. Okamoto, J. L. O'Brien, K. Sasaki, and S. Takeuchi, "Beating the standard quantum limit with four entangled photons," Science 316, 726 729 (2007) 17. N. Boto, P. Kok, D. S. Abrams, S. L. Braunstein, C. P. Williams, and J. P. Dowling, "Quantum interferometric optical lithography: exploiting entanglement to beat the diffraction limit," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2733 2736 (2000) 18. Y. Kawabe, H. Fujiwara, R. Okamoto, K. Sasaki, and S. Takeuchi, "Quantum interference fringes beating the diffraction limit," Opt. Express 15, 14244 14250 (2007) 19. T. Nagata, R. Okamoto, H. F. Hofmann, and S. Takeuchi, "Analysis of experimental error sources in a linearoptics quantum gate," New J. Phys. 12, 043053 (2010) 20. T. Jennewein, R. Ursin, M. Aspelmeyer, and A. Zeilinger, "Performing high quality multi photon experiments with parametric down conversion," J. Phys. B 42, 114008 (2009) 21. P. R. Tapster and J. G. Rarity, "Photon statistics of pulsed parametric light," J. Mod. Opt. 45, 595 604 (1998) 22. H. R. Zhang and R. P. Wang, "Theory of fourfold interference with photon pairs from spatially separated sources," Phys. Rev. A 75, 053804 (2007) 23. M. Barbieri, "Effects of frequency correlation in linear optical entangling gates operated with independent photons," Phys. Rev. A 76, 043825 (2007) 24. R. Kaltenbaek, R. Prevedel, M. Aspelmeyer, and A. Zeilinger, "High fidelity entanglement swapping with fully independent sources," Phys. Rev. A 79, 040302(R) (2009) 25. M. Zukowski, A. Zeilinger, and H. Weinfurter, "Entangling independent pulsed photon sources," Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 755, 91 102 (1995) 26. R. Kaltenbaek, B. Blauensteiner, M. Zukowski, M. Aspelmeyer, and A. Zeilinger, "Experimental interference of independent photons," Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 240502 (2006) 27. R. Kaltenbaek, 2008 PhD Thesis. 28. S. M. Saltiel, K. Koynov, B. Agate, and W. Sibbett, "Second harmonic generation with focused beams under conditions of large group velocity mismatch," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 591 598 (2004) 29. Y. Kawabe, H. Fujiwara, S. Takeuchi, and K. Sasaki, "Investigation of the spatial propagation properties of type I parametric fluorescence by use of tuning curve filtering method," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46, 5802 5808 (2007)
author_names: Masato Tanida

Ryo Okamoto

Shigeki Takeuchi
title: Instructions for use Title Highly indistinguishable heralded single photon sources using parametric down conversion
year: 2018

abstract: Light states composed of multiple entangled photons such as cluster states are essential for developing and scaling up quantum computing networks. Photonic cluster states can be obtained from single photon sources and entangling gates, but so far this has only been done with probabilistic sources constrained to intrinsically low efficiencies, and an increasing hardware overhead. Here, we report the resource efficient generation of polarization encoded, individually addressable photons in linear cluster states occupying a single spatial mode. We employ a single entangling gate in a fiber loop configuration to sequentially entangle an ever growing stream of photons originating from the currently most efficient single photon source technology a semiconductor quantum dot. With this apparatus, we demonstrate the generation of linear cluster states up to four photons in a single mode fiber. The reported architecture can be programmed for linear cluster states of any number of photons, that are required for photonic one way quantum computing schemes. Generating photonic cluster states using a single non heralded source and a single entangling gate would optimise scalability and reduce resource overhead. Here, the authors generate up to 4 photon cluster states using a quantum dot coupled to a fibre loop, with a fourfold generation rate of 10 Hz.
author_names: D Istrati

Y Pilnyak

J C Loredo

C Anton

Niccolo Somaschi

P Hilaire

Helene Ollivier

Martin Esmann

Lior Cohen

L I Vidro

Clement Millet

Aristide Lemaitre

Isabelle Sagnes

A Harouri

Loic Lanco

Pascale Senellart

H S Eisenberg
title: Sequential Generation of Linear Cluster States from a Single Photon Emitter
year: 2020

abstract: Lithium niobate photonic circuits have the salutary property of permitting the generation, transmission, and processing of photons to be accommodated on a single chip. Compact photonic circuits such as these, with multiple components integrated on a single chip, are crucial for efficiently implementing quantum information processing schemes. We present a set of basic transformations that are useful for manipulating modal qubits in Ti:LiNbO3 photonic quantum circuits. These include the mode analyzer, a device that separates the even and odd components of a state into two separate spatial paths; the mode rotator, which rotates the state by an angle in mode space; and modal Pauli spin operators that effect related operations. We also describe the design of a deterministic, two qubit, single photon, CNOT gate, a key element in certain sets of universal quantum logic gates. It is implemented as a Ti:LiNbO3 photonic quantum circuit in which the polarization and mode number of a single photon serve as the control and target qubits, respectively. It is shown that the effects of dispersion in the CNOT circuit can be mitigated by augmenting it with an additional path. The performance of all of these components are confirmed by numerical simulations. The implementation of these transformations relies on selective and controllable power coupling among singleand two mode waveguides, as well as the polarization sensitivity of the Pockels coefficients in LiNbO3. (c) 2010 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (270.5585) Quantum information and processing; (230.7380) Waveguides, channeled; (130.3730) Lithium niobate. References and links 1. M. F. Saleh, B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich, "Modal, spectral, and polarization entanglement in guided wave parametric down conversion," Phys. Rev. A 79, 053 842 (2009) 2. M. F. Saleh, G. Di Giuseppe, B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich, "Photonic circuits for generating modal, spectral, and polarization entanglement," IEEE Photon. J. 2, 736 752 (2010) 3. M. Fiorentino, S. M. Spillane, R. G. Beausoleil, T. D. Roberts, P. Battle, and M. W. Munro, "Spontaneous parametric down conversion in periodically poled KTP waveguides and bulk crystals," Opt. Express 15, 7479 7488 (2007) #131866 $15.00 USD Received 19 Jul 2010; revised 3 Sep 2010; accepted 3 Sep 2010; published 10 Sep 2010 (C) 2010 OSA 13 September 2010 Vol. 18, No. 19 OPTICS EXPRESS 20475 4. M. Avenhaus, M. V. Chekhova, L. A. Krivitsky, G. Leuchs, and C. Silberhorn, "Experimental verification of high spectral entanglement for pulsed waveguided spontaneous parametric down conversion," Phys. Rev. A 79, 043 836 (2009) 5. P. J. Mosley, A. Christ, A. Eckstein, and C. Silberhorn, "Direct measurement of the spatial spectral structure of waveguided parametric down conversion," Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 233 901 (2009) 6. T. Zhong, F. N. Wong, T. D. Roberts, and P. Battle, "High performance photon pair source based on a fiber coupled periodically poled KTiOPO4 waveguide," Opt. Express 17, 12 019 12 030 (2009) 7. J. Chen, A. J. Pearlman, A. Ling, J. Fan, and A. Migdall, "A versatile waveguide source of photon pairs for chip scale quantum information processing," Opt. Express 17, 6 727 6 740 (2009) 8. A. Politi, M. J. Cryan, J. G. Rarity, S. Yu, and J. L. O'Brien, "Silica on silicon waveguide quantum circuits," Science 320, 646 649 (2008) 9. J. C. F. Matthews, A. Politi, A. Stefanov, and J. L. O'Brien, "Manipulation of multiphoton entanglement in waveguide quantum circuits," Nature Photon. 3, 346 350 (2009) 10. C. H. Bennett and P. W. Shor, "Quantum information theory," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 44, 2724 2742 (1998) 11. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000) 12. J. L. O'Brien, A. Furusawa, and J. Vuckovic, "Photonic quantum technologies," Nature Photon. 3, 687 695 (2009) 13. A. Politi, J. C. F. Matthews, M. G. Thompson, and J. L. O'Brien, "Integrated quantum photonics," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 15, 1673 1684 (2009) 14. G. Cincotti, "Prospects on planar quantum computing," J. Lightwave Technol. 27, 5755 5766 (2009) 15. T. D. Ladd, F. Jelezko, R. Laflamme, Y. Nakamura, C. Monroe, and J. L. O'Brien, "Quantum computers," Nature 464, 45 53 (2010) 16. H. Nishihara, M. Haruna, and T. Suhara, Optical Integrated Circuits (McGraw Hill, New York, 1989) 17. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, 2nd ed. (Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2007) 18. A. C. Busacca, C. L. Sones, R. W. Eason, and S. Mailis, "First order quasi phase matched blue light generation in surface poled Ti:indiffused lithium niobate waveguides," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4430 4432 (2004) 19. Y. L. Lee, C. Jung, Y. C. Noh, M. Park, C. Byeon, D. K. Ko, and J. Lee, "Channel selective wavelength conversion and tuning in periodically poled Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides," Opt. Express 12, 2649 2655 (2004) 20. S. Tanzilli, H. De Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, P. Baldi, M. De Micheli, D. B. Ostrowsky, and N. Gisin, "Highly efficient photon pair source using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide," Electron. Lett. 37, 26 28 (2001) 21. H. Guillet de Chatellus, A. V. Sergienko, B. E. A. Saleh, M. C. Teich, and G. Di Giuseppe, "Non collinear and non degenerate polarization entangled photon generation via concurrent type I parametric downconversion in PPLN," Opt. Express 14, 10 060 10 072 (2006) 22. R. C. Alferness and R. V. Schmidt, "Tunable optical waveguide directional coupler filter," Appl. Phys. Lett. 33, 161 163 (1978) 23. R. C. Alferness, "Efficient waveguide electro optic TE TM mode converter/wavelength filter," Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 513 515 (1980) 24. J. Hukriede, D. Runde, and D. Kip, "Fabrication and application of holographic Bragg gratings in lithium niobate channel waveguides," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, R1 R16 (2003) 25. D. Runde, S. Brunken, S. Breuer, and D. Kip, "Integrated optical add/drop multiplexer for DWDM in lithium niobate," Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 88, 83 88 (2007) 26. D. Runde, S. Breuer, and D. Kip, "Mode selective coupler for wavelength multiplexing using LiNbO3:Ti optical waveguides," Cent. Eur. J. Phys. 6, 588 592 (2008) 27. R. V. Schmidt and H. Kogelnik, "Electro optically switched coupler with stepped Db reversal using Ti diffused LiNbO3 waveguides," Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 503 506 (1976) 28. H. Kogelnik and R. V. Schmidt, "Switched directional couplers with alternating Db " IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 12, 396 401 (1976) 29. D. P. DiVincenzo, "Two bit gates are universal for quantum computation," Phys. Rev. A 51, 1015 1022 (1995) 30. E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, "A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics," Nature 409, 46 52 (2001) 31. M. Fiorentino and F. N. C. Wong, "Deterministic controlled NOT gate for single photon two qubit quantum logic," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 070 502 (2004) 32. N. Gisin, S. Pironio, and N. Sangouard, "Proposal for implementing device independent quantum key distribution based on a heralded qubit amplifier," Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 070 501 (2010) 33. S. Glancy, H. M. Vasconcelos, and T. C. Ralph, "Transmission of optical coherent state qubits," Phys. Rev. A 70, 022 317 (2004) 34. D. H. Jundt, "Temperature dependent Sellmeier equation for the index of refraction, ne, in congruent lithium niobate," Opt. Lett. 22, 1553 1555 (1997) 35. K. K. Wong, ed. Properties of Lithium Niobate (Institution of Electrical Engineers, Stevenage, U.K. 2002) 36. M. D. Feit, J. A. Fleck, Jr. and L. McCaughan, "Comparison of calculated and measured performance of diffused #131866 $15.00 USD Received 19 Jul 2010; revised 3 Sep 2010; accepted 3 Sep 2010; published 10 Sep 2010 (C) 2010 OSA 13 September 2010 Vol. 18, No. 19 OPTICS EXPRESS 20476 channel waveguide couplers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1296 1304 (1983) 37. S. K. Korotky and R. C. Alferness, "Ti:LiNbO3 integrated optic technology," in Integrated Optical Circuits and Components: Design and Applications, L. D. Hutcheson, ed. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987) 38. G. B. Hocker and W. K. Burns, "Mode dispersion in diffused channel waveguides by the effective index method," Appl. Opt. 16, 113 118 (1977) 39. C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, "Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers, Systems Signal Processing, pp. 175 179 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Bangalore, India, 1984) 40. A. F. Abouraddy, T. Yarnall, B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich, "Violation of Bell's inequality with continuous spatial variables," Phys. Rev. A 75, 052 114 (2007) 41. T. Yarnall, A. F. Abouraddy, B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich, "Synthesis and analysis of entangled photonic qubits in spatial parity space," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 250 502 (2007) 42. T. Yarnall, A. F. Abouraddy, B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich, "Experimental violation of Bell's inequality in spatial parity space," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 170 408 (2007) 43. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, "Sub Poisson light generation by selective deletion from cascaded atomic emissions," Optics Commun. 52, 429 432 (1985) 44. N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, "Quantum Cryptography," Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145 195 (2002) 45. A. F. Abouraddy, B. E. A. Saleh, A. V. Sergienko, and M. C. Teich, "Degree of entanglement for two qubits," Phys. Rev. A 64, 050 101 (2001) 46. P. J. Mosley, J. S. Lundeen, B. J. Smith, P. Wasylczyk, A. B. U'Ren, C. Silberhorn, and I. A. Walmsley, "Heralded generation of ultrafast single photons in pure quantum states," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 133 601 (2008) 47. Z. H. Levine, J. Fan, J. Chen, A. Ling, and A. Migdall, "Heralded, pure state single photon source based on a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate waveguide," Opt. Express 18, 3708 3718 (2010) 48. W. P. Grice, A. B. U'Ren, and I. A. Walmsley, "Eliminating frequency and space time correlations in multiphoton states," Phys. Rev. A 64, 063 815 (200
author_names: Mohammed F Saleh

Giovanni Di Giuseppe

Bahaa E A Saleh

Malvin Carl Teich
title: Modal and polarization qubits in Ti LiNbO 3 photonic circuits for a universal quantum logic gate 1 1 2010
year: 2019

abstract: The desire to understand the interaction between light and matter has stimulated centuries of research, leading to technological achievements that have shaped our world. One contemporary frontier of research into light matter interaction considers regimes where quantum effects dominate. By understanding and manipulating these quantum effects, a vast array of new quantum enhanced technologies become accessible. In this thesis, I explore and analyze fundamental components and processes for quantum optical devices with a focus on solid state quantum systems. This includes indistinguishable single photon sources, deterministic sources of entangled photonic states, photon heralded entanglement generation between remote quantum systems, and deterministic optically mediated entangling gates between local quantum systems. For this analysis, I make heavy use of an analytic quantum trajectories approach applied to a general Markovian master equation of an optically active quantum system, which I introduce as a photon number decomposition. This approach allows for many realistic system imperfections, such as emitter pure dephasing, spin decoherence, and measurement imperfections, to be taken into account in a straightforward and comprehensive way.
author_names: Stephen C Wein
title: Modelling Markovian light matter interactions for quantum optical devices in the solid state
year: 2021

abstract: We experimentally demonstrate a source of nearly pure single photons in arbitrary temporal shapes heralded from a parametric down conversion (PDC) source at telecom wavelengths. The technology is enabled by the tailored dispersion of in house fabricated waveguides with shaped pump pulses to directly generate the PDC photons in on demand temporal shapes. We generate PDC photons in Hermite Gauss and frequency binned modes and confirm a minimum purity of 0.81, even for complex temporal shapes. (c) 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement OCIS codes: (270.0270) Quantum optics; (320.7110) Ultrafast nonlinear optics; (320.5540) Pulse shaping. References and links 1. A. N Boto, P. Kok, D. S. Abrams, S. L. Braunstein, C. P. Williams, and J. P. Dowling, "Quantum interferometric optical lithography: exploiting entanglement to beat the diffraction limit," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(13) 2733 (2000) 2. N. Treps, U. Andersen, B. Buchler, P. K. Lam, A. Maitre, H. A. Bachor, and C. Fabr, "Surpassing the standard quantum limit for optical imaging using nonclassical multimode light," Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(20) 203601 (2002) 3. N. C. Menicucci, S. T. Flammia, and O. Pfister, "One way quantum computing in the optical frequency comb," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(13) 130501 (2008) 4. S. Rahimi Keshari, T. C. Ralph, and C. M Caves, "Sufficient conditions for efficient classical simulation of quantum optics," Phys. Rev. X 6(2) 021039 (2016) 5. T. Jennewein, C. Simon, G. Weihs, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, "Quantum cryptography with entangled photons," Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(20) 4729 4732 (2000) 6. J. Nunn, L.J. Wright, C. Soller, L. Zhang, I.A. Walmsley, and B.J. Smith, "Large alphabet time frequency entangled quantum key distribution by means of time to frequency conversion," Opt. Express 21(13) 15959 15973 (2013) 7. T. Zhong, H. Zhou, R. D Horansky, C. Lee, V. B. Verma, A. E. Lita, A. Restelli, J. C. Bienfang, R. P. Mirin, T. Gerrits, S. W. Nam, F. Marsili, M. D. Shaw, Z. Zhang, L. Wang, D. Englund, G. W. Wornell, J. H. Shapiro, and F. N. C. Wong, "Photon efficient quantum key distribution using time energy entanglement with high dimensional encoding," New J. Phys. 17(2) 022002 (2015) 8. P. J Mosley, J. Lundeen, B. Smith, P. Wasylczyk, A. B. U'Ren, C. Silberhorn, and I. A. Walmsley, "Heralded generation of ultrafast single photons in pure quantum states," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(13) 133601 (2008) 9. D. Kielpinski, J. F. Corney, and H. M. Wiseman, "Quantum optical waveform conversion," Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 130501 (2011) 10. B. Brecht, D. V. Reddy, C. Silberhorn, and M. G. Raymer, "Photon temporal modes: a complete framework for quantum information science," Phys. Rev. X 5(4) 041017 (2015) 11. F. Kaneda, B. G. Christensen, J. Ju. Wong, H. S. Park, K. T. McCusker, and P. G. Kwiat, "Time multiplexed heralded single photon source," Optica 2(12) 1010 1013 (2015) 12. R. J. A. Francis Jones, R. A. Hoggarth, and P. J. Mosley, "All fiber multiplexed source of high purity single photons," Optica 3(11) 1270 1273 (2016) 13. W. P. Grice, A. B. U'Ren, and I. A. Walmsley, "Eliminating frequency and space time correlations in multiphoton states," Phys. Rev. A 64(6) 063815 (2001) 14. Z. D. Walton, M. C. Booth, A. V. Sergienko, B. E. Saleh, and M. C. Teich, "Controllable frequency entanglement via auto phase matched spontaneous parametric down conversion," Phys. Rev. A 67(5) 053810 (2003) 15. O. Kuzucu, M. Fiorentino, M. Albota, F. N. C.Wong, and F. Kartner, "Two photon coincident frequency entanglement via extended phase matching," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(8) 083601 (2005) 16. P. G. Evans, R. S. Bennink, W. P. Grice, T. S. Humble, and J Schaake, "Bright source of spectrally uncorrelated polarization entangled photons with nearly single mode emission," Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(25) 253601 (2010) Vol. 26, No. 3 5 Feb 2018 OPTICS EXPRESS 2764 #314082 Journal (c) 2018 https:/doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.002764 Received 22 Nov 2017; revised 15 Jan 2018; accepted 19 Jan 2018; published 25 Jan 2018 17. A. Eckstein, A. S. Christ, P. J. Mosley, and C. Silberhor, "Highly efficient single pass source of pulsed single mode twin beams of light," Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(1) 013603 (2011) 18. R. B. Jin, R. Shimizu, K. Wakui, H. Benichi, and M. Sasaki, "Widely tunable single photon source with high purity at telecom wavelength," Opt. Express 21(9) 10659 10666 (2013) 19. G. Harder, V. Ansari, B. Brecht, T. Dirmeier, C. Marquardt, and C. Silberhorn, "An optimized photon pair source for quantum circuits," Opt. Express 21(12) 13975 13985 (2013) 20. F. Kaneda, K. Garay Palmett, A. B. U'Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, "Heralded single photon source utilizing highly nondegenerate, spectrally factorable spontaneous parametric downconversion," Opt. Express 24(10) 10733 10747 (2016) 21. J. B. Spring, P. L. Mennea, B. J. Metcalf, P. C. Humphreys, J. C. Gates, H. L. Rogers, C. Soller, B. J. Smith, W. S. Kolthammer, P. G. R. Smith, and I. A. Walmsley, "Chip based array of near identical, pure, heralded single photon sources," Optica 4(1) 90 96 (2017) 22. M. Bellini, F. Marin, S. Viciani, A. Zavatta, and F. T. Arecchi, "Nonlocal pulse shaping with entangled photon pairs," Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(4) 043602 (2003) 23. A. Pe'Er, B. Dayan, A. A. Friesem, and Y. Silberberg, "Temporal shaping of entangled photons," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(7) 073601 (2005) 24. S. Y. Baek, O. Kwon, and Y. H. Kim, "Temporal shaping of a heralded single photon wave packet," Phys. Rev. A 77(1) 013829 (2008) 25. J. M. Lukens, A. Dezfooliyan, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, D. E. Leaird, and A. M. Weiner, "Orthogonal spectral coding of entangled photons," Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(13) 133602 (2014) 26. C. Bernhard, B. Bessire, T. Feurer, and A. Stefanov, "Shaping frequency entangled qudits," Phys. Rev. A 88(3) 032322 (2013) 27. A. B. U'Ren, K. Banaszek, and I. A. Walmsley, "Photon engineering for quantum information processing," Quantum Inf. Comput. 3, 480 (2003) 28. E. Meyer Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L.Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, "Limits on the heralding efficiencies and spectral purities of spectrally filtered single photons from photon pair sources," Phys. Rev. A 95(6) 061803 (2017) 29. A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar, S. Pironio, and V. Scarani, "Device independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks," Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(23) 230501 (2007) 30. M. Lucamarini, G. Vallone, I. Gianani, P. Mataloni, and G. Di Giuseppe. "Device independent entanglement based Bennett 1992 protocol," Phys. Rev. A 86(3) 032325 (2012) 31. Michael Varnava, Daniel E Browne, and Terry Rudolph, "How good must single photon sources and detectors be for efficient linear optical quantum computation?" Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(6) 060502 (2008) 32. Y. X. Gong, X. B. Zou, T. C. Ralph, S. N. Zhu, and G. C. Guo, "Linear optical quantum computation with imperfect entangled photon pair sources and inefficient non photon number resolving detectors," Phys. Rev. A 81(5) 052303 (2010) 33. Th. Jennewein, M. Barbieri, and A. G. White, "Single photon device requirements for operating linear optics quantum computing outside the post selection basis," J. Mod. Opt. 58(3 4) 276 287 (2011) 34. J. M. Donohue, M. Mastrovich, and K. J. Resch, "Spectrally engineering photonic entanglement with a time lens," Phys. Rev. Lett. 117(24) 243602 (2016) 35. N. Matsuda, "Deterministic reshaping of single photon spectra using cross phase modulation," Sci. Adv. 2(3) e1501223 (2016) 36. M. Allgaier, V. Ansari, L. Sansoni, C. Eigner, V. Quiring, R. Ricken, G. Harder, B. Brecht, and C. Silberhorn, "Highly efficient frequency conversion with bandwidth compression of quantum light," Nat. Commun. 8, 14288 (2017) 37. V. Averchenko, D. Sych, G. Schunk, U. Vogl, C. Marquardt, and G. Leuchs, "Temporal shaping of single photons enabled by entanglement," Phys. Rev. A 96(4) 043822 (2017) 38. K. A. G. Fisher, D. G. England, J. P. W. MacLean, P. J. Bustard, K. J. Resch, and B. J. Sussman, "Frequency and bandwidth conversion of single photons in a room temperature diamond quantum memory," Nat. Commun. 7, 11200 (2016) 39. M. Karpinski, Mi. Jachura, L. J Wright, and B. J Smith, "Bandwidth manipulation of quantum light by an electro optic time lens," Nat. Photonics 11,53 57 (2017) 40. P. T. Callahan, K.Safak, P. Battle, T. D. Roberts, and F. X. Kartner, "Fiber coupled balanced optical cross correlator using PPKTP waveguides," Opt. Express 22(8) 9749 9758 (2014) 41. C. K. Law, I. A. Walmsley, and J. H. Eberly, "Continuous frequency entanglement: effective finite hilbert space and entropy control," Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(23) 5304 5307 (2000) 42. J. H. Eberly, "Schmidt analysis of pure state entanglement," Laser Phys. 16(6) 921 926 (2006) 43. A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Cassemiro, and C. Silberhorn, "Probing multimode squeezing with correlation functions," New J. Phys. 13(3) 033027 (2011) 44. W. Mauerer, M. Avenhaus, W. Helwig, and C. Silberhorn, "How colors influence numbers: Photon statistics of parametric down conversion," Phys. Rev. A 80(5) 053815 (2009) 45. A. B. U'Ren, C. Silberhorn, K. Banaszek, I. A. Walmsley, R. K. Erdmann, W. P. Grice, and M. G. Raymer, "Generation of pure state single photon wavepackets by conditional preparation based on spontaneous parametric downconversion," Laser Phys. 15(1) 146 161 (2005) Vol. 26, No. 3 5 Feb 2018 OPTICS EXPRESS 2765
author_names: A Balagopal V

R E

S M

Dilip Yadav M

P L

G I

M J

M L

Baskaran M

Sunil C
title: Heralded generation of high purity ultrashort single photons in programmable temporal shapes
year: 2018

abstract: Nonclassical states of light are an essential resource for many emerging quantum technologies and applications ranging from information processing, encrypted communications, and networking to sensing, metrology, and imaging. Nonlinear optical processes in solid state materials are widely used for generating quantum light, including single photons, entangled photon pairs, and quadrature squeezed states. Recent advances in nonlinear photonics have enabled the functionality of benchtop nonlinear instruments to be scaled down to a single chip without sacrificing efficiency or degrading the key performance metrics. The dramatic improvement in the size, weight, power, cost, and stability enabled by photonic integrated circuits has been essential for enabling the chip scale generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum light at a steadily increasing degree of complexity and scale. Within the last decade, the authors have seen the progression from few component photonic circuits operating on two photons to arrays of 18 identical heralded single photon sources and reconfigurable devices operating with more than 650 components for multidimensional entanglement and arbitrary two photon quantum gates. In this review, the authors summarize the history and recent key technological developments of chip scale nonlinear quantum light generation based on integrated nonlinear photonics, recent advances in heterogeneous integrated methods, and approaches for system level integration and demonstrated applications.
author_names: Galan Moody

Lin Chang

Trevor J Steiner

John E Bowers
title: Chip scale nonlinear photonics for quantum light generation
year: 2020

abstract: Integrated quantum photonics has so far been constrained to two on chip generated photons. We present the first device to wield four photon entanglement, generating both the star and line graph states. Further, we measure record levels of on chip quantum interference. Finally, we bound the leading sources of error, combining a detailed model of the device with Bayesian parameter estimation, paving the way to scalability. Quantum computers promise a paradigm shift in humanity's capability to process information. Meanwhile, measurement based quantum computing based on graph states provides the prevailing architecture for largescale quantum computation [1] Silicon quantum photonics is a high performance, scalable quantum technology platform, boasting circuits of unparalleled scale [2] and simultaneous indistinguishable photon pairs [3] Here, we generate both kinds of four photon graph state using a silicon chip. Four on chip sources of spontaneous four wave mixing generate two Bell pairs in four dual rail qubits. The Bell pairs are then entangled using a two qubit gate, programmably generating either star and line type graph states a first in optics. Then, reconfigurable local operations rotate the state into any of the other four qubit graph states and implement measurement projectors. The photons are subsequently detected off chip by superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. Fig. 1a shows a schematic of the device. Fig. 1: a) Overview of the experiment. Star and line graph states are shown with their locally equivalent states and fidelities. b) A fringe demonstrating record on chip HOM interference. c) Bayesian parameter estimates of on chip photon indistinguishability. Our star and line graph states have fidelities of 0.78+ 0.01 and 0.68+ 0.02 respectively. Further, our on chip Hong Ou Mandel (HOM) interference visibility, VHOM 0.80 0.01, is state of the art, verifying our photons' purity (see Fig. 1b) We also bound the device's dominant sources of error by Bayesian parameter estimation (e.g. Fig. 1c) Our device breaks the multiphoton barrier for integrated quantum photonics, and demonstrates programmable entanglement generation, expediting progress towards quantum computing with photons. [1] R. Raussendorf, Measurement based quantum computation with cluster states, International Journal of Quantum Information 7, 1053 1203 (2009) [2] J. Wang et al. Multidimensional quantum entanglement with large scale integrated optics, Science, eaar7053, (2018) [3] I.I. Faruque et al. On chip quantum interference with heralded photons from two independent micro ring resonator sources in silicon photonics, Optics express, 26, 20379 20395 (2018) CEWQO 2019
author_names: Jeremy C Adcock

Caterina Vigliar

Raffaele Santagati

Joshua W Silverstone

Mark G Thompson
title: Reconfigurable four photon graph states on a silicon chip
year: 2019

abstract: Many existing schemes for linear optical quantum computing (LOQC) depend on multiplexing (MUX) which uses dynamic routing to enable near deterministic gates and sources to be constructed using heralded, probabilistic primitives. MUXing accounts for the overwhelming majority of active switching demands in current LOQC architectures. In this manuscript we introduce relative multiplexing (RMUX) a general purpose optimisation which can dramatically reduce the active switching requirements for MUX in LOQC, and thereby reduce hardware complexity and energy consumption, as well as relaxing demands on performance for various photonic components. We discuss the application of RMUX to the generation of entangled states from probabilistic single photon sources, and argue that an order of magnitude improvement in the rate of generation of Bell states can be achieved. In addition, we apply RMUX to the proposal for percolation of a 3D cluster state by Gimeno Segovia et al (2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 020502) and we find that RMUX allows an 2.4x increase in loss tolerance for this architecture.
author_names: Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia

Hugo Cable

Gabriel Joe Mendoza

Peter J Shadbolt

Joshua W Silverstone

Jacques Carolan

Mark G Thompson

Jeremy Lloyd O'Brien

Terry Rudolph
title: Relative multiplexing for minimising switching in linear optical quantum computing
year: 2017

abstract: Abstract Quantum information science offers inherently more powerful methods for communication, computation, and precision measurement that take advantage of quantum superposition and entanglement. In recent years, theoretical and experimental advances in quantum computing and simulation with photons have spurred great interest in developing large photonic entangled states that challenge today's classical computers. As experiments have increased in complexity, there has been an increasing need to transition bulk optics experiments to integrated photonics platforms to control more spatial modes with higher fidelity and phase stability. The silicon on insulator (SOI) nanophotonics platform offers new possibilities for quantum optics, including the integration of bright, nonclassical light sources, based on the large third order nonlinearity (kh(3) of silicon, alongside quantum state manipulation circuits with thousands of optical elements, all on a single phase stable chip. How large do these photonic systems need to be? Recent theoretical work on Boson Sampling suggests that even the problem of sampling from e30 identical photons, having passed through an interferometer of hundreds of modes, becomes challenging for classical computers. While experiments of this size are still challenging, the SOI platform has the required component density to enable low loss and programmable interferometers for manipulating hundreds of spatial modes. Here, we discuss the SOI nanophotonics platform for quantum photonic circuits with hundreds to thousands of optical elements and the associated challenges. We compare SOI to competing technologies in terms of requirements for quantum optical systems. We review recent results on large scale quantum state evolution circuits and strategies for realizing high fidelity heralded gates with imperfect, practical systems. Next, we review recent results on silicon photonics based photon pair sources and device architectures, and we discuss a path towards large scale source integration. Finally, we review monolithic integration strategies for single photon detectors and their essential role in on chip feed forward operations.
author_names: Nicholas Christopher Harris

Darius Bunandar

Mihir Pant

Gregory R Steinbrecher

Jacob Mower

Mihika Prabhu

Tom Baehr-Jones

Michael Hochberg

D Englund
title: Large scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon
year: 2016