Query: The smallest particle collider

Candidate papers:

abstract: A new experiment finds direct evidence for anyons in a semiconductor heterostructure The standard model of particle physics classifies all elementary particles as fermions or bosons. Fermions, like electrons, avoid each other. Bosons, like photons, can bunch together. The classification rests on a fundamental spin statistics theorem of quantum field theory and keeps these two types of particles distinct from each other. However, on page 173 of this issue, Bartolomei et al. (1) report an observation of particles that are neither bosons nor fermions.
author_names: Dima E Feldman
title: The smallest particle collider
venue: Science
year: 2020

abstract: Preface 1. Fundamentals of QCD 2. Asymptotic freedom and confinement 3. QCD in electron positron annihilation 4. Deep inelastic scattering 5. Parton branching and jet simulation 6. Jet properties beyond fixed order 7. Hadroproduction of jets and photons 8. Electroweak interactions 9. The production of vector bosons 10. Heavy quarks 11. Higgs bosons at high energy colliders 12. Measurements of the strong coupling constant Index.
author_names: R Keith Ellis

William James Stirling

Bryan Webber
title: QCD and Collider Physics
year: 1990

abstract: We extract new parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton by global analysis of hard scattering data in the general mass framework of perturbative quantum chromodynamics. Our analysis includes new theoretical developments together with the most recent collider data from deep inelastic scattering, vector boson production, and single inclusive jet production. Because of the difficulty in fitting both the D0 Run II W lepton asymmetry data and some fixed target DIS data, we present two families of PDFs, CT10 and CT10W, without and with these high luminosity W lepton asymmetry data included in the global analysis. With both sets of PDFs, we study theoretical predictions and uncertainties for a diverse selection of processes at the Fermilab Tevatron and the CERN Large Hadron Collider.
author_names: Hung-Liang Lai

Marco Guzzi

J Huston

Zhao Li

Pavel M Nadolsky

Jon Pumplin

C -P Yuan
title: New parton distributions for collider physics
year: 2010

abstract: We introduce a variable useful for measuring masses of particles pair produced at hadron colliders, where each particle decays to one particle that is directly observable and another particle whose existence can only be inferred from missing transverse momenta. This variable is closely related to the transverse mass variable commonly used for measuring the $W$ mass at hadron colliders, and like the transverse mass our variable extracts masses in a reasonably model independent way. Without considering either backgrounds or measurement errors we consider how our variable would perform measuring the mass of selectrons in a mSUGRA SUSY model at the LHC.
author_names: Christopher G Lester

David J Summers
title: Measuring masses of semi invisibly decaying particles pair produced at hadron colliders
year: 1999

abstract: The latest CTEQ6.6 parton distributions, obtained by global analysis of hard scattering data in the framework of general mass perturbative QCD, are employed to study theoretical predictions and their uncertainties for significant processes at the Fermilab Tevatron and CERN Large Hadron Collider. The previously observed increase in predicted cross sections for the standard candle W and Z boson production processes in the general mass scheme (compared to those in the zero mass scheme) is further investigated and quantified. A novel method to constrain parton distribution function (PDF) uncertainties in LHC observables, by effectively exploiting PDF induced correlations with benchmark standard model cross sections, is presented. Using this method, we show that the tt cross section can potentially serve as a standard candle observable for the LHC processes dominated by initial state gluon scattering. Among other benefits, precise measurements of tt cross sections would reduce PDF uncertainties in predictions for single top quark and Higgs boson production in the standard model and minimal supersymmetric standard model.
author_names: Pavel M Nadolsky

Hung-Liang Lai

Q-H Cao

J Huston

Jon Pumplin

Daniel Robert Stump

W K Tung

C -P Yuan
title: Implications of CTEQ global analysis for collider observables
year: 2008

abstract: We review the theoretical motivations and experimental status of searches for stable massive particles (SMPs) which could be sufficiently long lived as to be directly detected at collider experiments. The discovery of such particles would address a number of important questions in modern physics including the origin and composition of dark matter in the universe and the unification of the fundamental forces. This review describes the techniques used in SMP searches at collider experiments and the limits so far obtained on the production of SMPs which possess various colour, electric and magnetic charge quantum numbers. We also describe theoretical scenarios which predict SMPs along with the phenomenology needed to model their production at colliders and interactions with matter. In addition, the interplay between collider searches and open questions in cosmology such as dark matter composition is addressed.
author_names: Malcolm Fairbairn

Aafke Christine Kraan

David Milstead

Torbjorn Sjostrand

Peter Skands

Terence Sloan
title: Stable massive particles at colliders
year: 2007

abstract: We study observables in a conformal field theory which are very closely related to the ones used to describe hadronic events at colliders. We focus on the correlation functions of the energies deposited on calorimeters placed at a large distance from the collision. We consider initial states produced by an operator insertion and we study some general properties of the energy correlation functions for conformal field theories. We argue that the small angle singularities of energy correlation functions are controlled by the twist of non local light ray operators with a definite spin. We relate the charge two point function to a particular moment of the parton distribution functions appearing in deep inelastic scattering. The one point energy correlation functions are characterized by a few numbers. For 1 superconformal theories the one point function for states created by the R current or the stress tensor are determined by the two parameters a and c characterizing the conformal anomaly. Demanding that the measured energies are positive we get bounds on a/c. We also give a prescription for computing the energy and charge correlation functions in theories that have a gravity dual. The prescription amounts to probing the falling string state as it crosses the AdS horizon with gravitational shock waves. In the leading, two derivative, gravity approximation the energy is uniformly distributed on the sphere at infinity, with no fluctuations. We compute the stringy corrections and we show that they lead to small, non gaussian, fluctuations in the energy distribution. Corrections to the one point functions or antenna patterns are related to higher derivative corrections in the bulk.
author_names: Diego M Hofman

Juan Martin Maldacena
title: Conformal collider physics: energy and charge correlations
year: 2008

abstract: We review the methods which have been proposed for measuring masses of new particles at the Large Hadron Collider paying particular attention to the kinematical techniques suitable for extracting mass information when invisible particles are expected.
author_names: A J Barr

Christopher G Lester
title: A review of the mass measurement techniques proposed for the Large Hadron Collider
year: 2010

abstract: We have determined the theoretical predictions for the cross sections of squark and gluino production at p p and pp colliders (Tevatron and LHC) in next to leading order of supersymmetric QCD. By reducing the dependence on the renormalization/factorization scale considerably, the theoretically predicted values for the cross sections are much more stable if these higher order corrections are implemented. If squarks and gluinos are discovered, this improved stability translates into a reduced error on the masses, as extracted experimentally from the size of the production cross sections. The cross sections increase significantly if the next to leading order corrections are included at a renormalization/factorization scale near the average mass of the produced massive particles. This rise results in improved lower bounds on squark and gluino masses. By contrast, the shape of the transverse momentum and rapidity distributions remains nearly unchanged when the next to leading order corrections are included.
author_names: Wim Beenakker

R Hopker

Michael Spira

Peter M Zerwas
title: Squark and gluino production at hadron colliders
year: 1997

abstract: This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2158 new measurements from 551 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 108 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on neutrino mass, mixing, and oscillations, QCD, top quark, CKM quark mixing matrix, V ud V us, V cb V ub, fragmentation functions, particle detectors for accelerator and non accelerator physics, magnetic monopoles, cosmological parameters, and big bang cosmology.
author_names: K Nakamura

Kaoru Hagiwara

Ken-ichi Hikasa

Hitoshi Murayama

Masaharu Tanabashi

Taizan Watari

Claude Amsler

M Antonelli

David Asner

Howard Baer

H R Band

R M Barnett

Tullio Basaglia

E Bergren

Juerg Beringer

Gregorio Bernardi

Willi Bertl

Hans Bichsel

O Biebel

Edward Blucher

Steven R Blusk

Robert Cahn

M Carena

Augusto Ceccucci

Dhiman Chakraborty

Mu-Chun Chen

R Sekhar Chivukula

Glen Cowan

Orin I Dahl

G D'ambrosio

Thibault Damour

Daniel de Florian

Andr'e de Gouvea

Thomas A DeGrand

Gunther Dissertori

Bogdan A Dobrescu

M Doser

Manuel Drees

David A Edwards

Semen Eidelman

Jens Erler

Vladimir V Ezhela

Wulf Fetscher

Brian D Fields

Brian Foster

Thomas K Gaisser

L Garren

Hannes J Gerber

Gilles Gerbier

Tony Gherghetta

Gian Francesco Giudice

Sunil R Golwala

Maury Charles Goodman

C Grab

A V Gritsan

J -F Grivaz

Donald E Groom

M Grunewald

Atul Gurtu

Thomas Gutsche

Howard E Haber

Christian Hagmann

Kenneth G Hayes

Michael Heffner

Brian K Heltsley

Juan Jose Hernandez-Rey

Andreas Hocker

J Holder

J Huston

Jon David Jackson

K F Johnson

T R Junk

Albrecht Karle

D Karlen

Boris J Kayser

David Kirkby

Spencer R Klein

Christopher Kolda

R Kowalewski

B Krusche

Yu V Kuyanov

Y -J Kwon

Ofer Lahav

Paul Langacker

Andrew R Liddle

Zoltan Ligeti

Che-Yun Lin

T M Liss

Laurence S Littenberg

K S Lugovsky

S B Lugovsky

J E A Lys

Hanna Mahlke

Thomas Mannel

Aneesh V Manohar

William J Marciano

Alan D Martin

Alberto Masoni

David Milstead

Ramon Miquel

K Monig

Meenakshi Narain

Paolo Nason

Sergio Sanchez Navas

P Nevski

Yosef Nir

Keith A Olive

Luc Pape

Claudia Patrignani

John A Peacock

Serguey T Petcov

Andreas Piepke

Giovanni Punzi

Arnulf Quadt

Stuart Raby

Georg Raffelt

B N Ratcliff

Peter J Richardson

Stefan Roesler

Simona Rolli

A Romaniouk

Leslie J Rosenberg

Jonathan L Rosner

Christopher T C Sachrajda

Yoshihide Sakai

G P Salam

Subir Sarkar

Fabio Sauli

O Schneider

Kate Scholberg

Douglas Scott

William Seligman

Michael Herman Shaevitz

Marco Silari

Torbjorn Sjostrand

Jg Smith

George F Smoot

Stefan Spanier

H Spieler

A Stahl

Todor Stanev

Sheldon Stone

Takayuki Sumiyoshi

M Syphers

John Terning

M Titov

N P Tkachenko

Nils A Tornqvist

D R Tovey

Thomas G Trippe

German Valencia

Karl A van Bibber

Giuseppe Venanzoni

M G Vincter

Petr Vogel

A Vogt

Wolfgang Walkowiak

C W Walter

David R Ward

Bryan Webber

Georg Weiglein

Erick Weinberg

James D Wells

A Wheeler

Lawrence Richard Wiencke

Charles G Wohl

Lincoln Wolfenstein

John Lewis Womersley

Craig Woody

Ron Workman

A Yamamoto

Weiming Yao

O Zenin

Jiayu Zhang

Ren-Yuan Zhu

Piotr Zyla

G Harper

V S Lugovsky

Paul Schaffner
title: Review of Particle Physics
year: 2010