Query: Amplitude shift keying using 555 timer

Candidate papers:

abstract: A theoretical model for all optical modulation format conversion from amplitude shift keying (ASK) to phase shift keying (PSK) has been proposed using a reflective vertical cavity semiconductor saturable absorber (R VCSSA) The R VCSSA is a nonlinear device. The phase response of the device has been studied numerically with different input intensities. It has been observed from the simulated result that a maximum phase of p/2 with the reflected signal could be obtained by properly adjusting the input intensity. The conversion of an intensity modulated return to zero (RZ) signal to a binary phase shift keying signal has been analyzed based upon the simulated result. The pump signal is considered to be an intensity modulated RZ signal with wavelength fixed at the cavity resonance of the R VCSSA device, and a cavity detuned continuous wave source is used as a probe signal to carry out this operation. This device could be employed in all optical future networks as an all optical nonlinear signal converter for ASK to PSK conversion.
author_names: Rajib Pradhan

Amit Choudhary

Santu Kumar Samanta

L Mishra

S Jana

Prasanta Kumar Datta
title: Modeling of all optical modulation format conversion from amplitude shift keying to phase shift keying using a vertical cavity quantum wells absorber
year: 2020

abstract: Transmission of information using ultrasonic elastic waves on existing metallic pipes provides an alternative communication option across physical barriers in a highly partitioned industrial complex, such as a nuclear facility. This work investigates the feasibility of the transmission of digital images over metallic pipes. Ultrasonic communication systems for transmission of images on a nuclear grade stainless steel pipe were assembled for bench scale demonstration. Information carriers in this system are refracted shear waves transmitted and received with piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) operating at 2 MHz nominal frequency. The refraction and propagation of ultrasonic shear waves were modeled with COMSOL software. An amplitude shift keying (ASK) communication protocol for image transmission was developed and implemented in the GNURadio software defined radio (SDR) environment. Digital information was converted to analog ultrasonic signals using Red Pitaya electronic boards. The performance of the ASK protocol is evaluated at the output of every block in the GNURadio program by monitoring the transmission of select characters. Using the ASK communication protocol, the transmission of the 32 KB image was demonstrated at 2 Kbps bitrate across 6 ft long stainless steel pipe. Preliminary evaluation of ultrasonic communication on the piping of a nuclear facility, such as signal transmission on bent pipes, was performed with COMSOL computer simulations.
author_names: Alexander Heifetz

Dmitry Shribak

X Huang

B Wang

Jafar Saniie

J Young

Sasan Bakhtiari

Richard B Vilim
title: Transmission of Images With Ultrasonic Elastic Shear Waves on a Metallic Pipe Using Amplitude Shift Keying Protocol
venue: IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
year: 2020

abstract: LED Camera Visible Light Communication (VLC) is gaining increasing attention, thanks to its readiness to be implemented with Commercial Off The Shelf devices and its potential to deliver pervasive data services indoors. Nevertheless, existing LED Camera VLC systems employ mainly low order modulations such as On Off Keying (OOK) given the simplicity of their implementation, yet such rudimentary modulations cannot yield a high throughput. In this paper, we investigate various opportunities of using a high order modulation to boost the throughput of LED Camera VLC systems, and we decide that Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is the most suitable scheme given the limited operating frequency of such systems. However, directly driving an LED to emit different levels of luminance may suffer heavy distortions caused by the nonlinear behavior of LED. As a result, we innovatively propose to generate ASK using the composition of light emission. In other words, we digitally control the On Off states of several groups of LED chips, so that their light emissions compose in the air to produce various ASK symbols. We build a prototype of this novel ASK based VLC system and demonstrate its superior performance over existing systems: it achieves a rate of 2 kbps at a 1 m distance with only a single LED luminaire for static users and more than 1 kbps for mobile users.
author_names: Yanbing Yang

Jun Luo
title: Composite Amplitude Shift Keying for Effective LED Camera VLC
venue: IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
year: 2020

abstract: As a method of dimming support for visible light communications using a massive LED array, we consider a hybrid pulse width modulation/digitally controlled pulse amplitude modulation (PWM/DPAM) system. Especially, in this paper, we consider a digital color shift keying (DCSK) using an RGB LED array as an optical intensity modulation scheme, that transmits data through the ratio of the optical intensities (i.e. color) emitted by red, green, and blue LEDs. In DCSK, since only one color is activated in each RGB LED at a time, the color can be represented by the combination of the digitally (i.e. linearly) controlled "ON OFF" LEDs. In general, for the dimming control system of DCSK, two schemes have been considered. One is the dimming control by PWM, which changes the duty cycle of optical transmit signals, and the other is the dimming control by DPAM, which changes the number of active LEDs in the RGB LED array. In this paper, PWM and DPAM are combined to realize a higher spectral efficiency than PWM and a wider dimming range than DPAM. We evaluate the error performances of the proposed system, DCSK with PWM, and DCSK with DPAM from a simulation analysis under several measured light dimming levels. The results show that DPAM should be used only for low bit rate systems because the effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) caused by the LED frequency response, increases at a high bit rate. While, PWM is significantly robust against ISI because the PWM signal duration is limited in a symbol duration at the low dimming levels and the empty duration can mitigate the effect of ISI even if the bit rate is high. When focusing on symbol error rate performances corresponding to the dimming levels, the hybrid dimming control and the PWM dimming control can achieve lower signal energy to noise ratio at the dimming level of low and high, respectively.
author_names: Jumpei Okumura

Yusuke Kozawa

Yohtaro Umeda

Hiromasa Habuchi
title: Hybrid PWM/DPAM Dimming Control for Digital Color Shift Keying Using RGB LED Array
venue: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
year: 2018

abstract: Radio Frequency (RF) communication is always considered as the main choice to transmit data from wireless body area network devices. However, wireless communication using RF has radiation that can pierce through skin and have negative effect for body. An ultrasonic communication can be used as an alternative to transmit the data. In this paper, we have developed an ultrasonic communication system using amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation. The data are taken from galvanic skin response sensor and processed by a microcontroller. The processed data then modulated using ASK modulation technique before transmitted using ultrasonic transducers. The results showed that the ultrasonic transducers are able to transmit data in relatively short range and narrow beamwidth. The ASK modulation technique performed well for modulating and demodulating the signal taken from GSR sensor.
author_names: Muhammad Harry Bintang Pratama

Arif Munandar

Khusnil Mujib

Erizco Satya Wicaksono

Ajub Ajulian Zahra
title: Implementation of ultrasonic communication for wireless body area network using amplitude shift keying modulation
venue: 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON)
year: 2016

abstract: We consider least squares estimators of carrier phase and amplitude from a noisy communications signal that contains both pilot signals, known to the receiver, and data signals, unknown to the receiver. We focus on signaling constellations that have symbols evenly distributed on the complex unit circle, i.e. M ary phase shift keying. We show, under reasonably mild conditions on the distribution of the noise, that the least squares estimator of carrier phase is strongly consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. However, the amplitude estimator is asymptotically biased and converges to a positive real number that is a function of the true carrier amplitude, the noise distribution and the size of the constellation. This appears to be the first time that the statistical properties of a non data aided estimator for carrier amplitude have been analyzed theoretically. The results of Monte Carlo simulations are provided and these agree with the theoretical results.
author_names: Robby G McKilliam

Andre Pollok

William G Cowley

I Vaughan L Clarkson

Barry G Quinn
title: Carrier Phase and Amplitude Estimation for Phase Shift Keying Using Pilots and Data
venue: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
year: 2014

abstract: The Phase/Amplitude shift keying modulator using digital oscillator is presented in this work. The proposed method comprises of digital line coder, digital differentiator and digital oscillator. The line coding signal is transformed into impulse signal to excite the oscillator to generate the desired PSK or ASK signal. The advantages of this technique are simple, high accuracy and robust to noise. It is robust to noise because all components are digital implementation.
author_names: Pichet Wisartpong

R Punchalard

A Nosan
title: Phase/amplitude shift keying using digital sinusoidal oscillator
venue: The 8th Electrical Engineering/ Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI) Association of Thailand Conference 2011
year: 2011

abstract: This paper presents design on amplitude shift keying (ASK) used in 125 kHz RFID tag, which is simulated by Multisim software. In the low frequency of 125 kHz RFID system, there are generally three portions: RFID tag, RFID reader and digital processing system. Also in RFID tag, it is consisted of antenna unit and functional units of sinusoidal oscillator circuit, square wave circuit and switching circuit. Design analyses on different types of sinusoidal oscillator circuits, square wave circuit and switching circuit have been described with the simulation results to meet the requirements for RFID tag. On design analysis of sinusoidal oscillators, the certain type of oscillator has been chosen with the parameters of desired frequency and certain time period for start up oscillation. Also the desired frequency with certain duty cycle has been designed for square wave circuit. The switching circuit has been designed to generate ASK signal by modulating carrier signal of sinusoidal waveform with the square waveform of digital data.
author_names: San Hlaing Oo

Khin Trar Trar Soe
title: Design on Amplitude Shift Keying
year: 2019

abstract: Abstract A photonic approach to generate frequency doubled microwave waveforms using an integrated dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP QPSK) modulator driven by a sinusoidal radio frequency (RF) signal is proposed. By adjusting the dc bias points of the DP QPSK modulator, the obtained second order and six order harmonics are in phase while the fourth order harmonics are complementary when the orthogonal polarized outputs of the modulator are photodetected. After properly setting the modulation indices of the modulator, the amplitude of the second order harmonic is 9 times of that of the six order harmonic, indicating a frequency doubled triangular waveform is generated. If a broadband 90deg microwave phase shifter is attached after the photodetector (PD) to introduce a 90deg phase shift, a frequency doubled square waveform can be obtained after adjusting the amplitude of the second order harmonic 3 times of that of the six order harmonic. The proposal is first theoretically analyzed and then validated by simulation. Simulation results show that a 10 GHz triangular and square waveform sequences are successfully generated from a 5 GHz sinusoidal RF drive signal.
author_names: Zihang Zhu

Shanghong Zhao

Xuan Li

Kun Qu

Tao Lin
title: Frequency doubled microwave waveforms generation using a dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying modulator driven by a single frequency radio frequency signal
year: 2018

abstract: A photonic microwave frequency shift keying (FSK) signal generator is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on an equivalent photonic switch (EPS) The EPS is constructed using a polarization multiplexing dual drive Mach Zehnder modulator (PM DMZM) By properly controlling the data sequences and RF signals applied to the PM DMZM, microwave FSK signals with flexible frequency intervals can be obtained. The proposed FSK signal generator features the advantages of a simple structure, low loss, good stability, and great frequency tunability. In addition, the proposed setup can also be easily reconfigured to generate microwave amplitude shift keying and phase shift keying signals. The experimental results show that 2 Gb/s at 5/14 GHz and 1 Gb/s at 6/20 GHz microwave FSK signals are successfully generated, after transmission over 5 km single mode fiber. The required received optical power at 7% forward error correction threshold is only 14.48 dBm.
author_names: Mingzheng Lei

Zhennan Zheng

Chunqi Song

Yunping Bai

Jinwang Qian

Shanguo Huang

Xinlu Gao
title: Equivalent photonic switch for microwave frequency shift keying signal generation.
venue: Optics letters
year: 2019