Query: Directional lasing in resonant semiconductor nanoantenna arrays

Candidate papers:

abstract: High index dielectric and semiconductor nanoparticles supporting strong electric and magnetic resonances have drawn significant attention in recent years. However, until now, there have been no experimental reports of lasing action from such nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate directional lasing, with a low threshold and high quality factor, in active dielectric nanoantenna arrays achieved through a leaky resonance excited in coupled gallium arsenide (GaAs) nanopillars. The leaky resonance is formed by partially breaking a bound state in the continuum generated by the collective, vertical electric dipole resonances excited in the nanopillars for subdiffractive arrays. We control the directionality of the emitted light while maintaining a high quality factor (Q 2,750) The lasing directivity and wavelength can be tuned via the nanoantenna array geometry and by modifying the gain spectrum of GaAs with temperature. The obtained results provide guidelines for achieving surface emitting laser devices based on active dielectric nanoantennas that are compact and highly transparent.Active dielectric nanoantenna arrays exhibit low threshold and high quality factor directional lasing achieved via a leaky resonance excited in coupled gallium arsenide (GaAs) nanopillars.
author_names: Son Tung Ha

Yuan Hsing Fu

Naresh Kumar Emani

Zhenying Pan

Reuben M Bakker

Ramon Paniagua-Dominguez

Arseniy I Kuznetsov
title: Directional lasing in resonant semiconductor nanoantenna arrays
venue: Nature Nanotechnology
year: 2018

abstract: Direct printing of semiconductor nanoparticles via laser induced transfer is a recently developed tool to obtain individual nanoparticles or their arbitrary arrays on a substrate of almost any shape and material. Semiconductor nanoparticles supporting Mie resonance are now widely explored in the pursuit for the novel all dielectric photonic platforms. The promising direction is merging Mie resonant nanoparticles with photonic crystals. We experimentally demonstrate excitation of a Bloch surface wave in photonic crystal mediated by an individual silicon nanoparticle. The nanoparticle being irradiated by light with the wavelength near the Mie resonance acts as a nanoantenna and allows excitation of the Bloch surface wave from the far field. Visualization of the surface wave propagation direction is performed by the Fourier plane imaging using the leakage radiation microscopy setup. We show that tuning the wavelength of the incident light around the Mie resonance allows for launching Bloch surface wave in both forward and backward direction.
author_names: Boris I Afinogenov

Natalia G Kokareva

Dmitry N Gulkin

Daniil A Shilkin

Denis Zhigunov

Vladimir O Bessonov

Andrey A Fedyanin
title: Directional excitation of Bloch surface waves by laser printed Mie nanoparticles
venue: NanoScience Engineering
year: 2020

abstract: A highly efficient nanocavity formed by optically coupled nanostructures is achieved by optimization of the collective Mie resonances in a one dimensional array of semiconductor nanoparticles. Analysis of quasi normal multipole modes enables us to reveal the close relation between the collective Mie resonances and Van Hove singularities. Based on these concepts, we experimentally demonstrate a directional GaAs nanolaser at cryogenic temperatures with well defined, in plane emission, which, moreover, can be controlled by selective excitation. The lasing threshold is shown to be significantly reduced by optimizing the inter particle gap such that the optimal near field confinement is achieved at a resonant wavelength corresponding to the highest gain of GaAs. We show that the lasing performance of this nanolaser is orders of magnitude better than a nanowire based laser of the same dimensions. The present work provides design guidelines for high performance in plane emission nanolasers, which may find applications in future photonic integrated circuits.
author_names: Thanh Xuan Hoang

Son Tung Ha

Zhenying Pan

Wee Kee Phua

Ramon Paniagua-Dominguez

Ching Eng Png

Hong-Son Chu

Arseniy I Kuznetsov
title: Collective Mie Resonances for Directional On chip Nanolasers.
venue: Nano letters
year: 2020

abstract: Metasurfaces composed of designed Mie resonant semiconductor nanoparticles offer unique opportunities for controlling the properties of light fields transmitted through them or reflected from them [1] Such metasurfaces can e.g. impose a spatially variant phase shift onto an incident light field, thereby providing control over its wave front with high transmittance efficiency [2] However, most semiconductor metasurfaces realized so far were passive and linear, and their optical response was permanently encoded into the structure during fabrication. Recently, a growing amount of research is concentrated on the integration of emitters and optical nonlinearities into semiconductor metasurfaces and on obtaining dynamic control of their optical response. This talk will provide an overview of our recent advances in active, nonlinear, and tunable Mie resonant semiconductor metasurfaces. In particular, we have studied spontaneous emission from metasurfaces incorporating various types of emitters, including semiconductor quantum dots, monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides, and fluorescent centers in the substrate. For emission frequencies below or near the fundamental electronic bandgap of the respective semiconductor material, the individual Mie resonant metasurface building blocks can provide the functionality of dielectric nanoantennas, and exhibit high directivity, Purcell enhancement, and near unity radiation efficiencies [3,4] Consequently, we may understand an active metasurface as a two dimensional array of resonant dielectric nanoantennas, which are excited by localized emitters that are located in their vicinity. In order to characterize the emission properties of our active metasurfaces, we perform micro photoluminescence imaging, spectroscopy, and Fourier imaging for a variety of different active metasurface architectures. Our results show that the directional and spectral properties of the emitted light can be tailored by the metasurface design. Using nonlinear Fourier imaging, we have also investigated second harmonic generation in metasurfaces composed of III V semiconductors. We show that the generated second harmonic signal depends sensitively on the polarization of the pump field. For dynamic tuning of the metasurface response, we make use of the strong spectral dispersion associated with the resonant optical response of the metasurfaces in combination with the sensitivity of the resonance properties on the dielectric environment of the individual nanoresonators. Specifically, by integrating a silicon metasurface into a nematic liquid crystal cell, we have demonstrated dynamic tuning of the metasurface linear optical response using an applied voltage as control parameter [5] Finally, by combining resonance tuning based on liquid crystals with spontaneous emission enhancement by Mie type resonances, we have achieved dynamic control of the emission from an active metasurface consisting of silicon nanoresonators coupled to a fluorescent substrate. [1] I. Staude J. Schilling, Nature Photon. 11, 274 284 (2017) [2] K. E. Chong et al. Nano Lett. 15, 5369 5374 (2015) [3] A. E. Krasnok et al. Opt. Exp. 20, 20599 (2012) [4] X. Zambrana Puyalto N. Bonod, Phys. Rev. B 91, 195422 (2015) [5] A. Komar et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 071109 (2017)
author_names: Isabelle Staude
title: Active, nonlinear, and tunable Mie resonant semiconductor metasurfaces (Conference Presentation)
year: 2018

abstract: We demonstrate experimentally and describe theoretically the strong directional emission and absorption of light by III V semiconductor nanowires mediated by the resonant coupling to guided and leaky modes in the cylindrical structure. The absorption and emission of light can be modified and enhanced by its resonant interaction with nanostructures, such as semiconductor nanowires. Nanowires are characterized by a lateral dimension comparable to the wavelength of light and a much larger length, which enables their resonant interaction with light and the guiding of electromagnetic waves. Here, we demonstrate experimentally and describe theoretically the strong directional emission and absorption of light by III V semiconductor nanowires mediated by the resonant coupling to guided and leaky modes in the cylindrical structure. The coupling to these eigenmodes of the nanowires depends strongly on their diameter and length, which opens a rich spectrum of possibilities for the control of the direction, efficiency and polarization of the emission and absorption of light [1] The emission experiments have been performed with a Fourier microscope [2 4] i.e. by imaging the back focal plane of a microscope objective to map the emission of single nanowires and of nanowire arrays. We also introduce a technique termed time reversed Fourier microscopy, which enables the detection of the directional absorption of polarized light by individual nanowires [5] This techniques consists on focusing and scanning a laser beam at the back focal plane of the microscope objective. In this way, a sample under the objective is illuminated by a plane wave at an angle of incidence that is scanned to retrieve a map of the angular dependent absorption. Semiconductor nanowires behave as small optical antennas that are able to emit and absorb light in and from defined directions and polarizations. These directions and the polarization of the light are mostly determined by the nanowire diameter. In order to increase the possibilities for directional emission from individual nanowires, we have introduced hybrid nanowire plasmonic antennas[6] In these structures, the emission from a nanowire is scattered by metallic nanorods resonant at the emission wavelength. These rods are plasmonic resonantors that are placed at defined locations to achieve constructive interference of the emission in certain directions. In this way, we have demonstrated an hybrid nanowire plasmonic Yagi Uda nanoantenna with beamed emission. This device is illustrated in the figure below.
author_names: Jaime Gomez Rivas
title: The nanowire optical antenna: Controlled directional emission and absorption of light by semiconductor nanowires
venue: SUM 2016
year: 2016

abstract: This thesis investigates the control of light via isolated nanoparticles of gold or III V semiconductor gallium phosphide. Nanoscale control of light has a range applications in on chip devices and optoelectric interfacing, where large arrays of nanoparticles are not always practical. Simulations, performed using the Boundary Element Method, show semiconductor nanorods to function as two dimensional cavities, bridging the gap between more commonly used analytical models for a sphere and an infinite cylinder. Dimer structures, made of two nanorods placed end to end, are shown to enhance the electric ?eld in the center of the gap, comparable to gold structures of similar design. Experiments, however, show these effects to be elusive. Further simulation using the Finite Element Method indicates that these structures also demonstrate highly directional reradiation of the incident field. Gold nanoantennas were investigated for their interaction with a phase change material and light carried within a wavguide with the aim of producing an all optical modulation device. A film of phase change material is shown to be able to rapidly and reversibly modulate the response of a gold nanoantenna. An antenna on top of a rib waveguide is shown to aid in the modulation of a carrier pulse by use of a second pump pulse.
author_names: Daniel Traviss
title: Control of light via individual resonant nanoparticle devices
year: 2016

abstract: The use of geometrical constraints exposes many new perspectives in photonics and in the fundamental studies of nonlinear waves. By implementing surface structures in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers as manifolds for curved space, we experimentally study the impacts of geometrical constraints on nonlinear wave localization. We observe localized waves pinned to the maximal curvature in an elliptical ring, and confirm the reduction in the localization length of waves by measuring near and far field patterns, as well as the corresponding energy angle dispersion relation. Theoretically, analyses based on a dissipative model with a parabola curve give good agreement remarkably to experimental measurement on the reduction in the localization length. The introduction of curved geometry allows to control and design lasing modes in the nonlinear regime. (c) 2017 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (240.6690) Surface waves; (240.0240) Optics at surfaces; (140.7260) Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers; (140.3948) Microcavity devices. References and links 1. J. W. S. Rayleigh, The Theory of Sound (Macmillan, 1894) 2. C. Barcelo, S. Liberati, and M. Visser, "Probing semiclassical analog gravity in Bose Einstein condensates with widely tunable interactions," Phys. Rev. A 68, 053613 (2003) 3. Th. G. Philbin, C. Kuklewicz, S. Robertson, S. Hill, F. Konig, U. Leonhardt, "Fiber optical analog of the event horizon," Science 319, 1367 (2008) 4. D. Faccio, T. Arane, M. Lamperti, and U. Leonhardt, "Optical black hole lasers," Class. Quantum Grav. 29, 224009 (2012) 5. C. Conti, "Linear and nonlinear Anderson localization in a curved potential," Chin. Phys. Lett. 31, 30501 (2014) 6. N. Ghofraniha, I. Viola, A. Zacheo, V. Arima, G. Gigli, and C. Conti "Transition from nonresonant to resonant random lasers by the geometrical confinement of disorder," Opt. Lett. 38, 5043 (2013) 7. U. Leonhardt, "Optical conformal mapping," Science 312, 1777 (2006) 8. J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, "Controlling electromagnetic fields," Science 312, 1780 (2006) 9. D. A. Genov, S. Zhang, and X. Zhang, "Mimicking celestial mechanics in metamaterials," Nat. Phys. 5, 687 (2009) 10. A. Paredes, and H. Michinel, "Interference of dark matter solitons and galactic offsets," Phys. Dark. Univ. 12, 50 (2016) 11. S. Batz, and U. Peschel, "Linear and nonlinear optics in curved space," Phys. Rev. A 78, 043821 (2008) 12. S. Batz, and U. Peschel, "Solitons in curved space of constant curvature," Phys. Rev. A 81, 053806 (2010) 13. R. Bekenstein, J. Nemirovsky, I. Kaminer, and M. Segev, "Shape preserving accelerating electromagnetic wave packets in curved space," Phys. Rev. X 4, 011038 (2014) 14. W. Wan, S. Jia, and J. W. Fleisher, "Dispersive superfluid like shock waves in nonlinear optics," Nat. Phys. 3, 46 (2007) 15. C. Conti, "Localization and shock waves in curved manifolds for the Gross Pitaevskii equation," Sci. Bull. 61, 570 (2016) 16. V. H. Schultheiss, S. Batz, A. Szameit, F. Dreisow, S. Nolte, A. Tunnermann, S. Longhi, and U. Peschel, "Optics in curved space," Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 143901 (2010) 17. Yu. S. Kivshar and G. P. Agrawal, Optical Solitons: from Fibers to Photonic Crystals (Academic, 2003) Vol. 25, No. 23 13 Nov 2017 OPTICS EXPRESS 29068 #306536 https:/doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.029068 Journal (c) 2017 Received 5 Sep 2017; revised 4 Nov 2017; accepted 5 Nov 2017; published 8 Nov 2017 18. A. Sacchetti, "Universal Critical Power for Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations with a Symmetric DoubleWell Potential," Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 194101 (2009) 19. S. Barland, J. R. Tredicce, M. Brambilla, L. A. Lugiato, S. Balle, M. Giudici, T. Maggipinto, L. Spinelli, G. Tissoni, T. Knodl, M. Miller, and R. Jager, "Cavity solitons as pixels in semiconductor microcavities," Nature 419, 699 (2002) 20. R. K. Chang and A. J. Campillo, eds. Optical Processes in Microcavities (World Scientific, 1996) 21. K. J. Vahala, Optical Microcavities, (World Scientific, 2004) 22. Y. Tanguy, T. Ackemann, W. J. Firth, and R. Jager, "Realization of a semiconductor based cavity soliton laser," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 013907 (2008) 23. T. D. Lee, C. Y. Chen, Y.Y. Lin, M. C. Chou, T. h. Wu, and R. K. Lee, "Surface structure assisted chaotic mode lasing in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 084101 (2008) 24. K. H. Kuo, Y.Y. Lin, and R. K. Lee, "Thresholdless crescent waves in an elliptical ring," Opt. Lett. 38, 1077 (2013) 25. Y. V. Kartashov, V. A. Vysloukh, and L. Torner, "Rotating surface solitons," Opt. Lett. 32, 2948 (2007) 26. C.P. Jisha, Y.Y. Lin, T. D. Lee, and R. K. Lee, "Crescent waves in optical cavities," Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 183902 (2011) 27. D. L. Huffaker, H. Deng, Q. Deng, and D. G. Deppe, "Ring and stripe oxide confined vertical cavity surface emitting lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3477 (1996) 28. J. Scheuer, M. Orenstein, and D. Arbel, "Nonlinear switching and modulational instability of wave patterns in ring shaped vertical cavity surface emitting lasers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2384 (2002) 29. J. W. Shi, C. H. Jiang, K. M. Chen, J. L. Yen, and Y. J. Yang, "Single mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser with ring shaped light emitting aperture," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 031109 (2005) 30. Y. Y. Lin and R. K. Lee, "Symmetry breaking instabilities of generalized elliptical solitons," Opt. Lett. 33, 1377 (2008) 31. M. A. Bandres and J. C. Gutierrez Vega, "Ince Gaussian modes of the paraxial wave equation and stable resonators," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 21, 873 (2004) 32. A. Kroner, F. Rinaldi, J. M. Ostermann, R. Michalzik, "High performance single fundamental mode AlGaAs VCSELs with mode selective mirror reflectivities," Opt. 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author_names: B

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title: Lasing on nonlinear localized waves in curved geometry
year: 2017

abstract: DOI: 10.1002/adom.201800664 limit, and may also serve to enhance and direct the emission from local sources. In both regards, the antennas act as a crucial bridge between the electromagnetic radiation in the farand near field regions, and have recently attracted considerable attention.[1] Metal based nanoantennas, composed of materials such as silver and gold, harness the properties of plasmonic excitations to control light on the nanoscale, opening up many opportunities within areas such as telecommunications, sensing, and photovoltaics.[2 4] The plasmonic response of such nanoantennas stems from the collective oscillation of electrons,[5] which enables significant enhancement of the electric near field, whereas the magnetic near field is not considerably affected. However, the inherent ohmic loss associated with plasmonic excitations gives rise to Joule heating and, as a result, their use in temperature sensitive applications, such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, might be hindered.[6,7] By contrast, all dielectric and semiconductor nanoantennas composed of high index materials in a low index background may support both electric and magnetic Mie type resonances, therefore facilitating significant field confinement whilst maintaining low losses across the visible and near infrared spectral regions.[8 13] These dielectric or semiconductor nanoantennas confine fields within the volume of the structure, which results in lower field confinement compared to their metallic counterparts, but also allows for a greater effective interaction volume between the incident field and the bulk material in, for example, nonlinear processes.[6] All dielectric nanophotonic technology can be readily employed in lossand temperature sensitive applications.[14] Moreover, interplay between electric and magnetic resonances in these nanoantennas provides a means of engineering the directionality of scattering and second harmonic generation.[15 18] Consequently, arrays of dielectric nanoantennas represent a promising route toward low loss metamaterials and metasurfaces,[16,19,20] in addition to nanoscale photodiodes.[21] Moreover, destructive interference between two different dipole moments in nanoscale antennas may lead to nonradiative anapole modes.[22,23] Importantly, dielectric nanoantennas are suitable for engineering nonlinear optical effects if they are composed of materials with a high nonlinear susceptibility, such as GaAs[24] and AlGaAs.[6] All dielectric nanoantennas enable the manipulation and confinement of light on the nanoscale through a variety of resonant excitations. Understanding and controlling the interactions among resonances at a level of individual nanoantennas is required for the development of appropriate design rules for their applications, especially with regard to nonlinear optics, where the nonlinear interaction depends on the resonant behavior in a superlinear manner. Here, cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy is used to experimentally investigate the electric and magnetic modes supported by single AlGaAs nanoantennas and their hybridization in a dimer configuration. An interplay is shown between the resonant modes of the nanostructures and interband emission of the semiconductor material, which contrasts with Si nanoantennas, where the bandgap effects are not significant. The measurements are in very good agreement with numerical simulations, which also provided further insight into the nature of the modes. The resonant modes of semiconductor nanoantennas are important for engineering linear and nonlinear metasurfaces, as well as for sensing applications and fluorescence control in nanophotonic environments.
author_names: Cillian P T McPolin

Giuseppe Marino

Alexey V Krasavin

Valerio Flavio Gili

Luca Carletti

Costantino De Angelis

Giuseppe Leo

Anatoly V Zayats
title: Imaging Electric and Magnetic Modes and Their Hybridization in Single and Dimer AlGaAs Nanoantennas
year: 2018

abstract: Optical properties of two dimensional periodic system of the silicon micro cones are investigated. The metasurface, composed of the silicon tips, shows enhancement of the local optical field. Finite element computer simulations as well as real experiment reveal anomalous optical response of the dielectric metasurface due to excitation of the dielectric resonances. Various electromagnetic resonances are considered in the dielectric cone. The metal dielectric resonances, which are excited between metal nanoparticles and dielectric cones, are also considered. The resonance local electric field can be much larger than the field in the usual surface plasmon resonances. To investigate local electric field the signal molecules are deposited on the metal nanoparticles. We demonstrate enhancement of the electromagnetic field and Raman signal from the complex of DT NB acid molecules and gold nanoparticles, which are distributed over the metasurface. The metasurfaces composed from the dielectric resonators can have quasi continuous spectrum and serve as an efficient SERS substrates. (c) 2017 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (260.0260) Physical optics; (240.0240) Optics at surfaces; (240.6695) Surface enhanced Raman Scattering. References and links 1. K. J. Vahala, "Optical microcavities," Nature 424, 839 846 (2003) 2. T. Aoki, B. Dayan, E. Wilcut, W. Bowen, A. Parkins, T. Kippenberg, K. Vahala, and imble, "Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic micro resonator," Nature 443, 671 674 (2006) 3. B. Min, E. Ostby, V. Sorger, E. Ulin Avila, L. Yang, X. Zhang, and K. Vahala, "High Q surface plasmon polariton whispering gallery microcavity," Nature 457, 455 458 (2009) 4. H. Tureci, H. Schwefe, P. Jacquod, and D. Stone, "Modes of wave chaotic dielectric resonators," Progress in Optics 47, 75 108 (2005) 5. L. Rayleigh, "The problem of whispering gallery," Phil. Mag. 20, 1001 1004 (1904) 6. D. K. Armani, T. J. 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author_names: Shadak Alee K
title: Light localization and SERS in tip shaped silicon metasurface
year: 2017

abstract: We introduce a non parity time symmetric three layer structure, consisting of a gain medium layer sandwiched between two phase change medium layers for switching of the direction of reflectionless light propagation. We show that for this structure unidirectional reflectionlessness in the forward direction can be switched to unidirectional reflectionlessness in the backward direction at the optical communication wavelength by switching the phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) from its amorphous to its crystalline phase. We also show that it is the existence of exceptional points for this structure with GST in both its amorphous and crystalline phases which leads to unidirectional reflectionless propagation in the forward direction for GST in its amorphous phase, and in the backward direction for GST in its crystalline phase. Our results could be potentially important for developing a new generation of compact active free space optical devices. 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title: Switching of the direction of reflectionless light propagation at exceptional points in non PT symmetric structures using phase change materials
year: 2017