Query: A taxonomy of texture description

Candidate papers:

abstract: A central issue in computer vision is the problem of signal to symbol transformation. In the case of texture, which is an important visual cue, this problem has hitherto received very little attention. This book presents a solution to the signal to symbol transformation problem for texture. The symbolic de scription scheme consists of a novel taxonomy for textures, and is based on appropriate mathematical models for different kinds of texture. The taxonomy classifies textures into the broad classes of disordered, strongly ordered, weakly ordered and compositional. Disordered textures are described by statistical mea sures, strongly ordered textures by the placement of primitives, and weakly ordered textures by an orientation field. Compositional textures are created from these three classes of texture by using certain rules of composition. The unifying theme of this book is to provide standardized symbolic descriptions that serve as a descriptive vocabulary for textures. The algorithms developed in the book have been applied to a wide variety of textured images arising in semiconductor wafer inspection, flow visualization and lumber processing. The taxonomy for texture can serve as a scheme for the identification and description of surface flaws and defects occurring in a wide range of practical applications.
author_names: A Ravishankar Rao
title: A Taxonomy for Texture Description and Identification
venue: Springer Series in Perception Engineering
year: 1990

abstract: Abstract The genus Typopeltis Pocock, 1894 is poorly known regarding its systematics, natural history, and distribution, despite important taxonomic advances during the 1990s. Currently, only 13 species are known from East Asia, including areas in south China, Japan, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Taiwan. In this work, we describe and illustrate a new species of Typopeltis from Vietnam and provide a new description for the male of T.guangxiensis Haupt Song, 1996. Additionally, we describe and illustrate the female gonopod of T.guangxiensis for the first time and propose a new homology hypothesis for the male gonopod parts. The male of T.laurentianussp. n. is characterized by the unique patellar apophysis that presents a smooth texture and no spines. Typopeltislaurentianussp. n. is the third species of this genus to be described from Vietnam.
author_names: Gabriel Seraphim

Alessandro P L Giupponi

Gustavo Silva de Miranda
title: Taxonomy of the thelyphonid genus Typopeltis Pocock, 1894, including homology proposals for the male gonopod structures (Arachnida, Thelyphonida, Typopeltinae)
venue: ZooKeys
year: 2019

abstract: Globuligerina glinskikhae nov. sp. Gradstein Waskowska and Globuligerina waskowskae nov. sp. Gradstein are new species of Jurassic planktonic foraminifera from the Middle Jurassic of Dagestan and Poland. G. glinskikhae nov. sp. with its remarkable 'protoglobigerine' test may be an early evolutionary offshoot of Globuligerina oxfordiana (Grigelis) It may be an index taxon for upper Bajocian through Bathonian strata in Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia, and might be recognizable also in thin sections. We consider G. waskowskae nov. sp. to be a possible forerunner of Conoglobigerina helvetojurassica (Haeusler) the first planktonic foraminiferal species with a reticulate wall texture. Currently, is only known from Poland. In some localities, specimens of G. oxfordiana and of G. glinskikhae nov. sp. posses an additional apertural opening, often lacking a rim; its function is enigmatic. The postulated lineage from Jurassic Globuligerina balakhmatovae (Morozova) to Cretaceous Clavihedbergella eocretacea Neagu is refined with the description of Petaloglobigerina simmonsi nov. gen. nov. sp. Gradstein from the Kimmeridgian of Portugal. The evolutionary transition from G. balakhmatovae to P. simmonsi occurs by means of the ontogenic development of a petaloid test, with a pronounced flattening of the whorl with ovate chambers, the last ones often offset and twisted. Jurassic planktonic foraminifera, now known to consist of three genera and 12+ species underwent long periods of stasis, interrupted by late Bajocian, mid Oxfordian and early Kimmeridgian evolution. The three 'stasis and root' taxa G. oxfordiana G. bathoniana and G. balakhmat ovae are geographically widespread in lower to mid palaeo latitudes, and stratigraphically long ranging within the Middle and Late Jurassic. Modern digital microscopes, with co axial and side LED lighting and excellent image stacking software are important tools in the study of Jurassic planktonic foraminifera, and fast and cost effective communication tools in modern micropalaeontology.
author_names: F M Gradstein

Anna Waskowska
title: New insights into the taxonomy and evolution of Jurassic planktonic foraminifera
venue: Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
year: 2021

abstract: Texture is generally recognized as being fundamental to perception. A taxonomy of problems encountered within the context of texture analysis could be that of classification/discrimination, description, and segmentation. In this paper we suggest a novel artificial neural network (ANN) architecture for features extraction and texture recognition. There is evidence which suggests that the analysis of stimulus by visual system might involve a set of quasi independent mechanisms called channels which could be conveniently characterized in the spatial frequency domain. In our model we use an FT feature space with angular and radial bins that characterize spatial domain filters to extract features. The extracted features are then used as input for the recognition stage. In order to evaluate the 2 D FT coefficients we use the Radon transform. The usage of the Radon transform simplifies the ANN model significantly. We suggest an electronic implementation of the ANN model for feature extraction, using a Connected Network Adaptive ProcessorS (CNAPS) chip designed by Adaptive Solutions Inc. We also develop software to simulate the ANN model with the Radon transform. We use a three stage back propagation network as a classifier. We have used ten different texture patterns to test our ANN model.
author_names: Arun D Kulkarni

P Byars
title: Artificial neural network models for texture classification via the radon transform
venue: Other Conferences
year: 1992

abstract: Texture is generally recognized as being fundamental to perception. A taxonomy of problems encountered within the context of texture analysis could be that of classification /discrimination, description, and segmentation. In this paper we suggest a novel artificial neural network (ANN) architecture for feature extraction and texture recognition. There is evidence which suggests that the analysis of stimulus by visual system might involve a set of quasiindependent mechanisms called channels which could be conveniently characterized in the spatial frequency domain. In our model we use an IT feature space with angular and radial bins that characterize spatial domain filters to extract features. The extracted features are then used as input for the recognition stage. In order to evaluate the 2 D FT coefficients we use the Radon transform. The usage of the Radon trmsforrn simplifies ~he ANN model significantly. We have developed software to simulate the ANN model with the Radon transform. We used a three stage backpropagation network as a classifier. We used ten different texture patterns to test our ANN model. The results are presented in the paper.
author_names: Arun D Kulkarni

P Byars
title: Artificial neural network models for texture classification via: the Radon transform
venue: SAC '92
year: 1992

abstract: Parasitological research today focused on studying protozoan parasites infecting fish especially myxosporidian and microsporidian parasites which cause adverse effects on the fish health causing high losses in fish production. Also the presence of Heavy infections with muscle invading species destroy the texture of the fish flesh making it unmarketable. Morphological description of these parasites help in the exact determination of their taxonomy which may aid with the molecular tools in the development of anti substances against these parasites. The present book described some of these parasites including two myxosporidian and three microsporidian species infecting flesh of four of the most economically important marine fishes of the Red Sea in Egypt. The study described the different developmental stages of these parasites which undergoes its maturation within fish flesh until its progressive development into the infective spores which are the most dangerous and infective part of the cycle.
author_names: Kareem Morsy

Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar

A -R Bashtar
title: Myxosporidiosis and Microsporidiosis of Fish
year: 2013

abstract: The investigated area is located to the east of the Nile Delta; it is bounded by latitudes 30deg 11' 15" 30deg 14' 10" N and longitudes 31deg 22' 05" 31deg 24' 20" E. According to period of irrigated by sewage effluents the soils of the area were divided into four grades. These include i) non irrigated and barren, ii) irrigated for (24 years) iii) irrigated for (49 years) and iv) irrigated for 82 years until 2009 and after this changed to irrigated by ground water. Four soil profiles were taken to represent the soils of the area. Morphological description and soil sampling were conducted during the field work. The soil properties including texture, depth, organic matter (OM) EC, CaCO3, pH, CEC, and ESP have been determined. The soils were classified as: Typic Torripsamments and Typic Torriorthents according to the American soil taxonomy. The soil capability classes ranged between (2) good and (5) very poor. The soil suitability ranged between S1 and S3. The soils of the area are suitable for field crops (Wheat, Barley, Faba bean, Sugar beat, Sun flower, Maize, Soya bean, Peanut, Cotton, Sugar Cane) vegetable (Tomato, Pepper, Watermelon, Alfalfa, Sorghum) and fruit (Citrus, Grape, Olive, Apple, Pear, Figs, Date palm) The soils are in general not suitable for Cabbage, Onion, Rice and Banana.
author_names: Masato Oda

A A Abd El-Hady

Wagdy A Kawi

Ramadan R Ali
title: STUDY AND EVALUATE EL GABAL EL ASFAR SOILS WHICH IRRIGATED BY SEWAGE SLUDGE
year: 2013

abstract: One of the promising areas for the horizontal expansion in west Azerbaijan (Iran) is the Souma area. Peach suitability calculated on the basis of the proposed computer program "MicroLEIS DSS" and presented as a soil suitability map has been integrated with GIS tools. Nine benchmark soil series constituents comprising 35 soil profiles have been selected to represent the variation in soils of the studied area. According to the morphological description, physical and chemical properties and USDA Soil Taxonomy, the soils can be classified as Entisols and Inceptisols. Useful depth, texture, drainage, carbonate, salinity, sodium saturation and profile development were selected as limitation factors for peach development. For perennial crops (peach) soil reference sections are between 0 and 100 cm in depth, or between 0 cm and the limit of useful depth when the latter is between 0 and 100 cm. Following a semi quantitative procedure and according to the generalization level set up for each soil diagnostic criterion, the area under investigation has been divided into four relative suitability classes. Results showed that texture and drainage are the most important limitation factors in 2266 ha and 66 ha respectively of the study area. Peach garden development can be recommended for 1824 ha of the studied area with special reference to sustainable agriculture achievement.
author_names: A A Jafarzadeh

Farzin Shahbazi

R J Gilkes

Nattaporn Prakongkep
title: Suitability of peach in Souma area (Iran) using Almagra model.
year: 2010

abstract: Human activities often alter soils found in urban areas. These alterations affect their environmental functions and potential for use. However, soils from urban areas in Brazil have not been surveyed and identified, which can pose a technical problem for the development of the city. Considering the importance of urban environments and their soils, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental and morphological characteristics and the physical properties of urban soils in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The purpose was then to organize a protocol for describing urban soils and to identify diagnostic qualifiers to subsidize establishment of an order that allows proper classification of these soils in the Brazilian Soil Classification System. The protocol containing general and environmental notes and morphological notes and qualifiers was organized based on the experience of this study and the relevant literature. The environmental, morphological, and physical analyses carried out supported interpretation of the urban soils of Santa Maria, their classification in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources system, and identification of diagnostic qualifiers proposed for the Brazilian Soil Classification System. The protocol tested in this study was adequate for data collection in the field. Soils had high variation in layer thickness, particle size composition, color, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, penetration resistance, stoniness, and the presence of artifacts. Considering the establishment of a Brazilian taxonomy for urban soils, the field data led to the proposal for new qualifiers, such as Saprolitic (residual saprolite material) Impervic (sealed/impermeable layer) Multigranic (layers with contrasting textures) Stonic (layers with stoniness) and Saprorockic (layers constituted of transported saprolite) which can be used as diagnostic attributes in the Brazilian Soil Classification System and even contribute to improvement of the order of Technosols in the World Reference Base For Soil Resources system.
author_names: Jessica da Costa

Fabricio de Araujo Pedron

Ricardo Simao Diniz Dalmolin

Ricardo Bergamo Schenato
title: Field Description and Identification of Diagnostic Qualifiers for Urban Soils in Brazil
year: 2019

abstract: Diverse plant species of the earth constitute the fundamental source of crude drugs and the diversified botanical species comprising of non seed and seed plants, for the convenience of study, may be classified following artificial, natural, or phylogenetic system. None but the phylogenetic system put emphasis on the evolutionary relationship among different taxa of plants (e.g. Engler and Prantl, Bessey, Hutchinson, Takhtasan, Cronquists systems) Linnaeus artificial system is of little importance today, but his binomial system of nomenclature of organisms is now widely practiced. The various taxa or ranks used in plant classification following ICBN in ascending hierarchy are Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Subdivision, Division, and Kingdom. The naming of plants and understanding of the species' relationship to other species is essential for botanists, pharmacognosists, phytochemists, and other professionals working in the field of plant science. Taxonomic or botanical identity of medicinal plants is a fundamental step in the scientific study for their effective therapeutic use as well as forms the basis of correct identification and authentication of crude drugs from adulterants. Documentation requires an accurately identified vouchered plant sample of a recognized herbarium. Secondary metabolites and pigments (e.g. alkaloids, phenolics, terpenes, anthocyanins, carotenoids) constitute the active therapeutic principles of crude drugs (e.g. inulin of dahlia root, quinine of cinchona bark, morphine and codeine of poppy latex, and digoxin of foxglove) Similarly, therapeutically important other metabolites like agar, alginic acid, floridean starch, iodine, potash are derived from algae; ergoline alkaloids, lysergic acid derivatives, vitamin B complex and different antibiotics from fungi; and essential oils (e.g. alphapinene and borneol) balsams, flavonoids, condensed tannins, lignans, etc. are widely present in the members of Pinaceae. Important plant families of angiosperms to which a large number of medicinal plants belong are Apiaceae, Apocinaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cesalpinaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae, Papaveraceae, Phytolaccaceae, Ranunculaceae, Roseaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariceae and Verbenaceae of dicot and Liliaceae, Orchidaceae, and Zingiberaceae of monocot. Systematics is an important tool in pharmacognostical practice and may be helpful to guess the probable presence of secondary metabolites in different taxa; for example, many members of Apiceae contain essential oils, presence of highly aromatic compounds in the members of Lamiaceae, alkaloids in Solanaceae, Papaveraceae and tannins in members of Sapindaceae. Structural description of a drug plant at morphological (macroscopic) and anatomical (microscopic) levels as used in the pharmacopoeial texts of crude drugs is important for its botanical identity, quality of herbal preparation, and pharmacognostical standardization. Roots, stems, and leaves as well as flowers and fruits are the basic morphological organs of higher plants. Modification of some of these organs are also known, e.g. stem modified into underground (rhizome, tuber, bulb, corm, etc. subaerial (runner, stolon, offset, sucker, etc. and aerial (tendril, spine, phylloclade, cladode, bulbil) stems to take over different functions. Shape, size, and forms as well as color, texture, fracture aspects, and characteristics of the cut surface of these major organs and associated other minor structures are also taken into consideration. Morphological identity is very often needed to be supplemented by anatomical characters because many different closely related plants look similar in their external appearance and comminuted drugs loss their morphological identity. The basic unit of plant body is a cell, and organized cells develop tissue and specific organs like root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed of the organized drugs. A clear understanding of the structure, organization, and contents of these cells and tissues is important for meaningful study and correct botanical identification of crude drugs. Cells vary in size (1 100 mm) and shape (spherical, oval, polygonal, rectangular, or elongated) Cell components are divisible into cell wall, protoplasm, and vacuole. A cell wall may contain lignin, cutin, suberin, mucilage, etc. in addition to cellulose. Cells with lignified walls are dead and characteristics of the mechanical and vascular tissues such as tracheids, fibers, sclereids, and vessels. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus constitute the protoplasm. Cytoplasm is a translucent mass of colloidal substances, composed of water, protein, carbohydrate, lipoids, and various inorganic substances. The waste or ergastic products of metabolism occur as cell contents in a number of plant drugs include solid substances (e.g. calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate crystals, silica) and substances in solution in the cell sap (e.g. alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, resins, tannins, gums, mucilage) Calcium oxalate crystals are of considerable diagnostic importance of plant drugs (e.g. prisms of calcium oxalate occur in Senna, Liquorice, Cascara, Rauvolfia) raphides (e.g. bundles of needles in Coco yam, Squill) single acicular crystals (in Cinnamon, Gentian, Ipecacuanha, microsphenoidal, etc. or sandy crystals (e.g. in Belladonna) Calcium oxalate crystals are also useful in distinguishing between the drugs of the same family. Calcium oxalate crystals are also useful in the detection of adulterants (e.g. presence of Phytolacca leaves in Belladonna samples can be detected by the acicular crystals of Phytolacca) These crystals are found embedded or incrusted in the cell walls of certain plants (e.g. calcium carbonate crystals, cystoliths, occur in many plants of the families: Urticaceae, Moraceae, Cannabinaceae, Acanthaceae, and also in Combretaceae and Boraginaceae) The occurrence of cystolith hairs is an important criterion for the identification of marijuana leaf fragments. Alkaloids and glycosides are important therapeutically active chemical substances, which remain in solution in the cell sap of many plant drugs. Their presence can only be detected by Dragendorff or Mayer's reagent for alkaloids and Borntrager's reagent for anthraquinone glycosides. The internal structural knowledge is applicable for the identification of organized crude drugs, while the botanical identity of unorganized drugs should be determined by chemical analysis.
author_names: A N M Alamgir
title: Pharmacognostical Botany: Classification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) Botanical Taxonomy, Morphology, and Anatomy of Drug Plants
year: 2017