Query: Electrical  functions  of  photochromic  molecules

Candidate papers:

abstract: Recent progress in electrical properties of photochromic molecules is reviewed. A typical application of the properties is current switching based on the changes in ionization potential or carrier mobility induced by the photoisomerization of photochromic molecules. Carrier injection type molecular memories have also attracted wide interest because they are a promising candidate for organic semiconductor devices in the field of organic electronics. Various new applications are proposed using photo induced electrical, as well as optical, property changes of photochromic molecules.
author_names: Tsuyoshi Tsujioka

Masahiro Irie
title: Electrical functions of photochromic molecules
year: 2010

abstract: Abstract Organic phototransistor memory is considered as a promising optoelectronic device owing to its multifunctionality. However, due to the poor reliability of each function and the complexity of the device structure, it is necessary to optimize the thin film process of functional materials when constructing multiple functions into a single device. Here, we demonstrate a dual functional device that is both a working memory transistor and a phototransistor by incorporating photochromic spironaphthooxazine molecules into an organic insulating layer. The photochromic molecules in the polymer matrix not only exhibit nonvolatile charge storage properties similar to nano floating gates but also feature a reversible electronic band structure upon alternating irradiation with ultraviolet and visible light, which makes the device function as both an electrical memory transistor and a phototransistor. Furthermore, the photoresponsive charge trap layer in the demonstrated device leads to excellent memory performance under both dark and light conditions, which includes a large memory window ~56 V) stable endurance cycles >102) and good retention characteristics >104 s) Our findings suggest an alternative strategy to realize organic multifunctional nonvolatile memories.
author_names: Minji Kang

An-Na Cha

Sang-A Lee

Seoung-Ki Lee

Sukang Bae

Dae-Young Jeon

Jae-Min Hong

Simone Fabiano

Magnus Berggren

Tae-Wook Kim
title: Light sensitive charge storage medium with spironaphthooxazine molecule polymer blends for dual functional organic phototransistor memory
year: 2020

abstract: Here, we propose a new approach to solve this problem by distributing the above functions to two optoelectronically coupled molecules. Briefl y, a molecule with good photochromic switching properties is used as a "master" molecule. Via optoelectronic coupling, the master molecule will control a "slave" molecule that has no photochromic properties but has good electrical and/or optical properties. The essential optoelectronic coupling is achieved here with a core/sheath nanocable structure, which provides intimate contact between the "master" and the "slave" molecules. Through this design, molecules with more specialized functions can be developed individually, thus meeting the need for developing all round materials. Here, we demonstrate the above concept with a core/sheath nanocable constructed with two small molecular materials with matched energy levels to enable optoelectronic coupling. The photochromic master molecule used here is a diarylethene derivative, 1 [2 methyl 5 phenyl 3 thienyl] 2 [2 methyl 5 p (methyl)phenyl)3 thienyl] hexaflne MPT MMPT HFCP which has been widely studied for its excellent photochromic properties. 1 7 14 Coronene is used as the slave molecule for the following reasons: 1) it has a large aromatic system and is a good holetransporting semiconductor, with electrical properties that have potential tunability upon combined use with MPT MMPT HFCP 2) its photoluminescence (PL) spectrum has extensive overlap with the absorption spectrum of MPT MMPT HFCP which may induce effi cient intermolecular energy transfer for the emission modulation; and 3) the p p interaction between polycyclic aromatic molecules would provide driving force for self assembling
author_names: Gang Xu

Qingdan Yang

Feng-yun Wang

Wen-Feng Zhang

Yong-Bing Tang

N B Wong

Shui-Tong Lee

Wen-Jun Zhang

Chun-Sing Lee
title: Core/Sheath organic nanocable constructed with a master slave molecular pair for optically switched memories.
venue: Advanced materials
year: 2011

abstract: The new aspect of photochromic memory with electronic function is introduced. Electrical carrier dissociation from photoexcited photochromic diarylethene molecules was observed. It would be applied to nondestructive readout of photon mode memory.
author_names: Tsuyoshi Tsujioka

Kyoko Masui

Rie Fredrickson Takagi
title: Photochromie Memory with Electronic Functions
year: 2005

abstract: Abstract We propose a single molecule electrical switches consisting of a photochromic dimethyldihydropyrene/cyclophanediene molecule sandwiched between two graphene electrodes and investigate the electronic transport by using density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green's function methods. The "open" and "closed" isomers of the photochromic molecule are shown to have electrical switching behavior and negative differential resistance effect. Moreover, it is also found that the switching ratio between two different conductive states depends on the ambient temperature, and the device behaves as a stable electrical switch around room temperature, which is in agreement with a recent experimental study of another photochromic molecule diarylethene reported by Jia et al. (2016) [17]
author_names: Fengxia Zu

Fu-chun Zhang

D -A Wang

Yun Ni

Shuling Wang

Chunjiang Ding

Guoying Gao
title: Electrical switching effect in a photochromic molecule between two graphene electrodes
year: 2020

abstract: Organic semiconductors can be easily combined with other molecular building blocks in order to fabricate multifunctional devices, in which each component conveys a specific (opto)electronic function. We have fabricated photoswitchable hybrid thin film transistors based on an active bi component material, consisting of an n type fullerene derivative and a photochromic diarylethene that possesses light tunable energy levels. The devices can be gated in two independent ways by either using an electrical stimulus via the application of a voltage to the gate electrode or an optical stimulus causing interconversion of the diarylethene molecules between their two isomers. Fine control over the device output current is achieved by engineering the diarylethenes' LUMO that can act as an intra gap state controlled by a distinct wavelength in the UV or in the visible range. Importantly, the devices based on a mixed diarylethene/fullerene active layer preserve the high mobility of the pristine semiconductor.
author_names: Karl Borjesson

M J Den Herder

Lutz Grubert

Duc T Duong

Alberto Salleo

Stefan Hecht

Emanuele Orgiu

Paolo Samori
title: Optically switchable transistors comprising a hybrid photochromic molecule/n type organic active layer
year: 2015

abstract: Multifunctional materials can be engineered by combining multiple chemical components, each conferring a well defined function to the ensemble. Graphene is at the centre of an ever growing research effort due to its combination of unique properties. Here we show that the large conformational change associated with the trans cis photochemical isomerization of alkyl substituted azobenzenes can be used to improve the efficiency of liquid phase exfoliation of graphite, with the photochromic molecules acting as dispersion stabilizing agents. We also demonstrate reversible photo modulated current in two terminal devices based on graphene azobenzene composites. We assign this tuneable electrical characteristics to the intercalation of the azobenzene between adjacent graphene layers and the resulting increase in the interlayer distance on (photo)switching from the linear trans form to the bulky cis form of the photochromes. These findings pave the way to the development of new optically controlled memories for light assisted programming and high sensitive photosensors.
author_names: Markus Dobbelin

Artur Ciesielski

Sebastien Haar

Silvio Osella

Matteo Bruna

Andrea Minoia

Luca Grisanti

Thomas Mosciatti

Fanny Richard

Eko Adi Prasetyanto

Luisa De Cola

Vincenzo Palermo

Raffaello Mazzaro

Vittorio Morandi

Roberto Lazzaroni

Andrea C Ferrari

David Beljonne

Paolo Samori
title: Light enhanced liquid phase exfoliation and current photoswitching in graphene azobenzene composites
venue: Nature communications
year: 2016

abstract: We report on an experimental analysis of the charge transport through sulfur free photochromic molecular junctions. The conductance of individual molecules contacted with gold electrodes and the current voltage characteristics of these junctions are measured in a mechanically controlled break junction system at room temperature and in liquid environment. We compare the transport properties of a series of molecules, labeled TSC, MN, and 4Py, with the same switching core but varying side arms and end groups designed for providing the mechanical and electrical contact to the gold electrodes. We perform a detailed analysis of the transport properties of TSC in its open and closed states. We find rather broad distributions of conductance values in both states. The analysis, based on the assumption that the current is carried by a single dominating molecular orbital, reveals distinct differences between both states. We discuss the appearance of diode like behavior for the particular species 4Py that features end groups, which preferentially couple to the metal electrode by physisorption. We show that the energetic position of the molecular orbital varies as a function of the transmission. Finally, we show for the species MN that the use of two cyano end groups on each side considerably enhances the coupling strength compared to the typical behavior of a single cyano group.
author_names: Bernd Briechle

Youngsang Kim

Philipp Ehrenreich

Artur Erbe

Dmytro Sysoiev

Thomas Huhn

Ulrich Groth

Elke Scheer
title: Current voltage characteristics of single molecule diarylethene junctions measured with adjustable gold electrodes in solution
venue: Beilstein journal of nanotechnology
year: 2012

abstract: A facile method to make optoelectronic devices formed from organic thin film transistors that are functionalized by photochromic spiropyran dyes in a nondestructive manner has been developed. When PDMS stamps are employed, alkane containing spiropyran molecules can be coated simply onto the surface of organic thin films in a noninvasive manner. Upon UV irradiation, the molecules undergo isomerization from the neutral closed form to the charge separated merocyanine form, producing the local electrostatic environment. This photoinduced electrostatic environment can function as a local negative gate voltage, thus increasing the electrical conductivity in p type devices and decreasing the electrical conductivity in n type devices. Further irradiation with visible light or keeping the devices in the dark can switch the device conductance back to their initial value. This method is reversible and reproducible on different devices with different thickness over a long period of time.
author_names: Qian Shen

Yang Cao

Song Liu

Michael L Steigerwald

Xuefeng Guo
title: Conformation Induced Electrostatic Gating of the Conduction of Spiropyran Coated Organic Thin Film Transistors
year: 2009

abstract: Preface.1 Hybrid Materials, Functional Applications. An Introduction (Pedro Gomez Romero and Clement Sanchez).1.1 From Ancient Tradition to 21st Century Materials.1.2 Hybrid Materials. Types and Classifications.1.3 General Strategies for the Design of Functional Hybrids.1.4 The Road Ahead.2 Organic Inorganic Materials: From Intercalation Chemistry to Devices (Eduardo Ruiz Hitzky).2.1 Introduction.2.2 Types of Hybrid Organic Inorganic Materials.2.2.1 Intercalation Compounds.2.2.1.1 Intercalation of Ionic Species.2.2.1.2 Intercalation of Neutral Species.2.2.1.3 Polymer Intercalations: Nanocomposites.2.2.2 Organic Derivatives of Inorganic Solids.2.2.3 Sol Gel Hybrid Materials.2.3 Functions Devices Based on Organic Inorganic Solids.2.3.1 Selective Sorbents, Complexing Agents Membranes.2.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts Supported Reagents.2.3.3 Photoactive, Opt ical and Opto Electronic Materials Devices.2.3.4 Electrical Behaviors: Ionic Electronic Conductors.2.3.5 Electroactivity Electrochemical Devices.2.4 Conclusions.3 Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes. Molecular Engineering Nanostructured Hybrid Organic Inorganic Materials (K. J. Shea, J. Moreau, D. A. Loy, R. J. P. Corriu, B. Boury).3.1 Introduction.3.2 Historical Background.3.3 Monomer Synthesis.3.3.1 Metallation.3.3.2 Hydrosilylation.3.3.3 Functionalization of an Organotrialkoxysilane.3.3.4 Other Approaches.3.4 Sol Gel Processing of Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes.3.4.1 Hydrolysis and Condensation.3.4.2 Gelation.3.4.3 Aging and Drying.3.5 Characterization of Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes.3.5.1 Porosity in Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes.3.5.2 Pore Size Control.3.5.3 Pore Templating.3.6 Influence of Bridging Group on Nanostructures.3.6.1 Surfactant Templated Mesoporous Materials.3.6.2 Mesogenic Bridging Groups.3.6.3 Supramolecular Organization.3.6.4 Metal Templating.3.7 Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties.3.8 Chemical Properties.3.9 Applications.3.9.1 Optics and Electronics.3.9.1.1 Dyes.3.9.1.2 Nano and Quantum Dots in Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes.3.9.2 Separations Media.3.9.3 Catalyst Supports and Catalysts.3.9.4 Metal and Organic Adsorbents.3.10 Summary.4 Porous Inorganic Organic Hybrid Materials (Nicola Husing and Ulrich Schubert).4.1 Introduction.4.2 Inorganic Network Formation.4.3 Preparation and Properties.4.3.1 Aerogels.4.3.2 M41S materials.4.4 Methods for Introducing Organic Groups into Inorganic Materials.4.5 Porous Inorganic Organic Hybrid Materials.4.5.1 Functionalization of Porous Inorganic Materials by Organic Groups.4.5.1.1 Post synthesis Modification.4.5.1.2 Liquid Phase Modification in the Wet Gel Stage or Prior to Surfactant Removal.4.5.1.3 Addition of Non Reactive Compounds to the Precursor Solution.4.5.1.4 Use of Organically Substituted Co precursors.4.5.2 Bridged Silsequioxanes.4.5.3 Incorporation of Metal Complexes for Catalysis.4.5.4 Incorporation of Biomolecules.4.5.5 Incorporation of Polymers.4.5.6 Creation of Carbon Structures.5 Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic Inorganic Nanocomposites (Clement Sanchez, Benedicte Lebeau, Frederic Chaput and Jean Pierre Boilot).5.1 Introduction.5.2 Hybrids with Emission Properties.5.2.1 Solid State Dye Laser Hybrid Materials.5.2.2 Electroluminescent Hybrid Materials.5.2.3 Optical Properties of Lanthanide Doped Hybrid Materials.5.2.3.1 Encapsulation of Nano Phosphors inside Hybrid Matrices.5.2.3.2 One pot Synthesis of Rare Earth Doped Hybrid Matrices.5.2.3.3 Rare earth Doped Hybrids made via Non hydrolytic Processes.5.2.3.4 Energy Transfer Processes between Lanthanides and Organic Dyes.5.3 Hybrid with Absorption Properties Photochromic Hybrid Materials.5.3.1 Photochromic Hybrids for Optical Data Storage.5.3.2 Photochromic Hybrids for Fast Optical Switches.5.3.3 Non Siloxane Based Hosts for the Design of New Photochromic Hybrid Materials.5.4 Nonlinear Optics.5.4.1 Second Order Nonlinear Optics in Hybrid Materials.5.4.2 Hybrid Photorefractive Materials.5.4.3 Photochemical Hole Burning in Hybrid Materials.5.4.4 Optical Limiters.5.5 Hybrid Optical Sensors.5.6 Integrated Optics Based on Hybrid Material.5.7 Hierarchically Organized Hybrid Materials for Optical Applications.5.8 Conclusions and Perspectives.6 Electrochemistry of Sol Gel Derived Hybrid Materials (Pierre Audebert and Alain Walcarius).6.1 Introduction.6.2 Fundamental Electrochemical Studies in Sol Gel Systems.6.2.1 Electrochemistry into Wet Oxide Gels.6.2.1.1 Electrochemistry as a Tool for the Investigation of Sol gel Polymerization.6.2.1.2 Conducting Polymers Sol gel Composites.6.2.2 Electrochemical Behavior of Xerogels and Sol gel prepared Oxide Layers.6.2.2.1 Fundamental Studies.6.2.2.2 Composite Syntheses and Applications.6.2.3 Solid Polymer Electrolytes.6.2.3.1 Power Sources.6.2.3.2 Electrochromic Devices.6.3 Electroanalysis with Sol gel Derived Hybrid Materials.6.3.1 Design of Modified Electrodes.6.3.1.1 Bulk Ceramic carbon Composite Electrodes (CCEs).6.3.1.2 Film based Sol gel Electrodes.6.3.1.3 Other Electrode Systems.6.3.2 Analytical Applications.6.3.2.1 Analysis of Chemicals.6.3.2.2 Biosensors.6.4 Conclusions.7 Multifunctional Hybrid Materials Based on Conducting Organic Polymers. Nanocomposite Systems with Photo Electro Ionic Properties and Applications (Monica Lira Cantu and Pedro Gomez Romero).7.1 Introduction.7.2 Conducting Organic Polymers (COPs) from Discovery to Commercialization.7.3 Organics and Inorganics in Hybrid Materials.7.3.1 Classifications.7.4 Synergy at the Molecular Level: Organic Inorganic (OI) Hybrid Materials.7.5 COPs Intercalated into Inorganic Hosts: Inorganic Organic (IO) Materials.7.5.1 Mesoporous Host or Zeolitic type Materials (silicates inclusive).7.6 Emerging Nanotechnology: Toward Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials (NC).7.7 Current Applications and Future Trends.7.7.1 Electronic and Opto electronic Applications.7.7.2 Photovoltaic Solar Cells.7.7.2.1 Nanocomposite and Hybrid Solar Cells.7.7.3 Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Batteries, Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors.7.7.3.1 Rechargeable Batteries.7.7.3.2 Fuel Cells and Electrocatalysis.7.7.4 Sensors.7.7.5 Catalysis.7.7.6 Membranes.7.7.7 Biomaterials.7.8 Conclusions and Prospects.8 Layered Organic Inorganic Materials: A Way Towards Controllable Magnetism (Pierre Rabu and Marc Drillon).8.1 Introduction.8.2 Molecule based Materials with Extended Networks.8.2.1 Transition Metal layered Perovskites.8.2.2 Bimetallic Oxalate bridge Magnets.8.2.2.1 Magnetism and Conductivity.8.2.2.2 Magnetism and Non linear Optics.8.3 The Intercalation Compounds MPS3.8.3.1 Ion exchange Intercalation in MPS3.8.3.2 Properties of the MnPS3 Intercalates.8.3.3 Properties of the FePS3 Intercalates.8.3.4 Magnetism and Non linear Optics.8.4 Covalently Bound Organic inorganic Networks.8.4.1 Divalent Metal Phosphonates.8.4.2 Hydroxide based Layered Compounds.8.4.2.1 Anion exchange Reactions.8.4.2.2 Influence of Organic Spacers.8.4.2.3 Origin of the Phase Transition.8.4.2.4 Interlayer Interaction Mechanism.8.4.2.5 Difunctional Organic Anions.8.4.2.6 Metal radical Based Magnets.8.4.2.7 Solvent mediated Magnetism.8.5 Concluding Remarks.9 Building Multifunctionality in Hybrid Materials (Eugenio Coronado, Jose R. Calan Mascaros, and Francisco Romero).9.1 Introduction.9.2 Combination of Ferromagnetism with Paramagnetism.9.2.1 Magnetic multilayers.9.2.2 Host guest 3D Structures.9.3 Hybrid Molecular Materials with Photophysical Properties.9.3.1 Photo active Magnets.9.3.2 Photo active Conductors.9.4 Combination of Magnetism with Electric Conductivity.9.4.1 Paramagnetic Conductors from Small Inorganic Anions.9.4.2 Paramagnetic Conductors from Polyoxometalates.9.4.3 Coexistence of Electrical Conductivity and Magnetic Ordering.9.5 Conclusions.10 Hybrid Organic Inorganic Electronics (David B. Mitzi).10.1 Introduction.10.2 Organic Inorganic Perovskites.10.2.1 Structures.10.2.2 Properties.10.2.2.1 Optical Properties.10.2.2.2 Electrical Transport Properties.10.2.3 Film Deposition.10.2.3.1 Thermal Evaporation.10.2.3.2 Solution Processing.10.2.3.3 Melt Processing.10.3 Hybrid Perovskite Devices.10.3.1 Optical Devices.10.3.2 Electronic Devices.10.4 Conclusions.11 Bioactive Sol Gel Hybrids (Jacques Livage, Thibaud Coradin and Cecile Roux).11.1 Introduction.11.2 Sol gel Encapsulation.11.2.1 The Alkoxide Route.11.2.2 The Aqueous Route.11.3 Enzymes.11.3.1 Glucose Biosensors.11.3.2 Bioreactors, Lipases.11.4 Antibody based Affinity Biosensors.11.5 Whole Cells.11.5.1 Yeast and Plant Cells.11.5.2 Bacteria.11.5.3 Biomedical Applications.11.5.3.1 Immunoassays in Sol gel Matrices.11.5.3.2 Cell Transplantation.11.6 The Future of Sol gel Bioencapsulation.Index.
author_names: Pedro Gomez-Romero

Clement Sanchez
title: Functional Hybrid Materials
year: 2004