Query: Applications of organic antimony compounds

Candidate papers:

abstract: Hybrid organic inorganic solar absorbers are currently the subject of intense interest; however, the highest performing materials contain Pb. Here we assess the potential of three Sb based semiconductors: (i) Sb2S3, (ii) Cs2Sb8S13, and (iii) (CH3NH3)2Sb8S13. While the crystal structure of Sb2S3 is composed of 1D chains, 2D layers are formed in the ternary cesium and hybrid methylammonium antimony sulfide compounds. In each case, a stereochemically active Sb 5s(2) lone pair is found, resulting in a distorted coordination environment for the Sb cations. The bandgap of the binary sulfide is found to increase, while the ionization potential also changes, upon transition to the more complex compounds. Based on the predicted electronic structure, device configurations are suggested to be suitable for photovoltaic applications.
author_names: Ruo Xi Yang

Keith T Butler

Aron Walsh
title: Assessment of Hybrid Organic Inorganic Antimony Sulfides for Earth Abundant Photovoltaic Applications.
venue: The journal of physical chemistry letters
year: 2015

abstract: Abstract The tremendous amount of pollutants being dumped into the water has become a major problem across the world and a focus for researchers. These chemicals are toxins that are not easily eliminated. It is difficult to make them retain their transformations under certain conditions. After conversion, they might become more toxic than their parent molecule. There are many ways to withdraw these organic compounds from water sources. The cheapest is to use photocatalytic material oxides such as SnO2 by harnessing sunlight and using it for photocatalytic degradation processes. Photocatalysis by advanced oxidation processes is the most popular and promising method for removing contaminants such as phenol and its intermediates from water. Tin dioxide (SnO2) has been used to detect some toxic gases and is involved in many other technological applications. SnO2 is a strong oxidizing agent and a powerful reducing catalyst. A variety of techniques have been employed to improve the photocatalytic activities of SnO2, including doping. Photodegradation of phenol in the presence of SnO2 nanoparticles (Nps) under UV light irradiation is known to be an effective photocatalytic process. However, phenol photodegradation under solar and visible light irradiation is less effective because of the large band gap of SnO2. In this study, pure SnO2 catalysts were synthesized by a sol gel method using tin tetrachloride, ethanol, and water. To synthesize SnO2 doped with species containing different ions such as gadolinium (Gd) cerium (Ce) lanthanum (La) neodymium (Nd) iodine (I) and antimony (Sb) different concentrations of these dopants, such as 0.01% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% and 1.1% were mixed and dissolved separately in ethanol and water and then added to the precursor solution. At the final stages, ammonia was added to gel the sol. The sol gel formed was washed and prepared at a low temperature to obtain the SnO2 Nps. SnO2 powders were characterized by x ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transition electron microscopy (TEM) and the specific surface area was estimated by Brunauer Emmett Teller analysis. Several analytical techniques were used for phenol and its by products, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) UV visible light (UV Vis) spectrophotometry, gas chromatography (GC) capillary electrophoresis, total organic carbon measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by determining chemical oxygen demand from the pollutant. Results showed a decrease in particle size from 8 to 1.8 nm and an increase in surface area to 58 m2/g upon an increase in different doping contents from 0% to 1.1% as they were incorporated into SnO2. In this study, the optimum parameters were catalyst loading (65 mg/50.00 mL) light intensity (8 W mercury lamp, 300 W xenon lamp, or sunlight on fully sunny days) reaction time (2 3 h) phenol concentration (10 parts per million) 4 L/min of optimal air flow, sampling time (12 13 mins) and sample volume (250.00 mL) the pH of the reaction medium was 5.7. The GC study showed that irradiation of the catalyst by UV light enhanced phenol photodegradation in the first 30 min of the experiment. The UV Vis investigation of the treated phenol samples indicates that phenol molecules initially transform by products that also optically absorb in a similar region as phenol. In this study, for photocatalysis experiments on phenol photodegradation, the optimal condition applied under UV light irradiation allowed more than 95% of phenol degradation with SnO2/La 0.6 wt. after 2 h. Also, 95% of phenol degraded with the photoactivity of SnO2/Sb 0.6 wt. under solar light irradiation. The same amount of phenol photodegradation was found with SnO2/Gd 0.6 wt. under visible light irradiation and with the same optimal conditions, changing only the light source. HPLC results showed the intermediates to be in the order: catechol (Cat) resorcinol hydroquinone (HQ) benzoquinone, but the last stages of phenol photodegradation were isopropanol (2 P) and acetic acid (AA) The reaction of phenol photodegradation indicated that it takes place when light radiation photoexcites a catalyst in the presence of oxygen; a hydroxyl radical *OH) is generated to attack phenol and reacts with OH to produce Cat or HQ, which upon continuous oxidation breaks it down, leading to the formation of aliphatic acids, finally yielding carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) In fact, the mineralization process starts early during photocatalytic degradation, because FTIR results showed that the phenol molecules were converted to CO2 in the early stages and continued until all phenol was removed. The change in concentration of phenol affected the pH of the solution owing to the formation of intermediates during the photodegradation of phenol. Clear correlations between results were found from these multiple measurements and a kinetic pathway for the degradation process is proposed. A maximum of 0.02228 min 1 of propanol and a minimum of AA 0.013412 min 1 were recorded.
author_names: A Al-Hamdi

Mika Sillanpaa
title: Photocatalytic activities of antimony, iodide, and rare earth metals on SnO2 for the photodegradation of phenol under UV, solar, and visible light irradiations
year: 2020

abstract: Abstract Lead free inorganic and organic inorganic hybrid double perovskites are expected to be a game changer in photovoltaic technology because these compounds are stable and are free from the toxicity issues common to most lead based halide perovskites. Herein, we investigate the electronic and optical properties of 18 potential lead free antimony copper based inorganic and organic inorganic hybrid double perovskites to predict their applications in photovoltaics and optoelectronics by using first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Specifically, we evaluate the structural, electronic as well as optical properties of inorganic and hybrid double perovskites ASbCuX6 (A Cs2, MA2, FA2, CsMA, CsFA, MAFA; X I, Br, Cl; where, MA CH3NH3 and FA CH(NH2)2) by DFT. The investigated electronic band structures suggest that the chosen double perovskites are semiconductors with electronic band gap values ranging from 1 to 2 eV and are suitable in photovoltaic applications. In particular, the inorganic lead free double perovskite Cs2SbCuI6 is found to have superior optical properties in comparison with other considered compounds for photovoltaic applications. In addition, the high dielectric constant, good optical absorption, high photoconductivity and small reflectivity indicate that the double perovskites have the potential to be used in diverse optoelectronic applications beyond photovoltaics.
author_names: Md Roknuzzaman

Jose A Alarco

Hongxia Wang

Kostya Ken Ostrikov
title: Structural, electronic and optical properties of lead free antimony copper based hybrid double perovskites for photovoltaics and optoelectronics by first principles calculations
year: 2021

abstract: AbstractAntimony, a natural element that has been used as a drug for over more than 100 years, has remarkable therapeutic efficacy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. This review focuses on recent advances in developing antimony anticancer agents with an emphasis on antimony coordination complexes, Sb (III) and Sb (V) These complexes, which include many organometallic complexes, may provide a broader spectrum of antitumoral activity. They were compared with classical platinum anticancer drugs. The review covers the literature data published up to 2007. A number of antimonials with different antitumoral activities are known and have diverse applications, even though little research has been done on their possibilities. It might be feasible to develop more specific and effective inhibitors for phosphatase targeted, anticancer therapeutics through the screening of sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and potassium antimonyltartrate related compounds, which are comprised of antimony conjugated to different organic moieties. For example, SSG appears to be a better inhibitor than suramin which is a compound known for its antineoplastic activity against several types of cancers.
author_names: Pankaj Sharma

Diego Perez

Armando Cabrera

Noe Rosas

Jose Luis Arias
title: Perspectives of antimony compounds in oncology
venue: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
year: 2008

abstract: The capping of quantum dots (QDs) with GaSb layer in an attempt to protect the dots was observed to be strenuous owing to the low melting point of InSb ~527 degC) InSb QDs were observed to be irregular at high temperatures >500 degC) and are disposed to either relaxation or dissolution within the GaSb matrix, thereby forming a relatively plane thin layer which exhibits features that are similar to a quantum well (QW) This study was motivated due to the progressive interest in the adjustment of semiconductor band structures by means of reduction of their dimensions, thereby increasing the bandgap energy of the material. Improvements in III V antimony (Sb) based semiconductor development have stimulated the keen desire to augment the emission/absorption wavelength range of this category of compounds for optoelectronic devices operating in the mid infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An appealing material system for mid infrared (MIR) applications is indium antimonide (InSb) quantum dots (QDs) within a gallium antimonide (GaSb) matrix. However, the band alignment and emission wavelength of InSb QDs specifically on a GaSb substrate have been a subject area of contention during the past few years. This study focuses on the development of InSb/GaSb nanostructures by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) The InSb sample was grown on different GaSb substrates using optimized growth parameters in order to control the size, density and aspect ratio of the dots. Interfacial growth interruptions while flowing the organometallic precursors through the reactor were monitored as a way of systematically regulating both the resulting strain and the chemical processes on the surface of the deposited sample. The samples were characterized using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Likewise, the band alignment, energy levels and carrier wave functions of the samples in this work were modelled theoretically using the nextnanomat software (version 3.1.0.0)
author_names: Chinedu Christian Ahia

Crispin Munyelele Mbulanga

Johannes Reinhardt Botha
title: Development of InSb Nanostructures on GaSb Substrate by Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition: Design Considerations and Characterization
venue: Chemically Deposited Nanocrystalline Metal Oxide Thin Films
year: 2021

abstract: The present work summarizes our research done in the field of Polyoxotungstates functionalized by organotin and antimony linkers. After an introduction on iso and heteropolyoxometalates (generally referred as Polyoxometalates, or POMs) and some of their most important applications a discussion is devoted to the analytical techniques used in the characterization of Polyoxometalates. The next chapters are dedicated to the chemistry of mono and diorganotin functionalized iso and heteropolytungstates, starting with a more specific introduction on the subject, followed by five chapters in which the new synthesized compounds are treated in detail, starting from their synthetic procedure and characterization in the solid state and in solution (where applies) and ending with a discussion of their structural features and conclusion remarks. The chapters are organized in terms of the dimensionality of the novel materials synthesized, i.e. 3 2 1 dimensional and discrete molecular assemblies. Following the same organization as that used for the chapters devoted to organotin functionalized iso and heteropolyoxometalates; the next one deals with organoantimony functionalized POMs; including a discussion on the first polyoxotungstate polyanion functionalized with three monophenylantimony groups in a sandwich type structure. The last chapter deals with two structures without organometallic moieties attached to the POM framework, which nevertheless presents very interesting structural attributes. Finally, the appendix includes already published as well as submitted and accepted material in specialized journals based on the work from this manuscript.
author_names: Luis Fernando Piedra-Garza
title: Hybrid organic inorganic polyoxotungstates functionalized by diorganotin and antimony linkers
year: 2009

abstract: The increasing role of organic derivatives of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth in many fields of chemistry is due to their versatility as ligands, their use in materials science and their applications in the pharmacological field. Despite this, few methods of synthesis of triorganoderivatives of these elements have been reported to date and they all involve multi step procedures giving products in very low overall yields. Moreover, the toxicity of these derivatives requires that their preparation must be carried out with strong attention and adequate precautions in their handling. For these reasons, to find synthetic one pot procedures that permit the manipulation of these compounds to be minimised represents an interesting challenge. Here we report a very simple synthesis of new arsenic antimonyand bismuth donor reagents and their use in the one pot synthesis of cyclic arsanes, stibanes and bismutanes, respectively, through a procedure in which the simultaneous formation of three C As, C Sb or C Bi bonds is achieved. Recently, we reported (Scheme 1) a new synthesis of tertiary cyclic phosphanes 2 and 3 in 60 70 yields by addition of a bis ACHTUNGTRENNUNG(Grignard) reagent and a Grignard reagent to an unusual phosphorus donor reagent, the benzothiadiphosphole 1 a, called by us a "butterfly reagent" owing to its particular folded structure. At the end of the reaction the starting reagent 1 a was quantitatively regenerated by addition of one equivalent amount of PCl3 to the end product 4, which is the remainder of 1 a obtained after quenching the reaction mixture with water (Scheme 1) More recently, we found that tertiary phosphanes are formed spontaneously in the reaction mixture, and that the quantitative regeneration of the reagent 1 a can be accomplished by simple addition of one equivalent amount of PCl3 to the crude reaction mixture. Taking these findings into consideration, together with the fact that as As, Sb and Bi, belong to the same group of P they could show similar behaviour, we decided to try a transport process for these elements, in order to find a new protocol for obtaining cyclic organoarsanes, organostibanes and organobismutanes, which, to date, have been synthesised with multi step procedures and in very low overall yields. For this purpose, firstly we tried the synthesis of new heterocycles 1 b d (Scheme 2) by reaction between compound 4 and AsCl3, SbCl3, and BiCl3, respectively. [10] With this reaction benzothiaphospharsole (1 b) benzothiaphosphastibole (1 c) and benzothiaphosphabismole (1 d Scheme 2) were isolated in almost quantitative yields (95 98 and characterised. It is worth noting that mass spectra of 1 a d showed the same peak (m/z= 243) originating by the loss from the molecular ion of the fragment PS, AsS, SbS and BiS, respectively. At the same time, the P NMR spectra showed a regular decrease of the chemical shifts on going from 1 b (d= 78.6 ppm) to 1 c (d= 52.7 ppm) to 1 d (d=35.0 ppm) in [D8]THF, as a result both of the decrease in electronegativi[a] Prof. G. Baccolini, Dr. C. Boga, Dr. M. Mazzacurati, Dr. G. Micheletti Department of Organic Chemistry "A. Mangini" ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Universit di Bologna Viale Risorgimento, 4 40136 Bologna (Italy) Fax: +39) 051 2093654 E mail baccolin@ms.fci.unibo.it boga@ms.fci.unibo.it Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http:/dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200802007. Scheme 1. One pot synthesis of tertiary phosphanes.
author_names: Graziano Baccolini

Carla Boga

Marzia Mazzacurati

Gabriele Micheletti
title: The first flights of a molecular shuttle transporting elements: easy one pot formation of organic cyclic arsanes, stibanes and bismutanes.
venue: Chemistry
year: 2009

abstract: Abstract Recent developments in chemistry of hypervalent organoantimony and bismuth complexes with bidentate C,E and tridentate E,C,E and C,E,C ligands are reviewed. The ligands are bonded to the antimony or bismuth atoms through carbon atoms and through intramolecular coordination with dative bonds from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms. Syntheses, structures including chirality aspects, reactions, fluxional behavior, biological aspects and applications in the field of catalysis and organic syntheses are considered in this review.
author_names: Ciprian I Rat

Cristian Silvestru

Hans Joachim Breunig
title: Hypervalent organoantimony and bismuth compounds with pendant arm ligands
year: 2013

abstract: This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the main classes of phosphorus chalcogen containing compounds, their coordination chemistry with metallic and semi metallic elements and some of their applications (including in organic synthesis protocols, pesticides and nerve agents, precursors to metal chalcogenides thin films and nanoparticles, metal extraction technologies, and lubricant additives) The analogous compounds containing the heavier congeners of phosphorus (arsenic, antimony, and bismuth) are also discussed where appropriate, and compared to their phosphorus analogues. Given the huge amount of published material on chalcogen phosphorus compounds this chapter is inevitably selective and focuses in particular on perceived key advances in these areas.
author_names: Robert P Davies

Laura Patel
title: CHAPTER 5:Chalcogen Phosphorus (and Heavier Congener) Compounds
year: 2013

abstract: The inorganic chemists' extensive knowledge of coordination, ligand exchange, photophysical and redox properties of metal ions have helped in understanding the interactions' of inorganic compounds with biological molecules. Pharmaceutical industries, which have been dominated by organic drugs, are now focusing much attention on inorganic drugs because (i) many activities of metal ions in biology have stimulated the development of metal based therapeutics; (ii) inorganic drugs are likely to be transferred in the body by oxidation and ligand substitution reactions. Metal complexes continue to find therapeutic applications for the treatment of a wide variety of human ailments. The science of medicinal chemistry began with the discovery of metal based drugs to treat syphilis. Now, metal! metalloid elements such as platinum, titanium, bismuth, arsenic, antimony, selenium, silver, gold, vanadium, copper, manganese, germanium, iron, ruthenium, gadolinium and technetium are incorporated into many important therapeutic drugs and diagnostic imaging agents. Worldwide sales of inorganic drugs are growing rapidly. Although about 26 elements in the periodic table are considered essential for mammalian life, both essential and non essential elements can be used in the drugs. Inorganic compounds used as drugs and diagnostic agents (Table 1) are described here. B S Sekhon is currently Head of the Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. His main research interests are in coordination chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry.
author_names: Leena Gandhi
title: Medicinal Uses of Inorganic Compounds 1 B
year: 2013