Query: Pulse-width modulated DC-DC power converters

Candidate papers:

abstract: Preface. About the Author. List of Symbols. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Classification of Power Supplies. 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators. 1.3 Power Relationships in DC DC Converters. 1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC DC Converters. 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators. 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators. 1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators. 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC DC Converters 1.9 Relationships among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power. 1.10 Electromagnetic Compatibility. 1.11 Summary. 1.12 References. 1.13 Review Questions. 1.14 Problems. 2 BuckPWMDC DCConverter. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM. 2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM. 2.4 Buck Converter with Input Filter. 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier. 2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail. 2.7 Tapped Inductor Buck Converters. 2.8 Multiphase Buck Converter. 2.9 Summary. 2.10 References. 2.11 Review Questions. 2.12 Problems. 3 Boost PWM DC DC Converter. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM. 3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM. 3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters. 3.5 Tapped Inductor Boost Converters. 3.6 Duality. 3.7 Power Factor Correction. 3.8 Summary. 3.9 References. 3.10 Review Questions. 3.11 Problems. 4 Buck Boost PWM DC DC Converter. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Boost Converter for CCM. 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Boost Converter for DCM. 4.4 Bidirectional Buck Boost Converter. 4.5 Synthesis of Buck Boost Converter. 4.6 Synthesis of Boost Buck (Cuk) Converter. 4.7 Noninverting Buck Boost Converters. 4.8 Tapped Inductor Buck Boost Converters. 4.9 Summary. 4.10 References. 4.11 Review Questions. 4.12 Problems. 5 Flyback PWM DC DC Converter. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Transformers. 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for CCM. 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM. 5.5 Multiple Output Flyback Converter. 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback Converter. 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter. 5.8 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping. 5.9 Two Transistor Flyback Converter. 5.10 Summary. 5.11 References. 5.12 Review Questions. 5.13 Problems. 6 Forward PWM DC DC Converter. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM. 6.3 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM. 6.4 Multiple Output Forward Converter. 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier. 6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping. 6.7 Two Switch Forward Converter. 6.8 Summary. 6.9 References. 6.10 Review Questions. 6.11 Problems. 7 Half Bridge PWM DC DC Converter. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half Bridge Converter for CCM. 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half Bridge Converter for DCM. 7.4 Summary. 7.5 References. 7.6 Review Questions. 7.7 Problems. 8 Full Bridge PWM DC DC Converter. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full Bridge Converter for CCM. 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full Bridge Converter for DCM. 8.4 Phase Controlled Full Bridge Converter. 8.5 Summary. 8.6 References. 8.7 Review Questions. 8.8 Problems. 9 Push Pull PWM DC DC Converter. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 DC Analysis of PWM Push Pull Converter for CCM. 9.3 DC Analysis of PWM Push Pull Converter for DCM. 9.4 Comparison of PWM DC DC Converters. 9.5 Summary. 9.6 References. 9.7 Review Questions. 9.8 Problems. 10 Small Signal Models of PWM Converters for CCM and DCM. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Assumptions. 10.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM. 10.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances. 10.5 Model Reduction. 10.6 Large Signal Averaged Model for CCM. 10.7 DC and Small Signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM. 10.8 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM. 10.9 PWM Small Signal Switch Model for CCM. 10.10 Modeling of the Ideal Switching Network for DCM. 10.11 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM. 10.12 Small Signal Models of PWM Converters for DCM. 10.13 Summary. 10.14 References. 10.15 Review Questions. 10.16 Problems. 11 Open Loop Small Signal Characteristics of Boost Converter for CCM. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 DC Characteristics. 11.3 Open Loop Control to Output Transfer Function. 11.4 Delay in Open Loop Control to Output Transfer Function. 11.5 Open Loop Audio Susceptibility. 11.6 Open Loop Input Impedance. 11.7 Open Loop Output Impedance. 11.8 Open Loop Step Responses. 11.9 Summary. 11.10 References. 11.11 Review Questions. 11.12 Problems. 12 Voltage Mode Control of Boost Converter. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage Mode Control. 12.3 Pulse Width Modulator. 12.4 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network. 12.5 Error Amplifier. 12.6 Integral Single Lead Controller. 12.7 Integral Double Lead Controller. 12.8 Loop Gain. 12.9 Closed Loop Control to Output Voltage Transfer Function. 12.10 Closed Loop Audio Susceptibility. 12.11 Closed Loop Input Impedance. 12.12 Closed Loop Output Impedance. 12.13 Closed Loop Step Responses. 12.14 Closed Loop DC Transfer Functions. 12.15 Summary. 12.16 References. 12.17 Review Questions. 12.18 Problems. 13 Current Mode Control. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak Current Mode Control. 13.3 Relationship between Duty Cycle and Inductor Current Slopes. 13.4 Instability of Closed Current Loop. 13.5 Slope Compensation. 13.6 Sample and Hold Effect on Current Loop. 13.7 Current Loop in s Domain. 13.8 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current Mode Control. 13.9 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current Mode Control without Slope Compensation. 13.10 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current Mode Control and Slope Compensation. 13.11 Closed Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains. 13.12 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current. 13.13 Relationships for Constant Frequency Current Mode On Time Control. 13.14 Summary. 13.15 References. 13.16 Review Questions. 13.17 Problems. 13.18 Appendix: Sample and Hold Modeling. 14 Current Mode Control of Boost Converter. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Open Loop Small Signal Transfer Functions. 14.3 Open Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current. 14.5 Closed Voltage Loop Transfer Functions. 14.6 Closed Loop Step Responses. 14.7 Closed Loop DC Transfer Functions. 14.8 Summary. 14.9 References. 14.10 Review Questions. 14.11 Problems. 15 Silicon and Silicon Carbide Power Diodes. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Electronic Power Switches. 15.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors. 15.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors. 15.5 Silicon and Silicon Carbide. 15.6 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes. 15.7 Static I V Diode Characteristic. 15.8 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes. 15.9 Capacitances of Junction Diodes. 15.10 Reverse Recovery of pn Junction Diodes. 15.11 Schottky Diodes. 15.12 SPICE Model of Diodes. 15.13 Summary. 15.14 References. 15.15 Review Questions. 15.16 Problems. 16 Silicon and Silicon Carbide Power MOSFETs. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs. 16.3 Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs. 16.4 Derivation of Power MOSFET Characteristics. 16.5 Power MOSFET Characteristics. 16.6 Mobility of Charge Carriers. 16.7 Short Channel Effects. 16.8 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs. 16.9 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs. 16.10 Gate Oxide Breakdown Voltageof Power MOSFETs. 16.11 Resistance of Drift Region. 16.12 Figures of Merit. 16.13 On Resistance of Power MOSFETs. 16.14 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs. 16.15 Switching Waveforms. 16.16 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs. 16.17 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors. 16.18 Heat Sinks. 16.19 Summary. 16.20 References. 16.21 Review Questions. 16.22 Problems. 17 Soft Switching DC DC Converters. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Zero Voltage Switching DC DC Converters. 17.3 Buck ZVS Quasi Resonant DC DC Converter. 17.4 Boost ZVS Quasi Resonant DC DC Converter. 17.5 Zero Current Switching DC DC Converters. 17.6 Boost ZCS Quasi Resonant DC DC Converter. 17.7 Multiresonant Converters. 17.8 Summary. 17.9 References. 17.10 Review Questions. 17.11 Problems. Appendix A Introduction to SPICE. Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB. Answers to Problems. Index.
author_names: Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Power Converters
year: 2008

author_names: Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Power Converters: Kazimierczuk/Pulse width Modulated DC DC Power Converters
year: 2008

author_names: Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Power Converters: Kazimierczuk/Pulse Width
year: 2013

abstract: Visible light communication (VLC) has gained relevance during the last few years. It consists in using high brightness LEDs (HB LEDs) both for lighting and transmitting information by changing the light intensity rapidly. However, there are some bottlenecks that are slowing down the deployment of this technology. One of the most important problems is that the HB LED drivers proposed for addressing high data rates in VLC achieve poor power efficiency. Since these HB LED drivers must be able to reproduce fast current waveforms, the use of linear power amplifiers has been adopted, which clearly damages the power efficiency of HB LED lighting. In order to alleviate this problem, an HB LED driver made up of two DC DC power converters is presented in this work. One of them is responsible for performing the communication functionality by operating at high switching frequency (10 MHz) whereas the second converter fulfills the illumination functionality by ensuring a certain biasing point. The split of the power allows us to minimize the power delivered by the fast response DC DC power converter, which suffers from high switching losses. Thus, the overall efficiency can be maximized for each particular communication scenario and for scenarios with changing conditions (i.e. mobile transmitter and/or receiver, presence of mobile obstacles, etc. In this sense, how the lighting level and the communication signal power affect both the power efficiency and the communication efficiency is deeply analyzed in the experimental section. The implemented prototype achieves an overall efficiency around 90% In addition, the proposed VLC transmitter is able to reproduce a wide range of digital modulation schemes, including the preferred one for wireless communications: orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.
author_names: Juan Rodriguez

Diego G Lamar

Pablo Fernandez Miaja

Daniel Garcia Aller

Javier Sebastian
title: Power Efficient VLC Transmitter Based on Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Converters and the Split of the Power
venue: IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
year: 2019

abstract: This book is a comprehensive textbook in the areas of electrical, electronics, and telecommunications engineering. It consists of 17 chapters and two appendices. Some of the topics covered include: buck PWM DC DC converters; boost PWM DC DC converters; buck boost PWM DC DC converters; half bridge and full bridge converters; push pull PWM DC DC converters; open loop small signal characteristics of boost converters for CCM; current mode control of boost converters; silicon and silicon carbide power diodes; and soft switching DC DC converters. Appendix A is an introduction to SPICE and Appendix B provides an introduction to MATLAB. Answers to problems and the index are also included at the end of the book. The book is recommended for senior undergraduate and graduate students but also for practicing engineers working with switch mode power supplies, within applications such as computers, telecommunications, industrial electronic systems, automobile electronics, medical equipment, radars, and aerospace power technology.
author_names: Marian P Kazmierkowski
title: Power converters and amplifiers (review of "Pulse Width Modulated DC DC Power Converters" by Kazimierczuk, M.K. 2008) [Book News]
venue: IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
year: 2009

abstract: A general expression for winding loss (copper loss) including harmonics for an inductor carrying periodic non sinusoidal current is presented. The skin and proximity effects are taken into account. Expressions for amplitudes of inductor current harmonics are derived and illustrated as functions of duty cycle for selected non isolated converters namely buck, boost and buck boost converters. An example of inductor design procedure using the area product method is shown for a buck converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) The amplitude spectra of the inductor current, winding resistance and winding power loss are illustrated. Inductor winding losses in the designed inductor are analysed using MatLab simulations. Experimental results using the designed inductor are also presented.
author_names: Nisha Kondrath

Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Inductor winding loss owing to skin and proximity effects including harmonics in non isolated pulse width modulated dc dc converters operating in continuous conduction mode
year: 2010

abstract: High frequency (HF) transformers used in pulse width modulated power converters conduct periodic non sinusoidal HF currents, which give rise to additional winding losses caused by harmonics. This study presents expressions for winding power losses in a two winding transformer with periodic non sinusoidal primary and secondary current waveforms for flyback converters operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) Dowell's equation, which takes into account both the skin and proximity effects, is used to determine the primary and secondary winding resistances as functions of frequency. Fourier series of the primary and secondary current waveforms and the winding resistances are used to determine the winding power losses at harmonic frequencies. The harmonic primary and secondary winding loss factors FRph and FRsh are introduced for CCM operation. The theory is illustrated by performance evaluation of the transformer in a flyback converter in CCM over the entire range of converter operation. Power losses in the primary and secondary transformer windings are illustrated as functions of the output power and the DC input voltage.
author_names: Dakshina Murthy-Bellur

Nisha Kondrath

Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Transformer winding loss caused by skin and proximity effects including harmonics in pulse width modulated DC?DC flyback converters for the continuous conduction mode
year: 2011

abstract: General equation for the control current for the inner current loop of pulse width modulated (PWM) dc dc power converters with peak current mode control without slope compensation is derived. Derivations of expressions for the control current as functions of duty cycle and phase margin at power stage specifications for buck, boost and buck boost dc dc converters in continuous conduction mode (CCM) are presented. Relative stability of the inner current loop without slope compensation was analysed. Experimental and Saber simulation results for a buck converter with the inner current loop are presented to validate the theory presented. The results obtained can be used to determine the range of control voltage required by the inner loop, to select a proper value of sense resistance, and to design the control circuit in the outer voltage loop of peak current mode controlled PWM DC DC converters. It is shown that the phase margin of the inner loop is 0 at a duty cycle value of 0.5 and increases as the duty cycle decreases.
author_names: Nisha Kondrath

Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Control current and relative stability of peak current mode controlled pulse width modulated dc dc converters without slope compensation
year: 2010

abstract: High frequency transformers used in pulse width modulated (PWM) converters conduct periodic non sinusoidal currents, which give rise to additional winding losses because of harmonics. This study presents expressions for winding power losses in a two winding transformer subject to non sinusoidal excitation operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) Dowell's equation is used to determine the winding resistances because of eddy currents as a function of frequency. Both skin and proximity effects are taken into account. Fourier series of the primary and secondary triangular current waveforms in isolated dc dc power converters and the primary and secondary winding resistances are used to determine the primary and secondary winding power losses at various harmonics, respectively. The harmonic winding loss factors FRph and FRsh are introduced. The theory is illustrated by the case study of the two winding flyback converter operating in DCM. Plots of the winding power losses are given as functions of the output power and the dc input voltage.
author_names: Dakshina Murthy-Bellur

Marian K Kazimierczuk
title: Winding losses caused by harmonics in high frequency flyback transformers for pulse width modulated dc dc converters in discontinuous conduction mode
year: 2010

abstract: This paper describes the design and implementation of zero voltage transition (ZVT) pulse width modulated (PWM) bidirectional buck boost converter. The simplicity of the control and the reduction of voltage and current stresses on the main switches are the main features of the proposed converter. The additional component of the converter consists of two auxiliary switches and coupled inductors. They provide a zero voltage switching condition for all switching elements regardless of the power flow direction, making the energy conversion highly efficient. The calculated efficiency of the suggested converter is more than 96% at full load in both buck and boost modes. In addition, the same auxiliary circuit can be used in other basic non isolated bidirectional converters such as Cuk, Sepic/Zeta, buck boost/buck boost and cascade buck boost converters to provide soft switching. A 100 W prototype of the proposed converter is implemented. The simulation and experimental results are found closely comparable and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
author_names: Amin Mirzaei

Awang Jusoh

Zainal Salam
title: Design and implementation of high efficiency non isolated bidirectional zero voltage transition pulse width modulated DC DC converters
year: 2012