Query: AEROSOL MEASUREMENT Principles, Techniques, and Applications Third Edition

Candidate papers:

abstract: In recent years, industry has become increasingly interested in modern aerosol measurement methods, not only to protect the health of their workers but also to augment productivity and thereby gain competitive advantage. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition offers scientists and practitioners the fundamental principles used in deciding which aerosol properties to measure and how to interpret the results. Divided into three parts, the material reviews the physical understanding of aerosols, covers specific instrumental techniques, and explains applications in fields ranging from health care to mining and upper atmosphere research. Leading experts contribute to the review of such areas as direct reading techniques, bioaerosol sampling, indoor air evaluations, industrial aerosol processing, and measurement in semiconductor clean rooms. Plus, all the chapters in this latest edition have been updated and some have been rewritten by new authors. Two new chapters have been added: one on historical aspects of aerosol measurements and the other on real time single particle analysis.
author_names: Klaus Prof Dr Willeke

Paul A Baron
title: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications
year: 2001

abstract: OK, I admit it; I am a fan of the first edition of Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications Although I have used several chapters in the book, I have found chapters on representative sampling of aerosols and direct reading instruments particularly helpful. So, I was curious to discover if the second edition of the book would be even more useful to me. The editors assembled this book to describe aerosol measurement for purposes as diverse as evaluating pollution control devices, monitoring ambient aerosols, evaluating particles produced for industrial processes, and protecting worker health. The book contains 37 chapters divided into three parts. Part I, "Principles," presents information on aerosol measurement history, basic aerosol physics and chemistry, and size distribution analysis. Part II, "Techniques," describes specific instruments and methods used to measure aerosol properties. Part III, "Applications," includes chapters that discuss how researchers and practitioners utilize measurement techniques in various settings. The chapters are authored by many of the world's leading aerosol experts. The book describes virtually every important aerosol measurement technique employed currently in research and monitoring applications. This includes longstanding methods such as filter collection, impaction, and optical microscopy, as well as technology developed more recently such as time of flight analyzers, electrodynamic particle levitation, and in situ sensing. The second edition covers only one entirely new topic not presented in the first edition: real time single particle analyzers, such as time of flight mass spectrometers. Although the remaining topics were covered on some level in the first edition, most
author_names: Peter Raynor
title: Book Review: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications
year: 2003

abstract: A Sound Introduction to Radiation Detection and Measurement for Newcomers to Nuclear Science and Engineering Since the publication of the bestselling third edition, there have been advances in the field of radiation detection, most notably in practical applications. Incorporating these important developments, Measurement and Detection of Radiation, Fourth Edition provides the most up to date and accessible introduction to radiation detector materials, systems, and applications. New to the Fourth Edition New chapters on nuclear forensics and nuclear medicine instrumentation, covering basic principles and applications as well as open ended problems that encourage more in depth research Updated references and bibliographies New and expanded problems As useful to students and nuclear professionals as its popular predecessors, this fourth edition continues to carefully explain the latest radiation detector technology and measurement techniques. It also discusses the correct ways to perform measurements and analyze results following current health physics procedures.
author_names: Nicholas Tsoulfanidis

Sheldon Landsberger
title: Measurement Detection of Radiation (4th edition)
year: 2015

abstract: This is the third edition of a book first published in 1996. It is interesting to note that the basic techniques of plant tissue culture have changed very little, but some of the applications have diversified in this time. The book is aimed at students, and as such contains some valuable material and well described practical exercises. The section on the set up of tissue culture laboratory is useful and the following chapters describe exercises in all the accepted aspects of plant tissue culture, concluding with a chapter on Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The chapter contents are rather uneven however, and there is no real need in a slim volume aimed at student practical exercises for a lengthy review on plant tissue culture history with 200 references cited. The chapter outlines at the start of each chapter are simple and informative and clear headings make the chapters easy to follow. However, some chapters have questions embedded and some do not, and this creates an inconsistent tone. The Appendices on Useful Measurements and Solution Preparation would be of some value to a beginner, and the Glossary gives clear explanations of commonly used terms. The real problem with this volume is that, while informative and easy to read, it offers little new to an already very well documented branch of plant science.
author_names: David A C Pink
title: Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding Second edition. By G. Acquaah. Chichester, UK: Wiley/Blackwell (2012) pp. 740, PS42.50 (pb) ISBN 978 0 470 66475 9.
venue: Experimental Agriculture
year: 2013

abstract: Preface. Preface to the Third Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1. Production of Net Magnetization. 2. Concepts of Magnetic Resonance. 3. Relaxation. 3 1. T1 Relaxation and Saturation. 3 2. T2 Relaxation, T2 Relaxation, and Spin Echoes. 4. Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Part 1. 4 1. Slice Selection. 4 2. Readout or Frequency Encoding. 4 3. Phase Encoding. 4 4. Sequence Looping. 5. Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Part 2. 5 1. Frequency Selective Excitation. 5 2. Composite Pulses. 5 3. Raw Data and Image Data Matrices. 5 4. Raw Data and k Space. 5 5. Reduced k Space Techniques. 5 6. Reordered k Space Filling Techniques. 5 7. Other k Space Filling Techniques. 5 8. Phased Array Coils. 5 9. Parallel Acquisition Methods. 6. Pulse Sequences. 6 1. Spin Echo Sequences. 6 2. Gradient Echo Sequences. 6 3. Echo Planar Imaging Sequences. 6 4. Magnetization Prepared Sequences. 7. Measurement Parameters and Image Contrast. 7 1. Intrinsic Parameters. 7 2. Extrinsic Parameters. 7 3. Parameter Trade offs. 8. Signal Suppression Techniques. 8 1. Spatial Presaturation. 8 2. Magnetization Transfer Suppression. 8 3. Frequency Selective Saturation. 8 4. Nonsaturation Methods. 9. Artifacts. 9 1. Motion Artifacts. 9 2. Sequence/Protocol Related Artifacts. 9 3. External Artifacts. 10. Motion Artifact Reduction Techniques. 10 1. Acquisition Parameter Modifi cation. 10 2. Triggering and Gating. 10 3. Flow Compensation. 10 4. Radial Based Motion Compensation. 11. Magnetic Resonance Angiography. 11 1. Time of Flight MRA. 11 2. Phase Contrast MRA. 11 3. Maximum Intensity Projection. 12. Advanced Imaging Applications. 12 1. Diffusion. 12 2. Perfusion. 12 3. Functional Brain Imaging. 12 4. Ultrahigh Field Imaging. 12 5. Noble Gas Imaging. 13. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 13 1. Additional Concepts. 13 2. Localization Techniques. 13 3. Spectral Analysis and Postprocessing. 13 4. Ultrahigh Field Spectroscopy. 14. Instrumentation. 14 1. Computer System. 14 2. Magnet System. 14 3. Gradient System. 14 4. Radio frequency System. 14 5. Data Acquisition System. 14 6. Summary of System Components. 15. Contrast Agents. 15 1. Intravenous Agents. 15 2. Oral Agents. 16. Safety. 16 1. Base Magnetic Field. 16 2. Cryogens. 16 3. Gradients. 16 4. RF Power Deposition. 16 5. Contrast Media. 17. Clinical Applications. 17 1. General Principles of Clinical MR Imaging. 17 2. Examination Design Considerations. 17 3. Protocol Considerations for Anatomical Regions. 17 4. Recommendations for Specifi c Sequences and Clinical Situations. References and Suggested Reading. Index.
author_names: Mark A Brown

R C Semelka
title: MRI: Basic Principles and Applications
year: 1995

abstract: This is an almost literary book based on concepts used in biostatistics and statistics applied to medical uncertainty contexts. With this, the book bases its scientific research on the random observation of data and statistical methods with mathematical explanations but avoiding complicated definitions and mathematical developments. The book contains 21 chapters with an applied statistical basis: Medical uncertainties, Basics of medical studies, Sampling methods, Designs for observational studies, Medical experiments, Clinical trials, Numerical methods for representing variation, Presentation of variation by figures, Some quantitative aspects of medicine, Clinimetrics and evidence based medicine, Measurement of community health, Confidence intervals, principles of tests of significance, and sample size, Inference from proportions, Relative risk and odds ratio, Inference from means, Relationships: quantitative data, Relationships: qualitative dependent, Survival analysis, Simultaneous consideration of several variables, Quality considerations and Statistical fallacies. The book has also three appendices: Statistical software, Some statistical tables and Software illustrations. Two possible ways to improve this book would be (1) The inclusion of mathematical proofs of the suggested methods and (2) The recompilation of philosophical and bioethical essays or master lines and protocols of them for the correct application of statistical methods for human populations taking also into account moral direction. The author's style uses many examples of medical situations to illustrate the proposed statistical methods. However, the book does not indicate the veracity of these methods in practice with objective philosophical analysis. It provides a classical viewpoint of statistics but without critical considerations of its real utility. The book exhibits a careful presentation as it is usual in this series. It is an encyclopedic book which informs the reader about some of the classic statistical techniques applied to real health data. Each chapter has a list of references both for the statistical and medical content. Many figures and tables illustrate the explanations. I recommend this book to all readers interested in the basic classic statistical methods useful in the area of medical biostatistics as an overview of such methods. But to do statistical studies in medicine, the book must be complemented by other additional formation in morals, bioethics, objective inference and sampling of finite populations.
author_names: Mariano Ruiz Espejo
title: Medical biostatistics, third edition
year: 2014

abstract: The book is divided into four parts: `Systems' `System Components' `Measurements' and `Microprocessor Based Systems' The first part of the book introduces Measurement Systems, Performance Terminology, Errors, Dynamic Characteristics, Loading Effects, Noise and Reliability. The `Measurement Systems' subsection is not sufficiently concise, as only a small number of derived units have been listed. The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has been publishing posters that provide an excellent description of physical and chemical quantities followed by a small abstract stating their derivation from fundamental quantities. Such description is not only of importance to metrologists; it also assists engineers in seeking innovative solutions to everyday problems. A more systematic approach along these lines would be far more appropriate for this subsection. An introduction to dimensional analysis would also be useful here. Dimensionless quantities and their units or important constants have been omitted, limiting the possible uses of the book. With regards to the subsection describing `Measurement Errors' I find both the NPL report on the treatment of errors and the pocket book by N C Barford Experimental Measurements: Precision, Error and Truth far more useful and informative than the description found in this pocket book. The subsection describing `Dynamic Characteristics' of instruments is well written and concise, as would be expected from the author's other publications, although a z transforms table could also be introduced in a separate section. I found the subsection describing `Loading Effects' to be useful in summarizing important concepts, especially the part that describes loading of elements in a measurement system. The subsection on `Noise' is seriously deficient, as there is no mention of voltage and current noise associated with op amp circuits. Important instruments to measurement science such as phase sensitive detectors and box car averagers are also not mentioned. A more useful practical approach can be found in the following books: P J Fish's Electronic Noise and Low Noise Design, F R Connor's pocket book series and T H Wilmshurst's book on Signal Recovery and Noise in Electronic Systems. In addition, digital phase noise is not mentioned at all a serious omission as many systems are digital nowadays. I was pleased to find a subsection on the `Reliability of Instruments' as this is a topic that is not sufficiently covered in many classic Measurement and Instrumentation textbooks, an exception being Bentley's Principles of Measurement Systems. My final criticism of the first part of this pocket book is that in the entire `Systems Section' the notion of feedback instruments could not be found. This is a serious shortfall, bearing in mind the distinct advantages that can be gained with the use of feedback methods. The second part of the book, `System Components' describes Transducers, Signal Converters and Display Systems. Resistive, capacitive and inductive transducers have been covered but not to the extent found in other books, e.g. Sensors and Transducers by Usher and Keating. I found the tabulated thermoelectric emf values with reference junction at 0 degC useful, although the descriptions of photovoltaic and electrochemical transducers were seriously deficient. My favorite part of the book is the section describing AC bridges, which clearly distinguishes between the Owen, Maxwell, Hay, De Souty, Wien and Schering configurations. These can trigger the engineer's imagination for a variety of measurement schemes. Unfortunately, the subsection on frequency measurements and digital frequency counters would require significant expansion. The subsection on `Signal Converters' could also be significantly expanded. For example, the three amplifier differential input instrumentation amplifier configuration featuring high input impedance and adjustable gain is not mentioned at all. The subsection describing `Display Systems' may be considered obsolete and of limited use to current practising engineers, as most systems nowadays interface directly with microprocessors. The third part of the book, `Measurements' covers Chemical Composition, Density, Displacement, Electrical Quantities, Flow, Force, Level, Pressure, Radiation, Stress and Strain, Temperature and Vacuum Sensors. The `Chemical Composition' subsection is too much of an overview to be of any use to a practising engineer. I found the general diagrams of atomic emission/absorption spectrometry, fluorimetry and mass spectrometry lacking in detail, and of no practical use whatsoever. In contrast, the section on `Electrical Quantities' was sufficiently detailed. The subsection on `Density' is useful, but that describing `Displacement' can even be misleading. For example, a heterodyne interferometer is described whereas homodyne or superheterodyne systems are not mentioned at all. A description of optical fibre `point' `distributed' or `quasi distributed' sensors should have also been included in this subsection. Fast pulse systems are also commonly used in measurement science with applications in chemistry, physics and biology. Their general principle of operation should also have been included. In addition, a disproportionate amount of detail (8% of the entire book) has been dedicated to the description of the Measurement of Flow, whereas only five pages are devoted to the Force and Radiation topics. This is not justifiable if the author's goal is to give a balanced account of the techniques used in instrumentation and measurement science. Finally, in part four, `Microprocessor Based Systems' are described. There are two subsections describing `Intelligent Instruments' and `Interfacing' The former is an overview of Microprocessor Systems, Microcontrollers, Data Acquisition Systems and Data Logging. The `Interfacing' subsection briefly describes a Standard Bus, Centronics and Serial Ports, the I2C Bus, as well as Interfacing Peripherals and Programmable Interfaces. Here again, my criticism is that feedback instruments where the analogue loop has been replaced by a digital one have not been analysed in detail. Most PID controllers nowadays can easily be implemented in a digital form using microprocessor systems, eliminating possible drifts of analogue components. In addition, oversampling methods for A/D and D/A conversion are not described in sufficient detail; see for example the books Oversampling Delta Sigma Data Converters edited by Candy and Temes and Advanced Instrumentation and Computer I/O Design by Garrett (both by IEEE Press) I have found the PC Based Instrumentation and Control by Tooley and The Art of Digital Audio by Watkinson far more useful for practical applications. A paragraph on sensor fusion and a mention of the latest advances in commercially available digital sampling oscilloscopes such as the Agilent Technology `Infiniium' family or the Tektronix 8000 Series, which should be soon compatible with LABVIEW software, would have also been useful. Overall, I found this pocket book of limited practical use, even to first year undergraduate students or technicians at the start of their careers, when selecting components from RS or Farnell catalogues for small projects. Although many measurement techniques are based on the interaction of light with matter, electromagnetism and microwave techniques are not covered in this pocket book. Furthermore, astrophysical techniques, or techniques used in particle physics, instrumentation for biology, plasma physics and nuclear science are not mentioned at all. Currently, there is a plethora of practical books on analogue electronics that a practising engineer or technician may consult, such as Horowitz and Hill's Art of Electronics, the book A Practical Introduction to Electronic Circuits by M H Jones or the series of pocket books by R M Marston, which will provide solutions to most practical problems. More detailed engineering solutions can be found in most Application Notes published by semiconductor companies such as Analog Devices, National Semiconductors etc, or instrumentation companies such as Hewlett Packard, Anritsu Wiltron and Tektronix at the component or system level respectively. These are far more comprehensive and useful to engineers and practising technicians. A pocket book on `Instrumentation Measurement' should be a distillation of existing measurement techniques described in a concise and practical way. My concern is that this pocket book tries to cover too many topics in a very short space. Although not pocket books, the Concise Encyclopedia of Measurement Instrumentation edited by Finkelstein and Grattan (Pergamon Press) the Electrical Engineering Handbook edited by Dorf (CRC Press) the Electronic Instrument Handbook edited by Coombs, and Doebelin's Measurement Systems are excellent examples of complete and useful reference books available at the moment. Sillas Hadjiloucas
author_names: William Bolton
title: Instrumentation Measurement Pocket Book, Third Edition
year: 2001

abstract: 2.1 At least three different types of instruments are, or have been, commercially available for performing this measurement. One type measures radiant energy reflected from the specimen (Test Method A) a second type measures radiant energy emitted from the specimen (Test Method B) and a third type measures the near normal spectral reflectance (that is, the radiant energy reflected from the specimen as a function of wavelength) and converts that to total near normal emittance (Test Method C) A brief description of the principles of operation of each test method follows. 2.1.1 Test Method A Test Method A can best be described as the reflectance method. When a surface is irradiated, the flux is either reflected, transmitted or absorbed. The normalized expression is r t a 1, where r is reflectance, t is transmittance and a is absorptance. For opaque surfaces, transmittance is zero (t 0) and the expression reduces to r a 1. Kirchhoff's Law states that for similar angular and spectral regions, a e. This enables the conversion of normal hemispherical reflectance to normal hemispherical emittance for a given temperature, or eN= 1 rN. For this to be strictly valid, the spectral range must be that of the blackbody at that temperature. 2.1.1.1 Utilizing Test Method A places two important requirements on the instrument. The first is that the optical system must measure reflectance over a complete hemisphere. The second is that the spectral response of the instrument must match closely with the radiance of a blackbody at that temperature; usually 300degK, but in principle other temperatures are possible. 2.1.1.2 One instrument available for Test Method A utilizes an absolute type reflectance method. The instrument aperture is placed against the test specimen. The instrument illuminates the specimen with infrared radiance at a near normal incident angle and collects and measures the reflected radiance over the complete hemisphere. A measurement is then performed on the same illuminating radiance beam, providing a 100 reference. Since the radiance source, path length, and number of reflecting surfaces and detector are the same, the ratio of the two signals provides an absolute reflectance measurement of the specimen, obviating the need for frequent calibrations to known standards. A second instrument for testing to Test Method A utilizes a relative type reflectance technique wherein the sample is tested as above, but instead of a 100 reference measurement the device collects the signal off a reference sample with known reflectance (usually vacuum deposited gold on a silica substrate) to determine the reflectance of the sample. 1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space Simulation and Applications of Space Technology and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E21.04 on Space Simulation Test Methods. Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E408 71(2008) DOI: 10.1520/E0408 13.
title: Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection Meter Techniques
year: 2013

abstract: The updated and much expanded Third Edition of the "Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis" is an authoritative reference providing the principles, practical techniques, and procedures for the accurate measurement of radioactivity from the very low levels encountered in the environment to higher levels measured in radioisotope research, clinical laboratories, biological sciences, radionuclide standardization, nuclear medicine, nuclear power, fuel cycle facilities and in the implementation of nuclear forensic analysis and nuclear safeguards. The Third Edition contains seven new chapters providing a reference text much broader in scope than the previous Second Edition, and all of the other chapters have been updated and expanded many with new authors. The book describes the basic principles of radiation detection and measurement, the preparation of samples from a wide variety of matrices, assists the investigator or technician in the selection and use of appropriate radiation detectors, and presents state of the art methods of analysis. Fundamentals of radiation properties, radionuclide decay, the calculations involved, and methods of detection provide the basis for a thorough understanding of the analytical procedures. The Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis, Third Edition, is suitable as a teaching text for university and professional training courses. NEW TO THIS EDITION: Expanded chapter on nuclear and cosmic radiation physics covers all the essentials on radiation physics needed to help the reader select the proper detector for the analysis of nuclear radiation. New material to cover adequately alpha and gamma spectrometry, sample preparation and detector selection, including new chapters on Nuclear Forensic Analysis and Analytical Techniques in Nuclear Safeguards. New material on low level environmental analysis of radioactivity including new chapters on the mass spectrometry of radionuclides, radioactive aerosol measurements as well as new chapters on environmental radioactivity monitoring and marine radioactivity analysis. Updated material on the liquid and solid scintillation analysis and sample preparation techniques for liquid scintillation analysis and Cherenkov counting. The only comprehensive reference book that describes the principles of detection and practical applications of every type of radioactivity detector currently used. A comprehensive reference for teaching and research. New 3rd edition is broader in scope including seven additional chapters on Alpha Spectrometry, Radionuclide Standardization, Radioactive Aerosol Measurements, Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring, Marine Radioactivity Analysis, Nuclear Forensic Analysis and Analytical Techniques in Nuclear Safeguards. Discusses in detail the principles, theory and practice applied to all types of radiation detection and measurement providing a reference text useful for teaching as well as a reference guide for the practitioner.
author_names: Michael F L'annunziata
title: Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis Ed. 3
year: 2012

abstract: The presence of a neuro trained anesthesiologist and intensivist offers potential benefit in optimizing patient safety and reducing neuronal insults not only in the neurosurgical operating room and intensive care unit but in orthopedic, ear/nose/throat, and cardiovascular surgical settings. Furthermore, with plans moving forward on establishing an accredited training program in perioperative neuroscience as part of a neuroanesthesiology fellowship program, the second edition of the Monitoring the Nervous System for Anesthesiologists and Other Health Care Professionals comes close to being considered a mandatory basic textbook. This comprehensive, 700 page tome leads the reader through each current intraoperative neuro monitoring modality in an easy to read format and well structured chapters. Professionals from numerous specialties anesthesiologists, orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurophysiologists, neurologists collaborate in convincing the student that not only well known applied technology, but also teamwork, are what improve patient care and ensure good outcomes. The present edition appears five years after its first edition, with updated references and some new chapters. Similar to the first edition, the 2017 textbook is structured in four sections. The first section 'Monitoring Techniques, describes each modality in length, with essential clinical details, including indications for the utilization of each measurement, contraindications, and possible complications. With rapid progress in the performance of complex technologies, I would have liked to have seen references regarding the reliability and validity of each measuring instrument, as well as data from the literature about the specificity and sensitivity of each measurement. A novel chapter regarding electrical interference with intraoperative neuro monitoring instruments explains, with illustrative videos, the usually forgotten physics of electrical interactions that occur routinely in the operating room. The second section, 'Anesthetic Considerations, includes a chapter that synthesizes the information on anesthetic management during intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring, including influences of each anesthetic drug on the monitor's readings. Although the content of this chapter slightly overlaps descriptions in Sections 1 and 3, it, in fact, is useful for highlighting the principles of neurological monitoring and helps the reader retain information. The added videos of performing regional anesthesia techniques for awake neurosurgical procedures are valuable adjuncts to the text. The third section, 'Clinical Applications, the largest section of the textbook, starts with a basic algorithm for detecting the cause of deterioration observed during intraoperative neuro monitoring. The algorithm synthesizes knowledge acquired from previous sections of the book. With its 'learning key points' at the beginning of each chapter and its well chosen, relevant clinical cases, explanatory videos, and review questions at the end of each subject, the Clinical Applications section deepens the understanding of anesthetic considerations. It accomplishes it by reinforcing the importance not only of the scientific, theoretical aspects of intraoperative monitoring but also the data acquisition and interpretation challenges in each particular context. It O. Predescu, MD, MSc, FRCPS McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada e mail: oanadp@mac.com
author_names: Oana Madalina Predescu
title: Monitoring the Nervous System for Anesthesiologists and Other Health Care Professionals, Second Edition
venue: Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthesie
year: 2018