Slow dataloading with big datasets issue persists

Hi,

I reported too slow data fetching when data is large(#2210) a couple of weeks ago, and @lhoestq referred me to the fix (#2122).
However, the problem seems to persist. Here is the profiled results:


1) Running with 60GB
```
Action                             	|  Mean duration (s)	|Num calls      	|  Total time (s) 	|  Percentage %   	|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                              	|  -              	|_              	|  517.96         	|  100 %          	|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
model_backward                     	|  0.26144        	|100            	|  26.144         	|  5.0475         	|
model_forward                      	|  0.11123        	|100            	|  11.123         	|  2.1474         	|
get_train_batch                    	|  0.097121       	|100            	|  9.7121         	|  1.8751         	|
```


3) Running with 600GB, datasets==1.6.0
```
Action                             	|  Mean duration (s)	|Num calls      	|  Total time (s) 	|  Percentage %   	|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                              	|  -              	|_              	|  4563.2         	|  100 %          	|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
get_train_batch                    	|  5.1279         	|100            	|  512.79         	|  11.237         	|
model_backward                     	|  4.8394         	|100            	|  483.94         	|  10.605         	|
model_forward                      	|  0.12162        	|100            	|  12.162         	|  0.26652        	|
```

I see that `get_train_batch` lags when data is large. Could this be related to different issues?
I would be happy to provide necessary information to investigate.


Hi ! Sorry to hear that. This may come from another issue then.

First can we check if this latency comes from the dataset itself ?
You can try to load your dataset and benchmark the speed of querying random examples inside it ?
```python
import time
import numpy as np

from datasets import load_from_disk

dataset = load_from_disk(...) # or from load_dataset...

_start = time.time()
n = 100
for i in np.random.default_rng(42).integers(0, len(dataset), size=n):
    _ = dataset[i]
print(time.time() - _start)
```

If we see a significant speed difference between your two datasets then it would mean that there's an issue somewhere

Hi @lhoestq, here is the result. I additionally measured time to `load_from_disk`:
* 60GB
```
loading took:  22.618776321411133
ramdom indexing 100 times took: 0.10214924812316895
```

* 600GB
```
loading took:  1176.1764674186707
ramdom indexing 100 times took: 2.853600025177002
```

Hmm.. I double checked that it's version 1.6.0. The difference seems quite big, could it be related to the running environment? 


I'm surprised by the speed change. Can you give more details about your dataset ?
The speed depends on the number of batches in the arrow tables and the distribution of the lengths of the batches.
You can access the batches by doing `dataset.data.to_batches()` (use only for debugging) (it doesn't bring data in memory).

Also can you explain what parameters you used if you used `map` calls ?
Also if you have some code that reproduces the issue I'd be happy to investigate it.

Also if you could give us more info about your env like your OS, version of pyarrow and if you're using an HDD or a SSD

Here are some details of my 600GB dataset. This is a dataset AFTER the `map` function and once I load this dataset, I do not use `map` anymore in the training. Regarding the distribution of the lengths, it is almost uniform (90% is 512 tokens, and 10% is randomly shorter than that -- typical setting for language modeling).
```
len(batches):
492763

batches[0]: 
pyarrow.RecordBatch
attention_mask: list<item: uint8>
  child 0, item: uint8
input_ids: list<item: int16>
  child 0, item: int16
special_tokens_mask: list<item: uint8>
  child 0, item: uint8
token_type_ids: list<item: uint8>
  child 0, item: uint8
```

Here the some parameters to `map` function just in case it is relevant:
```
num_proc=1    # as multi processing is slower in my case
load_from_cache_file=False
```


Regarding the environment, I am running the code on a cloud server. Here are some info:
```
Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS   # cat /etc/issue
pyarrow                 3.0.0  # pip list | grep pyarrow
```
The data is stored in SSD and it is mounted to the machine via Network File System.

If you could point me to some of the commands to check the details of the environment, I would be happy to provide relevant information @lhoestq !

I am not sure how I could provide you with the reproducible code, since the problem only arises when the data is big. For the moment, I would share the part that I think is relevant. Feel free to ask me for more info.

```python
class MyModel(pytorch_lightning.LightningModule)
    def setup(self, stage):
        self.dataset = datasets.load_from_disk(path)
        self.dataset.set_format("torch")

    def train_dataloader(self):
        collate_fn = transformers.DataCollatorForLanguageModeling(
                tokenizer=transformers.ElectraTokenizerFast.from_pretrained(tok_path)
        )
        dataloader = torch.utils.DataLoader(
                self.dataset,
                batch_size=32,
                collate_fn=collate_fn,
                num_workers=8,
                pin_memory=True,
       )
```

Hi ! Sorry for the delay I haven't had a chance to take a look at this yet. Are you still experiencing this issue ?
I'm asking because the latest patch release 1.6.2 fixed a few memory issues that could have lead to slow downs

Hi! I just ran the same code with different datasets (one is 60 GB and another 600 GB), and the latter runs much slower. ETA differs by 10x.

@lhoestq and @hwijeen

Despite upgrading to datasets 1.6.2, still experiencing extremely slow (2h00) loading for a 300Gb local dataset shard size 1.1Gb on local HDD (40Mb/s read speed). This corresponds almost exactly to total data divided by reading speed implying that it reads the entire dataset at each load.

Stack details:
=========

> GCC version: Could not collect
> Clang version: Could not collect
> CMake version: Could not collect
> 
> Python version: 3.7 (64-bit runtime)
> Is CUDA available: True
> CUDA runtime version: 10.2.89
> GPU models and configuration: GPU 0: GeForce GTX 1050
> Nvidia driver version: 457.63
> cuDNN version: C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.2\bin\cudnn64_7.dll
> HIP runtime version: N/A
> MIOpen runtime version: N/A
> 
> Versions of relevant libraries:
> [pip3] datasets==1.6.2
> [pip3] transformers==4.5.1
> [pip3] numpy==1.19.1
> [pip3] numpydoc==1.1.0
> [pip3] pytorch-metric-learning==0.9.98
> [pip3] torch==1.8.1
> [pip3] torchaudio==0.8.1
> [pip3] torchvision==0.2.2
> [conda] blas                      2.16                        mkl    conda-forge
> [conda] cudatoolkit               10.2.89              hb195166_8    conda-forge
> [conda] libblas                   3.8.0                    16_mkl    conda-forge
> [conda] libcblas                  3.8.0                    16_mkl    conda-forge
> [conda] liblapack                 3.8.0                    16_mkl    conda-forge
> [conda] liblapacke                3.8.0                    16_mkl    conda-forge
> [conda] mkl                       2020.1                      216
> [conda] numpy                     1.19.1           py37hae9e721_0    conda-forge
> [conda] numpydoc                  1.1.0                      py_1    conda-forge
> [conda] pytorch                   1.8.1           py3.7_cuda10.2_cudnn7_0    pytorch
> [conda] pytorch-metric-learning   0.9.98             pyh39e3cac_0    metric-learning
> [conda] torchaudio                0.8.1                      py37    pytorch
> [conda] torchvision               0.2.2                      py_3    pytorch

Hi @BenoitDalFerro how do your load your dataset ?

Hi @lhoestq thanks for the quick turn-around, actually the plain vanilla way, without an particular knack or fashion, I tried to look into the documentation for some alternative but couldn't find any

> dataset = load_from_disk(dataset_path=os.path.join(datasets_dir,dataset_dir))

I’m facing the same issue when loading a 900GB dataset (stored via `save_to_disk`): `load_from_disk(path_to_dir)` takes 1.5 hours and htop consistently shows high IO rates > 120 M/s.

@tsproisl same here, smells like ~~teen spirit~~ intended generator inadvertently ending up iterator

@lhoestq perhaps solution to detect bug location in code is to track its signature via HD read usage monitoring, option is to add tracking decorator on top each function and sequentially close all hatches from top to bottom, suggest PySmart https://pypi.org/project/pySMART/ a Smartmontools implementation

I wasn't able to reproduce this on a toy dataset of around 300GB:

```python
import datasets as ds

s = ds.load_dataset("squad", split="train")
s4000 = ds.concatenate_datasets([s] * 4000)
print(ds.utils.size_str(s4000.data.nbytes))  # '295.48 GiB'

s4000.save_to_disk("tmp/squad_4000")
```

```python
import psutil
import time
from datasets import load_from_disk

disk = "disk0"  # You may have to change your disk here
iocnt1 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
time1 = time.time()

s4000_reloaded = load_from_disk("tmp/squad_4000")

time2 = time.time()
iocnt2 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]

print(f"Blocks read {iocnt2.read_count - iocnt1.read_count}")  # Blocks read 18
print(f"Elapsed time: {time2 - time1:.02f}s")  # Elapsed time: 14.60s
```

Could you run this on your side and tell me if how much time it takes ? Please run this when your machine is idle so that other processes don't interfere.

I got these results on my macbook pro on datasets 1.6.2

@lhoestq thanks, test running as we speak, bear with me

Just tried on google colab and got ~1min for a 15GB dataset (only 200 times SQuAD), while it should be instantaneous. The time is spent reading the Apache Arrow table from the memory mapped file. This might come a virtual disk management issue. I'm trying to see if I can still speed it up on colab.

@lhoestq what is Google Colab's HD read speed, is it possible to introspect incl. make like SSD or HDD ?

@lhoestq Thank you! The issue is getting more interesting. The second script is still running, but it's definitely taking much longer than 15 seconds.

Okay, here’s the ouput:
Blocks read 158396
Elapsed time: 529.10s

Also using datasets 1.6.2. Do you have any ideas, how to pinpoint the problem?

@lhoestq, @tsproisl mmmh still writing on my side about 1h to go, thinking on it are your large datasets all monoblock unsharded ? mine is 335 times 1.18Gb shards.

The 529.10s was a bit too optimistic. I cancelled the reading process once before running it completely, therefore the harddrive cache probably did its work.

Here are three consecutive runs
First run (freshly written to disk):
Blocks read 309702
Elapsed time: 1267.74s
Second run (immediately after):
Blocks read 113944
Elapsed time: 417.55s
Third run (immediately after):
Blocks read 42518
Elapsed time: 199.19s


@lhoestq 
First test
> elapsed time: 11219.05s

Second test running bear with me, for Windows users slight trick to modify original "disk0" string:

First find physical unit relevant key in dictionnary
```
import psutil
psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)
```

> {'PhysicalDrive0': sdiskio(read_count=18453286, write_count=4075333, read_bytes=479546467840, write_bytes=161590275072, read_time=20659, write_time=2464),
>  'PhysicalDrive1': sdiskio(read_count=1495778, write_count=388781, read_bytes=548628622336, write_bytes=318234849280, read_time=426066, write_time=19085)}

In my case it's _PhysicalDrive1_

Then insert relevant key's string as _disk_ variable

```
psutil.disk_io_counters()
disk = 'PhysicalDrive1'  # You may have to change your disk here
iocnt1 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
time1 = time.time()
s4000_reloaded = load_from_disk("your path here")
time2 = time.time()
iocnt2 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
print(f"Blocks read {iocnt2.read_count - iocnt1.read_count}")  # Blocks read 18
print(f"Elapsed time: {time2 - time1:.02f}s")  # Elapsed time: 14.60s
```

@lhoestq
Second test

> Blocks read 1265609
> Elapsed time: 11216.55s

@lhoestq any luck ?

Unfortunately no. Thanks for running the benchmark though, it shows that you machine does a lot of read operations. This is not expected: in other machines it does almost no read operations which enables a very fast loading.

I did some tests on google colab and have the same issue. The first time the dataset arrow file is memory mapped takes always a lot of time (time seems linear with respect to the dataset size). Reloading the dataset is then instantaneous since the arrow file has already been memory mapped.

I also tried using the Arrow IPC file format (see #1933) instead of the current streaming format that we use but it didn't help.

Memory mapping is handled by the OS and depends on the disk you're using, so I'm not sure we can do much about it. I'll continue to investigate anyway, because I still don't know why in some cases it would go through the entire file (high `Blocks read ` as in your tests) and in other cases it would do almost no reading.

@lhoestq thanks for the effort, let's stay in touch

Just want to say that I am seeing the same issue. Dataset size if 268GB and it takes **3 hours** to load `load_from_disk`, using dataset version `1.9.0`. Filesystem underneath is `Lustre` 

Hi @lhoestq, confirmed Windows issue, exact same code running on Linux OS total loading time about 3 minutes.

Hmm that's different from what I got. I was on Ubuntu when reporting the initial issue.

Hi,

I'm experiencing the same issue where it is taking 40 minutes (with 500GB read from disk) to load a 220GB dataset stored using ``save_to_disk``. I'm loading from a SSD on Ubuntu 18.04, datasets 1.11.0, and pyarrow 5.0.0. After profiling ``load_from_disk`` and digging a bit into pyarrow I've found the following.

- About 60% of the load time is spent in ``pyarrow.Table.cast`` used within ``update_metadata_with_features``. Since ``update_metadata_with_features`` is only updating the schema metadata, wouldn't it be better to use ``pyarrow.Table.replace_schema_metadata`` instead of ``pyarrow.Table.cast``? Doing this makes ``update_metadata_with_features`` almost instantaneous.
- The remaining time is spent in ``pyarrow.ipc.RecordBatchStreamReader.read_all``. Looking at Arrow C++ libraries, I see ``posix_madvise`` system calls with ``MADV_WILLNEED`` which seem to make the OS load the entire file into the page cache.

I have limited knowledge about memory mapping and page cache so I'm not sure if I'm on the right track here. But at least for me modifiying ``update_metadata_with_features`` to use ``pyarrow.Table.replace_schema_metadata`` reduces the load time to 16 mintures with 220GB read from disk. Modifying/recompiling Arrow to suppress the ``posix_madvise`` system calls further reduces the load time to under 4 mintures with 40GB read from disk. I'm not sure if there is an easy fix for the latter without manually modifing the Arrow C++ libraries.

I've also tried loading the dataset on a MacBook and while it loads faster with fewer reads (meaning part of the issue is OS-specific), the problem with ``update_metadata_with_features`` being slow remains.

Hi @arsarabi ! Thanks for investigating, these are useful insights.
Good catch about `Table.cast`, feel free to open a PR to use `Table.replace_schema_metadata` instead (plus it looks like it's not considered "experimental" anymore since pyarrow 5.0.0)

Regarding the `posix_madvise` system calls with `MADV_WILLNEED`, it's probably worth discussing about it on the Apache Arrow mailing list.

Hey all,

I've been plagued by this issue when training large language models on C4 (2.1TB Arrow file after tokenization), so wanted to spend some time doing a deep dive.

I took @lhoestq's test script, and modified it to 1000 times SQUaD so it could fit on a variety of machines I tested
```
import datasets as ds

s = ds.load_dataset("squad", split="train")
s4000 = ds.concatenate_datasets([s] * 1000)
print(ds.utils.size_str(s4000.data.nbytes))  # '73.90 GiB'

s4000.save_to_disk("tmp/squad_4000")
```

Finally, loading this dataset on my MacBook Pro yielded a similar time as @lhoestq, confirming his results: 

```
In [3]: import psutil
   ...: import time
   ...: from datasets import load_from_disk
   ...:
   ...: disk = "disk0"  # You may have to change your disk here
   ...: iocnt1 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
   ...: time1 = time.time()
   ...:
   ...: s4000_reloaded = load_from_disk("tmp/squad_4000")
   ...:
   ...: time2 = time.time()
   ...: iocnt2 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
   ...:
   ...: print(f"Blocks read {iocnt2.read_count - iocnt1.read_count}")  # Blocks read 18
   ...: print(f"Elapsed time: {time2 - time1:.02f}s")  # Elapsed time: 14.60s

Blocks read 9242
Elapsed time: 4.62s
```

Next, I tried the same experiment on my desktop running Ubuntu 20.04 with an SSD and a 7200 RPM HDD:

Ubuntu SSD results:
```
In [10]: iocnt1 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
    ...: time1 = time.time()
    ...:
    ...: s4000_reloaded = load_from_disk("tmp/squad_4000")
    ...:
    ...: time2 = time.time()
    ...: iocnt2 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
    ...:
    ...: print(f"Blocks read {iocnt2.read_count - iocnt1.read_count}")  # Blocks read 18
    ...: print(f"Elapsed time: {time2 - time1:.02f}s")  # Elapsed time: 14.60s
Blocks read 26718
Elapsed time: 29.23s
```

Ubuntu HDD results:
```
In [6]: iocnt1 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
   ...: time1 = time.time()
   ...:
   ...: s4000_reloaded = load_from_disk("tmp/squad_4000")
   ...:
   ...: time2 = time.time()
   ...: iocnt2 = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)[disk]
   ...:
   ...: print(f"Blocks read {iocnt2.read_count - iocnt1.read_count}")  # Blocks read 18
   ...: print(f"Elapsed time: {time2 - time1:.02f}s")  # Elapsed time: 14.60s
Blocks read 24433
Elapsed time: 116.97s
```

I also tracked the read speed of my HDD and SSD while the file was reading using IOstat. The SSD read the Arrow file at 429 M/s, and the HDD read it at 92 M/s. **This factor correlates with the difference in elapsed time.**

Finally, I have viewed the block size for all platforms, and they are all 4096 bytes. Some questions that I have:

1. Why does the Ubuntu machine read many more blocks than the OSX machine? It isn't a virtualized disk for this experiment, so memory mapping should be doing something similar.
2. I thought Arrow files should have been memory mapped into the operating system, which implied to me that the time to **load a dataset shouldn't correlate with the number of tokens in the dataset**. Is this true? As I increase the size of the dataset (the factor that we multiply SQUaD by), the time for `load_from_disk` increases. This is at the point where it takes ~4 hours to initialize a job that loads a copy of C4, which is very cumbersome to experiment with.

Any thoughts would be appreciated! This is currently a blocker in my workload.


Although I hope this issue get resolved fundamentally, the following could be a workaround.
1. split your corpus into many small sized files, say 10GB.
2. create one arrow file for each small sized file
3. use Pytorch's [ConcatDataset](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/_modules/torch/utils/data/dataset.html#ConcatDataset) to load a bunch of datasets
```python
dataset_list = [datasets.load_from_disk(p) for p in dataset_paths]
for ds in dataset_list:
    ds.set_format("torch")
dataset = torch.utils.data.ConcatDataset(dataset_list)  # use this for training
```

I did not measured the exact time difference, but in my case this approach made training with 600GB data feasible.

@hwijeen Ooh, thank you! Although I am curious -- if you are loading shards in serial (as opposed to parallel), shouldn't the loading time be the same as loading the entire dataset? I would understand if one was loading the dataset with multiprocessing, but wanted to check on the code snippet you gave. 

@moinnadeem It seems the loading time does not increase linearly according to the dataset size, like it is shown in the [above comment](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/2252#issuecomment-825596467). 

Hi !

> I thought Arrow files should have been memory mapped into the operating system, which implied to me that the time to load a dataset shouldn't correlate with the number of tokens in the dataset. Is this true? As I increase the size of the dataset (the factor that we multiply SQUaD by), the time for load_from_disk increases. This is at the point where it takes ~4 hours to initialize a job that loads a copy of C4, which is very cumbersome to experiment with.

Yes in theory it shouldn't be correlated to the size of the dataset, in my understanding of `pyarrow`.
Here is the function that is called to load the Arrow table of a dataset. It takes a path to an Arrow file (in arrow streaming format) as input:
```python
import pyarrow as pa

def _memory_mapped_arrow_table_from_file(filename: str) -> pa.Table:
    memory_mapped_stream = pa.memory_map(filename)
    opened_stream = pa.ipc.open_stream(memory_mapped_stream)
    pa_table = opened_stream.read_all()
    return pa_table
```

The part that can sometimes take a long time is the call to `opened_stream.read_all()`. Not sure what `pyarrow` does at that point to cause this though. In my opinion we should discuss with the Arrow team to figure out what's happening.

Although we can probably workaround this in `datasets` by systematically sharding/partitionning the datasets on disk if that helps.

This has been a very interesting discussion to read. Are there any updates on it? I take it that the best option we have now is to shard our data into multiple datasets and concatenate them as shown above by @hwijeen. 

On a more basic note, the huggingface `Dataset` should play really well with the `DistributedSampler` object used by the `Trainer`  when doing e.g., DDP? I'm hoping that by using the huggingface `Dataset`, the data loader will just index into the pyarrow table and the dataset won't be loaded in full in each process (but we have to pay the cost of the `load_data` in each process presumably so that the data loader can index into the table on that process)? Then I can use the data collators and other tools available in the library to do multi-node training. Is my intuition correct?


> This has been a very interesting discussion to read. Are there any updates on it? I take it that the best option we have now is to shard our data into multiple datasets and concatenate them as shown above by @hwijeen.

If this solution proves to help, we can add an arrow files sharding for all big datasets directly integrated in `load_dataset`.

> I'm hoping that by using the huggingface Dataset, the data loader will just index into the pyarrow table and the dataset won't be loaded in full in each process (but we have to pay the cost of the load_data in each process presumably so that the data loader can index into the table on that process)?

Yes your intuition is right :)

By any chance, do we have a better understanding of what's happening?

I am encoutering a similar problem: I have an arrow file produced by HF datasets (`shard`+`save_to_disk`) and I am trying to load this dataset/arrow file with `datasets.load_from_disk(the_dataset_folder)`. I noticed that the first time I load it, it would be significantly slower than the subsequent times. Two days later, I will retry loading it, and it will be slow again...

After diving a little bit, the gap happens in the `_memory_mapped_arrow_table_from_file` function, and in particular in the call to `RecordBatchStreamReader.read_all`:https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/158917e24128afbbe0f03ce36ea8cd9f850ea853/src/datasets/table.py#L51
`read_all` is slow the first time (probably for some operations that are only happening once, and are cached for a few hours?), but not the subsequent times.

```
>>> def _memory_mapped_arrow_table_from_file(filename):
...     memory_mapped_stream = pa.memory_map(filename)
...     opened_stream = pa.ipc.open_stream(memory_mapped_stream)
...     start_time = time.time()
...     _ = opened_stream.read_all()
...     print(f"{time.time()-start_time}")
...
>>> filename_slow = "train/00248-00249/cache-3d25861de64b93b5.arrow"
>>> _memory_mapped_arrow_table_from_file(filename_slow) # First time
0.24040865898132324
>>> _memory_mapped_arrow_table_from_file(filename_slow) # subsequent times
0.0006551742553710938
>>> _memory_mapped_arrow_table_from_file(filename_slow)
0.0006804466247558594
>>> _memory_mapped_arrow_table_from_file(filename_slow)
0.0009818077087402344
```

My setup:
- `datasets` version: 2.3.3.dev0
- Platform: Linux-4.18.0-305.57.1.el8_4.x86_64-x86_64-with-glibc2.17
- Python version: 3.8.13
- PyArrow version: 9.0.0
- Pandas version: 1.4.2

I realize this might be an Apache Arrow question so I ask them, but wanted to leave a message here too.

This is a good question to ask Arrow, feel free to share the thread link or the response here :)

For posterity, the answer from the apache arrow folks:

> The short answer is no, you cannot remove that discrepancy.
> 
> For a memory mapped file, when data is first accessed it is brought into memory. Subsequent reads to that data doesn't require having to go back to disk, because it's already in memory. In your example, you haven't restarted your process so the file data is still in memory for the subsequent reads.
> 
> If you want more details about memory mapped files, I think this SO post seems to have some pretty good info [1].
> 
> [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/a/6383253
> 

I have the same issue still with the Oscar dataset... any solution, I was thinking about streaming the dataset but that's not an option for me now....

In release 2.6 we significantly improved the speed of iterating over contiguous data (from https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/pull/5030). Just make sure to use a `for` loop or load the dataset as an iterable dataset.

We also opened https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/5265 to be able to switch from a map-style dataset to an iterable dataset and achieve the best throughput.

Hey, thank you. I'm using the default Trainer for MLM pre-training, I can load the dataset as IterableDataset (with the streaming option), but then I can not use the [IterableDataset.take()](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/v2.7.1/en/package_reference/main_classes#datasets.IterableDataset.take) and [IterableDataset.skip()](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/v2.7.1/en/package_reference/main_classes#datasets.IterableDataset.skip) to split the dataset (I would like to have some validation data) because the dataset is divided in shards and once I run the training I got exception that take and skip methods cannot be used in that configuration.

If you have the dataset locally you can load it as an iterable dataset to get the best performance. Switching from a `Dataset` to an `IterableDataset` isn't implemented in `datasets` yet (see https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/5265 mentioned above), but is pretty easy to do using `IterableDataset.from_generator`.

You just need to get shards of the dataset and choose some of them for training, and some of them for validation. Here is an example where you shard the dataset in 100 parts and choose the last one to be your validation set:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset, IterableDataset

oscar = load_dataset("oscar", split="train")

# to get the best speed we don't shuffle the dataset before sharding, and we load shards of contiguous data
num_shards = 100
shards = [oscar.shard(num_shards=num_shards, index=index, contiguous=True) for index in range(num_shards)]

def gen_from_shards(shards):
    for shard in shards:
        for example in shard:
            yield example


train_ds = IterableDataset.from_generator(gen_from_shards, gen_kwargs={"shards": shards[:99]})
val_ds = IterableDataset.from_generator(gen_from_shards, gen_kwargs={"shards": shards[99:]})
```

> If you have the dataset locally you can load it as an iterable dataset to get the best performance. Switching from a `Dataset` to an `IterableDataset` isn't implemented in `datasets` yet (see #5265 mentioned above), but is pretty easy to do using `IterableDataset.from_generator`.
> 
> You just need to get shards of the dataset and choose some of them for training, and some of them for validation. Here is an example where you shard the dataset in 100 parts and choose the last one to be your validation set:
> 
> ```python
> from datasets import load_dataset, IterableDataset
> 
> oscar = load_dataset("oscar", split="train")
> 
> # to get the best speed we don't shuffle the dataset before sharding, and we load shards of contiguous data
> num_shards = 100
> shards = [oscar.shard(num_shards=num_shards, index=index, contiguous=True) for index in range(num_shards)]
> 
> def gen_from_shards(shards):
>     for shard in shards:
>         for example in shard:
>             yield example
> 
> 
> train_ds = IterableDataset.from_generator(gen_from_shards, gen_kwargs={"shards": shards[:99]})
> val_ds = IterableDataset.from_generator(gen_from_shards, gen_kwargs={"shards": shards[99:]})
> ```

Thank you I'll try it!

Please also make sure to use the latest version of pyarrow to benefit from the best speed, or at least pyarrow 8.0.0 :)

> If you have the dataset locally you can load it as an iterable dataset to get the best performance. Switching from a `Dataset` to an `IterableDataset` isn't implemented in `datasets` yet (see #5265 mentioned above), but is pretty easy to do using `IterableDataset.from_generator`.
> 
> You just need to get shards of the dataset and choose some of them for training, and some of them for validation. Here is an example where you shard the dataset in 100 parts and choose the last one to be your validation set:
> 
> ```python
> from datasets import load_dataset, IterableDataset
> 
> oscar = load_dataset("oscar", split="train")
> 
> # to get the best speed we don't shuffle the dataset before sharding, and we load shards of contiguous data
> num_shards = 100
> shards = [oscar.shard(num_shards=num_shards, index=index, contiguous=True) for index in range(num_shards)]
> 
> def gen_from_shards(shards):
>     for shard in shards:
>         for example in shard:
>             yield example
> 
> 
> train_ds = IterableDataset.from_generator(gen_from_shards, gen_kwargs={"shards": shards[:99]})
> val_ds = IterableDataset.from_generator(gen_from_shards, gen_kwargs={"shards": shards[99:]})
> ```

Thanks, it worked, it helped to split the dataset into shards as you suggested, but I'm curious why was the dataset so slow why is this happening bcs I do some preprocessing with the Dataset.map() function and it works quite fast (for 34GB of text) it takes around 1,5 hour to process the data (tokenization, chunk merging. etc.)  with 6 workers, but then once I'm using this preprocessed dataset the iteration is significantly slower like 10times e.g., 2.2it/s vs 5s/batch.

Cool !

> but I'm curious why was the dataset so slow why is this happening bcs I do some preprocessing with the Dataset.map() function and it works quite fast (for 34GB of text) it takes around 1,5 hour to process the data (tokenization, chunk merging. etc.) with 6 workers, but then once I'm using this preprocessed dataset the iteration is significantly slower like 10times e.g., 2.2it/s vs 5s/batch.

When you process an unshuffled dataset with `map`, you iterate over **contiguous** chunks of data, which is very fast. You get the best speed when you have an iterable dataset as well, when it's based on shards of contiguous data.

This is fast because internally Arrow simply iterates over the record batches.

On the other hand, if you use a map-style dataset in PyTorch, then PyTorch samples **uniformly** from the files on your disk. This is slower for your disk, and also requires an extra step to get the location of the examples from an index.

> Cool !
> 
> > but I'm curious why was the dataset so slow why is this happening bcs I do some preprocessing with the Dataset.map() function and it works quite fast (for 34GB of text) it takes around 1,5 hour to process the data (tokenization, chunk merging. etc.) with 6 workers, but then once I'm using this preprocessed dataset the iteration is significantly slower like 10times e.g., 2.2it/s vs 5s/batch.
> 
> When you process an unshuffled dataset with `map`, you iterate over **contiguous** chunks of data, which is very fast. You get the best speed when you have an iterable dataset as well, when it's based on shards of contiguous data.
> 
> This is fast because internally Arrow simply iterates over the record batches.
> 
> On the other hand, if you use a map-style dataset in PyTorch, then PyTorch samples **uniformly** from the files on your disk. This is slower for your disk, and also requires an extra step to get the location of the examples from an index.

Now it makes sense, I thought that even the map-style unshuffled dataset, will be processed iteratively (I mean from start to end without any sampling). Great!

Hey all,

I'm facing the same issue with the PILE.

```
 raw_datasets = load_dataset(
        "EleutherAI/the_pile_deduplicated",
        cache_dir=CACHE_DIR,
        ignore_verifications=True,
    )
```
takes ~1h 30min, although I already cached it.

Later in my code, I use

```
tokenized_datasets = raw_datasets.map(
            tokenize_function,
            batched=True,
            num_proc=psutil.cpu_count(),
            remove_columns=column_names,
            batch_size=100,
            load_from_cache_file=True,
            cache_file_names=cache_file_names,
        )
```

Is there any way I can instantiate the (also already cached) tokenized dataset directly without having to wait until `raw_datasets` is instantiated first? 


> takes ~1h 30min, although I already cached it.

An alternative is to load the dataset as iterable but this is not implemented yet, see #5481 

> Is there any way I can instantiate the (also already cached) tokenized dataset directly without having to wait until raw_datasets is instantiated first?

If you want to skip that step, next time I'd recommend you to save the dataset somewhere after tokenization (e.g. using `.save_to_disk()`) and reload it from there instead of relying on the cache.

Though you could look for the cached arrow files in your cache and reload the data from there if you're adventurous. You can use `Dataset.from_file` to reload a file, and then `concatenate_datasets` to concatenate all the chunks.

Thank you so much, you made my day.

The adventurous route worked out well; it now only takes ~5 min :) 

@lhoestq I'm also still having this issue where `load_from_disk` becomes exponentially slower on larger datasets. I've tried the suggestion [here](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/2252#issuecomment-975003505) to shard and then concatenate the dataset but it's still just as slow as using `load_from_disk` out of the box.

Do you have any other suggestions on what to try here? What is the best guidance around how to use the `datasets` library with >1TB datasets? I'm guessing it's not supposed to be reading the entire dataset in during a `load_from_disk` call.

In case it helps, this is my code for loading and concatenating.
```
def concatenate_ds_shards(path):
    arrow_files = get_arrow_files(path)  # get the arrow files generated by `save_to_disk(...)`
    shards = [Dataset.from_file(f) for f in arrow_files]
    return ds.concatenate_datasets(shards)
```

Can you try using `IterableDataset.from_file` instead ? This should be faster since it doesn't memory map the full dataset and doesn't read the arrow record batches metadata either.

You'll get an `IterableDataset` which is more suited for bigger datasets. You can find some documentation about the differences about Dataset vs IterableDataset [here](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/about_mapstyle_vs_iterable)

@lhoestq thank you for the suggestion! Can we also use `IterableDataset` directly within DDP setups (multi-GPU or multi-node)? Or does some special work need to be done?

Yup using `split_dataset_by_node` for example (see docs [here](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/v2.14.4/en/use_with_pytorch#distributed))

> Can you try using `IterableDataset.from_file` instead ? This should be faster since it doesn't memory map the full dataset and doesn't read the arrow record batches metadata either.

@lhoestq Why memory map the full dataset is slow? [It is said](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/about_arrow#memory-mapping) to be memory efficient, so I assume `load_dataset` should also be fast (given that only few data are loaded).

I think (if I didn't take it wrong) mmap should take nearly no time and returns immediately, and all data is read from disk later when it is actually wanted. So, no pre-fetch here. But it is not true for `load_dataset`, which actually reads a lot of data from disk at the very beginning.

Profiling (in this [comment](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/2252#issuecomment-1215733602), and also in my profiling) shows `RecordBatchStreamReader.read_all` is the most time-consuming function call. So what is it reading? Is it indeed required to read these data in memory mapped scenario?

We memory map the arrow files and use `RecordBatchStreamReader.read_all` indeed. This does not load the data in memory so it is generally super fast.

However if you have a slow disk and your dataset has thousands of arrow files with lots of record batches then it can take a few minutes to run. This is because of `RecordBatchStreamReader.read_all`: it doesn't read the data but it does read the record batches metadata (e.g. their length). This is used to know the size of the full dataset for example.

For iterable datasets we don't need to know the length of the dataset in advance, so we don't need to read the metadata, which makes things faster to load.

@lhoestq Thanks for your quick reply and detailed explanation. What is the proportion of metadata accounts for all data typically?

I'd like to give more details on my experiments if you don't mind taking a look.

I'm basically calling `load_datasets` and then `map` on [openwebtext](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Skylion007/openwebtext), which is around 40GB (~80 cached arrow files with ~500MB each) for `load_dataset` and a single 17GB cached arrow file for `map`. Observed from `iotop`, both `load_datasets` and `map` read ~9GB from disk (~100MB/s for ~100 seconds each), combined ~18GB read. I believe this is abnormal: `map` reads 50% of its cache file. 

For a better view of what's in the cache file: I specified the feature of cache file to be `Features({'text': Sequence(Value("uint16"), length=2048)})` when calling `map`.

It's also interesting that `load_datasets` and `map` read almost the same amount of metadata. Don't know if it's a coincidence.

Environment:

- python 3.10.12
- datasets 2.14.6
- pyarrow 12.0.1
- ubuntu 22.04

Thanks for investigating @RmZeta2718 , this is useful information and indeed abnormal. Not sure what would cause that but may I ask you to see if reducing the number of record batches in the mapped dataset helps ? You can try passing `writer_batch_size=10_000` to do so (one record batch = 10k examples instead of the default 1k)

Sorry for the delay. @lhoestq 

I found NO performance improvement after increasing `writer_batch_size`. But I found setting `batch_size=100_000` (100x default) reduces map time and disk read to a half (~50 seconds and ~4GB). But `load_datasets` doesn't have any of these options, so it remains slow.

And it's hard to test because once the data are loaded, they are cached in memory. Any consecutive attempts to load the same data will return immediately.

Can you guys reproduce the problem? Testing just `load_dataset` is enough, I think. In my example, `load_dataset` read 25% of the cached data (9/40), which is also abnormal. I'm not sure what the data structure of metadata is, but I'm expecting it to be around several KB (if it is a length, then 8B per shard?).


I also faced the slow mmap when loading a large dataset (~2TB) using `datasets.load_from_disk`. The dataset was saved with around ~1100 shards of 2GB. I believe it seems to depend on the file system. I have access to two clusters:
1. In the first (smaller) cluster, the file storage servers were partitioned as ext4 and mounted as nfs4 on the compute node. `datasets.load_from_disk` loads the dataset in a couple of minutes. Monitoring the virtual size`VIRT` in htop, I can see that the Python process is mapping ~70 GBs of data per second.
2. In the second cluster, the file storage is mounted as 'lustre', and the dataset files are stored with 16 stripes (`lfs getstripe`). `datasets.load_from_disk` takes around 30–40 minutes. Monitoring the virtual size`VIRT` of the Python process in htop, I see the mapping speed is around 1-2 GBs per second.

Is there any recommendations for stripe_size or stripe-count of luster or the shards size to improve the loading speed?
I prefer not to use iterative datasets since AFAIU, it's not possible to do weighted sampling from an iterative dataset.

> Can you guys reproduce the problem? Testing just load_dataset is enough, I think. In my example, load_dataset read 25% of the cached data (9/40), which is also abnormal. I'm not sure what the data structure of metadata is, but I'm expecting it to be around several KB (if it is a length, then 8B per shard?).

Reproducing these issues is not easy on our side, given they depend on the setup.

For `load_datastet` it would be nice to be able to control the size of the batches written on disk, feel free to open an issue if it's something you'd like to see, and we'll discuss there how to do it.

> I also faced the slow mmap when loading a large dataset (~2TB) using datasets.load_from_disk. The dataset was saved with around ~1100 shards of 2GB. I believe it seems to depend on the file system. I have access to two clusters:

That's helpful information, thanks ! It seems like Lustre doesn't read at full speed with the memory mapping in `datasets`

> Is there any recommendations for stripe_size or stripe-count of luster or the shards size to improve the loading speed?

I would try increasing the stripe size in case the memory mapping does too much unecessary readahead with the default value

> Reproducing these issues is not easy on our side, given they depend on the setup.

Hey! This is what I do:

```python
raw_datasets["train"] = load_dataset("openwebtext", split=f"train[5000:]")
raw_datasets["validation"] = load_dataset("openwebtext", split=f"train[:5000]")
```

I mean there is nothing special in the code, so I believe the slowing issue is general and should be able to be reproduced by a plain call to `load_dataset`. Environments are listed [above](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/2252#issuecomment-1820848089). I'm glad to provide any other info if you need.


I managed to speed up the loading time (on the Lustre file system) by mmapping the arrow shards in parallel (`python preload_mmap.py` see the script below) and relying on the OS to cache the mmap.

Here are some results:

1. Without caching (on a fresh node):
```
# Sequentially using datasets.load_from_disk
 Loading dataset_name: 1865.329 seconds
```
2.  After calling `python preload_mmap.py` once to cache (the first time, it takes around 90 seconds with 16 processes).

```
# return only the lenght of the table from each worker
# python preload_mmap.py p # use processes and return only len of table from workers
Loading dataset_name using num of (returning len) processes=16: 42.837 seconds
# python preload_mmap.py t  # use threads and return only len of table from workers
Loading dataset_name using num of (returning len) threads=16: 105.167 seconds

# return the whole table from each worker
# python preload_mmap.py p table # use processes and return tables from workers
Loading dataset_name using num of (returning table) processes=16: 367.917 seconds
# python preload_mmap.py t  table # use threads and return tables from workers
Loading dataset_name using num of (returning table) threads=16: 260.434 seconds

# Sequentially using datasets.load_from_disk (the dataset has only one split)
Loading dataset_name: 397.046 seconds
```
It seems that preloading the files in processes (without returning the table) speeds up subsequent `load_from_disk` calls. However, the communication time to return the tables for concatenation is high (I am not sure how they are pickled).

Threads are slower to mmap the table but faster to communicate. If this works on other file systems, it may be worth it to have the option to load the shards in parallel [here](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/27d1fe52857c6a25a29cac63a296405136b2797c/src/datasets/arrow_dataset.py#L1702).

```python
# preload_mmap.py
import datasets
import os
from datasets.table import MemoryMappedTable, concat_tables
import glob
import logging
from time import perf_counter
from multiprocessing import Pool
from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
import sys
import concurrent
import functools

logger = datasets.logging.get_logger(__name__)


datasets.logging.set_verbosity_info()



class catchtime:
    # context to measure loading time: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33987060/python-context-manager-that-measures-time
    def __init__(self, debug_print="Time", logger=logger):
        self.debug_print = debug_print
        self.logger = logger

    def __enter__(self):
        self.start = perf_counter()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        self.time = perf_counter() - self.start
        readout = f"{self.debug_print}: {self.time:.3f} seconds"
        self.logger.info(readout)


def load_file(f, return_len=False):
    with catchtime(f"Loading {f}", logger=logger):
        ds = MemoryMappedTable.from_file(f)
    if return_len:  # process pool is slow to serialize
        return len(ds)
    return ds


def load_files(
    files, debug_name="dataset_name", num_proc=16, use_threads=False, return_len=False
):
    if use_threads:
        pool_cls = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor
        pool_kwargs = {"max_workers": num_proc}
        debug_desc = "threads"
    else:
        pool_cls = Pool
        pool_kwargs = {"processes": num_proc}
        debug_desc = "processes"
    if return_len:
        debug_desc = "(returning table) " + debug_desc
    else:
        debug_desc = "(returning len) " + debug_desc
    with catchtime(
        f"Loading {debug_name} using num of {debug_desc}={num_proc}", logger=logger
    ):
        with pool_cls(**pool_kwargs) as pool:
            result = list(
                pool.map(functools.partial(load_file, return_len=return_len), files)
            )
    return result


def main(use_threads, return_len):
    datasets.logging.set_verbosity_info()
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG, format="%(message)s")
    logger.info("Starting")

    jc = "datset_name"
    local = "dataset_path"
    split = "train"
    files = glob.glob(os.path.join(local, jc, split, "*.arrow"))
    files = sorted(files)

    ds = load_files(files, jc, use_threads=use_threads, return_len=return_len)
    if not return_len:
        with catchtime(f"concat_ tables"):
            ds = concat_tables(ds)

    logger.info("done")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    use_threads = False
    return_len = True

    print(
        "Usage: \n Threads: python preload_mmap.py t \n Threads and concatenate datasets: python preload_mmap.py t c"
        "\n processes: python preload_mmap.py p \n processes and concatenate datasets: python preload_mmap.py p c "
    )
    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1].startswith("t"):
        use_threads = True
    if len(sys.argv) > 2:
        return_len = False

    main(use_threads, return_len)

```

> I managed to speed up the loading time (on the Lustre file system) by mmapping the arrow shards in parallel (`python preload_mmap.py` see the script below) and relying on the OS to cache the mmap.
> 
> Here are some results:
> 
> 1. Without caching (on a fresh node):
> 
> ```
> # Sequentially using datasets.load_from_disk
>  Loading dataset_name: 1865.329 seconds
> ```
> 
> 2. After calling `python preload_mmap.py` once to cache (the first time, it takes around 90 seconds with 16 processes).
> 
> ```
> # return only the lenght of the table from each worker
> # python preload_mmap.py p # use processes and return only len of table from workers
> Loading dataset_name using num of (returning len) processes=16: 42.837 seconds
> # python preload_mmap.py t  # use threads and return only len of table from workers
> Loading dataset_name using num of (returning len) threads=16: 105.167 seconds
> 
> # return the whole table from each worker
> # python preload_mmap.py p table # use processes and return tables from workers
> Loading dataset_name using num of (returning table) processes=16: 367.917 seconds
> # python preload_mmap.py t  table # use threads and return tables from workers
> Loading dataset_name using num of (returning table) threads=16: 260.434 seconds
> 
> # Sequentially using datasets.load_from_disk (the dataset has only one split)
> Loading dataset_name: 397.046 seconds
> ```
> 
> It seems that preloading the files in processes (without returning the table) speeds up subsequent `load_from_disk` calls. However, the communication time to return the tables for concatenation is high (I am not sure how they are pickled).
> 
> Threads are slower to mmap the table but faster to communicate. If this works on other file systems, it may be worth it to have the option to load the shards in parallel [here](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/27d1fe52857c6a25a29cac63a296405136b2797c/src/datasets/arrow_dataset.py#L1702).
> 
> ```python
> # preload_mmap.py
> import datasets
> import os
> from datasets.table import MemoryMappedTable, concat_tables
> import glob
> import logging
> from time import perf_counter
> from multiprocessing import Pool
> from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
> import sys
> import concurrent
> import functools
> 
> logger = datasets.logging.get_logger(__name__)
> 
> 
> datasets.logging.set_verbosity_info()
> 
> 
> 
> class catchtime:
>     # context to measure loading time: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33987060/python-context-manager-that-measures-time
>     def __init__(self, debug_print="Time", logger=logger):
>         self.debug_print = debug_print
>         self.logger = logger
> 
>     def __enter__(self):
>         self.start = perf_counter()
>         return self
> 
>     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
>         self.time = perf_counter() - self.start
>         readout = f"{self.debug_print}: {self.time:.3f} seconds"
>         self.logger.info(readout)
> 
> 
> def load_file(f, return_len=False):
>     with catchtime(f"Loading {f}", logger=logger):
>         ds = MemoryMappedTable.from_file(f)
>     if return_len:  # process pool is slow to serialize
>         return len(ds)
>     return ds
> 
> 
> def load_files(
>     files, debug_name="dataset_name", num_proc=16, use_threads=False, return_len=False
> ):
>     if use_threads:
>         pool_cls = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor
>         pool_kwargs = {"max_workers": num_proc}
>         debug_desc = "threads"
>     else:
>         pool_cls = Pool
>         pool_kwargs = {"processes": num_proc}
>         debug_desc = "processes"
>     if return_len:
>         debug_desc = "(returning table) " + debug_desc
>     else:
>         debug_desc = "(returning len) " + debug_desc
>     with catchtime(
>         f"Loading {debug_name} using num of {debug_desc}={num_proc}", logger=logger
>     ):
>         with pool_cls(**pool_kwargs) as pool:
>             result = list(
>                 pool.map(functools.partial(load_file, return_len=return_len), files)
>             )
>     return result
> 
> 
> def main(use_threads, return_len):
>     datasets.logging.set_verbosity_info()
>     logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG, format="%(message)s")
>     logger.info("Starting")
> 
>     jc = "datset_name"
>     local = "dataset_path"
>     split = "train"
>     files = glob.glob(os.path.join(local, jc, split, "*.arrow"))
>     files = sorted(files)
> 
>     ds = load_files(files, jc, use_threads=use_threads, return_len=return_len)
>     if not return_len:
>         with catchtime(f"concat_ tables"):
>             ds = concat_tables(ds)
> 
>     logger.info("done")
> 
> 
> if __name__ == "__main__":
>     use_threads = False
>     return_len = True
> 
>     print(
>         "Usage: \n Threads: python preload_mmap.py t \n Threads and concatenate datasets: python preload_mmap.py t c"
>         "\n processes: python preload_mmap.py p \n processes and concatenate datasets: python preload_mmap.py p c "
>     )
>     if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1].startswith("t"):
>         use_threads = True
>     if len(sys.argv) > 2:
>         return_len = False
> 
>     main(use_threads, return_len)
> ```

I'm very happying that I use this way to acclereate the time of the data load from 15 minutes to 45 seconds. And my dataset size is on the TB scale.

My file system is virtio-fs. I can't know its real file system because my code is in the virtual machine and i can't access the host machine. I guess it should be a distributed file system similar to Luster. I don't know why it is so slow and why multi threading can acclerate it. But what i know is it really acclerates the load time and it is vital for me. Thanks for your code.

Nice to see this method validated on multiple setups !

Would be cool to integrate multithreading when memory mapping the Arrow files then
I think this can be added here (for load_dataset):

https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/796a47e388a5c5711a95bd649648608c18219ac5/src/datasets/arrow_reader.py#L199-L201

and here (for load_from_disk):

https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/796a47e388a5c5711a95bd649648608c18219ac5/src/datasets/arrow_dataset.py#L1701-L1704

I can take some time next week to do it, but feel free to open a PR if you want to give it a try


> I can take some time next week to do it, but feel free to open a PR if you want to give it a try

Threading seems to work faster in  [arrow_dataset.py](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/796a47e388a5c5711a95bd649648608c18219ac5/src/datasets/arrow_dataset.py#L1701-L1704) . However, changing [arrow_reader.py](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/796a47e388a5c5711a95bd649648608c18219ac5/src/datasets/arrow_reader.py#L199-L201) may require changes in the higher api of `DatasetBuilder.as_dataset`, which is used in many places including `load_dataset`,  see https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/pull/6464.