グレアム・プリースト

グレアム・プリーストは、イギリス・オーストラリアの論理学者・哲学者。メルボルン大学Boyce Gibson教授、ニューヨーク市立大学特別教授、セント・アンドリュース大学ではArcheプロフェッショナルフェローを務める。ロンドン・スクール・オブ・エコノミクスでPhD、メルボルン大学でD. Littを取得。専門は、論理学・形而上学・西洋哲学史・東洋哲学史。また空手道を愛し、糸東流四段の腕前であるとともに、オーストラリアのNational Refereeの資格を持つ。

1. 研究
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プリーストの研究領域は、非古典論理、特に矛盾許容論理、非存在対象を真正の対象として受け入れるマイノング主義とそれに基づく志向性の意味論、真でありかつ偽である文を認める真矛盾主義とそれに基づく意味論的パラドクスの分析など、多岐にわたる。

1.1. 矛盾許容論理と真矛盾主義
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古典論理や直観主義論理においては、矛盾を含む前提からは任意の命題を導出することが許される。これは「爆発原理」と呼ばれている。このため古典論理や直観主義論理では、もし理論に矛盾が含まれているならば、そこではあらゆる命題が定理になる。理論が無矛盾なものである限りは、この原理は深刻な問題を引き起こさない。しかしながら法律やフィクションには矛盾が含まれることもありうる。ある小説中に矛盾する記述が含まれているからといって私たちはその小説の世界ではあらゆることが成り立つとは推論しない。このような場合、私たちは古典論理や直観主義論理に従ってはいないのである。さらに言えばプリーストは現実の世界が矛盾を含むことも可能だと考えている。そのためプリーストは爆発原理を妥当にしない矛盾許容論理を提唱する。

1.2. マイノング主義と志向性の意味論
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プリーストはリチャード・シルヴァン、テレンス・パーソンズらと並ぶ現代のマイノング主義者の一人である。マイノング主義は存在しない対象についても何らかの真なる主張が出来る、と考える立場である。この立場はラッセルやクワインによる反論を受けたが、近年では見直されつつある。プリーストは可能世界意味論を拡張した意味論によって非存在対象を扱う論理を考案し、それを「・・・について考える」、「・・・だと信じる」などの志向性動詞を含んだ言語に対する意味論に応用している。

2. 主な業績
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2.1. 著作
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On Paraconsistency . Research Report #l3, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University l983. G. Priest, R. Routley and J. Norman , Paraconsistent Logic に再録。ルーマニア語訳がI. Lucica , Ex Falso Quodlibet: studii de logica paraconsistenta  に収録。
In Contradiction: A Study of the Transconsistent, Martinus Nijhoff, 1987. Second edition Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-926330-2
Beyond the Limits of Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1995. Second edition, Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-924421-9
Logic: a Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-289320-3 ポルトガル語訳、Logica para Comecar, Temas & Debates, 2002. スペイン語訳、Una Brevisima Introduccion a la LogicaOceano, 2006. チェコ語訳、Logika ? pr?vodce pro ka?deho, Doko?an, 2007. 日本語訳, 『論理学』、菅沼聡訳、岩波書店, 2008年。
Introduction to Non-Classical Logic, Cambridge University, 2001. Second edition: Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is, Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780521670265 [1] German translation of Part 1 of Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is: Einfuhrung in die nicht-klassische logic, Mentis 2008.
Towards Non-Being: the Semantics and Metaphysics of Intentionality, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-926254-3 日本語訳、『存在しないものに向かって』、勁草書房、久木田水生・藤川直也共訳、2011年6月。ISBN 978-4-326-10207-5
Doubt Truth to be a Liar, Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-926328-0
Logic: A Brief Insight, Sterling 2010. ISBN 1-4027-6896-6

2.2. 論文
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'Gruesome Simplicity', Philosophy of Science 1976, 43, 432-7.
'Modality as a Metaconcept', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 1976, XVII, 401-414. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ndjfl/1093887632
'The Formalization of Ockham's Theory of Supposition' , Mind 1977, LXXXVI, 109-113.
'A Refoundation of Modal Logic', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 1977, XVIII, 340-354. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ndjfl/1093888007
'Logic of Paradox', Journal of Philosophical Logic 1979, 8, 219-241. Translated into French as ‘La Logique du Paradoxe’, Philosophie 94 , 72-94.
'Indefinite Descriptions', Logique et Analyse 1979, 22, 5-21.
'A Note on the Sorites Paradox', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 1979, 57, 74-75.
'Two Dogmas of Quineanism', Philosophical Quarterly 1979, 29, 289-301.
'Sense, Entailment and Modus Ponens', Journal of Philosophical Logic 1980, 9, 415-35.
'Merely Confused Supposition' , Franciscan Studies 1980, 40, XVIII, 265-297.
'Ockham's Rejection of Ampliation' , Mind 1981, 90, 274-9.
'The Argument from Design', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 1981, 59, 422-43.
'The Logical Paradoxes and the Law of Excluded Middle', Philosophical Quarterly 1983, 33, 160-65.
'To be and not to be: Dialectical Tense Logic', Studia Logica 198l, 41, 157-176; translated into Bulgarian and reprinted in Filosofska Missal XL, 1984, 63-76.
'Lessons from Pseudo-Scotus' , Philosophical Studies 1982, 42, 189-99.
'The Truth Teller Paradox' , Logique et Analyse 1981, 95-6, 381-8.
'An Anti-Realist Account of Mathematical Truth', Synthese 1983, 57, 49-65. D. Jacquette  Philosophy of Mathematics の第8章に再録。
'Logic of Paradox Revisited', Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1984, 12, 153-179.
'Semantic Closure', Studia Logica l984, 43, 117-29.
'Introduction to Paraconsistent Logic' , Studia Logica l983, 44, 3-16.
'Hypercontradictions', Logique et Analyse 1984, 107, 237-43.
'Hume's Final Argument', History of Philosophy Quarterly 1985, 2, 349-352.
'Contradictions in Motion', American Philosophical Quarterly 1985, 22, 339-46.
'Contradiction, Belief and Rationality', Proc. Aristotelian Society 1985/6, LXXXVI, 99-116.
'Tense and Truth Conditions', Analysis 1986, 46, 162-6.
'The Logic of Nuclear Armaments', Critical Philosophy 1986, 3, 107-113.
'Unstable Solutions to the Liar Paradox' in Self Reference: Reflections and Reflexivity, S.J. Bartlett and P. Suber , Nijhoff, 1987.
'Tense, Tense and TENSE', Analysis 47, 1987, 177-9.
'Reasoning about Truth', Technical Report TR-ARP-2/88, Automated Reasoning Project, Australian National University, 1988.
'Consistency by Default', Technical Report TR-ARP-3/88, Automated Reasoning Project, Australian National University, 1988.
'When Inconsistency is Inescapable', South African Journal of Philosophy, 7, 1988, 83-89.
'Primary Qualities are Secondary Qualities Too', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1989, 40 , 29-37.
'Contradiction, Assertion, and "Frege's Point"' , Analysis, 49, 1989, 23-6.
'Reasoning About Truth', Artificial Intelligence, 39, 1989, 231-44.
'Denyer's $ not Backed by Sterling Arguments', Mind, 98, , 265-8.
'Classical Logic Aufgehogen' in Paraconsistent Logic, G. Priest, R. Routley and J. Norman , Philosophia Verlag, 1989.
'Reductio ad Absurdum et Modus Tollendo Ponens' in Paraconsistent Logic, G. Priest, R. Routley and J. Norman , Philosophia Verlag, 1989. ルーマニア語訳がI. Lucica , Ex Falso Quodlibet: studii de logica paraconsistenta  に再録。
'Relevance, Truth and Meaning'  in Directions of Relevant Logic, R. Sylvan and J. Norman , Nijhoff, 1989.
'Gegen Wessel', Philosophische Logik 1989, 2, 109-20.
'Dialectic and Dialetheic', Science and Society 1990, 53, 388-415.
'Boolean Negation, and All That', Journal of Philosophical Logic 1990, 19, 201-15.
'Paraconsistent Dialogues' , Logique et Analyse, 131-2 , 339-57.
'Was Marx a Dialetheist?', Science and Society, 1991, 54, 468-75.
'Minimally Inconsistent LP', Studia Logica, 1991, 50, 321-331.
'Intensional Paradoxes', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 32 , 193-211. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ndjfl/1093635745
'The Limits of Thought - and Beyond', Mind 100 , 361-70.
Sorites and Identity', Logique et Analyse, 135-6 , 293-6.
'Simplified Semantics for Basic Relevant Logics' , Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1992, 21, 217-32.
'On Time', Philosophia, 50 , 9-18.
'What is a Non-Normal World?', Logique et Analyse 35 , 291-302.
Another Disguise of the same Fundamental Problems: Barwise and Etchemendy on the Liar', Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 71 , 60-9.
'Yu and Your Mind', Synthese, 95 , 459-60.
'Can Contradictions be True?, II', Proc. Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume 67 , 35-54.
'Derrida and Self-Reference', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 72 , 103-11.
'The Structure of the Paradoxes of Self-Reference', Mind 103 , 25-34.
'Is Arithmetic Consistent?', Mind, 103 , 337-49.
'What Could the Least Inconsistent Number be?', Logique et Analyse, 37 , 3-12.
'Goedel's Theorem and Creativity', in Creativity, ed. T Dartnall, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994. Reprinted with a different introduction as 'Goedel's Theorem and the Mind... Again', in Philosophy of Mind: the place of philosophy in the study of mind, eds. M.Michaelis and J. O'Leary-Horthorne, Kluwer, 1994.
'Etchemendy and Logical Consequence', Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25 , 283-92.
'Gaps and Gluts: Reply to Parsons', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 25 , 57-66.
'Multiple Denotation, Ambiguity and the Strange Case of the Missing Amoeba', Logique et Analyse, 38 , 361-73.
'Some Priorities of Berkeley', Logic and Reality: Essays on the Legacy of Arthur Prior, ed. B.J.Copeland, Oxford University Press, 1996.
'Everett's Trilogy', Mind, 105 , 631-47.
'On Inconsistent Arithmetics: Reply to Denyer', Mind, 105 , 649-59.
'The Definition of Sexual Harassment' , Australasian Journal of Philosophy 74 , 66-82. G. Lee Bowie and Meredith Michaels , 13 Questions in Ethics and Social Philosophy に再録。
'Paraconsistent Logic', Encyclopaedia of Mathematics; Supplement, ed. M. Hazenwinkle, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, 400-1.
'Logic, Nonstandard', pp.   307?10, Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Supplement, ed. D.Borshert, MacMillan, 1996.
Paraconsistent Logic' , Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, created 1996. [2]
On a Paradox of Hilbert and Bernays', Journal of Philosophical Logic 26 , 45-56.
'The Linguistic Construction of Reality', Exordium 6 , 1-7.
'Sylvan's Box', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 38 , 573-82. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ndjfl/1039540770 Towards Non-Being、第6章に再録。
'Inconsistent Models of Arithmetic; I Finite Models', Journal of Philosophical Logic, 26 , 223-35.
Sexual Perversion', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 75 , 360-72. クロアチア語訳がI. Primoratz , Suvremena filozofija seksualnosti の第9章に再録。
'Yablo's Paradox', Analysis 57 , 236-42.
'Language, its Possibility, and Ineffability', pp.   790?794 of P. Wiengartner, G.Schurz and G.Dorn , Proceedings of the 20th International Wittgenstein Symposium, The Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, 1997.
'What's so Bad about Contradictions?', Journal of Philosophy 95 , pp.   410?26
On an Error in Grove's Proof' , Logique et Analyse 158 , 215-7.
'Paraconsistent Logic', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.7, 208-11, ed. E. Craig, Routledge, 1998.
'Fuzzy Identity and Local Validity', Monist 81 , 331-42.
'Number', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.7, 47-54, ed. E. Craig, Routledge, 1998.
'To be and Not to Be - That is the Answer. On Aristotle on the Law of Non-Contradiction', Philosophiegeschichte und Logische Analyse 1 , 91-130.
'The Trivial Object and the Non-Triviality of a Semantically Closed Theory with Descriptions', Journal of Applied and Non-Classical Logic, 8 , 171-83.
'The Import of Inclosure; some Comments on Grattan-Guiness' , Mind 107 , 835-40.
'Dialetheism', Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, created 1998. [3]
'What not? A Defence of a Dialetheic Account of Negation', in D. Gabbay and H. Wansing , What is Negation?, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
'Negation as Cancellation, and Connexivism', Topoi 18 , 141-8.
'On a Version of one of Zeno's Paradoxes', Analysis 59 , 1-2.
'Perceiving Contradictions', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 77 , 439-46.
'Semantic Closure, Descriptions and Triviality', the Journal of Philosophical Logic 28 , 549-58.
'Validity', pp.   183?206 of A.Varzi  The Nature of Logic, CSLI Publications, 1999. . 同タイトルの短縮版がThe Logica Yearbook, 1997 に収録。
'Truth and Contradiction', Philosophical Quarterly 50 , 305-19.
'Paraconsistent Belief Revision', Theoria 68 , 214-28.
'Could everything be True?', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 78 , 189-95.
'The Logic of Backwards Inductions', Economics and Philosophy 16 , 267-85.
'Worlds Apart', Mind! 2000 ), 25-31.
'Vasil’ev and Imaginary Logic', History and Philosophy of Logic 21 , 135-46.
'Motivations for Paraconsistency: the Slippery Slope from Classical Logic to Dialetheism', in D. Batens et al. , Frontiers of Paraconsistent Logic, Research Studies Press, 2000.
'Inconsistent Models of Arithmetic II; the Genera Case', Journal of Symbolic Logic 65 , 1519-29.
'On the Principle of Uniform Solution: a Reply to Smith’, Mind 109 , 123-6.
'Objects of Thought', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 78 , 494-502. 日本語訳「思考の対象」、山口尚訳が『人間存在論』 vol.15 pp.1-12に再録。
'Logic: One or Many' in J. Woods, and B. Brown , pp.   23?28 of Logical Consequence: Rival Approaches Proceedings of the 1999 Conference of the Society of Exact Philosophy, Stanmore: Hermes, 2001.
'Heidegger and the Grammar of Being', ch. 10 of R. Gaskin , Grammar in Early 20th Century Philosophy, Routledge, 2001.
'Why it's Irrational to Believe in Consistency', pp.   284?93 of Rationality and Irrationality; Proc. 23rd International Wittgenstein Symposium, eds., B. Brogard and B. Smith, 2001.
'Paraconsistent Logic', Handbook of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 6, pp.   287 ? 393, eds. D.Gabbay and F. Guenthner, 2nd edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
'Inconsistency and the Empirical Sciences', in J. Meheus , Inconsistency in Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
'Logicians Setting Together Contradictories. A Perspective on Relevance, Paraconsistency, and Dialetheism', ch. 14 of D.Jacquette , A Companion to Philosophical Logic, Blackwell, 2002.
'Fuzzy Relevant Logic', Paraconsistency: the Logical Way to the Inconsistent, ed. W.Carnielli et al., Marcel Dekker, 2002.
'The Hooded Man', Journal of Philosophical Logic 31 , 445-67.
'Rational Dilemmas', Analysis 62 , 11-16.
'Meinong and the Philosophy of Mathematics', Philosophica Mathematica 11 , 3-15..
'On Alternative Geometries, Arithmetics and Logics, a Tribute to Lukasiewicz', Studia Logica 74 , 441-468.
'Where is Philosophy at the Start of the Twenty First century?', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 103 , 85-96.
'Geometries and Arithmetics', pp.   65?78 of P. Weingartner , Alternative Logics; Do Sciences Need Them?, Springer Verlag, 2003.
'A Site for Sorites', pp.   9?23 of JC Beall , Liars and Heaps: New Essays on Paradox, Oxford University Press, 2003.
'Inconsistent Arithmetic: Issues Technical and Philosophical', pp.   273?99 of V. F. Hendricks and J. Malinowski , Trends in Logic: 50 Years of Studia Logica , Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
'Nagarjuna and the Limits of Thought’, Philosophy East West 53 , 1-21. J. Garfield, Empty Words の第5章として再録。
'Consistency, Paraconsistency and the Logical Limitative Theorems', in Grenzen und Grenzuberschreitungen , ed. W. Hogrebe and J. Bromond, Akademie Verlag, 2004.
'Chunk and Permeate I: the Infinitesimal Calculus' , Journal of Philosophical Logic 33 , 379-88.
'Intentionality - Meinongianisn and the Medievals', , Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 82 , 421-442.
'Spiking the Field Artillery', in JC Beall and B. Armour-Garb , ch. 3 of Truth and Deflationism, Oxford University Press, 2005.
'Problems with the Argument for Fine Tuning' , Synthese 145 , 325-38.
'Words Without Knowledge', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 71 , 686-94
'The Limits of Language', in K. Brown , Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics,  Vol.7, 156-9, Elsevier, 2005.
'Analetheism: a Phyrric Victory' , Analysis 65 , 167-73.
'Analysing of the Iraqi Adventure', Ormond Papers 22 , 147-50.
'The Paradoxes of Denotation', ch. 7 of Self-Reference, eds. T. Bolander, V. F. Hendrix, and S. A Pedersen, CLSI Lecture Notes, Stanford University, 2006.
'Logic, Paraconsistent, in D. Borchert , Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Macmillan, 2006, Vol. 7, 105-6.
'Logic, Relevant ', in D. Borchert , Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Macmillan, 2006, Vol. 8, 358-9.
'Motion', in D. Borchert , Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Macmillan, 2006, Vol. 6, 409-11.
'Restricted Quantification in Relevant Logic',  Journal of Philosophical Logic 35/6 , 587-98. [4]
'What is Philosophy?', Philosophy 81 , 189-207.
'A Hundred Flowers', Topoi 25 , 91-5.
'Not so Deep Inconsistency: a Reply to Eklund' , Australasian Journal of Logic 5  74-84.
'Paraconsistency and Dialetheism', pp.   129?204 of Handbook of the History of Logic, Vol. 8, eds. D. Gabbay and J. Woods, North Holland, 2007.
'Reply to Slater', pp.   467?74 of J-Y Beziau, W. Carnielli and D. Gabbay , Handbook of Paraconsistency, College Publications, 2007.
'60% Proof: Proof, Lakatos and Paraconsistency', , Australasian Journal of Logic 5 , 89-100.
'Revenge, Field, and ZF', ch. 9 of JC Beall , Revenge of the Liar: New Essays on the Paradox, Oxford University Press, 2007.
'How the Particular Quantifier became Existentially Loaded Behind our Backs', Soochow Journal of Philosophical Studies 16 , 197-213.
'Translation of `Logic of Paradox', `La Logique du paraqdoxe', Philosophie 94 , 72-94.
`The Way of the Dialetheist: Contradictions in Buddhism' , Philosophy East and West 58 , 395-402.
'Jaina Logic: a Contemporary Perspective', History and Philosophy of Logic 29 , 263-278.
'Precis of Towards Non-Being', Review of Metaphysics 74 , 185-90.
'Replies to Nolan and Kroon', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 74 , 208-14.
'Many-Valued Modal Logic: a Simple Approach', Review of Symbolic Logic 1 , 190-203.
'The Closing of the Mind: How the Particular Quantifier Became Existentially Loaded Behind our Backs', Review of Symbolic Logic 1 , 42-55.
'Graham Priest and Diderik Batens Interview Each Other', The Reasoner 2  , 2-4.
'Creating Non-Existents: Some Initial Thoughts', Studies in Logic, 1 , 18-24.
'Badici on Inclosures', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 86 , 583-96.
'Logical Pluralism Hollandaise', The Australasian Journal of Logic, 6 , 210-14.
'Envelops and Indifference', , 283-290 in Dialogues, Logics and Other Strange Things, essays in honour of Shahid Rahman, edited by Cedric Degremont, Laurent Keiff and Helge Ruckert, College Publications, 2008. [5]
'Conditionals: a Debate with Jackson', ch. 13 of I. Ravenscroft , Minds, Worlds and Conditionals: Themes from the Philosophy of Frank Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2009.
'Beyond the Limits of Knowledge', ch. 7  of J. Salerno , New Essays on the Knowability Paradox, Oxford University Press, 2009.
'The Structure of Emptiness', Philosophy East and West 59 , 467-480.
'Mountains are Just Mountains' , pp.   71?82 of J. Garfield and M. D'Amato , Pointing at the Moon: Buddhism, Logic and Analytic Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2009.
'Obituary for Leonard Goddard', The Australasian Journal of Philosophy 87  693-4.
'Neighbourhood Semantics for Intentional Operators', Review of Symbolic Logic, 2 , 360-373.
'Not to Be', ch. 23 of R. Le Poidevin, P. Simons, A. McGonical, and R. Cameron , The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics, Routledge 2009.
'Dualising Intuitionist Negation', 13: 165-84 .
'A Case of Mistaken Identity', ch. 11, pp.   205?222 of J. Lear and A. Oliver, The Force of Argument, Routledge, 2010.
'Hopes Fade for Saving Truth', Philosophy 85 , 109-140. [6]
'Two Truths: Two Models', to appear in the Cowherds , Moonshadows, Oxford University Press.
'The Truth about the Two Truths',  to appear in the Cowherds , Moonshadows, Oxford University Press .
'Inclosures, Vagueness and Self-Reference', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, Volume 51, Number 1 , 69-84.

3. 脚注
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4. 外部リンク
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Arche Foundations of Logical Consequence Workshop 2009, [7]
The Monthly: [8]
The Philosopher's Zone, 10 July 2010: [9]
The New York Times, The Stone Blog, November 28, 2010: [10]
Philosophy TV, January 10, 2011: [11]
Two-Part Interview on Florida Student Philosophy Blog: [12] and [13].