nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Demographics: Much of the data suggests that older people are more vulnerable to COVID 19 – leading to speculation that the impact of the epidemic in developing countries may be less severe because many of them have younger populations. It is however unclear whether the oldest age groups in developing countries will be similarly affected, even where the overall life expectancy is lower. It is not clear how factors that influence the overall life expectancy, including poverty rates, the prevalence of other diseases, and high rates of malnutrition, interact with individual vulnerability to COVID 19  ( New York Times, 03/05/2020; USA Today, 07/05/2020 ) .
The way in which countries are counting the death rate varies. Some countries are counting people who have died with COVID 19 in their system, even though the eventual cause of death may have been another affliction. Other countries are only counting when it is known that COVID 19 was the final cause of death.
Hospital capacities: The government stated in March 2020 that Venezuela had 23,700 hospital beds, including 1,200 ICU beds, available, though this includes beds in hotels for cases with mild symptoms  ( CNN 23/03/2020 ) . However, non governmental figures indicate much lower hospital capacities, with only 84 ICU beds with ventilators available in public hospitals in March  ( El Nacional 15/03/2020 ) . The government called for all positive cases to be hospitalised, including those with mild or no symptoms, which would create additional pressure on hospitals if case figures increase  ( El País 24/04/2020 ) . There is no information available on how many hospital beds are currently occupied.
To mitigate the impact of the containment measures on economically vulnerable households, the government has set out guidelines, such as suspension of evictions, and rolled out some limited social assistance, including a voucher programme  ( OCHA 23/04/2020; Government of Venezuela 23/03/2020 ) .
Additionally, President Maduro called for the hospitalisation of all confirmed cases of COVID 19, which may act as a deterrent for people to approach health services, and thus lead to cases not being registered  ( El País 24/04/2020; Infobae 08/04/2020 ) .
El contexto de emergencia y aislamiento aumenta el riesgo y el peligro de violencia de género contra las mujeres y las niñas: Aumento del riesgo de violencia intrafamiliar y violencia sexual • Mujeres aisladas junto con sus abusadores. • Riesgos de violencia sexual contra mujeres, niñas y niños. • Aumentan tensiones por diﬁcultades económicas por la crisis: y mayor diﬁcultad para dejar a sus parejas violentas y acceder a los servicios.
The region faces the pandemic with several deficiencies, however, particularly shortcomings in health infrastructure and financing capacities.
Public mental health practice, including during COVID 19, is a key mechanism to reduce the imple  mentation gap and address this challenge in both the short term and longer term.1,3 The first step involves assessing the size, impact, and cost of current and anticipated unmet need for public mental health interventions, into account the effects of COVID 19.
This challenge is compounded by the inadequate population coverage of evidence based public mental health interventions before COVID 19, even in high  income countries.3,4 Since the start of the COVID 19 pandemic, the provision of some of these mental health interventions has become more limited by quarantine and lockdown measures.
Considering that migrants tend to be concen  trated in urban economic centers  ( cities ) , and are vulnerable to infection by the coronavirus, there is a need to include migrants in efforts to fight the coronavirus. Migrant remittances pro  vide an economic lifeline to poor households in many countries; a reduction in remittance flows could increase poverty and reduce households' access to much needed health services. The crisis could exacerbate xenophobic, discrimi  natory treatment of migrants, which calls for greater vigilance against such practices.
The crisis has presented a challenge for the cross sectoral mobility of workers, which could be particularly hard for lower skilled migrant workers, especially informal and undocument  ed workers. During the global financial crisis in 2009, many migrant workers moved from construction to agriculture and retail. Such intersectoral movement may be difficult at this time because the sectors that need more work  ers such as health and information technolo  gy require specific skills and prior training.
In 2019, remittance flows to LMICs became larger than foreign direct investment  ( FDI ) , an important milestone for monitoring re  source flows to these countries. Recent data reveal that in 2019, remittance flows to LMICs reached $554 billion, slightly higher than our earlier projection  ( $551 billion )  published in October 2019.4 Remittance flows to LAC and South Asia turned out to be larger than expect  ed in the second half of 2019.
Mientras la economía esté paralizada, las autoridades tendrán que garantizar que la gente pueda cubrir sus necesidades y que las empresas puedan reactivarse una vez que hayan pasado las fases agudas de la pandemia.
la incertidumbre en cuanto a lo que vendrá después es enorme. En consonancia con la escala y la velocidad de la crisis, las respuestas de políticas a escala nacional e internacional tienen que ser contundentes, desplegadas con rapidez y recalibradas sin demora según se disponga de nuevos datos.
It would be important for RSPs and authorities to work together to mitigate the effects of the crisis and encourage the adoption of digital payments, greater use of regulated channels, and wider availability of cost efficient services. In the meantime, the World Bank will continue to monitor and report on the availability of remittance services worldwide, and work with stakeholders to improve the transparency and efficiency of the remittances market toward a reduction of the still high cost of remitting money internationally, guided by the CPSS  World Bank General Principles for Internation  al Remittances  ( CPSS WB 2007 ) . The World Bank has issued a call to action to support the remittances sector
LONG TERM • Set up twinning arrangements to train more doctors and nurses in low  and middle income countries in collaboration with medical schools in high income countries. • Support efforts to reduce recruitment costs. • Establish universal health programs that include migrants irrespective of their legal status. Supporting remittance infrastructure • Support efforts to reduce remittance costs.
Costa Rica:Para que llegue a los hogares, se creó una plataforma nacional de emergencia con recursos educativos denominada“aprendo en casa'.
Costa Rica también está muy expuesta a las condiciones económicas de los Estados Unidos, ya que alrededor del 10% de su PIB depende de la oferta y la demanda de ese país.
RIESGO ALTO O VULNERABLE  Sin antecedentes de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles  Sin problemas en el sistema inmunológico  Personas menores de 60 años  Quienes viven con enfermedades crónicas: cardiacas, pulmonares, renales, hepáticas, sanguíneas, metabólicas o inmunosupresoras  Quienes viven con obesidad y sobrepeso  Personas adultas mayores de 60 años cumplidos Personas embarazadas   Niñas y niños menores de cinco años
The document also explains that the coronavirus crisis has been transmitted to Latin America and the Caribbean through five channels: a reduction in international trade, a fall in commodities prices, the intensification of risk aversion and worsening of global financial conditions, lower demand for tourism services, and a reduction in remittances.
4. AUTHORITIES MUST TAKE ALL POSSIBLE MEASURES TO PREVENT AND/OR END VIOLENCE AGAINST INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE IN RELATION TO THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC. As part of their responsibility to protect internally displaced people under their jurisdiction, States need to, inter alia, enhance efforts to monitor and counter negative perceptions and narratives stig  matizing internally displaced people as carriers of the virus, and to ensure that official government information on the pandemic is free of bias and does not promote such narratives.
Although with little impact, the information does not allow for further regional comparison to determine whether this trend is repeated in other countries. However, the consequences of COVID 19 are expected to manifest themselves signiﬁcantly in the second quarter of 2020. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor these variables in order to take appropriate mitigation measures, especially as the season of higher labour demand approaches for some countries  ( see Figure 3 ) . For example, we can see that in 2020 the number of people employed in the agricultural sector has decreased in Chile and Brazil, compared to the same period last year.
Taking into account the unparalleled introduction of travel restrictions across the world, the UN World Tourism Organization, expects that international tourist arrivals will be down by 20% to 30% in 2020 when compared with 2019 figures1. This translate into a decline in international tourism receipts  ( exports )  of between US$300 billion to $450 billion This is likely going to be revised as the situation evolves. Tourism employs a lot of people, especially on small islands  [ more than 20% in Seychelles, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Mauritius ]  and accounts for significant part of the economy and hard currency income  [ over 25% of exports in 2017 in Ethiopia, Nepal, Rwanda and Tanzania ] .
The effects on people and the formal and informal economy are devastating COVID 19 is hitting hard an already weak and fragile world economy. Global growth in 2019 was already the slowest since the global financial crisis of 2008/2009. COVID 19 has plunged the world economy into a recession with the potential of deep consequences and historical levels of unemployment and deprivation. Necessary measures to contain the spread of the disease through quarantines, restrictions and lockdown of cities have resulted in a significant reduction in demand and supply. Economic activities in transportation, retail trade, leisure, hospitality and recreation have been battered. And we have seen from plunging stock markets that public trust in the health response has direct and immediate economic effects.
Informal Response measures should encourage the extension of social protection coverage to informal workers in agriculture and rural sectors, including through timely cash transfers, and cash or in kind food distribution. Special care should be taken with groups that abound in informal work, such as women, youth, indigenous groups and migrants. The most common measures taken so far include the introduction of cash grants and food distribution to vulnerable groups, as well as temporary employment schemes for informal workers  ( FAO, 2020a ) . Most countries in the region have adopted mitigation measures targeting informal workers, and a few have formulated speciﬁc measures for them, such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. To identify and reach target audiences, countries use existing platforms that already have information on informal workers or introduce new registration mechanisms such as speciﬁc websites. In Costa Rica, according to information gathered by FAO, support relies on a national plan designed to address food security in indigenous territories in the context of emergency and post crisis productive recovery. In addition to social protection, some countries have implemented measures to maintain the agricultural supply chain, which is also expected to indirectly beneﬁt informal workers. Short marketing chains have also been encouraged, especially for rural family farming. Recommendations should take into account existing employment and social protection policies, as well as gender and age disparities in the rural informal workforce. Therefore, different interventions can be carried out in a synergistic manner  ( FAO, 2020a ) : • Implement or use existing systems or databases that have information to identify and monitor informal workers, since information on this group is generally not available. • Provide temporary compensation, in the form of vouchers or in kind food or speciﬁc cash transfers, to informal workers who are unable to work, or one time, universal cash payments. • Support with sustainable ﬁnancial measures  ( microloans, microinsurance, group loans, etc. )  to contribute to the ﬁnancial recovery of informal workers. • Promote economic stimulus packages aimed at maintaining jobs and the economy, in particular for
Antes de la pandemia, la CEPAL preveía que la región crecería un máximo del 1,3% en 2020. Sin embargo, los efectos de la crisis han llevado a cambiar esa previsión y pronosticar una caída del PIB de al menos un 1,8%. Sin embargo, no es de descartar que el desarrollo que la pandemia lleve a previsiones de contracciones de entre un 3% y un 4%, o incluso más. La CEPAL estima las tasas actuales de pobreza extrema  ( 11,0% )  y pobreza  ( 30,3% )  en ALC y prevé si los efectos del COVID 19 llevan a la pérdida de ingresos del 5% de la población económicamente activa, la pobreza podría aumentar 3,5 puntos porcentuales, mientras que se prevé que la pobreza extrema aumente 2,3 puntos porcentuales lo que significaría que de un total de 620 millones de habitantes, el número de pobres en la región suba de 185 a 220 millones de personas; en tanto que las personas en pobreza extrema podrían aumentar de 67,4 a 90 millones.
Migrants The effects of the crisis can have an impact on migrants according to their migration or employment status. Refugees, internally displaced persons, migrant workers, internal or international migrants, permanent, temporary or seasonal migrants, documented or undocumented migrants have different access to work permits, social protection programmes, recovery measures, and health systems. To date, most of the measures in the destination areas have been aimed at extending work visas for temporary and seasonal migrants. In general, those who have implemented these measures are the countries that need migrant labour, mainly European and Oceanic countries. Other measures that have been taken include: • ensuring the continuity of contracts for migrant workers in the event of illness or as a result of containment measures; • relaxing entry restrictions for seasonal farmworkers; and • granting temporarily full citizenship rights to migrants and asylum seekers, allowing them access to the national health system. To date, however, the regularization of migrants and the extension of temporary work permits have been limited  ( FAO, 2020b ) . Bulletin 5 / 9 A few countries have adopted response measures, such as social protection measures, that explicitly include migrant workers. Countries that have announced basic income protection measures could include migrant workers  ( FAO, 2020b ) . The private sector has also reacted  ( FAO and ECLAC, 2020b ) . Producers, workers and employers organizations have issued guidance on personal protective measures to be taken in agricultural workplaces. Notwithstanding the above, which is very valuable, there is no speciﬁc advice for vulnerable workers categories, or speciﬁc contexts, such as remote rural areas. Moreover, there is little or no reference to speciﬁc agricultural sub sectors, such as ﬁshing boats, food markets or processing facilities. In this context, policy recommendations are mainly aimed at minimizing labour shortages or the likelihood of contagion among migrant workers. It is also recommended to take measures to mitigate the economic impact on individuals, as mentioned by FAO  ( 2020b ) : • Adjust the demand for labour force in the agricultural sector with the supply of migrant labour through direct communication with agricultural companies, and coordination with the migration ofﬁces. • Ensure the implementation of occupational safety and health measures and guarantee that all migrants have access to them. • Extend the expiry of work visas for migrant workers employed in all agricultural sub sectors. • Ensure the safe movement of agricultural workers within and between countries, including during containment, and allow exceptions to the granting of work visas to seasonal agricultural workers. • Regularize migrants present in the territory and grant temporary work permits to all of them. • Ensure the inclusion of all migrants in the response to the pandemic, and in the measures being implemented to mitigate the economic downturn caused by COVID 19, regardless of migration or employment status.
Livelihoods are a vital means of making a living. It encompasses people's capabilities, assets and activities required to secure the necessities of life. The shocks and stresses of the COVID 2019 crisis worldwide, although primarily considered a public health crisis, will have a much broader impact on the global economy predictably for a long term, leading to worldwide socio  economic disruptions and will not only diminished the well being and livelihoods of people, but also undermined the social nets, markets and food security on which life depends. Both lives and livelihoods are at risk from this pandemic. We have seen immediate impacts that current measures are already having in the most economically and food insecure people; past experience of crisis such as Ebola, Cholera, Zika, and analysis from different agencies draw a picture on medium and long term impacts. This document pretends to list an indicative summary of key interventions and most urgent actions to be taken. Please consider that this is not an exhaustive list, as the situation evolves rapidly and is context determent. ACRONYMS CALP CVA FSL IASC NGOS RCRC
Timely indicators signal a marked decline in global trade UNCTAD trade nowcasts and free market commodity price index indicate that global trade values and prices have been negatively impacted since the first quarter of 2020 by the COVID 19 outbreak. The downturn is expected to accelerate during the second quarter of the year.
IFRC's sustainable livelihoods approach is also embedded in its Framework for Community Resilience, as households with sustainable livelihoods share the six characteristics of a resilient community identified in said Framework4. IFRC's Road to Increased and Improved Cash Transfer Programming also includes livelihoods protection and recovery through cash based assistance5. More recently, the Buenos Aires Commitment  ( 2019 )    signed by the leaders of Red Cross National Societies in the Americas region within the framework of the 21st Inter American Conference and which will guide the Red Cross Inter American Framework for Action for 2021 2024   includes emerging trends
JUNTOS provides primarily rural coverage, while cash transfers due to this emergency have been targeted, in the first stage, at urban households. In these areas, a family grant of PEN 380  ( approx. $110 )  has been provided. This amounts to just over 80 percent of the minimum living wage  ( Remuneración Minima Vital – RMV ) . As a reference, 50 percent of workers with informal jobs have monthly incomes below the monthly grant amount  ( PEN 760 ) ; this is the case with only seven percent of formal workers. In addition to a cut off point depending on urban status, a cut off is also made according to household income. Households whose head is employed in the public sector  ( where there will be no labour cuts )  are not eligible for the grant. This prioritizes 2.7 million households. Within these 2.7 million lower income households there are 1.5 million self employed workers, 1 million wage earners  ( 60 percent of them in informal jobs ) , 270,000 unpaid family workers and 100,000 domestic workers.
CR Guatemalteca: Programa de PTM multipropósito de 1.000 quetzales para cubrir multi necesidad, siguiendo lineamento del gobierno. En la actualidad, seleccionando los grupos meta. Participando en el cluster de seguridad alimentaria, para coordinar selección grupos meta para evitar duplicidades con programa de entrega de alimentos y cupones del gobierno. El Plan Nacional de Respuesta de la CRD al COVID 19 incluye los MdV, específicamente ayuda humanitaria, distribución de alimentos y PTM. Diseñando propuesta de MdV con CR Española. Un grupo meta serán los voluntarios de CR Guatemalteca afectados por COVID 19.
Argentina was already in a vulnerable economic and social situation at the start of the COVID 19 outbreak. In 2018 2019 real GDP accumulated a decrease of 4.6%. Some private estimates show that the economic downturn continued in the first quarter of 2020  ( despite the economic package announced in December 2019 that sought to fuel the consumption of the poorest households ) , while year on year inflation remained around 50%. In the fourth quarter of 2019 unemployment was 8.9%, and underemployment was 13.1%. The poverty headcount was 35.5% in the second half of 2019, while in 2019 wages rose by 40.9%, well below inflation. The economic outlook was already dim and depended to a great extent on the results of sovereign debt renegotiation.
In December 2019, there were 12.1 m registered workers, of which 8.5 m were private workers. 6.0 m were private sector employees, while the others were independent workers, of which 1.6m were “monotributistas'  ( self em  ployees, of which a great part are professionals ) , 871,000 were “monotributistas sociales' and domestic workers  ( self employees with the lowest incomes ) , and 398,000 were independent workers with the highest incomes. Hence at least there are nearly 2.5 m independent workers  ( including monotributistas and domestic workers )  for whom it will be difficult to go through the shutdown without earnings. Informal workers are the most vulnerable to a severe economic downturn. Women, young people and the elderly are particularly affected by informality. Their incomes are low, so there is a strong link between informality and poverty. According to the 2018 National Workers' Survey on Employment, Labour, Health and Security Conditions pre  pared by the Ministry of Production and Labour⁶, informality affected 42.8% of total workers. Informality affected 28.5% of those private sector employees who worked in production units, while 76.8% of domestic workers were informal. Among independent workers, informality affected 68.3% of “cuenta propistas'  ( mostly non professional workers, such as street vendors, craft vendors, or repair workers ) , and 23% of those who were employers.
In the United States, steps have been taken to increase access to both diagnostic testing and treatment by the federal government, state governments, and private insurers. Legislation passed into law on 18March2020 requires private health plans to provide coverage for COVID 19diagnostic testing with no out of pocket costs. This legislation also provides COVID 19testing with no cost sharing under Medicare and Medicaid. Laboratory costs for COVID 19testing for uninsured individuals will be funded by the National Disaster Medical System.
La gran mayoría de los consumidores entrevistados  ( 95% )  informó de que sus niveles de ingresos habían disminuido desde la aplicación de las medidas ofi  ciales de COVID 19, lo que destacaba un mayor nivel de vulnerabilidad económica en la población evaluada.
2.1 According to the Colegio de la Frontera Norte  ( COLEF ) , 32.5% of Central American migrants travelling as caravan members in 2018 and 41.9% in 2019 expressed a health need, mostly relating to upper respiratory tract infections, fever and diarrhea.
3. En tiempo de aislamiento, la violencia machista aumenta El COVID 19 está conduciendo al aislamiento social, inseguridades laborales y salariales. La evidencia muestra que cuando el estrés social aumenta, también lo hacen los casos de violencia contra las mujeres. Como se ha demostrado tantas veces,la casa no es un lugar seguro para mujeresy el sistema y la institucionalidad está volcada en atender la crisis desatendiendo otras áreas vitales de los derechos de las mujeres. Además, el aislamiento social puede dificultar que las mujeres abandonen las relaciones abusivas, reduce drásticamente la posibilidad de denunciar, quedan sin redes de apoyo comunitario y se les limita el ya deficiente acceso a servicios básicos. También en tiempos de crisis, la salud sexual y reproductiva se pone en discusión, porque además de ser los servicios más cuestionados, nunca van a ser los priorizados durante una emergencia.
Families emphasized the urgent need for hammocks and clothing. They would also like to build more stable shelters but need the tools.
Information and assistance needed in the regions The mobile population were asked to list three types of information or support most needed. Overall, respondents indicated that employment or income generating activities was their greatest need  ( 36% in Region 2 and 44% in Region 7 ) .
Some individuals leave for periods of time to work in the mining sector but then do not receive their salary.
There is 1 latrine for 43 people. The practice of open defecation is common.
Thus far, IOM has conducted DTM surveys in Region 1  ( Barima Waini ) , Region 4  ( Demerara Mahaica ) , and now in its latest iteration, Region 2  ( Pomeroon  Supenaam )  and Region 7  ( Cuyuni Mazaruni ) . These regions were chosen due to the increasingly high presence of Venezuelan nationals and Guyanese returnees.
When asked if they possessed identification documents, 81 per cent of those interviewed in Region 2 responded positively compared to 82 per cent in Region 7. Ninety six per cent of those interviewed in Region 2 have their National Identification Card and 4 per cent have Passports while 99 per cent of respondents in Region 7 have their National Identification Card and the remaining 1 per cent have Passports.
In Round 2, 50 per cent of the population of interest in Region 1 were unemployed in their country of origin when compared to nine per cent in Region 4. Of those interviewed in Region 4, 15 per cent were students compared to 1 per cent in Region 1. Only six per cent of interviewees in Region 1 were employed in their country of origin, while 41 per cent worked independently. However, in Region 4, 61 per cent were employed before their journey started while 12 per cent worked independently.
The last reported number of Venezuelan migrants documented by the Immigration Department of the Guyana Police force, showed five thousand one hundred and twenty three  ( 5,123 )  Venezuelan migrants registered by the Immigration Department at the various ports of entry in Guyana through which Venezuelan migrants pass.
The deteriorating humanitarian situation in Venezuela has led to recent large outflows of its citizens and residents to other countries, including to Guyana. UNHCR and IOM have been providing various forms of assistance to countries in the Americas and the Caribbean that are hosting Venezuelans. Both UNHCR and IOM recently released regional appeals for donor support in response to the Venezuela situation, including funds requested for support to Guyana.1 While IOM has had an office and active programs in Guyana since 2009, until now UNHCR has not had a presence or activities in Guyana.2
II. Due to the deteriorating situation in Venezuela, Guyana has been experiencing an increasing number of Venezuelan arrivals as well as Guyanese returnees, displaced from Venezuela due to the ongoing crisis. The most common reported reasons for leaving Venezuela include: deteriorating political and human rights situation, difficulties to cope with the hyper inflation; lack of access to basic goods and services  ( particularly food and health care ) ; insecurity and violence, among others. Exact numbers of Venezuelans in Guyana are not available, however an estimate1 suggests that approximately 36,400 Venezuelans and returning Guyanese have temporarily settled in Guyana and are in need of assistance and protection.
Team members were also informed that members of the Syndicato Gang are suspected of using an alternate trail to by pass the security post at White Water.
Venezuelans reported in the FGDs and KII that they work more hours and receive less salaries than the Guyanese. Some returning Guyanese complained about the labor conditions they have encountered since their return from Venezuela. According to them, they work more than 8 hours, are not allowed to take any breaks, and are paid G$1,050  ( 5USD )  per day.
Although refugees and migrants were not among respondents, the widespread disruption of livelihoods undoubtedly impacted Venezuelans as most of them are engaged in the informal labor market.
The new special political mission will support the implementation of the December Stockholm Agreement, consisting of three separate pledges between the two sides: halting hostilities in Hudaydah and mutually redeploying forces from the city and the ports, Salif and Ras Issa; a prisoner exchange mechanism; and a statement of understanding on the city of Taiz, where fighters have wrestled for control for years now.
Reports indicate that the sporadic clashes in Al Hudaydah have resulted in the displacement of 13 families to Jabal Habashy district and 57 families to Salh district in Taizz. An incident reported by the SNCC and his mission team who were stopped and hijacked at a check point established by unidentified armed men when they were returning to Al Turbah area in Ash Shamayatayn district from a visit to an IDP hosting site in Al Ma'afer district before they were found and saved by a police unit patrolling the area looking for them. This is an alarming incident that might affect the movement of humanitarian actors in the area.
From week 2 to week 5 in 2019, the trend of weekly reported suspected cholera cases was stable at the country level, although 223 districts have reported suspected cholera cases within the last three weeks. The governorates reporting the highest number of suspected cases of cholera during this reporting period were Al Hudaydah  ( 1583 ) , Amanat Al Asimah  ( 978 ) , Arman  ( 902 ) , Ibb  ( 882 ) , and Sana'a  ( 850 ) .
A mortar shell struck a market in Al Hudaydah Governorate's At Tuhayat District on February 19, killing eight civilians and injuring 10 others, according to the UN. Despite ongoing UN led negotiations between parties to the conflict, fighting in Al Hudaydah's Ad Durayhimi, At Tuhayat, and Bayt Al Faqiah districts has continued in recent months, with hostilities impeding humanitarian access to vulnerable populations in the districts. Countrywide, hostilities resulted in at least 271 civilian casualties, including 96 fatalities, between January 1 and February 14. In a February 22 statement, UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen Lise Grande called on all parties to Yemen's conflict to protect civilians.
While western countries are providing aid to Yemen to alleviate human suffering with one hand, with the other they are selling weapons and equipment being used in this conflict to kill, maim and starve children. This is a double standard which keeps fueling this devastating conflict.
As of 9 January, 36,246 displaced households were registered in the Aden Hub area, including 19,200 households displaced from Al Hudaydah Governorate since June 2018.
14 February 2019   The Ministry of Public Health and Population of Yemen reported 8639 suspected cases of cholera and 5 associated deaths during epidemiological week 3  ( 14 – 20 January )  of 2019. Ten percent of cases are severe. The cumulative total number of suspected cholera cases from 1 January 2018 to 20 January 2019 is 396 507, with 531 associated deaths  ( CFR 0.13% ) . Children under five represent 32.0% of total suspected cases. The outbreak has affected 22 of 23 governorates and 312 of 333 districts in Yemen.
The Yemen government's information minister, Muammar al Iryani, condemned the strike, saying: “Once again this proves that the Houthi criminal militias are not ready for peace and that they are exploiting truces in order for deployment and reinforcements.
With the UN still trying to implement key aspects of the outline and preliminary dealreached in Stockholm last month, the drone strike damages trust between the sides locked in a three year civil war. It also highlights a drawback of apartial rather than nationwide ceasefire.
Sanaa, Yemen  AHouthidrone attack has killed at least fiveYemenisoldiers and wounded several senior officers from the Yemeni army, including the country's chief of staff, a government official and Houthi spokesperson told Al Jazeera.
In December 2018, the Ministry of Public Health and Population of Yemen reported a total 47 310 suspected cholera cases including 86 related deaths  ( case fatality rate: 0.18% ) , from 20 governorates.
Hajjah is one of the governorates with the highest severity of needs in Yemen. The findings of the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification  ( IPC )  released in December indicate that more than a million people, out of a total population of 2.5 million, are in IPC Phase 3  ( Crisis ) . Out of 31 districts in the governorate, 28 are classified at IPC Phase 4  ( Emergency ) ; 5 have pockets of populations at IPC Phase 5  ( Catastrophe ) . Some 13 districts are among the 104 districts in Yemen that have the highest convergence of needs.
A UN led truce monitoring team started monitoring ceasefire and withdrawal of armed forces in Al Hudaydah after the approval of United Nations Security Council for the deployment of the team. This came as a result of the agreement reached from the UN led peace talks in Sweden. Sporadic clashes were reported in Al Hudaydah City particularly in kilo 7 and Al Hudaydah airport. In Hajjah, the fighting in Haradh district and Hamra village of Mustaba district remain very intense.
For years, the ongoing war in Yemen has displaced waves of people to Marib, the lightly populated governorate lying 175 km east of Sana'a. The Charitable Society for Social Welfare  ( CSSW ) , a Yemeni NGO devoted to improving the lives of internally displaced people, has seen its role in Marib change in recent years: initially seeking to protect the vast numbers of IDPs in the governorate, CSSW recently partnered with OCHA and the Yemen Humanitarian Pooled Fund to develop long term programs supporting Marib's IDP population.
Partners report displacement of 13 families from Al Hudaydah governorate to Jabal Habashy district and 57 families to Salh district in Taizz. Another 378 families displaced from Maqbanah and Jabal Habashy districts to locations within Jabal Habashy district. SNC organized a dedicated ad hoc meeting on 20th of December to discuss the CCPM action plan. SNCC went on field missions to IDP hosting sites in Al Ma'afer district on 26th of December to assess the situation of IDPs in the sites. The most reported needs raised by the IDPs are NFIs including winterization support and water.
Mesa tripartita consultiva presidida por la Ministra de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social, en torno a las medidas para enfrentar la emergencia por COVID 19.
Como se muestra en la Figura 2, casi la mitad de las personas migrantes y refugiadas venezolanas encuestadas manifestaron ser residentes del departamento Central de Paraguay  ( 45% ) . Otros departamentos o zonas geográficas que fueron mencionadas son: Asunción  ( 34% ) , Alto Paraná  ( 11% ) , Itapúa  ( 7% ) , Concepción  ( 1% )  y Presidente Hayes  ( 1% ) .
Additionally, a significant increase in total annual rainfall has been reported for the summer months of November to December, corresponding with ENSO  ( El Niño Southern Oscillation )  events, which are also associated with floods. La Niña events bring the increasing occurrence and intensity of droughts
Inicio de la ruta La población encuestada manifestó haber iniciado su viaje desde el estado de Caracas – Distrito Capital  ( 21% ) , Carabobo  ( 13% ) , Táchira  ( 9% ) , Lara  ( 8% ) , Bolívar  ( 8% ) . Con un porcentaje menor, las personas encuestadas iniciaron su viaje en Anzoátegui  ( 6% ) , Zulia  ( 6% ) , Mérida  ( 6% ) , Aragua  ( 5% ) , Barinas  ( 3% ) , Vargas  ( 3% ) , Yaracuy  ( 2% ) , Miranda  ( 2% ) , Monagas  ( 2% ) , mientras que el restante 6% inició su viaje en el Delta Amacuro, Nueva Esparta, Amazonas, Apure, Cojedes, Guárico, Portuguesa y Trujillo. Países transitados y de estancia En lo que respecta a los países transitados para llegar a Paraguay, ha sido posible observar una variedad de rutas. En ese sentido, el 55% de las personas encuestadas, mencionaron haber pasado por un país antes de llegar al Paraguay. Entre los países mencionados por las personas, el 65% de las personas encuestadas refiere a Brasil, 11% Otro país, 7% Colombia, 6% Perú, 5% Argentina, 2% Bolivia, 2% Uruguay, 1% Chile y 1% Ecuador. GRÁFICO N°16 Cantidad de países recorridos Sin embargo, en los PMF de ingreso al país es posible visualizar que efectivamente para el caso de las encuestas realizadas en el Puente Internacional de la Amistad, la mayoría de las personas ingresó por el mencionado puesto de control migratorio, sin embargo, en segunda instancia, las personas encuestadas mencionaron haberlo hecho por Infante Rivarola, seguido por el Aeropuerto Silvio Pettirossi en menor medida. Por otro lado, es llamativo el caso de las personas encuestadas en la Terminal de Ómnibus de Asunción, donde la mayoría de ellas declaró haber ingresado por Infante Rivarola  ( 61% ) , seguido por el Puente Internacional de la Amistad en Ciudad del Este  ( 19% ) , y otros puestos de ingreso en menor medida. 8 Por otro lado, el segundo grupo representativo corresponde a las personas que declararon haber transitado cuatro países para llegar a Paraguay  ( 21% )  según el siguiente detalle: • Colombia – Ecuador – Perú – Bolivia: 94.1% • Colombia – Ecuador – Perú – Brasil : 1.5% • Colombia – Ecuador – Perú – Chile: 1.5% • Colombia – Ecuador – Perú – Otro país: 1.5% • Ecuador – Perú – Bolivia – Argentina: 1.5% En cuanto a aquellas personas que mencionaron haber transitado 2 países, es decir, el 17% de las personas encuestadas, las mismas hicieron referencia a los siguientes países: Colombia – Perú  ( 31% ) , Otro país – Colombia  ( 15% ) , Brasil – Argentina  ( 9% ) , Perú – Bolivia  ( 9% ) , Colombia – Brasil  ( 7% ) , Otro país – Perú  ( 7% ) , Otro país – Argentina  ( 7% ) , Brasil – Perú  ( 6% ) , y representando el 2% cada uno: Brasil – Bolivia, Colombia – Ecuador, Otro país – Uruguay, Otro país – Brasil. En cuanto a los países de estancia durante la ruta, es decir, aquellos lugares donde las personas han residido por un mínimo de 30 días, cabe mencionar que el 48% de las personas encuestadas declararon Venezuela  ( 42% )  o Paraguay  ( 5% )  como último país de residencia. Sin embargo, el 52% restante declaró haber vivido en otros países, siendo Perú el principal país de estancia  ( 20% ) , seguido de Brasil  ( 6% )  y Colombia  ( 6% ) .
En cuanto a la situación laboral en Paraguay8, el 43% mencionó encontrarse en situación de desempleo, mientras que el 50% mencionó encontrarse empleada, ya sea de manera dependiente  ( 33% )  o independiente  ( 17% ) .
Las principales causas de muerte neonatal fueron las malformaciones congénitas, la prematuridad y las infecciones del recién nacido. En el caso de la mortalidad infantil en menores de 5 años, se suman la neumonía, la gripe y las diarreas69.
• Posibilidad de adelantar licencias generadas en el 2020 con consentimiento de ambas partes  ( Resolución Ministerial Nº 55, del 20 marzo 2020 ) .
• Creación de un fondo que garantiza préstamos para pequeñas y medianas empresas por un total de 2.500 millones de dólares. Puesta en marcha de un programa de crédito directo a pequeñas y medianas empresas para capital de trabajo por 18 meses a tasas subsidiadas. Suspensión del repago de créditos de estas empresas por al menos 30 días  ( Fuente: Fondo Monetario Internacional ) .
Datos solicitados a la Dirección Nacional de Migraciones sobre la cantidad de residencias temporales concedidas a la población venezolana muestran que en 2015 se otorgaron un total de 43, aumentando a 79 en 2016 y a 166 en 2017. En lo que va de enero a noviembre de 2018 van concedidas un total de 48 residencias temporarias.
Se exhortó a los propietarios y administradores de locales comerciales de gran porte a su cierre preventivo y provisorio, excluyendo los de venta de alimentos y farmacias. El Gobierno nacional y el Congreso de Intendentes acordaron tomar medidas restrictivas para las ferias vecinales no alimentarias, reduciendo su horario.
Se recomendó instrumentar el teletrabajo en la medida de las posibilidades, tanto a nivel público como privado. Así mismo, se resolvió entregar un subsidio a monotributistas amparados por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social cuyo monto es inferior al salario mínimo.
Con respecto a los salarios percibidos por los trabajadores, por sexo, se puede apreciar también una importante brecha salarial. En el mercado laboral uruguayo las mujeres presentan menores salarios que los hombres en promedio, aunque las diferencias salariales son menores a la de los países de la región. Estas diferencias, según la economía neoclásica, se suelen basar en diferencias de productividad, así como en factores de discriminación  ( Espino, 2013 ) . De acuerdo con el Mapa de Género del Mercado Laboral  ( 2015 ) , realizado por el Departamento de Género de la sindical obrera PIT CNT, las mujeres están más calificadas, y su jornada laboral es de hasta diez horas más por semana que la de un hombre. A pesar de ello, siguen ganando menos que sus pares masculinos, y acceden a menos cargos de jefatura y gerenciales.
Sumado a lo anterior, existe una gran informalidad en el empleo juvenil. Los jóvenes ocupados entre 18 y 29 años se encuentran trabajando en una situación de informalidad superior al promedio de los ocupados  ( 31% contra 24% )   ( INE, 2019; González Rubio, 2018 ) .
Recent official figures indicate that there are approximately 19,000 Venezuelans in Uruguay.
El Gobierno uruguayo habilitó el martes el proceso de vacunación para solicitantes de refugio o migrantes que aún no cuentan con documento de identidad del país y llevan en el territorio más de 90 días.
Las principales causas de la llegada masiva de venezolanos al país a partir de 2013 hasta el presente vienen de la mano con la situación política, económica y social vivida en Venezuela luego de producirse la muerte de Hugo Chávez, el 5 de marzo del citado año, y el ascenso de Nicolás Maduro al poder. Hasta 2008, inclusive, Venezuela vivió un período de bonanza económica la cual llegó a su fin a partir de 2009 debido a los problemas financieros atravesados por el país  ( Páez, 2015 ) . A partir de ese momento comenzó a producirse un incremento de la conflictividad social y de la violencia seguida de fuertes represalias contra los opositores al gobierno  ( Castillo Crasto y Reguant Álvarez, 2017 )  la cual se recrudeció con la muerte de Hugo Chávez y sumergió al país en una profunda crisis económica acompañada de una gran tensión social
En el acceso al empleo, tanto por parte de los hombres como de las mujeres se puede observar un desfase entre las titulaciones universitarias alcanzadas, por el 60% de los migrantes venezolanos residentes en el país, y los puestos laborales a los cuales acceden una vez arribados al país. La gráfica 3 muestra la titulación máxima alcanzada por la población venezolana residente en Uruguay, la cual dista enormemente de los trabajos a los cuales acceden en el primer momento de su estadía en el país, como acabamos de presentar.
Es destacable cómo en Uruguay funciona una red de instituciones de apoyo a los migrantes venezolanos, fuertemente vinculadas al logro de una adecuada inclusión laboral y al respeto de sus derechos como trabajadores, desde el ámbito estatal, gremial y también internacional y de la sociedad civil. La mayoría de ellas se originan con la llegada de los migrantes venezolanos y de otras regiones caribeñas al Uruguay. Entre las principales instituciones de carácter estatal, con un especial foco en la atención y defensa de los derechos de los venezolanos, tenemos el Instituto de Derechos Humanos y Defensoría del Pueblo, el Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, y la Unidad de Migración del Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social.
En Uruguay las personas no nacionales tienen el mismo estatus que las nacionales en ámbitos como la salud, la educación, la protección social y el trabajo. La Ley de Migración  ( Ley No 18.250 del 2008 ) , establece en el Artículo 8 que “Las personas migrantes y sus familiares gozarán de los derechos de salud, trabajo, seguridad social, vivienda y educación en pie de igualdad con los nacionales. Dichos derechos tendrán la misma protección y amparo en uno y otro caso'.
En cuanto al salario percibido, según el sexo de los trabajadores, se pueden observar también importantes diferencias: existe una paridad entre quienes ganan menos del Salario Mínimo Nacional y entre quienes ganan entre 20.001 a 30.000 pesos uruguayos  ( 500 y 750 dólares americanos ) . En cambio, cuando se acrecienta el salario se aprecian diferencias: en la franja salarial entre los 30.001 y los 40.000  ( 750 a 1.000 dólares americanos )  y entre los 40.001 y los 50.000  ( 1.000 a 1.250 dólares americanos )  el porcentaje de hombres es mayor al de las mujeres debido al tipo de actividad realizada en donde los sueldos a los cuales acceden estas últimas es menor; en cambio, entre los 50.001 a 60.000  ( 1.250 a 1.500 dólares americanos )  y más de 60.001  ( más de 1.500 dólares americanos )  se produce una leve diferencia a favor de las mujeres relacionada a un predominio de cargos de responsabilidad ejercidos por éstas
Incremento del aporte a Uruguay Social y los beneficios para los hogares en el Plan de Equidad.
En segundo lugar, a pesar de que los hombres tienen niveles más bajos de educación superior  ( 18% ) , sí tienen mayor acceso al empleo con una tasa de desempleo menor que la de las mujeres  ( 26% ) . Esto podría deberse a que el tipo de trabajo al que acceden los hombres es menos calificado
Health systems in LAC have fewer resources and less capacity than OECD countries to confront the COVID 19 pandemic. The LAC region has an average of two doctors per 1,000 population, and most countries stand well below the OECD average of 3.5, with only Cuba, Argentina and Uruguay having more.
Más de la mitad del total de encuestados contestó que en algún momento desde el inicio de la pandemia sus ingresos laborales fueron afectados. Un 20 por ciento de encuestados declararon que sus ventas, pedidos y clientes habían bajado, un 19 por ciento reportó que le redujeron sus horas de trabajo, seguido de un 17 por ciento que confirmó que le redujeron el salario. Por último, un 14 por ciento de los encuestados mencionaron que los suspendieron temporalmente y un 8 por ciento que perdieron su trabajo ya sea por despido o finalización de contrato.
Por su parte, del total que dijeron estar ocupados el 88% lo estaba en el sector formal, y el restante 12% en el sector informal de la economía.
Al ser consultados por si habían trabajado o realizado otras actividades durante su viaje y si en caso afirmativo lo han tratado bien, el 87% respondió que sí, el 6% que no y el 7% que prefirió no responder. Cuando se profundizó en casos de maltrato las menciones dieron cuenta de aspectos de discriminación y maltrato laboral.
Ruta A: Ruta desde Venezuela hasta Uruguay. Este tipo de ruta se realiza en uno o dos tramos, ya sea directamente desde el Distrito Capital hasta Montevideo, o mediante una parada en Brasil, y en menor medida en Colombia o Argentina. Este tipo de ruta se realiza tanto por aire como por tierra, y la que lleva menor cantidad de días. Cuando el viaje es realizado en un tramo, se vuela directamente desde Venezuela hacia Uruguay. Sin embargo, también puede hacerse un tramo en tierra hasta Colombia  ( Bogotá o Medellín )  y desde allí a Uruguay. La ruta que incluye una parada en Brasil implica un tramo desde Venezuela hasta Boa Vista o hasta Porto Alegre, y desde allí a Montevideo. Las respuestas obtenidas muestran que pueden hacerse tanto en tierra o avión, resaltando los casos que llegan hasta Porto Alegre, ya sea en avión o tierra, y desde allí mediante tierra a Uruguay. Las rutas que incluyen Argentina mayormente implican un viaje en avión hasta Buenos Aires desde Venezuela o Colombia, y desde allí por mar o tierra hasta Uruguay.
Norte de Santander De acuerdo con el reporte de la UNGRD a la fecha, existe un acumulado de 2.928 familias afectadas y 5 muertos. 180 vías, 14 puentes y 209 acueductos afectados. El reporte en las últimas horas informa 173 familias afectadas.