nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
The long term economic crisis in South Sudan has put increasing strain and limits on the generosity and capacity of people to invest in one another. Guilt and frustration over unfulfilled promises from friends and relatives in the diaspora circulate. Under significant pressure from their families and their own sense of masculinity, many young men go missing, either heading north to Sudan alone or becoming uncontactable  ( or change their phone numbers )  during military service elsewhere in South Sudan.There is a general feeling that: ‘Lives have changed".
The proportion of IDPs and returnees living in settlements with areas avoided by women and girls decreased slightly by 3 percentage points, or 38,251 individuals, for IDPs. For returnees, a slight decrease in relative terms was offset by an increase in numbers driven by the overall influx of returnees during the period.
Overall, 38.9 per cent of IDPs, or 549,701 individuals, and 41.6 per cent of returnees, or 573,409 individuals, live in settlements with reports of conflict related incidents occurring during the six months prior to the assessment, including both armed conflict and conflict over land and resources. This indicator differs from the ACLED conflict events indicator in that it refers specifically to the IDP/returnee settlements, has a longer timeframe, and is collected through local DTM key informants rather than compiled from media sources.
In sixteen counties, at least 5,000 IDPs or returnees and 90 per cent of one or both population groups lived in settlements that rely on cash assistance, food assistance or host community donations as the main source of food. Seven of these counties are in Unity  ( Guit, Leer, Mayom, Koch, Rubkona, Mayendit and Panyijiar ) , four in Jonglei  ( Ayod, Canal/Pigi, Nyirol and Duk ) , two in Northern Bahr El Ghazal  ( Aweil West and Aweil East )  and Lakes  ( Awerial and Yirol East ) , and one in Warrap  ( Tonj South ) . In addition to the above, Wau, Juba, Bor South and Awerial Counties are notable with a total number of IDPs and returnees living in settlements reliant on aid or donations exceeding 40,000.
Overall, 44.3 per cent of IDPs  ( 626,236 individuals )  and 45.7 per cent of returnees  ( 629,383 individuals )  live in settlements without access to a local market selling NFIs. In Lakes  ( 63%, or 115,456 individuals ) , Jonglei  ( 62.3%, or 121,649 individuals )  and Central Equatoria  ( 52.4%, or 106,007 individuals )  the majority of IDPs lives in settlements without access to a local market selling NFIs. The same applies to returnees in Central Equatoria  ( 62.5%, or 90,239 individuals ) , Jonglei  ( 55.6%, or 98,577 individuals ) , Upper Nile  ( 55.5%, or 127,688 individuals )  and Lakes  ( 52.6%, or 35,063 individuals ) .
Nutrition: Even though MUAC screening results mentioned above does not seems alarming, it may change with current situation. Partners also fear that the current open defecation, congestion and water contamination, is highly likely to cause waterborne diseases outbreak coupled with high prevalence of malaria and respiratory chest infection among children, pregnant and lactating women sleeping in open places if current situation remains unattended. ( Aug 2020 )
1,234 IDPs arrived from Aker, Dhoong, Chuol, Manyiel & Wunthilik,  ( Tonj North County )  to Rual Bet, Tonj North County due to the flooding.
Persons with disabilities face multiple physical barriers in accessing services, causing difficulties to persons with reduced mobility in particular.
Furthermore, following an attack on a Norwegian Refugee Council  ( NRC )  contracted convoy in Lainya County on August 29, NRC suspended the distribution of relief items to 4,000 IDPs in Kupera town on September 2 and has withdrawn its staff from the area until further notice. Continued armed clashes between NAS elements and the SSPDF will likely result in additional access restrictions and obstructions to humanitarian assistance in Kajo Keji, Liria, Lobonok, Morobo, Panyume, and Yei areas, WFP reports.
Reports of submerged and likely damaged crops prior to harvesting, increase food shortages in the short and long  term into the lean season.
During the month, the Logistics Cluster coordinated one inter agency convoy on behalf of three organisations, transporting humanitarian supplies from Juba along the Western Corridor.
IOM Core Pipeline processed 15 approved requests from nine WASH partners for the benefit of approximately 24,465 households. In addition, 18 requests were processed for 10 S NFI partners for the benefit of 30,369 households. The emergency supplies reached 15 counties, namely, Juba, Lainya, Yei, Bor South, Pibor, Yirol East, Panyijar, Pariang, Rubkona, Malakal, Fashoda, Tonj South, Wau, Ibba, and Mvolo
The marginal decrease in the prevalence of food insecurity by nearly 6 percent from 75 percent in August 2019 is the result of slight improvement in access to food from the main harvest in October and November while modest improvements in access to markets and livelihoods have also helped to sustain the current level of food security. Compared to December 2018 when 74.0 percent of households were affected, food insecurity in the country has decreased by 4.8 percent, with the situation assessed to have improved in 7 out of the 10 states.
Although the overarching concerns emerging from the rumor tracking data collected thus far is that communities across South Sudan may be underestimating the likelihood or impact of an outbreak of COVID 19, some rumors indicate a perception that COVID 19 will bring devastation. Actors engaged in risk communications should consider how to communicate accurate information about the risks while avoiding expressing despair, which may have mental health and psychosocial implications for the population. • For instance, humanitarians should continue messaging that highlights that the majority  ( roughly 80% )  of people globally who do contract the virus end up recovering, but should still stress that it is still a serious threat for vulnerable groups.1
In Aweil North county, a concerning rumor that potential COVID 19 vaccines could result in infertility and will thus prompt an increase in sexual activity was recorded. Not only could an uptick in sexual activity lead to an increase in SGBV cases, especially with socialdistancing measures confining families to their homes, but also signals that in some areas, community trust in potential vaccines and/ or treatments may be quite low. Potential skepticism in vaccines may have serious implications for humanitarians, particularly public health actors, in the future responses to the COVID 19 pandemic.
COVID 19 facilities have trained health care workers who provide medical, psychosocial, and nutritional support to a patient. These facilities are also equipped with minimum protective clothing and medicine that can be given to a patient to support his body to fight the virus. In some case, visitors and non trained care takers are not allowed in the COVID 19 facilities to prevent them from being infected or infect the health care workers.
As of October 2017, Nile Petroleum Corporation, which was the sole fuel importer in South Sudan, stopped importing fuel for subsidized sale, and allowed private firms to import and sell fuel at market prices. This led many consumers turn to the thriving parallel market where petrol and diesel premium prices were charged up to 278 300 SSP/ litre  ( Figure 11.8 ) . Fuel was rarely available in the pumps but was mostly sold in the parallel market with a high risk of adulteration. The increase in the cost of fuel and transport is passed directly to consumers in form of high food prices.
The ongoing economic crisis in South Sudan escalated progressively from the country's disagreement with the Republic of Sudan over sharing of oil revenues and oil pipeline fees, leading to the 2012 oil production/export shutdown. This was worsened off by the two periods of war from December 2013 and from June 2016, which led to higher defense spending and disruptions of oil production. Consequently, the country faced severe and devastating macro economic and fiscal crisis including insufficient foreign inflows, reduced government revenues, wider budget deficit, increased public debt, a higher and increasing parallel forex market rate, higher inflation, widening balance of payment deficits and successive years of negative economic growth  ( recession ) .
The restrictions on movement related to COVID 19 have limited the transportation of personnel and essential drugs and medical supplies. This directly affects the ability of the health system to respond to an outbreak and other health needs while indirectly affecting people's health. People's vulnerability to epidemic diseases, an already weak health system and the poor hygiene and sanitation practices among communities exacerbate the needs, and increase the risk of an outbreak.
The provision of psychosocial support is an essential component for children, teachers and school community during the time of crisis. The school closures disrupt children's routine and social support and may also not allow children to learn and take part in recreational sports and game activities and further limit the chance of social interaction.
In continuation of a series of pilot projects and initiatives to promote women's participation in community governance structures and to enhance their livelihood opportunities in the PoC sites, including their participation in COVID 19 prevention and response in Wau PoCAA, CCCM rolled out a cloth face mask production pilot project to enhance women's resilience and self reliance. Through consultations with women's groups, 29 women, including 11 women with disabilities, were mobilized for hand and machine sewing skills training facilitated by the IOM Camp Management team.
In Juba, IOM constructed one new handwashing facility at Juba Teaching Hospital, bringing the total number of HWFs built by IOM in Juba to 13. The handwashing facilities benefited 63,560 individuals  ( 17,161 girls, 16,562 boys, 15,254 women, 14,619 men )  during the reporting period. IOM also completed the construction of three additional handwashing stations  ( 500L each )  in Gudele 1, and two in Gedele 2, bringing the total number of HWS built to 73. The handwashing stations benefited 95,811 individuals  ( 25,896 girls, 24,911 boys, 22,994 women, 22,037 men )  during the reporting period.
Hence, 23 percent of the households reported migration of members to other parts of the country in the past 12 months because of reasons not related to insecurity. Of the households which migrated, 42.8 percent moved to a town or city within South Sudan, while 36.8 percent relocated to a neighboring country, mainly Uganda, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Sudan or Central African Republic. ( December 2019 )
A total of 421 formerly released children  ( 265 boys and 156 girls )  from the existing caseload received specialized or individualized services in Western Equatoria by UNICEF.
In June, in close cooperation with Democratic Republic of the Congo  ( DRC )  and UNHCR, the MHPSS team supported an assessment on the inclusion of people with disabilities in Malakal and conducted Focus Group Discussions  ( FGDs )  to inform future programming. In addition, the MHPSS teams conducted workshops at each field location in Malakal, Wau and Bentiu to ascertain the views of community members on COVID 19 related awareness raising needs, specifically emphasizing MHPSS considerations. These workshops informed the development of culturally sensitive Information, Education and Communication  ( IEC )  materials, which include key messages and corresponding illustrations.
House to house inter personal communication, community engagement meetings, church and mosque meetings, radio talk shows, public rallies and megaphone announcements were the major activities undertaken by these community mobilizers. Also supported was the second phase of the measles vaccination campaign initiated in 26 counties by UNICEF.
6.01 million people  ( 51% of the population )  facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity  ( Feb Apr 2020  )  1.475 million in Emergency 4.515 million in Crisis
Round 25 reported that 34 percent of households reported access to an improved water source in under 30 minutes without facing protection concerns. Thus, the remaining 66 per cent of the households from across the country either rely on unimproved or surface water sources. The highest proportion of households relying on surface water or unimproved water sources were found in Greater Equatoria  ( 71 percent ) . ( December 2019 )
Overall, 86.5 percent of households reported having access to land and 91.9 percent of those households actually planted crops during the past growing season. At the national level, the proportion of households who planted crops increased by 14.2 percent from 77.7 percent in December 2017 to 91.9 percent in December 2019.
Generally, 56.2 percent of households across the country reported using emergency  ( 43.3 percent )  or crisis coping strategies  ( 12.9 percent )  while 10.5 percent used stress coping strategies because of lack of food or money to buy food during the 30 days preceding the assessment. At the national level, the use of crisis and emergency coping strategies reduced by 8.3 percent from 64.5 percent in December 2018 to 56.2 percent in December 2019.
In Round 25, 72 percent of households reported a self diagnosed vector or waterborne disease in the two weeks prior to data collection. ( December 2019 )
Across the country, 58 percent of households had very high  ( 48 percent )  to high  ( 10 percent )  expenditure on food alone. As a result, additional shocks tend to constrain their ability to sustain their food consumption through market purchases On average, 73.9 percent of household expenditure was on food, with expenditure on cereals accounting for 48.3 percent of the total food expenditure in December 2019. This represents a slight decrease in both expenditure on food and cereals when compared to August 2019, when it stood at 80 percent and 47 percent respectively ( December 2019 )
Catastrophe  ( IPC Phase 5 )  acute food insecurity in Pibor County is due to the combination of the seasonal deterioration moving into the depth of the lean season in the semi arid plains without food stocks from their harvest; any remaining livestock are moved to the distant dry season grazing grounds; some fish is likely to remain available but key will be the efficiency in scaling up the already disrupted delivery of Humanitarian Food Assistance  ( HFA )  and the risk of continued conflict which will maintain a significant proportion of the population in Catastrophe  ( IPC phase 5 ) .
Between December 2020 and March 2021, the situation is expected to seasonally improve with an estimated 606,000 people  ( 55.3% of the population )  likely to be in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity, of which 466,000 people are likely to be in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  acute food insecurity, and 140,000 people are likely to be in Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  acute food insecurity.
Existing services and facilities including health, nutrition and water are stretched.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Data for Amiet Panel of Experts  ( POE )  in Abyei was not received due to internet connectivity challenges.
One health partner is in process of scaling up health services in collaboration of partners who are providing health services through static health facilities. Another is rehabilitating six facilities that were affected by flooding in 2020 to re establish service delivery to support response scale up.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Most commonly reported type of primary healthcare facility accessible by foot: Hospital  ( 92% )
Pibor, Lakes, Tonj, Jonglei and Warrap states have experienced upsurges in local communal violence due to resource conflicts, disrupting the country's fragile social fabric.These instances show how changing seasonal patterns can affect pastoralists' mobility options, and how climate related stress can increase the risk of tensions and impact existing conflicts.
In support to IDPs' leadership and governance structures in managing their site affairs, CCCM teams completed the construction of a community center which will provide a venue to convene Governance Coordination meetings, town hall meetings and facilitate other site level fora while respecting Covid 19 precautionary measures.
From December 2020 to March 2021, the food security situation is expected to slightly improve, with an estimated 417,000 people  ( 37.9% of the population )  likely to be in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity, of which 341,000 people are likely to be in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  acute food insecurity, and 76,000 people are likely to be in Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  acute food insecurity.
The Logistics Cluster and WHO, as co leads of the Operational Support and Logistics Pillar of the National Response Plan, re launched the Personal Protective Equipment  ( PPE )  Common Request System following the arrival of a PPE order worth USD $5.2 million, funded by the South Sudan Humanitarian Fund and African Development Bank and procured by WHO.
In Rumbek North, Lakes, inter communal clashes forced some 2,700 people to flee to Dheng Nhial site. In March, several inter communal clashes displaced about 5,100 people from Jur River County into Wau County
In particular, USAID/BHA partner WFP reached more than 550,000 flood affected people with emergency food assistance countrywide during the month, including approximately 23,000 individuals in Jonglei.
COVID 19 Addendum to the HRP The COVID 19 Addendum to the HRP, including the National COVID 19 Response Plan, brought the overall humanitarian appeal for 2020 to $1.9 billion.  [ JUNE 2020 ]
In bimodal areas, reduced access to inputs, localized floods and desert locust damage, and localized conflict remain the primary threats to crop production in 2020.
SSHF  ( South Sudan Humanitarian Fund )  launched a reserve allocation of $5 million to procure 70 tons of personal protective equipment to protect frontline health workers responding to COVID 19.  [ MAY 2020 ]
WFP and partners are working with communities to identify bomas and households previously supported through general food distribution  ( GFD )  who are willing and interested to participate in Food Assistance for Assets  ( FFA ) .
Strengthen support to Child Friendly Spaces  ( runed by WVI )  and promote the well being of children employed.  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
Security and safety is provided by the local police with an office stationed within the camps. Patrols are conducted by the police but number of staff is very limited, 2 police officers in total. No reports on harassment have been reported from the side of police, however local community leaders and women cited that most of the cases remain unresolved and no arrests have been made.  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
WVI to liaise with WFP as soon as possible to ensure supplies for the TSFP  (  ( Targeted Supplementary Feeding Program )  are delivered to these locations as soon as possible  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ]
On 16 November the Juba Protection of Civilians  ( PoC )  Site was redesignated as an Internally Displaced Persons  ( IDP )  camp. It has followed a long and careful process, planning alongside humanitarians, and in consultation with national and local government, the security services, and the displaced community. WFP will continue to provide food assistance to people in the IDP camp.
Planning distribution of food at school to avoid having kids dropping school out of hunger.
Advocate for increase of incentives to teachers  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ]
Low incentives for teachers of about 6500 SSP per month was reported which does not match with the economic situation of the country.  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ]
According to local authorities and community leaders, over 500 cattle,3000 goats and 2500 sheep deaths reported by the local authorities and the cause if floods that always come with its associated disease outbreak like Trypanosomiases/nagana, foot, and mouth disease and then the high blood pressure.  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
Increased bureaucratic impediments challenged humanitarian operations and the effective delivery of life saving assistance to people in need. Extortion, duplicate registration at state and local levels, imposition of taxes Humanitarian organizations continued to face pressure from authorities, particularly in several locations in Jonglei, for remittance of tax to the former 32 states.and fees, interference in recruitment processes and the inconsistent application of policies delayed or disrupted humanitarian operations.
The overall proportion of IDPs and returnees living in settlements where the majority of children is not attending primary education decreased respectively by 5.3 percentage points, or 79,479 individuals, and by 1.8 percentage points, or 30,202 individuals, marking a slight improvement since round 6. At the state level, the reduction in the number of IDPs living in such settlements was greatest in Central Equatoria  (  22.1 p.p., or  34,170 individuals ) , Warrap  (  16.2 p.p., or  20,363 individuals )  and Unity  (  9.8 p.p., or  24,167 individuals ) . Western Equatoria represented a key exception to the overall trend, with a marked increase in the number of returnees living in such settlements  ( +15 p.p., or +23,113 individuals )
Based on a nearly 150 percent increase in spontaneous refugee returns in June 2020 compared to May, the monthly flow of returnees is anticipated to be higher than previously projected despite closed land borders.
Community leaders and stakeholders are identified with low capacity to response to CP  ( Child Protection )  issues as a result of not being trained and have knowledge on how to use their local capacities to restore and protect children. Therefore they are need to be trained and given opportunity to lead in CP/PSS activities programme.  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
Girls have been particularly affected by the pandemic, as the closure of schools and restrictions put in place have increased exposure of girls and women to gender based violence, including child marriage and rape.
Limited access to hygiene NFIs and poor hand washing practices appear to have contributed negatively to the overall hygiene situation in the state. Across the state, less than half of the assessed settlements reported that people washed their hands with soap  ( 38% )  and ash  ( 33 )  in September.
The key drivers of food insecurity include the seasonal depletion of own stocks, particularly for households whose crop production was negatively affected by climatic shocks; increased market dependence at a time when food prices are expected to rise further; the unpredictable security situation along the border with Sudan that is likely to impact on trade; the ongoing economic crisis that is likely to continue eroding household purchasing power in a highly market dependent State; migration of livestock away from homesteads that will lead to decreased access to livestock products; and COVID 19 measures that are likely to have an impact on the supply chain systems and affect market functionality. Households will increasingly rely on petty trade and selling of natural resources for income, as well as consuming of wild foods.
The rise in insecurity led to the relocation of nearly 150 aid workers from Jonglei, impacting the ability of humanitarian organizations to respond. In February, in and around Pibor, about 80 aid workers were relocated.  (  February 2020 )
Levels of inter communal violence have reached unprecedented levels in 2020. FEWS NET's analysis of ACLED's data on inter communal conflict events shows the number of events through July 31, 2020, already exceeds annual totals in 2013 2016 and 2018 2019 and is on track to meet or exceed the annual total recorded in 2017.
FAO and WFP warn that further intensification of violence and the consequent displacement of civilians and disruption to agriculture and markets could result in additional people experiencing severe acute food insecurity in the coming months.
World Vision constructed 80 HHs latrines in 2020, targeting only the PSN  ( Persons with Specific Needs ) . This means an average of minimum 400 people per latrines, where the SPHERE standard is 50 in case of emergency.  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
Education cluster did not receive funding to support the rehabilitation of learning facilities and provision of essential education supplies.
The CERF  ( UN's Central Emergency Response Fund )  Rapid Response allocation of $9.7 million filled gaps in core humanitarian pipelines and enabled frontline responders to scale up assistance to people in need. The CERF also financed community labor intensive and cash based initiatives aimed at reducing the impact of floods on communities, such as repairing broken dikes. In addition, more than $16 million was mobilized from ECHO, DFID and USAID in response to the floods and displacements.
Consistently, nearly half of reported access incidents are violent in nature and South Sudan continues to report the highest number of violent incidents against humanitarians globally, including casualties. The vast majority of these are against South Sudanese staff. Operational interference, restrictions of movement and bureaucratic impediments also persistently challenge and delay access to reach people in need.
Displacement patterns have been driven largely by conflict dynamics. Internally, the numbers displaced have continued to rise, with conflict driving many of the same families having to flee on multiple occasions. Greater Upper Nile maintains the largest numbers of displaced, accounting for 60 per cent of all internally displaced in the country.
Direct food distribution is needed to address the urgent food shortage as well as monthly distributions as community does not have any coping mechanism in place  ( no access to land, no access to fishing, no cattle )   [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
Facilitate in depth collection of sex  and age disaggregated data about the population to ensure appropriate planning and provision of services within the community.  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
Physical access was compromised with logistical challenges and infrastructure damage. Some remote locations, particularly in Jonglei, were accessible only by air or riverine transport.
There was an increase in reported injuries, from 17 people injured in 2019 to 32 in 2020. Most injuries happened during ambushes and some during attacks on humanitarian facilities
The latest food security analysis projected that 9,000 people  ( per cent of the county population analysed )  will likely face catastrophe levels of acute food insecurity in Tonj East between December 2020 to March 2021.
So far triage and screening areas have been set up in 34 health facilities. A total of 75 health facilities have been provided with PPE and 527 health workers have been trained on infection prevention and control measures. A total of 2,523,214 people have been reached with hygiene promotion and COVID 19 prevention and control messages on a weekly basis in IDP camps/ PoCs/refugee settlements, communities and other public places. A total of 363 hand washing facilities were established in communities and health facilities and 90,105 were people provided with locally fabricated cloth masks.
Likewise, a total of 94,336 vulnerable people have so far been supported with access to basic sanitation facilities through the construction and rehabilitation of emergency communal latrines and household latrines. In relatively stable communities in Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Eastern Equatoria, community led total sanitation  ( CLTS )  is being implemented as the approach to improve the sanitation coverage. Follow up is being conducted for the previously triggered village in Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Eastern Equatoria to establish communities that have attained open defecation free  ( ODF )  status.
In October 2020, UNICEF and Partners provided curative consultations to a total of 146,316 individuals  ( 69,034 males and 77,282 females, the number includes 64,829 children under the age of 5 and 81,487 adults. This brings the cumulative total consultations for the period January   October 2020 to 1,474,311 out of which 646,335 were children under 5  ( 311,418 males and 334,917 females ) . Most children and women seen during the consultations were for the treatment of malaria  ( 33 per cent ) , followed by acute respiratory infections  ( 16 per cent )  and diarrhea  ( 11 per cent ) .
2 out of 5 children under the age of five are malnourished.
Access constraints often further drive and magnify humanitarian needs by cutting people off much needed assistance and protection. Tenuous access and a lack of safety assurances regularly prevent emergency assessment and response, as was the case in mid 2018 to an estimated 100,000 people in central Unity and 28,000 people in the greater Baggari area in Western Bahr el Ghazal. Insecurity and violent acts against humanitarian staff and assets regularly obstruct access or force the relocation of staff and suspension of operations, as was the case in Maban in July 2018.
As of January 2021, United Nations Humanitarian Air Service  ( UNHAS ) supported 16 flights dedicated to the flood response which enabled the facilitation of 10 missions for the ICCG and 6 flood relocations and evacuations in Ayod, Duk, Jiech, Labrab, Pathai and Yuai.
Immediate needs included health awareness to prevent water borne diseases, prepositioning of medical supplies in readiness to increased needs of flood affected population and strengthening of health outreach services.
As roads and ports significantly deteriorate during the rainy season, humanitarian organizations become reliant on costly air transport to reach people in need. However, the quality of airstrips also remains low, and only four airstrips are equipped with tarmac  ( Juba, Malakal, Paloich and Wau ) . Another 234 landing sites or murram airstrips  ( including 123 suitable for Fixed Wing aircrafts and 115 helipads )  are functioning in South Sudan, enabling humanitarian organizations to access people in hard to reach locations. Nevertheless, due to low maintenance and very limited infrastructure, a large majority of these airstrips becomes accessible to helicopters only during the rainy season.
The first round of the OCV  ( Oral Cholera Vaccines )  campaign in Bor was completed with a coverage of 80% and preparation is ongoing for the 2nd round.
A recent Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System  ( FSNMS )  conducted in 2019 assessment found that 30 per cent of children had behavioral change, showing signs of distress due to repeated exposure to conflict and shocks.
The Protection cluster will continue to provide technical support on protection to the Cash Working Group, the Inter Cluster Coordination Group, and peacekeeping and development organizations.
Malnutrition needs are greatest in Jonglei, Upper Nile, Lakes, Warrap and Northern Bahr el Ghazel states where number of acutely malnourished children under five and Pregnant and Lactating Women caseloads are highest, also with more than 50 per cent of their respective population facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity
Up to 95% of the population depend on natural recourses to meet their food and income needs.
As of 29 September, a cumulative total of 2,700 confirmed COVID 19 cases and 49 deaths had been recorded with a case fatality rate  ( CFR )  of 1.8 per cent.
An escalation of sub national violence and internal displacement appears to have created food access gaps in Tonj South County. Despite the seasonal harvest, the proportion of assessed settlements reporting adequate access to food remained comparable in Tonj South during this period  ( 57% in July versus 53% in September ) . This minimal improvement in access to food may be explained by conflict and displacement, which according to an inter agency assessment, prevented 36% of the population in Manyang Ngok, Wanalel and Tonj payams of Tonj South County from engaging in cultivation in the last planting season. With such a high proportion of population that did not cultivate, access to food will likely remain a concern in the county in the next lean season.
Flooding reportedly displaced populations in Tonj East, Gogrial East and Gogrial West counties in the third quarter. The proportion of assessed settlements reporting flooding as the main cause of displacement increased minimally from 1% in July to 12% across Warrap State. Tonj East appears to be the most affected in September, with 29% of assessed settlements reporting flooding as the main reason why people left their settlements. Indicative of this internal displacement, Tonj East had the highest proportion  ( 79% )  of assessed settlements reporting the presence of IDPs in September.
Nearly 11,405 children were screened for malnutrition, out of which 377 children were suffering from severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM ) . The children were treated at in patient and out patient therapeutic centers
WASH: Major response gaps remain in Nyirol, Ayod, Bor South and Gumuruk  ( Priority 1 locations )  and Fashoda and Koch  ( Priority 2 locations ) .
The COVID 19 outbreak and related restrictions are likely to further delay the recovery of South Sudan's agricultural production system. Annually required inputs like seeds may remain available through the informal sector in many areas, though returnees will likely also need less frequently acquired items, like tools for reconstruction and heavy land clearance.
Fighting in Lainya, Kajo keji and Morobo in Central Equatoria led to suspension of activities, ambushes of humanitarian convoys, looting of critical supplies and violence against humanitarians. The prolonged closure of the main road in Central Equatoria for humanitarian movement prevented approximately 144,000 people in need from accessing humanitarian assistance.
In Malakal County  ( Malakal PoC ) , the size of the population was 27,930 and there was Movement restrictions within and in/ out of the site. The average daily flow in/out was 4,395/4,375. Approximately 36% travel overnight. Approximately 96% travel out of county for overnight travel. There was Congregation restrictions. There were no Temperature screening. There was Hand washing stations. There was risk communication. Widespread COVID 19 information campaign through radio, posters, and community meetings. There are movement restrictions between the POC, Humanitarian Hub, and UNMISS Compound now. Handwashing at all entrances. No temperature screening  [ Mobility Update Week 11  ( 1 14 June 2020 )  ]
Health Cluster partners conducted 1,213 consultations in Akobo County between 16 and 31 March. To date, cluster partners received and distributed five emergency health kits  ( EHK ) , a kit to treat children with severe acute malnutrition who have medical complications and nine pneumonia treatment kits to health facilities. A partner has been identified to support the health response in static facilities and services across Akobo County and funding has been secured.
While there have been signs of improvement of the security situation, it remains unpredictable with reports of continued community violence and insecurity including criminality and targeting of humanitarian workers, which continues to hamper the ability to scale up the response across the county.
The main complaints are lack of respect, reported by 11.9  ( ± 3.0 )  per cent of respondents, and lack of confidentiality, reported by 7.9  ( ± 2.6 )  per cent of respondents  ( Figure 11 ) .
According to the IPC analysis released in December 2020, about 5.8 million people  ( 48.3% of the population )  were projected to face Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity, of which 1.8 million people were projected to face Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  acute food insecurity during the period December 2020 to March 2021, while 11,000 people were likely to face Catastrophe  ( IPC Phase 5 )  acute food insecurity in Pibor Administration Area during the same period
Bor, Bentiu, and Juba PoC ( Protection of Civilians )  sites have recorded outflows as people concerned with potential insecurity in transitioning or transitioned PoCs return to their areas of habitual residence or move to secondary displacement locations.
However, some 345,000 refugees have returned to South Sudan in a self organized manner since 2017, with 110,000 returning in 2020 alone. Overall, spontaneous refugee returns are driven by both push and pull factors, including family reunification, limited livelihood opportunities, and insufficient access to basic services in the countries of asylum
In addition, an estimated 32 per cent of IDPs and 37 per cent of returnees live in settlements located more than 5 km from a functional health facility. States with the largest absolute gaps are Upper Nile, Jonglei and Unity. A key informant assessment found that two thirds of households could not access healthcare when needed in the six months prior to data collection.
UNMISS delivered child protection capacity building training to 410 members of the security forces  ( 263 male and 147 female ) ; 65 members of SPLM/A IO  ( all male ) , 50 members of the necessary unified forces  ( 45 male and 5 female ) , 20 members of SSOA  ( 18 male and 2 female ) , 320 community members  ( 180 male and 140 female )  and 29 government officials  ( 25 male and 4 female ) .
Additional support is required to improve the provision of water and sanitation services in schools, the installation of hand washing stations, and changing areas/rooms for adolescent girls during menstrual period, teacher training and community support to build trust, and reassure parents that it is safe for children to return to school.
The scale of educational needs in South Sudan remains high due to many challenges with supply and demand
The transition of PoC ( Protection of Civilians )  sites in 2020 and continuing into 2021 may cause the security situation to deteriorate and lead to a possible reduction in humanitarian access.
The oil price crash will likely also translate to heavy losses in export earnings, which will serve to widen the trade deficit of over SSP 2 billion, translating into a sizeable current account deficit. The World Bank projected the current account deficit to be about 1.8 percent of the gross domestic product in FY 2020, from 6.4 percent in FY 2019. The expected decline in oil exports, however, will exacerbate the increasing demand for imports, which will force the country to further deplete the already diminished foreign exchange reserves. Besides the impact of the oil price crash, the greatest economic impact of COVID 19 is likely to come from the disruption to commercial supply chains and the consequent loss of income earning opportunities and staple food price increases.
In Renk  ( Wunthaw ) , the official land border to Sudan, there were no disruption for movement of cargo as of 14 June and no movements of persons as of 14 June. Into/ out of point 2019 daily average was unknown. Into/out of point during reporting period daily average was 0/0 and there was no temperature screening and hand washing stations. There was no risk communication and Isolation/quarantine area. There were increased security forces in place .  [ Mobility Update Week 11  ( 1 14 June 2020 )  ]
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 5.5M People in need and 2.1M reached.
There are numerous latrines built from 2014 to 2019 that are full but no decommissioned. Some of them are now taking by water leading to a very hazardous situation in terms of sanitation.  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
Approximately 60 per cent of the limited road network becomes inaccessible during the long rainy season, affecting especially Jonglei, Unity and Upper Nile.
humanitarian organizations revert to the use of air transport as a last resort to reach people in need.
The absence of basic health care including vaccination services has resulted in low immunization coverage throughout the country, increasing the risk of vaccine preventable disease outbreaks.
Over half of respondents report a lack of access to any form of psychosocial support  ( 63.7% ) , while 16.1  ( ± 3.9 )  per cent are able to access counselling.
2.2$ funding received and 80 org people reached by Logistics Cluster.  ( South Sudan Humanitarian Fund 2020 )
188,528 seeking shelter with the UN  ( UNMISS )
In January 2021, the FSL Cluster distributed emergency food assistance  ( double ration covering January and February )  to 24,242 people  ( 28 per cent of people targeted ) .
On 11 February  (  2021  )  , the Government deployed South Sudan People's Defense Forces  ( SSPDF )  and National Security Services  ( NISS )  to Tonj North, but the security situation has remained volatile.
More medical supplies to be source to support what HLSS through HPF is providing for the routine services.
A multi cluster response is complimenting the response in many counties, especially by the ES/NFI, WASH and health clusters.
Health workers are prioritized because they are high at risk of contracting the virus due to their interaction with many patients and because South Sudan has no health worker to lose.
Despite insecurity, arrangements are on going to distribute food assistance to 15,000 people in Tonj East.  (  ( as of 26 February 2021 )
Conflict preparedness  ( dry season )  : Request UNMISS to provide security corridors during humanitarian response
Some 400 schools in nine states were affected and damaged by the floods and violence in 2020 and half of them are now occupied by IDPs. This has delayed the re opening of schools in many areas
Need to support the population with some food through BSFP modality to bridge the nutritional deficit to combat the population sliding into malnutrition.
Another 2.2 million South Sudanese remained displaced as refugees in six neighbouring countries.
Still, at independence, most South Sudanese officials and outsiders seemed oblivious to the danger that the country's elites would hurt its chances with violent power struggles, despite their long history of infighting.
Many areas seeing spontaneous IDP and refugee returns are already areas of high vulnerabilities, as per August 2019 IPC findings. They are also frequently on the close monitoring list for the inter agency Needs Analysis Working Group  ( NAWG )  for having high lifesaving needs, meaning that there may be a risk of further exacerbating high needs.
According to protection profiling exercises conducted in 2018 and 2019, an average of 63 per cent of the IDPs living inside PoC sites did not consider or even discuss leaving the sites and returning home. The vast majority cite security concerns as the main reason for not considering or discussing leaving the displacement sites, followed by scarcity of food  ( Bentiu, Bor and Juba PoC site populations )  and houses having been destroyed  ( particularly IDPs in Wau PoC site ) .
Latest population estimates suggest that more than 53 per cent of the 11.7 million people in South Sudan are under 18 years old.
[ South Sudan, 2019 ]  South Sudan has a dynamic context, the nature of conflict is not only political but has several layers i.e. ethnic, inter communal, natural disasters etc. All these combined cause displacements, violence, and significant impact on the fragile education system.
During the month, the Logistics Cluster coordinated four humanitarian road convoys, transporting life saving supplies from Juba to Kajo Keji, Yambio and along the Western Corridor. As the Western Corridor became fully accessible all the way to Bentiu, the Logistics Cluster continued to advocate for partners to pre position cargo in strategic locations along the corridor prior to the rainy season.  [ Specified location: Bentiu, a city in Rubkona County ]
8 community based child protection networks committees established and functioning.
Key achievements: 8,641 pregnant and lactating women provided with specialized nutritious foods
The POE TWG  ( Technical Working Group )  continued a series of joint supportive supervision visits to POEs. The purpose of the visits is to ensure that the POEs comply with the recommendations presented and guidelines stipulated in the COVID 19 Standard Operating Procedures, provide on site support to implementing teams, and better understand the challenges. During the POE TWG meeting, the key findings were presented from the visit to Renk.
In September, the CCCM Cluster engaged state and national level forums, including the Humanitarian Country Teams  ( HCT ) , Inter Cluster Coordination Groups  ( ICCG ) , UNMISS, and other Clusters to discuss the PoC transition process. The Cluster is also actively involved in drafting PoC transition and community engagement plans for each PoC site.
There are critical funding gaps to sustain water, sanitation and hygiene services in the former PoC sites. UNICEF with the support of donors has funded the water, sanitation, and hygiene  ( WASH )  services in the former PoC sites since their inception and in the last three years largely out of internal resources. The resources to sustain the services have significantly declined, severely affecting the ability of UNICEF to continue the provision of basic services in the near future
IOM S NFI supported the flood affected community in Bor by providing construction materials for dike repair such as sandbags, wooden poles and bamboos. IOM collaborated with local community based organizations and the community to mobilize the youth and actively engage them in dike repair works to reduce the risk of flooding in the area.
Overall, the security situation in these locations stable with government in control. The Executive Director acknowledged that the security situation in Wau and surrounding areas has improved significantly. The last conflict was in 2015 and 2016. All locations visited have remained peaceful since.
WASH partners supported the repair of broken boreholes at health facilities in Panthou and Wathmouk payams in Aweil South. Some 7,000 WASH kits were distributed, targeting MAM and SAM caregivers.
A standalone Vitamin A Supplementation and Deworming  ( VASD )  campaign has been completed and 51,017 children were reached with Vitamin A supplementation and 35,858 children were dewormed.
In the last two weeks of March, a nutrition partner provided assistance for 958 children under five years and 292 pregnant and lactating women through 10 static nutritional facilities, eight outreach sites and one stabilization centre. Regular nutrition screening and treatment is ongoing at 10 static nutrition sites. Additional nutrition supplies were pre positioned in 10 static nutrition centres in Aweil South ahead of the rainy season
Humanitarian and recovery agencies are working to reinvigorate economic activities to ramp up local income generating opportunities in order to improve livelihoods.
Access to electricity Only 28 per cent of people in South Sudan have access to electricity
A total of $10 million will be required for Mine Action Sub Cluster activities. The cost consists of manual and mechanical clearance operations including survey and clearance of mine fields, cluster strikes and BAC sites. The costs incurred are due to technical equipment and the number of personnel, both of which are required to meet compliance with the National Technical Standards and Guidelines, as well as the International Mine Action Standards.
The situation is exacerbated by attacks on health facilities, with the closure of 20 per cent of them.
The South Sudanese people also continue to be highly vulnerable to epidemic diseases, due to low immunization coverage, a weak health system and poor hygiene and sanitation.
The DLR and anticipatory action stands at US$10.3 million. So far, US$8 million has been raised through USAID, the European Union, France, Germany, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Russian Federation.