nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
El Almirante Craig Faller, comandante del Comando Sur de Estados Unidos, ente gestor del Programa de Asistencia Humanitaria, vino a Costa Rica para participar en la ceremonia de donación suministros sanitarios para apoyar el regreso a las aulas. “Una vez más, probamos que somos más resilientes cuando trabajamos juntos. Nuestra región se beneficia con la fortaleza de nuestra unidad para incluir a los ciudadanos más jóvenes de Costa Rica. Desde que la crisis del Covid 19 inició, el Comando Sur de Estados Unidos ha financiado más de 18 millones de dólares en proyectos del Programa de Asistencia Humanitaria en 28 países de la región. En Costa Rica se han concretado 37 proyectos, para un total de dos millones cien mil dólares e incluyen tres unidades médicas móviles para apoyar la atención del Covid. Como vecinos, estamos en esto juntos y juntos prevaleceremos contra esta pandemia', enfatizó el Almirante Faller.
Agradecemos que, por medio de los lazos de amistad y de cooperación desde hace muchos años entre Estados Unidos y Costa Rica, la embajada norteamericana ofrezca incontables oportunidades y apoyo para que muchos de nuestros estudiantes desarrollen y participen en eventos de áreas científicas, deportivas y de liderazgo, así como la colaboración en estrategias a favor del bilingüismo en el país. Hoy, la donación de estos termómetros, lavatorios, dispensadores y alcohol en gel serán de gran utilidad en esos preparativos que venimos trabajando desde el primer semestre de este año, para el retorno paulatino de la comunidad educativa a las aulas*', indicó la Viceministra Brenes.
Las caretas serán de uso personal y las niñas y niños las llevarán puestas en todo momento por encima de los tapabocas, esto tiene el objetivo aportar mejor y mayor protección para reducir la posibilidad de propagación del virus que produce la enfermedad COVID 19. Este acto refuerza la oferta de servicios públicos seguros para los niños y niñas, sus familia y personal en tiempos de pandemia.
A través del tiempo Unicef ha sido un socio estratégico para la Dirección Nacional de CEN CINAI. Apegándonos a los lineamientos del Ministerio de Salud distribuiremos las caretas como un refuerzo al uso correcto de las mascarillas', indicó Lidia María Conejo Morales, Directora Nacional de CEN CINAI.
4 de cada 10 personas presentan alguna condición médica o discapacidad. Esta proporción alcanza a 5 de cada 10  ( 1:2 )  personas para el grupo etario de 30 a 59 años de edad.
Esto ha generado que las personas migrantes se conglomeren en Río Claro, desbordando la capacidad en la terminal de buses que va hacia San José, y el servicio de transporte informal y formal se ha bene ( cid:30 ) ciado haciendo trayectos más largos para evadir los operativos en las estaciones de Neily y Canoas.
El alquiler de cuartos ronda el precio de los 8 a los 12 dólares estadounidenses la noche, las cuales incluyen una colchoneta, luz, agua e internet. Esta dinámica se presenta en Ciudad Neilly, Río Claro y Puerto Jiménez.
Sin embargo, se han detectado casos de personas que han tenido que dormir a la intemperie, alrededor de las paradas de autobuses y en pasillos. Para este reporte, tanto en Neily como en Río Claro, se presentaron estos casos.
En la región de Mesoamérica, para el mes de abril del mismo año, se encontraban varadas alrededor de 2.500 personas migrantes en estaciones de recepción migratoria  ( ERM )  tras el cierre de la frontera de Panamá con Colombia y Costa Rica  ( OIM 2020b ) .
Las restricciones que han tomado los estados para contrarrestar el avance de la COVID 19 han tenido gran impacto entre las personas que migran por la región, llegando al punto en que muchas han reconsiderado sus planes migratorios. Un sondeo realizado por OIM entre más de 1.600 personas migrantes en la región, reveló que un 47% había decidido posponer su migración debido a la pandemia, mientras que un 10% adicional había decidido cancelarla por completo. El 20% de las personas migrantes que respondieron al sondeo, expresó el deseo de regresar a su lugar de origen  ( OIM 2020 ) .
Adicionalmente, un número importante de personas migrantes han permanecido varadas en las comunidades de tránsito en las que se encontraban en el momento en que las autoridades comenzaron a aplicar restricciones de movilidad. Para julio del 2020, la OIM estimaba que al menos unos 2,75 millones de migrantes estaban varados en todo el mundo debido a las restricciones a la movilidad impuestas para intentar controlar la propagación de la COVID 19  ( OIM 2020a ) 3.
El 8% de las personas encuestadas sufren de una o más de una enfermedad crónica. Entre ellos, las condiciones más comunes son la hipertensión y la diabetes. El 1% ha tenido en el último año una enfermedad infectocontagiosa. El 9% indicó que requiere medicamentos diaria o regularmente para el tratamiento de sus condiciones.
El 59% de las personas entrevistadas indicaron que durante el último año han sufrido de estrés o malestar emocional que les impidió llevar a cabo sus tareas cotidianas  ( por ejemplo, tristeza, miedo, enojo, preocupación, etc. )
Entre las personas entrevistadas, las opiniones en cuanto a los cambios en la demanda y los precios del TIM varían. Algunas afirmaron que la alta demanda de servicios bajo la COVID 19 ha resultado en un incremento drástico en los precios que cobran las personas traficantes; inclusive argumentaron que los costos se habían duplicado. Otras mencionaron la hipótesis de que la percepción en el incremento en los costos, podría ser el resultado no sólo de la demanda, sino de la intensificación de la vigilancia en puntos ciegos y en cruces fronterizos, y por consiguiente el aumento en la cantidad pagada en sobornos a agentes fronterizos –costos que eventualmente son transferidos a las personas migrantes.
Las personas migrantes no sólo han tenido que enfrentar la imposibilidad temporal de continuar con sus procesos migratorios, también las limitadas infraestructuras en el área de protección, y su condición como extranjeros en lugares desconocidos y remotos, intensifican las formas de vulnerabilidad que experimentan  ( IOM 2020 ) .
En un contexto de gran complejidad y necesidad, existen personas migrantes que ven como su única opción solicitar los servicios de personas o grupos que faciliten la migración de manera irregular  ( Glass 2019; Hagan 2008; Vogt 2018 ) . La provisión de dichos servicios ha continuado durante la pandemia  ( INTERPOL 2020, UNODC 2020, Sanchez & Achilli 2020 ) , lo que implica que, tanto las personas traficantes como quienes contratan sus servicios, se han visto obligados a viajar por rutas aún más remotas y peligrosas para evitar ser detectados por las autoridades  ( INTERPOL 2020 ) .
Para algunas personas informantes clave, el TIM está bajo el control de redes criminales transnacionales, mientras que para otras es facilitado por personas en situación de alta vulnerabilidad que viven a lo largo de las rutas migratorias y generan ingresos prestando servicios de manera independiente, como estrategia de sobrevivencia y generación de ingresos.
A pesar de no haber sido mencionado por las personas entrevistadas, la literatura sobre migración en la región ha documentado ampliamente la participación de las personas migrantes en la facilitación del TIM. Se ha reportado que son ellas mismas quienes con frecuencia ejecutan actos violentos en contra de otras personas migrantes, ya sea bajo coerción, obligadas por grupos dedicados al secuestro o la extorsión  ( en cuyo caso podrían ser consideradas como víctimas agresoras, una categoría jurídica que reconoce su calidad dual como víctimas del delito, pero a la vez responsables de la comisión de una conducta criminal ) , o como autores de delitos  ( Izcara  Palacios 2016; Frank Vitale 2020 ) . En ambos casos, varios estudios revelan que estas estrategias constituyen intentos de sobrevivencia ante las condiciones de vulnerabilidad que las personas migrantes enfrentan. Se ha identificado que las personas migrantes participan con frecuencia en labores de reclutamiento, el cobro de cuotas, la recepción de transferencias de dinero, la limpieza de casas y preparación de alimentos, y la ejecución de crímenes violentos como agresiones físicas y secuestros  ( Yates & Leutert, 2020; Izcara Palacios 2016; CNDH 2011 ) .
En América Central y México, ha habido importantes casos de TIP que han involucrado mujeres, como el de Ana Yansi López, costarricense conocida como Mamá África, a la que se le abrió un proceso legal en 2018 cuando se detectó que facilitaba el tránsito de migrantes de Costa Rica a Nicaragua  ( Rojas, 2020 ) .
Además, destacaron cómo el personal asignado a responder a casos de TIM con frecuencia carece de conocimiento y herramientas básicas que les permitan ejecutar su labor de manera eficiente. Mencionaron que el personal sigue sin tener las competencias necesarias para distinguir de manera sistemática entre tráfico ilícito de migrantes y trata de personas, usando los términos indistintamente. Se hizo también referencia a la prevalencia de la corrupción, principalmente dada la naturaleza remota y permeable de las comunidades fronterizas en la región.
Una de las personas entrevistadas indicó que la desaceleración que experimentó su unidad durante la pandemia les permitió examinar algunos de sus procedimientos y encaminarlos hacia el desarrollo de mejores prácticas. Otros entrevistados se mostraron menos optimistas, explicando cómo la pandemia había revelado la necesidad urgente de personal calificado en buena parte de las instituciones.
Identificar los distintos perfiles de quienes están involucrados en el TIM y los factores que conllevan la participación en estas prácticas, usando enfoques que permitan un abordaje integral del fenómeno, incluyendo el de derechos humanos, interseccionalidad  ( género, edad, origen, estatus migratorio, etc. )  y métodos de investigación comunitaria y participativa.
A partir de un estudio de línea base en mayo y junio de 2018, se identificó que el 92% de las personas venezolanas en Costa Rica viven en la Región Central.
Más de la mitad de las personas encuestadas  ( 54% )  ya ha recibido al menos la primera dosis de la vacuna contra la COVID 19. Este porcentaje desciende a 39% para la población que reside en la Zona Norte del país, y asciende a 56% para el resto de la población.
La Dirección Nacional de CEN CINAI recibió una donación de 1800 caretas, gracias a la contribución del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia  ( UNICEF ) .
Además, informantes claves indican que las personas migrantes muestran altos niveles de estrés y depresión post traumática, especialmente mujeres, por la experiencia de atravesar la selva del Darién, en Panamá.
existen personas que se mantienen en situación de calle alrededor de una noche, debido a que ingresan al país a altas horas de la noche y no pueden conseguir una habitación para alquilar.
Durante el periodo de marzo a setiembre del 2020, se toman medidas más profundas mediante decretos ejecutivos que ampliaron la presencia de Fuerza Pública para no permitir el ingreso de forma irregular de personas migrantes, así como para apoyar a la Policía Profesional de Migración y Extranjería  ( PPME )  con el proceso de los rechazos en frontera.
Por otra parte, todas estas personas muestran altos niveles de cansancio y fatiga, muchas de ellas presentan laceraciones y alergias en la piel, así como problemas gastrointestinales.
Respecto a la relación de las personas migrantes con la población local de la comunidad, destaca la empatía que existe de parte de las mujeres de la comunidad por las mujeres migrantes, mayoritariamente por razones humanitarias. Esto debido al estado de salud en el que se encuentran.
Por otra parte, existe una percepción de rechazo a la población migrante en general por la incertidumbre ante el contagio por COVID 19, puesto que es común que dichas personas no cuenten con elementos de bioseguridad como mascarillas.
En ocasiones, en ese tránsito por Paso Canoas, Ciudad Neilly y Río Claro, estas familias ingresan agrupándose con otros
grupos familiares para facilitar el ingreso y distribuir mejor el pago de los servicios de transporte
A medida que el Gobierno de Costa Rica ha ido abriendo paulatinamente sus fronteras, se ha reforzado la postura de rechazar el ingreso de personas que están en condición irregular. Pese a este llamado y los operativos en la zona, la población migrante extraregional en condiciones de vulnerabilidad sigue ingresando por puestos no habilitados en jornadas diurnas y nocturnas.
En este periodo se experimentó un aumento en el  ( cid:31 ) ujo, acompañado con cambios en los movimientos hacia las estaciones de transporte de buses que se dirigen hacia la capital del país, San José, es decir, hubo menos conglomerados de forma permanente en los mismos puntos de Neily y Canoas.
Estos cambios se han dado en respuesta al aumento de la presencia de la Policía Profesional de Migración y Extranjería  ( PPME )  con operativos en las zonas en las que se conglomeraban las personas migrantes extraregionales, dado que esta fuerza policial puede realizar rechazos en cualquier parte del cordón fronterizo y los operativos han llegado a darse en las estaciones de las que salen los autobuses con personas migrantes extraregionales hacia Neily y Gol ( cid:30 ) to.
El aumento del  ( cid:31 ) ujo ha ocasionado también que la PPME nuevamente aborde y detenga a los taxis o ( cid:30 ) ciales que llevan a esta población migrante, por lo que los taxistas se han vuelto a manifestar y cerrar calles. A este con ( cid:31 ) icto se sumaron algunas personas propietarias de hoteles solicitando que se les deje hospedar a esta población, dado que la PPME ha hecho operativos por la noche, llevándose a población migrante.
Formalmente, las autoridades del Consejo Municipal ya tocaron el tema el pasado 19 julio en sesión municipal y manifestaron estar preocupadas por la falta de organización vista en algunas comunidades fronterizas, entre ellas Paso Canoas y Neily. Existe una preocupación por el crecimiento de este con ( cid:31 ) icto, así como por la saturación que presentan algunos servicios, principalmente en rutas internas y la ruta hacia San José.
Con respecto al  ( cid:31 ) ujo migratorio de ingreso, los datos proporcionados por informantes de los cantones Corredores y Gol ( cid:30 ) to para julio evidenciaron que, por la frontera sur, hay un ingreso promedio de 410 personas migrantes extra regionales por día, entrando por Paso Canoas especí ( cid:30 ) camente y extendiendo su recorrido por Ciudad Neily, Río Claro de Gol ( cid:30 ) to y Puerto Jiménez.
En relación con las personas en condición de vulnerabilidad, persisten las limitaciones del personal en terreno para identi ( cid:30 ) car per ( cid:30 ) les diferenciados, de manera que se cuenta con un acercamiento cuantitativo de acuerdo con las capacidades de cada informante clave. 

No obstante, las personas menores de edad son la categoría más representada de personas identi ( cid:30 ) cadas bajo condición de vulnerabilidad, con 1.920 menores entre 6 y 17 años y 5.760 menores de 5 años identi ( cid:30 ) cadas. Entre ambos grupos representan el 40 por ciento del  ( cid:31 ) ujo migratorio. No se identi ( cid:30 ) caron personas menores de edad no acompañadas. Además, se identi ( cid:30 ) caron 1.440 ingresos de mujeres embarazadas, las cuales representan el 8 por ciento del total de ingresos.
El aumento en la demanda de servicios locales comerciantes ha hecho sobrepasar los aforos en algunos lugares de venta de servicios y productos, principalmente en Río Claro. Además, se han presentado situaciones donde las personas migrantes no hacen uso correcto de cubrebocas. Por ende, las personas locales han manifestado un constante temor al contagio por la COVID 19.
El  ( cid:31 ) ujo de ingreso se dividió entre cinco nacionalidades, con mayor  ( cid:31 ) ujo de personas provenientes de Haití y la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Sin embargo, en el total de entrevistas, los y las informantes clave reportaron también personas provenientes de Cuba y de diferentes países de África. 

Sobre la conformación de los grupos de viaje por nacionalidad, las personas haitianas usualmente viajan con niños y/o niñas, se identi ( cid:30 ) caron de uno a dos niños y/o niñas por núcleo familiar. En la población cubana se identi ( cid:30 ) can parejas de personas adultas jóvenes mayormente; no obstante, también se han identi ( cid:30 ) cado personas adultas mayores de dicha nacionalidad. Con la población venezolana se han encontrado personas adultas jóvenes solas y grupos familiares con hijos e hijas.
El  ( cid:31 ) ujo migratorio se encuentra predominantemente en tránsito hacia el Norte de América, donde destaca Estados Unidos como país de destino  ( cid:30 ) nal. La reuni ( cid:30 ) cación familiar, la búsqueda de oportunidades laborales, la mejora en la calidad de vida, la violencia estructural y la persecución política en el país de origen, son las principales razones por las cuales las personas migrantes buscan migrar.
También se han dado casos de personas locales que han manifestado su inconformidad con la línea de transporte hacia San José por quedarse sin tiquetes, así como los servicios de taxi colectivo porque pre ( cid:31 ) eren llevar a personas migrantes.
Al ser demasiada la demanda y poca la oferta para hospedar a todas las personas, las casas se están volviendo una opción informal que viene a brindar una oferta para personas migrantes que no tienen dónde quedarse, pero que también asumen un riesgo al no saber quiénes son estas personas.
Congreso Internacional de Tráfico Ilícito de Migrantes: Prevención, persecución protección y buenas prácticas. Con un total de 100 personas participantes.
Esta cifra es mayor en aquellas personas que indicaron trabajar de forma independiente  ( del 25% de la población encuestada que indicó trabajar de esta manera, un 78% indicó que su actividad laboral se afectó desde que inició la pandemia ) .
La población migrante extrarregional continúa ingresando por puestos no habilitados en jornadas diurnas y nocturnas, haciendo uso del transporte público de autobuses y transporte informal en el cordón fronterizo de Paso Canoas. Según la percepción de informantes claves y observaciones en campo, para este mes se experimentó un aumento en la cantidad de personas que ingresan a Costa Rica, con respecto al mes anterior.
A la fecha de este informe, el ingreso de población migrante extrarregional a Costa Rica no posee las condiciones que le faculten un tránsito de forma segura y ordenada, así como un centro de orientación y atención primaria activo para miles de familias que cruzan de forma irregular en puntos no habilitados en la frontera. Se estima que son cerca de cinco mil puntos no habilitados de ingreso irregular.
La Policía Profesional de Migración y Extranjería  ( PPME ) , vía Decreto Ejecutivo y bajo el fundamento del Reglamento de Organización y Servicio de la Policía Profesional de Migración y Extranjería, reafirmó su postura de hacer respetar las medidas de rechazo para el ingreso de poblaciones de forma irregular y ampliaron los lugares habilitados para el rechazo: “De conformidad con lo establecido en la resolución número D.JUR. 99 06 2020 ABM, publicada en el alcance número 180 al Diario oficial la Gaceta número 173 del 18 de julio de 2020, se podrán realizar rechazos en cualquier parte del cordón fronterizo sin que sea necesaria la recepción de la persona extranjera por parte de las autoridades del país de acogida'.
Con respecto al flujo migratorio de ingreso, los datos proporcionados por informantes evidenciaron que, en junio, en Paso Canoas se da un ingreso diario de 157 migrantes extrarregionales en promedio. Estas personas manifiestan que su objetivo es cruzar el país para seguir su ruta migratoria hacia los Estados Unidos principalmente.
Se han identificado casos de mujeres, niños y niñas que sufrieron de violencia sexual  ( han identificado menores de edad con infecciones en los genitales ) , personas que fueron víctimas de robo de sus documentos de identidad, dinero y maletas. Además, las personas siguen presentando cuadros de deshidratación, problemas gastrointestinales, laceraciones en los pies, ampollas, enfermedades respiratorias y fatiga extrema.
Se mantiene el ingreso de niños, niñas, y bebés en rangos de edades de 3 a 12 meses. Se han presentado situaciones en las que, una vez detenidos, se detecta que no cuentan con documentos de identidad.
Se han identificado situaciones en las que familias, en especial menores de edad, pasan varios días sin comer con la finalidad de ahorrar dinero para continuar con su viaje.
La reunificación familiar, la búsqueda de oportunidades laborales, mejoras en la calidad de vida, la violencia estructural y la persecución política en el país de origen, son las principales razones por las cuales las personas migrantes buscan migrar hacia Estados Unidos. Se ha detectado que el objetivo de muchas personas migrantes en especial de Haití y Cuba, es establecerse en Estados Unidos y buscar la regularización migratoria en dicho país.
En relación con la atención de posibles casos por COVID 19 en la población migrante, existe una preocupación generalizada pues en la localidad no se cuenta con albergues o centros para aislamiento de dicha población en riesgo de contagio y transmisión del virus.
DEPENDENTS
With regard to economic dependents, 57 per cent of the interviewees had dependents both in Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela, while 29 per cent had dependents only in Venezuela and 8 per cent had dependents in Trinidad and Tobago only  ( Graph 14 ) .
The baseline interviews supported this data as it underscored that the incidence of unaccompanied migrant children entering Trinidad and Tobago from Venezuela was low.
Protection is a core aspect of the DTM, which focuses on the major vulnerabilities encountered by migrant populations.
Accordingly, it was determined that 21 per cent of the respondents were aware of someone in their migrant community who worked and received less than the agreed payment, and 35 per cent were aware of persons who received no payment.
CHILDREN
The specific situation of children was analyzed in DTM 2021, and it was noted that there were 2,089 children, under the age of 18 years, who lived with 70 per cent of the interviewees.
Additionally, an age and sex disaggregation of the children living with the respondents showed that there were marginally more males than females.
The 0 4 category had the largest number of children, followed by the 5 9 age group.
Additionally, 22 per cent of the interviewees who resided with children reported strong changes in the child/children's mood since
their departure from Venezuela, with detachment from family and friends being the most cited reason for the change.
This figure was 17 percentage points lower than the DTM 2020 figure.
A review of the migratory status of the interviewees further informed that approximately 36 per cent were without regular migration status, and this represented an increase of roughly 18 percentage points from the 2020 findings. In addition, about 55 per cent had either a Minister's Permit or a Work Permit, which accounted for a reduction of 21 percentage points from the 2020 data  ( Graph 8 )
The results also highlighted that 78 per cent of the interviewees incurred expenses between 100 to 499 US Dollars for their trip and most of these travelers used sea routes. Notwithstanding this, a few respondents faced higher costs, as 2 per cent of the persons reportedly paid more than 500 US Dollars, as shown in Graph 11
Of the 19 per cent who did encounter challenges, the most frequently cited difficulties were; lack of food/water, insecurity and robbery, the absence of economic resources and not having a place to sleep  ( Graph 12 ) .
Nevertheless, Trinidad and Tobago was the final destination country for 88 per cent of the persons interviewed.
Venezuela and the United States of America emerged as the second and third most popular destinations, respectively, for a considerably lower number of respondents.
t should be noted though, that 36 per cent of the respondents planned to return to Venezuela, which is 16 percentage points lower than the DTM 2020 figure, however, most of them were undecided on when they would do so.
Of the remaining respondents, 39 per cent of the interviewees did not intend to return and 25 per cent were uncertain of their return.
pproximately 64 per cent of the persons, with dependents in Trinidad and Tobago, were renting houses or apartments.
However, over a quarter of the persons in this category were recorded as renting single rooms  ( Graph 16 ) .
During the post migration period, however, there was a rise in unemployment amongst the interviewees, which was less dramatic than the 2020 DTM findings of a 26 per cent increase in unemployment after migration.
Before Migrating After Migrating
An analysis of the pre  and post migration work sectors also showed respondents' shift into domestic work and the construction sector.
Accordingly, after their migration, about 20 per cent of the respondents were employed in domestic work/ cleaning and 17 per cent were in the construction sector  ( Graph 18 ) .
The data also showed that 53 per cent of the currently employed interviewees worked in the informal sector, which was an increase of 7 percentage points from the 2020 DTM.
Regarding the possession of birth certificates, 18 per cent of the respondents were aware of circumstances in which children were born in Trinidad and Tobago, to Venezuelan migrants, and they did not have birth certificates.
Furthermore, fees/costs and lack of documentation were the major reasons for this situation.
Other possible explanations proffered by a few interviewees included ‘did not approach the authorities' and ‘lack of information on the process.'
Additionally, a key stakeholder, during the baseline interview, reported that migrants might be hesitant to register their newborns because of the perception, amongst some nationals, that migrants are spreading Covid 19.
Added to this, the data showed that 43 per cent of the children living with the respondents did not have access to education in Trinidad and Tobago, which was a reduction of 16 percentage points from DTM 2020.
he main identified reasons for this inaccessibility were ‘lack of access/ lack of information regarding access', ‘lack of documentation', and ‘fees', respectively.
There were also four cases where ‘disability' was indicated as the reason for no access to education and two cases in which ‘working' was identified as the reason.
Moreover, respondents reported a few instances of children involved in work that jeopardizes their health, primarily in the construction sector, along with a small number of child detention cases.
In addition, the reported situations of separated and unaccompanied children were negligible, which concurred with information from the baseline interviews.
The data further informed that 8 per cent of the respondents had heard of physical violence against children, within their migrant community, and 6 per cent had heard of cases of sexual violence against children, within their migrant community.
that about 19 per cent of the interviewees had no current need for health care services, which was comparable to the DTM 2020.
Furthermore, 24 per cent of the interviewees asserted that they had no access to health services when they needed them, and this represented an increase of 4 percentage points from DTM 2020.
Of the persons who had access to health services, 59 per cent reported that the public hospital was their primary option, followed by the health centre, as shown in Graph 22.
These findings were generally aligned with the DTM 2020 data, however, the number of respondents accessing the public hospital decreased by 12 percentage points, with an evident 13 percentage points rise in interviewees who accessed the health centre.
The impacts of the Covid 19 pandemic on migrants have been manifold.
Thus, close to two thirds of the interviewed persons experienced difficulties since the start of the pandemic.
The most pressing issue, within this population, was the worsened quality of food, which confronted 30 per cent of the respondents.
Not having a place to sleep/risk of eviction and discrimination were the second and third most cited concerns, respectively, as shown in Graph 26.
This data was consistent with DTM 2020 findings.
These challenges were also reflected in the baseline interviews with food demands, unemployment, and the inability to pay rent being particularly pronounced.
Moreover, 66 per cent of the unemployed respondents reportedly lost their jobs in Trinidad and Tobago due to the pandemic.
Nevertheless, it was noted that 57 per cent of the respondents received support during the COVID 19 pandemic, with in kind assistance being the most widely accessed type
n addition, 58 per cent of this support was provided by religious organizations and 23 per cent by international organizations.
Also, 86 per cent of the interviewees indicated that they had access to essential hygiene and disinfection supplies, inclusive of masks and sanitizers.
Further to this, 77 per cent of the respondents were reportedly fully vaccinated, whilst 16 per cent were unvaccinated  ( Graph 27
NEEDS
An examination of the respondents' needs highlighted food as the main need both within the first and second level priorities.
In addition, medical care, under the first level priority, was identified as a secondary need, and education and training, and income generation were both tertiary needs  ( Graph 28
Migrants in Trinidad and Tobago are predominantly of working age and single, although a significant number have children accompanying them  ( Table 1 ) . Over half had arrived in the first six months of 2019, underscoring the rise in migrants since 2018. Furthermore, since August 2019,7 the proportions of women and children have increased, indicating that more families with children have been arriving and/or that spouses and children are joining family members already living in Trinidad and Tobago. Almost 40 per cent have, or were studying for, post secondary qualifications. These characteristics are typical of migrant populations, as is the implicit level of family members left behind in Venezuela and the high level of migrants remitting money or goods to their home country
Online home schooling has the potential to considerably reduce the impact of school closure on migrant children. However, there are caveats. Firstly, there is the issue of access; despite the increased coverage, the Equal Place online programme was accessed by around 65 per cent of all the children attending CFS. This issue is also apparent at the national level; in May 2020, it was reported that 60,000 students in the country, around one third of the school population, were unable to participate effectively due to access issues.
Support the government to implement the recommendations of the Joint Select Committee report and continue the efforts to secure sustainable access for migrant children to accredited education and mainstream denominational schools.
Since 2018, when UNICEF, LWC and the Family Planning Association of Trinidad and Tobago  ( FPATT )  started monitoring the nutritional status of child POCs, no cases of severe or moderate malnutrition were identified.60 Around 300 migrant children under five years of age have been screened for nutritional deficiencies.61 However around one quarter of migrants were not eating three times a day62 and parents have concerns relating to the quality of the food they can access  ( they  _x000c_particularly mentioned having insufficient quantities of fruit and vegetables ) .63 Some TLC students mentioned they “look forward to coming to school because they won't go hungry'.64 Based on this evidence, it is possible that ongoing programmes are not comprehensive and may thus not fully reflect the overall situation.
LWC and FPATT offer infant and young child feeding counselling to promote and support adequate feeding practices. Pregnant women and requiring nutrition related interventions are referred to other agencies for further counselling and support. Since the COVID 19 outbreak, FPATT has boosted the online capacity of their hotlines to compensate for the elimination of face to face services.68 At the same time, the Ministry of Health has provided direct support to health care and vaccination programmes to children in CFS. Overall, issues related to child health are related more to transportation and language barriers in accessing community health centres, and less to institutional barriers to access.
In October 2019, UNICEF, UNHCR, LWC and the Trinidad and Tobago Venezuelan Solidarity Network took steps to ensure that children had access to formal education by supporting ‘Equal Place', an online educational platform with two options, one in English linked to the Trinidad and Tobago curriculum and the Caribbean Examination Board, and the other in Spanish, linked to the Venezuelan curriculum. Equal Place offers a blended _x000c_learning environment of online learning and face to face interactions with facilitators of primary and secondary education within the UNICEF supported Child Friendly Spaces  ( CFS ) , 10 of which are currently in existence.20 These CFS also provide face to face ECD programmes for migrant children aged less than five years.
Secondly, there are technical limitations relating to the capacity to download/upload large data packages of learning content if there is more than one school age child in the household. Thirdly, access does not guarantee usage since students, especially younger ones, may have difficulty adapting to the new technology  ( especially if laptops are not available )  or may not be ready to spend a longer time studying on their own. The LWC survey gives some indication of significant home schooling taking place; few children are missing learning activities, and few appear to be using their WiFi for educational purposes  ( see Figure 2 ) . Additionally, by its nature, Equal Place cannot provide online education to pre  school children, and hence limits their engagement with teachers and peers during school closure. The overarching implication is that COVID 19 has had a significant impact on the education of many migrant children of all ages.
There is no information on the incidence of these behaviours involving migrant households, however the number of domestic violence cases reported nationally was five times higher in March 2020 than it had been a year earlier.
Work with the government and other stakeholders to provide adolescent boys and girls with opportunities and educational trajectories that will  _x000c_allow them to develop the skills and competencies they need to function effectively in the 21st century. The trajectories include, but are not limited to, secondary education, technical and vocational training and apprenticeships.
The results indicate that the majority of children are coping with the disruption to their lives caused by school closure, although significant numbers are missing their friends and teachers. There are, however, clear signs of stressful and potentially harmful behaviours, such as arguing, crying, poor sleeping and increased time spent online. Spending more time online can be both positive, in that it enables contact to be maintained with friends and relatives, and negative, in that it can be a diversion from more creative activities, or worse, put children at risk from unsafe sites.
Support the Joint Select Committee's proposals for increasing the reporting by migrants of breaches  labour  legislation thereby  of increasing their protection from discriminatory and exploitative practices in the labour market.
Promote integration and tolerance to reduce xenophobia through the continuance of outreach programmes to host communities.
Support parental involvement and development in children's through the education dissemination – online and by hand – of guidance notes33 to increase usage of available online learning opportunities. Guidance should also be provided to parents about early learning activities for pre school children.
The insecure financial situation of migrant households is underscored by the observation that “many refugee children do not come to school regularly' and “some parents needed their child to contribute to the family's income instead'.37 Issues of exploitation and intimidation at work have also been reported.38 Reporting of these issues to the authorities is low, at less than 40 cases in the last four years, due to the lack of knowledge of reporting procedures and “fear of incarceration or deportation due to migrants' irregular immigration status'.39 The overall picture of the migrant employment situation is one of high unemployment, low paid and insecure jobs, and discrimination.
In response, UNHCR, LWC and other partners45 have introduced the following initiatives to reduce the impact of higher unemployment on migrants:  ( i )  boosting available hotlines;  ( ii )  expanding the existing programme of cash based interventions  ( CBI )  for the most affected families; and  ( iii )  providing food assistance in communities where demand is highest. As of April 2020, 215 applications for CBI had been approved and around 200 families were benefiting from food assistance. At the institutional level, the United Nations Development Programme  ( UNDP )  and UNHCR are in discussions with the Ministry of Social Development and Family Services, advocating for the inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers in the government's food assistance programme.
Moreover, from the Chaguanas effort, about 7 per cent of the female interviewees were pregnant, of which approximately 63 per cent were below 30 years old and roughly 38 per cent were single.
In the area of education, 40 per cent of the interviewees had completed university education, and about 29 per cent of had completed secondary level education, Graph 4 refers.
n addition, approximately 71 per cent of the respondents had resided in their state of birth before their journey to Trinidad and Tobago.
Regarding the length of stay in Trinidad and Tobago, about 93 per cent of the persons interviewed were present in the country for more than twelve months, as shown in Graph 6.
Furthermore, a disaggregation of completed education by work sector showed that 16 per cent of the interviewees were university graduates, who worked in the agriculture sector, while approximately 45 per cent were university graduates who engaged in babysitting work.
Conversely, the UNCHR's data showed that the majority of its registrants had primary or secondary level education, and about 22 per cent had university or postgraduate education.
Interestingly 8.8 per cent of the registrants had no education.
t is also notable that, within the Chaguanas 2021 DTM, all interviewees were Venezuelan nationals only.
Likewise, a large percentage of the UNHCR's registrants were Venezuelan nationals.
Further to this, in the Chaguanas DTM, the majority of respondents were born in the eastern states of Venezuela, and Delta Amacuro emerged as the place of birth for most of the interviewee
Additionally, more than two thirds of the respondents arrived in Trinidad and Tobago either in 2018 or 2019, a trend also observed in the national DTM.
It is important to note, however, that reported entries dropped drastically in 2020 and 2021, as depicted in Graph 7
Careful examination of the transit routes, used by the respondents who resided in the Borough of Chaguanas, revealed that roughly 70 per cent began their journey in Delta Amacuro.
Incidentally, 77 per cent of these respondents also resided in this area before their departure from Venezuela.
Furthermore, 86 per cent of all valid responses confirmed that their mode of transport to Trinidad and Tobago was via boat  ( Map 3 ) .
Nevertheless, Trinidad and Tobago was the final destination country for 84 per cent of the persons interviewed.
Venezuela emerged as the second most popular destination for a considerably lower number of respondents.
t should be noted though, that 39 per cent of the respondents planned to return to Venezuela.
However, most of them were undecided on when they would do so.
Of the remaining respondents, 37 per cent of the interviewees did not intend to return and 24 per cent were uncertain of their return.
These findings were congruent with the national 2021 DTM.
How rapidly the economy will recover will depend on a number of factors. On the one hand, Trinidad and Tobago is less dependent on tourism than other Caribbean countries48 and hence, less susceptible to the longer term effects of low tourist numbers. On the other hand, the country will be impacted by the collapse in oil prices, which has already led to a projected revenue loss of TT$4.5 billion for the first quarter of 2020, equivalent to around 15 per cent of its annual budget.49 With further losses in coming months possible, the government's ability to maintain increased spending levels and restart the economy may be constrained. Much will therefore depend on:  ( i )  implementation of the government's ‘Roadmap to Recovery' plan;  ( ii )  the extent to which unemployment resulting from the shut down is not permanent; and  ( iii )  the reduction in consumer spending in the coming months due to the decrease in incomes during the lockdown period.
Due to COVID 19, the confinement, closure of CFS and schools, loss of income, isolation and fear of the disease are likely to have led to an increase in levels of anxiety and stress for families and their children. Family tensions can be heightened as parents and children struggle to adapt to school closures, restrictions on movement and unemployment; and sharply reduced income can lead to increased neglect, abuse and violence. Simultaneously, restrictions of movement and the closure of safe spaces limit children's ability to report and seek help.
WORK STATUS
Improved economic opportunity is regarded as one of the key drivers of migration.
During the post migration period, however, there was a rise in unemployment amongst the interviewees who resided in the Borough of Chaguanas, as well as a decrease in employment as illustrated in Graph 17.
Additionally, an age and sex disaggregation of these children showed that there were more males than females.
The 0 4 category had the largest number of children, followed by the 5 9 age group.
It was therefore observed that about 21 per cent of the interviewees had no current need for health care services.
Nonetheless, 26 per cent of the interviewees asserted that they had no access to health services when they needed them.
Notwithstanding this, a few interviewees reported some challenges in the following areas: seeing even if wearing glasses; communicating with usual language; remembering or concentrating, and walking or climbing stairs  ( Graph 24 refer
The results also highlighted that 77 per cent of the interviewees incurred expenses between 100 to 499 US Dollars for their trip and most of these travellers used sea routes.
Notwithstanding this, a few respondents expended higher costs, as 3 per cent of the persons reportedly paid in excess of 500 US Dollars, as shown in Graph 11.
Approximately 60 per cent of the interviewed migrants entered through unofficial entry points.
Added to this, 34 per cent of the respondents purportedly used their passports to cross borders.
These findings coincided with information from the national effort.
Regarding the journey itself, 81 per cent of the persons did not report any difficulties during the trip.
Of the19 per cent who did encounter challenges, the most frequently cited problems were: insecurity and robbery, and lack of food/water which mirrored national results.
Furthermore, given the prevalence of persons with dependents in Venezuela, 85 per cent of the respondents sent resources to Venezuela, and 82 per cent of these respondents transferred money, which was periodically combined with food, medicine, and clothing.
Notably, ‘informal transfer' emerged as the top method of sending money among the respondents, followed by ‘through acquaintances' and ‘formal options' as depicted in Graph 15 and reflective of the national effort.
Means of Remitting Money
Informal Transfer Through acquaintances Formal
Before Migrating After Migrating
An analysis of the pre  and post migration work sectors also showed respondents' shift into the construction sector and domestic work.
Accordingly, after their migration, about 20 per cent of the respondents were employed in the construction sector and 19 per cent in domestic work/cleaning.
Graph 18 refers
It must be noted that in the national DTM there were slightly more respondents employed in domestic/cleaning work and a little less in the construction sector.
he Chaguanas DTM data also underscored that 52 per cent of the currently employed interviewees worked in the informal sector.
Furthermore, approximately 91 per cent of the persons working in the informal sector, and 72 per cent of the persons working in the formal sector had not signed contracts and/or had no proof of payment for their services
PROTECTION
Protection is a core aspect of the DTM, which focuses on the major vulnerabilities encountered by migrant populations.
Accordingly, it was determined that 22 per cent of the respondents, within the Chaguanas dataset, were aware of someone in their migrant community who worked and received less than the agreed payment, and 40 per cent were aware of persons who had not received payment.
Further to this, approximately 6 per cent of the persons interviewed were aware of someone, in their migrant community who was forced to perform work, or other activities, against their will.
These cases were concentrated in the construction and agriculture sectors.
In addition, 35 per cent of the respondents had witnessed physical violence and 14 per cent had witnessed sexual violence, during their time in Trinidad and Tobago.
Respondents also noted that in situations of violence against females, whom they knew, the police and a medical clinic were the primary and secondary options for seeking assistance, as highlighted in Graph 20.
Interestingly, ‘don't know' emerged as the third option for both the Chaguanas DTM and the national DTM.
Assistance to Female Victims of Violence
The survey data also informed that 51 per cent of the respondents experienced discrimination that was primarily related to their nationality.
Regarding the possession of birth certificates, 14 per cent of the respondents were aware of circumstances in which children were born in Trinidad and Tobago, to Venezuelan migrants, and did not have birth certificates.
Furthermore, lack of documentation, opted not to approach the authorities, and fees/ costs were the major explanations for this situation.
Added to this, the data showed that 59 per cent of the children, living with the respondents, did not have access to education in Trinidad and Tobago, which was almost 20 percent higher than the national DTM.
et, persons who did obtain these services listed contraceptives  ( inclusive of condoms )  as the main service accessed.
Further to this, 38 per cent of the pregnant mothers did not access prenatal services, and this represented a lower percentage than the national exercise
Also, 72 per cent of the interviewees advised that they did not suffer from any chronic medical conditions, whilst about 17 per cent acknowledged having chronic conditions such as: diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and respiratory diseases.
The survey also sought to ascertain the respondents' emotional well being and 14 per cent of them had been upset ‘some of the time' during the two weeks prior to the interview, whilst 20 per cent were upset ‘a little of the time'.
More pointedly, 78 per cent of the persons who felt upset some of the time, and 66 per cent of those of who felt upset a little of the time did not access counselling or psychosocial support in Trinidad and Tobago, as depicted in Graph 25.
IMPACTS OF THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC
The impacts of the Covid 19 pandemic on migrants have been manifold.
Thus, 68 per cent of the interviewed persons experienced difficulties since the start of the pandemic.
The most pressing issue, within this population, was the worsened quality of food, which 34 per cent of the respondents had experienced.
‘Not having a place to sleep/risk of eviction' and ‘discrimination' were the second and third most cited concerns, respectively, as shown in Graph 26 and evident in the national effort.