nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Of the total 3,547 samples taken, 207 tested positive for yellow fever by Immunoglobulin M  ( IgM )  in Nigerian network laboratories. In addition, 197 samples from 19 states were confirmed positive using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction  ( RT PCR ) . The case fatality rate for all cases  ( including suspected, probable and confirmed )  is 5.1%, and 12.2% for confirmed cases.
The yellow fever outbreak transmissions reported in Bauchi, Benue and Katsina states since August 2019, with spread to multiple other states, represents an intensification of yellow fever transmission and an elevated risk for yellow fever outbreak to spread and amplify. This is particularly a high risk if yellow fever is introduced into densely populated urban areas where preventive mass vaccination campaigns have not been conducted so far.
Areas at risk include those without prior reported cases since 2017 and areas with a large number of under immunized populations including urban areas such as Kano and Lagos. The preventive mass vaccination campaigns for yellow fever and the ongoing effort to strengthen routine immunization are important activities to reduce the risk of disease spread and amplification.
The four men were amongst the six aid workers who were abducted on 26 July when their convoy came under attack near Damasak, in the Mobbar LGA. They were working on a health project implemented by the INGO Action Against Hunger. One of the drivers was killed during the attack and another was reportedly executed on 24 September 2019.
During the period of 2 – 8 December 2019, a total of 2,517 movements were recorded, which composed of 1,662 arrivals and 855 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Jere, Mobbar and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno State. Arrivals were also recorded in Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State. Departures were recorded in Bama, Dikwa, Hawul, Jere and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno State. Departures were also recorded in Fufore, Girei, Hong, Maiha, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State.
Hong: 288 arrivals and 478 departures were recorded in Hong LGA of Adamawa State. The arrivals include 144 from Shangui ward, 86 from Hong ward and 58 from Hildi ward. The 478 departures were from Daksiri ward. The new arrivals reported to have relocated due to improved security while the departures were reportedly due to fear of attack.
Ngala: 512 arrivals were recorded in Ngala LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 303 from Rann “A' ward of Kala/Balge LGA, 128 from Logone Birni and 81 from Makary of Cameroon. The arrivals were all due to poor living conditions.
Askira/Uba: 128 arrivals were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 45 from Kop/Multhafu ward and 31 from Chull/Rumirgo ward and were tracked at Mussa ward. Other arrivals include 23 from Giwi/Womdeo ward, 16 from Lassa ward, 7 from Potiskum LGA of Yobe State and 6 from Suleja LGA of Niger State. 48% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due fear of attack, 42% due to improved security while 10% were reportedly voluntarily.
An exhaustive nutrition screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutrition mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema was conducted by Nutrition Sector partners for 194 children of 6 59 months. Of the 194 children screened, the MUAC reading recorded 5 children  ( 2 from inaccessible area and 3 from an accessible area )  in the Red category, 16 in the Yellow category and 173 measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 4 LGAs that reports were received from.
The severe impacts of conflict on school infrastructure in north east Nigeria have been documented in previous assessments. Although the level of functionality of classrooms appears to have improved slightly since the 2017 JENA, the situation of WASH facilities in schools is still particularly dire. This has a negative impact on school attendance: insufficient WASH facilities in schools was reported as a main barrier to attendance for both boys and girls  ( 19% of KIs and 18% of KIs respectively ) .
A further area of concern is the lack of education opportunities and school adaptation for children with disabilities. Although there are a few dedicated schools for children with special needs, these are not widespread and accessible outside larger cities. Within non specialised schools, just 14% reported having additional provisions for children with disabilities, despite a majority  ( 68% )  teaching at least one child with special needs.
The biggest safety risks reported for children were not directly conflict related: “Crossing rivers/flooding'  ( 22% )  and “Heavy traffic/Crossing roads'  ( 21% ) . Only 3% of KIs mentioned “Conflict insecurity' – although conflict related insecurities, such as “Passing checkpoints'  ( 12% )  and “Mines/UXOs'  ( 8% ) , did receive a slightly higher percentage of responses. Indeed, the vast majority  ( 88% )  of the schools surveyed report that children feel safe travelling to and from school as well as while attending classes.
Conflict continues to affect the ability of schools to remain open and provide lessons across north east Nigeria. According to EMIS data, a majority of schools within assessed LGAs in Borno state are closed  ( 60% ) , indicating a potential supply issue. Closure is less severe in Yobe  ( 14% of schools closed ) , and there are no schools recorded as closed in Adamawa  ( 0% ) . However, provision of education has still been severely affected in Adamawa: 71% of schools assessed had stopped functioning at some point since 2012 due to conflict, with 40% having stopped functioning in the past year. Similarly, disruption has been high in both Yobe and Borno, with 68% and 43% of schools having stopped functioning at some point
The majority of schools  ( 63% )  reported that the main source of drinking water was an improved source, most commonly boreholes / tubewells  ( 43% ) , followed by handpumps  ( 10% )  and public taps  ( 7% ) . However, these sources were often not functioning or providing safe drinking water: at the time of assessment, fewer than half of schools actually had current access to adequate and safe drinking water, with a slightly better situation in Borno  ( 47% )  compared to Yobe  ( 40% )  and Adamawa  ( 33% ) . This appears to be an improvement since the 2017 JENA, which found that only 34% of schools had clean drinking water available.19 The relative lack of water in Adamawa may be partially due to the limited response by humanitarian partners in these areas.
Findings also suggest that IDP households are more vulnerable than returnee and non displaced households, as lower percentages of them reported having cultivated crops in 2017 and livestock rearing as a source of income. In addition, higher percentages of IDP households reported not having access to land.
Findings indicate that the majority of households in all three population groups have reportedly experienced security incidents, especially attacks or bombings – even though such incidents were more commonly reported by IDP and returnee households than non displaced households. In addition, IDP households were reportedly more affected by a lack of proper documentation, both for adult and child members of the household.
Nearly all children are unable to access education services. There are no public schools in the community and families are unable to afford transport to formal schools located elsewhere. For most, the only accessible education is an informal Islamic School, but still not all children attend.
Most camps have NGO provided shelters which IDPs maintain themselves. Shelters are prone to damage in stormy conditions, particularly as most camps are in open areas.
Most camps have NGO built latrines, none of which have received maintenance and IDPs report that they are uncertain about who they can contact regarding this issue. IDPs living in camps without latrines use the open air. Water is accessible at a number of bore holes in the area, some of which are owned and operated by members of the host community.
After a direct attack by insurgents on the villages of Ajiri and Sojiri in May 2014, the villagers relocated to Maiduguri, initially settling in different locations around the city. After one year, a local businessman offered the villagers some land in Jiddumuri to form a camp. The villagers reunited in the camp, where NGO provided shelters and latrines were installed. Residents earn income through casual labour and selling firewood, and food is largely purchased from the Maiduguri Monday Market. IDPs occasionally return to their villages to farm the land, but this remains a risk; IDPs from the camp were reportedly killed by armed opposition groups  ( AOGs )  in March 2017 when searching for firewood in the bush.
Overall, 66% of IDP households intending to leave  ( either “someday' or actively planning )  reported access to food as a main pull factor  ( i.e., attracting IDPs to their future location ) , followed by security  ( reported by 63% )  and access to shelter  ( reported by 49% ) . This has direct implications to humanitarian actors, especially in the shelter sector and the emergency food security and livelihoods sector, as most of the support IDPs reported needing upon their return or relocation falls with these main areas
Residents of Al Hajari Moduri Camp left their village in June 2014 after an attack in which all houses were burned and the majority of adult males were killed. The remaining women and children, who now comprise the vast majority of the camp's population, spent two years living and sleeping in caves. Eventually, the lack of food and shelter led the IDPs to relocate to Jiddumuri, where the community leader hosted them until a camp was formed. The camp has NGO provided shelters. The residents do not receive food assistance but they are able to sell small bags of beans and other products to earn money for food. There are no latrines or showers in the camp, and as the closest bore hole is not functioning, IDPs access water at the home of a host community neighbour.
In June 2014, an attack by insurgents in Pulka Village levelled all homes and left a number of villagers dead. The IDPs were initially relocated to Government College Camp in Maiduguri, but left due to poor food access. After spending a few days at Saint Hilary Church, the Priest offered the IDPs land for a camp, and IDPs from Madagali Village in Adamawa joined after an attack by AOGs. Most children in the camp attend the private school of Saint Hilary, with the Church covering all costs. The camp has a generator powered water point, but financial constraints limit residents' capacity to cover the running costs. All residents of the camp are reportedly due to be relocated to another site near Damboa Road in November 2017.
IDPs residing in Fulatari Camp originate from Lewanti Village in Bama and Gombole Bareki in Konduga. Those from Bama fled their homes as conflict broke out near their village in 2014. They travelled directly to Jiddumuri, where the brother of an IDP bought them a plot of land to set up camp. A direct attack on the village in Konduga in October 2014 forced the villagers to flee to Maiduguri. None of the children in the camp are in school because families cannot cover the costs of transport, uniforms and books. The camp has four NGO constructed latrines but due to a lack of maintenance, all of them are full so IDPs must instead use the bush.
In mid 2014, the residents of Ajiri Village in Dalwa Ward fled as conflict neared. The villagers travelled directly to Jiddumuri, choosing the location because individuals from neighbouring villages had already settled in the area. The IDPs were joined a few months later by families from Alau Village in Jere, who had followed a similar displacement pattern. Accessing water is a challenge for camp residents, as there are no water points near the camp. IDPs also reported the camp's single makeshift latrine is in need of maintenance.
Growing security concerns following the 2013 mass killings in Baga Village and attacks on nearby villages led the population of Kekeno Village to flee in early 2015. Since leaving, the entire village has been destroyed. A businessman from Kekeno who has lived in Maiduguri for 40 years allowed all the villagers to live in his home for 20 months, before starting a camp for them on a nearby plot of land in August 2016. The camp now has NGO provided shelters and latrines, while water is accessed from a nearby bore hole also owned by the businessman. None of the children attend school and residents reported they are unable to access healthcare services because there are no nearby facilities.
A main reason for IDPs' decision to move back and forth between their current location and their villages of origin was insecurity at their current location, reported by 53% of those who experienced pendular displacement, followed by a lack of food  ( reported by 17% ) . Conversely, access to food and security were also the most common reasons attracting IDPs back to their displacement sites, reported by 28% and 15% of IDPs who temporarily went to their villages of origin and left again, respectively. The third most reported reason for going back to displacement sites was access to shelter, reported by 10% of those who temporarily returned to their villages of origin.
Out of the 63 KIs reporting on Shelter/NFI/CCCM needs, 67% reported that they were expecting more new arrivals in the camp/community in the days or weeks following data collection.
80% of new arrivals originated from Bama LGA, with 44% of them leaving their AoO for the first time in 2018. 61% of HHs returned from Cameroon. FGD participants highlighted that most new arrivals left their AoO on foot, at night, without any belongings or supplies, in order not to raise suspicion among armed opposition groups  ( AOGs ) . FGD participants reported coming to Banki due to its proximity to their AoO. They also perceived higher levels of safety and better access to aid in Banki than in their AoO. Returnees from Cameroon explained during the FGDs that they returned to Nigeria willingly due to the fear of imprisonment for lacking identity documentation. FGD participants reported dangerous conditions due to the presence of AOGs, and an inability to access food, water and healthcare whilst traveling to Banki town.
46% of respondents reported experiencing family separation, the highest among the four assessed locations, among which 66%  ( 78 HHs )  had no contact with the separated family member ( s )  and 45%  ( 53 HHs )  did not know their whereabouts. Among the separated HHs, 55%  ( 65 HHs )  indicated that the separation was forced. FGD participants explained that family separation often occurred during their initial displacement or when some HH members were returned to Gwoza LGA from Banki town.
22% of HHs reported that for certain groups it was harder to access food than for others, especially for women. However, 64% reported that access to food was better than in their AoO. IDP FGD participants perceived the received food ration insufficient for the month.
During the period of 25 November – 1 December 2019, a total of 3,786 movements were recorded, which composed of 2,452 arrivals and 1,334 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Hawul, Jere, Kaga, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno State. Arrivals were also recorded in Girei, Gombi, Hong, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Chibok, Gwoza, Hawul and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno State. Departures were also recorded in Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State.
Hong: 599 arrivals and 633 departures were recorded in Hong LGA of Adamawa State. The arrivals include 262 from Garaha ward and 142 from Hildi ward and were tracked at Bangashika ward. Other arrivals include 157 from Gombi South ward of Gombi LGA and 38 from Sorau ‘A' ward of Maiha LGA. The 633 departures were from Bangashika ward. The new arrivals reported to have relocated due to improved security while the departures were reportedly due to fear of attack.
An exhaustive nutrition screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutrition mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema was conducted by Nutrition Sector partners for 183 children of 6 59 months. Of the 183 children screened, the MUAC reading recorded 6 children  ( 1 from inaccessible area and 5 from accessible area )  in the Red category, 24 in the Yellow category and 153 measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 5 LGAs that reports were received from.
The results also include 41 children from neighbouring Cameroon and Republic of Niger  ( 12 children moved to Gwoza, 10 to Mobbar and 19 moved to Ngala ) ; out of all the 41 children measured, one was in the red category, 34 were in the green category and the remaining 6 in the yellow category. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted for treatment.
The significant humanitarian needs in Nigeria are driven by conflict and violence. In the northeast, ongoing hostilities between non state armed groups and security forces have affected 7.7 million people and displaced 1.8 million. In the northwest and north central regions, inter communal violence has displaced nearly 310,000 people and undermined the livelihoods of thousands more. The humanitarian situation is particularly dire in areas with previously high levels of malnutrition and common childhood illnesses. In northwest Zamfara and Sokoto states, over 200,000 children are estimated to be severely malnourished. In the northeast, over 310,000 children are estimated to be severely malnourished and 3.5 million people require water and sanitation.
At least 1.1 million children need support to access education, and 1.77 million children require child protection services. In addition, dozens of states face the risk of environmental emergencies and disease outbreaks. The frequency and impact of annual flooding have eroded the resilience of riverine communities; and cholera and measles outbreaks affected more than 700 and nearly 29,000 children in 2019, respectively. The cumulative impacts of these disasters have weakened the coping capacities of communities.
There were 107 suspected cases of Lassa Fever  ( LF )  reported from 17 LGAs in 13 states  ( Edo – 53, Ondo – 23, Ebonyi – 6, Bauchi – 12, Nasarawa – 1, Plateau – 4, Taraba – 1, Gombe – 1, Benue – 1, Kogi – 1, Ogun – 1, Lagos   1 & Abia – 2 ) . There were ten confirmed cases and two deaths were recorded  ( Edo and Abia states )
About 14,3001 civilians have been killed in the BAY states since 2009, of which 80 per cent are in Borno state only. The crisis, largely triggered by a regionalized armed conflict, is one of the most severe protection crises in the world, with civilians bearing the brunt of ongoing hostilities, malnutrition, food insecurity, displacements, and dire conditions including over congestion and severe shortages of shelters across camps and communities hosting IDPs.
7.1 million People in need of humanitarian assistance in the northeast states of Borno, Adamawa & Yobe  ( HRP, 2019 )
In October, 11,247 boys and girls  ( aged 6 59 months )  with severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM )  were admitted for treatment in 406 out patient therapeutic programme  ( OTP )  sites. Out of the children admitted, 91 per cent of the children were successfully discharged as cured, 6.8 per cent dropped out of the treatment, 0.5 per cent died and 1.7 per cent did not respond to the treatment.
A combination of conflict, insecurity, forced displacement, implementation of state of emergency measures and climatic shocks will leave an estimated 14.9 million people in need of emergency food assistance  ( phase 3 to 5 )  in the Sahel region, between June and August 2020.
In Northern Nigeria, at least 6.2 million people will require emergency food assistance, while part of the estimated 1.2 million people living in hard to reach areas may be at risk of famine.
A decade of conflict has severely affected food production systems in northeastern Nigeria, with the worst affected states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe experiencing high displacement, enormous human, social and economic losses and severe levels of food insecurity and malnutrition. The overall impact of the conflict on agriculture is estimated to be USD 3.7 billion  ( World Bank and Buhari Plan, 2016 ) .
Of the 1.8 million IDPs who face significant food and livelihood challenges in the three northeastern states  ( DTM IOM Round XXVIII, August 2019 ) , more than 80 percent are in Borno State. Due to the influx of IDPs and the tense security situation, host communities have been affected by reduced access to land and other resources for food production, leading to high levels of poverty and malnutrition. Vulnerable households also have less access to humanitarian assistance due to some areas deemed ‘no go' amid security concerns.
Compounding these challenges is severe climate variability that is negatively affecting production systems, resulting in reduced crop yields and livestock productivity that FAO is addressing through the distribution of quality seeds and fertilizers. A total of 2.6 million people are currently experiencing severe food insecurity and require emergency assistance  ( Cadre Harmonisé, November 2019 ) .
Safe access to fuel and energy is an ongoing concern in northeastern Nigeria, posing risks in terms of malnutrition, protection  ( e.g. attacks during the collection of wood ) , deforestation, health risks and tensions over natural resources. Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states demonstrate high vulnerability and low adaptive capacity to the effects of climate change, particularly dry spells, erratic rainfall and floods.
In August, extreme rainy season flooding was observed in several local government areas including Maiduguri, Monguno, Jere, Gwoza and Dikwa in Borno State; Yola South and Yola North in Adamawa State; and Fune Bade, Bursari, Damaturu among others in Yobe State. Households affected by the flooding require urgent food and livelihood support.
As of mid to late 2019, the four countries bordering Lake Chad host 5.1 million people displaced by multiple regional conflicts. Recent attacks by Boko Haram/ISIS WA and changes in military strategy by the Nigerian government have increased the area that is hard to reach and further limit humanitarian access to 3.3 million total displaced by that conflict. Other conflicts in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, and elsewhere have displaced an additional 1.8 million.
At least 19 individuals were reportedly injured, 7 of whom are currently receiving treatment at Hong General Hospital, 2 were referred to Mubi General Hospital and Specialist Hospital Yola respectively.
The displaced persons are currently living with relatives in various host communities in Daksiri, Garaha, Hong, and Hildi wards of Hong LGA, with some of them moving to Sorau “A' and Konkol wards of Maiha LGA. Wuro Bokki, Wuro Ladde, Shashau, Mojili and Konkol communities are hosting a total of 3,742 individuals  ( 85% of the displaced individuals ) .
Most of the affected population are children  ( 1,909 or 43% )  and women  ( 1,489 or 34% ) . Two per cent  ( 78 individuals )  are elderly, with men accounting for the rest  ( 916 or 21% ) . They are in urgent need of food and Non Food Items  ( NFIs )
The majority  ( 53% )  of displaced individuals were female, while 47 per cent were male. Most IDPs  ( 56% )  were children, half of which  ( 27% )  were children under five years old. Displaced households were, on average, composed of five members.
Amongst the eight states affected by the crisis, Benue hosts the largest number of displaced individuals  ( 160,547, or 30% of IDPs ) . The two LGAs hosting the greatest numbers of IDPs are located in Benue: Agatu LGA, which is the LGA accommodating the most IDPs, alone hosts 78,208 IDPs  ( 15% of IDPs ) , whereas 26,253 IDPs  ( 5% of IDPs )  reside in Guma LGA. Displacement in Benue state primarily results from clashes between herders and farmers. A number of IDPs also relocated to Benue from Nasarawa state.
Many IDPs in Nasarawa cannot return home. Criminal groups who had attacked villages and triggered the displacement of their inhabitants allegedly either burned down the homes or took over the property and land. As a result, some IDPs in Nasarawa, prevented from going back home, have taken to move to other states in search of durable accommodation.
In Kaduna State, 62,721 IDPs were identified, representing 11% of the total IDP population in the region, which is a marked increase from the previous round where only 13,486 were identified as IDPs. It is important to note that the noticeable upsurge is also due to increased access in locations within the state. However, over the past few years, the state witnessed increased inter communal clashes accompanied by banditry and kidnappings.
The states where the largest shares of IDPs were displaced within their state of origin were Benue  ( 76% of IDPs in the state did not cross their state boundaries ) , Zamfara  ( 48% )  and Sokoto  ( 48% ) . On the other hand, only 6 per cent and 20 per cent of IDPs in Nasarawa and Kano, respectively, were displaced within the borders of their state of origin.
The majority of IDPs  ( 62% )  indicated having been displaced by communal clashes, with the second most likely factor of displacement being kidnappings and banditry  ( 25% ) . The vast majority of IDPs in Benue  ( 95% )  and Plateau  ( 89% )  fled as a result of communal conflicts. It is worth noting that almost all IDPs displaced in Sokoto  ( 96% )  and Zamfara  ( 83% )  were displaced because of banditry and kidnapping. Notably, 7 per cent of IDPs were displaced by natural disasters.
The majority of affected individuals  ( 70% )  were displaced once, while a quarter of IDPs  ( 26% )  were displaced twice and 4 per cent of IDPs were displaced three times. Kaduna, Sokoto, Plateau, and Katsina are the states where the largest proportion of IDPs were only displaced once  ( 100%, 99%, 92% and 76%, respectively ) . In contrast, in Benue, almost half of IDPs  ( 48% of IDPs in the state )  were displaced twice. All of the IDPs who have been displaced three times are located in Benue  ( where they represent 13% of IDPs in the state )  and Nasarawa  ( 5% ) .
A total of 1,149 sites were identified across the eight states covered in DTM assessments, including 1,097 host communities and 52 camps or camp like settings. Most sites were situated in Nasarawa  ( which held 237 sites, or 20% of sites )  Plateau  ( 209 sites, or 18% of sites )  and Katsina  ( 182 sites, or 16% of sites ) . Interestingly, Sokoto only held 26 sites  ( 2% of sites ) .
The overwhelming majority of IDPs  ( 83% )  lived in host communities, while 17 per cent lived in displacement camps. While the majority of displaced individuals lived amongst host communities in all states  ( and notably in Kaduna, Kano and Plateau states, where 100%, 99% and 97% of IDPs lived in host communities ) , large proportions of IDPs in Sokoto  ( 43% ) , Zamfara  ( 28% )  and Benue  ( 23% )  lived in camps or camp likes settings.
Most camps and camp like settings were found in Benue  ( 19 camps, or 37% of camps ) , Katsina  ( 9 camps, or 17% )  and Sokoto, Nasarawa and Plateau  ( 6 camps, or 13% of camps respectively ) , whereas the largest number of host community sites were found in Nasarawa  ( 230, or 21% of host communities ) , Plateau  ( 203, or 19% )  and Katsina  ( 173, or 16% )
The most urgent needs of IDPs across all sites assessed were food  ( 42% of sites ) , NFI  ( 26% )  and Shelter  ( 19% ) . However, only 16 per cent of sites in Nasarawa state indicated food as an urgent need; medical services  ( 8% of sites in Nasarawa ) , drinking water  ( 11% ) , NFI  ( 25% )  and shelter  ( 30% )  were the most pressing needs of IDPs in the state. Similarly, while 52 per cent of sites in Zamfara mentioned food as an unmet need, 42 per cent also mentioned NFI and 2 per cent shelter.
Latrines were identified as being unhygienic in three fourths of camps or camp like settings  ( 75% ) , including all camps in Kano, Zamfara and Sokoto states; however, this was a smaller proportion than in host communities. Moreover, latrines were unusable in 12 per cent of camps  ( double the number of camps in Round 1 ) , including a third of camps in Plateau  ( 33% ) .
Across all states, 69 per cent of camps and camp like settings had food accessible to IDPs, with food accessible on site in 58 per cent of sites and off site in 12 per cent of sites. This represents an 11p.p. decrease from Round 1. However, food accessibility differed by state: while food could be found in 100 per cent of camps in Katsina and Zamfara and Plateau states  ( food was accessible on site for all of the sites in these two states ) , IDPs living in camps in Kano state only had access to food in 50 per cent of camps in the state.
Nigeria has maintained thethirdposition since 2015, suggesting that efforts targeted at mitigating security challenges have not produced optimal results. But that may also slightly not be the case. According to the report, terror related incidents in the country increased from 411 in 2017 to 562 in 2018, and deaths from terrorism rose to 2,040 in the same year. Notably, there was a significant decline in body counts by insurgents in the Northeast to a rise of fatality in the middle belt region largely caused by farmers herders crisis. Currently, banditry has plagued most parts of the Northwest and extensively Northcentral region. Aside from the terror troubled Northeast region, other parts of the country have witnessed a marginal increase in security threats. It is highly suggestive that violence and conflict are shifting from the Northeast to other parts of the country.
There were 51 attacks by NSAGs against GF, 19 of which were direct attacks on GF positions and check points while the rest were ambushes and/or IEDs. On the other hand, there were 45 GF initiated attacks on NSAGs in the form of air strikes, ambushes and other armed encounters. Criminals accounted for 16 incidents that involved arrests, capture or neutralization.
NSAG Infiltration. On 13 Sep, NSAGs infiltrated Ajari IDP camp in Dikwa, which has greatly compromised the safety of IDPs in camps. As a consequence, several IDPs deserted the camp and relocated to other camps in Dikwa such as Sangaya, Kilagaru, Alhaji Bashir and Motor Park IDP camp, leading to increased congestion in these camps. Relatedly, IDPs in Kuya camp in Monguno are also experiencing incessant infiltration and looting of their personal items and belongings, believed to be committed by NSAG elements. In Banki, NSAG elements infiltrated IDP camps between 6 and 9 Sep and took away various items from some female headed households like food items, food ration cards and personal belongings. IDPs have protested and are threatening to leave the IDP Camp because of the recurring infiltrations by NSAG elements.
Suspension of INGOs. The suspension of Mercy Corps and ACF significantly affected humanitarian operations. In Yobe, following the suspension of ACF and Mercy Corps, some INGOs also received instructions to cease operations from individual GF officers who mistakenly thought that the work of all INGOs have been suspended but was later corrected. The services of two nutrition stabilization centres were temporarily suspended on the suspicion that ACF staff are present in the facility but was later re opened after finding out that they are wrong. These incidents tend to indicate that information and instructions are either not clearly cascaded to subordinate military units and the tendency to jump into conclusions and knee jerk reactions without validating the information some military personnel are getting. This has been communicated accordingly with Hq Sector 2 Command.
Flood, windstorm, late cessation of rainfall in some states  ( which may lead to crops damage ) , armed banditry, communal conflicts, fire outbreak, pest and diseases infestation of crops and livestock, were the major risk factors reported in most of the states analysed. Yellow fever epidemic is also among the hazards reported by Bauchi state. The security situation in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states remains fragile as seen in the pockets of attacks predominantly in Borno and some parts of Yobe and Adamawa, which continues to induce displacement, livelihood depletion and limited functionality of basic services in the most affected areas. These factors have impacted negatively on the food consumption, livelihood and nutritional situation within both displaced population and host community households.
In Borno state, the CH analysis was carried out only on 23 out of the 27 Local Government Areas that were either fully or partially accessible for the conduct of Emergency Food Security Assessment  ( EFSA ) , Nutrition Surveillance, Household Economy Approach  ( HEA )  and other surveys from which relevant data and indicators required for analysis were generated. Four inaccessible Local Government Areas  ( Abadam, Marte, Guzamala and Kukawa )  were not analyzed during the October, 2019 CH exercise due to limited physical access to rural communities by humanitarian workers and enumerators to generate relevant household food and nutrition security information. According to the CH 2.0 special protocol on inaccessible areas, the available information were not sufficient to conduct separate CH analysis for the inaccessible population to enable accurate representation of their food and nutrition security situation.
During the period of 4 – 10 November 2019, a total of 1,626 movements were recorded, which were composed of 1,264 arrivals and 362 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Chibok, Damboa, Gwoza, Hawul, Konduga, Mafa, Mobbar and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno State. Arrivals were also recorded in Demsa, Fufore, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Gwoza and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno State. Departures were also recorded in Fufore, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song and Yola North LGAs of Adamawa State.
Ngala: 233 arrivals were recorded in Ngala LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 209 from Rann “A' ward of Kala/Balge LGA and 24 from Darak of Cameroon. The arrivals were all due to poor living conditions.
Askira/Uba: 128 arrivals and 14 departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 119 from Giwi/Wamdeo ward and were tracked in Chull/Rumirgo ward. Other arrivals include 7 from Bauchi LGA of Bauchi State and 2 from Hong LGA of Adamawa State. The 14 departures were from Uba ward. 98% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to improved security while 2% were due to poor living conditions. The departures were all voluntarily.
Bama: 116 arrivals were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 41 from Mora and 3 from Mokolo of Cameroon. Other arrivals include 12 from Buduwa/Bula Chirabe ward, 30 from Pulka/Bokko ward of Gwoza LGA and 30 from Konduga ward of Konduga LGA. The new arrivals reported to have relocated voluntarily.
An exhaustive nutrition screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutrition mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema was conducted by Nutrition Sector partners for 97 children of 6 59 months. Of the 97 children screened, the MUAC reading recorded 3 children  ( from accessible area )  in the Red category, 4 in the Yellow category and 90 measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 4 LGAs that that reports were received from.
Of the confirmed cases, xx were RDT positive and xx were confirmed through stool culture  Of the suspected cases, 33.3% are aged 1   4 years  Among all suspected cases, 56.3% female and 43.7% male have been affected
When, in June 2016, our teams arrived in Bama – a town 70km away from Maiduguri, where 20,000 displaced people had gathered in the grounds of a hospital controlled by the Nigerian army – they were stunned to find a catastrophic health situation. Mortality rates were 10 per 10,000 per day, with 1,200 graves in the hospital grounds testifying to the scale and duration of the crisis.
Regarding SGBV incidents in Nigeria, respondents didn't report any rape cases but domestic violence and physical assault. From the assessment, there is a large number of women headed households. Out of all women respondents, only 5 reported to be living with their husband and getting their support. Others stated that their husbands had left to find jobs either in other locations in Nigeria  ( majority of respondents )  or farming in Cameroon. However, they all reported that so far, their husband didn't send them money or food to support the family. A smaller proportion reported that they lost their husband.
Children in host communities were all going to school whereas the majority of refugee children who attended the FGD mentioned that they were not going to school. Reasons stated for non attendance were: No school fees, while others lack interest in pursuing primary/secondary education as they have been out of school since the crisis started in Cameroon. Children were asked what they like about school and what they don't like.
Nigerian women living in Adagom village: “The forest; Agbugu forest, Abonte forest, Oyel forest which is very close to the living areas. One can't go anytime during the day or at night, the place is marshy someone can easily sink in, the forest also serves as traditional ritual places. The river side as well is not safe because of drowning, both the forest and river side serves as hide outs for bad boys who makes the place their joint to commit crime and rape girls. Men and women, boys and girls are afraid of these places.'
Refugees also identified the reception centre at night as there is no lighting and women and girls fear to be raped. In addition, host community warned refugee women against cutting their fire wood. They attack refugee women who go fetching firewood. If anything happens, they seek safety at the chief place or SEMA office.
Almost 9 out of 10 IDPs in northeast Nigeria are below the international poverty line of US$1.90 per person per day in 2011 PPP terms, and on average they consume less than one third of the poverty line threshold. Another 6 in 10 IDP households are highly food insecure  ( Figure 5 ) . IDPs suffer from overcrowding, both in terms of housing and sanitation. IDP women are less likely than host community women to give birth in a hospital or clinic. IDPs have low school enrollment rates, in fact, many IDP children have not attended school for three years or more some not since their displacement. Moreover, a significant share of IDPs lost houses that they had owned for many years, and their current housing conditions are much worse. Many IDPs also lost agricultural land owned by their households.
An exhaustive nutrition screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutrition mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema was conducted by Nutrition Sector partners for 85 children of 6 59 months. Of the 85 children screened, the MUAC reading recorded 6 children  ( 2 from inaccessible and 4 from an accessible area )  in the Red category, 10 in the Yellow category and 49 measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 5 LGAs that reports were received from.
Also in Nigeria   in Taraba state   representatives of Tiv and Jukun ethnic groups agreed on a ceasefire in a peace meeting held in Jalingo by September 26. However, two days later, suspected Jukun militias attacked the Tiv community in Akume village of Taraba, continuing this inter communal violence that re emerged since April 2019
However, these battles did not affect Boko Haram's activities, as in the following days, the group attacked civilians with explosives in Biu, Borno, killing seven people and abducting ten. Another attack followed in Mafa, Borno, where two residents were killed and a local market was burnt down.
Conflict related to banditry, kidnapping and cattle rustling persists in the northwest and central states limiting livelihood activities. A report by UNHCR and the Nigerian government in August revealed that over 200,000 people have been displaced across Zamfara, Sokoto and Katsina states in the northwest with several refugees now located in the Maradi region of Niger. IDPs are mainly relying on their limited own production, community assistance, and markets for food. Consequently, these vulnerable populations in Katsina, Sokoto and Zamfara states are experiencing Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 )  outcomes.
Households impacted by the persisting Boko Haram conflict who remain in garrison towns and major urban areas in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa states continue to depend on limited humanitarian assistance and markets for food. They have restricted income opportunities and are facing Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  and Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  food security outcomes. Populations in areas that are difficult to access by humanitarian actors are likely facing similar or worse food security outcomes relative to adjoining accessible areas
The most recent IOM displacement tracking matrix covering July 1 to 16 indicates an increased IDP population from 1,980,036 in May 2019 to 2,018,513 in July across the six northeast states. Similarly, in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states, the area worst affected by the insurgency, the IDP population increased from 1.79 million in May to 1.82 million in July. Borno state, which is the worst affected by the conflict recorded over 1.48 million IDPs in July 2019.
Stable or declining staple food prices and the impending main harvest, coupled with the harvest of early maturing crops such as maize, millet, rice and yams, are allowing more poor households to have normal access to food. Livestock/cereal terms of trade favor pastoralists who now also have normal access to food. Wild foods and petty trading are providing additional access to food and income. Consequently, most households outside conflict prone areas are facing Minimal  ( IPC Phase 1 )  outcomes.
Significant number of attacks and localized clashes between government forces and Non State Armed Group  ( NSAG )  were observed in settlements around Maiduguri, Bama and Nganzai LGAs the past months. The security situation has generated much concern especially with the attempted attack on a humanitarian hub and an incident involving a Person Borne Improvise Explosive Device  ( PBIED ) .
On 18 August, there was a thwarted attempt to infiltrate the UN Humanitarian hub housing the humanitarian workers in Banki, Bama LGA just a week earlier on 11 August 2019, at Ngwom, Marte LGA, and 15Kms from Maiduguri a PBIED was used to attack the IDP camp killing the assailant and wounding some IDPs in the camp.
In Adamawa and Yobe States, security situation has remained calm with only one reported kidnapping for ransom in Mubi. In Adamawa State, other security challenges like kidnappings, inter communal farmers herders conflicts, and Communal clashes have sprung up in recent times. Joint security operations, the state, and local government have taken decisive measures to establish a secure environment in the affected areas.
While humanitarian efforts have bolstered food production, crisis affected households are yet to return to pre conflict levels. This is largely due to limited access to land, assets and capital to invest in agricultural inputs. The success of the current 2019 rainy season will determine the food security and income needs of about 80 percent of the people in Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states. In addition, livestock rearing is essential and mitigates the risk of seasonal crop failure and other climate related shocks through diversification of production and income, representing liquid assets, which can be realized at any time, providing cash to households in times of need.
On 16 July 2019, the Ebonyi State Ministry of Health received information about suspected yellow fever cases in Ndingele ward, Izzi Local Government Area  ( LGA ) , Nigeria. The cases had symptoms of fever and jaundice, reported with onset since May 2019. As of 30 August 2019, a total of 84 suspected yellow fever cases, including 26 deaths  ( case fatality ratio: 31 % ) , have been reported across nine LGAs within Ebonyi State. Of the suspected yellow fever cases, fifty five per cent  ( 46/84 )  are male. The most affected age group is 0 9 years  ( 28 cases, 33% ) , followed by age groups 20 29 years and above 30 years each with 20 cases  ( 24% ) . The 10 19 year age group has the least number of cases  ( 16 cases, 19% ) .
Seventy nine per cent of suspected cases  ( 66/84 ) , including seven confirmed cases positive by real time polymerase chain reaction  ( RT PCR )  are reported from Izzi LGA which is located in the north eastern part of the State, bordered with Cross River State in the east, and Benue State in the north. One case has been confirmed in an international worker involved in the extractive industry in Izzi LGA, and residing in adjacent Abakiliki LGA  ( an urban centre in the State ) .
From 1 January through 31 July 2019, over 2,000 suspected yellow fever cases have been reported in 506 LGAs from all 36 States including the Federal Capital Territory  ( FCT )  of Nigeria.
Moreover, consumption of cereals, which are key staples in the northwest, was quite limited and consumed only for five out of seven days across the three states and particularly low in Zamfara, where cereals were only consumed for four out of seven days on the average compared to six days in Sokoto and Katsina States. Diets of IDP households mainly consist of millet, rice, sorghum or maize complemented by green vegetables, when available. Findings from the assessment further suggest that unmet food needs exist in about 50 percent of households across the three states.
About half of the entire households surveyed received food assistance from either government or other sources during the 30 days that preceded the assessment, albeit irregularly, and more of such households are situated in Katsina  ( 72.5 percent )  compared to Sokoto  ( 50.3 percent )  and Zamfara  ( 42.9 percent ) . Generally, insufficient food intake was more common amongst households that did not receive food assistance compared to counterparts. The poor food consumption patterns observed in Zamfara, Katsina and Sokoto depicts the fragile state of the food security situation in the states, which is characterized by loss of access to the main source of livelihood   farming. The expected loss of the 2019 September/October harvest will further exacerbate the vulnerability of many displaced households and in the absence of regular external intervention.
Majority of the IDP households were into subsistence farming prior to displacement and as such, they predominantly relied on own produced cereals for consumption. However, the displacement, coupled with the consequential destruction of properties including farmland, have forced households to rely on market to meet their food needs. Cash or credit purchase of cereals remained the predominant means of access for these previously own produced staples in 76 percent of households, with more of such households situated in Sokoto  ( 83.7 percent )  and Zamfara  ( 77.3 percent )  compared to 54.7 percent in Katsina State.
In contrast, there were more displaced households that accessed their cereals through food assistance in Katsina  ( 38.9 percent )  compared to Sokoto  ( 10.7 percent )  and Zamfara  ( 9.2 percent ) . While food stocks are readily available in markets due to sales of surplus food crops from wealthier commercial farmers, displaced households are faced with limited livelihood opportunities in their current places of abode, which weakens their income generation capability and purchasing power, and threatens their ability to sustain food access on the medium and long term. About four percent of displaced households access their cereals through wild foraging, which is quite worrisome considering the associated protection risk.