nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
The IOM DTM assessment have revealed an increased IDP population from 1.7 million people since December 2017 to 2.03 million people in October 2018 and four percent decline in January 2019 relative to October 2018 across Adamawa, Borno, Yobe, Bauchi, Taraba and Gombe states. Similarly, ETT IOM report covering 4 – 10 March 2019, revealed a total of 2,102 population movements, including 1,713 arrivals and 371 departures. Most new arrivals are in Borno state.
Communal and farmer/herder conflict and armed banditry exacerbated by the general election is persisting in Plateau, Nasarawa, Taraba, Kaduna, Benue and Niger states. Similar occurrence is recorded in Katsina, Zamafara and Sokoto states. Market activities, access to pastoral resources and dry season harvest remain restricted in affected areas. Population displacement, kidnapping and fatalities are escalating and population in affected areas Katsina and Zamfara will remain Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 )  at least through September 2019.
Since 2009, northeastern Nigeria has been hit by a violent conflict which have led to continued large scale displacements, disruption of basic services, food insecurity, malnutrition, and protection issues. As a matter of fact, the extreme violence caused by non state armed groups  ( NSAGs )  has resulted in the forced displacement of several millions of civilians from their homes and total loss of their livelihoods.
Agricultural livelihoods have been devastated through the destruction of irrigation and farming facilities, the loss of livestock and reduced access to fishing grounds, the collapse of extension services. The value chain for crops, livestock and fisheries has been also severely disrupted as a consequence of the conflict. Additionally, looting and fear of attacks have prevented farmers from working in their fields, leading to reduced harvests, loss of productive assets and extremely reduced purchasing power
As a result of military operations, from December 2017 to October 2018, the number of IDPs in the Northeast of Nigeria has risen from 1,702,680 to 2,206,602 individuals  ( +29.6% ) . The October 2018 DTM also provides a clear picture of the number of returnees by State  ( Borno: 683,012; Adamawa: 780,571; Yobe: 177,327 ) , giving a total of 1,640,910 in the Borno, Adamawa and Yobe States  ( BAY ) .
The situation is extremely fragile as the majority of IDPs remains largely dependent on food assistance and would face a rapid deterioration of their food security and nutrition, if food and livelihood assistance are interrupted. It is, therefore, paramount to maintain humanitarian food and livelihood assistance to avoid the recipients of humanitarian assistance to fall back in critical food insecurity.
Prevalence of acute malnutrition constitutes another concern. Stunting prevalence ranges between 25% and 40% in BAY States
High rates of GBV have been reported to be occurring in relation with food insecurity. The insecurity equally impacts access to fuel and energy for cooking, with 85 percent of women and girls reporting heightened protection risks when collecting firewood
The lifetime prevalence of GBV forms experienced by internally displaced women and girls in camps and host communities of Adamawa, Borno, Gombe and Yobe States, have reached about 16 percent. Among them, 47.2% were affected by harmful traditional practices17, 33.2 % faced sexual violence, 30.5 % suffered emotional violence, 28.4% reported socio  economic violence and 20.5% percent experienced violence
November was marked by a significant increase in insecurity and hostilities, especially in northern Borno State, with serious repercussions on humanitarian operations and the civilian population. During the same month, humanitarian partners momentarily suspended operations in the areas north of Monguno, and significantly decreased the ones in Damasak as a result of the ongoing insecurity. This scale down and momentary suspension of activities has left thousands of people without adequate access to humanitarian assistance and medical care
The subsequent attempted attack on Monguno on 28 December 2018 has worsened the situation, generating further displacement amid the fear and uncertainty caused by the fights. Moreover, some 260 aid workers have been withdrawn from three LGAs  ( Monguno, Kala/Balge and Kukawa )  affected by the conflict since November 2018, affecting the humanitarian assistance delivery to hundreds of thousands of people. It remains the largest withdrawal of aid workers since the international humanitarian response scaled up in 2016.
Prior to 2009, Northeast Nigeria was plagued with high levels of poverty, inequalities, including gender, population growth, underdevelopment, lack of basic social services, income and livelihood opportunities and employment, harsh competition over natural and economic resources due to ecological degradation, the marginalization of vulnerable groups  ( returnees, youth, women etc. ) , negative coping strategies, social divisions based on livelihood, ethnic or religious lines, political marginalization, weak justice systems as well as poor governance, have been identified as the main underlying factors of the crisis.
Returnees face challenges as they move back to their areas of origin, and find their lands occupied, basic services lacking and homes and infrastructures destroyed. Due to persistent fear of sporadic attacks, IDPs often remain displaced in the closest town. Conversely, the extent of mined areas remains currently unknown and may limit the return of farmers to the field. As a consequence, there is an outstanding gap in livelihood opportunities for affected communities. The lack of employment, livelihood opportunities, including agricultural, once returnees have settled back in their villages of origin, has been cited by many IDPs as an immediate threat to social cohesion, especially with regard to youth. Thus, livelihood support to returnees should be carefully targeted.
Restriction of movement affects sustainable livelihoods for the affected population. Obtaining a movement pass is tedious and time consuming as individuals have to line up daily to get it, especially in a situation where they have limited hours due to curfew. This restriction of movement hinders the people from engaging in farming which was their primary source of livelihood prior to the crisis and getting firewood which is a key element to food security.
According to IOM DTM Round 24 of 2018, the total population of IDPs and returnees in the 27 LGAs in Borno State is 2,074,956 with 1,192,388  ( Girls = 665,764; Boys = 526,624 )  below the age of 17 years. In Bama, Gwoza, Damasak, Ngala, Munguno and Dikwa LGAs, there are 365,538  ( Girls = 209,616; Boys = 155,922 )  IDPs and returnees under the age of 18 years. In 2018, UNHCR registered and issued birth certificates to 167,911 children. These numbers of children in need as compared to the 167,911 children registered and issued with birth certificates by NPC with support from UNHCR shows a serous gap.
UNHCR and the Governments of Nigeria and Cameroon signed a Tripartite Agreement on 02 March 2017, for the voluntary repatriation of Nigerian refugees from Cameroon. However, so far, no organized return has taken place. Instead, 40,393 spontaneously returning individuals comprising of 13,713 households  ( HHs )  from Cameroon, Chad and Niger have been registered by Nigeria Immigration Service from January through November 2018, 24% of the refugee returnee households  ( 9,792 individuals )  claimed during registration that they were forcefully returned to Nigeria from Cameroon. The refugee returnee numbers from Cameroon are likely to increase in 2019 if organized returns for 4,000 individuals to Adamawa State commences., This may in turn trigger spontaneous returns into Borno State in spite of return conditions not being conducive.
In some locations  ( like Pulka )  it was mentioned that young girls are engaged in informal livelihood activities like hawking which exposes them to risk of sexual assault and sexual harassment. The respondents showed interest in sensitization on SGBV and creation of more opportunities for skills training for young people
In Gwoza for example, according to the IOM DTM Round 24, there are 89, 511  ( Girls = 50,729, Boys = 38,783 )  IDPs and Returnees below the age of 18 years and only 30,400 children were registered. In Damasak, there are 102,695  ( Girls = 56,264; Boys = 46,431 )  IDPs and Returnees, including host communities and hard to reach areas, below the age of 18 years and only 27,955 children were registered. In Dikwa, there are over 15 IDP camps with 58, 582 individuals under the age of 18. Only 17,040 were registered and issued birth certificates. In Monguno, 6,900 were registered out of a population of 98,232  ( Girls = 58,096; Boys = 40,136 )  IDP and returnee below the age of 18 years. These numbers show the huge gap and unmet needs within these locations.
The 2017 HNO indicated that among that additional protection risk faced by the displaced population, the lack of documentation was ranked second to lack of livelihood. Vulnerability screening revealed 56 per cent of the most vulnerable IDPs lacked access to legal documentation, including 99 per cent in newly accessible sites in Borno.
Absence of information about the process of acquiring documentation and distance to the nearest facility were noted as obstacles. In FGDs/KIIs held in Madagali, participants called attention to the cost of travelling to places like Michika to apply for ID cards, only to be told that they had to return another day because the facilities are overcrowded. They noted that at a time when they are struggling to make ends meet, they cannot afford to take on additional transportation costs.
In most locations, efforts to farm have been limited by security issues, land mines, and land disputes. Alternative income generating activities are limited. Lack of livelihood opportunities has had a ripple effect on all aspects of life in Madagali, Michika, and Mubi. It has exacerbated poverty levels, contributed to the rise of negative survival mechanisms, and influenced the use of drugs by idle individuals. In FGDs/KIIs, IDPs and returnees requested livelihood support.
Similar observations from the PA were observed during the Protection Assessment led by the Protection Sector in Adamawa in October 2018 in Madagali, Michika and Mubi  ( North and South )  LGAs where 35% of FGDs/KIIs  ( 40 out of 112 )  reported moderate to high safety and security issues. The primary security concerns in most areas of Mubi were vandalism, theft, and monthly kidnappings in locations like Muchala with a demand for ransom.
The PBIED attack of 1 May 2018 in a mosque killing about 68 persons mostly men who were in the mosque for morning prayers was one of the most devastating PBIED incidents that ever occurred in Mubi LGAs. Another reoccurring incident is the herdsmen clash with host communities in the southern part of the State, often bringing about internal displacements. Most other attacks occurred in Northern parts of Adamawa state  ( Madagali )  with NSAGs attacking host communities for logistics mainly food. A new emerging phenomenon in Adamawa is kidnappings and abductions, especially of children, and thereafter a request for ransom. The police are still out investigating the evidence, and a conclusion on why this is happening is yet to be reached.
Residents stated that they “lived in fear' because Boko Haram members often come to nearby communities. In Madagali and Michika, women reported being too afraid to carry out activities, like tending to their farms, because of security issues when leaving central areas. Community members have repeatedly been attacked while farming and a recent beheading incident involving farmers in Madagali has frightened many. In Madagali and Michika, security is maintained by the military and the Civilian Joint Task Force  ( CJTF ) . The military had a visible presence in both LGAs. FGDs showed that community members support the presence of the army, with whom they described having a “mutual understanding'.
Although IDP returns have been largely voluntary, the Government's complementary action has remained reactionary and appear non existent in most situations, as was seen in the Bama and Gudumbali returns witnessed in 2018. In addition, the lack of livelihood opportunities in the LGAs has hindered the sustainability of return thereby exposing returnees to multiple and acute protection risks.
The abductions occur within the communities, as well as in the outskirts, including near farms. Community members are not sure about who is behind these incidents, but they speculated that it might be Boko Haram members hiding in nearby hills. In Mugulvu  ( Mubi ) , women, children, and the elderly reported that in the absence of a school within reasonable distance, the community has “given up' on education and children spend their time hawking or working in farms.
In total 1,656HH/8,282 individuals, 26% of all registered refugee returnees, claimed during registration, that they were forcefully returned back to Nigeria from Cameroon. They alleged that they were either told by government authorities to leave, or forcefully put into buses bound for the border. In contrast, 66% of those registered  ( 4,187HH/20,936 individuals )  stated that they voluntarily returned back home because they heard that the security situation in Nigeria was improving. In April 2018, UNHCR Cameroon protested at the highest level against the forceful return of Nigerian refugees
Children who used to walk to schools in other towns have stopped doing so as a result of the high risk of kidnappings. Children explained “it's not safe to go to school'. Around June 2018, a girl from Mugulvu  ( Mubi )  was kidnapped on her way to a school in another town and was later found dead with her eyes removed.
Displacement and destruction of homes and infrastructure have caused significant shelter needs in north east Nigeria. Key sectoral vulnerabilities and shelter assessments revealed that more than 2.1 million people required shelter and non food items  ( NFIs )  assistance in 2018. This included 1.6 million IDPs, 265,000 people living in host communities, and 270,000 returnees in need of shelter and CRI support. Overall, 55% of the people in need are women and girls according to Humanitarian Response Plan  ( 2018 HRP ) .
Over one third of affected people are currently living in emergency family shelters, while another third lives in self made or makeshift shelters. About 23% of IDPs live in collective shelters  ( such as schools, government buildings, community centres, etc. ) . CRIs remain the second most reported need of affected people in north east Nigeria, both in host communities and in camp or camp like settings, where the provisions of NFIs has not been systematic for new arrivals due to the lack of prepositioned items in key receiving areas
Lacking of class rooms, overcrowded in each and all local school classrooms with too many students sitting on ground without textbooks and school uniform have been identified as the first and most serious challenges in each group discussion during the PA exercise.
Maltreatment of UASCs by relatives and foster families; substance abuse most by boys, a few by girls; and lacking of play facilities and equipment for children in settlements have been recognized by refugees as most serious child protection issues. It is essential to conduct BIA/BID and have regular monitoring and follow up of UASCs in both settlements, through which UNHCR, local authorities and partners can support and intervene. The Child Protection Committee can play a better role to improve the above situation.
The north east Nigeria crisis, now in its tenth year, has largely been triggered by a regionalised armed conflict and is first and foremost a protection crisis. Despite over 7 million people in urgent need of assistance and protection, and more than 1.8 million people internally displaced, this crisis is often overlooked by the international community and the magnitude of needs not fully understood. Civilians continue to bear the brunt of the conflict.
Due to insecurity, fear of attacks, ongoing military operations, the search for assistance and other factors, civilians in north east Nigeria are continually on the move. Between November 2018 and January 2019, almost 80,000 people were registered as new arrivals. 87% of the new arrivals are women and children. The context of protracted displacement and ongoing conflict has had a profound impact on mental health and the psychosocial wellbeing of the population. Trauma is compounded by experiences of loss due to displacement, such as loss of belongings, and homes, loss of family and friends, and loss of identity and status.
The recent escalation of hostilities has triggered further mass movement with thousands of persons fleeing from areas in Borno such as Baga, Kukawa and Rann. In February 2019, a reported 30,000 people returned to Rann and were met with a shell shocked town with destroyed infrastructure with little to no provision of services or protection.
Lack of space is linked to increased protection risks including gender based violence and contributes directly to fires and other hazards. Multiple fires recently have claimed lives of civilians, destroyed shelters and rendered thousands of people homeless including the most recent that took place on 14 March which destroyed over 10,000 homes and left 15,000 displaced persons without shelter
With ongoing abuses being committed by all parties to the conflict, civilians are left exposed on a daily basis to rampant violations and human rights abuses including killings, abductions, rape, detention, torture and civilians, especially women and children, being compelled to carry and detonate IEDs. Soldiers report their main challenge is the ability to distinguish between combatant and civilian.
Thousands of civilians, with a specific targeting of men and boys ranging in age from 15 to 40 years old, remain in long term detention without being charged with a crime or trial. Relatives have no information as to their location or status with no transparent information on how men and boys are deemed "Boko Haram" or women and girls “Boko Haram wives'.
Within the societal existence of gender injustice dynamics, women and particularly adolescent girls are specifically exposed to and enduring all forms of gender based violence  ( GBV )  including sexual violence, early and forced marriage and abductions. Sexual exploitation and abuse remain rife with women and girls being forced to have sex in exchange for food, money, shelter, water or protection. Despite its wide prevalence, GBV remains under reported, due to factors including fear of stigma and/ or reprisals, inadequate access to justice and lack of implementation of appropriate legal frameworks.
Bama: 368 arrivals were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno state. These include 264 arrivals from Marwa in Cameroon, 51 arrivals from Bula Yaranye in Darajamal ward of Bama LGA tracked at GSSSS camp in Shehuri ward, 39 arrivals from Kwatambe in Darajamal ward tracked at GSSSS camp in Shehuri ward and 14 arrivals from Bula Yarambe in Kote ward of Bama LGA of Borno state. 70% of the new arrivals report to have relocated due to poor living condi�ons while 30% voluntarily relocated.
An exhaus�ve nutri�on screening using mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema for acute malnutri�on was conducted by Nutri�on Sector partners for 123 children of 6 59 months. Of the 123 children screened, the MUAC reading was: 2 children  ( from accessible area )  were in the Red category, 4 were in the Yellow category and 117 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 3 LGAs that sent in reports.
The results also include 91 children from neighbouring Cameroon and Niger  ( 85 moved to Bama, 2 to Gwoza 2 to Ngala ) . Out of the 91 children measured, 2 were in the red category, 86 were in the green category and 3 childred were in the yellow category. All children found with severe acute malnutri�on have been admi�ed for treatment.
ABUJA A new report by the United Nations Children Fund, UNICEF, has revealed that children in conflict zones, such as the North East of Nigeria are three times more likely to die from water related diseases than from gun bullets.
The report; “Water Under Fire' looks at mortality rates in 16 countries going through prolonged conflicts and finds that, in most of them, children under the age of five are more than 20 times more likely to die from diarrheal related deaths linked to lack of access to safe water and sanitation than direct violence.
According to UNICEF's Executive Director Henrietta Fore, the “Odds are already stacked against children living through prolonged conflicts – with many unable to reach a safe water source. The reality is that there are more children who die from lack of access to safe water than by bullets.
“In Nigeria, conflict has created huge challenges for people living in the North East of the country, where violence has affected their ability to access water and sanitation, leading to diseases such as cholera,' Mohammed Fall, UNICEF Nigeria Representative, said.
In North East Nigeria, 5,365 people were affected by cholera, with 61 dying in 2017, while 12,643 people were affected and 175 died of cholera in 2018.
UNICEF said, “Without safe and effective water, sanitation and hygiene services, children are at risk of malnutrition and preventable diseases including diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera and polio. Girls are particularly affected: They are vulnerable to sexual violence as they collect water or venture out to use latrines. They deal with affronts to their dignity as they bathe and manage menstrual hygiene. And they miss classes during menstruation if their schools have no suitable water and sanitation facilities.'
Within the period of 4   10 March 2019, a total of 2,102 movements were recorded, including 1,731 arrivals and 371 departures. Arrivals were recorded at loca�ons in Askira/Uba, Bama, Chibok, Damboa, Gwoza, Jere, Kaga, Konduga, Mobbar and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state and loca�ons in Demsa, Fufore, Maiha and Numan LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded at Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state and Fufore, Maiha and Numan LGAs of Adamawa state.
Gwoza: 748 arrivals were recorded in Gwoza LGA of Borno state. These include 733 arrivals from Marwa in Cameroon, 6 arrivals from Shashaw ward in Hong LGA of Adamawa state, 8 arrivals from Hambagda/Limankara ward of Gwoza LGA tracked at GSS camp in Bulabulin/Wakane ward of Gwoza LGA and 1 arrival from Sambisa in Dure ward of Gwoza LGA tracked at Transit camp in Pulka/Bokko ward of Gwoza LGA of Borno state. The new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living condi�ons.
Bama: 270 arrivals were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno state. These include 142 arrivals from Darajamal ward, 20 arrivals from Boduwa ward and 14 arrivals from Soye ward of Bama LGA and were tracked at GSSSS camp in Shehuri ward of Bama LGA, 25 arrivals from Gal�mari ward of Jere LGA and 69 arrivals from Marwa in Cameroon. 63% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living condi�ons while 37% relocated voluntarily.
An exhaus�ve nutri�on screening using mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema for acute malnutri�on was conducted by Nutri�on Sector partners for 309 children of 6 59 months. Of the 142 children screened, the MUAC reading was: 4 children  ( 2 apiece from Inaccessible and accessible area )  were in the Red category, 15 were in the Yellow category and 290 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 4 LGAs that sent in reports.
The results also include 13 children from a neighbouring Cameroon and Nigeri who all moved to Bama. Out of the 13 children measured, 2 were in the red category, 11 were in the green category and no child was in the yellow category. All children found with severe acute malnutri�on have been admi�ed for treatment
Since the conflict between Nigerian security forces and armed opposition groups  ( AOGs )  escalated in 2013, more than two million individuals have been displaced.1 Most were displaced within Borno State, particularly to urban centres in accessible Local Government Areas  ( LGAs ) .2 The humanitarian response is challenged by information gaps including, but not limited to, a lack of clarity on the security environment in inaccessible areas outside of urban centres, clarity on the availabliltiy of services and persons' access to services and the varying vulnerabilites of beneficiaries
Since the conflict between Nigerian security forces and armed opposition groups  ( AOGs )  escalated in 2013, more than two million individuals have been displaced.1 Most were displaced within Borno State, particularly to urban centres in accessible Local Government Areas  ( LGAs
Of the 75 IDP HHs assessed, 63% reported that lack of security was their top push factor to leave their current location, followed by a lack of food  ( 60% )  and a lack of health services  ( 29% ) . The top 3 reported pull factors in choosing a future location were: access to security  ( 54% ) , access to food  ( 54% ) , and presence of health services  ( 29%
Most IDPs residing in camps and camp like settings lived in private buildings  ( 55%   up from 53% )  followed by 43 per cent living in government or public buildings and two per cent in ancestral property. Most displaced people lived in emergency shelters  ( 37% overall – down from 38% )  and 35 per cent  ( up from 34% )  in self made/makeshift shelters.
Access to farmland was high at 92 per cent  ( 86% in Borno ) , while eight per cent did not have access to farmland. Among those who said they did not access to farmland, four per cent said that the farmland was insufficient, three per cent said they could not access farms due to military restrictions and three per cent said that they found it unsafe to go and farm.
The nutrition index indicates households that are in need of nutrition assistance due to having a child, aged 6 59 months, with either severe   ( SAM )  or moderate acute malnutrition  ( MAM ) , based on the child's mid upper arm circumference and the presence or absence of oedema.
The humanitarian situation in northeast Nigeria remains precarious following a significant spike in hostilities between Nigerian security forces and non state armed groups  ( NSAGs )  since the end of 2018. Fighting continues to threaten lives and livelihoods, particularly in Borno State and parts of Yobe State. Population movement, which reached an annual peak in December 2018, remained very high in January 2019   with 60,118 new arrivals recorded across the northeast. Maiduguri, Jere, Konduga, Monguno, and Gwoza Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  accounted for over 70 per cent of these movements. Conflict was cited as the cause for 80 % of this movement.
In Monguno, an additional 1,300 families are sharing shelters with other families, and more than 400 families are sleeping in the reception centre. The WASH sector has been able to provide 14 liters of water per person per day in both sites through water trucking. Providing sanitation remains a major challenge, due to the lack of available land to construct shelters, latrines and bathing facilities.
Humanitarian premises and supplies continued to come under attack during the period, most notably in Rann where the humanitarian hub, the UNICEF clinic and several other humanitarian facilities were damaged or destroyed and a significant amount of humanitarian supplies  ( including several hundred cartons of UNICEF's Ready to Use Therapeutic Food )  was looted or destroyed. Other locations experiencing hostilities in January included Pulka, Ngala, and Biu LGAs in Borno State and Gujba and Geidam LGAs in Yobe State
Nigeria has shown steady progress on increasing access to treatment for people living with HIV, with the adoption of a test and treat policy in 2016. This measure has further accelerated referrals to treatment facilities for people who test positive for the virus. From 2010 to 2017, the country almost tripled the number of people living with HIV having access to antiretroviral therapy, up from 360 000 people in 2010 to more than 1 million people in 2018. However, the new estimates released today indicate that more than half of people living with HIV still do not have suppressed viral loads.
In addition to the fighting between security forces, pro government militias and armed opposition groups, conflict over natural resources between occupational groups such as farmers, pastoralists, fisher folk and hunters, has been exacerbated by reductions in arable land, grazing routes, changing rainfall patterns affecting crop yields and cattle health, military restrictions, security concerns and scarcity of water
Displacement dynamics are complex, characterized by multiple displacements, pendular movements  ( such as those returning to areas of origin to check on their assets/livelihoods, to carry out agricultural activities, etc. ) , forced returns, as well as the returns of refugees according to the Tripartite agreement signed in March 2017 between the governments Cameroon and Nigeria, and UNHCR. The agreement calls for safe, dignified, informed and voluntary returns from Cameroon to Nigeria
According to UNHCR, Nigeria currently hosts an estimated 33,000 Cameroonian refugees and approximately 138,000 Nigerian refugees are presently residing in Cameroon. As mentioned in the table below, 42,000 of those Nigerian refugees in Cameroon are out of camp refugees and tracked by the DTM. Chad hosts an additional 15,000 Nigerian refugees stemming from the Lake Chad Basin Crisis
The main reason for displacement for the affected population is the conflict. 94 per cent of individuals were displaced due to the on going hostilities in the three countries  ( Cameroon, Nigeria and Chad )  combined. 5 per cent of the tracked population was displaced due to community clashes31 and lastly, less than one per cent of the displaced population fled their areas of origin because of reasons related to climate change and natural disaster
In Cameroon and Nigeria, respectively 95 per cent and 93 per cent of the tracked population are displaced due to conflict while in Chad 10032 per cent of the population tracked by the DTM are displaced because of the conflict
Lastly, one per cent of the displaced population was forced to flee their areas of origin due to natural disasters. This occurred predominantly in Cameroon, where 20,750 individuals were displaced because of heavy rainfalls and multiple episodes of flooding in the Far North region, along with Nigeria, where 19,206 individuals are currently displaced because of reasons related to natural disasters.
In 2014, almost 1.4 million individuals or 32 per cent of the tracked population were forced to leave their areas of origin. In 2015, over 1.6 million individuals or 40 per cent of the tracked population fled their homes. These years are followed by 2016  ( 17% of the tracked population ) , 2018  ( 5% )  and 2017  ( 4% ) . 3 per cent of the tracked population was displaced before 2014
An increasing number of displaced populations are returning to their towns and villages of origin, often to find their homes and communities destroyed. Regularly, people are returning too early and become subject to renewed attacks, repeated displacement and loss of life.48 Nearly 1.8 million returnees currently reside in the three countries analyzed in this report. As per governmental statistics, Niger further hosts an additional 25,731 returnees
The total returnee population consist of 41 per cent or 1,810,592 individuals of the total displacement affected population in the Lake Chad Basin. Returnees include both former IDPs who returned to areas of origin as well as refugees who resided in a foreign country and returned to their country of origin. For Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon, returns of former IDPs represent 91.2 per cent or 1,627,301 individuals of all return movements against 8.8 per cent or 172,448 individuals who returned from abroad.
 Increased levels of population displacement continue to compound humanitarian needs across Nigeria. Following two attacks by organized armed groups on Borno's Rann town, Kala/Balge Local Government Area  ( LGA ) , in January, an estimated 40,400 Nigerians fled to Goura town in Cameroon's Far North Region, according to the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees  ( UNHCR ) . However, approximately 30,000 people reportedly returned to Rann from locations around Goura from February 27–28, according to the UN
However, relief actors report that measles cases in Borno continue to grow despite the completion of the vaccination campaign and are concerned that vaccine coverage remains insufficient; in response, humanitarian organizations are considering plans to expand the vaccination campaign
In January, USAID/FFP partner the UN World Food Program  ( WFP )  scaled up assistance to new IDP arrivals in the greater Maiduguri area and Monguno, while activities in Kala/Balge, Kukawa, and Mobbar remained suspended due to insecurity.
Overall, the most severe needs observed at the state level were in education  ( 7.3 ) , food security  ( 6.1 ) , health  ( 5.6 )  and WASH  ( 5.2 ) , while severity scores in protection and WASH were more acute depending on the specific group or geographic area. In most of the LGAs in Adamawa insecurity due to conflict presents a major barrier for accessing services and livelihoods. Furthermore, the herdsmen / farmer conflict, which has been affecting LGAs in the west and south of Adamawa and neighbouring states, has led to increased displacement and needs particularly in Numan and Lamurde.
Overall, while 6% of households only were found to be in need of nutrition assistance, this proportion is made more concerning by the ratio of households simultaneously found to be vulnerable. Indeed, 5 households out of 6 who were in need of nutrition support were also vulnerable. This observation impacted all population groups, and was most notable among returnee households since the overall proportion of households in need of nutrition assistance reached 14%   while more than 90% of returnees were also vulnerable.
The health index is also reflective of the low functionality and accessibility of health care facilities in Borno State, as well as the difficulties these impose for access to vaccination. Immunization coverage was low across Borno state, among all population groups, with half of households  ( 50% )  reporting at least one child without any immunization. Non displaced households showed both higher health needs and severity  ( 64%, 5.1 severity )  than other population groups, mostly due to over half of non displaced households reporting at least one quality related healthcare barrier  ( 52% ) , and the nearest health facility being over 2 km away  ( 55% ) . Over one in four households across the population groups reported having a member being sick in the two weeks prior to data collection  ( 27% ) .
In Yobe state, only 30% of agriculture based households completely harvested their cultivated inputs. 42% partially harvested, 15% did not plant, and 13% did not harvest anything. At the time of data collection, only 68% of households planned to plant and harvest on their own land across the state, the lowest rate being among the returnees  ( 38% ) . As a coping mechanism to deal with the lack of food overall 17% of households reported consuming seed stocks, a rate that rose to 32% among the returnee households, especially in Southern Yobe. LGAs with highest proportion of households resorting to eating seed stocks were Nangere  ( 33% ) , Fika  ( 32% ) , Tarmua  ( 25% ) , Nguru  ( 25% )  and Fune  ( 23% )  LGAs.
Across Borno state, food security needs were substantial, with 61% of all households demonstrating a food security need. Among groups in Borno, IDP households demonstrated the highest prevalence of food security needs  ( 82% )  followed by returnees  ( 72% ) . Needs were determined by a broad range of contributing indicators including two indicators that are frequently used in accessing food  ( in ) security: the reduced Coping Strategies Index  ( rCSI )  and the Food Consumption Score  ( FCS ) .
The worst livelihoods needs were found in Nguru  ( 55% )  and Yunusari LGAs  ( 52% ) , mostly due to over three fourths of households reporting decreased income  ( 76% and 81% respectively )  – the highest in Yobe state. Households in Nguru LGA also had one of the highest levels of indebtedness  ( 72% ) . Households in Yunusari and Yusufari LGAs were the most likely to turn to crisis/emergency livelihood coping mechanisms in Yobe state  ( 11% of households in both cases ) .
Households with high age dependency ratios were most frequently reported in East Borno and Northern Borno, which could partially be explained by the high degree of missing persons, or by loss of adult aged household members due to the conflict. Between groups, this household was most reported in households of East Borno IDPs, and Northern Borno returnees. Households with chronically ill or physically/mentally disabled household members were uncommon across Borno, but more frequently observed in East and Southern Borno, especially in East Borno returnee households, with one in ten households having this vulnerability. While only 1% of households overall reported having separated or unaccompanied children, East and North Borno were most affected. The highest rates were with returnee households in East Borno, where mostly unaccompanied children and some separated children were observed. IDP households in Northern Borno were also heavily affected, with at least one in ten households accommodating mostly separated children, with only a few unaccompanied children observed.
Additionally, similar to the state level, in both domains, IDP and returnee households were found to be in need of food and agriculture assistance to a greater proportion than non displaced households, especially when looking at the proportion of households with poor and borderline food consumption scores, and a high number of food related copinng strategies as reported in the reduced Coping Strategy Index. Therefore, it is possible that displaced population groups experienced greater needs in food security and agriculture and may be at a limited capacity to meet their basic food needs in the future months.
Livelihood needs in MMC and Jere  ( 41% )  were slightly lower than in Borno State overall. Returnee households displayed the highest need with over half in need  ( 54% ) , among which one in three were also vulnerable  ( 30% ) . Among the households with livelihood needs, a high number were female headed, especially among IDPs and returnees. Income decrease was most commonly reported among returnee and IDP households  ( 71% and 64% ) . Returnee households also reported high use of crisis/emergency coping mechanisms, with over one in ten households resorting to these options  ( 12% ) .
When looking at health needs and vulnerabilities in Northern Adamawa, 82% of households were found in need of health assistance, 36% of households were also found to include vulnerable members, meaning that close to 44% of households in need of health assistance were also deemed vulnerable. IDPs and returnees were found to have a higher proportion of households in need of health assistance also including vulnerabilities, as compared to those non displaced households.
The main drivers of this difference for IDP households resided in the much higher proportion of households reporting being at risk of eviction – 15% compared to 1% of non displaced and 4% of returnee households. This could pose serious concerns for IDP households in terms of sustainability of shelter and housing, land and property  ( HLP )  issues and could affect the shelter conditions of many households in the future. IDP households reported in a higher proportion sharing their shelter with at least another family – 63% vs. 54% for non displaced households and 45% of returnee households. High needs in shelter and NFI for returnees were driven by a higher proportion of households reporting that their shelters were partially damaged or completely destroyed – 63% vs. 38% for IDP households and 23% for non displaced households.
Furthermore, as WASH needs were higher in Southern Adamawa, they also represented the second most common sectoral combination of co occurring needs in WASH and education in Southern Adamawa  ( 60% of households presenting at the same time unmet needs in WASH and education sectors ) .
According to key informants in Central Yobe, in certain communities in Bursari, Geidam and Jakusko LGAs, many households abandoned their shelter due to the floods, while in Northern Yobe, Karasuwa, Machina and Nguru, and in Southern Yobe, Fune were the most affected. Floods can cause great damage to shelters, and overall one in four households in Yobe state had a partially damaged or completely destroyed shelter due to floods or military operations  ( 24% ) , with returnees and non displaced populations being more likely to be affected than IDPs. Additionally, 13% of households had inadequate shelter overall, while in Northern Yobe this rose to 28%.
Returnee households overall also reported higher rates of movement restrictions, with half of households having experienced restrictions in the two months prior to data collection  ( 50% ) , compared to one fifth of non displaced  ( 18% )  and one fourth of IDP households  ( 26% ) . Additionally, returnee and IDP households were seven times more likely to experience family separation across the state  ( 7% vs. 1% ) , with notable geographic differences. Highest overall protection needs were recorded in Northern  ( 80% )  and East Borno  ( 65% ) .
While protection needs in Yobe state were low  ( 3% ) , certain population groups and geographic areas are of particular concern. IDP households displayed the highest overall needs: one in ten reported protection needs  ( 10% ) , due to the fact that they were the most likely population group to be located in wards where KIs reported incidents related to unexploded ordnance  ( UXOs )  in the three months preceding data collection  ( 5% ) , having no adult in the household with legal identity documentation  ( 22% ) , movement restrictions  ( 11% ) , and family separation  ( 6% ) .
During the rainy season one in five did not plan to plant or harvest  ( 21% ) , while one third planned to plant on some else's land  ( 34% ) , and 40% on their own land. The LGAs most affected by decreased agricultural activities were observed in Southern Borno, more specifically in Askira Uba, Hawul, Chibok, Shani, Bayo and Kwaya Kusar. However, in East Borno Kala Balge and Gwoza, and in Central Borno Damboa and Monguno also displayed high levels of distress.
The population group of greatest concern in Southern Yobe was IDPs, with 15% of households. This group had the highest need as a result of reported highest needs across all protection indicators. One in ten IDP households were located in a ward where UXOs related incidents were reported by KIs  ( 10% ) , over one in ten experienced a security incident  ( 11% ) , one in five households had adults with no legal identity documentation  ( 19% ) , and over one in ten reported movement restrictions  ( 13% ) .
In MMC and Jere, key informants reported multiple floods and cited the extensive damage that resulted. In Maiduguri, 54% of KIs reported multiple floods. Twenty one percent reported that most shelters were abandoned due to the heavy rains, and 32% confirmed that some shelters had been abandoned. Central Borno was the third most affected domain according to the KIs with one third of respondents reporting multiple flooding, and Konduga, Mafa, Damboa and Monguno being the most affected.
Of the three BAY states, WASH needs were most pronounced in Adamawa – affecting 62% of households, with an average severity of 5.2. As in Borno, 13% of households in Adamawa reported not having access to at least 15 liters of water per person per day. At the state level, non displaced households were nearly four times more likely  ( 63% )  to have WASH needs than IDPs  ( 16% ) . This trend continued at the domain level. In Northern Adamawa, 9% of IDPs registered a WASH need while 54% of non displaced and 31% of returnees reported a WASH need. In Southern Adamawa, 26% of IDPs had a WASH need while 66% of non displaced and 71% of returnees reported a WASH need. This implies differential WASH service provision for IDPs and a lack of sustained WASH infrastructure. In Yobe, 20% of households were found to be in need of WASH assistance. In disaggregating needs by population group, non displaced households were most likely to have unmet needs of any population group in all locations, ranging from 18% in Southern Yobe to 34% in Northern Yobe. These needs were driven by two indicators: households requiring more than 30 minutes to collect water and households not having access to an improved water source
The most households categorized with WASH needs were seen in Konduga  ( 19% ) , Gubio  ( 15% ) , and Magumeri  ( 15% )  LGAs, with the most severe needs also being witnessed in Gubio  ( 4.7 )  and Konduga  ( 4.7 ) . In Konduga, these needs were driven by nearly one fourth of households having high collection times  ( 24% ) , lack of latrine access  ( 19% )  and lack of access to improved water sources  ( 16% ) . WASH needs in Gubio were mainly due to high water collection times  ( 37% ) , suggesting a lack of water points available, as well as poor latrine access  ( 19% ) . This pattern was similarly observed in Magumeri, with high water collection times  ( 29% )  and poor latrine access  ( 18% ) .
While 88% of households in the state were found to be in need of education support, 46% of those households were also found to be vulnerable. Although they were found to be less likely to be in need of education support in Adamawa overall, IDPs showed the highest ratio of households being in need and vulnerable, with 58% of those households in need also being vulnerable
At the state level, protection was the least reported sectoral need. However, in all three states protection concerns were most pronounced among displaced populations. Across all domains in the three BAY states, populations in Northern Borno had the highest proportion of households with unmet protection needs  ( 80% ) . Across the state, two indicators drove protection needs: 22% of returnee and 15% of IDP households reported that an explosive incident occurred in their ward in the three months preceding data collection and 39% of returnee and 25% of IDP households reported experiencing movement restrictions in the two months prior to data collection. Additionally, in Adamawa, significant proportions of households reported the presence of unexploded remnants of war  ( 11% )  in their home wards – these will likely contaminate NEN and pose a significant threat to populations for years to come. Across the whole of Yobe state, protection concerns were reported infrequently  ( 3% overall ) . However, in Central Yobe, 28% of returnee and 13% of IDP households had protection needs, driven by frequent reports of explosive incidents in the three months prior to data collection and movement restrictions.
Across Southern Borno, all LGAs displayed high needs  ( 67 81% ) , with Bayo  ( 81% ) , Askira/Uba  ( 73% )  and Hawul  ( 73% )  being the highest. In Bayo and Hawul the distance to health facility was the most cited challenge, with close to three fourth of households reporting it  ( 74% and 72%, respectively ) . Low vaccination rates  ( 70% of households with at least one child without immunization )  and a high number of sick household members  ( 52% )  were the most commonly reported in Askira/Uba.
Non displaced households were also two times more likely to have debt than IDPs  ( 68% vs. 34% ) . Over three in four households reported a decrease in their level of income in the past three months  ( 78% ) , more particularly non displaced households  ( 93% )  and households in general in Kala Balge LGA  ( 89% ) . The most households categorized with livelihood needs were seen in Gwoza  ( 71% ) , Dikwa  ( 57% )  and Ngala LGAs  ( 52% ) . Needs in these LGAs were driven by lack of access to cash, considerable reports of decrease in income, and high reports of indebtedness.