nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
In recent years, some farmers have started to use more fertilizers to increase the yield.5 However, they did not realize that the low productivity of their crops was not only due to scarce soil fertility, but mainly due to the spread of pests and diseases, the lack of water and recurrent droughts. These incorrect interpretations are the result of missing technical support and scientific research to better assist farmers in their agricultural choices and planning. Another issue was the poor quality of available fertilizers after the start of the crisis of 2011. Farmers often bought fertilizers that were not 100 percent pure and highly contaminated. This issue increased the skepticism of farmers towards the reliability of fertilizers purchased on the markets.
UNSMIL said Tuesday that as part of the ongoing Berlin process, experts of the Economic Working Group of the International Follow up Committee on Libya met virtually on July 6, in the presence of Acting Special Representative of the Secretary General for Libya Stephanie Williams and National Oil Corporation  ( NOC )  Chairman Mustafa Sanalla, to reiterate full support for the NOC as it lifts force majeure nationwide and resumes its vital work on behalf of all Libyans
Under WHO's transmission scenarios, Libya remains classified as “clusters of cases'. In the past two weeks, the number of reported people infected with COVID 19 has doubled and now stands at 2176. Of this number, 1634 people remain actively infected with COVID 19, 489  ( 22.47% )  people have recovered, and 53 people have died. The national case fatality rate is 2.44%. The municipalities reporting a significant increase are Sebha, Tripoli, Zliten, Misrata, Ashshatti, Ubari, Traghen, Janzour and Khoms.
Thus far, a total of 49 329 specimens have been tested. This number includes 28 355 in Tripoli, 11 627 in Benghazi, 4118 in Misrata and 3918 in Sebha. The COVID 19 laboratory network has expanded to 15, distributed across eight municipalities
Across Libya, unemployment and mobility restrictions, as well as migrants' lack of access to livelihoods, have significantly increased food insecurity, reduced access to health services, and eroded the coping capacities of vulnerable segments of the population.
Farmers' associations have played an important role in supporting farming communities across Libya through the provision of technical know how and assistance to farmers, and the procurement and distribution of subsidized inputs, tools, machinery. Many associations became non operational because of the effects of prolonged conflicts in the country, including insufficient financial support from the Government since 2011.the provision of technical know how and assistance to farmers, and the procurement and distribution of subsidized inputs, tools, machinery. Many associations became non operational because of the effects of prolonged conflicts in the country, including insufficient financial support from the Government since 2011.
Infection prevention and control  ( IPC )  :: Due to the huge needs for personal protective equipment  ( PPE )  and recent shortages in stocks nationwide, the MoH has asked health sector partners for their assistance and collaboration in helping secure and maintain an adequate supply of PPE. Following the identification of a COVID 19 patient, Ubari general hospital suspended its work for 72 hours while it underwent thorough disinfection.
There have been fresh population displacements from Tarhouna and Sirte to the eastern municipalities. The COVID 19 response capacity of these municipalities needs to be assessed and their emergency response capacity, including for COVID 19, needs to be strengthened.
In Sebha, COVID 19 cases are still increasing  ( 744 confirmed cases ) , and the city continues to register the highest numbers of active cases  ( 523 )  in the country. 194 people in Sebha have recovered and 27 have died.
All the municipalities in the south have recorded positive cases, with the highest percentages in Sebha and Ashshatti. Fuel shortages and daily electricity cuts of more than 18 hours are affecting the functioning of health facilities. Armed robberies and tribal clashes are increasing, and there is poor coordination between the security and military forces and the health authorities in Sebha.
Times of Malta newspaper said Valetta had partnered up with Turkey in its efforts to bring stability to neighbouring Libya and limit the flow of migrants fleeing North Africa. In June, the Head of the Libyan Presidential Council Fayez Al Sarraj met in Valetta Malta's Prime Minister Robert Abela and attended opening of an immigration coordination center as per an agreement signed by the two countries last May.
In terms of movement restrictions currently in place to curb the spread of COVID 19, surveyed IDP families in Eastern Libya overwhelmingly indicated that their access to markets and stores was not impeded  ( 93% of 167 surveyed families ) . However, the economic slowdown and related difficulties faced by residents and IDPs in displacement locations in accessing livelihood opportunities remains an issue.
A total of 113 hospitals were reported in these 44 municipalities, however only 54% of these hospitals were reported to be fully functional, while an additional 40% were partially functional, and 6% were not functioning at all.
With regards to seed security, many farmers confirmed that the main source of seeds are local markets. Since the crisis of 2014, it was often impossible to buy certified and improved seeds at the markets  ( e.g. drought and pest resistant cultivars )  due to high costs and the unavailability of these inputs. As a result, many farmers started to increase the use of their own seeds or buy seeds on credit. Sometimes, depending on thePesticides are generally purchased from local markets. Due to the high price and low demand of pesticides, this commodity is not always available. Despite this, the use of pesticides appears to have increased in the past 4 5 years. The spread of pests and diseases on annual and perennial crops has increased during the past 5 10 years. The causes of the observed increases in pests and diseases remain unclear and further studies are required to determine the local factors that impact pest and disease development. crops, the use of their own seeds might result in the failure of production. Some of the seed varities used are less resistant to natural hazards such as drought, pests and disease, and therefore less productive compared to “improved' seeds.
In all 44 municipalities assessed educational institutions were reported to be closed in May 2020 as part of the COVID 19 public health measures.
Interviews with farmers' associations found that the agriculture sector faces shortages of good quality inputs, tools and materials necessary for agriculture. This is further aggravated by the lack of and high price of transport to the markets, the absence of loans and credits from national financial institutions, and the deficiency of extension services. It is clear that more support is needed to ensure the survival and reconstitution of farmers' associations so that farmers can continue to rely on the services offered by these important entities.
Medical sources announced that nine people were killed and 27 others injured on Wednesday in the shelling by Haftar militias in the areas of Tajoura and Abu Salim, causing major damage to residential property.
Haftar militias have been continuously bombing residential suburbs of Tripoli since April 2019, killing hundreds of innocent people and wounding thousands more while causing major structural and collateral damage.
It will be recalled that we reported that Libya's Airports Authority had announced on 19th July that Misrata airport will reopen for flights by Sunday 26 June at the latest – but only for departing passengers. No incoming passengers will be allowed. Libyan Wings airline has confirmed this
From the findings of this rapid assessment critical gaps in the availability of WASH services are identified, that may increase COVID 19 related risks especially for the vulnerable populations.
The Shelter/NFI Sector had requested a total of $7 million in the 2020 HRP. Sector partners have not received funding at all, as of June 2020, according to the Humanitarian Dashboard for Jan. Apr. This means that there is a funding gap of 100%. A total of 58 access constraints impeded Shelter/NFI activities during the month. Approximately 86% of these constraints are bureaucratic restrictions inhibiting Shelter/NFI partners from carrying out their activities.
The administration of the Misrata International Airport announced that the airport is now prepared, having taken all precautionary measures to ‘partially' reopen, for departures only, according to a decision taken by the Presidential Council  ( PC ) .
The steady decrease in the number of animal herds in most areas assessed is due to the effects of the protracted crises that has created many challenges for livestock keepers. The scarcity of water, power cuts impeding the safe preservation of products, together with the high cost and the lack of animal feed were mentioned as the main challenges for animal husbandry. Poor security that triggered the killing and theft of animals was another important factor that caused the reduction of animal numbers. Many people reported that they had to slaughter their animals for their own consumption and due to the lack of cash to buy animal products.2 The absence of veterinary services, plus high costs and the scarcity of veterinary drugs, supplements and labour, were raised as additional major challenges for livestock keeping.
The Covid 19 cases in Libya have jumped to 196, as the National Center for Disease Control reported late on Wednesday another 14 new cases after testing 612 samples.
The Food Security Sector had requested a total of $14.9 million in the 2020 HRP. Sector partners have received only $1.2516 million  ( 8.4% )  as of June 2020, according to the Humanitarian Dashboard for Jan. Apr. This means that there is a funding gap of 91.6%. A total of 22 access constraints impeded Food Security activities during the month, all of which are bureaucratic restrictions inhibiting Food Security partners from carrying out their activities inside Libya.
The National Center for Disease Control again urged citizens to abide by the precautionary guidelines implemented to reduce the transmission of the Coronavirus, including the curfews orders, home quarantine, social distancing, and to maintain personal hygiene sterilization and disinfection practice.
The number of COVID 19 reported cases was  ( 226 )  suspected cases:  ( 26 )  Sabha,  ( 10 )  Ashati,  ( 6 )  Aljofra,  ( 10 )  Aljmail,  ( 1 )  Ghdames,  ( 10 )  Zliten,  ( 17 )  Naloot,  ( 26 )  Zwara,  ( 8 )  Tripoli,  ( 2 )  Ubari,  ( 41 )  Igdabya,  ( 1 )  Alkofra,  ( 1 )  Almarij,  ( 3 )  Qasser Alakhiar,  ( 3 )  Regdalin and  ( 11 )  Traghen.
The high prices of commodities  ( both inputs and food in general )  were also described as a deterring factor for people wanting to access markets/ shops. The high cost and unavailability of transportation, following high prices, fuel shortages and the distance to the nearest markets, are further constraints to accessing markets for the sale and purchase of commodities.
Unemployment and lack of access to livelihoods amongst migrants in Libya is a significant vulnerability factor with multi sectoral implications such as increased food insecurity, reduced access to services, and an overall reduction in access to coping strategies. Therefore the mobility restrictions imposed and the related reduction in the available employment opportunities reported are found to have significantly increased the vulnerabilities of migrants in Libya.
When discussing robberies, KIs noted that many homes had been stripped of possessions and that they feared this will continue for as long as houses remain unoccupied; checking on property, likely in the light of the reported looting and damage, appears to be a key motivation for many to return either permanently or for “go and see' visit
In the 14 days prior to data collection, all  ( 15/15 )  KIs reported that members of their community have had to stop working in their usual jobs. This shows that work continues to be inaccessible for communities across the city as a result of measures related to COVID 19.
The GNA decision to make further territorial gains was disclosed by the interior minister, Fathi Bashagha, countermanding any suggestion from others in the GNA leadership that it should accept a Russian warning that any effort to capture Sirte would be seen as crossing a red line by Russia.
Libya records 182 active Covid 19 cases and five fatalities, while 52 people have recovered from the virus, according to the statistics of the National Center for Disease Control.
Five Libyan Army fighters have been killed in what is believed to be Russian warplanes' strikes on Monday, in addition to seven other civilians from one family killed in a strike on their house in Jarif town near Sirte.
Sebha currently has 2 triage centres and 1 isolation facility with 10 ICU beds and 100 standard beds. The Ministry of Health  ( MoH )  has deployed a mobile isolation centre and additional health personnel
Given that 28 migrants who left Libya for Italy in June tested positive upon arrival in Sicily, the IRC is extremely concerned about this gap in the country's COVID 19 response and is calling for testing to be rapidly scaled up   both at Libya's disembarkation points and across the country   to ensure all those in need of support are able to receive it
In Libya, the National Centre for Disease Control is responsible for COVID 19 testing but the organisation has been present to check temperatures at only a handful of disembarkations since March. This reveals a larger scale problem: that testing is scarce and largely unavailable across the country, especially in the South.
Over the past days, new IDPs were identified in several locations in Eastern Libya, although displacement was observed at a slower pace than in the previous week.
Since DTM's last update on displacement from Tarhuna and Sirt on 10 June, an additional 760 displaced families  ( approximately 3,800 individuals )  were identified, bringing the total of internally displaced persons to at least 5,550 families  ( approximately 27,750 individuals )  who have been forced to leave their homes since 04 June
The most commonly identified humanitarian priority needs so far have been food and NFIs, and to a lesser extent WASH and Health Assistance
Likewise, the recent increase in confirmed COVID 19 cases in Libya over the past weeks is of particular concern for vulnerable populations on the move who would be unproportionally impacted by movement restrictions from, to and within Libyan municipalities.
Shops that do not provide basic services  ( such as food stores )  are closed, however home delivery is permitted from restaurants and cafes. In the East, a 2 day 24 hour curfew was imposed on 18 June 2020 following increasing cases in Albayda and Benghazi. On 14 June, the Minister of Education  ( MoE )  for the Libyan Interim Government announced the extension of suspended studies in all institutions of higher, primary and secondary education, both public and private, until 27 June 2020
The total number of coronavirus cases in the country includes 139 active cases, 52 recoveries, and five fatalities, according to the National Centre for Disease Control update on Wednesday. Two of the 14 new cases were recorded in Tripoli, another two in Gharyan and one from Zintan city, while the other 11 cases were of people who traveled from Sabha to other cities, including eight of them to Gharyan, one in Sorman, and two others in Zliten.
Other Infectious Diseases: LEISHMANIASIS: The number of the reported cutaneous Leishmaniasis  ( 24 )  cases ,  ( 3 )  Tawergha,  ( 19 )  Baniwaled and  ( 2 )  Aljmail.   COVED 19: The number of the reported COVID  19:  ( 255 )  suspected cases:  ( 35 )  Naloot,  ( 14 )  Shati,  ( 5 )  Tripoli,  ( 1 )  Alqatron,  ( 20 )  Sebha,  ( 27 )  Traghen,  ( 2 )  Aljmail,  ( 3 )  Ghdames,  ( 133 )  Igdabya,  ( 1 )  Zliten,  ( 7 )  Aljofra,  ( 6 )  Qasser Alakhiar,  ( 1 )  Regdalin. .
Most tracked IDP families were identified to be currently staying in private accommodation, such as relatives, friends, host families and also rented apartments
Those areas with the largest displacements include Benghazi  ( 6,550 people )  and Ejdabia  ( 6,050 people )  in the East, and Bani Waleed  ( 4,750 people )  in the West. Most internally displaced people  ( IDPs )  are currently staying in private accommodation, such as with relatives, friends, host families, but also rented apartments. Collective shelters have also been set up in most displacement locations by local authoritie
In June, around 3,400 Libyans returned from abroad through Misrata Airport, and around 1,900 Libyans returned through Benina Airport in Benghazi and Al Abraq Airport in Al Bayda.
There are also unconfirmed reports of improvised explosive device  ( IED )  contamination in or near civilian homes and infrastructure. Recent incidents around Sirt, especially in the western part of the city, have reportedly resulted in the deaths and injuries of seven civilians. The actual level of contamination is currently unknown until assessments/surveys can be conducted after the cessation of hostilities.
14 May, As a result of continuous military activities around Tripoli city, the building  ( dermatology department, ENT department )  of the Tripoli central hospital was hit by shrapnel of the ongoing shelling of the area close and around the hospital. The hospital is one of the city's main and largest health facilities, including the oldest trauma center. The shelling caused infrastructural damage to few hospital' buildings. No casualties were reported.
10 May, Armed group opened fire inside the intensive care unit in Al Jalla hospital in Benghazi. Indiscriminate shooting. Panic between health workers. Doctors and nurses were assaulted. Medical equipment in ICU ward was damaged, including 7 respirators, monitors, ultrasound machine and other life saving devices. Transferring all urgent cases to Benghazi Medical Center.
Libya's National Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  reported 38 new cases in the south of Libya and eleven recoveries over the weekend. The latest figures bring Libya's total cases to 156, with 52 recoveries and still only 5 deaths.
A tragic event occurred on Wednesday, 27 May, in Mezda, near the city of Gharyan, south of Tripoli. According to the report of the Ministry of the Interior, 30 migrants – 26 Bangladeshi and 4 believed of African origin – were killed in a shooting that took place in a smuggling/trafficking warehouse in Mezda. IMC sources informed that up to 200 migrants were held in this structure when the incident happened. IOM staff has identified 28 bodies in Mezda hospital.
The Tripoli municipalities of Tajoura  ( 33,578 IDPs ) , Suq Aljuma  ( 29,825 IDPs ) , and Hai Alandalus  ( 13,993 IDPs )  host 71 percent of the total IDP population in the Tripoli region. The majority of IDPs seeking shelter and protection in these municipalities were displaced from the conflict affected areas of Ain Zara and southern Tajoura from within the Tripoli region, and from the municipalities of Al Aziziya, Qasr Bin Ghasheer and Swani Bin Adam in Aljfara region.
Another 26 people in Libya have tested positive for the Coronavirus over the past few hours, said the National Center for Disease Control in its Monday update.
Three of the newly announced cases are new and 14 are linked to previous patients, while nine of the infected people were new arrivals who have just returned from abroad, the center explained.
With these new figures, the country's total now stands at 156 cases, among them 99 active cases and five fatalities, while the rest have been all cleared of Covid 19.
In the past two weeks alone, COVID 19 cases in Libya have more than doubled, while a change in conflict dynamics has forced 24,000 people from their homes, putting the lives of vulnerable populations at even greater risk, warns the IRC.
The area however is unsafe and very difficult to reach and therefore verifying exactly what unfolded and how is very difficult. During the incident, 11 Bangladeshi nationals suffered injuries, some of them severe. IOM ensured the hospitalization of all the injured who were brought to a private hospital in Tripoli  ( 4 cases )  and to government hospital  ( 7 cases )  in Tripoli. Among the 7 cases at the public hospital, 2 are stable. IOM is following up on all of them and in close contact with the Embassy of Bangladesh.
Health sector does not have service delivery coverage in the following districts: Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Aljafra, Almarj, Murzug, Sebha, Tobruk and Ubari. No service provision was registered in terms of support with outpatient consultations, referrals, trauma/injury related, mental health and disability related consultations, vaginal and caesarian support
Number of outpatient support is at minimum in Almargeb, Wadi Ashhsati and Zwara. • No trauma response is provided in Al Jabal Al Gharbi, Aljfara, Almarj,Derna, Ejdabia, Misrata, Murzug, Sebha, Sirt, Tobruk, Ubari, Zwara.
Five people have been killed in grad rockets attack by Khalifa Haftar's forces on Souq Al Thelat and Al Gharbi Street in Tripoli's city center, according to the media adviser of the Libyan Health Ministry Ameen Al Hashimi.
four of the killed civilians had been in Souq Al Thelat roundabout and the fifth in Al Gharbi Street, which is a densely populated area in Tripoli. Al Hashimi also said that two of the injured persons are in very serious conditions.
In response to the COVID 19 pandemic, Libyan authorities initiated public health measures in March 2020 aimed at curbing the spread of COVID 19. These measures include travel and mobility restrictions due to the closure of airports, points of entry  ( POE )  along land borders. However, on 05 May 2020, Libyan authorities started the repatriation of Libyans stranded abroad through Misrata, Benghazi Benina and Al Abraq airports, as well as Emsaed and Ras Ajdir land border crossing points.
This year Libya has recorded the highest number of attacks on health facilities of any country in the world. Just yesterday, an ambulance was hit by an airstrike, severely damaging the vehicle and the health facility close by. Last week two doctors were killed by a mine that exploded under a body they were moving from a hospital. With Libya's health system already on its knees, continued attacks such as these are making it even harder for medical teams in the country to respond to the pandemic.
Initial reports alleged that at least 5 civilians were killed and 22 others were injured, including a male child who suffered a leg amputation.
Beit Al Mal said that Libya has witnessed lower coronavirus infections compared with many other countries around the world, pointing out that the ban has been on for too long and is becoming a heavy burden on professionals and small businesses that might be the only source of income for many families.
However, hand in hand with the conflict and the coronavirus, the existing threats of abduction, trafficking, detention and abuse continue, and IRC medical teams are deeply concerned about the psychological impact these ongoing risks are having on the lives of Libya's population.
There has been an eight fold increase in confirmed cases in Sebha municipality  ( south Libya ) . The municipality has 12 districts including Sebha city, a major hub on the migration route from Africa to Europe.
Thus far, a total of 14 627 samples have been tested  ( 8947 in Tripoli, 4139 in Benghazi, 713 in Misrata, 824 in Sebha and 4 in Zliten )
The majority of newly displaced families are reportedly staying with relatives, friends and host families. Collective shelters  ( such as schools and mosques )  have also been set up by local authorities, currently hosting 2,080 IDPs in Ejdabia, Tobruk, Bayda, Bani Waleed and Benghazi. The most commonly reported humanitarian priority needs in displacement locations so far have been food, WASH and non food items, followed by psychosocial support and health in some cases.
New arrivals of IDPs were observed particularly in urban areas in Eastern Libya, most notably Benghazi  ( 3,425 IDPs )  and Ejdabia  ( 3,550 IDPs ) , but also other locations in the South and East such as Tobruk, Bayda, Shahat, Marj, Solug, Sebha and Brak Shati. Some of the new arrivals who had previously stayed in transit locations like Ashshwayrif, as well as localities along the coastal road in Central Libya, reportedly moved to locations further East.
Arrivals of IDPs were observed both in surrounding areas,such as Bani Waleed  ( 7,800 new IDPs ) , Azzawya  ( 425 new IDPs, from South Tripoli )  and the Tripoli area  ( 850 new IDPs, from South Tripoli ) , and more distant locations which also included cities in Eastern Libya and Southern Libya. According to local observers, some IDP families are still on the move, particularly in Central and Eastern Libya in different locations along the road between Bin Jawaad and Benghazi, some intending to reach other destinations.
In the course of April and May, LNA forces have shelled civilian neighborhoods in Tripoli, resulting in civilian casualties and damage to civilian property in the neighborhoods of Ain Zara, Tariq el Sour, Souq al Talata, and Souq El Joma, according to witnesses, residents and a medical source in the GNA affiliated Ministry of Health. Amnesty International verified images of the aftermath of these attacks, showing civilians killed and wounded. Witnesses and a medical source confirmed to Amnesty International an attack launched by LNA forces on Souq Al Talat on 31 May, which left at least three civilians dead and 11 wounded, including a child whose leg was amputated.
The collapse of Hafter's military campaign came quickly and coincided with the increase of Turkish intervention and air support for Tripoli. Since April, Hafter has lost the western coastal towns of Surman and Sabrata, then the strategic Witya airbase, followed by all of Greater Tripoli and the disused Tripoli International Airport early this week – and finally Tarhuna yesterday.
The main challenges in trading commodities are security issues, buyers lacking liquidity, high fuel costs, high prices of some varieties of products sold by farmers and importers, as well as the instability of the exchange rate. Buyers also have difficulties in accessing markets.
Livestock input prices were reported to have generally increased since 2011 for the same reasons that food and agricultural input prices rose7. Prices continuously increased in the 3 6 months prior to the survey as reported by all HHs interviewed, except for those located in the Mantika of Sebha. Vendors of agricultural livestock inputs also confirmed this trend.
the production is transferred  ( sold )  to local sellers and shopkeepers, who directly re sell to buyers. Due to the crisis there also limitations in the movements of the agricultural goods from the production areas to the market/ shop places. In fact, transport has been highly affected by the crisis in the country as already described  ( lack/ high cost of fuel, security issues, increased transportation costs, etc. ) .
The Commander of the Petroleum Facilities Guard  ( PFG ) , under the Government of National Accord  ( GNA ) , Ali Al Deeb, stated that Hamada oil valve, which connects the Sharara oilfield to Al Zawiya refinery, has been reopened. Al Deeb expected resumption of crude oil loadings to Al Zawiya refinery will begin today, Saturday.He added that it was Sharara and Al Feel oilfields would return to normal production very soon.
For those who are free to go back to their communities, the situation isn't much better. Very few have access to healthcare because they are too afraid to leave their homes or are simply denied access. They live under constant threats: of robbery, of abduction and of abuse   the very conditions that drove them to try and reach Europe in the first place.
There are thousands of people being held in detention centres and the conditions they are living in are horrific. They're overcrowded and often completely unsanitary.People can neither practice social distancing there nor carry out regular handwashing. Many are in poor health as it is so, if one person gets the disease   soon, everyone will have it.
During the semi structured HH interviews with farmers, respondents were asked whether they observed any change of the price of food commodities during the last 3 6 months of 2019. Most respondents reported increases in prices, except for Sebha. This is likely because Sebha is the main distribution point for food in the southern region of Libya, supplied directly from Tripoli, thus prices do not experience the same increases as in other parts of the Fezzan region.
COVID 19 testing is still unavailable at primary level. Community reporting app Speetar which is a Libya based telehealth platform where self reporting patients can be triaged by doctors is still not linked to surveillance system. Similarly, WFP led Emergency Telecom Sector Hotline Tawasul 1404 used as National COVID Hotline has referred 97 cases who had symptoms to NCDC. Daily zero reporting at all primary sites to surveillance administration is activated. There is another NCDC toll free number 195 for reporting any suspected cases
Health sector was not able to build a response or reach out with service delivery to the following districts: Nalut, Tobruk, Sirte, Ubari. Referral system should be enhanced in most of the districts as yet only functioning for Tripoli, Misrata and Benghazi area. The predominant number of mental health consultations is reported for Tripoli area while absent in 80% of other districts in the country.
National measles and rubella elimination program inform about a direct impact of COVID19 resulted in a decrease of reporting rates due to movement restrictions, imposed curfew, reduction of functioning health facilities and number of health workers. This was influenced also by the unstable security situation, displacement, closure of health facilities in the area of military clashes and displacement of surveillance officers.
London, 24 June 2020: Libya's Coronavirus cases have continued to rise despite curfews and inter city travel bans. Yesterday, Libya's National Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  reported Coronavirus cases had reached 639 over the last five days, with 132 recoveries and 17 deaths.
The interviewed farmers also explained that the prices of agricultural inputs for seeds, fertilizers and pesticides increased in the past 3 6 months across all Mantikas assessed.
The availability of livestock inputs, including animal feed, veterinary medicine, and vaccines was generally reported to be insufficient since 2011. The main complaint raised by farmers is the lack of good quality feed to sustain animals and its price increase.
Yet, for several reasons including collapsing revenue and in fighting between different government departments, Libya has not replenished stocks of any of the vaccines that are critical to tackle childhood diseases such as measles and polio. Stocks of all vaccines are forecast to run out some time in the next two weeks. Again, at WHO's repeated urging, the national authorities finally placed an order for some of these critical vaccines. However, no one knows when they will be received.
The curfew extension means Libya's land borders and airports will continue to be shut to the outside world. Travel between cities is still barred.
Communicable diseases remain a serious threat for Libya and require continued technical support. • The national surveillance system for communicable diseases basically stopped since the start of the conflict. • The only active surveillance program is the EWARN which is running in only 126 hospitals and public health centers and lacks sustainable technical and financial support.
Various alerts from different sources on possible stock outs of certain vaccines, absence of procurement of vaccines for 2020 were received. WHO stressed the importance of procuring vaccines as soon as possible, in order to avoid major disruptions to Libya's routine immunization programme for a lengthy period and hence increase the risk of outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases.
Libya's government in Tripoli yesterday extended the current curfew for 15 days – until 2 August, as the Coronavirus cases continued to increase across the country. The 24 hour Friday and Saturday curfew has been lifted
Market accessibility and constraints : The lack of liquidity to purchase agricultural and livestock inputs and food commodities is the main challenge raised by farmers, followed by shortages and high fuel prices. Many people reported that fuel is generally unavailable in public stations and that the price of fuel on the black market is very high. Security was also described as an important limiting factor inhibiting various operations. Roads are often quite dangerous to travel on, in light of potential assaults by armed groups resulting in robberies.
Pesticides, including herbicides such as Roundup, were reported to be less available since 2011 and at the same time the costliest inputs. The lack of liquidity has reduced the demand for pesticides and therefore their availability on the market diminished. As a result of this, the quantity of pesticides in the markets assessed appears to be less compared to 2011, despite the increased demand during the past 4 5 years. This study found that vendors could provide more pesticides if there were more requests; however, the current economic situation does not allow for much investment in this type of commodity.
Smaller agricultural tools and equipment, such as irrigation pipes and water pumps, are generally available in lower quantities, yet quite costly, according to the farmers and vendors interviewed. The interviewed vendors were also asked about the demand for agricultural inputs since 2011. The demand was reported to be very low, showing a decrease between 2011, 2014 and 2018 following the poor economic situation and the continued crisis in the country. In 2019, the demand for agricultural inputs started to increase again due to the improved security situation4. The greater stability of the LYD against the USD, peoples' willingness to conduct more agricultural activities, and the increased loss of soil fertility and proliferation of pests and diseases are additional factors increasing demand.5 More vendors also started to provide these commodities on credit.
Prices of agricultural inputs, tools and machinery were reported to have generally increased since 2011. These commodities are mainly imported from outside of Libya, while the internal conflict led to an overall price increase. The causes of this increases are security, increased transport costs, distance from the main distribution centers  ( mainly Tripolitania region ) , instability of the exchange rate, and the reduction in the supply of inputs and machinery in Libya.
Yesterday, Libya's National Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  reported 87 new cases, taking the total to 1,791 out of which there are 1,358 active cases with 385 recoveries and 48 deaths.
Migrants were identified in all 100 Libyan municipalities, within 568 communities  ( muhallas ) . The largest migrant populations were identified in the Tripoli region  ( West ) , Ejdabia region  ( East )  and Murzuq region  ( South ) , a trend which has been consistent in the last year
As of 29 June: 802 confirmed cases. 206 recovered cases. 573 active cases. 23 deaths. Transmission scenario classification of Libya remains as cluster of cases. Total number of tests in 13 labs  ( in 7 municipalities )  is 30,707  ( including 16,769 in Tripoli, 10,577 in Benghazi, 1,432 in Misurata, 1,739 in Sabha, 149 in Zliten and 41 in Gharyan ) .
In the past two weeks, COVID 19 cases in Libya have more than doubled, while a change in conflict dynamics has forced 24,000 people from their homes. 454 confirmed cases, 63 recovered cases, 381 active case 296, 10 deaths. Transmission scenario classification of Libya remains as cluster of cases. The highest number of reported cases comes from Sabha which was to date  ( 191 cases, 42% )
All PHC centers and polyclinic in Tarhouna remain closed down. The main concern of health workers is security. OCHA received the appeal from the Mayor of Sabha requesting an urgent humanitarian assistance including food, nonfood and health assistance due to the COVID 19 outbreak in Sabha municipality. Closure of the service sectors as precaution action to combat the COVID 19 has created economic burden on Sabha society.
In response to the question on diagnosed medical conditions,during the months of March   April 2020, 3% of the migrants assessed reported to have been diagnosed with chronic illnesses. Of these migrants who reported to have been diagnosed with chronic illnesses, 49% reported to have diabetes mellitus whereas 39% reported suffering from high blood pressure.
The cost migrants reported to be paying for self paid rented accommodation differed substantially between different regions in Libya, with the highest average cost reported in southern and western Libya at 60 USD and 59 USD per month respectively compared to 34 USD in eastern Libya. The cost has reportedly increased in all the regions compared to the previous reporting period.
A larger proportion of migrants in the urban locations  ( muhallas )  were living in rented accommodations in comparison to rural locations, whereas the proportion of migrants in collective accommodations was higher for migrants reported in rural location
In the vast majority of municipalities  ( 93% )  assessed in the last two weeks of April 2020, casual labour opportunities available to migrants were reported to have significantly reduced due to the mobility restrictions imposed and the resulting slowdown in the economic activity
Three young children, amongst them two siblings, were wounded in a landmine explosion in the Al Khalla region, planted by Russian Wagner mercenaries, along with other militias loyal to warlord Haftar, as they fled areas south of Tripoli.
The cost of MEB overall in Libya remained high this month, with a minor decrease of 5.6% recorded. This marks a 23% increase since pre COVID levels. The MEB varied significantly between regions, with some areas found to be experiencing price decreases that brought the MEB closer to March 2020. For example, Nalut  (  30% ) , Albayda  (  28.8% )  and Tobruk  (  27.9% ) . Price reductions may be attributed to seasonal harvest cost reductions for domestically produced vegetables, such as tomatoes  (  37.5% ) , potatoes, peppers and onions  (  28.6% ) .
From March to May 2020, the USD/ LYD parallel market exchange rates rose by 37.5%. Historically, forex fluctuations take a month to have an effect on the cost of goods in Libya. Therefore, Libya may witness large price spikes in June 2020.1
Many areas in the country are reporting availability problems for basic food items
The MMR was responding to rising criticism of it for the continued water shortages in the Greater Tripoli area. Many Tripoli residents have been forced to dig wells in their gardens and even on the pavement in front of their homes for those with no gardens. Wells of about 20 metres are costing about LD 5,000 with waiting times of about three weeks as demand peaks.
27 June 2020: As Libya's stifling summer heat hits residents, amidst acute power cuts and Coronavirus curfews, Libya's Man made River  ( MMR )  authority calls for the provision of security for its sprawling assets – including thousands of kilometres of pipelines.
Regarding the nutritional situation of PLW, 252 women were screened. No cases of PLW affected by the AM were recorded during the implementation period.
Access to basic health services in the Mantiqa of Al Kufrah is extremely low. This is mainly due to the extreme geographical conditions of the Mantiqa which is primarily made up of desert with few oases that are hundreds of kilometers apart from each other
Agricultural production is also limited due to the country's unconducive climate, and disruptions in oil production and exports have led to the country's gross domestic product  ( GDP )  growth slowing down sharply to 2.5 percent in 2019.
The effects of COVID 19 related restrictions have further exacerbated the situation and increased the vulnerability of numerous households.As of 9 July 2020, Libya has 1 268 confirmed cases of COVID 19.
The low quality of water is responsible for the development of urinary tract infections ( UTI ) , frequent in the area and affecting both men and women, as well as dermatological pathologies.
The lack of casual labour opportunities for migrants appear to be a critical concern as it can increase migrants' vulnerability
Problem of access to water free of microorganisms for food and drink results in the development of diarrhea and intestinal parasitosis
A vast majority of migrants interviewed  ( 92% )  between March   April 2020 reported to have travelled to Libya in a group.
4 June 2020, two doctors of the FMSC  ( Field Medicine Support Center )  were killed after UXB/ERW exploded while both were on their duty evacuating injured patient ( s )  in Ain Zara area. 6 June 2020, an ambulance point affiliated to the Field Medicine and Support Center  ( FMSC )  was hit in the Abu Qurayn area, near Sirte. No injuries were reported. The facility incurred significant damage, including ambulance vehicle.
In addition, access to food related commodities such as cooking gas is currently limited and costly. This is due to high inflation, exchange rate fluctuations and liquidity problems
Since 10 June, a further 3,800 people have fled their homes following an intensification of conflict around Tarhuna and Sirt. This brings the total number of internally displaced people to 27,750 people, according to IOM's Displacement Tracking Update from 18 June 2020. Those areas with the largest displacements include Benghazi  ( 6,550 people )  and Ejdabia  ( 6,050 people )  in the East, and Bani Waleed  ( 4,750 people )  in the West.
The GNA announces extension of curfew in June, daily from 2000 hrs. to 0600 hrs. from Sunday to Thursday while Fridays & Saturdays are subject to a full 24 hours curfew to help mitigate the increasing spread of COVID 19 transmission.
A large proportion of households have already adopted negative coping mechanisms to address the lack of resources during the pandemic, such as relying on less expensive food, reducing the number or size of meals per day, withdrawing children from schools, or selling assets in order to buy food. A major concern during COVID 19 is that numerous displaced households have reduced their required health expenditures in order to cover their basic food needs
18 June, update to the 44th session of the Human Rights Council, Pursuant to Human Rights Council Resolution 40/27 included: Between 1 January and 31 March 2020, UNSMIL documented at least 131 civilian casualties  ( 64 deaths and 67 injuries ) , caused mainly by ground fighting, with 81% of casualties attributed to the LAAF, representing an increase in civilian casualties of 45 per cent compared to the last quarter of 2019. Between 1 April and 11 June, civilian casualties further increased dramatically, with UNSMIL documenting 250 civilian casualties, including 82 civilians killed and 168 civilians injured.
Sever shortage of COVID 19 extraction kits and the lab in Benghazi will suspend the C 19 tests within two days. There are no governmental plans to solve this critical shortage.
In 2020, WHO documented at least 21 attacks on medical facilities, ambulances and medical personnel, in one of the most shocking ongoing manifestations of this conflict. Some 8,800 people remain detained at 28 official prisons in Libya, among whom an estimated 500 are women and around 60% are kept in pre trial detention. There are additionally some 10,000 people detained in detention centers under the authority of armed groups. UNSMIL continues to receive credible reports of arbitrary or unlawful detention, torture, enforced disappearances, extra judicial killings, denial of visits from families and lawyers, and deprivation of access to justice.
23 June, statement by UNSMIL welcoming the establishing of Fact Finding Mission to Libya  ( FFML ) . UNSMIL anticipates that the creation of this investigative mechanism will reinforce the work of the United Nations, Panel of Experts, and International Criminal Court in Libya, and also strengthen the capacity of national courts and other relevant entities in Libya to ensure that perpetrators of human rights violations are held accountable.
The GNA announces extension of curfew in June, daily from 2000 hrs. to 0600 hrs. from Sunday to Thursday while Fridays & Saturdays are subject to a full 24 hours curfew to help mitigate the increasing spread of COVID 19 transmission. President al Sisi warns that GNA forces advancing on Sirte could provoke Egyptian intervention. As GNA and LAAF affiliated forces take positions around Sirte and the outcome of negotiations is uncertain, civilians gripped by fear and in need of protection. “Cairo Declaration' continues to prompt reactions while Turkish Russian engagement on Libya intensifies.
In 95% of the municipalities  ( baladiya )  assessed in May 2020, casual labour opportunities available to migrants were reported to have significantly reduced due to the mobility restrictions imposed and the resulting slowdown in economic activities. Specifically migrants relying on daily wages earned through casual labour were the worst affected, followed by those residents  ( IDPs and host community )  of the assessed municipalities who lost their access to livelihoods due to these restrictions.
41% of the key informants reported that health facilities in their municipalities were not fully functional in the seven days preceding the assessment. These findings on lack of adequate functional health facilities and insufficient supply of water indicate that vulnerable populations are at further risk of facing deteriorated conditions resulting in negative humanitarian consequences.
NCDC also confirmed the recovery of 6 patients, raising the number of recoveries to 379.
By the end of April, authorities reduced lockdown hours. Consequently, numbers of observed migrant flows at flow monitoring points gradually returned to the same level as before the lockdown period. Overall, a slight decrease in the number of migrants present in Misrata was reported during the reporting period from 57.630 migrants in Round 29 to 56.947 migrants in the present round.
Most migrants departing Chad travelled to Libya directly, only a small minority  ( less than 1% )  reported transiting through Niger or through Egypt before reaching Libya. 94% of interviewed Chadian migrants indicated that they entered Libya through an unofficial point of entry
A survey by the Mixed Migration Centre highlighted that 38 per cent of the 936 migrants and refugees surveyed identified not knowing where to go as their largest barrier to access health services. Around 25 per cent of surveyed migrants and refugees highlighted fear of arrest and deportation as a barrier, followed by 24 per cent citing perceived stigma or discrimination against foreigners
Limited access to livelihoods also has meant that cash for rent continues to be of concern, particularly those for refugees and migrants and for those engaged in daily labour or the informal economy
In response to an increasing number of confirmed cases, the Government of National Accord has announced a curfew from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m., starting 17 June 2020 for 10 days, with a 24 hour curfew on weekends with no movements between cities. In the South, movements between cities at all times is prohibited and all public events and gathering are cancelled.
The International Committee of the Red Cross  ( ICRC )  said that 44% of all recorded COVID 19 cases were in Sabha.
The ICRC confirmed in a statement that there were 486 cases in the city, including 20 doctors, out of a total of 1151 active cases throughout Libya.
Testing and contract tracing has increased, and in Sebha, the NCDC lab has started testing suspected case specimens using the GeneXpert machine after the laboratory staff passed the required professional tests. Public awareness campaigns are also being expanded to ensure residents are following recommended precautions to mitigate the spread of the disease