nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Ten mantikas – Alkufra, Wadi Ashshati, Ubari, Al Jabal Al Gharbi, Azzawya, Sebha, Ejdabia, Almargeb, Murzuq, and Tripoli – fall in to severity category ‘Severe problem'  ( 4 ) . In Ubari, the only public hospital is non functional. In Ejdabia, out of the three hospitals, two are operating between 25 49 per cent of their capacity and the third is operating between 50 74 per cent of its capacity. In Tripoli, out of 15 public hospitals, 60 per cent are functioning at 49 per cent or less of their original capacity. In terms of food diversity and food prices as compared to pre 2011, more than 85 per cent of households, in all of the 10 mantikas in this severity category, reported prices of food items to be too high compared to period before 2011. Likewise, in all 10 mantikas, households  ( ranging between 38 per cent to 85 per cent )  believed that the quality and diversity of products had worsened, compared to pre 2011.
f )  Over burdened host communities:14 The limited capacity of national institutions in terms of service provision and limited availability of services, competition for livelihood opportunities, and possible tensions over access, all contribute to a scarcity of resources experienced by host communities as well as migrants, refugees and IDPs. These host communities may require community based and/or individualised assistance.
In the last 12 months, ongoing conflict has directly affected an estimated 1.62 million people across Libya. Some 217,000 people continue to be displaced. Affected populations continue to face critical protection challenges, including risk of death and injury due to indiscriminate use of weapons, freedom of movement restrictions and conflict related psychological trauma. Violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including violations of children and women's rights, are widespread, including but not limited to various forms of and gender based violence  ( GBV ) , unlawful killings, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances and torture and other ill treatment. Psychological distress and exploitation from criminal networks are also common.
The loss of confidence in the economic and political future in Libya eroded trust in the financial system, leading businesses and people to withdraw their savings, which ultimately caused the liquidity crisis. Due to the lack of hard cash, Libyan commercial banks impose increasingly strict capital limits on withdrawals which can be as low as LYD200 per day. In 2014, inflation was at 2.4 per cent; it rose to 9.8 per cent in 2015, to an average of 26 per cent in 2016, and by September 2017 it was at 25.7 per cent. As the official rate of the dinar has not adjusted to inflation due to it being pegged to Special Drawing Rights  ( SDR )  at around LYD1.4 to US$1, the parallel market value has skyrocketed at times up to LYD10 to US$1. Given that 94 per cent of goods sold in the Libyan economy are imported, this has resulted in an increase in the cost of goods for the consumer. According to the World Bank, prices of almost all consumption categories increased significantly, with prices for food having increased to over 30 per cent.
Livelihood coping strategy: The rate of selling household assets, as a livelihood coping strategy, was found greatest in Ejdabia  ( 24 per cent ) , followed by Wadi Ashshati  ( 20 per cent )  and Sebha  ( 18 per cent ) . Thirty eight per cent of households in Ejdabia and 35 per cent in Al Jabal Al Gharbi are resorting to spending savings as a negative coping strategy. Population groups: In terms of presence of different population groups, these mantikas report the overall highest presence of IDPs  ( 57 per cent )  and migrants, refugees and asylum seekers  ( 61 per cent ) .10
The humanitarian crisis in Libya is largely defined by 1 )  pockets of acute needs prompted by outbreaks of violence, shifts in territorial control and the local power of armed groups, 2 )  migrants, refugees and asylum seekers suffering from grave abuses in official and non official detention and exposed to extreme risks while in Libya; and 3 )  an environment of deepening vulnerability for the population at large, with a rapid deteriorating economy and public sector. These three dimensions are all rooted in a protection, basic services, economic and governance crisis that has engulfed the country since 2014.
An estimated 584,500 people in Libya are currently in need of shelter assistance in the form of in kind or cash based assistance. Several waves of conflict since 2011 have induced massive displacement and caused severe damage to housing and infrastructure across Libya, especially on the coastal areas. This has in affect had serious consequences in terms of living conditions of the affected population as well as their access to essential goods and services. Loss of adequate housing solution, in addition to insecurity and conflict, is one of the factors leading to widespread displacement. Thousands of people without adequate shelter are living in damaged and/or unfinished buildings and houses, or in collective centres. These living conditions make people more vulnerable and in need of a multi sectoral approach and solution especially in return areas such as northern Benghazi, Ganfouda, Sabratha, Sirt, Tawargha.
In encircled Derna city, where some 100,000 people reside, amid restrictions on the freedom of movement of civilians and bans on the entry of goods, preliminary evidence in mid  August 2017 suggested a lack of available cash and overall liquidity, with banks being closed.44 As a result, coping mechanisms were reported, including using alternate forms of payments such as certified cheques or bank transfers, selling gold, or borrowing money.45 Lack of cash is identified as one of the main needs amongst the IDPs, thus further exacerbating their vulnerability and triggering negative coping mechanisms. In urban areas in particular, IDPs have started selling belongings, especially gold and silver items. The market for precious metals is closely linked to the parallel market for cash.
In Aljfara, there are two public hospitals and both are functioning at less than 25 per cent capacity. Results from the UNFPA MSNA2 show that Aljfara has one of the highest proportions of households with poor  ( nine per cent )  and borderline  ( six per cent )  food consumption scores. In terms of food diversity and food prices, as compared to pre 2011, 83 per cent of households consider prices to be too high compared to the period before 2011. Also, over half the households  ( 55 per cent )  believed that the quality and diversity of products has worsened. Due to a lack of cash liquidity to fulfill their daily needs  ( e.g. buy food ) , around 54 per cent of households are reportedly resorting to negative coping strategies, such as spending savings  ( 41 per cent )  and selling households assets  ( 13 per cent ) . Forty seven per cent of the individuals suffering from chronic diseases in Aljfara are experiencing lack or shortage of medicine in public pharmacies and health care centres. Those who have access to medicines cited their lack of ability to pay for medicines as the main challenge
More than one million people need protection assistance across Libya and 70 per cent of this population is hosted in five mantikas: Tripoli, Benghazi, Misrata, Sirt and Ejdabia. Populations vulnerable to the aforementioned protection risks include migrants, refugees/asylum seekers, IDPs/returnees, host communities, and minorities. Women, children, detainees, the elderly, people with mental and physical disabilities are particularly vulnerable to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law. The total migrant, refugee and asylum seeker population is considered severely in need due to their irregular status, which further exposes them to exploitation and human rights violations and abuses.
According to DTM Round 12, and based on the perceptions of key informants' interviews, 100 per cent of key informants in Ghat indicated that the presence of IDPs, returnees and migrants has put a strain on already overstretched public services. In Aljufra, 100 per cent of key informants interviewed indicated that the presence of IDPs and migrants have stretched the barely functional public services. Such tensions should be further assessed to ensure that provision of assistance and services is ‘conflict sensitive'
h )  Female headed households: Among displaced populations, female headed households are often unemployed with no income, making them more likely to be food insecure. With regards to consumption based coping strategies, surveys indicate that male headed households tend to rely more on less expensive food, limit portion size and restrict adult consumption so that children can eat. On the other hand, female headed households are reducing the number of meals eaten per day, adopting a more severe coping strategy
Libya continues to be the main point of departure for people attempting to cross the Mediterranean. IOM reports that, as of 26 October, at least 2,824 people have died or gone missing in the attempt to cross to Europe by sea in 2017. Arrivals report exploitation, abuse, sexual violence, discrimination, unlawful killings and torture in Libya by armed groups, including those affiliated to State institutions. They have no, or limited, access to services and live in fear of capture and arbitrary detention. Libya is also a destination country for migrants on temporary economic and circular migration routes from neighboring and West African countries. Over 400,000 migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Libya are particularly exposed to abuse and human rights violations as proliferating, armed groups engage in smuggling, trafficking and exploitation.
UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, distributed last week 8 water tanks to 7 different healthcare facilities located in the cities of Sabratha and Az Zawiyah  ( 60Km and 40 Km west of Tripoli respectively ) , in order to support medical facilities in providing their services to local communities and internally displaced persons approaching these centres. The 7 facilities included 2 main hospitals, 1 oncology hospital, 2 polyclinics and 2 clinics.
Currently, in Libya, more than 180,000 internally displaced people are in need of assistance as well as 335,000 people who have recently returned to their homes. UNHCR will continue to provide support to internally displaced persons, returnees and their hosting communities.
In this regard, with its partner Mercy Corps, UNHCR supported the Alfatah school  ( east of Tripoli )  providing new desks for students who until then were sharing one old desk per three students. Almost 700 students benefitted from this intervention. In addition, medical equipment contributions were provided to the Mshashya health centre, which had been completely destroyed and was in urgent need of refurbishment. Through its partner ACTED, UNHCR refurbished the Scout Park in the downtown district of Benghazi, providing a much needed recreational space for displaced and returnee children.
UNSMIL documented civilian casualties in Benghazi  ( four killed and 122 injured ) , Sabha  ( six deaths and nine injured ) , Warshafana  ( two killed and two injured )  and al Zawiya  ( one killed ) .
From 1 February to 28 February 2018, the United Nations Support Mission in Libya  ( UNSMIL )  documented 146 civilian casualties – 13 deaths and 133 injuries – during the conduct of hostilities across Libya. Victims included nine men, two women, one girl and one boy killed and 119 men, six women, seven boys and one girl injured.
The majority of civilian casualties were caused by Improvised Explosive Devices  ( IEDs, one death and 116 injuries ) , followed by gunfire  ( seven deaths and eight injuries ) , explosive remnants of war  ( ERW, two deaths and six injuries ) , and shelling  ( three deaths and three injuries ) .
UNSMIL documented seven additional casualties from other violations of international humanitarian law and violations or abuses of international human rights law in al Zawiya, Benghazi, Derna, Tripoli and Sabha.
On 21 February, Special Deterrence Force  ( SDF )  fighters raided the Sahari Bank in the area of al Maya in Warshafana with the declared aim of arresting members of a criminal gang involved in armed robbery and kidnappings. According to eyewitness accounts, SDF fighters recklessly fired shots inside the crowded bank leading to casualties. At least two civilians were killed, and another two injured. In relation to the injured, a fighter with the SDF deliberately shot a bank client in the legs on suspicion that he was concealing a weapon. A female client, who was standing nearby, sustained injuries to her face and legs from ricocheting shrapnel.
On 19 February, a woman was shot dead while inside a moving vehicle near the al Sirti roundabout in Benghazi. At the time of the incident, members of the Special Forces armed group were protesting the removal of their former commander Wanis Bukhamada. They had blocked a number of roads, burned car tires, and shot at the approaching vehicle apparently to prevent it from crossing the road.
On 21 February, a 14 year old boy was killed in the area of Harsha in al Zawiya in crossfire during clashes between two local armed groups. The boy sustained a fatal gunshot wound to the head.
On 18 February, a woman in labour and her unborn child died on their way to the Wehda hospital in Derna, after armed men affiliated with the Libyan National Army  ( LNA )  stationed at the Kirsa checkpoint delayed their passage. Forces allied to the LNA continue to encircle Derna and impose restrictions on the movement of civilians in and out of the city.
In her report to the Member States present, the Special Envoy noted that the operationalization of the tripartite Task Force of the AU EU UN was fundamental in enhancing cooperation and coordination of all concerned stakeholders' efforts aimed at fostering assisted voluntary return of stranded African migrants in Libya who may wish to return to their countries of origin
Worth nothing that Libya remains host to about 621,706 migrants, according to International Organization for Migration  ( IOM ) . While 19,370 migrants were facilitated to return home in 2017 and 14,000 have been assisted to return and 2,000 evacuated to third countries in lieu of processing their resettlement claims post Abidjan AU EU Summit of November 2017 to date under the coordination of the Task Force.
Libya continues to be the main transit point for departure from North Africa towards Europe. UNHCR's interventions at disembarkation points in Libya focus on the provision of life saving assistance and protection monitoring, to identify persons in need of international protection, as well as vulnerable individuals, such as unaccompanied and separated children, elderly, medical cases, women at risk or victims of trafficking. UNHCR through its partner International Medical Corps provides medical services and core relief items. In addition, UNHCR rehabilitated WASH facilities at six disembarkation points, in Azzawya, Tripoli  ( 3 ) , Tajoura  ( Al Hamidiyah )  and Alkhums.
The United Nations World Food Programme  ( WFP )  has provided vital food assistance to nearly 3,000 displaced people stranded in the harsh Libyan desert as they struggle to return to their hometown of Tawergha, in Western Libya.
Many Tawarghan families, displaced by internal conflict since 2011, have been trying to go home. But in early February, armed groups blocked returnees from entering Tawargha, despite an agreement promising safe return. Large numbers are now stranded in makeshift shelters in the desert, while others have found temporary refuge with host families in nearby areas.
“The people there are suffering from harsh winter weather and a lack of access to all necessities, including food,' said WFP Libya Country Director Richard Ragan. “We will continue to work with the Libyan authorities and humanitarian partners to coordinate efforts and provide crucial life saving support to all stranded families.'
The humanitarian situation in Libya remains fragile due to ongoing conflict, political instability, and the disruption of markets and local food production, all of which damage families' livelihoods and their ability to meet basic needs.
With the help of our Libyan partner, the Sheikh Taher Azzawi Charity Organization  ( STACO ) , WFP has delivered food to nearly 3,000 Tawarghan people stranded in the desert area of Qararat Al Gotf. Each WFP food ration contains a month's supply of rice, pasta, wheat flour, chickpeas, vegetable oil, sugar and tomato paste for a family of five.
The overwhelming majority  ( 94.7% )  of households reported having physical access to markets. The main barriers to accessing market items were not physical but rather that items were too expensive  ( 52.4% ) , unavailable  ( 18.8% ) , or households did not have liquidity to pay for basic market items  ( 16.1% ) . Thus, the main issue in accessing items was financial: although most items were available, the liquidity crisis was adding additional strains on households' purchasing power.
The main issue with water quality was bad taste, reported by 32.4% of households. Out of the 2.1% of households using unprotected wells as their main source of water, 74.0% indicated that it ‘tasted bad', even leading to reports of health issues for 8.4% of households, and that it smelt bad  ( 0.5% ) . IDP households most often reported the use of those unprotected wells  ( 5.9% ) , likely leaving them more exposed to potential water borne diseases
The first overarching concern also affecting non displaced households was the effect of the deeply entrenched financial and liquidity crises. With rates of employment generally low across locations assessed, the most reported source of income was coming from government jobs, which are among the most affected by irregularity of salary payments. Displaced populations were similarly more likely to report low salaries, and IDP households in particular less likely to find any employment at all  ( 15.6% ) . Overall, 18.0% of households across all locations and population groups were unable to withdraw hard currency over the month prior to the assessment. In response to these issues, households have been resorting to negative coping strategies to deal with their lack of cash and resources. In particular, large proportions reported spending savings  ( 56.5% )  and selling gold  ( 36.2% ) , as well as borrowing money  ( 21.9% ) . The widespread use of these three strategies posed a serious risk of households depleting all their resources intended for the long term; an unsustainable solution that needs continued monitoring.
Overall, 4.9% of households reported the presence of explosives hazards and unexploded ordnances  ( UXOs )  in their areas with relative differences across mantikas. Higher percentages of households reported the presence of UXOs in Derna  ( 12.7% ) , Al Margab  ( 10.6% )  and Benghazi  ( 8.6% )    areas which witnessed intense active conflict.
Overall, 74.9% of households reported irregular access to electricity. The data collection timing accentuated this as it took place in summer traditionally prone to more regular and longer electricity cuts due to heightened consumption of air conditioning devices. Lack of electricity affected the population assessed since there was an overall 4 hours of daily electricity cuts reported by households. The mantika of Tripoli was particularly affected by electricity cuts with an average of 7 hours cuts daily, mainly due to weak infrastructure unable to cope with the demand and summer conditions, 33 but also due to a particular security environment where armed groups are reportedly using basic infrastructure at times as a means to pressure the population.
Despite relatively widespread access to financial service providers, households often faced barriers that prevented them from adequately utilising the services offered. The most reported barriers were long waiting times  ( 60.3% of households overall ) , limits on currency withdrawals  ( 43.1% )  and the risk of insecurity while waiting in line at the service provider  ( 22.1% ) . Displaced population groups were more affected by these barriers, with more IDP and returnee households reporting being affected by limits to withdrawal than non displaced  ( 58.8% of IDP households and 53.1% of returnee households, compared to 42.1% of non displaced households ) . The three main reported barriers to access financial service providers were the same across locations assessed except for the mantikas of Al Margab and Misrata where the unavailability of services was among the three main reported barriers.
IDP accommodation arrangements highlighted some specific vulnerabilities compared to non displaced populations given their higher dependency on rented accommodation or relying on free housing provided by extended kin, family and friends. The majority of IDP households were living in rented accommodation, having to pay rent on a monthly basis which was taking up a large share of expenditure at time when a lack of cash was reported as one of the most pressing constraints in Libya  ( see expenditure section below ) . When renting their housing, 29 31.0% of IDP households mentioned that renting costs had increased in the six months prior to the assessment. Lack of property and housing ownership for IDP households means that they are reliant upon more insecure shelter arrangements than non displaced and returnee households, necessitating regular monthly income.
The continued dysfunctionality and shortcomings of the health system countrywide and in the locations assessed were of additional concern. Of households that reported at least one member in need of healthcare in the two weeks prior to the assessment, 44.0% were not able to access adequate healthcare. Findings indicate that health facilities were often underequipped  ( perceived by 58.1% of households overall )  and understaffed  ( 54.5% ) , in addition to households often lacking resources to afford healthcare  ( 24.2% ) . Recent events in various locations also highlighted the inability of health systems to cope with sudden crises and the subsequent reliance of affected populations on external humanitarian health assistance, when there can be assistance at all.
The main issue encountered – damaged or destroyed housing – was particularly prevalent in Al Jabal Al Gharbi  ( reported by 90.5% of returnee households ) , Benghazi  ( 65.0% )  and Derna city  ( 63.6% ) . The high rates of returnee households reporting damaged or destruction to their housing related to the severe destruction level in Benghazi and Derna – areas affected by heavy fighting in 2016. Most areas within Benghazi and Derna where households have returned to suffered some form of medium to heavy damage. 20 Although Al Jabal Al Gharbi did not witness the level of destruction of Benghazi and Derna, most returnee households in Al Jabal Al Gharbi were especially concentrated in Kikkla baladiya, which had previously witnessed intense fighting. 21 With the exception of Al Jabal Al Gharbi, damaged or destroyed housing did not seem to be a major issue in the West or South of Libya  ( Tripoli with 16.5%, Ghat with 15.4% ) . Although most mantikas in the West of the country – Al Margab, Misrata, Tripoli – did not witness high level of damage due to conflict, 45.2% of returnee households have reported primarily looted housing with valuables missing in property as one of their main issues.
IDP households were affected by ongoing and multiple displacements, with 46.9% of IDP households having been displaced more than once. Their most reported push and pull factors revolved mainly around security – leaving because of insecurity/conflict in an area  ( 78.8% ) , choosing another location for its perceived security  ( 47.7% ) .
Higher percentage of returnee and IDP households reported members with at least two or more signs of psychological distress compared to non displaced households   46.7% of IDP households and 39.0% of returnee households reported the following compared to only 23.5% of non displaced households, possibly linked to the displacement dynamics faced by these population groups.
Concerning issues faced upon returns, 62.3% of returnee households reported that they had returned to damaged shelters, sometimes contaminated by explosive hazards. They also often did not have access to most basic services such as financial services or healthcare. High proportions of both IDP and returnee households reported having at least one member displaying signs of psychological distress with respectively 39.0% and 46.7% including at least one member displaying two or more signs.
Overall, IDP and returnee households reported similar reasons for displacement. The main reason accounting for most IDPs and returnees displacement was overwhelming the absence of security in their areas – for 78.8% of IDP households and 89.2% of returnee households. This was followed for IDP households by the households' dwelling being damaged or destroyed and for returnee households by violence or threat of violence
As the Libyan conflict enters its sixth year, the most commonly reported needs revolved around protection issues, lack of access to adequate healthcare, and access to cash and livelihoods. Issues related to contamination from explosive hazards in urban centres, and high levels of psychological distress continued to be of concern throughout locations assessed. The most pressing health concerns were found to be a widespread lack of personnel and a lack of equipment and medicine. Finally, Libya has fallen into a severe economic crisis, exacerbated by the devaluation of the Libyan dinar. Access to basic goods and services has increasingly become a challenge as many households struggle with meeting their basic needs due to persistent income challenges and a lack of access to cash.
The most important pull factors for IDP and returnee households were generally similar revolving around the presence of familiar people   the household's family and/or friends, or their communities – and a more secure environment. For the vast majority of returnee households  ( 72.7% ) , the presence of friends/family was the first pull factor as households were going back to their original area of origin, followed by the presence of their community  ( 22.5% ) . On the other hand, for the majority of IDP households  ( 47.7% ) , the most important pull factor was the secure environment, followed by the presence of family and friends for 44.4% of IDP households.
IDP households were reportedly less likely to use any water treatment  ( 83.2% of IDP households )  compared to non displaced and returnee households  ( respectively 66.5% and 62.7% ) . A much higher proportion of households reported not using any water treatment, in particular in the mantikas of Ghat and Al Jabal Al Gharbi  ( respectively 92.9% and 90.0% ) , while the use of water filters was most reported in Al Margab  ( 39.4% )  and Misrata  ( 37.3% ) . Households using unprotected wells did not use any treatment in 41.5% of cases; this proportion reached 80.0% for IDP households, likely leading to potential health risks.
Throughout the assessed mantikas, 23.3% of IDP households reported having received assistance in the six months prior to the assessment, compared to 18.4% of returnee and 3.6% of non displaced households. In particular, high rates of IDP households reported having received assistance in Misrata  ( 57.5% ) , Sebha  ( 67.5% )  and Al Margab  ( 77.4% ) . Similarly, a majority of returnee households mentioned having received assistance in Al Jabal Al Gharbi  ( 77.6% ) .
in Derna city, a loose encirclement at the time of assessment already placed constraints of access to services and posed protection concerns. Benghazi appears as a vulnerable location due to the high damage inflicted by recent clashes – with housing and infrastructure greatly affected, and an important explosive contamination remaining while important waves of returns are already ongoing. Other localised geographical vulnerabilities noted during the assessment included a particularly harsh strain on water and electricity infrastructure in the mantika of Tripoli; in addition to the southern assessed mantika of Ghat, where the economic crisis appeared to be exacerbated.
By contrast, returnee households' priority needs were food, healthcare and shelter, reported by 73.0%, 62.2% and 50.0% of returnee households respectively. While the need for food assistance might be cross cutting due to the aforementioned reported increased prices and liquidity crisis as food expenses were the first expenditure item across population groups, the characteristics of returns explained the high proportion of returnee households reporting shelter and healthcare needs as households come back to damaged housing and in areas where basic services might not be functional. Non displaced households reported needing cash/income support  ( 53.3% ) , healthcare  ( 51.7% )  and food  ( 45.5% ) .
Only 21.3% of assessed households reportedly received explosive hazards awareness campaigns. They were predominantly conducted through conventional media  ( television, radio, newspapers )  for 64.5% of households who reported an awareness campaign, followed by social media for 29.4%, and posters for 20.2%
Across assessed mantikas, 54.5% of households reported having access to some type of subsidised items, though with important regional variations: for instance, 95.0% of households in Sebha and 62.4% in Benghazi reported not being able to access subsidised goods. This is coherent with the continued shutdown of official channels for subsidised food items in Sebha and the apparent lack of other means to get access to some form of subsidised items in the latter.
Chronic diseases seemed widespread and prevalent health issues in Libya. Overall, 38.2% of households in assessed mantikas reported including at least one member suffering from a chronic disease. A higher proportion of households reporting at least one member with a chronic disease was found in Benghazi  ( 55.6% ) , Derna city  ( 47.1% )  and Sebha  ( 41.5% ) . In addition, returnee and IDP households were more likely to include at least one member with a chronic disease: 50.4% of IDP households and 41.2% of returnee households, compared to 37.6% of non displaced households.
Overall, only 4.2% of households reported missing documentation. However this figure is relatively higher amongst IDP and returnee communities with 22.9% IDP households and 18.0% of returnee households reporting having lost documentation. The proportions were affected by regional trends, with the highest percentage of IDP households reporting loss of documentation in Al Margab  ( 54.8% ) , followed by Sebha  ( 38.8% ) , Benghazi  ( 28.4% )  and finally Misrata  ( 26.0% ) . For returnee households, loss of documentation was most reported in Misrata  ( 22.5% ) , Benghazi  ( 18.7% ) .
Households' access to health services fell short of their actual need for healthcare. 37.2% of households indicated having one member in need of health treatment in the previous 15 days, and out of those 44.0% did not get access to adequate healthcare. Returnee households were reportedly even less likely to have accessed the adequate healthcare  ( 54.0% )  – as they generally returned to formerly conflict affected areas, where some basic services might remain non operational. Across all of the assessed mantikas, health facilities were frequently underequipped  ( reported by 58.1% of households )  and understaffed  ( reported by 54.5% of households ) .
Of all the households who reported having lost documentation, 71.2% re applied for the documentation they had lost while 28.3% did not. 26 The main reported reasons for not re applying were i )  the process taking too much time and being too complicated, ii )  the households not being familiar with the procedures; and finally iii )  households not having access to a functioning civil registry nearby. This last reason reported seemed to be especially problematic in the Eastern regions, with 22.0% of households in Benghazi and up to 38.3% in Derna city reporting it.
Food security was not reported as a major concern by the majority of the assessed population. However, IDP households were more likely to have a worse food consumption score  ( FCS )  across all mantikas assessed with an overall of 79.5% ‘acceptable' FCS, 12.5% ‘borderline' and 7.9% ‘poor', compared to 95.4% and 96.8% ‘acceptable', respectively, for non displaced and returnee households. This situation was worse for IDP households in Tripoli where high proportions of poor FCS  ( 15.3% of households )  as well as borderline FCS  ( 22.5% )  were found.
Across all assessed mantikas, 38.2% of households reported having at least one member suffering from a chronic disease, with the highest rates reported in Benghazi, Derna and Sebha. Among those, diabetes was the most commonly reported chronic disease, with at least half households in Misrata, Benghazi and Tripoli reporting at least one household member affected.
The households' food related coping strategies assessed were based on the reduced Coping Strategy Index  ( rCSI ) . Overall, 19.6% of households reported a ‘medium' use of food related coping strategies  ( rCSI score from 4 to 9 )  and 16.3% reported ‘high' use of coping strategies  ( rCSI score ≥ 10, with 27 being the maximum household score recorded ) . The most regularly reported food coping strategy was to rely on less preferred and less expensive foods, used on average two days in the previous seven by all households. IDP and returnee households were more likely to resort to this food coping strategy, especially in Derna city, Benghazi and Misrata where it was reported on average more than 3 days a week, and up to 4.6 days a week for returnee households in Misrata.
One of the most widespread issues affecting households was housing damage, with 18.2% reporting living in a shelter with some form of damage, and returnee and IDP households being more affected  ( respectively 73.6% and 54.0% ) . The most affected locations were Benghazi, Derna city and Ghat. In the two former locations, returnee households were particularly affected, coming back to areas having witnessed intense fighting. Irregular access to electricity was a challenge for many households  ( 74.9% ) , with average daily electricity cuts of 4 hours, rising as high as 7 hours per day in Tripoli.
A majority of IDP households in Benghazi  ( 81.7% ) , Derna city  ( 56.1% )  and Al Jabal Al Gharbi  ( 52.9% )  were displaced within the same mantika. This could be explained in two mantikas by difficulties of movements, either physical  ( the mantika of Al Jabal Al Gharbi is characterised by highly mountainous zones that can be hard to reach )  or artificially created  ( movement into and out of Derna was affected by a loose encirclement implemented two years prior to the assessment ) . In Benghazi, displaced households fled clashes either to go to Misrata or to other locations within the Benghazi mantika, both destinations chosen due to strong community links.
Historically, Libya has relied on a skilled foreign workforce for the provision of health services. This workforce has gradually left the country following the onset of the crisis, leaving a gap in healthcare provision that has not been adequately filled. 56 Many assessed households reported inadequate access to healthcare due to understaffed and underequipped health facilities in all assessed locations. Localised cases illustrated the crisis of the current health system: in Ghat for instance, health facilities lacking staff and medicine led to the difficult handling of health crises such as maternal deaths or widespread food poisoning
With rates of private sector employment generally low across mantikas assessed, government jobs were reported as the main source of income  ( by 57.0% of households ) , a potential issue given the reported irregularity of government salary payments. Displaced populations were more likely to have a low salary  ( 19.5% of IDP and 20.3% of returnee households ) , and 15.6% of IDP households reported facing a lack of work opportunity.
Across all assessed mantikas, returnee households were most likely  ( 54.0% )  to report a lack of access to adequate healthcare. This additional vulnerability came in part from the fact that returnee households were more likely to return to conflict affected areas where basic services, including health services, were not yet fully operational. As returnees' ability to re integrate in their areas of origins largely depends on their ability to resume a normal life and meet their households' needs, a lack of access to functional services can hinder this rebuilding process.
Launched last November, the Migration Working Group is one of six working groups created under the Coordination Framework for International Technical Cooperation with the State of Libya. The working group aims to coordinate technical assistance and policy advice on approaches to migration, serving as a platform for constructive dialogue. The working group is developing actionable tools and practical solutions to aid effective migration governance ensuring respect for human rights, while reducing the impacts of irregular migration. “Following the establishment of the Migration Working Group last year, this second meeting is a crucial step in cementing the way forward through the finalization of membership and terms of reference,' said Louai Turjiman, Director of European Affairs, Ministry of the Foreign Affairs and the chair of the meeting. “Through this strengthened partnership with IOM, we hope to develop migration management policies that ensure any planned action is fit to the context on the ground and addresses the needs of those vulnerable. We see the Migration Working Group as the main body for coordination with partners on migration.'
IOM has agreed to support the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in establishing a support office for the working group, which will facilitate cooperation on migration between members. “Humanitarian aid alone will not address migration challenges in Libya   that is why we are partnering with the Ministry through the Migration Working Group to look at longer term strategies, beneficial to both Libyans and migrants,' said Othman Belbeisi, IOM Libya Chief of Mission and co chair of the meeting.
• The largest proportion of the 3,845 recently displaced Libyan households reportedly came from conflict affected areas of Ain Zara, with the next largest proportions coming from Mashroua Al Hadhba and Salaheddin. According to IOM, roughly half of these households traveled to other cities to the south and east, while at least 1,950 households were displaced within the city of Tripoli
In nearly every assessed mahalla, an estimated 75 100% of IDPs who had arrived since 26 August were being hosted by friends and family. Recently arrived urban migrants, meanwhile, were reliant on a combination of rental and hosting
• The closure of the Salaheddin, Ain Zara, and Tariq Al Matar detention centres due to conflict led to large groups of refugees and migrants being displaced within the area. Some were transferred to new detention centres, while others departed for different areas of the city
IDPs in all but a handful of assessed displacement sites were able to move freely. Refugees and migrants had much less freedom of movement.
Recent damage to the water network was reported in all assessed baladiyas.2 Disruptions to the electrical grid had also become much more frequent
• KIs reported an increase in robberies, killings, and other types of crime in conflict affected mahallas as a direct consequence of insecurity, raising concerns about residents' safety
Public and private health facilities, as well as pharmacies, had closed due to insecurity throughout the area of heaviest conflict, leaving residents with little access to medicines or healthcare. This access was further compromised as relief teams and paramedics in Tripoli were targeted by attacks, with ambulances looted for emergency medical supplies.
Public and private health facilities had closed due to insecurity throughout the area of heaviest conflict, particularly in Ain Zara, Mashroua Al Hadhba, and Salaheddin, though most facilities remained undamaged. The Abusliem Health Complex and facilities in the Al Fallah 1 camp were also reportedly affected by conflict.
In most parts of Tripoli, IDPs were reported to have consistent access to food. However, the situation in Ain Zara, Mashroua Al Hadhba, and Salaheddin was more precarious. Access to food was also less consistent among refugee and migrant populations.
Following the outbreak of clashes on August 26, at least 3,845 Libyan households were displaced from conflict affected mahallas of southern Tripoli.3 The largest numbers of IDP households were reportedly displaced from conflict affected areas of Ain Zara mahalla, with the mahallas of Mashroua Al Hadhba and Salaheddin not far behind.
According to those held in DCIM detention centres, the torture and extortion was carried out by both DCIM officials and members of militias.
In coordination with authorities, partners and civil society, UNHCR is providing support to the refugees who survived a road accident on 14 February near Bani Walid. Since the accident, UNHCR has been coordinating with authorities and local partners on the ground to ensure all necessary assistance is made available. Six individuals who are suffering from multiple injuries have been transferred to Tripoli, where UNHCR is supporting them with medical care in a private hospital. UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps are responding to the critical health conditions of an additional 18 patients in hospitals.
Escorted by IOM officials, the migrants left Zwara detention center early Wednesday 27 December, taking small planes between the Libyan cities of Zwara and Misratah. In a highly complex operation, fraught with security issues, the migrants were then flown home via charter flights to Lagos and Conakry.
In the wake of shocking reports about rampant migrant abuse and squalid and overcrowded conditions across multiple detention centers in Libya, talks at the AU EU Summit in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire from to 29 to 30 November, led to a major revamping of measures to tackle smuggling and mistreatment of migrants on the central Mediterranean migration route, which has claimed 2,833 migrant lives to drowning this year alone. Leaders from both regions committed to work together to end the inhumane treatment of migrants and refugees in Libya. Another issue discussed at the summit was how to address jointly the root causes of irregular migration.
IOM reported on Tuesday 09 January that a total of 81 Mediterranean Sea deaths of migrants or refugees were recorded in the first eight days of the year. Five of those deaths were in Western Mediterranean waters off Spain and Morocco. The rest – 76 with a possibility of many more – were recorded in the waters between Italy and Libya.
According to survivors' testimony, around 100 migrants remain missing. IOM, the UN Migration Agency, was present at their disembarkation point in Tripoli and provided food and water to all survivors.
IOM continues today to provide support and direct humanitarian assistance to the survivors of this latest tragedy, many of whom now are at Libya's Tajoura detention centre.
IOM's Christine Petré reported that the boats departed from near the Libyan coastal towns of Azzawiyah and Al Khums. The majority of the survivors came from African countries including The Gambia, Senegal, Sudan, Mali, and Nigeria. The Libyan Cost Guard reported that eight survivors are from Bangladesh  ( one woman )  while two are from Pakistan.
Nineteen people were killed and 49 were injured in the early morning of 14 February when the truck they were travelling in crashed near Bani Waleed, Libya. According to some of the survivors of the accident which occurred around 3am, around 180 migrants were crammed into the truck's cargo containers. The survivors also said that the smugglers' truck crashed when it drove into a large hole in the road; overloaded with people, it became unbalanced, resulting in the deadly accident. Of the total migrants involved, approximately 138 were Eritrean, with the rest Somali and Ethiopian.
The area where the incident took place was 60 kilometres south east of Bani Waleed, a transit location on a much used migration route through the country to the coast. The smugglers were transporting the group of migrants from As Saddadah to Tarhuna.
IOM provides humanitarian support to migrants in Libya, while advocating for improved longer term assistance and protection for them and all groups in the country.
IOM staff living in the area went to the scene to see what assistance could be provided. They helped transport some of the injured migrants to the local hospital. Two IOM doctors travelled to the hospital to support the emergency medical response. Together with the hospital staff, they assessed the cases, four of which IOM organized to be transferred to Tripoli due to the serious nature of their head injuries. All four are in critical condition in intensive care units. IOM is supporting the hospitals where they there transferred to with medical supplies.
There are six more cases in Bani Waleed hospital requiring referral to Tripoli. All of them have multiple injuries and some serious fractures requiring immediate surgery. Médecins Sans Frontières  ( MSF )  is working on these transferals.
Many of the migrants, who were involved the accident are reported to have been taken by the smugglers to an unknown location.
According to IOM's Displacement Tracking Matrix  ( DTM )  report last December, there were over 621,000 migrants recorded in Libya but the true figure is estimated to be over 700,000, with the majority coming from Egypt, Niger, and Chad.
Many migrants in Libya have faced ill treatment and exploitation. IOM's top priorities continue to be saving migrant lives, reducing irregular and unsafe movements of people along the central Mediterranean route, breaking the grip of traffickers and smugglers, identifying vulnerable persons and persons at risk throughout the migration process and assisting them, and improving conditions for migrants stranded in Libya.
Libya continues to be the main point of departure for people attempting to cross the Mediterranean. IOM reports that, as of 26 October, at least 2,824 people have died or gone missing in the attempt to cross to Europe by sea in 2017. Arrivals report exploitation, abuse, sexual violence, discrimination, unlawful killings and torture in Libya by armed groups, including those affiliated to State institutions. They have no, or limited, access to services and live in fear of capture and arbitrary detention. Libya is also a destination country for migrants on temporary economic and circular migration routes from neighboring and West African countries. Over 400,000 migrants/ refugees/ asylum seekers in Libya are particularly exposed to abuse and human rights violations as proliferating, armed groups engage in smuggling, trafficking and exploitation
Contamination by explosive remnants of war  ( ERW )  and improvised explosive devices  ( IEDs )  as a result of the ongoing conflict are threatening the lives of civilians and hampering the ability of the humanitarian community to carry out humanitarian activities
Civilians continue to be killed and maimed: according to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project  ( ACLED )  this year alone, 1,289 people were killed.1 From 1 January 2017 to 30 September 2017, UNSMIL has documented at least 128 deaths and 164 injuries among civilians. Given limitations on access and information flow from conflict affected areas, the actual casualty figures are very likely to be significantly higher.