nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
On 23 August, the UN Children's Fund  ( UNICEF )  warned that a generation of children risks being denied the right to learn due to violence against schools across West and Central Africa. Attacks against students, teachers and schools in the region has led to a tripling in school closures in the last year and left almost two million children without education. More than 9,000 schools have been closed in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Niger and Nigeria as a result of insecurity, three times the number at the end of 2017.
Those referred by NAPTIP to private shelters were unhappy about poor conditions and services, including inadequate food, lack of soap or body lotion, lack of medical and psychosocial care, and lack of job training. They also expressed concerns about limited communication with NAPTIP officials. These problems are heightened by poor oversight over shelters and assistance programs.
Other problems include weak systems for victim identification, currently limited to law enforcement agents and immigration officials, leaving out other actors that could help, such as health workers, educators, communities leaders, church officials, labor officials, social workers, and others; lack of individualized and comprehensive services tailored to survivors' individual needs; failure to provide survivors with real job and employment opportunities and instead overly relying on skills training in professions such as tailoring and hairdressing that risk reinforcing gender stereotypes about the roles of women and girls in society; failure to link survivors to broader programs by government and others where they can get help; and problems with funding, coordination, and evaluation of assistance efforts.
Nigeria also faces serious child protection problems, including having large numbers of children out of school, as well as widespread violence against children. All these issues compounded by limited avenues for safe migration, and a lack of implementation of existing laws and policies designed to address human trafficking create an environment where trafficking thrives.
Nigerian children also face a range of abuses and discrimination that make them vulnerable to trafficking. Millions of children are not going to school, face high levels of violence and exploitation, lack birth registration, and experience inadequate education, social protection, and access to health care.
Within the period of 12 – 18 August, a total of 7,398 movements were recorded, of which include 821 arrivals and 6,577 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Damboa, Gwoza, Kala/Balge, Mafa, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state, and locations in Demsa, Fufore, Gombi, Guyuk, Hong, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Mayo Belwa Michika, Mubi North, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Gubio, Gwoza, Kala/Balge and Maiduguri LGAs of Borno state, locations in Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Guyuk, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Mayo Belwa, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, song and Yola North LGAs of Adamawa state and locations in Bursari, Damaturu and Geidam LGAs of Yobe state
An exhaustive nutrition screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutrition mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema was conducted by Nutrition Sector partners for 78 children of 6 59 months. Of the 78 children screened, the MUAC reading was: 4 children  ( 1 from inaccessible and 3 from accessible area )  were in the Red category, 15 were in the Yellow category and 59 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 5 LGAs
Torrential rainfalls and flash floods hitting the BAY states have a devastating impact on thousands of people in IDPs camps and host communities. The risk of further heavy rainfall and floods remains high in 64 LGAs across the BAY states until the end of September. New downpour may exacerbate the situation in many IDP camps already severely hit by the bad weather conditions and result in higher risks of disease outbreaks.
The total number of cases reported as at 23rd August, 2019 stands at 674, with 4 deaths  ( CFR=0.59% ) , Yola North has 414 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.48 % ) ; Girei has 175 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.57 % ) , Yola South has 84 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 1.19 % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0 % ) . So far, 149 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
Furthermore, of 22 functional markets reported by FGDs, ten were managed by groups that limited purchasing access. FGDs reported that some markets sold goods looted from settlement households; some utilized cross border supply chains, smuggling items from Cameroon; and others reportedly paid smugglers to circumvent a blockade on traders instituted by government forces
FGDs with radio access recommended relaying information about humanitarian aid via radio, with three FGDs strongly recommending that radio announcements be made which communicate that services are available and safety is possible be made by willing escapees known to community members in the hard to reach areas to increase trust in the source. Radio use was most common in Dikwa and Kukawa, where 31% and 29% of assessed settlements respectively reported it as the primary information source
Only 1% of assessed settlements reported that the entire original population has remained and 82% reported that at least some people remained in the hard to reach area. Two percent reported none of the original population remained and the remaining 5% did not haev consensus. The remaining populations reported by FGD participants consisted largely of the most vulnerable: people who had been too malnourished, ill, young, or elderly to flee. Civilian men were a notable exception as it was often reported by focus group participants that civilian men are afraid of being killed if caught fleeing and therefore also remain in hard to reach areas
Insufficient access to food for most people was reported in 74% of assessed settlements, with over half of those respondents attributing the primary reason to unsafe access to land.6 This has led to substantial shifts in diets with 96% of assessed settlements in Gwoza LGA and 93% of assessed settlements in Dikwa LGA reporting consumption of wild foods as a coping strategy, especially during the dry season. Frequently consumed wild foods include kyara grass, which FGD participants noted may be poisonous if not adequately cooked.
Access to non food items is limited due to trade and access restrictions. The most commonly needed non food items are sleeping mats  ( 28% of all assessed settlements ) , soap  ( 22% of all assessed settlements ) , and clothing  ( 13% of all assessed settlements ) , which is notable in anticipating the needs of those who may flee or be moved into LGA capitals. Beyond the basic issue of transport of goods and closure of markets, price inflation at remaining markets made it more difficult to purchase what foods were available, with 81% of settlements with access to a market reporting an increase in cereal prices.
Attacks on escapees were distributed across multiple LGAs in both the north and central parts of Borno state, with no clear patterns, though none were reported from Kukawa LGA. Of 96 groups, 23 reported OAG attacks en route. One group was returned to their settlement and escaped on the second attempt; four were robbed en route, with no casualties; two involved child abductions; and five were serious attacks involving fatalities
Four FGDs were conducted with escapees from settlements where nearly all remaining residents had been abducted from elsewhere. These settlements, primarily located in the Sambisa Forest, reported relatively low food security needs, but more severe protection needs. FGD participants from these settlements reported thousands of people remaining, and all expressed protection concerns regarding civilian casualties should conflict in these settlements intensify.
The reported primary drivers of food insecurity in hard to reach areas include movement restrictions and supply disruptions, followed by OAG rustling livestock and harvest confiscation, and disrupted supply chains. Food security needs, and barriers to farming, are more severe in the assessed LGAs in central Borno LGAs  ( Gwoza, Dikwa, and Ngala )  relative to northern Borno LGAs. In the central Borno LGAs, populations frequently reported all season foraging for wild foods as a key coping mechanism. These areas additionally reported more severe movement restrictions, harvest confiscations and widespread hunger.
Living conditions of displaced people in host communities are somewhat better than for those in camps. Since many humanitarian interventions focused on camps however, they may struggle to access services. Key informants even spoke of host community members setting up makeshift shelters in camps to access services there.
Unexploded ordnances  ( UXOs )  were reported as rarely present, though 3% of assessed settlements reported an incident involving an UXO during the past month. Looting was also widespread, with 49% of assessed settlements reporting an incident of property looting within the last month. While the bulk of KI and FGD protection concerns involved violence and threats of violence from OAGs, secondary protection concerns involved other actors. Concerns about attacks from government forces were most common in Kukawa LGA, where FGDs cited previous civilian deaths from airstrikes.
Fishing was likewise limited due to movement restrictions, though occasionally emerged as a coping strategy to compensate for restrictions in land access. In Gwoza LGA, four FGDs reported that rivers serve as fronts between government forces and OAGs. Where not directly banned from fishing, FGDs reported that most people avoid these areas due to protection concerns regarding cross fire.
Cattle rustling was near universally reported in FGDs, and in 95% of assessed settlements KIIs reported that people who normally access livestock were unable to access any livestock during the past month. Only one FGD with respondents who recently arrived from a settlement in Marte LGA reported retaining some livestock. However, some FGDs reported on settlements in the Sambisa Forest, which were described as containing collections of livestock that had been collated from other areas of the Lake Chad Basin.
Among the assessed LGAs, incidents involving body borne improvised explosive devices  ( BBIEDs )  were most commonly reported in Gwoza, where 57% of assessed settlements reported awareness of a BBIED attack within the last month, relative to 12% or less in all other LGAs. International INGO Safety Organisation  ( INSO )  in Nigeria notes that BBIEDs in most cases target garrison towns, not hard to reach areas. Specifically, BBIEDs against IDP camps have been used to deter civilians from abandoning hard to reach areas. INSO reported five BBIED attacks in Madagali and Northern Adamawa during a similar time frame, indicating the possiblity that referemces to these non hard to reach areas were included in data collection for Gwoza LGA .
A second large settlement existed in the Sambisa Forest before the conflict; while residents were not abductees, they described that they were surrounded and trapped when the area was taken over by OAGs several years ago. Escapees from this group echoed concerns about escalation of conflict; men in particular were scared to attempt to flee for fear of being mistaken for OAGs, having heard of attacks on men fleeing Sambisa Forest.
Complete or partial confiscation of harvest by OAGs was reported in 60% of FGDs, which creates insufficient access to food and an inability to produce enough food to sell. Beyond land access restrictions and harvest confiscations, 88% of assessed settlements reported lacking access to agricultural inputs – including seeds, tools, and the ability to repair old equipment – to sustain their historical livelihoods of farming, trade, and transportation.
Unaccompanied children were reported in two thirds or more of assessed hard to reach settlements in every LGA. Ten FGDs reported large proportions of unaccompanied children in the remaining populations of hard to reach settlements, explaining that these children were often either orphans or left behind when their parents escaped. Two FGDs also reported deliberate separation of children from their parents.
Reports of frequent shelter destruction, combined with movement restrictions limiting access to rebuilding supplies, have left many residents of hard to reach settlements residing in makeshift shelters or tents. Higher rates of makeshift shelter utilization were reported for IDPs than for host communities. In Kukawa LGA, ten of 17 FGDs reported recent destruction of shelters in the assessed settlements.
Residents of hard to reach areas had little to no information on the availability of humanitarian aid services in LGA capitals. FGD participants attributed this limited awareness to some OAG restrictions on cell phone and radio ownership; poor mobile network coverage, in areas where cell phones are not prohibited; and misinformation provided to the public by OAGs, including being told that that security forces will kill anyone arriving from hard to reach areas.
Only 12% of assessed settlements reported access to healthcare within walking distance. According to respondents, limited access to healthcare pre dates the current crisis, but the situation has been exacerbated by deliberate destruction of facilities. Historical absence of health facilities was reported in 51% of assessed settlements, while 19% of settlements reported that health facilities had been destroyed.
Mobile network coverage in hard to reach settlements was reported as rare, ranging from 0% in Kukawa LGA to 17% in Ngala LGA. Settlements close to the Cameroonian border, however, had much better coverage using Cameroonian SIM cards and were thereby able to relay updates to family members in other parts of the state. This method of communication is not without risk, as one FGD with participants from Gwoza reported that cell phone ownership was punishable by death.
Food insecurity was strained, though not catastrophically, in Kukawa, where land access restrictions were less common and people retained some capacity to farm. Kukawa reported relatively less extreme coping strategies, for example reducing meals from 3 to 2 per day in 77% of assessed settlements, and little reported widespread hunger related mortality. While FGDs from Kukawa reported that hunger is manageable using the aforementioned coping mechanisms, participants expressed uncertainty about the next planting season “due to the ongoing offensive' and the possibly that conflict would cause displacement and render it too insecure to return for planting. Wild foods were not mentioned in Kukawa from FGDs in August 2018   March 2019 but were first mentioned as a primary coping mechanism in April 2019, potentially indicating a changing food security situation.
The data collection period for H2R aligned with an identified increase in the prevalence of watery diarrhea cases in Borno State, with WHO reporting 6,367 cases and 73 deaths in Borno State from November 2018 to January 2019. During this timeframe, watery diarrhea was reported as the primary cause of death in the settlement by 7.5% of assessed settlements
The most commonly requested sources of information about aid services were via radio and pamphlet drops from helicopters; the latter were mentioned by a group as the reason they sought refuge in Gwoza. Three FGDs requested that information on aid services, notably that aid exists, that livelihoods opportunities exist and that safety exists, be made known to persons in the hard to reach areas by dropping pamphlets written in multiple languages from helicopters.
A visual interpretation of the settlement level results plotted on a map suggests that food distributions and supplemental feedings were limited to settlements in the immediate vicinity of LGA capitals or located directly off of main roads. The only reported exceptions were Kukawa LGA, where several food distributions were relatively further from garrison towns and more distant to main roads, and Bama LGA, where there was a concentration of distributions near the border with Cameroon. The bulk of identified hard to reach settlements are, logically, not conveniently located. New strategies will be required should humanitarian access be desired under current constraints.
Of 96 FGDs, 31 reported the destruction of preexisting religious schools, due to either OAG mandated closure or because the scholars who had previously led instruction fled. In settlements where religious schools were managed by OAGs, four FGDs reported that families were scared to send their girls to school because they would be more likely to be identified by OAGs for forced marriage.
Very few  ( 7% )  hard to reach settlements reported receipt of supplemental feeding programs within the most recent month, likely impeded by access restrictions. Of the 52% of assessed settlements that reported an increase in mortality during the past month, 55% attributed the increase primarily to malnutrition. However, this may be confounded by proximity to Lake Chad and other sources of standing water, where malaria was more frequently reported as the primary cause of increased deaths.
Informants from hard to reach areas traced the destruction of non religious education facilities to the beginnings of the conflict in their respective areas. Among all assessed settlements, gender disparities in non religious and religious school attendance were small; the governing factor, instead, was whether education facilities existed at all. Only 23% of assessed settlements reported the existence of any current education services within walking distance.
In 45% of assessed settlements, at least one incident of conflict was reported that reportedly killed a civilian in the month prior to departure. Physical violence described in FGDs included public beatings, rapes, forced recruitment, and forced marriages. FGDs reported punishments for persons who escaped hard to reach areas including reports of amputation in Bama, Dikwa, and Gwoza LGAs, stoning in Bama LGA and maiming in Ngala.
A disproportionate number of the country's poor live in the north eastern states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe, which together account for around a third of Nigeria's territory and 14 per cent of its population. Many people are subsistence farmers, and even during periods of high national economic growth the region's productivity has been low and unemployment high. Illiteracy is widespread, access to healthcare limited and infrastructure lacking.
Between January and June 2019, DTM continued its activities in Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe states. The key locations for DTM in the first half of 2019 were Monguno and Maiduguri, due to the high influx of displaced population into these locations emanating from attacks and fear of attacks in their places of origin   primarily in Rann, Kukawa and some parts of Monguno. Damboa accounted for a huge number of newly biometrically registered new arrivals due to a displacement from Sabon Gari in May, triggering over 10,000 IDPs moving into the town.
A total of 128,674 cases of Severe Acute Malnutrition  ( SAM )  have been admitted since January, approximately 48 per cent of the annual target. In Borno, Adamawa and Yobe  ( BAY )  states, the Nutrition Sector identified and newly admitted 22,826 children under five years with SAM to 597 Outpatient Therapeutic Programme  ( OTP )  sites. Of these, 1,348 children were admitted to inpatient care centres for specialised treatment in the 34 nutrition stabilization sites in the BAY states.
The main challenges facing the Nutrition Sector include: poor hygiene and sanitation conditions, especially in host communities; disease outbreaks such as measles; and the influx of newly displaced populations specifically in Damboa. New arrivals typically reach locations with poor nutritional status, needing immediate screening and treatment. Lack of funding, especially for the treatment of MAM, is hampering the response. This deficit leaves partners to only target areas that are extremely vulnerable. By the end of June, less than 20 per cent of those identified in need of nutrition assistance have been reached
There is an urgent need to scale up health services for new arrivals as existing response capacities are overwhelmed. Health partners are also facing access challenges, which pose concerns especially in the event of disease outbreaks. New population displacements are also overcrowding existing camps, which increases risk factors for disease outbreaks. Poor water and sanitation conditions in many IDP camps across Borno State need to be immediately addressed by WASH and CCCM Sector partners.
In June, population movements across Borno and Adamawa states continued with a total 10,153 new arrivals and 3,753 departures recorded across various tracking locations. The highest number of arrivals were recorded in two LGAs in Borno State: Askira/Uba LGA  ( 1,305 individuals )  and Bama LGA  ( 1,149 individuals )  of which 75 per cent went to GSSS camp and the rest to Banki camp. Other LGAs that recorded arrivals were Madagali  ( 897 )  in Adamawa State ad Gwoza  ( 869 ) , Damboa  ( 737 )  and Ngala  ( 730 )  in Borno State. These arrivals included people from neighbouring countries of Cameroon  ( 1,261 individuals ) , Republic of Niger  ( 278 )  and Chad  ( 21 ) . Additionally, 28 individuals were registered as departing to the Republic of Niger.
Some IDP camps have been reported to be synonymous with severe lack of food items, basic shelter, health and protection. In some camps in Borno state  the worst hit  it has been more than 4 months since the displaced persons last received relief materials either from state or non state actors. Visitors to the camps are almost mobbed in a bid to secure some sort of relief items. The condition of some camps is unliveable, yet it is the lived experience of Nigerians struggling to survive the situation that has befallen them.
Within the period of 5 – 11 August, a total of 1,084 movements were recorded, including 687 arrivals and 397 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Damboa, Gwoza, Jere, Hawul, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state and locations in Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Gwoza and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno state and locations in Fufore, Girei, Hong, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Numan, song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state.
Askira/Uba: 58 arrivals and 52 departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state. These include 19 arrivals from Damare ward of Girei LGA, 17 from Luggere ward of Yola North LGA, 4 from Muchalla ward of Mubi North LGA and 2 from Uba ward of Hong LGA of Adamawa State. 16 arrivals from Uba ward from Askira/Uba LGA in Borno state. The 52 departures were all from Gatamarwa ward of Chibok LGA and they were all tracked at Askira East ward of Askira/Uba of Borno state. 62% of the IDPs reported to have relocated due to poor living conditions, 35% due to improved security and 4% relocated voluntarily
The results also include 26 children from neighbouring countries  ( 6 children in Bama, 14 in Mobbar, and 6 in Ngala ) ; of all the 26 children measured, 1 was in the red category with 20 in the green category and the remaining 5 in the yellow category. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted in the treatment programme.
2.7 million Estimated people have been displaced since the Nigerian Refugee Crisis began six years ago. 1.9 million are still internally displaced  ( IDPs ) , including 440,000 women, 364,000 men, 614,000 girls, and 516,000 boys with 94% of the displacement attributed to ongoing hostilities, according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees  ( UNHCR )
The UN states that millions of people in north east Nigeria rely on humanitarian assistance to survive. Despite significant improvements in 2017 and 2018, the food security and nutrition situation remains fragile in the north east, with 2.7 million people in the bay states in need of food assistance in 2019. More than 5 million people need health assistance, with two thirds of health facilities in the bay states having been damaged by the conflict. Basic survival needs are compounded by access and security impediments.
The road network in the northeast is generally favourable for long haul trucking to state capitals, with last mile delivery being made along primary or secondary roads linked to the majority of locations hosting affected populations. However, 4x4 or 6x6 trucks are suggested for harder to reach areas with poor road conditions. During the rainy season, from July to September, the use of all terrain vehicles to reach some communities may be required. During previous rainy seasons there have been flood warnings in several Nigerian states, which necessitates the regular and careful monitoring of road conditions.
Following a report of cases and deaths from fever of unknown origin in Izzi Local Government Area  ( LGA )  in Ebonyi State, the State public health team commenced investigation. As at the 31st of July 2019, three cases had tested positive for Yellow fever at NCDC's National Reference Laboratory, which triggered an immediate response.
Since September 2017, Nigeria has recorded suspected cases of Yellow fever in all States in the country. As at the 31st of July 2019, 78 cases have been laboratory confirmed in Nigeria in 2019 alone. A multi agency Yellow fever technical working group coordinated by NCDC, has been leading the investigation and response to Yellow fever cases. The National Primary Health Care Agency is leading efforts to provide an additional opportunity of vaccination through preventive vaccination campaigns across the country.
Humanitarian needs remain high across the Lake Chad Basin region, where armed violence has dragged for 10 years. In recent months, armed groups have stepped up attacks, uprooting thousands more people and driving them into already overcrowded displacement camps. Currently around 2.5 million people  ( refugees and internally displaced )  have been forced from their homes. The crisis has also heightened food insecurity and malnutrition, with 3.6 million people grappling with food insecurity at “crisis' and “emergency' levels, and around 400,000 children facing severe malnutrition. The region is facing a severe protection crisis. Many civilians have suffered abuse and rights violations and are deeply traumatised by the violence.
The recurrent attacks and insecurity as well as security measures have restricted free movement. Farming, trade, transhumance and other activities have been significantly affected, depriving millions of people of their means of survival and limiting access to basic services. Displaced people are also unable to move freely in and out of camps. The violence has also forced more than 1,000 schools to close. The humanitarian community has requested US$1.3 billion to assist 7.8 million people. Only a third of the funds had been provided as of August 2019.
Within the period of 29 July   4 August, a total of 1,390 movements were recorded, including 1,011 arrivals and 379 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Jere, Kaga, Kala/Balge, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state and locations in Demsa, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Bama and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno state and locations in Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Mayo Belwa, Michika, Mubi South, Numan, song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state.
Ngala: 207 arrivals were recorded in Ngala LGA of Borno state. These include 60 arrivals from Rann ward of Kala Balge LGA, 19 arrivals from Darak, 63 from Fotokol and 18 from Makary in Cameroon, 47 arrivals from Bol in Chad. The new arrivals all relocated due to poor living conditions.
Bama: 144 arrivals and 7 departures were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno state. These include 29 from Darajamal ward and 12 from Buduwa ward of Bama LGA and were tracked at Shehuri/Hausari/Mairi ward of Bama LGA. Other arrivals include 20 from Konduga ward of Konduga LGA and 51 from Mora in Cameroon. The 7 departures were all from Konduga ward of Konduga LGA. 40% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living conditions and 60% relocated voluntarily. The departures were all voluntary.
An exhaustive nutrition screening using mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema for acute malnutrition was conducted by Sector partners for 116 children of 6 59 months. Of the 116 children screened, the MUAC reading was 8 children  ( accessible areas )  in the Red category, 15 were in the Yellow category and 93 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 5 LGAs that we received reports from.
The results also include 56 children from neighbouring countries  ( 20 children in Bama, 7 in Mobbar, and 29 in Ngala ) ; of all the 56 children measured, 4 were in the red category with 43 in the green category and the remaining 9 in the yellow category. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted in the treatment programme.
Throughout 2018, armed attacks persisted across the Lake Chad Basin region, targeting civilians, including displaced populations and their sites, towns and villages. Despite evolution of security conditions in significant areas in North East Nigeria under Government control, conditions in most affected areas are not yet conducive for the return of Nigerian refugees and IDPs and displacement of populations continues to take place.
Ongoing hostilities in all affected countries, as well as the absence of basic services, have created acute humanitarian and protection risks for those impacted by the crisis, including refugees, internally displaced persons  ( IDPs ) , returnees and local communities. Renewed efforts are needed to support duty bearers in ensuring the protection of the affected populations.
As the crisis enters its ninth year, the situation of displacement has become a protracted one. Ongoing hostilities, pre existing social and climatic conditions and resources and governance constraints, continue to have a negative impact on affected populations, exacerbating humanitarian and protection needs. Many people remain inaccessible to humanitarian actors due to insecurity, particularly in Nigeria's Borno and Zamfara States, and border areas of Cameroon and Niger.
Widespread insecurity throughout the Lake Chad Basin and the threat of attacks pose security and protection risks for all civilians, including refugees, IDPs, returnees and host communities. These include both the threat of infiltration by armed elements in refugee and IDP hosting areas as well as physical attacks on civilians. NSAG's attacks on civilians continue in north eastern Nigeria and areas affected by the conflict in Chad, Cameroon and Niger. Civilians are at risk of targeted and indiscriminate armed attacks, abductions and forced recruitment.
Boko Haram has directly targeted children as part of its insurgency strategy, including child recruitment and use in combat and support roles, destruction of schools, abduction of girls and boys and subjection of girls to forced marriage and rape. Almost half of all children casualties resulted from suicide attacks perpetrated by Boko Haram, including the use of children as carriers of person borne improvised explosive devices, three quarters of which were girls.
Trials in Nigeria are proceeding mainly under the Terrorism Prevention Amendment Act  ( 2013 )  which exclude all sexual crimes. In 2018, the Nigeria National Human Rights Commission  ( NHRC )  constituted a Special Investigations Panel on Alleged Human Rights Violations in North East Nigeria  ( NHRC SIP )  and invited public submissions on allegations of human rights violations committed in North East Nigeria, including sexual violence against IDPs, lack of investigations, sexual exploitation of women and girls in exchange for food and security, and discrimination and violence against women and girls returning from Boko Haram captivity  ( pejoratively called “Boko Haram wives' ) .
In northern and central Nigeria, Fulani militants continue to engage in an aggressive land grabbing policy. They seek to replace diversity and difference with a monochrome ideology  ( similar to Boko Haram's )  that is imposed with violence on those who refuse to comply. Thousands of Christians have been killed since the insurgency began.
Overall, malaria accounts for more than half of all deaths recorded in North East Nigeria compared to other causes including cholera, measles and hepatitis E. The seasonal malaria chemoprevention campaign being currently implemented at this auspicious time aims at maintaining an adequate level of antimalarial medicine concentration in targeted children in order to kill any malaria parasites during this period of high malaria transmission.
As of 2018, an estimated 198 million Nigerians were at risk of malaria, 57.3 million malaria cases were estimated to have occurred along with 81,640 deaths. This translated to 25% of global malaria cases being found in Nigeria and the country accounting for 19% of global deaths. Although life threatening, malaria is preventable and curable. With increased collaborative efforts to prevent the disease, the malaria burden can drastically be reduced and eventually eliminated in line with one of SDG 3's target of having it eliminated by 2030.
While communicable diseases remain the primary cause of death in Nigeria, the country is currently facing an increase in the burden of NCDs with premature mortality from NCDs estimated at 22%. According to the 2018 WHO country profile, NCDs accounted for an estimated 29% of all deaths in Nigeria with cardiovascular diseases as the primary cause of NCD related death  ( 11% )  followed by cancers  ( 4% ) , chronic respiratory diseases  ( 2% )  and diabetes  ( 1% ) . Other NCDs in Nigeria include Sickle Cell Disease, Deafness and Hearing loss, Blindness, Violence and Injury including Road Traffic Crashes, Oral Health including Noma and Disability.
Within the period of 22   28 July, a total of 2,967 movements were recorded, including 2,297 arrivals and 670 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Biu, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state and locations in Girei, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Askira Uba, Bama, Chibok and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno state and locations in Demsa, Fufore, Madagali and Mubi South LGAs of Adamawa state.
Across Borno, Adamawa and Yobe  ( BAY )  states in north east Nigeria, an estimated 53 per cent of the total population of 13.4 million people require humanitarian assistance in 2019. About 13 per cent of the total population are IDPs representing a quarter of the people in need of humanitarian assistance in 2019. At the start of the conflict in 2009, non state armed groups  ( NSAGs )  targeted all six states in the north east region, with Borno becoming the worst affected State and epicenter of the humanitarian crisis that has now entered its tenth year. About 35,0001 people have been killed in the BAY states since 2009, of which 80 per cent are in Borno state only.
The North Central and North West states of Nigeria have been witnessing large scale population displacement caused by a spurt in criminal activities, such as kidnappings and attacks by herdsmen, as well as communal clashes. According to an assessment conducted by the Displacement Tracking Matrix  ( DTM )  unit of the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM ) , as of 22 July 2019, an estimated 238,102 individuals were displaced in the two regions. The affected North Central region includes the states of Benue, Plateau, Kaduna and Nasarawa, Katsina, Kano and Zamfara states in the North West region
Benue state, which hosts 81,132 IDPs, is the most affected state in the North Central region, followed by Nasarawa state, which hosts 17,114 IDPs. In both these states, displacement was induced by communal clashes. The State Emergency Management Agency  ( SEMA )  estimated the number of displaced persons within Benue state to be over 400,000 individuals in 2018. According to responses by key informants, peace has been restored in some of the locations previously affected by the clashes while some of the affected persons have returned to their places of origin to repair their affected buildings and resume farming. Displacements in Plateau has forced about 15,981 IDPs out of their homes since 2013 and they have taken refuge in camps and host communities within the state.
Kaduna state recorded 13,486 IDPs. While most of the displacement has occurred within the region, the state is also accommodating IDPs from other regions, namely Borno state  ( North East ) , from which IDPs were displaced by an insurgency; Zamfara state  ( North West ) , where IDPs fled as a result of clashes between herders and farmers, and Adamawa state  ( Northeast )  following communal clashes
As of 22 July 2019, an estimated 110,389 persons have been displaced in the Zamfara, Katsina and Kano states of North West region. These displacements were triggered by a recent rise in criminal acts by armed bandits in Katsina and Zamfara and communal clashes in Kano. The total number of IDPs in Zamfara state has increased by 31% from 38,113 to 54,860 persons displaced as a result of violent crimes in the state where the villagers were attacked, kidnapped and killed. It has also been reported that their properties were stolen and their houses were burnt down.
Based on the assessment carried out in Katsina state, the total number of IDPs displaced so far has increased by 62% from 16,257 to 42,596 IDPs. The displacements are a result of the recent hostilities by armed bandits in some LGAs in Katsina, namely: Batsari, Bakori, Dandume, Fastari, Funtua, Jibia, Kankara, Malumfashi and Safana. The bandits reportedly raid these communities, stole their livestock and possessions, kidnapped, killed the victims and set their homes ablaze.
A greater percentage of the displaced population have no means of livelihood, most of the IDPs are in need of cash to pay their house rents, clothes and psychosocial support especially for those in Zamfara and Katsina state. There is a need for family reunifications as families have been reportedly separated on account of movement following attacks. Many of the displaced persons do not wish to return to their place of origin because of fear of attack.
In Nigeria, 17 states have been affected including: Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Osun, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe and Zamfara states. The viruses isolated from most of the states are genetically linked to the outbreak in Jigawa that was reported on 13 October 2018, though separate cVDPV2 were detected in Borno and Sokoto states. As of 22 July 2019, 50 samples from the environment have tested positive for cVDPV2 while the virus has been isolated from the stool samples of 23 children who presented with acute flaccid paralysis  ( AFP )  or in healthy community contacts. The last case of wild polio virus  ( WPV )  was reported in Borno state in August 2016.
Pockets of attacks in the Northeast continue to affect farming activities and access to sources of income. Food prices continue to increase as the lean season progresses. Households are engaging in negative coping strategies to access food needs or are meeting food consumption gaps, leading to Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  and Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  outcomes. Hard to reach and inaccessible areas are likely facing worse outcomes than neighboring accessible areas, likely facing an elevated risk of famine.
Now in its ninth year, the humanitarian crisis in north east Nigeria remains one of the most severe in the world resulting in widespread displacement, destruction of livelihoods and disruption of basic services hence negatively affecting access to health, clean water, adequate nutrition, food security and livelihoods. This has resulted in families being highly dependent on humanitarian assistance. OCHA reports that 7.7 million people need lifesaving assistance with 6.1 million people targeted in 2018 and 1.6 million internally displaced.
The past months have seen a growing need for the rapid delivery of humanitarian goods and services including shelter, essential household goods, health and nutrition, provision of food and access to water, sanitation and education. UNICEF also continues to engage with civilian and military authorities to advocate on protection, including the swift release of women and children from military detention to enable them access humanitarian support.
Restrictions on road movement imposed by military authorities are also hampering the movement of humanitarian supplies, which are currently only able to be transported to Damboa once every three weeks. In Monguno, construction has started on the new camp, which is expected to provide shelter for thousands who are sleeping in the open   but there is still need for additional space to significantly decongest existing camps. In addition, there has been no progress on the identification of any additional land for Maiduguri, which has also received tens of thousands of IDPs in the last few months. High level advocacy with the government and military counterparts is needed to resolve these challenges.
The total number of cases reported as at 24th July, 2019 stands at 385, with 4 deaths  ( CFR=1.04% ) . Yola North has 223 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.89 % ) ; Girei has 132 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.76 % )  Yola South has 29 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 3.45 % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0% ) . So far, 143 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
Within the period of 15   21 July, a total of 1,390 movements were recorded, including 1,140 arrivals and 250 departures. Arrivals were recorded at loca�ons in Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Damboa, Gwoza, Mafa, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state and loca�ons in Girei, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi South, Numan, Song and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Bama, Damboa and Kala Balge LGAs of Borno state and loca�ons in Demsa, Hong, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South and Numan LGAs of Adamawa state
Bama: 128 arrivals and 13 departures were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno state. These include 45 arrivals from Mora in Cameroon, 20 arrivals from Kofa Maiduguri ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council and 63 arrivals from Abbaram, Dara Jimel, Kote and Buduwa wards and were tracked at Shehuri/Hausari/Mairi ward of Bama LGA. The 13 departures were all from the Banki IDP camp who relocated to the host community in Boduwa/Bula Chirabe ward of Bama LGA. 53% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to military opera�on and 62% relocated voluntarily. The departures were all voluntary.
An exhaus�ve nutri�on screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutri�on mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema was conducted by Nutri�on Sector partners for 187 children of 6 59 months. Of the 187 children screened, the MUAC reading was: 3 children  ( 1 from inaccessible and 2 from accessible area )  were in the Red category, 17 were in the Yellow category and 167 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 6 LGAs
Between 8 14 July 2019, 599 individuals  ( 154 households )  arrived at the Arabic Village Camp in the Ngala Local Government Area  ( LGA ) ,  ( Borno State ) . Of these, 187 individuals  ( 48 households )  arrived from Rann  ( Kala/Balge LGA, Borno State ) , while 412 individuals  ( 106 households )  came from Maroua in neighbouring Cameroon.This follows the arrival of 376 individuals  ( 107 households )  in Ngala LGA during the week of 1 7 July 2019.
Gamawa said he saw the police shoot two women and two men and that the women were shot in the head. A local journalist said he saw 11 bodies of protesters who had been shot. The Shia movement also said that about 11 had died.
At least 30 members of the group were injured, Gamawa said. He said that in many cases, hospital staff wouldn't treat gunshot wounds unless the victims first presented a police report, to ensure the police are notified of gun incidents.
Hundreds of thousands of people are living in overcrowded displacement sites far below international minimum standards and without proper access to latrines and clean water. Some have put up shelters made of wooden sticks and pieces of ripped fabric. These improvised shelters provide no protection against wind or rain and offer almost no privacy or security. Many don't even have a door   leaving women, men and children highly vulnerable to intrusions and attacks.
People in Nigeria need safe pathways back to their homes and much better living conditions in the meantime. Displacement sites are dangerous, chaotic and entirely unsuitable for children. It is critical to decongest these overcrowded sites, provide people that have been forced to flee with safe, dignified facilities and prevent another deadly cholera outbreak," Batonon adds.
The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus and lasts 4 to 7 days. A runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck.
Most measles related deaths are caused by complications associated with the disease which include blindness, encephalitis  ( an infection that causes brain swelling ) , severe diarrhoea and related dehydration, ear infections, or respiratory infections such as pneumonia.
Measles is one of the world's most contagious diseases, with the potential to be extremely severe. In 2017, the most recent year for which estimates are available, measles caused approximately 110 000 deaths. Even in high income countries, complications result in hospitalization in up to a quarter of cases, and can lead to lifelong disability, from brain damage and blindness to hearing loss.
Measles is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. The virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours. It can be transmitted by an infected person from 4 days prior to the onset of the rash to 4 days after the rash erupts.
In May, more than 33,000 new arrivals were registered in Borno and Adamawa states, with 80 per cent of these being registered in Borno State. Displacement trends point to ongoing insecurity and military operations as the driving force of population movements, which lead to overcrowding in existing camps, camp like settings and reception centres. Lack of additional land to provide adequate shelter solutions continues to be a pressing challenge, with an estimated 81,385 internally displaced people sleeping out in the open or lacking proper shelter solutions. Humanitarian actors across sectors continue to advocate for the availability of additional land for the construction of shelters, especially as the rainy season progresses
Due to the ongoing conflict, the three states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe in the northeast Region of Nigeria are facing massive displacement of people, significant human, social and economic losses and food insecurity. The International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )  Displacement Tracking Matrix  ( DTM )  Round 25  ( October 2018 )   ( IOM, 2018 )  indicates that 2 026 602 people are internally displaced in northeast Nigeria, of which 1 475 605 or 71.5 percent are located in Borno State.