nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Recommendations : Accessible services such as child friendly spaces and child protection outreach for children and youth in all the sites, where girls haven't been allowed out of the home and boys are reported to have been doing extra hard work
In LASQUARAY, displacement has occured due to drought  ( 62% )  and conflict  ( 37% )
Conflict between insurgents and the FGS – supported by AMISOM and other forces – and conflict between clans over the control of land and resource management is expected to continue to periodically restrict humanitarian access, cause loss of life and assets, cause displacement, and disrupt trade and population movements.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  6% and 19% of households of IDP settlements and Non IDP settlement respectively reported areas in their community where boys or men do not feel safe.
Sixty percent of donor funding has been committed for the Somalia desert locust response. Control operations are planned, funded, and likely through September and will be limited to northern and western central Somalia due to insecurity.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Most commonly reported areas in the community where boys or men do not feel safe were On the way to markets  ( 71% ) , In the market  ( 70% )  and schools  ( 26% )
In Beletweyne town of Hiiraan, consecutive seasons of largescale displacement due to floods led to long periods in which they could not participate in productive livelihood activities, and the loss of productive assets has eroded their coping capacity
More broadly, the COVID 19 pandemic and erratic gu planting season have led to significant reductions in both agricultural and causal labor income among poor urban and IDP households. Households who rely on casual urban labor and small scale self employment – tea kiosk vendors and grocers – or remittances and gifts from kin have been particularly affected
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  100% of Households of IDP settlements have not been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection.
In terms of new or temporary displacement, the scale of displacement due to the 2020 gu floods  ( 412,000 )  is comparable to the number of people displaced during the 2019 deyr floods  ( 363,000 people ) . Of the 240,000 people displaced by the gu floods in Beletweyne town and surrounding riverine villages in Hiiraan, 181,000 that sheltered in the outskirts of Beletweyne town have since returned to their homes. Additionally, conflict related displacement from January to May 2020  ( 131,144 people )  rose by 60 percent compared to the same period of 2019.
Conflict and weather hazards continue to be the primary drivers of population displacement across Somalia in 2020. According to UNCHR, approximately 2.6 million people are internally displaced in a protracted situation in Somalia as of April.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  78% of Households of non IDP settlements have not been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection while 8% of Households of non IDP settlements have been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection.
According to data collected by ACLED, the number of conflict events in Somalia in the first six months of 2020 is similar to the number of conflict events recorded in 2019  ( +2 percent )  and similar to conflict recorded over the preceding five years  (  1 percent )
In most agropastoral and riverine areas in southern Somalia, labor demand and wage rates have atypically declined due to the floods and the early end of the gu rains. The declining wage combined with high maize prices is driving a decline in the labor to cereal terms of trade, such as in Beletweyne, Qorioley, and Bu'aale markets, a key metric for poor households' purchasing powe
Locally and regionally produced cereal prices exhibit mixed patterns from April to May in agropastoral markets. The maize supply is seasonally low, while the gu floods closed roads, increased transportation costs, and wreaked.
In agropastoral areas of Bay and Bakool, for example, crickets infested sorghum crops at the seedling stage, forcing farmers to re plant on a large scale. Additionally, ongoing conflict and insecurity in Lower Shabelle, Middle Juba, and Lower Juba caused some farmers to suspend farming activities altogether.
Increasing levels of infestation with localized damage to pasture is reported in Northern Inland Pastoral, East Golis Pastoral, and Hawd Pastoral regions. In central Somalia, a considerable presence of desert locust is reported in Hawd Pastoral and Addun Pastoral livelihood zones of Adaado, Galkayo, and Hobyo districts.
Although desert locust swarms have caused pasture damage in north central areas, rainfall has helped to regenerate pasture. As a result, pasture availability is above normal in northern and much of central Somalia
Crop production prospects are lowest in Southern Agropastoral livelihood zone of Gedo, where crop moisture stress has been most severe. In agropastoral areas adjacent to the coast, crop prospects will depend on the performance of the hagaa showers in July.
However, gu rainfall was poorly distributed over time, characterized by severe floods in late April/early May, a dry spell in May, and an early end to the season.
Southerly and southwesterly winds lowered the risk of desert locust infestation in Somalia, but heavy, early season rains and subsequent dry conditions facilitated atypically high pest incidence, such as crickets, in riverine and agropastoral areas.
Conditions are driest in parts of Lower and Middle Shabelle, where cumulative rainfall is less than 55 percent of normal in some areas.
In total, more than 2.6 million people are internally displaced – all of whom continue to face serious risks of marginalization, forced eviction and exclusion.
The FAO reports that 10,245 hectares  ( ha )  and 19,029 ha of land were treated in May and June, respectively, compared to a cumulative total of 1,812 ha from February to April. Despite the scale up in control operations, however, desert locusts continue to breed and remain a high threat to livestock production in pastoral areas and crop production in agropastoral areas.
The indirect effects of the pandemic on food security within Somalia are more visible, driven by the global economic downturn, supply chain disruptions in the Arabian Peninsula, and social distancing measures. International and local flight restrictions and port closures in Dubai disrupted import and export trade activities, while money vendors report steep declines in both external and internal remittances.
[ EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  The most commonly reported preferred types of remote learning modalities were School textbooks  ( 87%  ) , Basic writing materials  ( pen, paper )   ( 66% )  Reading materials  ( story books )   ( 33%  ) .
Further, the population's vulnerability to the direct health impacts of COVID 19 is very high, based on existing high acute malnutrition prevalence and poor access to health services and WASH infrastructure.
Climate change can also affect the dynamics of ongoing conflict. When climate change affects the availability of natural, human and other resources, armed groups adapt strategy and tactics accordingly. Al Shabaab has shown how armed groups under climate pressures can use tactics to protect their access to resources. Following the droughts of 2000 and 2004, the group seized parts of southern Somalia and extorted farmers, thereby generating income to finance their insurgency and further consolidating their strongholds in the region.
The impacts of years of climate threats such as poor rains, flash floods and water shortages have displaced thousands of people annually, and are likely to continue.
Migration and changes in mobility patterns can increase the risk of violent conflict in two interrelated ways. First, in areas severely affected by resource scarcities, large influxes of people can place additional burdens on the economic resource base, in turn increasing the risk of local resource conflicts. Second, migration and changing mobility patterns are particularly linked to violent conflict between communities that lack shared institutions for conflict resolution
Anticipatory preventive responses to climate related security risks, including environmental peacebuilding, can help to strengthen the resilience of IDPs and local communities – especially women and youth – and contribute to climate proofing governance, basic service provision and peace and security efforts.
Inadequate access to WASH services is a leading cause of Acute Diarrheal Diseases  ( ADD )  and malnutrition, especially where health services are too few and/or too distant  ( 23 per cent of non displaced and 35 per cent of IDPs do not have access to a health care facility ) .
For HNO planning, the Food Security Cluster is using an average projection of 3.5 million Somalis facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  and Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  food security conditions through 2021.
According to the 2019 Child Protection Assessment in Somalia report, 26 per cent of the respondents had noticed negative changes in the children's behaviour in the last three months. The changes manifested differently for boys and girls, even though the trend is similar. The most frequently cited change in girls was violence against younger children, reported by 49 per cent of the respondents, while the most commonly observed change in boys was more aggressive behaviour, reported by 51 per cent of respondents.
Households across all of Somalia remain in deep need, with many struggling to achieve the essential services and resources necessary to meet the basic requirements of life. Many displaced and non displaced Somali households face complex, co occurring, overlapping humanitarian needs that are mutually compounding and need to be addressed in tandem.
The other districts with the highest number of people at extreme risk of eviction are Garowe and Hargeisa, both over 40,000 people, whil Baidoa has the highest number of people at high risk of eviction with 186,000. At the same time land disputes remain one of the key triggers of armed violence both at individual and inter community level.
The Eviction Risk Mapping conducted under the leadership of Banaadir Regional Administration in May 2019 identified that 350,000 people are at high and 140,000 at extreme risk of evictions, especially those living in Deynile and Kaxda districts  ( including the Garasbaley area ) .
Findings from multi sectoral safety audits in 2019 indicate specific GBV risks for women and girls such as sexual harassment and rape. The main causes are inadequate fencing of IDP camps, poor shelters constructed with inappropriate and light housing materials  ( e.g. dump cloths, plastic sheets and sticks ) , poor lighting, lack of private spaces for sleeping, over crowding, and faulty solar lanterns and torches. Despite reported improvement of latrine locations, 85 per cent of the sites assessed did not have separate latrines for women and men .
During the first two quarters of 2019, over half of reported GBV incidents were physical assault  ( 59 per cent )  followed by rape  ( 14 per cent ) , sexual assault  ( 12 per cent ) , psychological/emotional abuse  ( 7 per cent ) , denial of resources  ( 5 per cent ) , and forced/early marriage  ( 3 per cent )  . During the period there was also an increase of cases of deaths caused by rape and female genital mutilation in Galkayo. Intimate partner violence remains predominant among reports by GBV survivors.
Reporting of rape against adolescents and children in the context of displacement, increased militarization and weak formal and informal protection systems has increased. Other risks of conflict related violence include sexual slavery, forced marriages and forced pregnancies by parties to conflict . A total of 110 cases of conflict related sexual violence have been documented in 2019 .
Sustained armed violence and the existing volatile and complex security situation make Somalia a hostile environment for children resulting into death, injuries, displacement and destruction of property including schools, hospitals, hotels etc. Throughout 2018 and 2019 Somalia has continued to experience indiscriminate attacks, political assassinations and increased cases of IEDs targeting both civilians and government installations. The situation has also been aggravated by recurrent clan clashes which continue to threaten the safety and wellbeing of boys and girls facing increased risks of violence.
The social stigma and rejection associated with being sexually abused has a negative psychosocial impact on the girl survivors, who are rejected by their own families and community and are labelled prostitutes. Some of the girl survivors are forced to flee their villages. The situation is further exacerbated when girls get pregnant, as this implies shame to the family and a high possibility that they will not marry. The resulting stress sometimes forces girls to commit suicide .
Many IDP households have faced a steady depletion of assets and increase in negative coping mechanisms, culminating in severe conditions with regards to their food insecurity, malnutrition, disease outbreaks, water and hygiene conditions, and critical protection concerns
The drought induced crisis is likely to impact the ability of women and girls at risk  ( and GBV survivors )  to access services. COVID19 restriction caused a shrinking of services with closure of services sites, reduced mobility of women and girls to access GBV services, and reluctance of service providers  ( especially Shelter providers )  to continue to provide services due to fear of COVID19 infection.
As of 1 July 2019, CTFMR figures indicate that a total of 819 children including 8 girls were recruited by armed forces and groups in various areas, compared to 1381  ( 34 girls )  in the same period in 2018. However, the actual number is believed to be much higher. In general, the most common method of recruitment of children between seven and 17 years of age is persuasion by local leaders, relatives or parents to join armed forces or groups  ( 46 per cent ) , forceful removal from their homes by armed groups  ( 40 per cent )  and forceful removal from schools  ( 16 per cent ) .
At the international level, IDPs enjoy the same rights as other people in their country, as covered in the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement , which reflect international human rights law and humanitarian law
Persistent violations of children's rights continue to be a critical concern in Somalia as children and adolescents are often targets of killing and maiming, abduction, recruitment into armed forces or armed groups, detention, and sexual and physical violence. Armed groups attack schools or hospitals and deny children access to humanitarian assistance. From January to June 2019, the Country Task Force on Monitoring and Reporting  ( CTFMR )  verified and documented. 1,473 cases  ( 1,272 boys and 201 girls )  of violence against children, with abduction and recruitment/use of children accounting for 41 per cent and 55 per cent of the overall number of children affected.
Between January and October2019 220,250 people were forcibly evicted, most of them in Banaadir and Baidoa  ( HLP ) . Despite some efforts undertaken by municipal authorities, many IDPs live under the constant threat of eviction from their settlements, with no options for adequate relocation to areas with land tenure security.
About 884,000 people live in districts which are currently mostly under the control of armed groups or are directly exposed to the effect of armed conflicts  ( see protection severity map, districts scored 5 ) . Another 2.3 million people in need, including 1.6 million displaced, people live in districts hosting large number of IDPs  ( both in total and compared to the local population ) , including people displaced in 2019, and where conflict related risks for physical safety and insecurity remain very high, including child recruitment, deaths and injuries, and sexual violence.
[ MUTLI SECTORAL NEEDS ]  The highest percentage of households per MSNI severity score, per population group for IDP settlement was 65% for extreme and lowest was 0% for stress and no or minimal. Similarly highest percentage of households per Protection LSG severity score, per population group for Non IDP settlement was 58% for extreme and lowest was 0% for no or minimal..
In the Northeast, especially in Bari region, Cyclone Gati brought flash floods that caused livestock losses, damaged fishing equipment, and damaged road and water infrastructure.
Girls and boys remain particularly exposed to protection risks, such as violence, including GBV, armed group recruitment, exploitation and neglect. An estimated 480,000 people in need live with a disability stemming from physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments and, as a result, face serious risks of exploitation, ill treatment, neglect and stigmatization.
It is important that humanitarian actors must integrate and expand cash and voucher assistance for vulnerable women and girls and ensure that women and girls have access to material items such as dignity kits, reusable sanitary pads, solar lanterns for the protection of dignity
An estimated 2.7 million people are expected to be in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 ) . This projection does not take planned humanitarian food assistance into account due to limited information on confirmed funding and district level targeting
The Joint Multi Cluster Needs Assessment  ( JMCNA )  2020 found that roughly over half of all households reported at least two overlapping severe, critical or catastrophic sectoral needs, underscoring the need for inter sectoral integrated responses,
In Q4 2020, UNIDO highlighted that the TVET training manuals were finalized in the subjects of Packaging/Storage of Fruits and Vegetables, Fish Handling, Basics of Welding and Plumping. The expectation is to train more than 100 individuals in these areas. Furthermore, the manuals can be used for future reference and support in the development of these sectors by enhancing the capacity of human capital making the sectors competitive internationally, and in turn create jobs and economic growth.
The Nutrition Cluster estimates that the highest rates of acute malnutrition continue to be found in IDP sites, while 95% of all IDPs in need of humanitarian assistance are hosted in urban areas in informal sites.
Furthermore, UNIDO in collaboration with the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry at federal and state level through the network of Enterprise Development Unit  ( EDU )  conducted vocational training on how to manufacture protective face masks. As result, local tailors/textile companies were able to produce locally 1,500 masks and in turn providing income channel and create local jobs.
[ PRE EXISTING VULNERABILITIES ]  95% households reporting having been displaced for longer than one year
Small and Medium Enterprises  ( SMEs )  awareness campaign on COVID 19 prevention and awareness information sessions  ( April to August 2020 )  were organized to inform the local business community on ways the virus spread can be avoided. These initiatives have been reinforced through the distributing of 1,000 COVID19 prevention information materials in Somali language, to vulnerable Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises  ( MSMEs ) .
During the reporting period, 330 people were trained on entrepreneurship and business skills, more than 180 potential or existing entrepreneurs and another 185 female entrepreneurs in Mogadishu were supported. Some of the graduates received business start up grants and were linked to business associations to start and sustain small medium enterprise.
Twelve retailers in Kismayo received solar powered refrigerators with the capacity to store 30 cubic meters of fresh produce and were trained on post harvest loss reduction for fresh produce, e.g., of fruit and vegetables. With this support, the retailers reported sales of US$ 474,000 in 2020.Through the WFP e Shop mobile application  ( an e commerce solution ) , beneficiaries of WFP cash based transfers ordered items online for home delivery
1.68 M of people reached with critical WASH supplies  ( including hygiene items )  and services.
About 500 health staff and community volunteers were trained on COVID 19 infection prevention and control  ( IPC )  in Mudug, Bay, Bakool, Bari, Lower Juba and Banadir, Gedo Wanla Weyne, Marka and Afgooye districts while 13 health facilities in Gedo, Bay and Lower Shabelle regions had improved sanitation through construction of latrines and hand washing stations.
An analysis conducted of 144 IDP sites in April 2020 reveals that the average usable surface area per person is only 8 m² against a minimum of 45 m² per person for IDPs. According to this analysis, 237 IDP sites in different regions are at high risk for COVID 19 transmission and are in need of decongestion both at shelter and settlement levels. Decongestion measures include basic site planning and provision of NFI and emergency shelter. Over 580,000 individuals live in these sites who need shelter, NFI and infrastructure support.
The Gender Based Violence  ( GBV )  AoR partners mainstreamed initiatives to respond to COVID19 in project and activities for prevention of Gender Based Violence  ( GBV ) . The AoR worked with Food and Shelter clusters to promote Gender Based Violence  ( GBV )  mitigations in IDP camps and host communities. A total number of 117 coordinators benefitted from the workshops
Gaps & Constraints: Low reporting by male GBV survivors due to discriminatory social norms.
Gaps & Constraints: Stigmatization and victim shaming for reporting of Gender Based Violence  ( GBV )  cases.
Three Shelters in Somaliland, Mogadishu and Puntland were supported to ensure that they continue to admit GBV survivors in need of protection and services by providing orientation on safety protocols and linking them with Ministry of health for consideration for PPE
There is a very poor understanding of mental health by the general public which results in isolation and stigmatization. Mentally challenged people are stigmatized, discriminated and socially isolated.
In Gedo and especially in Dollow district, reports indicate that there has been unusual migration of pastoralists and communities into the neighboring Ethiopia in search of greener pastures. Although the Shabelle areas seem to be stable at the moment, irrigated farms in Hiran and Shabelle regions may be affected by low river levels and high tractor hour costs, which may impede cultivation of cereals and cash crops in Jilaal season.
Psychosocial support Pillar Actors trained 100 case workers on COVID 19 and protection, focusing on modalities of remote case management, psychosocial support, PSEA and GBV in Puntland and South West states; 96 health workers obtained basic psychosocial support skills for COVID 19 responders in Gaalkacyo and Banadir in the last quarter of 2020
Many areas remain challenging to be accessed for most of the Mental health and psychosocial support  ( MHPSS )  actors and this was further aggravated during the onset of COVID 19 since March 2020 along with ongoing issues on displacement and violence, poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse. Mental health and psychosocial support services in Somalia are already insufficient in terms of facilities and geographical coverage for addressing the needs of the country
Meanwhile, SAM prevalence has increased among IDP children to 39,000 children under 5, while an estimated 184,000 children and 39,000 pregnant and lactating women are facing Moderate Acute Malnutrition  ( MAM ) .
In coordination with state MOHs, IOM provided incentives to 32  ( 21 males and 11 females )  Points of Entry  ( POEs )  health screeners and Regional Coordinators to offer health screening at the priority Points of Entry  ( POEs )  in Jubaland  ( from Kismayo, Doolow, Dhobley )  and Southwest State  (  Baidoa and Xudur )  between 15 October and 31 December 2020
To equip selected Points of Entry  ( POEs ) in coordination with the relevant authorities  ( State ministry of health, independent and airport authorities ) , IOM supported the procurement of PPEs/ IPC materials in line with the available funding. Seven states were supported with the PPEs, IPC materials and equipment.
Risk Communication and Community Engagement  ( RCCE )  messaging in form of IEC materials integrated with mental health and psychosocial support messages reached more than 10,000 children.
311 Persons infected by COVID 19 and their caregivers.176,217 Persons reached through Mental health and psychosocial support  ( MHPSS )  activities related to COVID 19
Further PCR testing capacity was developed in five other locations throughout the country and eight tuberculosis centres with GeneXpert testing capabilities were supplied with COVID 19 testing cartridges and were able to provide a back up option.
During the projection period  ( April to June 2021 ) , the food insecurity is expected to deteriorate for most population groups due to multiple risk factors. Through mid 2021, around 2.7 million people across Somalia are expected to face food consumption gaps or depletion of livelihood assets indicative of IPC Phase 3 or above conditions, in the absence of humanitarian assistance.
In collaboration with the Ministry of Health  ( MoH ) , IOM supported the training of 167 frontline health workers and border officials/screeners on COVID 19 screening on detection and referrals at selected Points of Entry  ( POEs ) .
The protection rights and needs of an estimated 3.2 million people, of whom 64 percent are children, and 48 percent are women and girls, are affected by armed conflict, violence and destitution triggered by climatic shocks, including prolonged drought conditions and floods. People in need of protection include households with a significant proportion of persons with heightened vulnerability such as people with disabilities, medical conditions, children, older people or pregnant/ lactating women.
[ PRE EXISTING VULNERABILITIES ]  6% households with a vulnerable primary income earner
The lack of protection from violence, abuse and neglect remains a key consequence of the current humanitarian crisis in Somalia for up to 3.2 million people. Out of those, two million are living in displacement and 1.2 million people belong to host communities. Whether directly exposed to armed conflicts or violence, or the destitution resulting from climatic shocks, affected communities face serious risks to their physical safety and integrity, and access to their rights.
[ PRE EXISTING VULNERABILITIES ]  41% households with at least one pregnant and/or lactating woman.
Desert locust infestations, which have mostly affected northern and central regions since late 2019, have expanded in southern Somalia since October 2020. The southward movements and breeding of desert locusts coincided on both planting and harvesting periods of the Deyr season crops. Despite ongoing control operations which are reducing the impact, desert locusts have caused significant damage to 2020 Deyr season cereal and non cereal  ( cash )  crop production in northern, central and southern regions.
Against a backdrop of increasing needs, Somalia remains one of the most insecure countries in the world to operate in, particularly for aid workers, impacting on humanitarian's ability to reach those in need. Humanitarian partners face multiple obstacles to the delivery of assistance across Somalia, including active hostilities and access challenges.
Rural populations also appear to have a worse nutrition situation in comparison to urban dwellers, with the exception of Belet Weyne showing an increase of GAM rates  ( 17.4 per cent )  compared to 14.3 per cent in similar period 2018 .
Between 1 January and 31 December 2020, 255 incidents impacting humanitarian operations were recorded in which 15 humanitarian workers were killed, 12 injured, 24 abducted and 14 detained or temporarily arrested. By comparison, 151 incidents were recorded for the whole of 2019.
Children under the age of five and pregnant and lactating women and girls  ( PLWG's )  are among the most vulnerable people in the event of humanitarian crises, being particularly susceptible to micronutrient deficiencies and risk of malnutrition in the first 1,000 days of life. Although data collection for the 2019 micronutrient survey is still ongoing, previous surveys undertaken indicated a high level of micronutrient deficiencies among women  ( 41.5 per cent iron deficiency )  and children below five years  ( 59.3 per cent anaemia )  .
Further, consistencies in sustaining momentum to address underlying causes of malnutrition combined with the improved coverage of prevention activities have led to significant gains in malnutrition treatment. During January August 2019, nutrition cluster partners collectively have admitted and treated 154,126 new cases of SAM and 239,332 new cases of MAM.
A further 832,000 pregnant and lactating women are estimated to need nutrition assistance. Poor nutrition conditions amongst both these population groups are the result of both shock and underlying factors, with conflict, political instability, displacement and changing climate conditions continuing to put immense pressure on access to basic services and intensifying exposure to nutritional deprivations
This  ( immense pressure on health services )  includes sub optimal access to health services, poor childcare practices, seasonal food insecurity, limited access to potable water, and poor hygiene and sanitation practices. For example, the Joint Multi Cluster Needs Assessment conducted across Somalia shows that 73 per cent of households reported that at least one child was ill, with malaria being the most common condition reported, whilst 26 per cent of non displaced households and 41 per cent of IDP households reported inadequate access to water
Across Somalia, current estimates indicate that 1 in 10 children under the age of five are acutely malnourished with the median National GAM of 13.8 percent at Serious level, translating to 1.08M boys and girls of which 178,000 are affected by life threatening severely malnutrition while 830,000 are moderately malnourished
One in three people are or have been affected by mental health disorders in Somalia  ( WHO, 2016 ) , a rate higher than other low income and war torn countries. People with mental health disorders are stigmatized, discriminated against and socially isolated, and consequently, the burden of care is left to the family and local communities. People living with disabilities and special needs face profound vulnerability due to a lack of services and support.
The sustained availability of financial and human resources, essential drugs and medical supplies, and improved skills of health providers is required to improve outcomes.
The risk of childhood mortality is highest in the neonatal period, accounting for approximately 45 per cent of deaths among children under age five.
Integrated services and outreach  ( mobile )  delivery have the advantage of being more convenient and accessible to affected people, while also being more efficient and cost effective.
Internally Displaced Persons  ( IDPs ) : The growing number of IDPs due to drought, conflict and lack of livelihoods is one of the major humanitarian challenges in Somalia. Between January and July 2019, these factors contributed to the displacement 240,000 people across the country. Displacements were more significant in southern Somalia  ( main departure regions are Lower Shabelle, Bay and Bakool; main arrival regions are Bay, Bakool and Banadir ) . Acute food insecurity and malnutrition is high among IDPs who have lost their means of livelihood.
an estimated 2.1 million Somalis in Crisis and Emergency  ( IPC Phases 3 & 4 )  who face significant consumption gaps. An additional 4.2 million Somalis are Stressed  ( IPC 2 )  – the highest IPC 2 prevalence ever recorded in Somalia – and are engaging in negative coping strategies to meet their food and non food needs.
Attendance rates continue to be lower than enrolment rates, with 29 per cent of girls and 35 per cent of boys reportedly attending school for more than 3 days per week in the three months prior to data collection . Low attendance is attributed to a variety of factors such as poor quality of education, including lack of appropriate learning facilities, no or minimal learning materials, untrained teachers and overcrowded classrooms. The latest EMIS report for the southern and central regions indicates that only 35 per cent of the assessed primary school teachers are qualified. The EMIS report also shows that at primary level the pupil textbook ratio in some regions is as poor as 1:74 .
A significant proportion of IDPs are poor and have moderate to large food consumption gaps. Some of the urban poor across Somalia who struggle to make ends meet also have moderate to large food consumption gaps. For both groups  ( i.e. IDPs and urban poor ) , the socio economic impacts of COVID 19 were a factor  ( decline in remittances, increased food prices, decline in employment and income earning opportunities in urban areas )
Health outbreaks disproportionally affect people living in congested, informal displacement sites as lack of sanitation facilities, poor hygiene practices and severe gaps in accessing food aggravate the risk of communicable diseases.
In riverine livelihoods of southern Somalia, recurrent floods during the 2020 Deyr season have inundated farmland, destroyed planted crops, and displaced populations, leading to a decline in crop harvests and loss of agricultural employment opportunities. Consequently, a significant proportion of poor households in riverine livelihoods have moderate to large food consumption gaps.
While education partners are increasingly focusing on the specific needs of girls, the Education Cluster Children's Voices survey conducted with 1,290 school children in seven regions in May 2019 showed that in schools where partners are responding, 46 per cent of the girls do not receive sanitary materials, 36 per cent of the children reported that their schools do not have hand washing facilities, 15 per cent of the children reported that their schools do not have gender segregated latrines and 67 per cent of the children reported that their schools do not have a girl friendly space.
The 2016 Somalia Education Baseline Report found that in southern and central regions 62 per cent of schools do not have latrines and 73 per cent of schools do not have access to safe drinking water
[ SHELTER & NON FOOD ITEMS  ( SNFI )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Three most commonly reported types of housing, land and property  ( HLP )  dispute reported by households were Disputes about rent  ( including payment )   ( 11% ) , Rules on housing and land not clear  ( 9%  ) , Disputed ownership  ( 12% ) .
The protracted crisis in Somalia has contributed to reinforcing the existing social norms and values towards gender inequality and greatly contributes to the vulnerability of children. Girls in particular consistently face greater challenges accessing education. While the gender parity for enrolment at primary school level is 0.91  ( 1 is equal enrolment )  it drops to 0.83 at the secondary level .
Out of the 1.37 million in need 978,283 are children from non displaced families and 396,987 are children from displaced families. Despite the lower caseload, IDP children are more likely to be at risk of not accessing education with 37 per cent of displaced children in need compared to 25 per cent of non displaced children. It is estimated the 206,000 of these children are living with some form of disability. The regions with the highest proportion of school aged children in need of humanitarian assistance are in southern areas.
Targeting of and hostility towards service providers due to heightened political tension in Q4 of the year resulted in fear among service providers which limited their ability to provide services. The need for valid data and stronger legal framework for the protection of women and girls from violence is also a hindrance to proper targeting for Gender Based Violence  ( GBV )  programming and service provision.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Five most commonly reported illnesses or injuries household members of non IDP settlements had in the past two weeks prior to data collection were fever ( 15% ) , Diarrhea  ( 2% ) , skin infections  ( 1% ) , Cough with fast or difficult breathing  ( 4% ) .
The crisis in Somalia has two primary drivers, conflict and natural disasters. According to the Protection Return Monitoring Network  ( PRMN ) , 300,000 people were displaced in Somalia between January and August 2019, of whom 141,000 were displaced due to conflict and 112,000 due to drought . Of the people displaced in this time frame, an estimated 108,000  ( 40 per cent )  were school aged children.
Poor IDP living conditions in informal sites: The majority of IDPs settle in informal and unplanned settlements where living conditions are poor and forced eviction is a common threat. Sites are overcrowded which increases the risk of floods, fire, disease outbreaks and GBV and child rights violations. There is a need to identify and rectify threats to health and safety and ensure a minimum level of services such as sanitation and adequate shelter to reduce security and protection concerns that particularly increase protection risks for women, girls, people with disabilities and other vulnerable populations.
An estimated 360,000 of people in IDP sites are persons with various disabilities and 48 per cent are women. Marginalized clans and vulnerable groups such as women and people with disabilities are reported to be particularly affected and at risk of discrimination. Persons with disabilities face several barriers such as separation from family members, loss of assistive devices, as well as limited access to information and humanitarian assistance during displacement to informal and unplanned settlements.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  7% and 5% of households of IDP settlements and Non IDP settlement reported gender based violence  ( GBV )  related incidents against anybody in their community in the 30 days prior to data collection.
The FGS, FMS and international partners should improve their capacity to track and analyse climate related livelihood and food security impacts so as to be better prepared to take early coordinated anticipatory preventive responses to manage emerging climate related security risks
[ PRE EXISTING VULNERABILITIES ]  60% households reporting relying on unstable income sources to meet basic needs.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  The main drivers of health LSGs were found to be Households with at least one member who had been ill in the two weeks prior to data collection and it taking more than one hour to reach the nearest healthcare facility by foot  ( 0% )  ,Households with women of reproductive age  ( 15 49 years old )  who had given a life birth in the two years prior to data collection without having been attended by skilled health personnel  ( 4% )  , Households that do not have access to a functional healthcare facility within 1 hour walking distance  ( 1% ) .
[ NUTRITION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Among households of IDP settlements with children , 19% households reporting having access to mobile nutrition team able to assess for malnutrition in the 6 months prior to data collection . While among households of non IDP settlements with children , 14% households reporting having access to mobile nutrition team able to assess for malnutrition in the 6 months prior to data collection.
Somali federal and regional security forces unlawfully detained children for alleged ties with armed groups, undermining government commitments to treat children primarily as victims. The government failed to put in place child rights compliant justice measures.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  53% of Households of non IDP settlements have not been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection while 30% of Households of non IDP settlements have been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection.
[ WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE  ( WASH )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Most commonly reported problems related to accessing sanitation facilities by households of non  IDP settlement were Lack of sanitation facilities  ( latrines/toilets )  / facilities too crowded  ( 33% ) ,Sanitation facilities  ( latrines/toilets )  are not functioning or full  ( 45% ) .
[ WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE  ( WASH )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  94% of the household found with WASH living Standard Gap  ( LSG ) . 8% found to be very extremely+ severe, 29% extreme severe, 57% severe, 4% stress, 2% no or minimal.
Most affected people  ( 61 per cent )  see employment opportunities as scarce, especially in Puntland and Somaliland. Respondents who live in urban areas report having better access to employment opportunities than those in rural areas, while IDPs feel the least able to access employment opportunities. Only 42 per cent feel that aid has been stable over the past 18 months, a decrease since the last GTS  ( Global Trade Services )  report in 2018.
While 80 per cent of affected people surveyed by GTS  ( Global Trade Services )  feel their opinions are considered by aid providers, almost two thirds  ( 63 per cent )  do not know how to make suggestions or complaints about the aid they receive. Male respondents feel more informed than female respondents: 33 per cent of women and 43 per cent of men say they know how to make suggestions or complaints. Over the last three years, there has been a steady decrease in the proportion of people who say they know how to make a complaint – from 49 per cent in 2017 to 44 per cent in 2018 and 37 per cent in 2019
[ WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE  ( WASH )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Most commonly reported coping mechanisms used to deal with limited availability of water by household of non  IDP settlement were Rely on less preferred  ( unimproved/untreated )  water sources for drinking water  ( 29% ) , Rely on surface water for drinking water  ( 18% ) .
Land in Somalia is contaminated by landmines and explosive remnants of war  ( ERWs ) , particularly in districts bordering Ethiopia. In areas exposed to armed operations or violence, ERWs and the use of IEDs puts the physical safety of civilians at considerable risk. Men and children are particularly exposed. As of June 2019, UNMAS recorded 32 victims of ERWs and 851 victims of IEDs.
Child recruitment into armed forces or groups has also increased in 2019. During the period between January and August, a total of 1,003 children, including 18 girls, were reported to have been recruited. AS is responsible for 77 per cent of child recruitment, as the group sustains its recruitment drive by forcing clan elders and parents to provide children in lieu of cash based tax. The Report of the Secretary General on Children and Armed Conflict 2019 states that in 2018, 2,300 children  ( 72 girls )  in Somalia were recruited and/or used mainly by non state armed groups; that 331 children  ( 328 girls )  reported sexual violence and 1,609 children  ( 130 girls )  were abducted. In addition, 781 boys and 260 girls were killed and maimed, with most child casualties resulting from crossfire, targeted killings, aerial bombardments, IEDs and suicide attacks.
Armed operations between governmental armed forces, their allies, and AS resumed in Lower Shabelle in April 2019, triggering significant displacement in the area. In 2019, 110 cases of conflict related sexual violence were documented through monitoring, analysis, and reporting arrangements  ( MARA )  on conflict related sexual violence, and monitoring and reporting mechanisms  ( MRM )  for grave violations against children in armed conflict
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  54% of Households of IDP settlements have not been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection while 41% of Households of IDP settlements have been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection. Similarly, 43% of Households of non IDP settlements have not been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection while 54% of Households of non IDP settlements have been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection.
On 28 March, the ban on international flights into Somalia is extended.
Need to increase awareness on concepts surrounding Mental health and psychosocial support  ( MHPSS )  and installation of basic services that can be accessed at community level.
[ NUTRITION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  14% of households of IDP populations score 4  ( extreme ) Nutrition Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG )  severity score and 46% score 3 (  severe )  Nutrition Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG )  severity score . Similarly, 13% of households of non IDP populations score 4  ( extreme ) Nutrition Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG )  severity score and 35% score 3  (  severe )  Nutrition Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG )  severity score .
[ WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE  ( WASH )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  The highest percentage of households per WASH LSG severity score, per population group for IDP settlement was 43% for severe and extreme . Similarly highest percentage of households per WASH LSG severity score, per population group for Non IDP settlement was 51% for severe and lowest was 1% for no or minimal.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  The main drivers of health LSGs were found to be Households with at least one member who had been ill in the two weeks prior to data collection and it taking more than one hour to reach the nearest healthcare facility by foot  ( 2% )  ,Households with women of reproductive age  ( 15 49 years old )  who had given a life birth in the two years prior to data collection without having been attended by skilled health personnel  ( 14% )  , Households that do not have access to a functional healthcare facility within 1 hour walking distance  ( 13% ) .
Forced evictions caused by private sector development initiatives have also been increasingly reported in 2019, and evictions from private land have increased on previous years. This not only undermines humanitarian interventions, but enhances protection risks for all vulnerable groups. IDPs in sites risk a loss of property due to accidental fire, flash floods and/or theft or extortion by armed groups often related to the private land owners.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  The main drivers of health LSGs were found to be households with women of reproductive age  ( 15 49 years old )  who had given a life birth in the two years prior to data collection without having been attended by skilled health personnel  ( 4% )  , Households that do not have access to a functional healthcare facility within 1 hour walking distance  ( 2% ) , Households with at least one member who had been ill in the two weeks prior to data collection and it taking more than one hour to reach the nearest healthcare facility by foot  ( 0% ) .
Over 2 million displaced people live in spontaneous settlements, usually in the outskirts of towns. These IDP sites do not currently offer adequate protection, with sites in sub standard condition and services distance, directly contributing to the risk of violence, especially GBV and child protection concerns.
The increase  ( the need for protection support )  has been driven by growing protection risks and aggravated by continued armed operations, communal violence, and the severe impact of climatic shocks  ( drought, floods ) . The humanitarian community continues to advocate for a stronger focus on protection principles in the provision of assistance.
The number of people in need of protection has increased since 2018. Currently, 3.7 million people are estimated to be in need of protection related support.
[ WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE  ( WASH )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Most commonly reported barriers to accessing water were water is too expensive ( 21% ) , Water points are difficult to reach  ( especially for people with disabilities )   ( 20% ) , fetching water is a dangerous activity  ( 9% ) .