nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
As a result of armed clashes, the protection of civilians is being increasingly threatened in Tripoli, by indiscriminate attacks as fighting spills over into new neighbourhoods. Almost 40 percent of the casualties were civilians killed in their own homes or on the road, or health workers trying to help vulnerable persons. Many of them were trying to access services or find routes to safety. The eruption of ground fighting further into other neighbourhoods in Tripoli would put the lives of thousands of civilians at risk, particularly where military operations occur in civilian neighbourhoods and buildings, or on busy road junctions or around vital services, putting the lives of civilians in harm's way. Safe routes for civilians to leave conflict areas were not available, due to armed groups, shelling and indiscriminate attacks while humanitarian access remains challenging.
Amidst the fighting, more than 400 prisoners managed to breakout of the Ain Zara prison. Prison guards were unable to prevent the prisoners from forcing the facility's doors open, according to a judiciary official.
Although tomato prices are usually lower in summer due to a rise in domestic production1 , their median price across Libya rose by 50% from June to July. The increase was particularly sharp in the south, which saw prices double since June.
In urban areas, 69% of surveyed households identified food as one their Top 3 priority needs, typically as second priority need after shelter. In informal settlements, the four main staples consumed by displaced IDPs were reported as bread, pasta, oil and sugar. Less than half the families at the site purchase food on credit and/or reduce their number of meals normally consumed. No households were reported to skip entire days without food intake.
The fatalities of last night join the more than 1,000 others who, in trying to reach safer shores this year, have paid this journey with their lives. In June 2018 alone, one person died for every seven who crossed the Central Mediterranean. Moreover, in 2018, 11,3801 refugees and migrants have been intercepted/rescued at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and disembarked in Libya.
UNHCR continues to implement quick impact projects  ( QIPs )  to support host communities, refugees and internally displaced persons in Libya. So far in 2018, UNHCR implemented 75 QIPs throughout Libya reaching an estimated population of 37,500 individuals affected by the crisis. To help internally displaced persons and returnees, UNHCR has provided local communities, municipalities, hospitals and schools with different support including school desks, computers, water tanks, solar street lights and waste management items. In the upcoming weeks, UNHCR is planning to support medical facilities in Benghazi.
MALI 39% of migrants departing Mali reported entering Libya through Niger and 35% entered directly through Algeria. The remaining 26% travelled through Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya. BURKINA FASO The routes taken by migrants departing Burkina Faso and travelling with group was different from the route taken by those who travelled alone. 94% of the surveyed migrants who departed Burkina Faso   who disclosed the routes taken   reported travelling to Libya with a group; 87% travelled directly via Niger and 7% reported crossing Mali and Niger to reach Libya. The remaining 6% reported travelling alone to Libya and they chose a different route, they travelled primarily to Mali and then to Algeria before entering Libya.
UNHCR provided two generators to Sabha's medical and laboratory centre. This intervention is intended to allow for consistent power supply to be available at these facilities. UNHCR's QIPs aim at strengthening social cohesion and promote peaceful coexistence between host communities and IDPs/returnees.
During the reporting period, 1,366 refugees and migrants were disembarked in Tajoura  ( 16 individuals ) , Al Khums  ( 387 individuals ) , Al Zawia  ( 114 individuals )  and at the Tripoli Naval Base  ( 849 individuals ) . The majority of the boats departed from areas between Al Khums and Garabuli. UNHCR has noted an increase in the number of Sudanese and South Sudanese trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea. UNHCR also observed an increase in the number of asylum seekers registered with UNHCR in Libya who are trying to cross the sea, reportedly due to the lack of solutions in the country. At the disembarkation points, UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  delivered urgent medical and humanitarian assistance to the survivors, before they were transferred to detention facilities by the authorities.
MSF says the survivors receiving treatment are mostly teenagers from Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia, who were attempting to seek asylum in Europe. They reported being sold between groups of human traffickers during their time in captivity, which lasted up to three years.
haracteristics of returnee households: • Most common current type of shelter among returnees: Original home
Access to Documentation continues to be one of the main concerns mainly in Misrata, where IDPs face increasing challenges/difficulties to issue documents related to birth/death registration, marriage registration, divorce registration, passports, etc. Access to the civil registrar office is reported by many IDPs who also reported denial from civil register offices to provide them with certificates and asked them to return to Benghazi to get civil documents. The only paper provided by the civil register offices is the family status certificate "العائله وضع شهادة.
Characteristics of IDP households: • Median number of times displaced since 2011: 2 • Percentage of assessed IDP households planning to leave their current location within 1 3 months: 1% • Most common reason for intended departure: Difficulty paying rent
Furthermore, secondary health care services including specialized consultations and surgeries were provided to 7,417 people and physical therapy, rehabilitation, provision of assistive devices as well as psychosocial support  ( PSS )  were provided to 1,491 people with disabilities  ( PWDs ) . In term of strengthening capacity of the health system, health sector conducted several trainings to 2,000 health workforce and provided equipment such as mechanical ventilators and refrigerators. In addition to emergency and primary health care services provided to migrants in detention centers, medical assistance was also provided in disembarkation points and during Sabrata Crisis, reaching respectively 3,106 and 5,198 people. Furthermore, 4,475 migrants benefited from anti scabies campaign in detention centers.
Medical care is mainly limited to what is provided by international NGOs. Some NGOs maintain clinics in a limited number of centers, but otherwise provide health care through site visits by their staff. One NGO representative told RI that the main health issues his staff members observe are “scabies and other skin diseases, pregnancies, and the lack of variety and the lack of frequency of meals.' NGO representatives also told RI that they were often forced to take patients requiring more intensive treatment to private clinics and had to cover the costs because public hospitals refuse to treat people from Sub Saharan Africa. “We don't go to government hospitals because they don't accept  [ refugees and migrants ] ,' the NGO representative observed.
The primary need for the majority of returnees is access to health services. The second most cited need for returnees is related to access to education and the third access to security. In this round children were reported to be attending school regularly with four baladiyas  ( Derna, Ubari, Al Aziziya and Hrawa )  reporting irregular attendance due to damaged schools, safety issues and overcrowding.
Those detained are neither informed of their rights, nor granted them. Most conflict or securityrelated detainees detained since December 2015 have yet to appear in front of courts. Therefore, they have not had their continued detention reviewed. Some reported being taken for questioning by security officials and, in rare cases, by military or civilian prosecutors, without the presence of a lawyer. Detainees are not informed of their right to request legal representation, and are not able to meet with lawyers in private. They rarely know the exact reasons for their arrest, or the nature or existence of charges against them
Médecins Sans Frontières  ( MSF )  and members of the Mixed Migration Working Group  ( UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps  ( IMC ) , the Danish Refugee Council  ( DRC ) , and IOM )  are responding to the most pressing needs by providing immediate medical and WASH assistance, non food items  ( incl. clothes, footwear, sleeping mats and blankets )  and conducting an anti scabies campaign. With extreme overcrowding and continued deprivation of adequate food and water, the humanitarian response is focussed on the immediate evacuation of the detained persons.
Assistance to Internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )   Support for IDPs is a priority. UNHCR is providing basic assistance to IDPs in Libya, such as shelter kits, nonfood items and cash assistance. Cash assistance helps the most vulnerable displaced families to cover shelter and basic needs. Considering the challenges posed by the liquidity crisis in the country, UNHCR and its partners distributed non food items to 5,240 IDPs and returnees in Libya in 2018. UNHCR is setting up a protection monitoring system to enhance access to rights for IDPs and ensure interventions reach the most vulnerable.
He added that a local medical team volunteered to vaccinate the children of the displaced families in cooperation with the School Health Office in the city. “The medical team also donated blood pressure and diabetes testing equipment and performed more than 200 medical examinations for the displaced people, some of whom require intensive care.' He further said.
Child protection concerns: • Are a majority of children aged 6 11 attending primary school? Yes, most children • Are any children reportedly engaged in dangerous work in assessed displacement sites? Yes • If so, what type of work? Daily labour
As of 26 April 2018, 5,109 refugees and migrants were rescued/intercepted by the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG ) . During the week, over 600 refugees and migrants were disembarked in Tripoli  ( 322 individuals ) , Zwara  ( 111 individuals ) , Azzawya  ( 82 individuals )  and Al Khums  ( 94 individuals ) .
Some 1.35 million children were vaccinated against polio and measles, achieving universal coverage for all children under 6 years. More than 83,000 people, including 37,350 children, benefitted from improved access to safe drinking water and genderappropriate sanitation facilities. Some 23,000 crisis affected school aged children gained access to non formal education and recreational activities and received essential learning materials and supplies. School rehabilitation work helped 6,000 children in conflict affected areas of Benghazi, Sabha and Ubari return to learning.
The sudden appreciation of the LYD was most likely linked to the Central Bank of Libya's  ( CBL )  roll out of this year's family dollar allowance: Each Libyan family is eligible to buy 500 USD at the official exchange rate of roughly 1.350 LYD per USD.2 By early January, the CBL had reportedly paid out 2.8 billion USD to Libyan citizens claiming the allowance.3 This move increased the dollar supply in the parallel market, as many recipients exchanged their family allowances for Libyan dinars, and thus strengthened the Libyan dinar. The recent boost of the Libyan dinar occurred amid promising macroeconomic data, increased oil production and a rising oil price, which has given the CBL more room to grant letters of credit at the official exchange rate to importers.4 This, in turn, decreased the demand for US dollars in the parallel market.
On 4 April, UNHCR visited the Tawergha IDP community in Tarhuna  ( 65 km southwest of Tripoli ) . The city currently hosts between 4,000 and 4,500 IDP families  ( over 20,000 individuals )  from Sirte, Benghazi, Misrata, Tawergha, and Mashasha. UNHCR visited Tawergha settlements in the city and also consulted the host community to assess the most pressing needs. Access to clean water and sanitation issues are major concerns for both IDPs and the host community. UNHCR conducted focus group discussions and identified potential water and sanitation solutions in order to improve living conditions, benefitting both host community and IDP populations
“Detainees are subjected to torture, unlawful killing, denial of adequate medical treatment and poor detention conditions,' the U.N. said. At least 37 bodies bearing signs of torture were brought to Tripoli hospitals last year, according to the report.
Hrawa: To date, 15 families have set up tents in the area. Within these families, in total there are 63 children below the age of 5  ( 30 boys and 33 girls )  and nine elderly people  ( three men and six women ) . These families are in need of water, tents and medical assistance.
So far in 2018, 707 individuals, including 138 women and 85 children, were disembarked in Tripoli by the Libyan Coast Guard. On each occasion, UNHCR and partner International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  provided humanitarian assistance upon disembarkation, including primary healthcare, refreshments, winter jackets and blankets. The majority of those disembarked this week were Nigerian and Malian nationals. UNHCR identified 143 refugees and asylumseekers from Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea. In line with recent trends, most boats departed from Garabulli and surroundings, to the east of Tripoli. On 9 January, between 60 and 100 individuals were reported as missing in an incident at sea. No bodies were recovered by the Libyan Coast Guard.
In August 2011, in retaliation for the apparent support provided to the Qaddafi regime and attacks against Misrata launched from Tawergha, Misratan forces retaliated, leading to the displacement of approximately 40,000 civilians. These civilians subsequently settled mainly in Benghazi, Tripoli and Bani Walid, where they have been living in IDPs camps or with host communities.
Mali Migrants departing Mali use two main routes to reach Libya; 41% travelled to Libya through Algeria and 37% travelled through Niger. Another 21% travelled through Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya. The remaining 1% reported other routes. The chosen routes depend significantly if the migrant enters through an official or unofficial border crossing point; More than half of those who entered Libya officially travelled from Mali by air  ( 52% ) . Among those who reported entering through unofficial border crossing points, 42% entered through Algeria, 37% through Niger. The remaining 21% entered Burkina Faso and Niger first before arriving in Libya.
For many displaced children who have recently returned home with their families, school offers a safe space. One of them is Amina Zintani, a 12 year old student who had to leave Ubari to go to school far from home. Now she's back at Alqurania school, which was renovated by the government in a programme implemented by the UN Development Programme.
An estimated 5,413 refugees and migrants are presently held in DCIMoperated detention centres in Libya, of whom 3,988 are persons of concern to UNHCR. During the week, UNHCR conducted protection monitoring visits at the following detention centres: Abu Salim, Ghaser Ben Ghashir, Tajoura, Sabaa, and Sikka. UNHCR distributed core relief items  ( CRIs )  to 900 individuals in Tajoura, and provided medical assistance to 289 migrants and refugees through its partner International Medical Corps  ( IMC ) . So far in 2018, UNHCR and IMC have provided 21,658 medical consultations in detention centres.
Since 1 September 2017, 982 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 6 resettlement States  ( Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Sweden and Switzerland ) . A total of 197 individuals have departed on resettlement from Niger to Finland, France, Sweden and Switzerland. A total of 146 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Niger to Belgium, Canada and France. A total of 425 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Niger.
Egypt 98% of Egyptian migrants entered Libya directly, the remaining 2% reported entering mainly through Sudan. Migrants who travel alone to Libya are more likely to transit through another country than those who travel in groups; 7% of migrants departing Egypt who reported travelling alone to Libya reported transiting through Sudan  ( 6% )  or Tunisia  ( 1% )  before reaching Libya, while their proportion among those who travelled in groups did not exceed 1%. When comparing by age of the interviewee, 5% of those aged between 40 and 59 years reported transiting through another country before reaching Libya. While their proportion for the other age categories was recorded at 1% to 2%.
Awareness raising activities on GBV A total of 522 individuals reached with key GBV messages. The information dissemination sessions were conducted at UNFPA supported women centres in Tripoli, Benghazi and Sebha reaching a total of 172 participants. In addition, CESVI organized a 3 day campaign in partnership with a charity organization at the social centre in Tripoli where a total of 33 women and girls were reached while IMC organized 5 awareness raising sessions with People of concern reaching 32 women and girls. Furthermore, IRC reached a total of 285 individuals in coordination with community health workers in Misrata focusing on early marriage.
RECONNECTING FAMILIES, FINDING THE MISSING ● Over 530 families could reconnect via phone or video calls, short oral messages and Red Cross messages delivered by the ICRC or the LRC between people detained in Libya and their loved ones, as well as between families in Libya and their relatives detained abroad, including at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station in Cuba. ● In Misrata, the ICRC visited detainees, including migrants, at 2 places of detention and unaccompanied minors at a National Society shelter, and helped them contact their relatives or consular representatives. ● 75 people filed tracing requests for their missing relatives; 12 cases were resolved. ● The ICRC issued travel documents to nearly 570 people to facilitate their journey out of Libya. ● Clothes, hygiene items and blankets were provided to over 320 detainees.
Since 1 September 2017, 897 individuals were submitted for resettlement to 8 States  ( Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland ) . A total of 70 individuals departed on resettlement directly from Libya to Canada, France, the Netherlands and Sweden. As of 1 October 2018, 12 States have committed a total of 3,886 resettlement places for the Libya Niger situation. These States are: Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Out of these pledges, 1,090 will be used for resettlement processing directly out of Libya, while 2,796 places will be allocated to evacuees from Libya and refugees registered in Niger.
Assessments undertaken by humanitarian partners have revealed urgent needs in the protection, food, health, non food items, water and sanitation sectors.
During the reporting period, a total of 308 refugees and migrants disembarked in Al Khums  ( 120 east of Tripoli )  and Azzawya  ( 45 km west of Tripoli ) . One of the disembarkations was planned to take place in Tripoli Naval Base, however due to the security situation, the LCG redirected the vessel to Al Khums port. The groups that disembarked included 207 men, 54 women and 46 children. Two bodies were also recovered during the rescue/interception operation. UNHCR's partner, International Medical Corps was present during the disembarkation and provided core relief items and vital medical assistance both at the disembarkation point and in Al Khums detention centre to which individuals were transferred by the authorities.
Humanitarian partners have provided health, non food items, protection and education support to IDP families staying in schools.  Mobile trauma clinics with doctors, paramedics, essential medicines and equipment have provided support to health facilities. The HCT has dispatched emergency health kits and non communicable diseases kits.  Provision of assistance to Tawerghan IDPs continues and further adjustments will be based on rapid sectoral assessments.  Multi sector assistance – including protection, health, food and non food items – is being provided to urban refugees.  Food, water and non food items have also been provided to refugees and migrants in affected detention centres.
Thousands of civilians, have reported being trapped or inaccessible. Some civilian infrastructure, upon which civilians are depending for survival, are at threat of damage or destruction. Hospitals, schools, electricity system and religious sites are already among those that have been damaged in the fighting. Meanwhile, children remain at heightened risk of injury during the shelling, shooting and due to explosive remnants of war. Prevention of family separation is a priority along with women and girls, particularly female headed households, who may be at risk of violence, both during flight and where hosted in substandard living situations.
Armed militias have been battling for control of the Libyan capital since the overthrow of dictator Moammar Gadhafi in 2011. Jihadist groups, such as the so called "Islamic State," have also exploited the political turmoil and lawlessness to gain a foothold in the North African country.
The LNA and other forces who support them, including the Egyptian government, have conducted air strikes against the armed group's targets since 2014, causing civilian deaths and damage to civilian infrastructure. Airstrikes by unidentified forces on October 30, 2017, killed 16 civilians, including 12 children. There was no claim of responsibility and no investigation by Libyan or other authorities.
Working with the UN backed Government of National Accord  ( GNA ) , the UN Development Programme has allocated $7.6 million to Sirte for 2016 2018 to rebuild critical infrastructure. As of the last publicly available update in June 2017, UNDP said it had provided ambulances to hospitals and rehabilitated one school  ( although eight total are planned ) .
WASH was the third most frequently mentioned Top 3 priority need, affecting one third of the surveyed population in urban areas. Reported WASH priorities were equally split between needs related to water supply and sanitation. In informal settlements access to running water is not readily available for all families, reportedly requiring on average 15 minutes commute/waiting for access. No sicknesses due to unsafe drinking water were reported. However, the aforementioned constraints negatively impact households' ability to wash their clothing, ability to cook their own food, shower and use toilets.
On 6 August, UNHCR visited Sirte  ( 450 km east of Tripoli )  and met with local authorities, NGOs and civil society organisations to discuss the humanitarian needs in the city. There are 20,000 displaced families in the city of Sirte. The city was severely affected by conflict in 2016, and over 2,500 houses are currently destroyed. The main needs are linked to shelter, health, education and the presence of explosive remnants of war. In the past months, UNHCR and its partners implemented six quick impact projects  ( QIPs )  in Sirte, including the provision of solar street lights, waste management items and the distribution of nonfood items to clinics and schools. UNHCR will continue to coordinate with partners and local authorities to provide the humanitarian assistance for IDPs, returnees and hosting communities.
The assassination of member of parliament Fariha al Barkawi and prominent human rights defender Salwa Bugaighis in June 2014 had a chilling effect on other women. Many women human rights defenders were forced to withdraw from public life, leave Libya or relocate to other areas in the country.2 The failure to launch an effective investigation into these killings or to hold anyone accountable has contributed to the prevailing cycle of violence, as demonstrated by the assassination of local activist Entisar El Hassari in February 2015. Although the Libyan authorities have publicly committed to investigating the assassinations, no one has yet been held to account.
Child protection concerns: • Are a majority of children aged 6 11 attending primary school? Yes, all children • Are any children reportedly engaged in dangerous work in assessed displacement sites? Yes • If so, what type of work? Begging, work at night
BANGLADESH 92% of Bangladeshi nationals surveyed reported traveling directly to Libya by plane. 6% travelled to Egypt first and then onwards to Libya. The remaining 2% travelled to Sudan and then to Libya. GHANA The main route taken by Ghanaian nationals surveyed  ( 82% )  was through Burkina Faso and Niger successively. Another 9% of Ghanaian reported travelling through Burkina Faso, Mali and Algeria successively before reaching Libya. The remaining 9% indicated other routes. CAMEROON 81% of Migrants who departed Cameroon reported travelling through Nigeria and Niger to reach Libya with 19% reportedly travelling through Chad prior to reaching Libya.
As of 2 July, UNHCR registered a total of 53,388 refugees and asylum seekers in Libya. Syrian nationals comprise the highest registered caseload followed by Sudanese and Palestinians. In 2018 alone, 8,828 refugees and asylum seekers were registered with UNHCR through its Community Day Centres  ( CDCs )  and in detention centres where UNHCR's protection team conduct regular Refugee Status Determination  ( RSD )  screenings. This represents an increase of 44% when compared to the same period in 2017.
Freedom of movement: • Do any households in these displacement sites face restrictions on movement? Yes • Main reason for restrictions on movement: Cultural restrictions  ( e.g. gender )  • Relations between non displaced and displaced communities: Excellent
UNHCR continues to rehabilitate its Gathering and Departure Facility  ( GDF )  in Tripoli. As of 4 June, the clinic has been fully rehabilitated. Other spaces including a store, recreational area and family accommodation will be functional by mid June. The GDF will provide a safe and dignified space for vulnerable refugees departing Libya while their cases are processed for solutions in third countries.
At the time of data collection, all roads leading into Derna were closed except to authorised vehicles. Residents of Derna were allowed to leave through formal entry and exit points, but could generally not re enter prior to the reopening of the Karsa gate. • KIs did not report that any civilian groups were being systematically prevented from leaving Derna, though families and medical patients were given precedence. However, residents suspected of being combatants or affiliates of political groups were generally turned back or detained, leading to several reports of harassment and violence against single men at entry and exit points. OCHA additionally reported that one member of a humanitarian delegation led by the Derna Red Crescent had been arrested while exiting Derna.
The World Health Organization financially supported a 4  week visit of a team of Pediatric cardiac surgery specialists to Libya in the time where no cardiac surgery services for children are available in the whole country. This team  ( Novick Cardiac Alliance )  arrived on 25th March 2018 to Tobruk Medical Center, examined three hundred and forty seven  ( 347 )  children from all over the country and including non  Libyans. The team performed lifesaving heart surgeries for thirty four  ( 34 )  children during this visit. This visit also included capacity building of the National health workers in the field.
Nearly all refugees interviewed by RI said they had endured or witnessed severe abuses at the hands of human smugglers or traffickers and over long periods of time. The abuses include torture and rape including rape leading to pregnancy along with beatings, access to very little or no food or clean water, and being held for long periods of time in inhumane conditions. Several said they were held by ISIS along their journey through Libya. These events, combined with the subsequent detention in extremely poor conditions, strongly indicate the need for psychosocial care. But such care is not available while people are held in detention.
Key informants reported that routes within Libya towards the coast have diversified since early 2017 with an increase in small routes along the eastern coast and a corresponding emergence of smuggling hubs in the northeast of the country. While a study conducted by IMPACT in early 2017 suggested that the vast majority of refugees and migrants traveling from both the southwest and southeast of the country tended to concentrate along the western coast, routes reportedly used in April 2018 indicate that refugees and migrants travel all along the coast, from both the southeast and the southwest of the country. The means of transport had reportedly not changed since 2017, with individuals moving with the help of smugglers in either big trucks, 4x4 cars or taxis, depending on refugees' and migrants' resources.
Further humanitarian needs since the eruption of the recent escalation of violence include shortages in food and other basic supplies due to prohibition of entry into the city; breakdown of medical services due to shortage of medical supplies and oxygen and closure of several departments in the hospital; absence of fuel leading to cessation of public cleaning services/waste disposal services and lack of functionality of firefighting services; ambulances unable to transfer the sick out of the city due to the encirclement and the indiscriminate shelling and a lack of cement to build graves for burying the dead. There are also ongoing electricity and water shortages. The priority needs of those displaced in a school in Martuba are also medical supplies and non food items. At least 100,000  125,000 people are deemed to be affected by the current situation.
The human rights situation and the lack of durable solution prevents many IDPs from returning back to areas of origin due to fear of being subjected to human rights violations by groups which are present in their areas. Participants in the FGDs emphasized their fear of arbitrary arrest, torture, unlawful killings and disappearances in areas of origin. Exploring durable solutions is, therefore, linked to assurances of physical safety, which continues to be a major challenge. During the interviews, participants in the FGDs requested to remain anonymous to avoid security issues such as arrest or harassment from the neighbouring communities
Sabha has descended into tribal violence after fierce clashes between Awlad Suleiman tribe represented by the 6th Infantry Brigade and armed groups loyal to Tabu tribe.
Since December 2015, dozens of 2011 “conflict related' detainees have been released in reconciliation gestures between communities67 and/or upon serving their sentences or after undergoing judicial review. However, others continue to languish in prison, many without charge, trial or sentence.68 In 2017, an estimated 75 percent of those held in Judicial Police prisons including 2011 and 2014 conflict related detainees were still in pre trial detention across Libya, including in Tripoli, Benghazi, Misrata, Surman, al Zawiya and Zintan.
On the 22 April, a shipwreck took place near Sabratha  ( 75 km west of Tripoli )  causing the loss of at least 11 lives at sea. The remaining 82 survivors were disembarked in Azzawya. Humanitarian and medical assistance was provided by UNHCR and its partner IMC at all disembarkation points where the most vulnerable cases were identified. In line with recent trends, boats departed from areas near Zwara and Garabulli.
Some 27,000 children participated in structured and sustained child protection and psychosocial support services in UNICEF supported childfriendly spaces. UNICEF advocacy efforts and engagement with Zintan municipality led to the release of 125 children from local armed groups. These children also benefitted from specialized services.
The effects of years of war are felt in many different ways in Libya's schools. Many operate two or more shifts per day to increase the number of students who can be taught at each school building. But other factors are hitting educational standards, including poor hygiene.
Libya is heavily dependent on food imports. Since many importers are forced to resort to the parallel market to obtain foreign currencies, the recent changes had a significant impact on food prices. Across Libya, food prices fell by 14.6% from January to February. While in the west  ( –23.5% )  and east  ( –14.1% )  food prices have markedly decreased, the exchange rate drop has had a lesser impact on food prices in the south  ( –4.0% ) .
On 2 April, UNHCR visited returnee communities in Kikla, in the Nafusa Mountains  ( 130 km southwest of Tripoli ) , for the second time in 2018. Over 1,600 families have voluntarily returned to Kikla since mid 2015 and are in urgent need of shelter and clean water. UNHCR conducted focus group discussions and identified future interventions with the community. A follow up mission to identify quick impact projects to support hospitals and public infrastructure took place during the same week
Recent developments have provided some momentum to a stalled political process, but with no clear solutions as the country remains divided between rival administrations, leaving national and local institutions largely unable to provide protection and basic services. The economic situation continues to deteriorate, further eroding both the authorities' ability to provide services and as well as the livelihoods of communities and families. Living conditions are worsening as cash, food, fuel, water, electricity, health care and public services and supplies become increasingly scarce. Weak rule of law is leaving vulnerable civilians and marginalised groups unprotected. Armed groups, including those affiliated to the State, continue to unlawfully detain thousands of Libyans and foreign nationals in substandard conditions, where they are vulnerable to torture and other abuses.
Since the beginning for crisis, UNHCR staff and its partner LibAid have been on the ground in Qararat al Qataf and Harawa. UNHCR has set up a warehouse in the area for the urgent delivery of relief items and is monitoring the situation at both sites. In Qararat al Qataf, UNHCR distributed more than 2,000 blankets, 500 kitchen sets, 1,000 hygiene kits, 2,000 sleeping mats, 200 solar lamps, 217 tents, water and winter clothing for adults and children. Over 1,000 individuals are currently living in temporary shelters. In Harawa, UNHCR and its partner LibAid distributed 200 blankets, 200 sleeping mats, 40 hygiene kits, 40 solar lamps, and 40 kitchen sets to over 220 Tawerghan IDPs.
On 26 December 2017, the Presidential Council  ( PC )  signed a decree determining 1 February 2018 as the date triggering the return process of the Tawergha IDPs. In addition, the PC also ordered the Central Bank to proceed with the first instalment of compensatory indemnities to Misratan and Tawerghan victims. On the same day, the PC established a joint committee, led by the Minister of State for Refugees and Displaced Affairs to oversee the return of the Tawergha IDPs, in cooperation with the Ministry of Local Government and other authorities.
Burkina Faso 92% of migrants departing Burkina Faso reported travelling directly through Niger, 3% travelled to Mali first then to Niger to reach Libya. Another 3% travelled first to Mali and then to Algeria before entering Libya. The remaining 2% reported other routes. The migration cost reported by migrants transiting through Niger was higher than the cost reported by those who travelled through Mali and Algeria. 80% of migrants who departed Burkina Faso and entered Libya through Niger reported spending more than USD 1,000 while among those who traveled through Mali and then Algeria before reaching Libya only 57% reported spending more than 1,000 USD.
In 2017, 1,234 Libyan nationals  ( including 216 unaccompanied and separated children )  arrived in Italy by sea. Despite a 34% decrease in overall sea arrivals in Italy in 2017, Libyans reaching Italian shores in 2017 increased by 39%, compared to 2016.
Since 1 September 2017, a total of 3,434 individuals have been submitted for resettlement from Libya and Niger to 12 resettlement States. A total of 1,174 individuals have departed on resettlement from Libya and Niger. A total of 640 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Libya and Niger. A total of 1,323 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Libya or Niger.
On 14 October, UNHCR and its partner LibAid started a distribution campaign of school bags that will target 3,085 internally displaced children in eastern and southern Libya. Due to the liquidity crisis in Libya, the price of school materials has increased over the past years. With this campaign, UNHCR hopes to mitigate the financial impact that the start of the school year has on refugee families.
DERNA Around 365 individuals returned to Derna in October as the security situation reportedly stabilized; reported needs include food, NFIs, medicine and protection
Safety audits In October, clinical management of rape audits was conducted in 4 health facilities to assess safety and confidentiality aspects during the provision of clinical care and case management at the health facilities by IRC. Key recommendations have been provided in an effort to strengthen confidential care at the health facilities GBV related Trainings IMC organized a clinical management of rape survivors training for a total of 34 internal staff in Tripoli.
 Humanitarian partners have provided multi sectoral assistance, including health support, psychosocial support to traumatized adults and children, food, non food items, water, sanitation and education support to affected populations.  Provision of aid to Tawerghan IDPs in Tripoli is ongoing.  Affected refugees and migrants in detention centers and host communities are receiving food, water, non food items, protection assistance and health support, however, needs remain.  With the airport closure, alternative options are being established to assist stranded migrants and refugees with durable solutions including resettlement for refugees and Voluntary Humanitarian Return for migrants
Sudan 88% of migrants departing from Sudan reported entering Libya directly, 8% traveled through Chad. The remaining 4% traveled through Egypt. Depending on where surveyed migrants were found in Libya, the proportion of routes used by migrants changes significantly. Out of those surveyed in the East 7% travelled to Egypt first before reaching Libya and 93% entered directly. 30% of Sudanese nationals surveyed in the South reported entering Libya through Chad. Out of those surveyed in the West, 11% reported entering through Chad and 1% through Egypt.
Despite the instability of their current in camp locations, few households restrict their freedom of movement. Of the 123 respondents who consider their area as either unsafe or very unsafe, 11%  ( 36 households )  apply some movement restrictions. Of these, 81% cite inter communal tensions as the main reason for limiting movement while 14% cite general or serious violence and banditry. In addition, 5% households state they are unable to move freely in and out of their area because of checkpoints.
Reasons for leaving Libya:  ( a )  Growing insecurity, including terrorist threats. Libyans reported that the security situation has worsened in the country, also for Libyan nationals  ( e.g. risk of kidnapping ) .  ( b )  Lack of basic services and job opportunities;  ( c )  Medical reasons and impossibility to receive treatment in Libya  ( this was mostly reported by families, almost all of which intended to travel to northern Europe, to access better healthcare ) ;  ( d )  Intention to join family members in other European countries.
Cash was reported as fourth most frequently mentioned Top 3 priority need, reported by 22% of the surveyed population. Notably, many households citing cash needs stressed this as a liquidity problem as displaced households often have funds available in their bank account but are not able to withdraw sufficient amounts to cover their needs following the displacement from Trig Al Matar Camp.
As of 25 July, UNHCR evacuated 1,858 vulnerable refugees and asylumseekers who were held in detention centres in Libya to third countries  ( 1,536 to Niger, 312 to Italy and 10 to Romania ) . Additionally, UNHCR submitted 662 cases for direct resettlement from Libya to seven resettlement States including Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. As of 26 July, 70 individuals already departed on resettlement directly from Libya to Canada, France, Sweden and the Netherlands.
During the reporting period, two quick impact projects were completed by UNHCR and partners. With the aim of enhancing access to health care for internally displaced persons and their host communities, UNHCR provided a generator to the polyclinic in Sokna Jufra  ( 640km south east of Tripoli ) . Following needs and technical assessments, 100 school desks were dispatched to a school in Sabratha in an effort to enhance the city's educational capacity
During the 2011 revolution and subsequent escalation of conflict, Tawerghan families were displaced from their town, Tawergha City, by anti Gaddafi armed groups. As a result, Tawerghan families settled in locations such as Tripoli, Bani Waleed and other parts of the country. Despite reconciliation efforts, Tawerghan families were denied access to their town in February 2018 and are still residing in camps even after the Presidential Council signed a degree allowing their return. As a result, more than 2,200 individuals, including 633 children are reported to be in Qararat al Qataf and Hrawa informal settlements in Bani Waleed and are in need of humanitarian assistance
No humanitarian assistance has entered Derna since the escalation of conflict and a certain period before that, the last entries that can be confirmed are from March 2018. It is also expected that no humanitarian assistance will be allowed in in the near future. All planned humanitarian deliveries are currently awaiting approval to enter Derna, including medicine and medical supplies to deal with trauma and war injuries
IDPs in Benghazi face challenges in accessing their savings, to be able to have cash in hand, due to limited options in accessing to the banks.However, the participants in the FGDs reported that many of the IDPs fear their safety of being arbitrary arrested if they go in person to areas of origin. Their fear is based on real case scenarios which happened to other members among the IDPs who attempted to do so.
During 2017, WHO had distributed 254 basic modules as well as 21 supplementary modules of IEHK kits, 68 Trauma kits, 3 non communicable disease  ( NCD )  kits and other medical supplies such as dialysis supplies, anti scorpion serum, HIV medicines, anti Leishmania medicines to health facilities antiLeishmania medicines to health facilities led by ministry of health or by INGOs, such as International Rescue Committee and Premiere Urgence Internationale, to cover 354,263 people. Among medical supplies, one IEHK kit and 3 Trauma kits were provided in Derna during the siege, one NCD kit provided in Sabrata during its crisis and 20 basic as well as 1 supplementary modules of IEHK were provided to Tawarqa IDPs in Tripoli and Benghazi. Furthermore, 9 mechanical ventilators were distributed in the south.
As mentioned above, UN agencies and NGOs do not have systematic access to detainees, and the conditions of detention are not conducive to private and confidential meetings where asylum seekers, refugees, and migrants can report abuses freely and without fear of reprisal.
15 January   Tripoli: Violent clashes erupted in Tripoli on January 15th, as armed brigades attacked Mitiga prison inside Mitiga Airport in Suq Aljumaa area. All schools in the area were closed for one week, the roads surrounding the fights in the Beach Road, Suq Alumaa and Bab Tajoura areas were shut down. Heavy weapons were heard in the area of clashes, some families were trapped inside the fi ght zone. The Airport of Mitiga was closed for one week.
SAFETY AND SECURITY Freedom of movement: • Do any households in these displacement sites face restrictions on movement? Yes • Main reason for restrictions on movement: Inter communal tensions • Relations between non displaced and displaced communities: Good
On 24 April, UNHCR conducted a protection monitoring visit to two settlements in Misrata where over 14,000 persons are currently displaced  ( IDPs ) . UNHCR and its partner LibAid led focus group discussions with men, women and the elderly to identify their needs and work towards providing solutions for them. The main needs raised include the lack of health care and medicines, and reduced access to civil documentation. Many new born IDPs have no access to birth registration. The majority of IDPs are facing dire living conditions with limited income.During the visit, UNHCR distributed 300 hygiene kits to women and girls living in the settlements.
• The highest food prices were found in Murzuq, and the lowest in Zliten. The highest food prices were generally found in the south, with Murzuq, Ubari and Al Gatroun being the top three most expensive assessed locations  ( the high prices in the south are further discussed in Box 4 ) . Overall, prices in the east and the west were fairly similar.
Niger agreed to host the refugees temporarily so that they could be brought to safety. Most of those flown to Niger are Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Somalian, UNHCR said.More than a quarter are unaccompanied children, for whom host countries have pledged insufficient places, it added.
UNHCR's support to host communities, IDPs and returnees in Benghazi continues in coordination with the local authorities. Benghazi is currently hosting over 32,000 IDPs and 174,000 returnees. New quick impact projects are being implemented over the coming weeks to make infrastructural improvements and support persons with specific needs. UNHCR is providing persons of concern with 400 assistive devices, such as crutches and wheelchairs, with the objective of supporting the local social security system. Water tanks, solar street lights and waste management items are also being delivered to enhance the community's infrastructural capacities
UNHCR continues to support internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  and returnees in Benghazi. This week, UNHCR distributed non food items and winter relief to over 2,670 IDPs and returnees in the city. With 32,250 IDPs Benghazi hosts the largest number of displaced persons in Libya and 51% of all returnees in the country.
The Tawergha community has endured years of displacement since 2011, when the entire population of the city, estimated to be around 40,000 people, were forced to leave their hometown. Since then, they have been displaced and scattered across the country. UNHCR has been supporting the different Tawergha IDP settlements with humanitarian assistance, including essential relief items, cash assistance, protection, and small scale community projects.
Following the announcement, on 1 February 2018, several hundreds of Tawergha IDP families coming from various areas across Libya, including Bani Walid  ( over 100km from Tawergha ) , Tarhouna  ( over 80km from Bani Walid ) , Tripoli, Sabha, Brak, and Benghazi, attempted to return to their homes. However, as the Tawergha IDPs approached their destination, they were blocked by armed groups, who threatened to use violence, including reportedly by firing live bullets and RPGs in the air.
In response to food shortages in detention centers, UNICEF, together with local partners, has distributed high energy biscuits to 1,500 people including children and pregnant women. Nutrition screenings have also taken place and children in need of additional support referred for further treatment.