nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
The effects of COVID 19 extend well beyond infections or deaths, having a negative impact in areas as diverse as food security, education and SGBV, among many others. The more severe manifestation of these effects in South Sudan compared to developed countries highlights the need for support. For instance, children in Europe have been learning online during their countries' lockdowns, as a result of existing infrastructure and resources that enable online and remote learning.  ( But children in South Sudan are unable to )
For households, such conditions conditions created by conflict and corruption )  translated into a deterioration of access to basic services, as well as a deterioration of their quality. As a result, South Sudan has one of the highest under five mortality rates  ( 90.7 deaths per 1,000 live births )  and maternal mortality rates  ( 789 deaths per 100,000 live births )  worldwide.
However, the evolution of the disease made it clear that the initial resource requirements were insufficient.
There is limited assistance to access health services for vulnerable people such as persons with disabilities, the elderly, victims of SGBV and unaccompanied children.  ( Socio economic impact assessment and response plan )
The effect on agriculture in Greater Upper Nile will likely be less consequential, as the region becomes physically isolated in the rainy season, and to some extent insulated from local transmission, and agriculture remains severely depressed in the aftermath of historically exceptional flooding. The current planting season will face new challenges as the outbreak evolves.
Transhipment points need to be established in response to the COVID 19 restrictions, including the 14 day quarantine period, which has caused a slowdown in deliveries.16 In addition, warehouses and fleet workshops need to be expanded and decongested, PPE and basic screening provided, and air cargo operations increased.  ( FUNDING NEED )
According to available information, IDPs have found refuge host community within Mingkaman area. Food, shelter and non  food items were reported as the most urgent needs among the community.
The shocks caused by COVID 19 to local markets in South Sudan have further highlighted the vulnerability of urban populations, who rely on these markets for their food security.
Government imposed lockdown measures are leading to a considerable depression in employment and wages as businesses shut, private consumption suffers and investment shrinks. Unlike highly developed countries, South Sudan does not have the fiscal space to offer temporary measures such as stimulus packages that help the private sector retain its employees during the lockdown. Therefore, if the lockdown lasts too long, firms are no longer able to incur the costs of inactivity and have to lay off their workers, potentially going bankrupt.
Food security and livelihoods and nutrition actors in South Sudan provide humanitarian life saving assistance to approximately 5.6 million people, composed of 5.3 million South Sudanese people and some 300,000 refugees in South Sudan. Partners focus on providing food assistance to prevent famine and improve food consumption, dietary diversity and coping strategies for vulnerable populations; food production; village savings and loan associations, crop seeds, and fishing and livestock support; access to agricultural extension services; entrepreneurship, technical, vocational and financial management skills; and reducing dependency on food and agricultural inputs to support and strengthen households' ability to absorb shocks.
Given the above context  ( 2019 )  of low agricultural productivity, it is not surprising that more than 6.5 million people remain severely food insecure in South Sudan.
South Sudan is already experiencing profound mental health problems due to conflict  ( UNICEF, 2020a )  and these are predicted to increase due to, e.g., loss of jobs and livelihoods and an increase of stigma and discrimination around COVID 19 affected persons and families.
To address it (  lack of health services )  agencies such as the Word Health Organization  ( WHO )  have been providing technical assistance at national and subnational levels, working together to develop and strengthen the health system capacity for service delivery.
Women were already facing pervasive gender  based violence, health and safety risks and these are worsening, e.g. intimate partner violence and SGBV have spiked due to increased household stress and women being in close proximity with abusers  ( OHCHR, 2020 ) ; girls are forced into marriages as a result of deepening poverty. These social and gender harms are particularly concerning for intersectional populations – including IDPs and persons with disabilities.
[ South Sudan, January 2020 ]  From February to April 2020, 22 counties are in Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 ) .
A majority of schools assessed  ( 32.1% )  do not have any toilets.
A total of 23,545 children  ( 10,685 girls & 12860 boys )  participated in Psychosocial Support activities.
Concerns over the spread of the virus, travel restrictions, and xenophobia may limit migrant women's work opportunities, cutting off livelihood support for them and their families.
Women as caregivers might be at risk of higher exposure as they will be caring for sick family members.
[ South Sudan, January 2020 ]  About 40,000 people were classified in Catastrophe  ( IPC Phase 5 )  in the counties of Akobo , Duk and Ayod in Jonglei State. Compared with the same time last year, the January 2020 levels of food insecurity reflect a 9% reduction in the proportion of population facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity.
[ South Sudan, January 2020 ]  In the analysis period of January 2020, 5.29 million people  ( 45.2% of the population )  are estimated to have faced Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity, of which 1.11 million people faced Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  acute food insecurity.
In Kajo Kaji, Central Equatoria, on 27 December, clashes broke out between SPLM/A IO (  Sudan People's Liberation Movement in Opposition )  and the forces of Major General Lokujo, resulting in the death of three SPLM/A IO soldiers and the capture of four soldiers loyal to Major General Lokujo. The subsequent deployment of South Sudan People's Defence Forces  ( SSPDF )  acted as a buffer between the clashing forces.
Additional medical and WASH items as well as PPEs are required to boost response in light of the increasing confirmed cases of local transmission currently being observed.
The Commission further notes with concern on going hostilities, including between Government forces and the National Salvation Front forces in Central Equatoria which violate the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement and peace efforts made in Rome. These and other hostilities have also manifested in localised violence and have led to an increase in associated human rights violations.
In the past months, the Commission has received several allegations of sexual and gender based violence, indicating a recent spike in cases since the arrival of the COVID 19 virus on 5 April 2020. Disturbing allegations of rape, gang rape, intimate partner violence, beatings, femicide, forced nudity, and forced marriage – perpetrated largely against women and girls – continue to emerge every few days.
In South Sudan, DTM has been implementing flow monitoring and remote assessments at points of entry to ‘inform the wider response by generating and analysing information on mobility', a strategic priority set out by the National COVID 19 Response Plan for the Points of Entry pillar.
Subnational violence and insecurity continued to displace large numbers of people. In December, an estimated 46,000 people were displaced by subnational violence, armed attacks on civilians and armed clashes in several locations in Central Equatoria, Lakes and Warrap.
Despite the hope instilled by the signing of R ARCSS  [ Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan ] , the cumulative effects of years of conflict, violence, protracted and repeated displacement, layered on top of pre existing development challenges, continue to impact South Sudanese throughout the country and abroad. This has translated into sustained poverty, periods of famine, persistent protection concerns, and a lack of livelihoods and access to basic services, with women and girls being disproportionately affected.
With some exceptions, the ceasefire has been tenuously holding in many parts of the country, enabling the emergence of areas of return and stability. While many individuals have returned to their areas of origin since the signing of the R  ARCSS  [ Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan ]  in 2018, humanitarian needs for internally displaced persons  ( IDPs ) , returnees and host communities remain high in South Sudan.
The cumulative effects of the conflict continue to be deeply felt, with 7.5 million people considered to be in dire need of humanitarian assistance. Protection concerns have persisted, including gender based violence.
According to the 2017 EMIS  [ Emergency Management Information System ]  assessment, the number of functional schools was around 9 per cent higher than the number of schools found open at the time of the 2016 assessment, indicating an improvement in school functionality over a 12 month period.
The 2016 EMIS  [ Emergency Management Information System ]  assessment found a decrease of 10% in the number of students enrolled at the start of 2016 compared to the start of 2013.
Permanent and semi permanent classrooms only accounted for slightly more than half of all the classrooms in South Sudan, while the pupil classroom ratio averaged 100.
A recent report on Out of School Children reveals that at least 2.2 million children in South Sudan are not receiving an education – representing one of the highest rates of out of school children in the world. Years of conflict, displacement and economic collapse continue to deprive children of education, harming the future of the country.
Huge numbers remain internally displaced in United Nations Protection of Civilian  ( PoC )  sites. Literacy rates are among the lowest in the world. The government of the Republic of South Sudan reveals that an additional 6,000 schools need to be built, but in 2018 they allocated only 4 per cent of the budget to education.
According to the most recent estimates from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, around 383,000 people have died and over 4.5 million people have fled their homes since clashes began in 2013, plus the 2016 crisis.
The government does not screen undocumented migrants properly using trafficking indicators, hence detained migrants may in fact be victims of trafficking.
Protection of vulnerable groups: Strengthening United Nations partnerships to increase access to justice for SGBV survivors during and after the pandemic, ensuring that women and girls who are affected by discriminatory laws and practices are protected through access to justice and legal empowerment solutions.
Support to decongest places of detention: Support to national justice actors to plan for and expedite the country wide decongestion of prisons, police cells and the Juvenile Reformatory Centre through the release of pretrial detainees or convicts on bail or parole. For example, in Jubek, a hotspot for COVID 19, the United Nations is supporting the release of at least 717 pretrial detainees who are eligible for bail, by means that include remote hearings. This builds on efforts of the Juvenile Court to release 85 juveniles on bail, and the final release of 40 juveniles following acquittal or time served on their sentences.
Support on the provision of hygiene kits and PPE: Protection of users of justice services through the provision of hygiene kits and support to disinfect police cells and prisons in 6 of the 10 states, with special attention being paid to facilities where women and children are detained. Efforts to protect justice frontline staff through provision of PPE is a priority to safeguard them from infection and ensure that criminal justice institutions continue providing essential law enforcement and justice services.
Limited capacity at border posts: COVID 19 PPE and test kits are in limited supply, so the ability of justice and security actors who are stationed at borders to implement COVID 19 response measures will be hugely constrained, placing the workforce at high risk of infection.
South Sudan has closed all international borders and temporarily suspended reception and registration of asylum seekers and refugees, as part of measures to contain COVID 19.
Increase in violence against women and girls: Recent research prior to the pandemic consistently found that rates of intimate partner violence against women and girls in conflict affected settings are higher than rates of non  partner sexual violence  ( Global Women's Institute et al., 2017 ) .
The pandemic will disproportionately affect women and youth, widening gaps in gender equality and youth empowerment.  ( Because of exisiting hardships instigated prior due to conflict )
Agencies such as UNESCO, UNICEF, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women  ( UN  Women )  and UNMISS have jointly provided technical support to the government and launched primary and secondary education radio programmes for out of  school children and youth in pastoralist communities, including for technical and vocational education and training on agriculture and livestock in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  ( FAO ) ; as well as a television programme for pre primary level, and technological solutions such as e learning.
Five transhipment points for cross loading trucks in the northern and southern corridors at Panakuach to Bentiu, Joda to Renk, Majok to Aweil, Nadapal to Kapoeta, and at Nimule to Juba would reduce delays in cargo delivery and turnaround time.
Management support units are subject to restrictions and quarantine requirements as technicians cannot be deployed.
Capacity building, awareness and sensitization is being conducted amongst IDP community leaders, women and youth groups in PoC sites, other IDP hosting sites and in areas of return.
COVID 19 preparedness and response package and guidelines for prisons and the police: Provision of technical assistance and publication of preparedness and response materials to national prisons and the South Sudan National Police Service, with simple and practical information on how personnel can protect themselves and others from COVID 19 while undertaking their daily prison and law enforcement functions, including engagement with the public.
Security sector reform, at the forefront of United Nations assistance, presents an opportunity to include the needs, concerns and priorities of women, girls and minorities in the security sector. Key reforms to be undertaken include the cantonment and reunification of forces and demilitarization of civilian areas; reforms which necessitate the engagement of women and girls and other stakeholders on their concerns and needs; and making the security sector trusted, representative and protective.
Movement restrictions imposed due to COVID 19 has also halted the return process of IDPs.
Some 1.4 million children under 5 years of age were expected to be acutely malnourished in 2021, the highest caseload for acute malnutrition since the start of the crisis in December 2013.
The International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )  has actively supported South Sudan's Ministry of Health to prepare for and respond to COVID 19, in particular by co leading the Points of Entry Technical Working Group within the National Steering Committee for COVID 19 and implementing a package of border health activities.
As of 30 January 2021, there have been 3,961 confirmed cases of COVID 19 in South Sudan, with 64 deaths  ( WHO ) . However, many cases are likely to have gone undetected due to limitations to the country's testing capacity and its focus on pre travel screening in the capital  ( HNO 2021 ) .
Humanitarian organizations reached more than 7.3 million people with humanitarian assistance and protection services in 2020. This represente d 97 per cent of the revised target of 7.6 million people through the humanitarian response plan for 2020, including those reached through coronavirus disease  ( COVID  19 )  response activities. As at 31 December 2020, $1.1 billion was secured against the $1.9 billion requested in the plan. The steep funding gap affected response activities, in particular water, sanitation and hygiene services, increasing the risk of disease outbreaks.
On 25 and 26 January, United Nations Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS )  further supported the work of the high  level committee, led by the Vice  President, James Wani Igga, by airlifting approximately 100 traditional, youth and political leaders from greater Jonglei to attend a consultative forum led by the committee in January.
At the same time, the Wau Protection of Civilians Area Adjacent site witnessed a relative spike in departure, following information campaigns by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS )  on the risk of COVID 19 transmission in the site, though most of the IDP population remained on site.
According to data on COVID 19 inflows from neighboring countries, in March, combined by IOM, REACH, UNHCR and UNICEF, cross border movements were either localized around border areas or led to entry into urban centers and the PoC sites7, especially in Bentiu, Unity.
COVID 19 preparedness and response package and guidelines for prisons and the police: Provision of technical assistance and publication of preparedness and response materials to national prisons and the South Sudan National Police Service, with simple and practical information on how personnel can protect themselves and others from COVID 19 while undertaking their daily prison and law enforcement functions, including engagement with the public. Likewise, technical assistance has been provided for the drafting of standard operating procedures for frontline immigration, aviation, and border police officers.
Access to territory and asylum procedure: South Sudan has closed all international borders and temporarily suspended reception and registration of asylum seekers and refugees, as part of measures to contain COVID 19. So far there are no known cases of refoulement, entry denial or deportation from South Sudan but this may be a risk in the future.
Risks to people in prisons and other detention places: Already faced with overcrowding, poor conditions, a lack of sanitation and access to medical care and other basic provisions, prisoners and other detainees are particularly vulnerable. The ability of prisons to implement adequate prevention and response measures is seriously limited and poses a risk not only to the almost 8,000 prisoners but also to approximately 19,000 prison personnel and the general population
The existing justice and police presence continues to be impacted by major obstacles through inadequate capacity, resources, coordination, infrastructure and equipment. This is compounded by corruption and low levels of transparency and accountability in both the use of public resources and the discharge of functions, creating low public trust in the justice sector.
How the United Nations will deliver the response this humanitarian effort, with a view to promoting recovery and building long  term resilience and self reliance of people affected by the pandemic in South Sudan, and AFPs will ensure synergies across the humanitarian development  peacebuilding nexus.
Agencies have engaged with some of the key institutions such as the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission.
Social accountability is non existent, transparency and accountability are weak, and some ministries do not even have basic tools to deliver services and are understaffed. Even a limited rotation of staff will not enable institutions to deliver on the huge mandate bestowed on them by the peace agreement.
Support for the peace process is being provided by international actors, with UNMISS spearheading efforts to continue high level advocacy for implementation of the peace agreement; protecting civilians; creating the conditions to provide humanitarian support; sustaining the conditions for quick delivery of peace dividends, improved social contract and cohesion; and overall human development that can foster more inclusive societies in the short to medium term. The UNCT has a critical role to play in strengthening national institutions that build trust and sustain peace.
UNICEF and nutrition sector partners are providing prevention and curative nutrition services for children and women in South Sudan. From January to September 2020, a total of 150,309 children suffering from Severe Acute Malnutrition  ( SAM )   ( 56 per cent of the target )  were treated in inpatient and outpatient therapeutic programs. This is a reduction of about 21 per cent of SAM admissions in 2020 as compared to 2019. Many factors, including localized conflict, displacement, and suspension of facilities, as well as a large backlog of cases which were cleared in 2019, are attributable to the reduction in SAM admission in 2020.
Between January and March 2020, more than 300,000 refugees in South Sudan were able to access critical multi sectoral assistance and essential services, including nonfood items, emergency shelter, health care and nutrition support, education and protection assistance.
The first quarter saw humanitarian reach vary by geographical location with most states seeing an increase in the number of targeted people reached compared to Northern Bahr el Ghazal saw a substantial rise in the number of people reached, 75 per cent compared to only 8 per cent last year.
In late August 2020, IOM CCCM coordinated a door to door blanket distribution of non medical reusable face masks across Wau PoCAA. A total of 6,424 internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  received face masks in this distribution.
The ministry of Education has provided online and on air platform for “Learning At Home"
10,795 metric tons of humanitarian cargo transported this year by IOM: August 2020
To date Food security and Livelihood partners provided livelihood assistance to more than 8,900 households, including the provision of vegetable and fishing kits. More than 18,100 additional households to be targeted in the coming weeks. Over 134,000 livestock were vaccinated and over 104,000 were treated, protecting the livelihood of 5,300 households in Akobo County.
In Akobo West, nutrition partners are providing nutrition specific interventions through community management of acute malnutrition/infant and young child feeding programming and nutrition sensitive integrating activities under the Health, WASH, FSL and Protection clusters.
18 October 2020  107 new cases confirmed out of the 5,968 tests conducted, bringing the total to 2,847 confirmed cases
A ‘national' approach to AAP is not appropriate, AAP mechanisms will need to be contextualized to reflect the practices of specific communities. Accountability systems are context specific and cannot simply be replicated across the entire country, there is no one size fits all.
The Logistics Cluster has been allocated USD 250,000 of the Central Emergency Response Fund  ( CERF )  flood response fund for common logistics services scale up.
Although agriculture, petty trade and livestock keeping are the three most important livelihood sources, incomes from livelihood sources have widely decreased across the country as compared to the previous year, mainly because of changes in market conditions and loss of income sources
On average households with poor food consumption ranged between 11 21 percent before the economic crisis and increased rapidly to 49 percent immediately after the crisis and stood at 41 percent in August 2019
The crisis worsened following the floating of the currency in 2016, leading to massive currency devaluation and hyper inflation. The protracted conflicts that eased off with a revitalized peace agreement of September 2018 deepened the situation further, devastating the economy, with the country showing all the signs of near macro economic collapse.
IOM also worked with implementing partners to conduct sensitization and awareness sessions, as well as HIV counseling and testing for key populations. In Q2 2020, IOM reached 4,146 key populations  ( KPs )  individuals and 5,701 IDPs with HIV messages. In addition, IOM tested 1,667 KPs and 763 IDPs, of which 76 KPs and 42 IDPs tested positive, and 116 positive cases commenced treatment and counseling.
Beginning with the rainy season in July, unusually heavy rains caused a significant increase of water levels along the White Nile.
Young people rely on the mutual support of their own communities to stay alive and navigate these rural, urban and long distance cross border pathways, despite the realities that economic crisis and changing working lives place significant strains on this support.
Additional CNVs have been factored in 2020 plans by most of the partners, with donor agreement.
Only 6 out of every 10 school aged child attend school. Less than 45 per cent of those attending are girls. The current trend in girls' enrolment in schools in South Sudan is alarming.
The impact of the closure of borders and lockdown will compound the vulnerability of a population who had already been wrestling with the effects of a conflict induced economic crisis, including rising food prices and inflation. The decline in the availability of resources may be a driver of conflict and violent competition, leading to an uptick in both localized violence and criminality
1 INGO  ( Concordis International )  in Abyei town is operating across Abyei.
2 N NGOs  ( GAH, Elgoni )  in Diffra are operating in northern Abyei.
When people are displaced, they seek shelter and protection in camps where a robust and capacitated camp management is needed to ensure a predictable and coordinated delivery of service.
WHO and UNHCR are supporting Abyei remotely from South Sudan.
During this period, Aweil East, Aweil North, and Aweil South counties are classified in Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  acute food insecurity, whereas Aweil Center and Aweil West counties are classified in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  acute food insecurity.
Chronic malnutrition: 33 percent of children between 6 59 month  ( October 2020 )
USD 548.9 m six months  ( November ‘20 – April ‘21 )  net funding requirements of WFP.
19,200 mt of food and nutrition assistance distributed* by WFP  ( October 2020 )
A CCCM cluster service mapping conducted in PoC sites and formal IDP camps identified a critical need to strengthen camp management capacities across the country
301k refugees in South Sudan  [ Jan,2021 ]
483k Malnourished woman  [ Jan Dec 2020 ]
IDPs IN PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS SITES 0 4 years: Female  7% Male:  8% 5 17 years: Female  22% Male 23% 18 59years: Female 22% Male  15% 60+years: Female 2% Male 1%
Most commonly reported health issue: Malaria  ( 54% )
The pandemic affected peace and security dynamics in South Sudan, including critical elements of peace implementation. Following the confirmation of the first case within the United Nations, anti United Nations sentiment, hate speech and harassment emerged, and the Organization was accused of spreading the virus. Government imposed restrictions negatively affected peacekeeping and humanitarian activities.
More than 572,000 people were reached with assistance in September. So far for October, more than 505,000 people in flood affected counties have been assisted by WFP
Many areas that have experienced years of severe food insecurity are seeing intra  and inter communal violence.
IOM continued to support two health facilities nearest to the PoEs in Nimule and Renk with medical supplies, incentives, provision of training for health facility staff, and risk communications. 1,469 individuals from the host communities were provided with health care services at the outpatient clinic in Nimule Hospital, bringing the total number of patients seen to 10,145 since 18 October 2020.  ( 14   27 December 2020 )
WASH: Shock Chlorination of 45 hand pumps affected by flooding in the affected locations. ( Aug 2020 )
Insecurity remains a key concern for many displaced people. More than half of the IDP population in Eastern Equatoria, Lakes and Western Bahr el Ghazal live in settlements with reports of conflict related incidents in 2019.
IOM Core Pipeline also continued its vital support for the COVID 19 response. Critical WASH supplies were provided for three organizations, benefitting 2,550 households in Juba and Wau counties. Based on a comprehensive analysis conducted by IOM in August, Pipeline estimates that an additional USD 4.17 million is required to support an estimated 60,000 flood affected households with critical S NFI supplies and 30,000 flood affected households with critical WASH supplies
11,026 individuals screened for Covid 19 at Nimule Land Crossing by IOM  August 2020
The preventive materials such as masks, hand sanitizers and soaps are usually available at the local markets, with only 3% of older people saying they are not available to purchase locally.
718 metric tons of humanitarian cargo delivered this month by IOM: August 2020
775 children received measles vaccinations by IOM: August 2020
IOM also continued to provide HIV prevention services, including awareness raising, HIV testing, and counselling for key populations. During this reporting period, 656 individuals were tested for HIV at Wau, Bentiu, and Malakal PoC sites, and 14 positive cases commenced antiretroviral therapy
837 WASH NFIs were distributed, 1 water yard constructed, and 9 boreholes were drilled, which will provide safe water for 13,696 individuals in the following locations by IOM; ● 1 solar powered water yard constructed in Juba ● 9 rehabilitated boreholes  ( 8 in Tonji South and 1 in Magwi )  ● 837 WASH NFIs distributed  ( 812 in Magwi and 25 in Twic )
UNMISS and humanitarian partners have undertaken joint contingency planning for PoC site support in emergency contexts.
The formation of the South Sudanese Transitional Government of National Unity on 22 February 2020 has renewed prospects for durable solutions for South Sudan's 4 million refugees and IDPs.
With materials in short supply, testing is largely limited to people with symptoms of COVID 19. It can take weeks to receive results, “creating mistrust in communities and resentment toward contact tracers,' the Health Ministry said last week.
Response gap in provision of emergency shelter and non food items  ( ES/NFI )  has been reported in Mundri East and Mundri West where 20,000 IDPs are awaiting emergency shelter materials.
Partners reported an increasing number of malnutrition cases due to Acute Watery Diarrhoea  ( AWD )  and malaria cases. Scale up of hygiene promotion activities and mosquito nets are needed for people in hotspot locations. High prevalence of malaria is a leading cause of morbidity in the county, and five health facilities have reported a shortage of rapid diagnostic kits to test for malaria. While a partner has been identified and funding is available, it will take time to scale up services in all static health facilities to meet the needs. Limited essential drug supplies in health facilities are increasing the risk of disease.
FAO, in close collaboration with key partners such as the World Food Programme  ( WFP ) , the United Nations Children's Fund  ( UNICEF ) , the Famine Early Warning Systems Network  ( FEWS NET )  and non governmental organizations  ( NGOs ) , is working to strengthen the country's food security information system by making it COVID 19 sensitive and creating a common set of contextualized indicators to be used to monitor the food security situation in the face of the pandemic.
19 partners of WASH and S NFI Clusters received NFIs for distribution by IOM: August 2020
6.5 MILLION Estimated Acutely Food Insecure Population IPC – Feb. 2020
Lack of basic services and infrastructure has disproportionate impacts on girls who face specific challenges due to lack of WASH facilities at schools, poor accommodation in classrooms and long walking distances to schools.
In addition, UNICEF reached 113 vulnerable households and a total of 420 people  ( 257 females and 163 males )  through an unconditional cash support programme in Bor. Cumulatively over 500 households with a population of 2,069 people  ( 1,195 females and 874 males )  were reached through this complementary intervention targeting COVID 19 affected households in Bor. Preparatory work to initiate an unconditional cash support project to vulnerable households in Malakal as well as a WASH voucher pilot targeting the former Juba POC site is ongoing.
A total of 183 new health worker infections were recorded from eight countries during the reporting period, including two from South Sudan  [ COVID 19 cases, 7 20 September, 2020 ]
Conditions are not yet in place to facilitate or promote repatriation in safety and dignity to South Sudan due to ongoing armed conflict and egregious human rights violations, despite the signature of the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan  ( R ARCSS )  by the warring parties on 12 September 2018 and the formation of the Transitional Government of National Unity on 22 February 2020
In May 2019, parties to the agreement unanimously decided to extend the pretransitional phase by six months. This second deadline for the formation of an inclusive transitional unity government in South Sudan by 12 November 2019 part of the second peace agreement in the last four years was pushed back by 100 days in order to allow for critical tasks to be completed but nevertheless delaying further its implementation.
The 2020 2021 Regional RRP for the South Sudan situation includes 95 operational partners spanning five countries of asylum where refugees are hosted in both settlements and out of camp settings. The Refugee Coordination Model  ( RCM )  is applied and regular reporting is carried out against agreed regional objectives and indicators. The Government entities entrusted with refugee management have established coordination and monitoring mechanisms at both sub national and national levels. UNHCR and Regional RRP partners hold sector level meetings to ensure Regional RRP interventions are complementary to district and national level planning.
GBV Sub Cluster partners provided comprehensive case management, psychosocial support and dignity kits distribution to 40 abductees.
As the consumption of alcohol as a preventative measure may lead to broader public health risks, such as community violence, SGBV and/or child protection issues, this particular prevention rumor should be specifically addressed and counteracted in regular risk communications messaging
The latest numbers show that more than 800,000 people have been affected by flooding in areas along the White Nile River since July 2020.
People in parts of South Sudan face the highest levels of food insecurity since independence was declared a decade ago. For many, their situation has deteriorated as a result of compounding shocks, including large scale flooding, ongoing violence and displacement, the impact of which has eroded the livelihoods and coping strategies of vulnerable communities across the country.
A million people, most of whom were displaced, received emergency shelter and essential household items and nearly 600,000 displaced people benefited from camp coordination and management support.  ( By Humanitarian Actors )
and more than 2.1 million people benefiting from access to improved water sources  ( by humanitarian actors )
WFP and WHO, are co leads of the Operational Support and Logistics Pillar of the National Response Plan. Following the arrival of South Sudan Humanitarian Fund  ( SSHF )  funded COVID 19 Personal Protective Equipment  ( PPE )  commodities, WFP and WHO re launched the Personal Protective Equipment  ( PPE )  Common Request System, aiming at consolidating requests of in country COVID 19 PPE commodities.
Emergency Shelter and Non Food Items: Funded:30%, Unmet: 70%
Number of people in with Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition admitted for treatment was in a increasing trend ranging from 0.1 Million to 1.2 Million.
Flood response highlights: 469K people reached with WASH support, 2,400MT of humanitarian cargo transported to 97 locations
Some 1.1 million children and new mothers were treated for acute malnutrition  ( By humanitarian actors )
With eight outbreaks confirmed in 2020; measles remains the most frequent vaccine preventable disease. There are ongoing measles outbreak in Ibba county
Some 300,000 children received education in emergencies, less than planned due to COVID 19 related school closures  ( By Humanitarian Actors )
NOVEMBER 2020: Aid worker security  Two aid workers were killed within days while providing humanitarian assistance in Jonglei, bringing the total number of aid workers killed in 2020 to nine.
925 Metric tons  ( MT )  of items transported for prepositioning and response  [  IOM UN MIGRATION ] .
1.9 million acutely malnourished women and children  ( IPC )
IOM also continued implementing livelihood activities, including handing out start up kits to various livelihood groups and supporting 65 Village Savings and Loan Association  ( VSLA )  group members.
95% of older people surveyed have heard of COVID 19. This has been the result of a widespread COVID 19 awareness campaign provided by the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders.
Because a large share of information dissemination relies on audio formats, individuals with hearing impairments face major communication barriers in accessing services. Long distances that prevent information from being received from service providers is a major roadblock as well.
In the quantitative survey, the main reported challenges in accessing information were lack of economic resources  ( 39.3% ) , distance to services  ( 38.4% )  and lack of physical access  ( 34.0% )
60.5  ( ± 5.0 )  per cent of survey respondents reported that they were able to easily enter and move around in their shelters, corroborating these efforts. Of those who responded that they were unable to easily enter and move around in their shelters, 52.0  ( ± 8.2 )  per cent stated that the shelter is not accessible, 33.7  ( ± 7.8 )  per cent that the shelter is too small and 28.6  ( ± 7.6 )  per cent that the shelter is not located in an accessible environment as the main challenges  ( Figure 19 ) .
A later population count carried out by DRC as camp management agency in September 2020 estimated a larger population of 33,137 individuals  ( 16,625 women and 16,512 men )  from 5,545 households.
In May, three humanitarian workers were killed when fighting erupted in and around Pieri town, Uror
The National Taskforce on COVID 19 in South Sudan announced new COVID 19 measures to curb the spread of the virus on 3 February, including the closure of schools, ban of all social gatherings, closure of businesses that attract crowds, and provisions to ensure non essential staff do not go to work in both the private and public sector.  ( 25 January   07 February 2021 )
There are indications that women  ( 45.9% ) , adolescents between the ages 15 and 17  ( 48.7% )  and elderly persons above the age of 60  ( 54.9% )  with disabilities are more likely to experience mental health concerns
The most effective way people can assist relief efforts is by making cash contributions to humanitarian organizations that are conducting relief operations.
South Sudan has 99 under five child deaths per 1,000 live births,21 higher than the Sub Saharan regional rate of 78 per 1,000 live births.
The rate in South Sudan translates to 1 in 10 children dying before his or her fifth birthday and is among the highest under five mortality rates in the world. The majority are among infants aged under 1 year  ( infant mortality rate of 64 deaths per 1,000 live births under 1 year ) , with most dying from common but preventable childhood conditions such as malaria, pneumonia or diarrhoea.
Household chores are near exclusively the woman's responsibility. Women fetch water in 86 per cent of households, followed by any daughters below 15 years. Children generally assist their same gendered parent.
Two cases are currently isolated in health facilities in the Country; and the National IDU has 99 percent bed occupancy available.
7.5 MILLION Estimated Population in South Sudan Requiring Humanitarian Assistance UN – Nov. 2020
58 humanitarian agencies supported by CTS in Q2.  [  IOM UN MIGRATION  ]
Persistent poor WASH services across the country, along with the outbreak of measles in Budi and Aweil south further contributed to high prevalence of malnutrition ( December 2019 )
A number of resources guiding humanitarian actors to ensure protection and non discriminatory access to humanitarian assistance have been developed over the last few years, including UNHCR's Working With Persons with Disabilities in Forced Displacement, UNICEF's Including Children with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action, UNRWA's Disability Inclusion Guidelines, ADCAP's Humanitarian Inclusion Standards for Older People and People with Disabilities and DFID's Guidance on Strengthening Disability Inclusion in Humanitarian Response Plans.
In addition, IOM supported one partner with handpump spare parts to rehabilitate non functional water points at health facilities in Lake State for COVID 19 infection, prevention, and control.
There is a small Market Muni and Tombek which does not have cereals or other basic food commodities. The main market is Guolyar market in Eastern Lakes state.
Only 15 percent of HHs reported ownership of three key WASH items   buckets/jerrycans, soap, and mosquito nets. These key indicators show that WASH infrastructure coverage alone, for instance, water points and latrines, is weak in South Sudan. ( December 2019 )
Education: • Renovation and construction of Temporary Learning Spaces to the affected population. • Provision of scholastic materials for both teachers and pupils • Evacuation or relocation of population occupying the schools. • Furniture's for schools e.g desk, blackboard and tables ( Aug 2020 )
Currently, four in five health facilities in South Sudan are managed by non governmental organizations  ( NGOs ) . Only one in five childbirths involves a skilled health care worker.
On 10 October, 2020, the first ever WFP convoy, since South Sudan's independence, arrived in Abyei from El Obeid, Sudan. The pilot convoy of 10 trucks loaded with 250 mt of food and nutrition items arrived at the WFP Abyei Field Office ready for distribution.
Since the start of the pandemic, border closures and movement restrictions have brough about an increase in prices of food items and other non food items16, increasing the reliance of IDPs on food distribution.
Forty six per cent of schools in South Sudan are partially damaged and 13 per cent are fully damaged. At least 2.2 million school aged girls and boys are estimated to be out of school, with thousands more at risk of dropping out.
IOM GBV team developed GBV risk communication messages in coordination with the GBV Prevention Technical Reference Group. Once finalized and approved by the GBV Sub Cluster
FGDs highlighted that the COVID 19 pandemic has exacerbated the economic vulnerability of IDPs as a consequence of losses of income and movement restrictions.
Health: 3.6M People in Need, 0.43  ( 21% )  people reached Protection: 4.8M people in need, 0.39  ( 14% )  people reached
Nutrition services continue in most of the nutrition centres in Tonj North, but with limited capacity and resources. Nutrition Cluster partners in Tonj North provided nutritional assistance to 634 children under five years and 603 pregnant and lactating women through 13 static nutritional facilities and two stabilization centres.
At the state level, crop destruction by floods was more common in Jonglei  ( 29.4 percent ) , Northern Bahr el Ghazal  ( 34 percent )  and Warrap  ( 22 percent )
Sites. Reporting by partners informed that approximately 54 nutrition sites were affected by the flooding, and hence service delivery affected either directly through destruction of the infrastructure, or indirectly by being surrounded by water, thus rendering them inaccessible by women and children in the catchment locations. As a result, 4834 children 6 59 months  ( 1413 Children with SAM and 3421 Children with MAM )  and 3897 PLWs were lost to follow up in a period of months  ( Partners Reports, October 2019 ) .
10,795 MT Humanitarian cargo transported for IOM & partners in 2020 ( August 2020 )
Even with movement towards a political settlement at the national level, subnational conflict has intensified in parts of the country during 2020. This usually involves cattle rustling, revenge killings, and ethnically motivated violence.
Conflict, insecurity and natural disasters have displaced nearly 4 million people since 2013. Some have been forced to flee multiple times due to successive waves of violence and flooding.
Long distance travel to nutrition facilities has resulted in some people defaulting or being absent from the programme. Insecurity due to sub national violence continues to affect patient turn out and supportive supervision in some areas, including Aguka, Wanhalel and Manyiel Thony in Tonj South. Insecurity affected nutrition services in Wanhalel and Manyangok. Integrated nutrition sensitive activities in outreach facilities in hard to reach locations needs to be scaled up.
IOM also provided assorted saloon start up kits to the Abyei Boys Unisex Saloon group. Another ten beneficiaries were trained on basic beekeeping for honey production. Four village savings and loan  ( VSLA )  groups comprising of a total of 100 members were formed in quarter three.
17,432 individuals screened at Juba International Airport by IOM August 2020
Some staff and community nutrition volunteers  ( CNV )  have been affected by the floods. At the same time, potential staff for recruitment had also been affected by the flooding. The available frontline personnel found themselves overwhelmed with the needs;
In partnership with the Community Empowerment for Progress Organization  ( CEPO ) , IOM conducted three radio talk shows focusing on the roles of youth in response to COVID 19.
( As of 31 March 2021 ) South Sudan Humanitarian Fund allocation by cluster  ( US$ millions ) : Food Security and Livelihood= 1.5M frontline, 2M pipeline, Health= 2.3M Frontline, 0.7M Pipeline, Nutrition= 1.9M Frontline, 1M Pipeline, WASH= 0.6M Frontline, 1.1M Pipeline, Logistics= 1M Frontline and Protection= 0.9M Frontline
35humanitarian organisations supported by IOM: August 2020
Poor maintenance of the limited facilities, and weak government institutions at national and state levels, contribute to inequities in access to WASH services.
40,902 individuals received outpatient consultations by IOM: August 2020
The signing of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan  ( R ARCSS )  on 12 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was widely extolled and commended as a significant development signalling the dawn of peace. The ceasefire has held in most parts of the country, with an overall reduction in political violence between signatories.
As of 12th July, South Sudan reported 2,148 active COVID 19 cases, 1,134 recoveries, and 41 deaths.
Protection actors have been working together to visit communities near the cantonment sites, and to assess and address the related protection issues.
Lack or inadequate of educational infrastructure is another barrier for children to access education services. Without proper and sufficient shelter options, displaced people have taken refuge in school buildings, making many schools unusable for learning. ( 2020 )
Over 430,000 people or 30 per cent of all IDPs are sheltering in camps or camp like settings.
Interviews with people affected by the crisis found that although violence and conflict have reduced in many areas, civilians do not yet feel secure.
40,902 individuals received outpatient health consultations by IOM.
Refugees in South Sudan are also vulnerable to malnutrition and only 59 per cent of refugee children had timely complementary feeding.
( 14th May )  South Sudan recorded the first death resulting from Corona Virus Disease.