nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
An increase in localized violence will likely lead to a depletion of household food stock, displacement, loss of livelihoods and massive disruption in crop production, especially as the main planting season is set to start within the next month. Furthermore, intercommunal and other localized violence will exacerbate the expected delays to humanitarian response as a result of the pandemic. WHO may struggle to contain the COVID 19 outbreak and humanitarians may be unable to reach populations in need if insecurity prevents them from reaching affected areas.
The indirect effects of COVID 19 in terms of disruptions to the supply chains of both commercial and humanitarian assistance worsened the severity of food insecurity for most of 2020.
FAO is committed to support spraying operations in key places/hotspots where people procure food, including markets and slaughter slabs in main towns. This intervention is aligned with the Ministry of Environment's Emergency Preparedness for Prevention of COVID 19 strategy.
Two consecutive years of unprecedented flooding have caused destruction of property, infrastructure, crops and displaced people and livestock. Human and animal deaths have also been recorded and attributed to the floods.
One of the immediate priorities of FAO in South Sudan within the COVID 19 context will be to bolster its emergency response programme as a means to support new emerging food insecure people, due to the pandemic, who currently are not covered by humanitarian interventions. The target group will specifically be households that are highly dependent on markets for food, agricultural production inputs  ( seeds, tools, water harvesting and other agricultural equipment ) , and those that depend on agricultural value chain income sources that are expected to be heavily impacted by COVID 19 or related restrictions
The continued and protracted macro economic crisis, accompanied by currency depreciation, has also resulted in high food prices, eroded household purchasing power and made food unaffordable for a significant proportion of the population.
Monitor weather conditions across the country through the existing network of rain gauges and complement this with data from FAO's Global Information and Early Warning System  ( GIEWS )  and other climate databases, to produce decadal weather updatesfor South Sudan
Intensified conflict during the year has disrupted livelihoods, resulted in loss of assets, especially livestock, and also interrupted delivery of humanitarian assistance and other basic services. The loss of assets has created incentives for people to engage in armed violence.
The worsening food insecurity situation in 2020 was brought about by compounded shocks on top of existing high levels of vulnerability caused by asset depletion and impoverishment experienced since 2013
19 March: The MoH released COVID 19 Country Preparedness and Response Plan, covering April to September 2020.
Mindful of existing movement restrictions, FAO in South Sudan plans to complement existing food security monitoring initiatives by setting up mobile phone surveillance systems in collaboration with partners such as WFP, which established the mVAM system.
In total, an estimated 1.572 million people are expected to be in severe acute food insecurity between May and July 2020 due to the combined effects of COVID 19, the persistent macroeconomic crisis and other seasonal factors that contribute to food insecurity.
In Torit, around 80% of the households had recieved no Humanitarian aid in the three months prior to the data collection as reported by KIs
In Wau County  ( Masna Collective Centre ) , the size of the population was 6,127 and Average daily flow in/out was unknown. Approximately 8% travel overnight. No travel out of county for overnight travel. There was Congregation restrictions. There were no Temperature screening. There was Hand washing stations. There was risk communication.  [ Mobility Update Week 11  ( 1 14 June 2020 )  ]
39% of internally displaced persons and 42 per cent of returnees, over 1.1 million individuals, live in settlements reporting conflict related incidents over a six month period, including both instances of armed conflict and more commonly localized conflict over land and resources. A third of IDPs and returnees live in communities where women and girls avoid certain areas due to fear for their safety.
Between January and October 2020, UNMISS documented more than 1,200 human rights incidents, including arbitrary killings, injuries, abductions, conflict related sexual violence, arbitrary arrests and detention, torture and ill treatment, forced military recruitment, and the looting and destruction of civilian property
While refugee returnees would not return to the most insecure areas, the vast majority or 96 per cent of the refugee returnees surveyed in 2020 said they felt safe in their current locations, while more than half reported having a good relationship with their host communities.
8 May 2020   The first COVID  19 case  ( IDP )  is confirmed at Bentiu PoC site. Partners begin contact tracing and continue in the construction of a Bentiu Town isolation centre.
Spikes in sub national violence during 2020 resulted in more than 2,000 civilians killed between January and October and people displaced.
JULY 2011  Independence: South Sudan becomes the world's newest country and the 193rd country recognized by the United Nations. 2011 2012  Refugee influx: Tens of thousands of refugees from Blue Nile and South Khordofan states in Sudan flee into Unity and Upper Nile states in South Sudan DECEMBER 2013 Fighting erupts Fighting erupts in Juba and quickly spreads to Jonglei, Unity and Upper Nile. Thousands of people flee their homes.
An estimated 2.4 million children were out of school in 2020. A third of all the schools are either damaged or destroyed. People's properties have also been destroyed, preventing people from returning home. Lack of alternative shelter options have forced thousands of IDPs to occupy school buildings
The prolonged conflict and limited Government investment have had a devastating impact on the country's infrastructure and basic service delivery. Health facilities are poorly equipped and staffed. Out of approximately 2,300 health facilities, more than 1,300 are non functional. Of the functioning health facilities, 57 per cent are supported by humanitarian and development partners and many remain in areas that are not easily accessible by the communities, i.e., close to a quarter of IDPs and returnees live in settlements further than 5 km from a functional health facility
Food Security and Livelihoods: Funded: 57%, Unmet: 43%
Education: 3.1M People in need and 331k people reached
JANUARY 2020: Food insecurity  Humanitarian organizations scaled up their response for food insecure people in parts of Jonglei, Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Upper Nile FEBRUARY 2020: Sub national violenc  An upsurge in violence severely impacted humanitarian operations in Jonglei. Assessments were hindered and aid workers were relocated. MARCH 2020: Pooled fund allocations  South Sudan
By the end of the year, some 7.3 million women, men and children were reached with some form of assistance or protection through the plan.
Child Protection  ( CP )  partners reached 850 adults  ( 450 females and 400 male )  with child protection messaging and deployed frontline CP staff to response the growing needs. During the reporting period, a monitoring mission reached all payams in Tonj South and identified communities with the highest needs and identified areas to set up Chil Friendly Spaces ( CFSs ) .
Pregnant and lactating women identified with GBV issues were linked with the GBV team for appropriate response and support. WASH practices at nutrition sites, integrated Expanded Programme on Immunization  ( EPI )  services at static and mobile nutrition sites to ensure all children are adequately screened and immunization status updated. An Aweil South SMART survey proposal was submitted to the Nutrition Information Technical Working Group for validation and will be conducted this month.
A Child Protection partner scaled up services across Aweil South, reaching 406 people  ( 237 women, 25 girls, 122 men and 22 boys ) , including supporting 47 people  ( 25 girls and 22 boys )  with case management and providing psychosocial support services to 150 people  ( 83 women and 67 men ) . Some 209 people  ( 154 women and 55 men )  participated in awareness raising sessions on prevention and response to child protection issues. A GBV partner has begun preparation for Women and Girls Friendly Spaces​  ( WGFS ) programmes, awareness raising sessions and community outreach meetings. The GBV Sub Cluster partners prepositioned 3,000 dignity kits to support vulnerable women and girls throughout the county
Most participants were unaware of shelter rehabilitation services and only knew about NFI distributions.
During the reporting period, 46 unaccompanied and separated children were reunified with their biological families by Protection Partners. More than 2,742 children  ( 1,191 boys, 1,551 girls )  and 979 adults  ( 406 men, 573 women )  participated in a series of psychosocial support activities through Child Friendly Spaces  ( CFS )  and door to door psychosocial Support Services  ( PSS )  activities. Forty one case workers  ( 28 women and 13 men )  participated in a CP training on case management and child protection in emergencies topics. Protection partners supported recently returned abductees with protection non food items, including blankets, sleeping mats, soaps, kitchen sets, buckets and mosquito nets. Follow up with partners in the area where the affected families live to provide reintegration support is ongoing.
Arrival and departure screening for COVID 19 was conducted, reaching a total of 9414 travelers where 5370 individuals were screened at Juba International airport, 3,099 individuals were screened at Nimule border crossing, and 945 individuals were screened at Wau airport.
During the reporting period, 1,568 children under five years and 923 pregnant and lactating women were reached with nutrition assistance through 24 static facilities, 10 outreach sites and 2 stabilization centres in Likuangole, Gumuruk, Vertet, Boma, Maruwo Kassingor and Pibor payams in Pibor County.
In Pibor Town  ( 22,120 )  and in Vertet  ( 8,664 ) , double distributions for both March and April are ongoing. To date, 9,418 households have received livelihoods support in Pibor, Gumuruk, Likuangole and Vertet. An additional 22,000 agricultural and fishing kits have arrived in Pibor to support the dry season response
In Pibor County, general food distributions are targeting 106,000 people. Double distributions for February and March were completed in Likuangole and Gumuruk during the last reporting period  ( 1 15 March )  and reached 38,467 people. The March general food distributions were completed in Boma  ( 6,072 people ) , Labrab  ( 5,000 )  and are currently ongoing in Maruwo, targeting 4,808 people.
Roads into Pibor are now passable, including to Likuangole, and the delivery of urgent supplies and pre positioning efforts are being scaled up to maximize the current window ahead of the rains.
Akobo town remains inaccessible for road transportation, even during the dry season, and supplies must be via air. In Akobo West, partners are utilizing alternative routes from Bor Manyabol  Pajut PathaiWalgak in Akobo County to pre position ahead of the rainy season. The first convoy departed on 29 March and convoys will continue every two weeks during the dry season.
Across Greater Tonj, insecurity has affected the timely implementation of activities. Limited resources for protection activities have resulted in critical gaps in some payams in Tonj North and South. There are limited opportunities for protection capacity building, especially among local chiefs and local administrators. In Women and Girl Friendly Spaces  ( WGFS )  there is a lack of materials to fully operationalize the space, including the provision of hand washing facilities and seating for women and girls that come to the centre.
Seeds and tools for cultivation and hygiene kits and physical security and protection were also shared as a priority by the community. Displaced people informed the assessment team that there are no police or any other organized forces to provide protection when their villages were attacked by the armed youth. Advocacy is needed to ensure that civilians are protected and are able to safely access services.
While basic services, including health and WASH were available in host communities, the additional people were straining basic services, especially adequate safe water availability. There was a concern that crowded living conditions and poor sanitation and hygiene practices will increase the risk of disease outbreak.
In the three IDP locations assessed in Thiet, Jak and Tonj payams, people reported that there is limited food available, that displaced people share food with host communities and some displaced people adopted negative coping mechanisms, such as skipping meals and reducing portion sizes to cope. Shelter and NFIs were highlighted as a priority need for displaced families.
Recommendations by disability focal persons to address these barriers mainly revolve around strengthening the already existing accessibility efforts for persons with disabilities. They identified a need to increase the number of latrines and building latrines that follow universal standards to enable RECU  ( Reach Enter CirculateUse ) 15.
Displaced people shared their willingness to engage in livelihood activities, however, land has not been allocated to them in Thiet, Jak and Tonj town. There is a need to organize a meeting with the local authorities and host community leaders to request land for temporary shelters and cultivation.
Two out of five payams in Tonj South have limited access due to insecurity. Sub national violence and displacement are significantly affecting people's access to health services in Manyang ngok and Wanh Alel.
Advocacy is needed to ensure the safety and security of civilians and that people can safely access humanitarian services. Food Security and Livelihood partners highlighted that there is a need for more training and equipment for livestock vaccination campaigns.
Based on the IPC projections for December to March 2021, an estimated 70,000 people faced Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or higher levels of food insecurity  ( or 60 per cent of the population of Tonj South County )  with an estimated 12,000 people likely to face catastrophe levels of acute food insecurity in Tonj South County between December and March.
Absence of Government protection, rule of law in some villages and availability of weapons are contributing factors to the ongoing sub national violence. Affected communities lack or have limited access to a justice system. The majority of local communities depend on community self protection. During the last two weeks, numerous killings and cattle raiding incidents took place, impacting humanitarian service delivery.
All 14 health facilities are functioning in Tonj North, but with limited capacity and resources. Some 4,883 consultations were reported. Since the start of the response scale up, seven Interagency Emergency Health Kit  ( IEHK )  kits and 15 pneumonia kits and two SAM kits were distributed to partners. Some 10,000 people, targeting MAM and SAM caregivers, received WASH hygiene kit items and hygiene messages for safe water treatment and handwashing purposes
Partners in Tonj North reported the need for capacity building training on vaccination and treatment of livestock. The shortage of vaccination equipment has delayed response activities
Four out of nine payams in Tonj North have limited access due to insecurity. Sub national violence and displacement have significantly affected people's access to health services, particularly displaced people in hard to reach areas, as well as resupply of health facilities and pre positioning efforts ahead of the rainy season.
• Based on the IPC projections for December to March 2021, an estimated 141,000 people are facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or higher levels of food insecurity  ( or 55 per cent of the population of Tonj North County )  with an estimated 26,000 people likely face catastrophe levels of acute food insecurity in Tonj North County between December and March.
71.1 ( ± 4.8 )  per cent of respondents with disabilities have access to enough water for drinking, washing, cleaning and cooking. Among the 28.9  ( ± 4.8 )  per cent who do not, the main reasons are lack of physical access  ( 35.6% )  and lack of economic resources  ( 26.0% ) .
Health partners reported that insecurity due to sub national violence, continues to affect patient turn out and supportive supervision in some areas, including in Wunlit and Mayenador in Tonj East. Medical supplies were highlighted by partners as a key need to ensure no disruptions in service delivery and pre positioning ahead of the rainy season. Many locations remain insecure or hard to reach. Supplies have been prepositioned for three months in some health facilities.
The respondents cited incidents of harassment from their neighbours as well as incidents of children pelting them with stones and insulting their disabilities.
Insecurity has impacted on delivery of nutritional supplies  ( Ready to Use Food and Corn Soya Blend++ )  at some nutrition sites, including Ngapagok PHCC, Wunlit PHCU, Mayen Ador PHC, Rumabuth PHCC, Paliang PHCU, Wuncuei PHCU, Kuel Chuk PHCU, Paweng PHCC, and Makuace PHCU. As a result, identified acute malnourished pregnant and lactating women could not access treatment services in the nine facilities mentioned above. However, with the recent peace dialogue, nutrition supplies will be delivered this month. Nutrition Cluster partners with support from the Logistics Cluster are exploring ways to improve storage capacity including the use of mobile storage units.
Criminality and armed cattle raids were reported in Pawang area of Tonj East County. Criminality and road banditry were reported on the road towards Romic area. In Tonj East, a humanitarian vehicle was stopped at gunpoint in Abyei Madhieu with demands for money before the vehicle was allowed to pass. Insecurity has affected pre positioning efforts in deep field locations that will soon be cut off ahead of the rainy season. Distribution activities including for critical time sensitive agricultural inputs continue to be disrupted by insecurity.
In Tonj East, polio vaccination coverage remains a critical gap.
Difficulties remembering or concentrating  ( 59.8% ) , with self care such as washing or dressing  ( 74.8% )  or communicating  ( 83.6% )  are functioning domains that are associated with mental health concerns, explaining the moderate degree of correlation.
In line with these requests, 82.3  ( ± 3.6 )  per cent of survey respondents stated that they did not have access to shelter materials, citing the lack of physical access  ( 14.2% )  and not being part of the target group  ( 8.9% )  as the main challenges. 30.4  ( ± 4.8 )  per cent of respondents indicated that they did not know about or have never tried accessing the NFI distributions.
In FGDs, respondents voiced the need for further items, such as torches, blankets, mosquito nets, radios, sleeping mats and clothes, and cash assistance.
Men also reported harder or no access to food distribution, safe clean water and livelihood opportunities by about seven per cent more than women. Women were more likely to report two services to be hard to reach or not available: NFI distribution  ( 77.7% ± 5.1% compared to 69.0% ± 9.2% among men )  and cash transfer services  ( 68.5% ± 5.7% compared to 62.4% ± 9.6% among men ) .
Rehabilitation services, psychosocial support, assisted referral, livelihood opportunities and reunification with family members of caregivers were reported to not be available by over 10 per cent of respondents.
Ten other basic services were reported to be hard to reach by over 40 per cent of respondents: safe clean water, toilet and sanitation, shelter, general health services, access to medication, assisted referral, protection services, livelihood opportunities  ( by respondents over the age of 18 ) , education  ( by respondents under the age of 18 )  and reunification with family members or caregivers.
NFI distribution  ( 44.8% hard to reach, 33.4% not available )  and cash transfer services  ( 27.2% hard to reach, 42.3% not available )  are hardest to reach or not available.
FGD highlighted that a major challenge that all persons encounter with accessing information is the lack of radios, which is a consequence of lack of economic resources
10.0  ( ± 1.6 )  per cent of respondents reported feeling unsafe when accessing services, whether at the points of delivery or on the way towards them, and 18.5  ( ± 3.8 )  per cent reported encountering actual dangers.
The fact that IDPs were prohibited by local authorities from leaving the PoC site from 6 to 18 April 2020, to limit viral exposure severely narrowed livelihood opportunities, such as firewood collection, charcoal making and gardening.
Based on the IPC projections for December to March 2021, an estimated 104,000 people faced Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or higher levels of food insecurity  ( or 75 per cent of the population of Akobo County )  with an estimated 14,000 people likely to face catastrophe levels of acute food insecurity in Aweil South County between December and March.
At the beginning of 2016, the residents of Malakal PoC site mostly belonged to three major ethnic groups: Shilluk, Nuer and Dinka. However, in February 2016 the site came under attack, resulting in the death of at least 29 IDPs and the destruction of shelters mostly belonging to Nuer and Shilluk IDPs.
In January 2020, DTM biometrically registered 27,924 individuals  ( 15,056 women and 12,868 men )  from 8,520 households residing inside Malakal PoC site.
During the reporting period, the Primary Health Care Unit ( PHCU )  and mobile outreach support in Nayacawany and Wathmuok payams conducted 4,745 consultations and reached more than 2,750 people. Health Cluster partners received 28 IEHK, a kit to treat children with severe acute malnutrition who have medical complications and 15 pneumonia treatment kits since the start of the response scale up. Health partners rehabilitated and restocked the PHCU in Makuei Alel, Nyieth, Akec and Ayai and rehabilitated two cold chain facilities
Fighting between age set groups in greater Pibor continues to pose a threat to the humanitarian response and has disrupted humanitarian services and activities in Likuangole, Vertet and Pibor. During the reporting period all five nutrition sites in Gumuruk Payam were affected, disrupting people's access to nutrition services.
In Akobo East, nutrition partners highlighted the need to have a WASH partner. Increased funding to scale up the WASH response and hygiene promotion, including the recruitment of hygiene promoters is critical to ensure an adequate response is in place to mitigate the risk of disease outbreaks, which is compounding with an already alarming nutrition situation in Akobo. For Akobo East, there are only 10 hygiene promoters compared to 37 in 2020, to serve an estimated 43,000 people.
Revenge killings, cattle raiding, and communal fighting threaten to hamper service delivery in Akobo County. Based on the tracking of spontaneous refugee returns in the county, 3,838 people have returned to Akobo Town between January 2021 and March 2021  ( both, refugees and IDPs )  and are not yet registered.
The protection response is ongoing in Akobo East and West, including information, counselling and legal assistance programme addressing housing land and property concerns by Protection Partners.
A WASH mobile response partner scaled up the WASH response across three payams in Akobo West, including the rehabilitation of boreholes; hygiene promotion; WASH NFI distribution and capacity building of Water Management Committees  ( WMCs ) ; hand pump mechanics; and water quality testing.
Two additional partners are supporting the scale up of health services including PHCU in Nyandit Payam and through mobile medical teams in Bileky, Denjok and Gakdong payams in Akobo East. Partners are supporting the County Health Department to repair the cold chain in Meer PHCU ( Primary Health Care Units )  in Nyandit Payam.
( As of 31 March 2021 ) During the reporting period, 908 children under five years and 568 pregnant and lactating women received nutritional support through 30 static nutritional facilities, four outreach sites and three stabilization centres by Nutrition partners.
In March, 39,287 people of the 74,547 targeted in Akobo were reached with General Food Distributions  ( GFD ) . Food commodities in Akobo West were delivered by road using the new alternative road route from Bor to Walgak, and not via air transport. Challenges during transportation to Walgak have contributed to the late arrival of commodities, the food has reached Walgak for Akobo West.
Insufficient potable water supply to meet people's needs is a critical gap across Pibor County. Mobile capacity to support the repair of water points destroyed or submerged by flooding is ongoing. Longer term funding is urgently needed to ensure continuous WASH service provision, including the provision of full sanitation and hygiene promotion packages, especially for people in areas with high rates of malnutrition and disease outbreaks
During the reporting period, insecurity was reported in Pibor County between different age set groups in Manyirany village on 14 March and 17 March. Insecurity along the roads continued to impact the movement of supplies, especially on the Pibor–Gumuruk road. On 18 March, an NGO contracted truck carrying food supplies from Pibor to Gumuruk was looted approximately 25 kilometres from Pibor. The incident occurred inthe same location as a previously reported looting incident. The Logistics Cluster is facilitating bi weekly coordinated road convoys from Bor to Pibor to reduce the security risk.
In 2021, the lack of Camp Coordination and Camp Management  ( CCCM )  structure in camps and camp like setting will impact on the dignity and living standards for an estimated 1.2 million people. This is a slight decrease from the 1.3 million people who needed CCCM support in 2020.
The nutrition situation is critical, with 53 counties  ( 68% )  of the total being classified as IPC Acute Malnutrition  ( AMN )  Phase 3 and above during the period November 2020 to March 2021. Out of this, 29 counties were projected to be in IPC AMN Phase 4, and 24 counties were projected to be in IPC AMN Phase 3. Of the counties in IPC AMN Phase 4, nearly 80% are in Greater Upper Nile followed by Greater Bahr el Ghazal.
Refugees' access to wood for shelter construction and other natural resources has become increasingly challenging, undermining the ability of refugees to be self sufficient.
UNICEF continued to work closely with the Government of the Republic of South Sudan and other partners to support life saving emergency integrated primary health care services in all the 25 counties of Jonglei and Upper Nile States targeting an estimated 1.8 million people. The support also includes the distribution of essential drugs and medical equipment to 1912 health facilities as part of efforts to improve the quality of service delivery and support of emergency preparedness and response interventions at both national and state levels.
The performance indicators of SAM treatment were above the acceptable minimum Sphere standards, with a cure rate of 94.9 per cent, death rate of 0.3 and defaulter rate of 3 per cent.
The reporting period was also marked by reports of localized disease outbreaks, mainly the vaccine derived polio virus type 2  ( cVDPV2 )  and an increase in measles cases. Since the beginning of the year and up to the end of November, 1,115 measles cases and 10 deaths were reported in South Sudan, with all cases affecting children under five years of age.
About 1.4 million children under five years of age are expected to suffer from acute malnutrition in 2021, including 313,391 children suffering from severe acute malnutrition.
Flooding in 2019 in Greater Upper Nile and Bahr el Gahzal carried over into 2020, while the rainy season started very early, leaving a short dry season, affecting livelihoods as well as UNICEF's ability to pre position supplies.
In 2020, UNICEF appealed for US$180 million to provide of life saving services for women and children in South Sudan.
With an increased population mobility from PoCs  ( Protection of Civilians )  to rural areas due to perceived insecurity in PoCs arising from the withdrawal of the UN Police, the needs for shelter solutions in rural or urban areas receiving PoC residents are increasing according to the DTM round 8
As women face barriers to Housing, Land, Property  ( HLP )  ownership rights, this will continue to cause tension among affected people and exacerbate conflict, and the provision of shelter and other aid has potential to shape population movements and associated tension between communities.
Uncertainty over the transitions and inconclusive peace process may lead to the majority of displaced people currently in the PoC ( Protectio of civilian sites )  /former PoC sites to either remain in the sites, or prematurely leave to find shelter and livelihood opportunities in other locations but essentially remain displaced.
Since September 2020, a significant increase in returns from Uganda has been driven by worsening economic conditions for refugees and, on occasion, frictions with host communities. There have also been occasional instances of conflict in border regions of the Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo, forcing South Sudanese refugees to flee back to South Sudan.
Many refugee returnees lack identity documentation, which further limits their access to services, and their ability to exercise their rights of their rights as national citizens. Refugee returnees bear the same challenges, if not worse, as other South Sudanese nationals in terms of civil documentation and particularly in terms of documentation proving property ownership. Recognition of civil status and documentation acquired in their country of asylum may not be recognized in South Sudan, enhancing vulnerability.
IDPs reported they could not hold the government directly accountable as this would put them at risk. For instance, in Upper Nile IDPs noted that before the conflict communities raised their complaints with the local chief for escalation to the county commissioner, but currently chiefs fear elevating complaints to commissioners as they will be accused of opposing the government
Food assistance was clearly named as the main priority need for women  ( in 23 per cent of assessed settlements countrywide ) , followed by health, while food assistance and livelihood support were identified equally as priority needs for men. However, in Upper Nile, livelihood support was the most commonly reported main priority need for women.
One in five refugee returnees reports not having access to their houses for reasons including damages and occupancy by others. According to a key informant assessment, nearly a quarter of assessed households host displaced people. Destruction of property is one of the most cited reasons for families and individuals in displacement to remain in displacement.
Although community governance structures exist in PoC ( Protection of Civilian )  sites, formal IDP camps and collective sites, these remain highly political, under resourced and lack sufficient accountability to the people they were formed to serve. This is proving to be a challenge to a handover of site management. Similarly, the camp administration capacities remain a challenge to deal with in 2021.
A reduction of the number of United Nations Police was a contributing factor to an increased number of violent incidents and protection concerns within the former PoC sites.
The school closures followed by COVID 19 increased the risk of gender based violence and the sexual exploitation among girls. In the Malakal PoC ( Protection of Civilian )  site, a significant number of young females reported experiencing psychosocial distress.
Displaced families sometimes use negative coping mechanisms to address needs, including forcing their adolescent girls into early marriage. Early marriage among displaced girls is now more prevalent than in recent years
An estimated 1.23 million displaced people continue to face threats to their safety and security, especially women, girls and people with disabilities who are the most vulnerable groups.
People in informal and collective sites lack access to information about their rights, freedom of movement and available services.
Although community governance structures exist in Protection of Civilian sites, former PoC sites and collective sites, these remain highly political, under capacitated and persistently lack accountability to the people they were formed to serve
The CCCM Cluster 3W and camp data show a significant need for a strengthened camp management structures across South Sudan. The data also indicates a worrying limitation of services and assistance, particularly in areas outside of Protection of Civilian sites.
Flood related displacement has the potential to exacerbate existing tensions in sites such as Mangalla. It can also fuel new tensions as host and displaced communities compete for scarce resources and limited
Displaced persons in camps and camp like settings including out of camp are constrained with challenges over options for durable solutions. The integration or relocation of displaced people is challenging due to sub national violence, housing land and property issues, occupied or destroyed houses, prevailing economic challenges in the country and limited livelihood options that further erode coping capacities with propensity to increase tensions between groups.
The displaced people who live in informal settlements in urban and hard to reach rural areas have limited access to CCCM services. Unless these gaps are addressed, the protective environment of camp and camp like settings will continue to deteriorate resulting in aggravated risks and abuse
Approximately 872,000 displaced people live in spontaneous sites or informal settlements or with host communities, some 187,000 are in PoC/former PoC sites and more than 231,000 live in collective sites.
People in need living in protracted displacement and are unable to return home due to ongoing conflict in some potential areas of return and those whose housing, land and property have either been destroyed or occupied
The already limited functionality of health services is likely to be further strained by COVID 19, including the macroeconomic adverse impacts, deepening vulnerabilities. Morbidity and mortality from epidemic diseases, including malaria, is expected to rise sharply due to the disruption of vaccination campaigns and lack of healthcare capacity in 2021.
The population is likely to continue to be highly vulnerable to epidemic disease outbreaks due to low immunization coverage, a weak health system and poor hygiene and sanitation in 2021.
Although cessation of hostilities is holding in most places, fighting between parties of the revitalized peace agreement continues in parts of Central Equatoria, while localized and sub national violence could continue into 2021 in Warrap, Lakes and Jonglei.
At border points and in return areas, South Sudanese refugees report cases of extortion by authorities, GBV incidences, other protection concerns, and the lack of shelter in return areas.
A total of 8.3 million women, men, girls and boys are expected to be in need in 2021 including 304,000 refugees, across all of South Sudan's 78 counties. This is an increase in absolute numbers from the 7.46 million people estimated to be in need in the 2020 Humanitarian Needs Overview and the 7.5 million presented in the Periodic Monitoring Report  ( PMR )  after the first quarter of 2020. Accounting for an increase in the population baseline from 11.7 million in 2020 to 12.1 million in 2021, however, the proportion of South Sudanese people in need remains approximately two thirds.
Education: Most commonly reported barriers to access education for boys from the assessed settlements were cost of studies  (  49% ) , Security  ( 6% ) , Need to support family  ( 8% ) .
Concern for safety and security was paramount; IDPs flagged the need to improve the overall security situation and speed up the process of national reconciliation and disarmament process and increase the transparency of the Peace Implementation process. IDPs underscored the need for basic services such as WASH, shelter, health care  ( including psychosocial counselling and support for vulnerable women and persons with disabilities ) , improved access to education, programmes to challenge harmful cultural practices, livelihoods  ( including employment training for women )  and tailored assistance for persons with disabilities.
Displaced women continued to disproportionately bear the brunt of the conflict and displacement. Some have lost their husbands and become single heads of household, and are exposed to different types of harassment, including GBV, which adds to their vulnerability and trauma.
Owing to the onset of COVID 19, UNMISS advocated to secure the summary release of juveniles on bail as an immediate measure. which led to the release of 84 juveniles on remand, out of a total of 109 juveniles detained at the Juvenile Reformatory Centre in Juba. In addition, UNMISS collaborated with the United Nations Children's Fund and partners to ensure family reunification as well as support to juveniles whose families could not be traced. Trials were completed or initiated in 95 cases, resulting in 5 cases being summarily dismissed, 28 juveniles tried and acquitted, and 14 juveniles tried and convicted
In Malakal, the State Security Committee decided to lock down the protection of civilians site for 14 days. In Juba, UNMISS negotiated with the authorities to allow the supply of vital services, such as water and medical supplies, to the sites. In an effort to mitigate the risk of COVID 19 in the densely populated sites, the UNMISS leadership engaged with the Government and the opposition to encourage and support internally displaced persons in the protection of civilians sites to relocate to their places of origin to decongest the sites.
With the increase in domestic and international travel restrictions, critical transport, such as medical evacuations and previously approved flights organized by the Mission to reduce its footprint, were initially delayed. A special flight request for a medical evacuation was delayed by over 28 hours owing to a lack of clearance from the National Security Service. The Mission engaged with the high level task force on the challenges faced by the Mission in navigating the multiple avenues of approvals required to dispatch flights. As a result, approval for subsequent medical evacuations and special flights improved towards the end of May. Out of the 16 special flights organized by the Mission to transport staff out of South Sudan, 8 were successful.
In Northern Bahr el Ghazal, since November 2019, the South Sudan Peoples' Defence Forces have directed all checkpoint commanders to deny access to UNMISS patrols not accompanied by members of the Joint Verification and Monitoring Mechanism, including patrols to their Wunyiik Division III headquarters for weekly information sharing meetings. With the onset of the pandemic, the South Sudan Peoples' Defence Forces continued to impede the Mission's mandated activities in the area citing the implementation of COVID 19 prevention measures.
On 6 April, a United Nations entity staff member was identified as the first reported case of COVID 19 infection in the country. By then, the Mission had already put in place adequate measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The same day, host nation security services blocked movements in and out of UNMISS compounds in Juba  ( United Nations House ) , Kuacjok, Malakal, Rumbek, Torit and Yambio.
The whereabouts of two national staff members arrested in 2014 remain unknown. The Government has neither granted UNMISS access to them nor provided information about their condition, despite regular requests. UNMISS recorded five new arrests and detentions by the Government of Mission personnel, involving four national and one international staff members. All were released after being detained for periods lasting a few hours to a few days.
UNMISS noted the continued unlawful assertion of jurisdiction by domestic courts over the United Nations, its funds, assets and personnel in disregard of the privileges and immunities of the Organization. On 11 May, UNMISS received a court summons requesting that a former UNMISS staff member who was linked to a road traffic incident in May 2019 and who has since checked out from the Mission should appear before the court. An UNMISS vehicle that was impounded by the South Sudan National Police Service on 30 April 2020, on the orders of the same domestic court in relation to the same road traffic incident, has not been released despite representations by the Mission to the Government that the vehicle, as a United Nations asset, is immune from confiscation.
In collaboration with the United Nations country team and other partners and stakeholders, UNMISS continued to address possible misconduct by strengthening prevention, enforcement and remedial actions. From 1 February to 31 May, UNMISS registered a total of 40 allegations on the Misconduct Tracking System, of which 5 were assessed as sexual exploitation and abuse. All information on unsatisfactory conduct received during the reporting period was processed in accordance with the applicable policy and within the required timeline.
Displaced women and girls continue to bear the brunt of GBV. A third of people displaced live in communities where women and girls avoid certain areas due to fear for their safety, while basic GBV risk mitigation measures around sanitation facilities remain extremely rare outside large IDP camps
Between January and October, at least 2,122 civilians were killed and 1,496 wounded, including at least 301 women and 155 children. Surging sub national violence resulted in more than 1,500 civilians killed during the first half of 2020. More than half of victims were in Jonglei, Lakes and Warrap, which also experienced grassroots violence.
A total of 20 looting incidents were recorded in the second quarter of 2020, compared to three over the same period in 2019. A total of 635 metric tons  ( MT )  of WFP food and nutrition items were looted in Gumuruk, Verteth, Pieri and Nyadin, Jonglei State and Greater Pibor.48
Local youth groups across the country demanded employment from humanitarian organizations in an often violent manner, disrupting assistance to vulnerable communities. For example, in Upper Nile in October, the youth threatened humanitarian workers based on ethnic identity, burned warehouses, and looted and destroyed supplies
Not withstanding the challenges to mandate implementation posed by the COVID 19 pandemic and government response, UNMISS leadership continued its engagement with key stakeholders to monitor and advocate for the implementation of the Revitalized Agreement through the new committee appointed by the President to oversee implementation. The Mission continued to explore and implement new and creative ways of working with partners to foster civic and political space and encourage unified messages for advancing peace, including by expanding its radio broadcast and dialogue programming.
The Mine Action Service surveyed and cleared five sites, including three where humanitarian hubs were being constructed. It also supported UNHCR in conducting an assessment of the proposed way station for internally displaced persons. It carried out the assessment of a proposed extension area of the University of Science and Technology in Bor and assessed and cleared several borrow pits for road rehabilitation in Rumbek, Lakes, and Sopo, Western Bahr el Ghazal. Clearance of a former battlefield adjacent to the internally displaced persons camp in Unity continued.
The Mission is donating various medical and other supplies as well as depreciated equipment to local authorities and health facilities. Hand washing facilities were installed by the Mission in population centres, such as markets, in several locations, including Juba, Yei and Torit. That support was provided in coordination with State level COVID 19 task forces and humanitarian partners, using existing Mission resources, including the force engineering capacity, and is expected to be expanded in the coming weeks.
Notably, an SPLM/A IO commander allegedly involved in widespread conflict related sexual violence, including sexual slavery, which was documented in a joint 2018 public report by UNMISS and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, defected to the South Sudan Peoples' Defence Forces and returned to Yambio in mid April to begin recruiting forces. Investigations are ongoing, with some arrests made in relation to conflict related sexual violence cases in Lakes and Central Equatoria.
UNMISS documented 14 additional incidents of conflict related sexual violence that occurred prior to the reporting period, involving 19 survivors, including 6 girls and 3 men. The incidents were attributed to the South Sudan Peoples' Defence Forces and allied forces under Major General Ochan Puot  ( 5 ) ; SPLM/A IO  ( 5 ) ; NAS  ( 2 ) ; and community based militias  ( 2 ) . Investigations are ongoing concerning the abduction of at least 150 women and girls, who were likely subjected to sexual violence, during intercommunal violence in Jonglei between December 2019 and March 2020.
UNMISS verified 38 incidents of such violence, involving 51 survivors, including 14 girls. They were subjected to rape  ( 21 ) , gang rape  ( 15 ) , forced nudity  ( 9 ) , attempted rape  ( 3 ) , threat of rape  ( 2 )  and forced marriage  ( 1 ) . The incidents were attributed to the South Sudan Peoples' Defence Forces and allied forces under Major General Ochan Puot  ( 13 ) ; community   based militias  ( 9 ) ; the South Sudan National Police Service  ( 2 ) ; SPLM/A IO  ( 1 ) ; forces under Major General Nando  ( 1 ) ; and NAS  ( 1 ) . The perpetrators' affiliation in 11 incidents had not been conclusively determined at the time of reporting.
Counties in other states with persistently high levels of settlements reporting perceived unsafety are Juba in Central Equatoria and Ulang in Upper Nile. Parts of Jonglei and the Greater Pibor Administrative area were heavily affected by conflict in 2020 and as a result people's perceptions of safety were not assessed.
The National Salvation Front has not signed the revitalized peace agreement and was involved in the majority of the fighting between organized non state actors. This was the case especially in Central and Western Equatoria where recorded conflict incidents increased by 18 per cent between 2019 and 2020
A National Framework for Return, Reintegration and Relocation of Displaced Persons: Achieving Durable Solutions in South Sudan was launched in 2019 and supporting Action Plan and Task Force in 2020. Despite this progress, housing, land and property claims often go unaddressed and disputes can result in new displacements and protection risks.
JULY DECEMBER 2020  Flooding: Flooding along the Nile affected over one million people in 43 counties, and damaged homes, crops and infrastructure. AUGUST DECEMBER 2020  Displacement: Subsequent flooding combined with conflict displaced over 30,000 people from Jonglei into Bor town, Mingkaman and Mangalla. SEPTEMBER 2020  PoC site transition: Following discussions among the UN, Government and communities, the Bor PoC site the first of five transitioned to an IDP camp. Wau and Juba PoC sites followed in October and November.