nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
In Trinidad and Tobago, the Ministry of Social Development and Family Services, in collaboration with the Ministry of Labor  ( Ministry of Labour and Small Enterprise Development )  has adopted various measures to support people affected by the crisis, including foreigners who are permanent residents of the country. Among the programs, those directed at self employed workers and vulnerable individuals are noteworthy.77 Said programs included cash assistance, food assistance, and rent subsidies for three months, prioritizing families with children and adolescents younger than 18 years of age. Foreigners must, among other requirements, have a Registry Certificate for permanent residents. Although migrants can benefit from said measures, the residence requirement is complex for the Venezuelan population in the country. On the one hand, migrants with regular status have only received temporary visas; on the other, the majority arrived in the country recently
The pandemic led to an overall increase in gardening and household production activities, with 43% of respondents indicating that they have increased the amount of time spent on these activities. This is similar to the share reported in June 2020  ( 46% ) .
When considering the different characteristics of people responding to the survey the most marked differences are found related to people's level of income, as well as the sex of respondents. Of those who described their income as below or well below average, 63% reported livelihood disruptions, compared to 26% of respondents who consider their income levels as above or well above average.
Men were found to be much less likely to earn income from salaried work and livelihood disruptions seem to have been more widespread among them, compared to women respondents.
Limited access to livelihood inputs is also among the key reasons for livelihood disruptions, cited by a quarter of respondents, and is much more widespread among people with incomes below or well below average.
Clear differences were found across income levels and between women and men. Male respondents were more likely to have faced a time when they were unable to access markets  ( 32% )  than female respondents  ( 13% ) . However, the greatest difficulties in accessing markets were experienced by respondents reporting below or well below average income levels  ( 41% ) , compared to 7 10% for respondents with average or higher income.
Las autoridades han publicado imágenes de solicitantes de asilo positivos de COVID 19, en un caso refiriéndose a un refugiado venezolano registrado que dio positivo al COVID 19 como “un riesgo para la seguridad de los ciudadanos'. Las autoridades sanitarias también han informado sobre el número de "no nacionales" que están infectados con COVID 19. Los socios informaron de picos notables en el ánimo de la comunidad debido a estas situaciones.
un grupo de 93 personas de nacionalidad venezolana fueron deportadas después de las declaraciones del Primer Ministro donde se indicaba la intención del Gobierno de deportar a todas las personas venezolanas que no estuvieran registradas con el Gobierno, después del registro que tuvo lugar en junio de 2019. El Ministro de Seguridad Nacional reiteró esta posición después de la deportación, calificándola como un intento de proteger a la población de Trinidad y Tobago del COVID 19.
{COMUNICACIÓN DIRECTA CON LA COMUNIDAD} El número de consultas registradas en septiembre disminuyó; de 1476 consultas realizadas en agosto a 1018 consultas realizadas en septiembre. Este descenso pudo ser debido a que septiembre fue el primer mes en el que se implementó un nuevo sistema de línea directa, en el que se redujo la capacidad de tres líneas directas que operaban simultáneamente a una línea directa diurna y una línea directa nocturna. Sin embargo, se observó un aumento significativo en septiembre en el número de consultas relacionadas con la asistencia monetaria multipropósito  ( 556 en septiembre en comparación con las 409 solicitudes recibidas en agosto y las 318 solicitudes recibidas en julio ) .
{Migrant Treatment and Access to Services in Trinidad and Tobago}: 2.9. Labour  With respect to the employment of Venezuelan migrants, in particular, a Migrant Registration Framework  ( MRF )  of legal and illegal migrants was held from May 31 to June 14, 2019. Receipt of registration cards entitled holders to work in Trinidad and Tobago for a one year period  ( assessed every six months ) . Migrant employees were expected to be paid in accordance with the minimum wage and were subjected to PAYE but exempt from NIS payments
{Migrant Treatment and Access to Services in Trinidad and Tobago} 2.8. Education  Pending legislative reform, children within this context are unable to access public education unless a student permit is obtained, which is normally contingent on their parents obtaining work permitsv. Whilst migrant children were not denied access to education, first preference would be given to citizens of Trinidad and Tobago
{Migrant Treatment and Access to Services in Trinidad and Tobago}: 
2.10. Sexual Exploitation  According to a 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report on Trinidad and Tobago which was conducted by the United States Department of State, Trinidad and Tobago remained on Tier 2 as it did not ‘fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do soviii.'
Migrants' Access to Formal Education Services Legislative Requirements  Immigration Act, Chap. 18:01 3.10. The MOE noted that the Chief Immigration Officer was the sole authority to issue and cancel student permits under Immigration Regulations 9 ( 6 )   ( c )  and  ( d )  made pursuant to the Immigration Act, Chap. 18:01. Further guidance on the admission of migrant children in schools are enumerated in paragraph  ( e )  of sub regulation  ( 6 )  of Regulation  ( 9 )  of the Immigration Regulations that, “6 ( e ) : No person shall admit to any educational or training establishment in Trinidad and Tobago any person who is not a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago or a resident, unless that person is in possession of a valid Student's Permit issued by the Chief Immigration Officer. A person who admits any such student into an educational or training establishment without there being in force a valid Student's Permit in relation to that admittance in contravention of the provisions of this regulation is guilty of an offence.'
Approvals 3.13. As stated in item number 3.10, the CIO is the sole authority for issuing and cancelling student permits. In its submission, the MOE was unable to provide a figure for the number of requests approved and denied to ECCE, primary and secondary schools, for the reason that the Immigration Division does not inform the MOE of any requests approved or denied.
3.14. Approvals were generally granted in cases where the migrant student would have satisfied the requirements of the Immigration Act, Chap. 18:01 to be granted a student visa. Additionally, if it was established by the primary or secondary school principal that no resident or national would be displaced as a consequence, the migrant student was accommodated in schools with available spaces.
3.15. Furthermore, based on Circular Memorandum No. 17 of 2017  ( APPENDIX IV ) , the requirements for admission of students with a foreign passport is a valid Trinidad and Tobago Passport or a Certificate of Immigration Status which the parent must submit before the child can be registered at the school. The Student Permits expire on the 30th July of the calendar year. Students who have written SEA examinations are allowed to register at their assigned school whilst their application for a student permit is pending.
Amnesty International is particularly concerned about pushbacks of Venezuelans in need of international protection from Trinidad and Tobago.24 As the human rights and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has intensified, thousands of Venezuelans have fled to Trinidad and Tobago.25 While they initially arrived by plane and boat, in June 2019 Trinidad and Tobago's authorities began to require a visa for Venezuelans to enter the country, forcing people in search of international protection to arrive by boat, and to rely more on clandestine routes often run by people smugglers
According to reports, some 50 children were deported between January and November,40 despite the fact that Trinidad and Tobago is also a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which requires countries to act in the best interest of children, refrain from detaining them according to international law, and prohibits deporting them to situations where they could face ill treatment or danger
The COVID 19 pandemic has exacerbated the precarious situation for Venezuelans seeking refuge in Trinidad and Tobago. In March 2020, the authorities closed its borders to all arrivals, including to nationals, migrants and refugees, in practice closing legal avenues for asylum seekers to enter. In July 2020, the Minister of National Security stated that people found to be helping Venezuelans enter the country would be criminalized.36 Amnesty International believes this has risked pushing Venezuelans in need of international protection further underground, made them more dependent on trafficking, an organized criminal activity, and away from health services
While some women believed they had been trafficked, and described situations which correspond with trafficking, other women interviewed by Amnesty International said they had consented51 to sell sex as a way to support their livelihoods. Those women often reported having to work long hours in often exploitative work conditions, and often had debts to pay off to traffickers related to their passage to the country.
In 2019, Trinidad and Tobago granted an estimated 16,500 Venezuelans temporary visas and the right to work in one off “amnesty.' However, as of August 2020, over 24,000 Venezuelans were hosted in Trinidad and Tobago, and as of September 2020, 14,241 had lodged asylum claims, according to the UNHCR. 26 In March 2021, the authorities allowed those previously registered to re register, but did not open a new regularization process.
All Sub regional R4V countries stepped up measures to deal with the latest waves of the COVID 19 pandemic which led to con%nued job loss and reduced access to basic needs among refugees and migrants, who are in dire need of financial support, shelter, safe accommoda%on and food security. In Trinidad and Tobago, for instance, this was evidenced through a 36 per cent increase in Cash Based Interven%ons related queries to one partner's hotlines, and a 170 percent increase in the number of CBI applica%ons made for the month, compared with August.
Legislation for the Protection of Migrants Against Sexual Exploitation 3.52. The MNS and TTPS advised that any legal migrant, refugee/asylum seeker who wished to claim protection in Trinidad and Tobago was bound by the Immigration Act, Chap. 18:01. Persons who entered or remained in Trinidad and Tobago without correct documentation were likely to be detained in an administrative detention centre pending deportation to their country of origin. However, in accordance with legal obligations6, humanitarian assistance was extended to victims of sexual exploitation in a way that respected the dignity and security of the person.
Labour Inspectorate Unit  ( LIU )  3.38. The LIU of the MoLSED was instrumental to ensuring that the Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work were accessible to all workers and that both employers and employees were aware of their respective rights and responsibilities. The LIU is the monitoring and enforcement arm of the MoLSED with responsibility for the enforcement of the Minimum Wages Act and Orders Chap. 88:04, Maternity Protection Act Chap. 45:57 and Part XIV  ( Employment of Young Persons )  of the Children Act Chap. 46:01.
3.5. The number of migrant and refugee children in need of formal education services in Trinidad and Tobago was approximated to be at 3,300. The LWC further advised that this number would be projected to increase based on the average inflows of persons, however from 2020 to 2021 these numbers could vary as a result of stricter border controls due to the COVID 19 pandemic as well as internal conflict in Venezuela.
{Number of Migrant Children in Need of Formal Education Services} 3.2. According to the LWC UNHCR data system, the number of children registered as asylum seekers or derivatives to parents seeking asylum was 2,972. This information reflected the numbers received as at February 29, 2020 and was a record of the receipt and registration of applicants seeking asylum in Trinidad and Tobago. The total number of 2,972 was disaggregated based on level of education as follows:  1,092 are of ECCE age;  1,223 are eligible for primary education; and  657 eligible for secondary education.
3.3 The LWC highlighted that during registration for their Education Services entitled 'Equal Place', which is a temporary intervention designed for displaced migrant children unable to access formal education, some individuals were found not to have registered with the LWC UNHCR but rather with the Migrant Registration Framework 30  ( MRF ) . Accordingly, the aforementioned number does not accurately reflect the number of children actually in need of formal education services.
{Trinidad and Tobago Police Service  ( TTPS ) } 2.19. The National Task Force was created and empowered by the TiPS Act, Chap. 12:10 to prosecute and prevent the trafficking in persons. The National Task Force Against Trafficking in Persons developed and approved a National Plan of Action for the period 2016 2020. The Plan of Action guides the work of the Counter Trafficking Unit  ( CTU )  and all of its stakeholder agencies. Through the work of the National Task Force, the country was upgraded from Tier 2 watch list to Tier 2 in the US Department of State's Annual Trafficking in Persons Report, a status which the country has maintained as at 2019. The implementation of the recommendations emanating from this 2018 report is available in APPENDIX XVI. In 2019, a Special Task Force  ( STF )  was also established to treat with organised and transnational criminal networks involved in the trafficking of persons.
Archdiocese of Port of Spain 2.23. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Port of Spain has undertaken a number of initiatives to address the needs of the increasing migrant population. In May 2018, the Archdiocesan Ministry for Migrants and Refugees  ( AMMR )  was established and provides guidance, training and support to sixty one  ( 61 )  Parish Ministries for Migrants and Refugees  ( PMMRs ) . PMMRs through the fund raising and the goodwill of parishioners, aim to provide food, clothing, accommodation, pastoral care and access to employment and medical services to migrants. PMMRs also host five  ( 5 )  Child Friendly Spaces which attempts to provide educational services to migrant children. The Catholic Education Board of Management  ( CEBM )  on the other hand, is the legal and official body representing the Archdiocese in the management of diocesan schools.
Number of Work Permits Granted to Adult Migrants 3.32. Concerning the Migrant Registration Framework  ( MRF ) , which was executed by the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago during the period May 31, 2019 to June 14, 2019, Venezuelans who entered the country both legally and illegally, as well as those who were detained in Immigration Detention Centres for violating immigration laws, were allowed to register.
3.53. It was highlighted by both the MNS and TTPS that should an offence committed against a migrant not meet the threshold of the TiPs Act, Chap. 12:10, migrants would also be considered to receive a similar level of protection to that of citizens pursuant to legislation7 for which other related offences could form the basis for prosecution in connection with the sexual exploitation of migrants including:  Trafficking in Persons, Act Chap. 12:10;  Sexual offences under the Sexual Offences Act, Chap. 11:28  ( An overview of victims of sexual offences by nationality is available in APPENDIX VII ) ;  Various offences under the Offences Against the Persons Act, Chap. 11:05;  Offences against children under the Children's Act, Chap. 46:01;  Offences under the Proceeds of Crime Act, Chap. 11:27;  Anti Gang Act, No. 1 of 2018;  Immigration Act, Chap. 18:01; and  Domestic Violence Act, Chap. 45:06
Labour Complaints received by the MNS 
3.44. The MNS noted that should cases of labour exploitation be detected during the screening process by an Immigration Officer, the matter was referred to the CTU and/or MoLSED's Labour Inspectorate along with a report. The number of reports received for suspected cases of labour exploitation for the period 2016 to 2019 is outlined in Table 10.
3.46. The LWC surmised that the number of actual cases of labour exploitation may in fact be underreported to the Labour Inspectorate. This conclusion emerged as data from the LWC'S 2019 ‘Survey of Living Conditions' showed that not only were migrants unaware of their rights and thus afraid to report to the relevant authorities, but there was little national sensitisation or direct reporting channels dedicated to the receipt of these types of reports. Complaints that had been received by the LWC were recorded via the following three main channels:  Self referrals for legal counselling placed via telephone, the particulars of which were then forwarded to the relevant assessment unit or third party  ( MoLSED, CTU or Children's Authority ) ;  The asylum registration interview process the particulars of which were forwarded to the relevant case management unit; and  Applications by migrants/refugees and asylum seekers for cash based assistance which captured the socio economic status of applicants.
3.43. The MoLSED also noted that no reports of child labour or forced or compulsory labour was received by the LIU for the period 2016 to 2019. However, complaints related to the breach of the minimum wage legislation had been recorded. Of the thirtyeight  ( 38 )  complaints received, fifteen  ( 15 )  were rectified and twenty three  ( 23 )  were ongoing, each complaint may have also involved multiple breaches.
Food prices continue to be reported as increasing, with majority of the respondents  ( 80% )  indicating an increase in the cost of food over the two weeks prior to the survey. This is higher than in June and April 2020 surveys when 77% and 65% of respondents respectively observed an increase in food prices.
When comparing the responses of female and male respondents, it appears that negative impacts on food consumption are more prevalent among men. Of all male respondents, 26% reported skipping meals or eating less than usual in the week before the survey, compared to 16% of female respondents.
In one instance, it was widely reported that a group of 29 persons inclusive of 16 children were escorted out of T&T waters with some of these Venezuelan nationals returning to T&T shortly thereaŌer and subsequently being detained by authorities. This particular deportation led a number of local and international human rights organizations to write another open leƩer to the Prime Minister, urging for the upholding of the country's obligations under international law and T&T's Trafficking in Persons Act, to identify potential trafficking victims and to provide them with protection and reparation.
The differences between women and men are less pronounced, but it appears that male respondents more frequently spent savings and sold productive assets/goods to meet food needs than female respondents.
Subsequent media reports highlighted that 160 Venezuelans who had entered irregularly were deported on 28 November while legal challenges to their deportation remained in process. The Ministry of National Security responded that returns were carried out in conjunction with the Venezuelan authorities as a measure to prevent the spread of COVID 19 and deter trafficking.
Separately, as the end of the year draws closer, R4V partners continued to receive large numbers of applications for assistance and need to prioritize recipients of aid due to limited economic resources. Among the large number of applications received for cash assistance, 67% were not able to pay rent and 52% had debts of more than TTD 1500.00. 64% indicated that either they or their children/household members had reduced the quantity of their food intake and 62% had reduced the quality of their food intake. 47% of the extremely vulnerable applicants were survivors of GBV and 29% were living with serious medical conditions.
Nearly one in four respondents reported engaging in farming, gardening or livestock raising and 3% in fisheries/coastal activities. In both cases these activities are primarily for their own consumption, with vegetable production being by far the main farming activity  ( 81% of those that engage in farming ) . Over two thirds of respondents undertaking farming and/or livestock raising  ( 68% )  also have household income from salaries, 22% pursue their own business or trade, and 17% receive support from family and friends.
In Trinidad and Tobago, differences in the adoption of the coping strategies are the most striking across income levels. Households with a perceived income below or well below average income resorted to these compromises most often. In the future, this could lead to an even greater gap between economically better and worse off households.
The availability of key products has improved considerably since the beginning of the pandemic. While in April 2020, 18 48% of respondents indicated that food, hygiene items and medicines were not always available, that percentage has decreased in February 2021 – but some items are still not always available in stores and markets. When compared to the Caribbean region, the availability of all key items except medicines is slightly better in Trinidad and Tobago.
In the February survey round, respondents were asked if in the 30 days prior to the survey they reduced essential non food expenditures, spent savings or sold productive assets to meet their food needs. Of all respondents, 53% resorted to spending savings, and 41% reduced essential non food expenditures, such as on education and health. Likewise, 23% respondents sold productive assets to meet food or other needs, potentially undermining longterm income generation.
As in previous surveys, fresh foods are marginally less available than staple foods, but their availability increased since April 2020 with 85% of respondents reporting that fresh foods are always available. However, 11% of respondents continue to indicate that fresh foods are only sometimes available and 1% reports that these items are unavailable.
The COVID 19 pandemic continues to disrupt livelihoods in Trinidad and Tobago. For over one third of respondents, the ability to pursue their livelihood was still affected in the two weeks prior to the February survey. Overall, this proportion has decreased from 72% in April and 57% in June 2020 and is below the regional average of 51%.
COVID 19 continues to have a negative impact on people's diets, with 19% of respondents skipping meals or eating less than usual during the week leading up to the February survey, and 4% going a whole day without eating. Another 22% of respondents reported eating less preferred foods. These results show no significant improvement since June 2020, while indicating an overall deterioration of food consumption since April 2020.
Reduced demand for goods/services continues to affect almost one out of five respondents facing livelihood disruptions, in particular those with above or well above average incomes. Women respondents are more likely to cite concerns about the outbreak, movement restrictions and expensive livelihood inputs as reasons for livelihood disruptions compared to men.
The vast majority of Spanish speakers  ( 86% )  has experienced loss of jobs or reduced salaries since the COVID 19 outbreak, compared to every second English speaker. Consequentially, they were also much more likely to engage in negative coping strategies to meet their food needs, including through spending savings, reducing expenditure on education and health or selling productive assets or goods  ( see page 41 ) . The latter is most worrisome as it undermines their long term income generation capacity and may further undermine self reliance and human capital development. Over three quarters of Spanish speakers expect to experience at least a moderate impact to their livelihood as a result of current disruptions, compared to 61% of English speakers.
The availability of medicines improved between April and June 2020, and it remains stable through February 2021 with 56% of respondents reporting that medicines are always available. However, 34% of respondents still indicate that medicines are not always available and more than 1% report that medicines are fully unavailable.
Impacts to income continue to be widespread, with 50% of respondents reporting that their household has experienced job loss or reduced salaries since the COVID 19 outbreak, lower compared to June 2020  ( 63% ) . The figure remains higher compared to April 2020  ( 40% )  and suggests the continuation of economic hardship with many people facing decreased income.
El 83% de los solicitantes informó que no podía satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, mientras que el 39% de los solicitantes se enfrentaba al desalojo o a la falta de vivienda y el 78% indicó que ellos o sus hijos/miembros del hogar estaban reduciendo la calidad y cantidad de su consumo de alimentos.
The pandemic has changed how people shop, but these changes have evolved over time. Many respondents  ( 84% )  have changed their shopping behaviour compared to before the pandemic, which is consistent with June and April 2020 surveys  ( 86% and 82% respectively ) .
The percentage of English speaking respondents who identified an increase in food prices in Trinidad and Tobago is higher than in the Caribbean region where on average 71% of respondents reported an increase in the cost of food.
Many Venezuelan women told Amnesty International that within the wider context of gender based violence faced by women in the country, they are frequently targeted by men for harassment ranging from name calling on the streets to physical and sexual attacks, including rape. In a system which has largely shirked providing international protection for asylum seekers, the organization found that Venezuelan women are often afraid to report these aggressions, including because of the real and perceived threat that their perpetrators will report them to the police or the immigration authorities, where under the current legal framework, they are at risk of detention and deportation.
The impacts of COVID 19 continue to evolve nearly a year on from the initial declaration of the pandemic, with spikes in cases in September 2020 and May 2021. People in Trinidad and Tobago have endured multiple lockdowns, changes in travel protocols and drastic declines in tourism during this time
{MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SERVICES} counselling sessions, including for 34 victims of sexual and gender based violence. Depression and anxiety are still increasingly high in the asylum seeker population, due to instances of xenophobia as well as challenges posed by the COVID 19 pandemic which lead many to unemployment and food insecurity.
Overall food consumption trends in Trinidad and Tobago are broadly in line with those in the Caribbean where differences in the impact on food consumption appear to primarily reflect disparities in household income.
Spanish speakers were almost twice as likely to experience disruptions to their livelihoods in the two weeks prior to the survey. For Spanish speakers, expensive or inaccessible livelihood inputs were the main reason for livelihood disruption while movement restrictions are much less of a concern
COVID 19 and measures to contain the virus are still impacting market access, with 19% of respondents reporting that they could not access stores and markets at some point in the seven days prior to the February survey. This is slightly higher than in April 2020  ( 15% ) , but remains lower than the levels reported during the survey in June 2020  ( 27% ) . In comparison with other countries in the Caribbean, the limited market access for English speakers in Trinidad and Tobago is below the regional average of 30%
When asked about the 30 days leading up to the survey, 15% of respondents reported experiencing a time when they went a whole day without eating. Similarly, 23% of respondents experienced a time when they were hungry but did not eat, and 33% experienced a time when they ate less than they thought they should. Worries about not having enough to eat were reported by 34% of respondents. Nutrition and the variety of foods consumed are also concerning, with 34% of respondents reporting a time when they were unable to eat a healthy and nutritious diet, and 44% reporting a time when they ate only a few kinds of food.
When considering respondents' demographic characteristics such as gender, age and income, the differences between income groups continue to be the most striking in Trinidad and Tobago. Of the respondents who described their household income as ‘below' or ‘well below average', 38% skipped meals or ate less than usual in the week prior to the survey, which is a three times higher percentage compared to those describing their income as average. Worryingly, 12% of those with perceived incomes below or well below average went a whole day without eating in the week leading up to the survey
The responses of Spanish speakers residing in Trinidad and Tobago continue to differ significantly from those of English speakers and from the survey averages in the region, which is indicative of the precariousness of their situation. Spanish speaking respondents mainly rely on informal daily/casual labour for their income  ( 43% )  at almost four times the rate of English speakers  ( 12% ) . Compared to the June 2020 survey, the proportion of Spanish speakers who rely on this income source, alongside support from family and friends or the government, is increasing while the reliance on salaried employment has decreased. At the same time, Spanish speakers are more likely to report below or well below income levels  ( 74% )  compared to English speakers  ( 63% ) .
How people are changing their shopping appears to be following the June 2020 pattern, with increasing proportion of respondents buying cheaper or less preferred foods  ( 51% ) . This is in contrast with April 2020, when by far the most cited change was buying larger quantities  ( 76% )  – possibly to deal with curfews and to reduce the need to shop frequently. Respondents are also increasingly resorting to delivery services  ( 12% ) , buying smaller quantities  ( 28% )  and going to different stores  ( 36% )  than at the beginning of the pandemic. In addition, more than half of the English speaking respondents in Trinidad and Tobago are spending less time shopping than before the pandemic. Shopping behaviour is consistent with the trends in the Caribbean, where the most common changes in shopping behavior are buying cheaper foods  ( 46% )  and smaller quantities  ( 32% ) .
The reported availability of staple foods and hygiene items has increased substantially between April and June 2020. Their availability remains stable, with 93% and 91% of respondents in February 2021 indicating that staple foods and hygiene items respectively are always available in their markets. However, 5% of respondents continue to report partial availability of staple foods and 6% report partial availability of hygiene items. Less than 1% of respondents highlighted that the two items are unavailable in markets.
In April 2020, concerns about leaving the house, store closures and movement restrictions were the main factors influencing market access. Over time, these concerns have become less widespread. In February 2021, lack of financial means was overwhelmingly reported as the main reason for limited market access, cited by 90% of those who faced a time when they could not access markets in the week prior to the survey. This is a significant increase since April and June 2020. Financial constrains in Trinidad and Tobago are affecting a larger proportion of those unable to access markets than in the whole Caribbean region where on average 84% of respondents cited lack of financial means as the main issue limiting market access.
{Labour Complaints Received by the LWC and the Archdiocese of POS }
3.45. The LWC's 2019 ‘Survey of Living Conditions' 5 indicated that of the 1,183 participants surveyed, 27.4% of Spanish speaking respondents earned under TT $1,000 per month whilst 25.8% of English speaking respondents earned between TT $1,500 to $1,900 monthly. It was observed by the LWC that these figures were below the minimum wage. For the period 2016 to 2019, the LWC's Case Management Unit were also in receipt of reports pertaining to labour exploitation.
3.11. These rules were also referenced in the MOE's Circular Memorandum No. 17 of 2017: Admission of Students with a Foreign Passport to a School in Trinidad and Tobago outlined in APPENDIX IV which provides guidelines regarding the registration and admission of migrant children into schools.
Migrant Children Enrolled in Formal Education Services 3.7. Data obtained from the MOE indicated that for the period 2016 to 2019, there were 1,248 migrant children enrolled in MOE schools none of which were enrolled in ECCE centres. A list of MOE schools with migrant children as students are outlined in APPENDIX III.
Migrant Children Enrolled in Informal Education Services 3.9. The number of migrant children enrolled in the LWC's informal education initiative entitled ‘Equal Place' was at its maximum attendance level, 610, a figure recorded from December 09 to 13, 2019.
Barriers to Migrants' Registration in Schools Views of the MOE 3.93. Aside from the challenges posed to secure a student permit in accordance with sub regulations 9  ( 6 )   ( c ) ,  ( d )  and  ( e )  of the Immigration Act, Chap. 18:01, the MOE highlighted the centrality of migrants' low socio economic status as a key barrier to determining migrants' ability to successfully complete the registration process. Migrant families living in poverty and being unable to meet the basic needs of food, shelter and other items gives low priority to the education of migrant children. Other factors also pose hindrances as follows:  Un regularised status  Limits the social services that migrants have access to inclusive of education as guided by national legislation  ( Immigration Act, Chap. 18:01 )  and policies;  Fear of incarceration or deportation  Which may be exposed during the school registration process;  Lack of records  Especially medical records and access or understanding of certain mandatory components such as the need for children to be vaccinated to complete the registration process;  Lack of knowledge of the registration process  As well as language and cultural differences.
On the contrary, the baseline interviews referred to mounting numbers of pregnant female migrants, some of whom arrived in Trinidad and Tobago already pregnant, while others became pregnant subsequent to their arrival. Instances of pregnant teenagers were also highlighted.
{COMUNICACIÓN COMUNITARIA A LA LÍNEA DIRECTA} Las llamadas a la línea directa de ACNUR siguen aumentando por tercer mes consecutivo, con un aumento notado de 4% en agosto. El número de consultas relacionados con la detención sigue aumentando, con un aumento notado de 43% en agosto en comparación con julio. El mayor número de consultas se relacionó con la prestación de asistencia monetaria, que constituyó el 28% de las consultas recibidas este mes, donde también se notó un aumento de 29% en comparación con el número de consultas recibidas sobre esto en julio.
Detentions and deportations to Venezuela continued, even after an open letter was written to the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from a number of local, foreign and international human rights organisations, urging for a more humanitarian disposition towards Venezuelan refugees and asylum seekers in the country.
According to information Amnesty International gathered during its visit to the country, Venezuelans who hold UNHCR registration cards are not exempt from being detained and held at the Immigration Detention Centre, which independent monitors and NGOs are rarely able to access. The position of the authorities is that in law the government registration cards issued to Venezuelans as part of the “amnesty' are the only documents which regularize migratory status. The overall perception by Venezuelans who spoke to Amnesty International is that being registered with UNHCR offers limited protection against detention or deportation.
Throughout 2020, Trinidad and Tobago's authorities forced people in need of international protection back to Venezuela, often via sea. In July, authorities reportedly deported at least 165 Venezuelans28, and in September a further 93.29 In November, an estimated 16 children   including a small baby   and approximately 12 adults were deported from Trinidad to Venezuela, but later returned following an outcry by lawyers and the public, as among those deported some reportedly had outstanding legal challenges to their deportations.30 The Inter American Commission on Human Rights later issued precautionary measures for six of the children who had been returned.
DetenƟons and deportaƟons to Venezuela also conƟnued, even aŌer an open leƩer was wriƩen to the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from a number of local and internaƟonal human rights organisaƟons, urging a more humanitarian disposiƟon. Government authoriƟes conƟnue to reiterate their posiƟon that borders have been closed since the outbreak of the pandemic, but indicated that Venezuelans registered with the Government in June 2019 are likely to have their documents extended into 2021, pending a cabinet decision on this maƩer.
With reduced operaƟons conƟnuing for certain economic sectors in Trinidad and Tobago, many Venezuelans conƟnued facing economic challenges as demonstrated by applicaƟons for cash assistance to cope with their increased needs. 98 percent of cash applicants reported being unable to meet their basic needs, parƟcularly rent and food. 63 percent aƩributed their applicaƟon to job loss or reduced working hours due to pandemic measures.
Government authorities continue to reiterate their position against an “open door' policy toward non nationals in T&T, but indicated that Venezuelans registered with the Government in June 2019 are likely to have their documents extended into 2021, pending a cabinet decision on this matter.
{CASH BASED INTERVENTION} Multi purpose cash grants were approved in October for 320 individuals facing protection risks with very limited or no ability to achieve self reliance. Applications for cash assistance continued to demonstrate the heightened risks faced by refugees and asylum seekers due to the onset of COVID 19 and challenges of the operational context, which are expected to have a long term impact. Ninety eight percent of cash applicants reported not being able to meet their basic needs, particularly rent and food. Sixty three percent attributed their application to job loss or reduced working hours due to COVID 19, while 75% indicated that either they or their children/household members were reducing the quantity of their food intake. Twenty five percent of the extremely vulnerable applicants reported engaging in survival sex as a means to fulfil their basic needs for themselves and their families.
{Labour Complaints Received by the LWC and the Archdiocese of POS } 
These were dictated as follows:
 Long working hours up to fifteen  ( 15 )  hours a day, seven  ( 7 )  days a week earning an average of $150 250 daily; 
 Female migrants being asked to engage in sexual acts to secure work;
 Migrants not receiving payment after completing work and who face threats of being reported to the Police in view of their irregular migratory status;
 Migrants' inability to access workmen's compensation after workplace accidents.
Regulating Migrants' Rights to Work Existing Legislation to Protect Migrant Workers 3.102. Notwithstanding the finalisation of the Labour Migration Policy, the MoLSED re iterated that all migrant workers were protected both by national laws and the dictates of ILO Conventions. These protections are enumerated as follows:  ILO Conventions  Trinidad and Tobago ratified eight  ( 8 )  ILO Conventionswhich constitute the ILO fundamental principles and rights at work as well as ILO Convention 97 Migration for Employment Convention  ( Revised 1949 ) ;  Labour Inspectors  Labour Inspectors were mandated to ensure that migrant workers enjoyed all the basic rights provided for in the respective labour legislation;  Industrial Relations Act, Chap. 88:01  Provided an enshrined procedure for the management of labour disputes for all workers and employers; and  Conciliation Advisory and Advocacy Division  ( CAAD )   An informal advisory service open to all workers experiencing exploitation to seek advice. CAAD will also benefit from a hotline  ( 800 CAAD )  with options for Spanish speakers.
8. Trinidad and Tobago is one of the few countries in the Americas to have no national legislation on refugees. In practice, this means that people who apply for asylum or who are granted refugee status by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees  ( UNHCR )    which has been permitted to process asylum claims   have no access to many of the rights granted under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees Amnesty International submission for the Universal Periodic Review of Trinidad and Tobago March 2021  ( 1951 Refugee Convention )  and its Protocol  ( 1967 ) , to which Trinidad and Tobago is party. Additionally, Trinidad and Tobago's Immigration Act criminalizes irregular entry,14 in contradiction of international human rights law and standards, which leaves many asylum seekers at risk of detention and/or refoulement.
The UNICEF supported on line educational platform “Equal Place' has 596 children enrolled to the programme. The platform aims at providing access to education to out of school children in Trinidad and Tobago.
UNICEF engaged the Family Planning Association of Trinidad and Tobago to operate a medical clinic in Port of Spain and satellite clinics in the more rural areas of the country to ensure access to primary medical care for non nationals.
Despite stringent pre arrival visa requirements for Venezuelans to enter Trinidad and Tobago in 2022 it is expected that many refugees and migrants will continue to travel via irregular routes, including by undertaking dangerous voyages at sea, which exposes them to risks of death from drowning, and exploitation by human traffickers and smugglers.
Local authorities reported increased human trafficking cases that has consequently intensified demands on national protection systems.
Options for regularization and documentation of Venezuelans in Trinidad and Tobago remain limited.
Trinidad and Tobago extended six month stay permits until November 2021 for Venezuelans registered in a July 2019 exercise.
However, these permits only grant legal stay and employment in the country, so Venezuelans continue to face ob  stacles to integration, which have been compounded by the economic fallout of the pandemic.
Additionally, regu  larization requirements are often difficult to meet, and alternative stay arrangements that take into account spe  cific protection needs of Venezuelans remain constrained.
Registration processes have also taken place during the reporting period, the government of Trinidad and Tobago conducted a two week registration exercise for Venezuelans in the country, including those who entered irregularly or had overstayed their previous visa. Those registered are subsequently granted permission to work for up to one year.
Today, 25 September 2019 members of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force are in Bamboo Settlement along with officers from the disaster management units  ( DMUs )  of the Regional Corporation who are assisting with relief operations.
Conditions in the IDC are a major concern. A primary challenge is that the Trinidadian authorities grant third parties little or no access to the IDC, making it very difficult for third parties to exercise oversight of detainees' conditions and treatment. To make matters worse, when the IDC is at full capacity, immigration detainees are reportedly placed in the Maximum Security Prison or the Women's Prison. Immigration detainees are often put in these prisons for illegal entry, presence, or even working. To comply with international standards,17 the authorities should grant access to independent monitors.
However, refugee children cannot obtain the student permit required for them to attend school. An IOM study showed that “Amongst the respondents with school aged children, more than 75 percent of the Venezuelan children that had been in Trinidad and Tobago for more than a year still didn't had  [ sic ]  access to formal education.
A high percentage  ( 69% )  of Venezuelans originate from the eastern coast of Venezuela, which is nearest the island of Trinidad and Tobago, correlating to the rising number of arrivals by boat.
In 2021, R4V partners supported the authorities in the technical review of key legislative documents for refugees and migrants, including the Draft Labour Migration Policy.
Nevertheless, efforts to promote the socio economic integration of Venezuelans in the country face further hurdles, such as language barriers and minimal recognition of professional certificates and diplomas from Venezuela.
Xenophobia and stigma, limited access to decent work, labour and sexual exploitation, and exclusion of children from formal edu  cation systems, are additional obstacles to refugees and migrants economic and social integration, underscoring a crit  ical need for investment in employment, education, entrepreneurship, and empowerment for refugees and migrants.
DOBLE AFECTACIÓN Y CRIMEN ORGANIZADO • Ingreso irregular y temor de detención y deportación al no haber entrado de forma regular. • Riesgos en la ruta migratoria: presencia de la policía, ausencia de condiciones de las embarcaciones.
• Venían mujeres que ya habían sido compradas para trabajar en bares en trinidad y Tobago, traídas por redes de tratantes, esas mujeres son explotadas bajo amenaza, tanto indígenas como no indígenas y menores de edad.
• Ha habido información sobre posibles secuestros de niños, niñas, adolescentes, también de venta de NNA que traen desde Venezuela, esas ventas son para explotación sexual, también para procesos de adopción ilegal.
Adolescentes y también mayores, acuden a otras para pedirles que identifiquen muchachas y las traen a trinidad para explotarlas sexualmente.
iesgos de los pueblos indígenas vinculados a la presencia de actores armados y crimen organizado desde un enfoque diferencial, desarrollo/apoyo a las estrategias comunitarias para la mitigación de dichos riesgos.
Violencia y maltrato hacia la mujer por el dominio y machismo de la cultura Warao.
• Violencia en la comunidad por alcohol, egoísmo, celos.
Trata de menores de edad.
• Venta de menores para casarlos.
• Violencia hacia la comunidad LGBTIQ.
• Maltrato y abuso laboral.
• Creencias culturales donde se practica el aislamiento de las jóvenes durante el primer periodo menstrual.
MEDIOS DE VIDA
• Dificultad para conseguir materia prima para elaboración de artesanías  ( la palma de Moriche es sagrada y en peligro de extensión en Trinidad ) 
• No cuenta con todas las herramientas y terrenos para cultivas como en Venezuela
• Aumento del desempleo por falta de papeles, conocimiento del idioma, etc.
Regarding ECD, 11 families were targeted with breast feeding and IYCF counselling through workshops. Four children were referred to Health Centers in their communities and parents of one were referred to the Child Guidance Officer  ( CGO )  for assessment. Three children were recorded as having medical conditions which require intervention.
En Venezuela el terreno era plano, era la comunidad Warao más avanzada de toda la región; teníamos tierra alta, donde se podía cultivar todo el año, de eso vivíamos. Acá no hay terreno apto para la siembra, el territorio es una fuente de trabajo
• En Trinidad y Tobago algunas familias Warao han encontrado ingleses que les permiten sembrar en sus territorios y a cambio les cobran arriendo