nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
87% of those interviewed reported regularly entering Panama by an official border post, 

87% of which entered by air, mostly through Tocumen International Airport. The rest 

 ( 13% )  entered by land, along the border with Costa Rica and Colombia, using bus as 

the main means of transport during most routes. Of those who entered irregularly, most 

of them indicated as main reasons lack of documents and fear of deportation or 

detention. 11% said they had to pay to cross the border of whom paid directly for a 

person offering this type of service.
OBSTÁCULOS PARA ACCEDER A LA ATENCIÓN MÉDICA Los principales obstáculos que la mayoría de las personas manifestaron haber encontrado para acceder a la atención médica fueron; que no tuvieron los recursos para cubrir los gastos médicos, la atención del personal médico no es adecuada, los centros de salud no ttuvieron suficiente personal para atender a la demanda tan grande que requiere servicios de salud. Algunos de los entrevistados manifestaron sentirse discriminados por ser extranjeros.
Health 

■ 39% of respondents have had a health problem that has required medical attention. Of 

these, 86% went to a hospital or public health center, mostly  ( 79% )  received the 

attention.
■ Sixty four per cent of those interviewed were working informally and 24 per cent were unemployed. 94% of people said they did not have an employment contract.
GÉNERO Y EDAD 34% de los entrevistados fueron hombres y 40% mujeres, entre 18 y 59 años. Durante el período de entrevistas no se identificaron niños o niñas separados o no acompañados. Estos datos presentan una tendencia que permitiría concluir que hombres jóvenes entre 18 y 30 años están saliendo solos de sus país de origen, principalmente provenientes de Nicaragua y Colombia. Este análisis se obtiene también del cálculo de la media del tamaño familiar, variando entre 1 y 2 miembros. Análisis sobre los riesgos de protección relacionados con esta situación serán valorados en el próximo reporte.
INCIDENTES

389 incidentes de seguridad principalmente en el país de origen, reportados por el 59% de las personas entrevistadas o por miembros de su familia, tales como intimidación o amenaza, violencia física, robo y/o hurto, asesinato, extorsión, arresto arbitrario, tortura y secuestro, por parte de agentes del Estado, paraestatales y grupos criminales. Varias personas mencionaron que los incidentes reportados los obligaron a tomar la decisión de salir de su país de origen.
TIEMPO EN PANAMÁ Se observa una disminución de población  ( principalmente solicitante de asilo )  con un año de estancia en el país. Esto se debe, principalmente, a que muchas personas optaron por someterse a los procesos migratorios extraordinarios, también conocidos como "Crisol de Razas", habilitados a partir del mes de mayo a julio de 2018 a fin de poder regularizar su situación migratoria de manera más expedita. Esta situación provocó que muchos solicitantes decidieran abandonar o renunciar al proceso de solicitud de reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado. E
CONDICIONES LABORALES Las personas que cuentan con un empleo laboran ocasionalmente, de 1 a 3 días por semana  ( 50% labora menos de 20 horas )  o trabajan prácticamente todos los días, por más de 8 horas diarias  ( 24% entre 40 y 60 horas )  con un salario por debajo del mínimo1, exponiéndose a posibles riesgos de explotación laboral.
CONDICIONES DE LA VIVIENDA El 48% de las familias comparten una sola habitación, un 28% tiene 2 habitaciones y sólo un 12% cuenta con 3 o más habitaciones. El 64% de las personas cuenta con un baño de uso exclusivo para su familia y un 36% tiene que compartirlo con otras personas o familias. Estas condiciones de hacinamiento podrían implicar riesgos de seguridad y salud para los miembros de la familia  ( especialmente para mujeres, NNA y personas mayores ) .

OBSTÁCULOS PARA CONSEGUIR LA VIVIENDA Además, un 41% manifestó que enfrentó obstáculos para poder encontrar una vivienda, principalmente por falta de recursos y rechazo por ser extranjero.
EDUCACIÓN El 85% de los niños, niñas y adolescentes que se encuentran en Panamá están asistiendo a la escuela. El 15% restante, argumenta como principales razons; falta de recursos económicos  ( 25% ) , el 15% por falta de documentación, y el 5% por falta de cupo en los centros educativos, entre otras. 10 Algunos de los jóvenes entrevistados tienen deseos de poder continuar y concluir sus estudios universitarios. No obstante, consideran que podrían enfrentar ciertas barreras para ingresar al sistema educativo porque los requisitos requeridos pueden dificultar la inscripción y continuación de estudios  ( certificaciones de estudio, constancias, boletines u otros documentos de soporte apostillados ) .
ESTRATEGIAS DE AFRONTAMIENTO Las personas han tenido que implementar diversas estrategias para poder cubrir las necesidades básicas y gastos en el país. Principalmente señalaron que han tenido que reducir la cantidad y la calidad de los alimentos que consumen. Varios mencionaron que han tenido que alimentarse a base de granos y legumbres por varias semanas para que todos los miembros de la familia pudieran comer, así como muchas veces priorizaron los alimentos para los niños o niñas. También han reducido al mínimo el gasto en artículos no esenciales como en artículos de higiene, ropa y actividades de esparcimiento. En varias ocasiones han tenido que pedir prestado dinero a sus vecinos, amigos o familiares para comprar alimentos y bienes básicos o han tenido que solicitar ayuda a las agencias humanitarias o recibir donaciones de la comunidad u organizaciones religiosas. Un 55% de las personas tiene acceso únicamente a 2 o 1 comida al día y el 44% sí accede a las 3 comidas diarias. Sin embargo, señalan que el consumo de alimentos al que pueden acceder depende del ingreso mensual y de su variabilidad.
Consideran como más importante recibir información sobre temas relacionados con documentación, los diferentes tipos de documentos que hay como solicitantes de la condición de refugiado y como refugiados. Información sobre la documentación para trámites de ingreso a las escuelas e información para poder acceder a mejores viviendas.
El tipo de información que necesitan es sobre los derechos y deberes que tienen como solicitantes y refugiados, también quieren conocer más a detalle cómo funciona el proceso de reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado en Panama y tienen muchas dudas sobre la reforma migratoria que se está discutiendo en la Asamblea. De igual manera, están interesados en conocer información sobre los procesos de regularización migratoria
Los principales desafíos para acceder a la información que identificaron fueron la falta de información física sobre diferentes servicios y procedimientos en lugares clave como ONPAR y las oficinas de las organizaciones. Sienten que hay una gran falta de divulgación y promoción de la información.
Se mantienen informados sobre la situación en Panamá a través de los noticieros que se transmiten por la televisión  ( Telemetro, TVN y Canal 2 ) . Todos dijeron que tienen acceso a internet y utilizan redes sociales como: Facebook  ( grupos: Chamos en Panamá y Venezolanos en Panamá )  y en Instagram siguen a diputados panameños para informarse sobre temas migratorios, tráfico panamá para saber en dónde están realizando operativos de la policía y/o migración y siguen al periódico La Prensa para noticias en general. También utilizan el buscador de Google para buscar noticias o información más puntual sobre algún tema relevante o de interés.
Sobre los desafíos que mencionaron sobre el acceso a la información mencionaron que la información que brinda ONPAR sobre el proceso de reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado no es clara ni tampoco brindan suficiente información al respecto. En cuanto a procesos de regularización migratoria la información disponible en la página de Migración no está completa y en las oficinas de migración la información que brindan los funcionarios varía, no maneja la misma información todos y brindan información diferente sobre los trámites.
en julio de 2019 a mayo de 2020 se presentaron 3 mil 970 solicitudes versus 4 mil 924 del año anterior. En el primer trimestre de este año, se atendieron más de 250 solicitudes para el estatuto de refugiados, presentadas por mujeres provenientes de Nicaragua, Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, El Salvador y Costa Rica.
 El 99% de las personas participantes reportaron tener básico en el uso de herramientas tecnológicas , indicando que WhatsApp y el uso de correos electrónicos son lo único que saben utilizar.
 El 99% de las personas participantes utilizaron un celular para hacer el curso. Sólo una persona utilizó una laptop.
 Un 8% de las personas participantes reportaron tener un plan de celular post pago, y la recarga de saldo no les resulta atractiva, porque no pueden activar data a través de ese sistema.
 Sólo 1 persona reportó tener un nivel avanzado en el uso de herramientas tecnológicas y de programación
 El 9.3% de las personas participantes reportan más beneficioso tener un bono de alimentación que un bono de conectividad.
The Government of Panama declared a State of Na�onal Emergency to face the risk caused by COVID 19, taking a series of protec�on measures for all people in the country, including the closure of all borders, schools, stores, and imposing a curfew among other measures. This situa�on placed several opera�onal challenges and has aﬀected the implementa�on of all ac�vi�es planned for this period. Asylum authori�es are s�ll working with reduced staﬃng while interviews are rescheduled. No new applica�ons are being received, but those who six months term for applying is about to expire, are being listed by the ONPAR so their applica�on will be formalized when possible. The Na�onal Immigra�on Service has taken measures in response to COVID 19, suspending aten�on to the public and all migratory procedures. Regarding to the documenta�on of residence permits  ( permanent, provisional and in process ) , there is an extension of their validity un�l the ﬁrst week of April. Regarding work permits, the Ministry of Labor has taken similar measures, extending the validity of the cards un�l April 30th.
To respond to the emergency, government has launched “Panama Solidario Plan'. This inclusive public policy contemplates the delivery of humanitarian assistance to all legally residing in Panama through cash delivery, vouchers for the purchase of food and medicine, and food bags.
La provincia de Darién se ha caracterizado en la última década por ser uno de los sitios de paso más importantes en los últimos once años para las personas migrantes extrarregionales. No obstante, Darién es una de las provincias con mayores desafíos en el desarrollo socioeconómico de Panamá, situación que incrementa los retos para la atención de flujos migratorios masivos e irregulares. Desde el 2009 se han identificado flujos migratorios extrarregionales significativos, es decir, de personas migrantes que provienen desde otros continentes como África, Asia y la región del Caribe, específicamente personas haitianas y cubanas. la primera crisis migratoria por personas En el 2016, se dio extrarregionales en la provincia del Darién, influenciada por el cierre de fronteras en Costa Rica y Nicaragua. Ante toda esta situación, los gobiernos de Panamá y Costa Rica establecieron un acuerdo conocido como Operación Flujo Controlado, para garantizar el paso de migrantes de manera ordenada, regular y segura.
La Organización Mundial de la Salud  ( OMS )  declaró estado de pandemia por el virus COVID 19 el 11 de marzo de 2020, razón por la cual a nivel mundial se han tomado medidas para mitigación del contagio. En América Central, una respuesta a ello ha sido el cierre de fronteras o alteraciones en las políticas de gestión de fronteras, así como campañas masivas de higiene y la aplicación de estas medidas implica alteraciones en la movilidad de las personas migrantes en tránsito por Panamá. Asimismo, organismos como SICA han realizado planes de trabajo a nivel regional para la contingencia de la pandemia. Desde el 12 de marzo Panamá ha estado en estado de emergencia, con cierre de fronteras, producto de las medidas tomadas para la contención del virus.
El pasado miércoles 3 de junio se dio una nueva protesta por parte de las personas migrantes en la ERM de La Peñita, las personas migrantes como parte de su descontento, amenazaron con provocar daños en la ERM; situación por la cual se realizó un fuerte despliego operativo de seguridad por parte del Servicio Nacional de Fronteras  ( SENAFRONT ) . La principal demanda de las personas migrantes es que se les brinde mejores condiciones en la estación, principalmente en la alimentación y el acceso a agua potable, además de que se les permita continuar con su trayecto migratorio.
. Desde el inicio de la transmisión comunitaria de COVID 19 en Darién, en la ERM La Peñita no se han reportado casos graves; aquellos pacientes con cuadros moderados a causa del virus, se les ha aplicado el protocolo de estancia en un Hotel Hospital en ciudad de Panamá. Al momento de la redacción de este informe, se reportan 6 COVID 19 positivos  ( 6 actualmente en Panamá por ser cuadros moderados ) , 175 recuperados, y 14 permanecen en la ERM de Lajas Blancas por ser posibles contactos. Se dio el nacimiento de unas mellizas y un niño por cesaría, ambos casos de madres haitianas. En la ERM de Los Planes de Gualaca en Chiriquí, la situación de salud no ha cambiado tanto, las tres personas con leishmaniasis continúan en observación y tratamiento médico. Actualmente se cuenta con una crisis de violencia entre familias y estados de ansiedad que llevan a un grupo de personas a estar en constante queja, alterados y con manifestaciones, por lo que se solicitó el incrementar las unidades de seguridad. A la fecha, se reportan cero casos de COVID 19 en la ERM de Los Planes.
50 días después de la detección del primer caso COVID 19 positivo en Panamá, la tasa por cada 100,000 habitantes es 141, la más alta en América Latina y el Caribe.
La Coordinadora de Salud mental del Centros de Operaciones de Emergencias de Salud  ( CODES ) , Delia de Ycaza, destacó que la gestión integral del riesgo de desastres requiere la implicación y colaboración de toda la sociedad, como una responsabilidad compartida con el objetivo de fortalecer las capacidades institucionales y comunitarias ante este tipo de eventos en nuestro país.
En conmemoración del Día Mundial de la Salud Mental y del Día Internacional de la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, el Ministerio de Salud  ( MINSA )  realizó el simposio virtual denominado, Integración de la Salud Mental en la Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres y Otras Emergencias.
Los expositores dejaron claro que es necesario incorporar de manera permanente en la gestión de riesgo de desastres en un enfoque que apunte hacia el desarrollo de la resiliencia y la protección de la salud mental de la población ante las diversas emergencias como la que actualmente vivimos frente al COVID 19.
Este evento que contó con la participación de más de 100 personas de forma virtual forma parte de una serie de actividades que se vienen desarrollando precisamente con el objetivo de fortalecer la respuesta de salud mental frente a la actual emergencia nacional y como preparación para futuras situaciones adversas.
PANAMÁ El Ministerio de Salud y el Servicio Nacional de Fronteras  ( SENAFRONT )  colocaron a la comunidad de La Peñita, en la provincia de Darién, en la frontera entre Panamá y Colombia, bajo un cerco sanitario. La medida se da en un momento en que La Peñita, que acoge a más de 2.000 migrantes de todo el mundo, informa de 20 casos confirmados y otras 50 personas en aislamiento.
Las escuelas permanecen cerradas desde el 9 de marzo y las fechas de reapertura aún no se han anunciado. Continúa una cuarentena total  ( desde el 24 de marzo ) , así como el cierre de todos los negocios no esenciales. Todas las entradas y salidas internacionales al país permanecen suspendidas.
2,522 migrantes extracontinentales en tránsito por Panamá no pueden continuar su viaje hacia el norte debido al cierre de las fronteras. El 27% son niños y adolescentes. Hasta la fecha, se han reportado 143 casos positivos de COVID en la frontera de Darién, de los cuales 5 son de la comunidad de acogida y 27 son migrantes. Se han informado aumentos en los conflictos entre los migrantes, la comunidad de acogida y las autoridades locales. Debido a la presión de los medios y la abogacía del municipio, se estableció un diálogo entre el gobierno central y los representantes de la comunidad migrante. Se llegó a un acuerdo para establecer un espacio de refugio adicional. El Ministerio de Salud actualmente brinda servicios de salud a los migrantes afectados por el virus.
En México, El Salvador y Panamá, las personas migrantes experimentan mayores niveles de desempleo que los nacionales  ( Portal de Datos Mundiales sobre Migración, s.f.e ) .
< 37 por ciento de los refugios son de materiales frágiles: la mayoría son tienda de acampar.
< 25 por ciento de las familias o grupos de personas migrantes tiene acceso a mosquiteros.
La fuente principal de agua se encuentra en el sitio, a < 150 metros caminando de ida, y cuenta con un sistema mejorado de cañerías y tanques.
En la ERM se han presentado incidentes de violencia relacionados con robos, violencia basada en género, además del estrés provocado por las limitaciones en la asistencia humanitaria en la población migrante.
Las personas migrantes usualmente consideran a sus familiares como las fuentes de información confiable en los temas relacionados con movilidad y traslado de la ERM.
En el sitio, las personas migrantes tienen acceso a alimentos preparados, se dan diariamente en horarios de comida establecidos, y la principal fuente para la obtención de comida es por medio de la asistencia gubernamental.
PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS DE SALUD EN LA POBLACIÓN MIGRANTE
Diarrea
Enfermedades dérmicas 
COVID 19
Se han presentado incidentes de violencia relacionados con robos y violencia basada en género, violencia intrafamiliar contra menores de edad y abuso de drogas o alcohol por parte de la comunida de acogida.
La información que se suele consultar está relacionada con el acceso a servicios, distribución de alimentos, condiciones de vivienda en el albergue, protección internacional y acceso a servicios de salud.
El período comprendido por los meses de enero, febrero y marzo se ha caracterizado históricamente por los altos flujos de ingreso de personas migrantes a Panamá a través del Darién, debido a que las condiciones de la temporada de verano provocan la disminución en el cauce de los ríos, facilitando el paso por la selva al no existir zonas en inundación. En las últimas semanas del mes de marzo del 2021, se ha observado un incremento del flujo migratorio, conforme a los registros oficiales en la Estación de Recepción Migratoria  ( ERM )  de Bajo Chiquito.
En el sitio, las personas migrantes tienen acceso a protección y la provisión de seguridad ciudadana a través de la SENAFRONT. No obstante, se ha identificado las necesidades en el fortalecimiento de capacidades relacionadas a la implementación de protocolos de asistencia según perfiles diferenciados.
En el sitio, las personas migrantes tienen acceso a protección y la provisión de seguridad ciudadana a través de la Policía Nacional. Por otra parte, se ha identificado la falta de implementación de protocolos de asistencia según perfiles diferenciados.
73% 196 Haití
17% 47 Otras
6% 15 Chile
4% 11 Cuba
El 17 por ciento corresponde a otras nacionalidades de diversos países como Angola, Bangladesh, Brasil, Burkina Faso, Camerún, Colombia, Côte d'Ivore, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea, India, Mali, Mauritania, Nepal, Nigiera, Pakistán, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, República Democrática del Congo, República Dominicana, Senegal, Sierra Leona, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudán, Togo, Yemen y Zimbabwe.
Los insumos que son más necesarios en el sitio son: camas o colchonetas, mantas, sets de cocina y toallas o paños.
Las personas migrantes tienen acceso diario a productos de higiene femenina, pañales desechables y papel higiénico.
Tres familias en promedio, ocupan una carpa o
tarpautil.
Se cuenta con espacios seguros y recreacionales
para niñas y niños
Ninguna de las familias o grupos de personas
migrantes tiene acceso a mosquiteros.
No se han presentado incidentes de violencia relacionados
con abuso de drogas y alcohol y
violencia basada en género en la
población migrante.
Se cuenta con espacios seguros y recreacionales
para niñas y niños.
the increasingly urban nature of Latin America and the fact that the best and most efficient health services are clustered in the capitals and main cities, the lower densities of the less populous regions work in favour of social distancing and consequently help to slow the spread of the infection.
Venezuela is among the 20 worst prepared nations to deal with the spread of an epidemic, while Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras and Guyana are highly vulnerable to new emergencies.
Cases of COVID 19 and dengue are likely to peak at the same time. There are also questions over how vector control can be effectively managed during a lockdown.
In 2020, remittance flows to LMICs are expect  ed to decline by around 20 percent, marking the sharpest decline in recent history  ( table 1.2 and figure 1.4 ) . This is not so much due to a decline in the stock of international mi  grants, but largely due to a fall in wages and the employment of migrant workers in host nations due to COVID 19  ( see appendix for the methodology behind this projection ) . The decline in remittance flows is expected to be sharpest in Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, and Sub Saharan Africa. These region  al patterns are affected by COVID 19 and also a fall in the price of oil, which affects the economies of Russia and the Gulf Cooperation Council  ( GCC )  countries in particular. Russia is the most important source of remittances to Central Asia; outbound remittances from Russia, as expressed in U.S. dollars, would also be impacted by the weakening of the ruble against the dollar. Such valuation effects would also be felt in outbound remittance flows from Europe through the weakening of the euro against the U.S. dollar.5 Outbound remittances from the GCC countries would be impacted by the recession induced by the coronavirus as well as a fall in oil prices. Remittance flows to South Asia, East Asia, and the MENA countries would be impacted as well  ( see section 2 for regional trends ) .
Despite the decline, however, remittance flows are expected to become even more important as a source of external financing for LMICs  ( figure 1.4 ) . In 2020, FDI is expected to decline by over 35 percent due to travel bans, disrup tion of international trade, and wealth effects of declines in the stock prices of multinational companies; private portfolio flows through stock and bond markets may decline by about 80 percent.
MEDIUM TERM • Revisit insurance regulations that may constrain migrants from buying medical insurance for families back home. • Make medical insurance benefits offered by host countries portable to origin countries. • Expand origin countries' social  welfare schemes to migrants abroad  ( i.e., to address unemployment spells ) . • Facilitate the recognition of skills of migrants and refugees in host countries to help with the shortage of skills. Supporting remittance infrastructure • Remittance service providers  ( RSPs )  have been facing store closures and disruption of remittance services. • Support could be provided to RSPs to be declared as essential services. • Incentives  ( such as subsidies )  could be offered to RSPs to reduce the cost of remittance services. For example, RSPs could claim a tax credit for waiving remittance fees paid by remitters. • Certain AML/CFT requirements could be temporarily simplified to incentivize online and mobile money transfers, following a risk based approach. • Public authorities would do well to identify, remove, or mitigate factors that prevent customers or providers from leveraging digital payment instruments for remittances. Supporting remittance infrastructure • Support countries in improving data on migration and remittances. • Support efforts to reduce remittance costs. • Facilitate emerging remittance models using digital means. • Achieve universal financial access in receiving and sending countries. • Enhance domestic retail payment systems and grant RSPs access. • Promote interoperability. • Enhance AML/CFT compliance and use of digital ID solutions. • Support cross border payment solutions for remittances. Supporting stranded migrants • Support safe and regular migration programs. • Support national strategies  ( on a demand basis )  to increase the share of regular migrants in the total migrant population in host countries. Supporting access to social services for migrants and their families
Remittance costs. The average cost of send  ing $200 to LAC was 5.97 percent in 2020 Q1, according to the Remittance Prices Worldwide database. In 2019 Q4 the average cost of sending $200 from the United States, where most LAC migrants reside, was below the glob  al average of 6.8 percent but well above the SDG target of 3 percent. The cost of sending money to LAC has stayed stagnant over the past few years. Notably, the cost of sending money from Canada to the Caribbean coun  tries, from Japan to Brazil, and from the United States to Cuba remains above 9 percent. Amid the COVID 19 crisis, the costs of transferring remittances to the region could increase due to operational challenges being faced by RSPs  ( closures of agents and offices, access to cash, foreign exchange, security )  and compliance with AML/CFT regulations.
New trends affecting migrants from LAC. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statis  tics  ( 2020 ) , in March 2020 the overall unem  ployment rate in the United States rose to 4.4 percent, and to 6.3 percent for the nation's Hispanic population. The impact of social distancing guidelines and stay at home orders had severely impacted jobs in retail, hospitality, and services, in which a large percentage of Latin American migrants were employed. The latest U.S. data on total nonfarm pay  roll employment reported a sharp decline of 701,000 individuals, reflecting the impact of COVID 19 during the first two weeks of March 2020. About two thirds of the drop was report  ed in leisure and hospitality, mainly in venues serving food and alcoholic beverages.22 These sectors are typically the largest nonfarm em  ployers of Mexican and Central American mi  grants. Similarly, Spain lost more than 800,000 jobs in March, led by the services sector, followed by the construction and agriculture sectors. More unemployment is expected in developed and developing countries for April and the coming months. According to some estimates, in the United States, a record 20 million persons sought unemployment benefits, implying an unemployment rate of around 15 percent, in April 2020.23
ONU Mujeres llevó a cabo una intervención corta. Se ha establecido una red de madrinas para el tema de género; son Asesoras de Género para cada sector del REDLAC. El interés es dar apoyo técnico para incorporar enfoque de género en las acciones del sector.
SUGGESTED PRIORITY COUNTRIES  ( based on ongoing Population Movement / complex emergency EA/DREF and Global Portfolio of Migration Projects ) : Americas Colombia, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Venezuela
Women migrant workers around the world are on the front  lines of the COVID 19 pandemic. They work in essential but low paid and vulnerable jobs, as health and care workers, nurses, cleaners and laundry workers, placing them at high risk of exposure to coronavirus.1 Women migrant workers already have to grapple with multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and inequalities, gender specific restrictions in migration policies, insecure forms of labour, racism, and xenophobia. Women migrant workers face a higher risk of losing their livelihoods, having their labour and human rights violated and contracting coronavirus. They are likely to work in the informal economy, especially domestic service and the care sector, with insecure contracts and no paid leave or ability to work from home. They are also more likely to be engaged in short term, part time work. Their jobs are generally ex  cluded from contributory social insurance schemes, which means limited or no social safety nets to compensate for lost income and limited or no access to health care and maternity protection. For many of the 8.5 million women migrant domestic workers, the onset of the pandemic has led to dismissal from jobs, with their health and safety ignored and even violated. For live in migrant domestic workers, losing their jobs also means losing their place to live. The onset of travel restrictions has increased financial challenges and uncertainty, with many stranded far from home.2 The economies of many countries around the world are sus  tained by the remittances sent home by women migrant workers.3 Remittances provide a lifeline for families and communities in their countries of origin, especially during times of crisis. Given the economic downturn caused by the impacts of COVID 19, women migrant workers are sending fewer remittances, further exacerbating the vulnerabilities of families that depend on this income. This Guidance Note highlights the emerging impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic on women migrant workers and makes recommendations in the context of the economic and social response and recovery packages that govern  ments are putting forward.
• Restrictions on movement, delays in deliveries of goods  ( relief supplies and/or equipment ) , the suspension of livelihoods, food aid, cash programmes and vaccination campaigns owing to reduced access and funds, as well as concerns about the safety of staff working in camps may all hamper the ability of humanitarian organizations to help internally displaced people and respond to sudden and slow onset emergencies, thereby creating the conditions for new or secondary displacements.
GDP projections have been revised downward for most regions and countries, due to the shocks to both domestic demand and supply, sharp declines in the circulation of goods and services, as well as people and capital. Revisions will continue while the ultimate size and persistence of the economic impact remains unknown.
Given this baseline level of precarity with regards to food security, these countries will be particularly vulnerable to short  term food shortages that may result from widescale social distancing and lockdowns as well as other upstream impacts.
The COVID 19 pandemic will have a marked impact on food security, impacting supply chains both downstream and upstream, affecting livelihoods and critically straining nations that already suffer from higher levels of undernourishment in the general population than wealthier countries  ( 19 ) .
We also observe gender stratification in the availability of health insurance   coverage is consistently lower for women than men  ( Figure S2 )   ( 7 ) , increasing the risk of catastrophic healthcare expenditure  ( 14 )  and concentrating this risk in women and the poorest populations.
There are also multiple immunisation campaigns being forced to stop in part due to interruption to supply chains that provide the necessary equipment, but also due to movement restrictions.
Safe body disposal: Morgue services in hospitals are limited and could be overwhelmed by an increase in COVID 19 related deaths, creating challenges for safe burials  ( OCHA 10/04/2020 ) .
Many of the countries most significantly affected by the health emergency are key players in the global tourism ecosystem, either as destinations, source markets or both. Countries with the highest number of reported cases account for about 55 and 68 percent of global inbound expenditure, respectively  ( see Table 1 ) . The effects of the crisis on these economies will spill out to other countries, and outbound tourism and the impact will be particularly critical on territories that are heavily dependent on international tourism.
The short  and long term implications of the crisis on mental health are largely unknown. A better understanding of impact on mental health is necessary in order for more targeted response strategies. While the majority of resources are channelled to addressing physical needs caused by COVID 19, there is a risk that investment into mental health services is overlooked  ( The Guardian, 15/04/2020 ) .
Overall, even if domestically the demand for deliveries and online sales has surged, international mail has been decreasing. Estimates gathered from high frequency data indicate that the drop of international mail due to the emergence of the pandemic is 23%. This is just one of the symptoms of the extent to which COVID 19 has impacted international economic flows.
Medical supply chains Lower income countries are highly reliant on the importation of medical equipment, making them vulnerable to interruptions in trade resulting from government containment policies. As the majority of medical supplies are diverted to Europe, the US, and parts of Asia, lower income countries will be especially hard hit by the global competition for resources, including the rising prices of essential medical goods.
There is significant anecdotal reporting on the impact of the COVID 19 crisis on mental health and particular concern over people already suffering from mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive disorder  ( OCD ) . Loss of income, isolation or separation from loved ones are some of the consequences of containment measures that are affecting mental health. The virus itself is also a cause for anxiety, and there are some studies that are beginning to explore the impact on mental health, specifically in COVID 19 patients.
Young people, seriously affected, are joining the global response Millions of young people work in global health workforce and the percentage is higher in the global south, in line with the overall demographics. Young people are already among the most affected by the socio economic impacts of the COVID 19 response: More than 1.5 billion young people, or 87 per cent the world's student population, are kept away from school and universities in more than 165 countries. Young people are particularly at risk of increased anxiety and mental health concerns. Young women and girls are at higher risk of intimate partner violence and other forms of domestic violence during the pandemic. Young people will suffer greatly from a global recession. After the 2008 crisis, youth un  employment rates in the UK reached around 21 per cent; around 18 per cent for the US; and in Italy, a record of 43 per cent in 2014. The expansion of the “gig economy' since 2008 has further increased youth vulnerabilities. Young people make up more than 30 per cent of the world's migrants and refugees who also stand to suffer disproportionately both from the pandemic and its aftermath – whether due to limited movement, fewer employment opportunities, increased xenophobia etc.Young people all over the world are joining the global response against COVID 19 in many ways. Young people are running awareness campaigns, handwashing campaigns, volunteering to support the elderly and vulnerable populations, contributing as scientists, entrepreneurs and innovators.for people with specific needs, including for the visually  and hearing impaired.
Support education It international community is crucial that the support governments not only in providing distance learning solutions that use multimedia approaches to ensure learning continuity, but also in supporting teachers, parents and caregivers in adapting to home schooling modalities. Inclusion and equity must be the guiding principles to avoid a further deepening of inequalities in access to education, with special measures taken to jointly meet the health, nutrition and learning needs of the most vulnerable and marginalized children and youth, as well as policies to address connectivity and content challenges. The scale of the challenge calls for a coalition of public and private partners to design and develop innovative and equitable solutions adapted to a wide diversity of contexts. It also provides an opportunity to leapfrog, through these solutions, in addressing the significant challenges confronting countries while keeping in sharp focus the Sustainable Development Goals.
we could lose between 5 million and 25 million jobs and see losses in labour income in the range of USD 860 billion to USD 3,4 trillion. Small and medium enterprises, the self employed, and daily wage earners are hit the hardest. The current crisis threatens to push back the limited gains made on gender equality and exacerbate the feminization of poverty, vulnerability to violence, and women's equal participation in the labour force. Migrants account for almost 30 per cent of workers in some of the most affected sectors in OECD countries. Massive job losses among migrant workers will have knock on effects on economies heavily dependent on remittances, such as El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nepal, Tonga, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Effects are expected to be substantial in economies with a large informal sector, where often social protection systems do not exist or are limited, or, in the formal sector, exposed to market volatility.
School closures have a wide range of adverse impacts on children and young people, including interrupted forgone human interaction, which is essential to social and behavioural development. When schools close, many children lose the meals provided at school and a zone of safety. This impact on their nutrition has knock on effects on family income, which in turn adds to the demand for women and girls' unpaid work. The World Food Program  ( WFP )  estimates that more than 320 million primary school children in 120 countries are now missing out on school meals. School interruption also causes gaps in childcare, which puts pressures on work and life balance, especially for women, and parents when asked to facilitate the children's learning at home.
Collect sex disaggregated data to ensure that the crisis does not disproportionately burden women. \ Ensure gender expertise in national, regional and global level response teams and task forces. \ Ensure that social protection plans and emergency economic schemes takes a gender perspective and takes into account unpaid care by women, specific constraints for women entrepreneurs and women in the informal sector. Attention to continued delivery of sexual reproductive health services, such as access to contraceptives without prescription during the crisis. Ensure that special services are available to prevent and respond to gender based violence, such as special hotlines, police units and new protocols for shelters. Support women's organizations on the frontline and ensure women's leadership and participation in response plans in the short and long term.
Support to SMEs Direct support to enterprises, particularly to SMEs, is urgent. Governments can provide assistance to firms to maintain the flow of essential inputs, final products and services. Furthermore, special emergency public procurement procedures can be introduced, with dedicated attention to business opportunities for women and youth, and temporary assistance and transfers can be made to sub  national and municipal governments to support SMEs. In addition, consideration should be given to temporary reductions of payroll and social security charges, value added taxes, and tax rebates. Finally, grants and subsidies, can facilitate the payment of rents and utilities, payment of wages and other essential services. Measures will need to be taken to support the informal sector, constituting 80 per cent of enterprises worldwide, who are generally out of reach of public policies.
Support decent work Economic recovery goes hand in hand with social justice and decent work. labour standards provide a tried and trusted foundation to inform policy responses that are coherent, respectful of human dignity and place recovery on the International trajectory set out in the 2030 Development Agenda. Subsidized short time working, in the short run, and hiring subsidies in the longer term must consider populations likely to be most adversely affected. Supporting young women and men can help combat the dangers of creating a lost generation of young people.
While primary commodity exports are arguably the most important channel through which COVID 19 affects Latin America's economies, the region's reliance on remittances and tourism adds to its vulnerability. Amidst a struggling global economy, a decline in remittances by seven percent compared to the previous year  ( implying a drop by USD 6 billion in remittances from the US )  is seen as a conservative estimate.36 Central America and the Caribbean will suffer most with remittances accounting for 10 percent of GDP on average and significantly more in some countries, e.g. almost 35 percent in Haiti  ( Figure 3 ) . Haiti stands out not only for its high reliance on remittances. In addition, 35 percent of its export earnings come from tourism. Together with food imports worth 80 percent of total exports and limited fiscal space  ( high public debt, negative current accounts and fiscal balance ) , this is a toxic combination in a country where half the population is chronically food insecure and which is home to 3.7 million people in IPC phase 3 or above. Only slightly less exposed through remittances and tourism, El Salvador, Honduras and Dominican Republic still pale in comparison with Haiti as all three are much better placed in terms of food import dependency and food security.
Sources of largest impact today, and in next year in poor setting: Primary socio economic  ( from closing off activities )  and non COVID health impact  ( from stopping vaccinations and the like )  much larger than primary COVID19 health impact; Secondary impacts through the global economy will be even larger  ( through commodity exports, remittances, tourism, capital flight, debt burden )  with huge implications for living standards, nutrition, health and education sectors. Less concerned today about food prices/agricultural production or other secondary effects in most places
Structural factors, such as low incomes and limited access to public safety nets, render populations in low  income countries more susceptible to demand sided effects of the pandemic. Downturns in economic growth and associated income contractions have raised the likelihood of an increase in undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies among these populations, underpinned by their high propensity to adversely change dietary intakes in response to income shocks. Such effects were found to be more likely to occur in sub Saharan Africa. The analysis further revealed heightened demand sided risks for countries that rely on food imports and are fiscally dependent on exports of raw commodities, such as oil, prices of which collapsed precipitously with the pandemic. This situation is particularly applicable to countries in the Middle East and North Africa, where disruptions in food supplies and a shrinkage in revenue would have twofold impacts. There are however potentially mitigating effects arising from the pandemic, including lower import costs for foods due to declining international prices, that may transmit to the domestic level and ease access constraints for vulnerable consumers. By contrast, FAO's analysis showed that countries in the higher income brackets are more likely to face disruptions stemming from the supply side, given the high integration in global supply chains and capital  intensive agricultural systems. Agricultural production in many European countries and in North America, rely on global supply chains to access agricultural inputs and to market their outputs, which in turn many countries rely on. Logistic disruptions can curtail the supply of intermediate and compromise crop production in the short term. Capital  intensive systems are also more exposed to disruptions in credit markets. in borrowing rates observed in many middle income countries are likely to raise production costs amid a fall in food commodity
En paralelo, sería importante analizar las opciones de compromiso humanitario del Movimiento de la CR/MLR con la protección social de los países. el país. De acuerdo al analisis en tiempo real del Banco Mundial y la OIT sobre las medidas de protección social en todo el mundo6, casi 50 países han introducido o adaptado programas de protección social como parte de la respuesta al COVID 19, con una expansión horizontal y vertical de la asistencia en especie y en efectivo; incluyendo nuevas transferencias de efectivo, subsidios  ( salarios, licencias por enfermedad, contribuciones para cubrir seguros y seguridad social, etc. ) . Algunos países se están adaptando para anticipar los pagos de futuros programas de transferencia de efectivo  ( Colombia, Indonesia ) , o suspendiendo la condicionalidad. Cuando proceda, las Sociedades Nacionales pueden estudiar y aprovechar las oportunidades de apoyar o participar en las redes de protección social y de respuesta a la crisis en cada país.
It should be noted that while affordability is a prerequisite to access to diagnostics and treatment, organisational barriers and health system capacity issues play a crucial role.
The true extent of the current outbreak is likely unknown. The government releases officially confirmed case figures, and independent release or examination of case numbers is oppressed. Reportedly, some doctors, academics, and journalists speaking out about hospital conditions or possible additional cases have been threatened and detained  ( BBC 28/04/2020; CNN 14/05/2020 ) .
Returns from other countries of the region, especially Colombia and Ecuador, are straining reception capacities in border states. Local and national authorities are unable to provide adequate conditions to support returnees during the obligatory quarantine upon arrival  ( OCHA 10/04/2020 ) .
The limitations on mobility due to the fuel shortages are impacting people's access to healthcare  ( OCHA 23/04/2020 ) .