nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Overall, there was a general use of one or more food based coping strategies in over 70 percent of households assessed and most of these households were in Zamfara  ( 86.7 percent )  and Sokoto  ( 80.2 percent )  compared to Katsina  ( 43.6 percent ) . Findings from FGDs further confirmed that the majority of displaced households often reduce their ration size or skip meals  ( i.e. eat one or twice a day )  in order to cope with food shortage stemming from limited livelihood opportunities and income. The pervasive use of food based coping strategies such as reduction in number of meals and portion size has implication for nutrition, if protracted and unabated, particularly in Zamfara and Sokoto States.
However, livelihoods of displaced households remain negatively impacted by the banditry as about one in every five households have extremely limited livelihood opportunities with no major means of income and a slightly higher proportion of such households were situated in Sokoto  ( 26.2 percent )  compared to Zamfara  ( 18.4 percent )  and Katsina  ( 17.8 percent ) . For households involved in some livelihood activity, only about 22 percent were able to cultivate during the ongoing planting season, albeit on small plots of farmland  ( between 0.5 to 2 hectares ) , which were leased from host communities based on crop sharing agreements or rental rates of about NGN3,000  ( USD 8 )  to NGN10,000  ( USD 25 )  naira per hectare.
Mid upper arm circumference measurements that are equal to, or less than, 115 mm and/or presence of bilateral  ( nutritional )  oedema in children 6 to 59 months are defined as severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM ) , and MUAC measurements of 115 mm to 125 mm are defined as moderate acute malnutrition  ( MAM ) . Measurements of equal to, or less than, 125 mm are defined as global acute malnutrition  ( GAM )  by MUAC.
Most IDPs in Katsina  ( 64.8 percent )  and Sokoto  ( 53.7 percent )  states did not have access to improved water sources for drinking and other household needs. In Zamfara State, a higher number of IDP households  ( 70.1 percent )  had access to improved drinking water source  ( see, Table ) . The variation in access to water could be due to the duration of displacement, as well as living conditions of the IDPs. While most IDPs in Katsina and Sokoto states reside in school buildings, uncompleted buildings, or community public spaces with limited access to existing community water facilities, most IDPs in Zamfara State  ( who have been displaced for more than 6 months )  are now living with relatives or friends within the host communities, with access to the existing community water facilities including piped water.
On 18 August, NSAG attacked the Mobile Police Post attached to the Humanitarian Hub in Banki town  ( Borno State ) , injuring five humanitarian workers. A similar incident occurred inside the Banki IDP camp, where NSAG reportedly attacked female IDPs. On 21 August, NSAG attacked the police station in Gubio town, before setting ablaze the residence of the Gubio Local Government Area  ( LGA )  Chairman. The insurgents were reported to have also burnt down the administrative office of Magumeri LGA, a medical clinic, several vehicles, houses and the facilities of a telecom company in the town. No casualty was reported.
September 2019   Ten years after the onset of the crisis, north east Nigeria still faces critical gaps in coverage of essential and primary health care services. The 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview  ( HNO )  estimated that 5.3 million people are in need of health interventions in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states. However, two major challenges currently reduce access to health care across these states: many health facilities are still non functioning  ( 41% in Borno state )  and large sectors remain inaccessible to humanitarian aid altogether.
Communities without functioning health clinics and those living in hard to reach areas face serious challenges in accessing health services. In fact, active hostilities, threats of attacks by armed groups and restrictions of movements to remote areas have considerably hindered access to essential and primary health care services. Furthermore, as of 2019 the Humanitarian Response Strategy estimated that over 820,000 people still live in hard to reach areas, where communities receive no to little health care services.
The Nigerian army on 18 September ordered Action Against Hunger  ( ACF )  to close its main office in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno state, and closed two other offices in neighbouring Yobe state the next day. The aid agency said in a statement on 19 September that the closure was “without notice and without explanation' and suspended all programmes as a precautionary measure. A total of 87 health centres that provide essential nutrition and health services are now closed and nine stabilization centres are affected. Food distribution for 250,000 people has also been halted. ACF urged “competent authorities to let  [ it ]  continue  [ its ]  work in the region.' In 2018, ACF assisted over 3.5 million people in Borno, Yobe and Jigawa states.
Across Borno, Adamawa and Yobe  ( BAY )  states in north east Nigeria, an estimated 53 per cent of the total population of 13.4 million people require humanitarian assistance in 2019. About 13 per cent of the total population are IDPs representing a quarter of the people in need of humanitarian assistance in 2019. At the start of the conflict in 2009, non state armed groups  ( NSAGs )  targeted all six states in the north east region, with Borno becoming the worst affected State and epicenter of the humanitarian crisis that has now entered its tenth year. About 14,3001 civilians have been killed in the BAY states since 2009, of which 80 per cent are in Borno state only. The crisis, largely triggered by a regionalized armed conflict, is one of the most severe protection crises in the world, with civilians bearing the brunt of ongoing hostilities, malnutrition, food insecurity, displacements, and dire conditions including over congestion and severe shortages of shelters across camps and communities hosting IDPs.
Overall, the military exercise control over the territories, major towns, and strategic routes. Risks associated with ambushes, collateral damage, abductions of staff and persons of concern is likely to continue in the short and medium term. Military operations and NSAG activities in Northern Borno tend to impact humanitarian activities. Adherence to effective security risk management measures and constant monitoring of the situation remains a crucial part of program implementation.
The hostilities caused displacement and casualties among the civilian population with new arrivals observed in camps. Current tendency suggests NSAG activities will continue to target settlements and camps for logistics which will further pose threats to civilians leading to further displacement.
On 6 September 2019, the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  confirmed an outbreak of yellow fever in Bauchi state. Out of the four new cases, three were residents of Alkaleri Local Government Area  ( LGA ) , and one a tourist from Kano who visited the Yankari game resort. Sporadic YF vaccination has been provided to the Yankari game resort staff and aerial spraying has been done in the game resort surroundings.
Nigeria has experienced sporadic spread of Yellow fever  ( YF )  since September 2017 when it was declared an outbreak by the Federal Ministry of Health, with 166 suspected cases recorded, 25 out of 83 suspected cases tested positive and a case fatality rate of 66.7% for confirmed cases. As per the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, 2018, The national coverage of Yellow Fever vaccination is 36.5% for children below 12 23 months in Nigeria. The state of Katsina, the coverage was 2.6% and in Bauchi, it is 7.7% for the same age group.
Since then, there have been unending reports of Yellow Fever outbreak in all states. According to the NCDC, since January 2019, about 1,905 suspected cases have been reported in 506  ( Local Government Areas  ( LGAs ) . All states of Nigeria, including Federal Capital Territory  ( FCT )  have reported at least one suspected case in 2019. As at epidemiological week 34 of 2019, 1,877 suspected cases had blood samples collected and tested, of which 52 cases have been recorded presumptive positive and 28 inclusive cases from 61 LGAs in 18 states. 19 cases have been confirmed as follows: Edo  ( 7 )  and 1 inconclusive ) , Ebonyi  ( 3 ) , Kebbi  ( 2 ) , Ondo  ( 2 ) , Anambra  ( 1 ) , Imo  ( 1 ) , Osun  ( 1 )  and Sokoto  ( 1 ) .
From the period 9 – 15 September 2019, a total of 1,953 movements were recorded, they composed of 1,583 arrivals and 370 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Hawul, Jere, Konduga, Maiduguri, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno State, and locations in Demsa, Girei, Hong, Maiha, Madagali, Mayo Belwa, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Bama, Gwoza and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno State, locations in Demsa, Fufore, Gombi, Hong, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State.
Askira/Uba: 115 arrivals and 99 departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 7 from Lassa ward, 108 from Rumirgo into Uba and Gunadan within Chul/Rumirgo ward of Askira/Uba LGA. The departures include 62 from Bita/Izge ward of Gwoza LGA of Borno State, 24 from Hong and 13 from Mubi South LGAs of Adamawa State. 76% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to fear of attack while 24% were reportedly due to improved security. 63% of the departures were due to improved security, 24% were due to fear of attack while 13% departed due to poor living conditions.
An exhaustive nutrition screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutrition mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema for acute malnutrition was conducted by Nutrition Sector partners for 131 children of 6 59 months. Of the 131 children screened, the MUAC reading found 3 children  ( 1 from an inaccessible area and 2 from accessible areas )  in the Red category, 16 in the Yellow category and 112 in the Green category. No cases of Oedema were reported in the 5 LGAs that we received reports from.
The results also include 39 children from neighbouring Cameroon, Chad and Republic of Niger  ( 10 children moved to Bama, 8 to Mobbar and 21 moved to Ngala ) ; out of the 39 children measured, 2 were in the red category, 31 in the green category and 6 were in the yellow category. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted for treatment.
No access to shelter: IDPs who arrived in the camp on the 11 and 12 September were spontaneously accommodated by their relatives within El  Miskin 1 & 2. The remaining 17HH who arrived on the 12th of September, did not have access to shelter and continue to be exposed to the bad weather and other protection risks.
One  ( 1 )  new case was reported from 15th to 17th Sept, 2019 from Girei LGA. o Total case count now stands at 752 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.53% o No new settlement or ward has been infected. 20 settlements are still the ones reporting new suspected cases
In July, three separate explosive incidents in Gwoza LGA, Borno State resulted in the death of one INGO staff member, three children, and one female, and injured a driver and two other children. This underscores the continued risks and harmful repercussions posed by explosive devices. One incident involving a road planted improvised explosive device also destroyed a water truck in Pulka, causing the death of the driver and injury of a passenger. This incident compounded the humanitarian situation in Pulka where water scarcity was already a consistent and prevalent challenge. Partners are exploring alternatives to cover the resulting gap in clean water provision.
The urgent need for renewed support to face the recent upsurge in violence and growing humanitarian needs in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states was also stressed during the visit of the global Emergency Directors of the Inter Agency Standing Committee  ( IASC )  in the first week of July. This call was reemphasized during an event in remembrance of 10 years since the start of the crisis in north east Nigeria on 31 July, which also launched the virtual reality  ( VR )  experience “Holding On' that was open to the public in Abuja. The VR experience aimed to raise public awareness on the crisis by allowing viewers to see the experience of IDPs first hand.
The Nutrition Sector is facing increasing challenges as ongoing rains are causing disease rates to rise, especially diarrhoea, measles and malaria, which are underlying causes of malnutrition. The number of admitted SAM cases increased significantly in July; some 33,040 severely malnourished children  ( SAM )  were admitted for treatment across the BAY states. The total number of SAM cases admitted since January has now reached 161,809 children, approximately 60 per cent of all cases expected for 2019.
On 12 September the International Committee of the Red Cross  ( ICRC )  reported that nearly 22,000 people have been reported missing over the past ten years as a result of conflict in Nigeria. Nearly 60 percent were minors at the time they went missing. This is the highest number of missing persons registered by the ICRC in any country. Peter Maurer, President of ICRC, said that “families are the greatest casualty of 10 years of war in northeast Nigeria.'
The greatest threat to civilians in northeastern Nigeria has been the armed extremist group Boko Haram. Since 2009 Boko Haram's deadly insurgency has resulted in two million people fleeing their homes and tens of thousands being killed. Boko Haram – who are committed to establishing an Islamic state in northern Nigeria   has regularly attacked both civilian and military targets, deliberately abducted thousands of civilians, and targeted and bombed churches, mosques and schools. Despite the Nigerian government making significant progress against the group since the peak of its power in 2015, Boko Haram has recently intensified its attacks on the security forces.
Around 22,000 Nigerians have been reported as missing to the ICRC during a decade of conflict in north east Nigeria, the organization reported on 12 September, the highest number of missing persons registered with the ICRC in any country. Nearly 60 per cent were minors at the time they went missing, as families are often separated while fleeing attacks. Others have had loved ones abducted or detained and do not know their whereabouts. The ICRC said it is working with the Nigeria Red Cross and other Red Cross and Red Crescent societies in the region to trace missing people. So far, 367 cases have been solved since ICRC received its first cases in 2013.
Torrential rainfalls and flash floods hitting the BAY states have had a devastating impact on thousands of people in IDPs camps and host communities. Heavy rainfall and flooding continued throughout the last week of August and is expected to continue until the end of September. The 2019 contingency plan estimated that 53,913 HHs in camps and host communities would be vulnerable to risks of floods in the three states between May and September 2019  ( 41,297 in Borno; 4,893 in Adamawa; and 7,723 in Yobe ) . The rains and floods have so far affected 21,056 HHs across the three states  ( 10,757 in Borno; 5,454 HHs in Adamawa; and 4,845 HHs in Yobe ) .
In Adamawa State, the State Emergency Management Agency  ( SEMA )  reported that 15 people were killed due to the floods and 280 houses/shelters were completely destroyed. Some 5,454 HHs are affected in nine LGAs – Demsa, Fufore, Ganye, Girei, Mayo Belwa, Shelleng, Song, Yola North, and Yola South. According to the data provided by SEMA, 62% of the affected households are in four LGAs – Yola South  ( 24% ) , Yola North  ( 15% ) , Fufore  ( 13% ) , and Ganye  ( 10% ) . SEMA is closely working with state authorities and has requested federal level support to respond to the needs caused by the floods.
In Yobe State, 4,845 HHs are affected across 56 settlements in 15 LGAs – Bade, Bursari, Damaturu, Fika, Fune, Geidam, Gulani, Jakusko, Machina, Nangere, Nguru, Potiskum, Tarmuwa, Yunusari and Yusufari. Some 64% of the affected HHs are in six LGAs – Nguru  ( 15% ) , Damaturu  ( 13% ) , Fika  ( 11% ) , Fune  ( 9% ) , Bade  ( 8% )  and Geidam  ( 8% ) . Most of the affected HHs are hosted by relatives and friends in the affected areas, while 392 HHs are sheltered in schools or government buildings and need to be relocated as quickly as possible.
From the period 2 – 8 September 2019, a total of 2,521 movements were recorded, composed of 2,170 arrivals and 351 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Dikwa, Gubio, Gwoza, Jere, Konduga, Maiduguri, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state, and locations in Demsa, Fufore, Gombi, Hong, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Gwoza and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno state, locations in Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Numan, and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state
o Three  ( 3 )  new cases were reported 14th September, 2019 from Yola North LGA, Yola South and Girei. o Total case count now stands at 745 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.54% o No new settlement or ward has been infected. 20 settlements are still the ones reporting new suspected cases
Askira/Uba: 130 arrivals and 22 departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 3 from Uba ward and were tracked at Uvu Uda ward of Askira/Uba LGA. Other arrivals include 55 from Dugja ward of Biu LGA, 7 from Chibok Garu ward of Chibok LGA, 10 from Gombi South ward of Gombi LGA, 4 from Dala Lawanti ward of Jere LGA and 51 from Hong LGA of Adamawa State. The 22 departures are from Bita/Izge ward of Gwoza LGA. 45% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to improved security, 39% due to poor living conditions while 15% relocated voluntarily. The departures were due to poor living conditions
The February 2019 national elections saw President Muhammadu Buhari reelected. But defeated presidential candidate Atiku Abubakar sued, alleging electoral fraud. His petition alleged that the polling had been marked by irregularities and that he had received the most votes as shown on the central server of the Independent National Electoral Commission  ( INEC ) . He also claimed that the president lacked a secondary school leaving certificate, a constitutional requirement to run for president.
Two million people are estimated to be displaced from their homes in northeast Nigeria. In Monguno, internally displaced Nigerians outnumber residents nearly two to one. Health care is also a major concern, as health workers and medical facilities continue to come under fire. Nearly a year ago, two ICRC health workers, Hawa Mohammed Liman and Saifura Hussaini Ahmed Khorsa, were deliberately killed after they were abducted from a clinic in Rann in Borno State. These attacks on health care are not only a violation of international humanitarian law, but also an assault on people's basic right to receive health care.
Nigeria's Northeast region has known a decade long insurgency that has led to the death of thousands and displacement of millions of people. In addition, infrastructures pile up in ruins. The humanitarian crises in the region are heart wrenching. Even the Internally Displaced Persons' camps where survivors are taking refuge are not spared from abject structural decay, stinging needs and violence.
In Nigeria, hidden explosives are now additional challenges to Boko Haram survivors who have been asked to return to war torn areas of the Northeast. In line with the Ottawa Treaty, Nigeria has a legal obligation to report suspected or confirmed contamination from anti personnel landmines to other state parties. It also has an obligation to clear all landmine contamination within its borders.
Flood risks in the BAY states with predictable adverse impact on humanitarian operations, likely to exacerbate already existing needs on the ground. The risks in Borno state are generally related to compounded vulnerabilities connected to an ongoing humanitarian crisis with continued displacement, paired with deepening poverty and limited to no infrastructure. It is estimated that 132 IDPs camps hosting 224,663 individuals are at risk of flooding across the BAY states. This excludes 25 sites classified as spontaneous settlements which are at risk of flooding and present a higher level of congestion which further exposes populations to risks.
Additionally, during the rainy season – in Rann  ( Kala/Balge LGA ) , Ngala  ( Ngala LGA ) , Banki  ( Bama LGA )  and Dikwa  ( Dikwa LGA )  – flooding results in physical access constraints as the roads to these locations become either completely cut off or challenging to use. As a result, movement of humanitarian cargo and personnel is expected to be affected, further hindering the capacities to deliver life saving assistance. There are also increased risks in Adamawa and Yobe states during the rainy season. These risks are generally predictable with yearly trends showing repetitive flooding in the same locations. However, the affected population groups are different from Borno State in that many do not live in camp like settings.
NGALA: Bad road condition delaying supplies transportation by local transporters. No adequate common warehousing for medical supplies, this is not allowing prepositioning of big stocks during the rainy season. Insecurity limiting the duration of clinical activities and restricting it to just daytime activities. Flooding in the surrounding of the HF which can impact on the access to the HF for most vulnerable beneficiaries and disable persons, exposing high risk of malaria and water borne diseases outbreaks. Anti malarial drugs shortage. No LLNIs to prevent malaria transmission during this peak of transmission period. Lack of secondary health care facilities for referral.
RANN: Due to lack of access to safe drinking water, cases of AWD reported in many locations especially in General Hospital 12 cases, Kilagaru 8 cases, Ajari 2 cases and the boarding primary school had 4 cases. Many latrines are damaged or clogged which leads to overflow of the wastage into the communities and contamination of the drinking water system.
MONGUNO: Health facilities are not significantly affected though there is increase in number of consultations in health facilities, there is urgent need for Shelter, NFIs, and sanitation facilities. There is need to scale up and intensify public health awareness  ( community sensitization )  to prevent cholera outbreak as most of the affected people live in cholera prone areas.
MAIDUGURI: There has been a recent increase in the incidence of Acute Watery Diarrhea in Dala community since the onset of rainy season. There is need to improve drainage system in the community to improve access to health facilities as well as rigorous public awareness campaign on environmental hygiene. Need to scale up MNCH Services; Ante and Post Natal Care, IMCI, immunization services: outreach services, CMAM OTP interventions, Serious WASH challenges which is worsen by the recent heavy rains.
Most of the places in the camps are water lodged and flooded, open dumping and defecation in some of the areas of the camps which could protract increase in cases of diarrhea diseases. Some of the houses are flooded and some roof tops of houses and toilets were damaged by heavy rains. Key health issues are in the camps are acute respiratory tract infection followed by acute watery diarrhea. Many camps suffered due to flooding in some areas resulting in the damage of some tents. However, the temporary health facilities in the camps are not affected and health services are ongoing in all IDP camps.
Acute watery diarrhea: In Epi week 34, 1,016 cases of acute watery diarrhea were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 262 were from Herwa Peace PHC in MMC, 203 were from Ngaranam PHC in Jere, and 171 were from PUI mobile clinics in MMC. No associated death was reported.
Security situation in the state remains fluid and unpredictable with movements within the state capital, assessed to be relatively safe. However movements to the affected areas are of high risk and require additional security measures with closure of the road between Marinona, Shinkafi LGA of Zamfara State to Isa LGA in Sokoto State due to insecurity. All roads are paved and in good condition.
The women, particularly the female heads of household, reported that they are unable to sleep at night for fear of being attacked. In Katsina and Zamfara states, the women informed that the children showed signs of PTSD, reacting to loud noises by running into hiding and are afraid of strangers as a result of their experiences during attacks in their villages. It is recommended that further assessment be conducted by professionals.
Local government officials in Gusau LGA,  ( Mada district )  Zamfara state, reported growing tension among the host community and the IDPs. In Mada, in spite of the presence of security forces in the state, kidnappings, thefts and cattle rustling had been rampart. The host community presumes that the IDPs are informants to bandits and complicit in the attacks. The tension had not resulted in any form of violence or retaliation during the period of the assessment.
The camps across the 3 states are mostly made up of women and children, the elderly and fewer men. The women informed that some of their husbands had been killed during the attacks, as the bandits mainly targets the men. Some IDP women reported that they could not locate their husbands as they were separated during their flight from the bandits. In Katsina state, in a site that held only women and children, it was reported that the men live within the community.
Most IDPs in camps are reported to be farmers and cattle herders. They informed that their cattle were stolen by the bandits and their farmlands destroyed. Some IDP women disclosed that before the displacement, they were into rice and groundnut oil processing, tailoring, knitting and food vending. Some of the women had taken up food vending in the camps as a means of livelihood, and the men work menial jobs in the communities to earn a living. The IDPs pleaded for some business capital, to enable them start up small businesses with their existing skills, to be able to provide the basic needs of their families.
Across the states, the rooms lack sufficient beddings, only a few have mats, most sleep on bare floors and the men live in tents or classrooms in close proximity to the women. In some local governments: Sabon Birni, Isa  ( Rabah, Sokoto state )  and Shinkafi  ( Zamfara state ) , where there are nomsf camps, IDPs reside within the host communities, sharing the limited resources of the communities. The IDPs informed that those that can afford to, rent houses in the communities, while others depend on good Samaritans for shelter. Due to insufficient shelters in the camps and host communities, some IDP men informed that they sleep in the open and under trees, as the women and children are given precedence over the men, with regards to shelter.
The total number of cases reported as at 6th September, 2019 stands at 725 with 4 deaths  ( CFR=0.55% ) , Yola North has 444 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.45% ) ; Girei has 182 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.55 % ) , Yola South has 98 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 1.02 % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0 % ) . So far, 185 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
In Sokoto and Zamfara states, there are no referral mechanisms in place, the IDPs in camps and host communities, informed that they are required to pay when they visit the hospitals. In Goronyo LGA, Sokoto state, the health workers complained that they cannot effect the transportation of critically sick persons to the General hospital that is 5 minutes away,  ( by motor bike ) , due to unavailability of funds. In most LGAs in Katsina state, the state and local government fund referrals of critical cases to hospitals. In Batsari LGA, Katsina state, the health workers managing the mobile clinic, requested for assistance with providing more drugs and support to fund referrals.
In Rabah LGA, Sokoto state, the local government officials, informed that the local school does not have the capacity to enrol IDP children, as the classrooms are few and the available teachers are not enough to cover additional classrooms. He requested that more classroom blocks be constructed to enable the school accommodate more children, and teachers among the IDPs be put to work in the school. In Katsina state, the local Nigerian Red Cross volunteers, informed that some of the children are enrolled in the local schools, but they could not estimate the percentage of children enrolled in school.
The sudden rise in fierce violence in Nigeria's North Western Zamfara, Sokoto and Katsina States has led to a new emergency situation in Maradi Region in Niger. Thousands of people, mainly women and children, have crossed the border into Niger, fleeing extreme violence. They have found refuge in villages in Maradi Region. The entry points are the villages of Bassira, Tankama, Chawagui and Dan Kano. The refugee population is scattered in some 40 villages along the border, in Guidam Roumji, Guidan Sori and Tibir
From the period 26 August – 1 September, a total of 2,748 movements were recorded, comprising of 729 arrivals and 2,019 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Dikwa, Gwoza, Konduga, Maiduguri, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state, and locations in Demsa, Fufore, Gombi, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Bama, Chibok, Gubio, Gwoza, Kala/Balge, Maiduguri and Monguno LGAs of Borno state, locations in Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Numan, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state
Gwoza: 79 arrivals and 2 departures were recorded in Gwoza LGA of Borno state. The arrivals include 17 from Darajamal ward and Shehuri/Hausari ward of Bama LGA, 3 from Monguno ward of Monguno LGA, 8 from GubioTown II ward of Gubio LGA. Other arrivals include 17 from Mora in Cameroon, 6 from Dutse LGA of Jigawa State, 1 from Eti'osa of Lagos state, 6 from Kuje Area Council of Abuja, 9 from Mubi South LGA and 4 from Yola North LGA of Adamawa state. The 2 departures were from Transit camp in Pulka/Bokko ward of Gwoza LGA. 32% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to military operations, 38% due to poor living conditions while 30% relocated voluntarily. The departures were all voluntary.
Maiha: 51 arrivals and 29 departures were recorded in Maiha LGA of Adamawa state. The arrivals include 10 from Lokuwa ward of Mubi North LGA, 7 from Mayonguli ward of Maiha LGA, 7 from Gwoza LGA of Borno state and 27 from Yaounde in Cameroon. The departures include 16 from Manjekin ward and 13 from Maiha Gari ward. 73% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living conditions while 27% relocated voluntarily. The departures were all voluntary
Since May 2019, more than 55 suspected cases have been reported across eight LGAs in Ebonyi State most of which have been reported in recent weeks from Izzi LGA. Already, nine of the suspected cases had samples that tested positive for Yellow fever and further tests are pending. The outbreak has resulted in a high number of deaths as 20 of the suspect cases have died  ( case fatality ratio  ( CFR )  40% ) . The scope of the response is therefore in Izzi LGA and surrounding LGAs with contiguous borders  ( such as, Abakaliki in Ebonyi State, Yala LGA in Cross River state, and Ada and Oju LGAs in Benue State ) .
The reporting period witnessed a high number of security incidents in Borno, including two critical incidents directly affecting humanitarian activities. In Mobbar LGA, the 18 July abduction of six aid workers, and killing of one driver, has made humanitarian road movements between Maiduguri and Damasak very difficult. In Pulka  ( Gwoza LGA ) , water supply has temporarily decreased to only 4 liters of water per person per day, following the killing of the driver of an INGO rented water truck by a road planted IED on 23 July
Additionally, on 23 July, an NGO rented water truck traveling on the Pulka Gwoza road ran over a road planted IED, resulting in the death of the driver and the injury of his assistant. In another particularly violent incident on 27 July, armed men entered Damaran village in Nganzai LGA and killed 12 local civilians, returning to the same location later in the day to kill a further 58 civilians.
The total number of cases reported as at 4th September, 2019 stands at 719 with 4 deaths  ( CFR=0.55% ) , Yola North has 440 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.45% ) ; Girei has 182 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.55 % ) , Yola South has 98 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 1.02 % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0 % ) . So far, 185 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
NCDC was first notified on the 29th of August, when we received the report of a confirmed case of Yellow Fever in Kano State from a laboratory in our Yellow Fever laboratory network. Subsequent investigations led by the Kano State Epidemiology Team established that this confirmed case of yellow fever was from a patient who visited the Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi, in August 2019 with his father. Unfortunately, the father died with similar symptoms before a sample could be collected and tested.
Subsequently, on the 3rd of September 2019, the Borno State Epidemiology Team reported deaths among students of Waka College of Education in Biu LGA Borno State. These students visited the Yankari Game Resort in August 2019. Of the 95 Students that visited the resort, eight of them developed symptoms and six had died as at the time of the report. The others are in a stable condition. Samples from these cases are being tested.
The total number of cases reported as at 4th September, 2019 stands at 719 with 4 deaths  ( CFR=0.56% ) , Yola North has 439 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.46% ) ; Girei has 182 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.55 % ) , Yola South has 97 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 1.03x'x % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0 % ) . So far, 185 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
Major livelihood activities such as agricultural labor, construction, firewood sale, petty trading, etc. among households affected by the conflict in the northwestern and central states have been substantially impacted. Traders continue to evade affected areas due to fear of attacks, limiting trade flows as well as market supplies in some affected areas, despite the conflict mitigation initiative to address attacks that has been launched by the government and security officials.
The conflict in the northeast of Nigeria persists and continues to induce widespread displacement and disruption of livelihoods as well as optimal functionality of markets. The protracted nature of the ongoing conflict in the northeast, which is almost a decade long now, coupled with recent displacements attributed to attacks by Non State Armed Groups  ( NSAGs )  in December 2018 and January 2019, continues to draw the attention of the humanitarian community, government and donors to the northeast states of Borno, Adamawa and Yobe  ( BAY )  States, which remains epicenter of the ongoing crisis in the northeast. This recent renewed attacks by the NSAGs continues to intensify the already fragile situation as seen in the fresh waves of massive displacement of people with displacement metrics standing at about 1.75 million internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  as at January 2019.
Overall, 28.9 percent of households across BAY States were food insecure and 3.1 percent of these households were severely food insecure. This represents an increase of 2.4 percent in the prevalence of food insecurity compared to February 2018. 36.4 percent of IDP camp residents of Borno State were food insecure, 3.4 percent of which were experiencing severe food insecurity.
Households that had hosted IDPs within six months that preceded the survey were found to be more food insecure  ( 43.5 percent )  compared to counterparts that have not  ( 26.9 percent ) . Moreover, the severity of food insecurity was more pronounced among households that still hosted IDPs at the time of the survey  ( 52.7 percent )  compared to households that previously hosted IDPs  ( 38.0 percent ) , which clearly shows a positive correlation between dependency from IDPs and incidence of food insecurity.
Insecurity and communal conflict between farmers and herders: Insecurity continues to restrict livelihood activities including functionality of markets and optimal recovery of economic activities, which underscores pronounced levels and, in some cases, deterioration of food insecurity in the most affected areas. The already fragile security situation in the northeast is further exacerbated by communal conflicts between farmers and pastoralists, particularly in some areas of Adamawa State, most notably Numan, Demsa and Lamurde, where a correlation was seen between high incidence of these communal conflicts and food security situation in such areas
Shocks: Food insecurity was higher among households that had experienced a shock  ( 28 percent )  compared to those that had not experienced any shock  ( 23 percent ) . Severe and moderate food insecurity is higher among households that reported insecurity  ( 36 percent ) , temporary displacement  ( 36 percent ) , high food price  ( 33 percent )  and loss of employment/ reduced income  ( 31 percent ) . In the face of these shocks, households often adopt a range of different coping strategies to survive, which deepens vulnerability to food insecurity if unabated.
Dependency of IDPs on household communities: continues to put pressure on limited and oftentimes, overstretched resources in such communities as seen in the cases of Monguno, Maiduguri, Ngala, Damboa and Gwoza where host community households were found to be more food insecure compared to IDP households in camps. This can be further explained by the targeted systematic humanitarian assistance that IDP households in camps receive from government and partners, the scale of which is often more significant compared to host community counterparts.
Lack of access to farmland: Households that do not have access to land to undertake agriculture are more food insecure compared to those with access, which implies that accessibility to land for farming remains a key determinant of food insecurity in the northeast. Moreover, cultivation of larger expanse of farmland among agricultural practicing households was found to forestall food availability. A correlation exists between food security and the size of land cultivated where households that cultivate more hectares of land are found to be more food secure.
Overall, 65.3 percent of the surveyed households in BAY States have access to farmland. The ongoing hostilities continues to restrain access to land in Borno particularly where only 44.3 percent of households have access to farmland compared to 83.1 percent and 79.1 percent in neighboring states of Yobe and Adamawa respectively
Almost one in every four  ( 25 percent )  households in Borno only have access to less than half hectare of farmland compared to 12.8 percent and 6.1 percent in Adamawa and Yobe respectively, which is partly due to fears of attack from NSAGs and restrictions from the military to ensure safety within a certain perimeter around communities. Moreover, the ongoing hostilities was referenced as a major inhibitory factor among 55.7 percent of households without access to farmland in Borno State. Other factors highlighted to hamper access to farmland were lack of capital and access to credit facilities  ( 15.0 percent )  and lack of farmland  ( 12.0 percent ) .
At the LGA level, over 60 percent of the households in most of the surveyed LGAs of Adamawa and Yobe have access to farmland with a notable exception for specific LGAs in Borno where less than 10 percent of households have access to farmland such as Gwoza  ( 2.0 percent ) , Monguno  ( 3.3 percent ) , Nganzai  ( 5.3 percent )  and Mafa  ( 6.7 percent ) . Moreover, over 50 percent of households only have access to less than half hectare of land in Ngala  ( 70.0 percent ) , Damboa  ( 62.6 percent ) , Nganzai  ( 62.5 percent ) , Magumeri  ( 55.9 percent )  and Kaga  ( 50.7 percent ) , all of which are situated in Borno State.
This finding was consistent across the three states where year on year comparison of April 2019 and February 2018 shows an increase of 2.3 percent, 0.4 percent and 0.3 percent in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa States respectively.16 However, there was a seasonal decrease of 9.1 percent compared to October 2018, which was due to the impact of the harvest at the time. The reduction was slightly more pronounced in Yobe  (   12.0 percent )  and Adamawa  (  15.3 percent )  compared to Borno, where a marginal reduction of 0.9 percent was recorded, largely due to the relapse in the security situation which has led into fresh waves of displacements most recently.
The level of food insecurity  ( moderate + severe )  was highest in northern and central areas of Borno due to the ongoing conflicts, which continues to induce displacement from troubled areas and influx of new arrivals into safer areas like Maiduguri and Monguno LGAs, both of which areas witnessed an upsurge in the influx of new arrivals between January and March 2019. More specifically, LGAs with food insecurity prevalence of at least 50 percent in the northern and central areas of Borno were Kaga  ( 84.1 percent ) , Monguno  ( 76.5 percent ) , Gubio  ( 73.0 percent ) , Gwoza  ( 70.2 percent ) , Magumeri  ( 62.0 percent ) , Nganzai  ( 56.8 percent )  and Maiduguri  ( 52.5 percent )  LGAs, which depicts the consequential impact of the conflict on the food security situation in these areas.
Displaced households in camps and non camp settings are often more affected by food insecurity in the absence of sustained humanitarian assistance due to limited livelihood opportunities, lack of skills and loss of productive assets, which deepens vulnerability when confronted with shocks. Overall, displaced households in host communities  ( 53.2 percent )  and informal settlements  ( 44.9 percent )  and returnee households  ( 43.0 percent )  were more affected by food insecurity  ( moderate + severe )  compared to only 23.0 percent of counterpart households in host communities
As indicated in the methodology section, IDP camps or camp like settings were covered in nine LGAs  ( Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Jere, Konduga, Ngala, Maiduguri, Monguno and Gwoza )  of Borno State to gain in depth insights into the food security situation among these population, considering the recent influx of new arrivals into some of these localities. The prevalence of food insecurity was quite pronounced in IDP camps in Bama  ( 73.8 percent ) , Konduga  ( 62.3 percent ) , Monguno  ( 37.0 percent )  and Maiduguri  ( 33.1 percent ) , due to recent upsurge of attacks leading to increased displacement and influx of IDPs into camps in these LGAs, which continues to affect the planning and allocation of resources of government and partners providing humanitarian support in these camps.
Moreover, overstretched resources or congestion of these IDP camps often results in an “overflow' of IDPs into host communities which puts pressure on resources in such communities as seen in the cases of Monguno, Maiduguri, Ngala, Damboa and Gwoza where host community households were found to be more food insecure compared to IDP households in camps. This can be further explained by the targeted systematic humanitarian assistance that IDP households in camps receive from government and partners, at a scale which is often more significant compared to host communities.
“Nigeria is confronting nationwide, regional and global pressures, such as population explosion, an increased number of people living in absolute poverty, climate change and desertification, and increasing proliferation of weapons. These are re enforcing localised systems and country wide patterns of violence, many of which are seemingly spinning out of control,' the UN expert said.
From the period 19 – 25 August, a total of 6,980 movements were recorded, composed of 1,371 arrivals and 5,609 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Damboa, Gwoza, Maiduguri, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state, and locations in Demsa, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Mayo Belwa Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Gubio, Gwoza, Kala/Balge and Magumeri LGAs of Borno state, locations in Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Mayo Belwa, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan and Yola North LGAs of Adamawa state.
An exhaustive nutrition screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutrition mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema was conducted by Nutrition Sector partners for 128 children of 6 59 months. Of the 128 children screened, the MUAC reading was 2 children  ( inaccessible areas )  in the Red category, 10 were in the Yellow category and 116 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 5 LGAs that we received reports from.
The results also include 30 children from neighbouring countries Cameroon and Republic of Niger  ( 15 children moved to Bama, 5 to Gwoza, 2 to Mobbar and 8 to Ngala. Out of the 30 children measured, none was in the red category, 28 were in the green category and 2 were in the yellow category. All children found with severe acute malnutrition have been admitted for treatment
Eighty five per cent of respondents said they sometimes felt hungry. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network  ( FEWS NET )  also reports that many IDPs face emergency or crisis levels of food insecurity, and that famine is a risk in the region.
On 22 August, a group of international NGOs reported that insecurity and increased crime in the eastern region of Menaka is having a damaging impact on the civilian population and humanitarian organizations. Between end of July and early August, humanitarian organizations recorded seven incidents of violent robberies and burglaries, intimidation and theft, affecting their operational capacity and impeding assistance to populations in need. The level of crime is putting the response in jeopardy and, without improved security, INGOs present in Menaka will be forced to scale back their activities.
During the night of 23 24 August, 12 internally displaced persons were killed and 5 more wounded during an attack by armed individuals in Lamana village, Diffa region. The night before, one civilian was killed and one kidnapped during an attack in Boulahardé village, and a woman and two girls were abducted in Bague village.
Nearly 9,000 households have been affected by torrential rains and flash floods across north eastern Borno and Yobe states on 20 21 August. Heavy rains have also hit neighbouring Adamawa State where the number of affected households is being assessed. More than 7,300 emergency shelters and makeshift shelters have been partially damaged or destroyed, impacting thousands of people in IDP camps and host communities.
Since January 2019, at least 150 civilians have been kidnapped in Diffa region, with the highest concentration in the communes of Bosso and Diffa. This marks the highest rate since the beginning of the crisis in 2015.