nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Despite increased restrictions on accessing some countries in 2019, Colombia has stood out for maintaining open borders to the Venezuelan population. In November 2018, the Colombian Government reopened registration for the Border Mobility Card  ( TMF, Tarjeta de Movilidad Fronteriza ) , which allows Venezuelans to enter Colombian border areas for up to seven days in order to obtain basic goods and services. Since then, more than 2.6 million Venezuelans have registered for the TMF, and as a result, over 4.2 million68 Venezuelans can enter Colombia regularly, which greatly reduces the risks associated with human trafficking and smuggling or being exposed to risks arising from the presence of illegal armed groups in informal crossing points.
The Special Stay Permit, which is now in its fifth round, remains the most predominant mechanism of regularization in the country, with nearly 600,00069 Venezuelans holding a twoyear regular status. This provides full access to education, healthcare, and employment. In June, beneficiaries of the PEP obtained in 2017 could apply for a free renewal for an additional two years. Lastly, between 21 December 2018 and late September 2019, over 340,00070 Venezuelans in transit benefited from the Special Transit Permit  ( PIP TT, for Permiso de Ingreso y Permanencia Tránsito Temporal ) , which allows regular transit during a 15 day period through Colombia towards other countries, promoting safe and regular mobility and reducing risks associated with walking through unsafe areas of the country or difficult terrain, human trafficking and smuggling. Similarly, the Colombian Government, with the support of interagency Group for Mixed Migration Flows  ( GIFMM, by its Spanish acronym; being the national coordination platform )  members, is also addressing the risk of statelessness for over 27,000 children born in Colombia to Venezuelan parents, granting them Colombian nationality71
• Food security and nutrition: While many Venezuelans who have settled in the country largely benefitted from far better access to food than they had in Venezuela, populations in transit and those engaged in pendular movements will continue to require consistent access to food and nutritional support as a core life saving activity. Food insecurity and malnutrition are grave concerns in rural and remote areas, requiring additional long term support for food production activities that not only help with food security, but also foster self reliance and access to markets.
Since 2018, Colombia has also considerably expanded access to employment and basic services, promoting access to schools for Venezuelan children and progressively increasing access to higher education72. Likewise, the health care system has continuously increased its coverage of the Venezuelan population, and emergency healthcare has continued to expand the provision of services to refugees and migrants from Venezuela, with 190,200 emergency medical consultations being registered between January and September 2019, compared to 132,000 beneficiaries in the whole of 2018
In addition to these needs, a large part of the Venezuelans in urban areas are residing in informal settlements, on the streets and overcrowded accommodation that do not meet minimum standards and which could lead to protection risks, . There is a small number of temporary accommodation for refugees and migrants and still fewer which attend persons with particular needs, and housing solutions for those who settle outside urban centers are very limited
Furthermore, the quality of water and solid waste management are challenges in several areas of the country and in host sites. In the informal settlements and in some of the public buildings which are occasionally used as shelters, access to water, hygiene items  ( including menstrual hygiene items and baby diapers ) , and quality sanitation  ( including solid waste management )  is of particular concern because essential infrastructure is often absent or overwhelmed, with possible negative impacts to the environment.
Response strategy The response approach aims at guaranteeing food and nutrition in crisis situations, including different strategies to reduce/eliminate food insecurity, provide nutrition and save lives. The geographical areas of first priority will be the border departments of La Guajira, Norte de Santander, Arauca and Nariño, followed by Atlántico, Magdalena, Bolívar, Cesar, Antioquia and Valle del Cauca. The estimation of people in need and targets for 2020 were based on most recent indicators and evaluations, which identified the population groups in the most vulnerable situation and areas with the greatest needs in terms of food security. Additionally, geographic areas and objectives reached in terms of coverage and impact of the interventions during 2018 and 2019 were analysed in order to replicate and scale up the response in 2020
Priority needs One of the most urgent needs for refugees and migrants in Venezuela is access to quality health care services. As of June 2019, of the total 597,583 people with the Special Stay Permit, only 25,6%  ( 158,829 )  were affiliated to the national healthcare system  ( Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud – SGSSS ) . Given the conditions, characteristics and dimensions of the flow of refugees and migrants, there are enormous challenges in public health and humanitarian assistance, required to strengthen the response of medium and high complexity, especially for the population not affiliated to the SGSSS. On the other hand, the continuity of the operation of the public health institutions that are carrying out the response is concerning, considering the budget imp
Finally, discrimination and xenophobia towards refugees and migrants from Venezuela impact their integration, materialize in violent acts of rejection, and hinder access to social and economic services, all while creating a negative impact on society as a whole.
La población migrante en Colombia se ha venido desplazando más allá de la zona de frontera, llegando a los principales departamentos y ciudades del país. Migración Colombia, en su reporte del 30 de junio de 2019, advierte la presencia de 1.408.055 venezolanos en el territorio nacional. La mayoría se ubicó en Bogotá  ( 22,3 % ) , seguido de Cúcuta  ( 7,9 % ) , Barranquilla  ( 6,4 % ) , Medellín  ( 5,3 % ) , Maicao  ( 4,2 % ) , Riohacha  ( 4 % )  y Cali  ( 3,5 % ) . La llegada de migrantes a las principales ciudades obedece a que la población migrante considera que tiene mayores probabilidades de emplearse y acceder a servicios en estos lugares.
¿POR QUÉ MIGRAN LOS VENEZOLANOS A BARRANQUILLA? La mayoría de venezolanos encuestados manifestó que las razones por las que migran de Venezuela son la escasez de alimentos  ( 84,7 % ) , las necesidades médicas  ( 52,5 % ) , buscar recursos para sostener a la familia  ( 41,4 % ) , la inseguridad  ( 34,5 % ) , los altos costos de bienes y servicios  ( 13 % ) , la falta de educación y futuro para los niños  ( 5,7 % ) , el costo de la vivienda  ( 3,8 % ) , las amenazas  ( 1,9 % )  y la búsqueda de oportunidades para estudiar  ( 0,4 % ) . Sin embargo, existen contrastes en relación al peso de los motivos que dan hombres y mujeres.
EL ACCESO A SALUD El 79,3 % de los venezolanos en Barranquilla consideró difícil acceder a los servicios de salud. La percepción tanto de hombres como de mujeres sobre la dificultad para acceder a Aunque la mayoría de ellos recibió atención médica, el 28 % no recibió cuidado en ese momento. Al 30 % de las mujeres se les denegó el acceso a los servicios, mientras el 25 % de los hombres no recibieron atención. Una razón por la cual probablemente no están atendiendo a los migrantes en Barranquilla, está en que el 85,8 % no está afiliado al sistema. 90 % de las mujeres y 81 % de los hombres encuestados no cuentan con afiliación a ninguna entidad prestadora de salud.
¿CÓMO ESTÁ LA INTEGRACIÓN DE LOS MIGRANTES EN BARRANQUILLA? Desde el momento en que entran a Colombia, los venezolanos buscan acceder a los servicios básicos. Las ciudades grandes facilitan satisfacer estas necesidades porque tienen una amplia infraestructura con una extensa oferta de bienes y servicios. Es así como Barranquilla se convirtió en un destino atractivo para los migrantes que vienen desde Venezuela, sumado a su cercanía a la frontera y similitudes culturales.
EL ACCESO AL MERCADO LABORAL E INGRESOS DE LOS MIGRANTES No contar con los recursos suficientes para acceder a los servicios de salud está relaciona   do con el acceso que tienen los migrantes al mercado laboral. El 87,4 % de los encuestados manifestó que es difícil o muy difícil acceder a un empleo. Tampoco hay mucha diferencia en cuanto a la percepción por sexo, pues el 88 % de las mujeres lo consideró difícil, mientras que el 86 % de los hombres pensó lo mismo.
According to current needs analysis and expected developments in 2020, it is estimated that 3.5 million people will require one or more types of intervention. This includes 1.7 million Venezuelans with intent to stay, 330,300 in transit, 501,100 engaging in pendular movement, 350,500 Colombian returnees, and over 600,300 Colombians in host communities
ACCESO A VIVIENDA Y ARRIENDO La mayoría de venezolanos encuestados que llegaron a Barranquilla  ( 72 % )  consideró difícil o muy difícil acceder a la vivienda. A las mujeres se les dificulta más buscar un lugar dónde vivir; en consecuencia, el 76 % de ellas manifestó tener impedimentos para acceder a una vivienda y solo al 10 % le resultó fácil. Por el contrario, para los hombres es más sencillo: el 21 % no tuvo inconvenientes en encontrar un lugar para habitar
In accordance with the country's situation, considering the discussions with different GIFMM members and State authorities, the Protection sector considers that the primary needs of refugees and migrants are access to regular status, regular access to territory and safe transit, as well as prevention and protection measures for people with specific needs In this sense, it is estimated that by mid2019, more than half of the Venezuelans living in the country did not have a regular status to stay in Colombia, and that the rest are in a regular situation or only have a short stay permit   valid for 90 or 180 days   which does not allow them to remain permanently in the country or access the labour market. Although the PEP has benefited nearly 600,000 Venezuelans and has been vital in facilitating their access to health, education, and other services, new and accessible regularization processes are needed, as well as effective and safe asylum procedures. Similarly, it is necessary to ensure safe access and transit through the national territory, under conditions void of protection risks along the route.
By June 2019, the ICBF had provided attention to 70,96379 Venezuelan children, adolescents and families. The highest concentration in services, in addition to the border departments, are in Atlántico, Bolívar, Antioquia, Cesar, Santander, Magdalena, Cundinamarca, and Bogotá. The Ombudsman's Office's report  ( with data up until December 2017 ) 80 states that 5,197 cases of violence against Venezuelan children have been registered. As of 31 of August 2019, there were 1,641 Venezuelan children under the protection of ICBF, out of which 152 were unaccompanied children.
Hasta antes del 21N menos del uno por ciento de la totalidad de la población venezolana en Colombía  ( 1.054 personas )  hacía parte de la población carcelaria. Es decir, había tenido que ver con algún tipo de violación de la ley en el país
Priority needs Refugees and migrants are particularly vulnerable to illicit smuggling as well as human trafficking, including sexual or labour exploitation, forced begging, and forced marriage, among others. The risk increases where people have an irregular status, as they may be forced to work or move throughout the country without any valid documentation
Considering the current flows and context, it is projected that by the end of 2020, an estimated 2,397,896 refugees and migrants from Venezuela will select Colombia as their country of destination, and an estimated 428,998 people will transit through the country towards other destinations. The number of Venezuelans with a TMF will reach 6.1 million, with an estimated 2,278,000 of them engaging in pendular movement in order to access goods, services, and assistance. In addition to this, it is projected that 679,766 Colombian nationals will have returned from Venezuela by the end of 202075.
The situations of refugees and migrants from Venezuela has a differentiated impact, generating higher levels of vulnerability among refugee and migrant boys and girls, adolescents and women, as well as people with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. Refugee and migrant women and girls, but also men and boys, from Venezuela continue to face risks of gender based violence, in form of sexual exploitation, survival sex, as well as other forms of violence. Similarly, labour exploitation and other forms of serious violence can lead to severe physical, psychological and/or psychosocial effects or in some cases put the lives of these people at risk.
Lo que está ocurriendo es un problema de Colombia y de colombianos. Nosotros no tenemos por qué intervenir en los asuntos políticos de Colombia. Si hay venezolanos inmersos en actividades contrarias a la ley, Colombia tiene que judicializarlos y condenarlos. Si resultan condenados tienen que meterlos a la cárcel y sólo después deportarlos', dijo el magistrado del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Venezuela, refugiado en Colombia, Gonzalo Oliveros.
On health, the GIFMM worked to provide basic medical attention to refugees and migrants who arrived with a wide range of medical needs. In addition, 26,413 people were reached through psychosocial and mental health assistance, 19,704 children received vaccinations and 4,863 pregnant women received prenatal attention.
n addition to the provision of safe potable water sources, two of the key activities within WASH included distributing hygiene kits to 52,768 people and reaching 4,734 children in learning spaces who could access adequate WASH services according to the Sphere Standards.
A key priority area is to ensure the long term socioeconomic integration of arriving refugees, migrants, and returning Colombians. There is a focus on providing educational capacity and employment related strategies to reduce dependence on humanitarian assistance and support long term inclusion within host communities. Additionally, it is believed that the successful long term socio economic inclusion of refugees and migrants helps reduce xenophobic attitudes directed at them, as well as generating a sustainable income for them and the host communities. In the first six months of 2019, there was an active and permanent participation from 33 entities, consisting of UN agencies, international organizations and government institutions, in the subgroup of the area of intervention 3, which defined three specific working groups: entrepreneurship, employability, and sociocultural integration.
Change in Planning Assumptions The migratory balances for Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru show that the number of new arrivals from Venezuela remains similar to the previous year. Halfway through 2019, the new arrivals staying in these countries represent approximately half of the final stock figure for 2018. If this tendency continues, it is estimated that the stock figure in these countries will be 1.64 million, 410,000, and 1.17 respectively, by the end of 2019.
GIFMM members also participated in the working groups dedicated to employability and entrepreneurship, led respectively by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Tourism and the Ministry of Labor, where strategies to achieve employment and/or entrepreneurship, and Public Employment Service were analyzed and provided with feedback. The GIFMM subgroup is aligned with the national government's strategic plan related to income generation for Venezuelans, Colombian returnees and host communities; the plan identifies bottlenecks hindering the adequate economic and social integration and identifies priorities to be addressed by different government entities, jointly with the GIFMM.
As of the end of June 2019, over 1.4 million Venezuelan refugees and migrants were living in Colombia. In addition, many Venezuelans entered Colombia to transit to third countries, with more than 251,600 people who have accessed temporary transit permits since December 2018 and approximately 349,693 Venezuelans who have exited Colombia via the Rumichaca Bridge to Ecuador, in the first six months of 2019.18 In addition, an estimated 3.7 million Venezuelans have border mobility cards, which allow them to enter Colombia for up to seven days.
Antes de finalizar el día, el hashtag #venezolanos ya era tendencia en Colombia por cuenta de una serie de vídeos que circulan en redes durante los saqueos en Bogotá. Para algunos, los migrantes están detrás de estos hechos. Sin embargo, las autoridades no se han pronunciado sobre este tema y, hasta ahora, se trata de un juicio sin fundamento.
Actualmente hay 1,5 millones de venezolanos en Colombia y un poco más de 300.000 en Bogotá, de acuerdo con cifras de Migración Colombia y la Organización de Naciones Unidas.
As the arrival of refugees and migrants continues to grow, so does their urgent need for humanitarian and protection assistance, including access to food, medical care, shelter and accommodation, documentation, and a response to GBV. This situation, in turn, has required comprehensive and timely interventions to provide emergency assistance, which is especially urgent in border areas, where the local capacity to respond is already saturated. In addition to these immediate humanitarian needs, the Interagency Group for Mixed Migration Flows  ( GIFMM )  and the national Government agree that the sustainability of the response requires activities that ensure long term socio economic integration, including, access to employment, livelihoods and education; taking into consideration that some 597,000 people possess the Special Stay Permit  ( PEP ) , which enables them to access to education, healthcare, and employment.
GIFMM members and their partners have prioritized a range of protection activities: more than 63,000 were reached through information regarding registration and documentation processes, allowing them to access to basic services  ( health, education, employment and asylum procedures ) . Effective access to information represents a first measure of protection for refugees and migrants who require orientation related to requirements for entry and needed documentation. The majority of those who received orientation were located in the Colombian Venezuelan border departments   crucial crossing points for the majority of people arriving to Colombia. With the provision of child friendly spaces, more than 98,000 children were reached, so they could continue their development cycle.
Scope of the response Based on needs analysis and projections for 2020 of the population figures and their needs, the response requires activities that respond to humanitarian, protection, and integration needs for the populations covered by the plan in Colombia: refugees and migrants considering Colombia their country of destination, those in transit and engaged in pendular movement, Colombian returnees, and host communities. The response will also focus on the most affected areas of the country, prioritizing border areas, urban areas where refugees and migrants have settled, as well as those regions which have received large numbers of refugees and migrants compared to the size of their population or the response capacity of host communities.
En el municipio Venta quemada, departamento deBoyacá ( Colombia )  aparecieron carteles xenofóbicos contra la presencia de losvenezolanosen ese país.
The response in Colombia has three main strategic objectives, complementing and coordinating with the State's response: • Provide and improve effective access to critical goods and services, including strengthening the State's response capacity at the national and local level. • Increase integration opportunities for the refugee and migrant population, including access to dignified employment, productive resources, and livelihoods. • Strengthen the prevention and mitigation of protection risks, access to basic services, and provide a response to protection needs. As a result, in the sectors, partners include programming to respond to immediate humanitarian needs and activities with medium  and long term impact towards resilience and income generation, also seeking to avoid actions with a negative impact on the environment. At the sectoral level, this medium  to long term impact approach requires supporting not only employability or entrepreneurship, but also access to public services, vocational training and higher education, social security networks, and medium  to long term housing solutions, including rental support through which resources will be injected into host communities.
The refugee and migrant crisis in Colombia is characterized by gendered dynamics and has taken a significant toll on the health and welfare on all those affected, but particularly on women and girls.
Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Colombia, particularly women, girls, men and boys are easy targets for trafficking, domestic and sex slavery and other forms of exploitation and abuse. Lack of documentation of migrants and refugees and/or limited awareness of their rights based on their current documentation status further exacerbates the potential for exploitation.
Las recientes cifras de Migración Colombia a corte de agosto de 2019 indican que al país han ingresado millón y medio de migrantes venezolanos, distribuidos principalmente en Bogotá  ( 24 % ) , Norte de Santander  ( 10,9 % ) , Antioquia  ( 9,4 % )  y Atlántico  ( 9,2 % ) ; siendo este último uno de los protagonistas no fronterizos, además de la capital del país, con un total de 136.419 venezolanos
En el departamento del Atlántico el 63,7 % de los migrantes se ha asentado en Barranquilla  ( 86.918 según Migración Colombia ) . Muchos residen en zonas con problemas de titularidad de los predios o con deficiencias en la provisión de servicios públicos básicos, donde crean asentamientos con el propósito de rehacer su vida.
This week UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, and the International Organization for Migration launched a US$1.35 billion plan to respond to the growing needs of Venezuelan refugees and migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean and the communities hosting them.
Desde 2017, y por casi dos años, el gobierno peruano entregó un Permiso Temporal de Permanencia  ( PTP )  para los venezolanos, pero el 15 de junio de este año entró en vigencia una visa humanitaria para quienes quieran entrar al país. Los migrantes deben tramitarla en los consulados generales de Perú en Venezuela y en algunas de sus sedes diplomáticas en Colombia y Ecuador. La visa tiene una duración de 183 días y les permite trabajar y acceder a servicios en Perú. Para obtenerla, necesitan pasaporte o cédula de identidad y, para los menores, partida de nacimiento otorgada por el Registro Civil venezolano apostillado. Un mes después, el gobierno ecuatoriano también anunció una visa. Así, eliminó la flexibilidad que les permitía a los migrantes ingresar a Ecuador con su cédula de ciudadanía venezolana. Este nuevo requisito empezó a regir el 26 de agosto y el puente internacional de Rumichaca fue el escenario de la llegada masiva de venezolanos que buscaban cruzar sin documentos antes de la medianoche.
Prioridades estratégicas de la respuesta La respuesta en Colombia tiene tres principales objetivos estratégicos, complementando y coordinando con la respuesta del Estado: Proporcionar y mejorar el acceso efectivo a bienes y servicios críticos, incluyendo el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de respuesta del Estado a nivel nacional y local. Incrementar oportunidades de integración para la población refugiada y migrante, incluyendo el acceso al trabajo digno, recursos productivos y medios de vida. Fortalecer la prevención y mitigación de riesgos de protección, acceso a servicios básicos, y proporcionar una respuesta a las necesidades de protección. Las actividades responden a las necesidades humanitarias, de protección e integración de refugiados y migrantes con la intención de permanecer en tránsito y participar en movimientos pendulares, repatriados colombianos y comunidades de acogida en las zonas más afectadas del país, especialmente en las zonas fronterizas y urbana
En 2019, Colombia continuó siendo el país más afectado por la llegada de refugiados y migrantes de Venezuela, concentrando la mayor parte de las personas con vocación de permanencia  ( 1.4 M ) , 676,093 de ellas con un estado regular, casi 500,000 personas en tránsito, y constantes movimientos pendulares en la región  ( aproximadamente 4,2 millones de Tarjeta de Movilidad Fronteriza ) . Además, más de medio millón de colombianos regresaron de Venezuela a mediados de 2019.
«Le rogué a la muchacha de recepción. Finalmente, nos dejaron esperando un turno de una hora y media, aunque mi esposo estaba muy mal. A las 8:30 de la mañana llegaron los médicos, lo pesaron y estaba en 65 y medía 1.83 u 85. Apenas le tocaron su abdomen dijeron: Esto es una peritonitis», relató la esposa en un audio divulgado en redes sociales. En ese estado, los galenos decidieron remitir a Colina, al hospital Villa del Rosario, donde deberían atenderle siguiendo los pasos protocolares para luego enviarlo a un centro médico de Cúcuta.
Colombia ha mantenido encomiablemente una política de puertas abiertas y ha llevado a cabo varios ejercicios clave de documentación y registro de ciudadanos venezolanos. Colombia también amplió considerablemente el acceso a empleo y servicios básicos, en particular educación y salud, y abordó los riesgos de apatridia al otorgar la ciudadanía colombiana a los recién nacidos de padres venezolanos.
Environment Colombia is the country in the region with the highest flow of refugees and migrants from Venezuela, and therefore the country that carries one of the greatest environmental burdens. With millions of refugees and migrants either transiting through, or settling in Colombia, access to shelter, WASH and income generation are the biggest challenges from an environmental point of view.
El impacto de la llegada y el tránsito de millones de personas ha sido considerable, particularmente en un país que históricamente ha tenido un número bajo de refugiados y migrantes.
Some 90% of GIFMM actors already have at least partially carried out or expressed their intention to carry out an assessment of vulnerabilities and environmental sensitivities of intervention areas in planned activities. This will allow them to make adjustments in order to mitigate negative environmental impacts. In particular, the WASH, food, health and food security sectors have incorporated notable mitigation strategies already at the planning stage. Activities through cash based interventions or in the integration sector still offer additional potential to further develop environmental mainstreaming as in both cases this depends foremost on a proactive identification of opportunities
Paralelamente, la presencia y las acciones de los grupos armados ilegales, especialmente en las zonas fronterizas y rurales, junto con las restricciones migratorias en los estados fronterizos, continúan exponiendo a los venezolanos sin estatus regular en Colombia o en tránsito, a riesgos significativos de trata/contrabando, así como explotación y abuso.
El canciller colombiano Carlos Holmes Trujillo, durante la presentación del plan, sostuvo que hasta el 1 de noviembre de este año, el plan de respuesta planteado para 2019 solo había alcanzado el 51,9% de lo esperado. "Para el número de migrantes y refugiados venezolanos, el plan para nuestra región ha sido comparativamente inferior a llamamientos en respuestas a crisis humanitarias en otras regiones del mundo", agregó el canciller
L REMEDIO, PEOR QUE LA ENFERMEDAD Las medidas que toman los gobiernos de la región contradicen el discurso político de instancias como el Grupo de Lima o el Proceso de Quito. Aunque en estos escenarios los representantes diplomáticos reiteran las puertas abiertas de sus países para los migrantes, las decisiones de sus gobiernos parecen alejarse de ese mensaje. La falta de coordinación queda clara en el aumento de medidas restrictivas tomadas a discreción por cada país que, si bien hacen parte de la soberanía, no contemplan la posibilidad de medidas multilaterales. El aumento de requisitos, a su vez, parece alejarse cada vez más de la posibilidad de reconocer el estatus de refugiados a los venezolanos que huyen de la destrucción social, económica y política de su país.
In La Guajira department, Paraguachón is the only official entry point along the 249kms border between Colombia and Venezuela. Home to approximately 44% of the marginalized, indigenous Wayuu community, this area has long suffered from a crisis of its own. Weak infrastructure in this area is evidenced by scarce water supply, lack of access to health and education services, resulting in poor health outcomes such as high rates of child mortality
Background information: Venezuelan migration to Colombia The ongoing economic, political and social crisis that engulfs Venezuela has resulted in the displacement of a vast proportion of its population. In recent years, more than 3.7 million Venezuelans have left their homes  ( UNHCR, 2019 )  and arrived in neighboring countries. Colombia hosts more than 1.2 million Venezuelans – nearly 50% of the entire displaced population. Colombia, itself, is emerging from decades of armed conflict which displaced over 7 million people, most of whom are marginalized rural, indigenous and Afro Colombians  ( Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, 2018 ) . The country has long struggled with the illegal drug trade.
Given the level of economic devastation of most Venezuelan migrants and refugees arriving in Colombia, men and women, as well as male and female youth, expressed that opportunities for income generating activities or livelihoods are a significant. Many respondents indicated that people are robbed of the little money, clothes and legal documents they had when they arrived in Colombia. Common income generating activities for subsistence include begging, garbage collection/ selling of recyclable materials, as well as serving as street vendors. Women and adolescent girls, especially those living on the street, reported selling items such as candy, bread and coffee or seeking jobs as waitresses in bars
The department of Norte de Santander is the main entry point from Venezuela to Colombia with a border extension of 421 kms. Mobility in the department is constrained by the presence of armed groups related to internal armed conflict in Colombia, which creates high levels of risks related to violence, child recruitment and gender based violence
Venezuelan migrants and refugees confront an increasingly precarious and dangerous situation when they cross into border towns in Colombia. On the journey, migrants and refugees face a number of risks, including sexual harassment and violence. In border towns, migrants and refugees lack access to services and livelihoods opportunities.
Reunification: Most Venezuelan migrants and refugees interviewed in the border towns expressed their desire to stay in their current areas of settlement given the proximity to home. Many people had caring or other responsibilities for family remaining in Venezuela, particularly women who left one or more children there. They expressed wanting to have the option of going back in case of any family emergencies. A few women mentioned interest in moving to other parts of Colombia given their familial and/or social networks
In Colombia one out of every 47 people is Venezuelan1 . During 2018, the migrant population located in the departments that border Venezuela increased by almost one million  ( 418% ) . Arauca, Cesar, La Guajira and Norte de Santander received and welcomed almost two thirds of the total migrant population that arrived in Colombia2 . 93% of the Venezuelan migrant population is concentrated in 12 departments of the country, including 11% in Norte de Santander. Of these, 8% live in the town of Cúcuta and 12% live in La Guajira, within which 9% live in Riohacha.
Education: The desire for continuing education is strong. Most young people had to disrupt their schooling when leaving Venezuela and many are interested in continuing their education in Colombia. Pregnant adolescents also voiced wanting desire to return to school after delivering their babies. There are some challenges around the difference in schooling systems between the two countries that may discourage some migrants and refugees from continuing their education and concerns over entering the school system without documentation. Legal documentation that would facilitate access to opportunities and services was expressed by women, girls, men and boys.
En Riohacha y Barranquilla, por ejemplo, hay barrios donde no existen redes de agua, o donde la presión es baja o el agua no es potable. Por otra parte, en Granizal  ( un sector del municipio de Bello, Antioquia )  se reportó que el acceso al agua potable es limitado o está controlado por grupos armados irregulares. Esto refleja que el derecho al acceso al agua tiene un alcance limitado en estos barrios marginales, y los expone aún más a riesgos de contagio de COVID 19 tomando en cuenta la situación actual.
Furthermore, the documentation status of these populations contributes to their unique needs, risks and access to resources and services. There are currently 657,732 regular migrants either with visas or some accreditation to stay  ( 11% )  or those with Colombian government issued permits to stay  ( 89% ) : Permiso Especial de Permanencia  ( PEP ) .4 The Colombian government, however, has now stopped providing the third generation of PEP. There are also 3.17 million Venezuelans with Border Mobility Cards  ( TMF )  for border residents who regularly transit between the two countries.
Food and nutrition: Food was one area where traditionally women made decisions for the household. As a result of hyperinflation, access to diverse, nutritious food became unaffordable. This gave women control over non food assets as many had to sell off their television, furniture and other assets to secure cash to buy food for the household
Colombia: Proyección de la población venezolana para 2020 de 2,4 millones, 2,09 millones de migrantes pendulares y 680.000 retornados, buscando US$739,2 millones y con un objetivo de asistir a 1,33 millones de 1,77 millones de venezolanos en necesidad, 380.000 de 500.000 de 500.000 emigrantes pendulares en necesidad, 260.000 de 350.000 retornados en el país en necesidad, y 310.000 de 600.000 residentes de la comunidad anfitriona en el país en necesidad.
ACNUR, la Agencia de la ONU para los Refugiados y OIM, la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, destacan los avances presentados por los Gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe participantes en la quinta reunión del Proceso de Quito, celebrada en Bogotá el 14 y 15 de noviembre. Durante la reunión, los representantes de los Gobiernos reconocieron, entre otros, los esfuerzos en la atención, recepción e integración de los refugiados y migrantes venezolanos, especialmente aquellos que se encuentran en situación de vulnerabilidad. También reafirmaron su compromiso de armonizar y coordinar regionalmente las medidas implementadas para garantizar una movilidad segura, ordenada y regular de los venezolanos. En este sentido, Eduardo Stein Representante Especial Conjunto de ACNUR y OIM para los refugiados y migrantes de Venezuela, destacó que la coordinación regional es fundamental para cualquier avance de fondo. “Ningún país tiene la capacidad de enfrentar solo los retos existentes, y entre más esfuerzos colectivos mayor será la posibilidad de lograr respuestas con impactos positivos', dijo Stein. “Ir solos nos debilita, la integración nos fortalece'.
El capítulo de Bogotá consolida el Proceso de Quito como un foro regional técnico para fomentar respuestas concretas, articular con otros procesos existentes y promover iniciativas regionales estratégicas en materia de documentación, protección e integración socioeconómica, entre otros. Durante las sesiones se presentaron los resultados de los varios encuentros técnicos relacionados con salud, educación, empleo y niñez y adolescencia refugiada y migrante, así como las recomendaciones sobre la trata de personas y tráfico de migrantes, y el fortalecimiento de los sistemas nacionales de determinación de la condición de refugiado.
Cerca de 70 indígenas que migraron al país en busca de educación de calidad viven parte de la semana en un terreno prestado en Maicao  ( La Guajira ) . Aunque el viaje dura horas y está lleno de peligros, el arraigo los hace retornar a Venezuela por las trochas.
Aun así, algunos continuaron con los viajes diarios desde Venezuela en moto, burro o a pie con tal de llevar a los niños al colegio. Rosalía, por ejemplo, siguió cruzando la frontera porque no le gusta la educación venezolana. “Por eso mis hijos siempre estudiaron en Colombia', dijo. La fuerza de la costumbre y la crisis educativa en el país vecino impulsaron a esta madre de tres niños a recorrer cada día la trocha desde su comunidad, Kalil, hasta la escuela en Paraguachón.
Unos 4,6 millones de venezolanos han dejado su país desde 2015 como consecuencia de la inestabilidad política y económica, y Naciones Unidas calcula que esta cifra podría alcanzar los 5,5 millones a final de 2020 si no mejora la situación. Colombia y Perú son los principales países receptores de este éxodo, y se calcula que el próximo año se alcancen 2,4 millones de migrantes y refugiados en territorio colombiano y 978.000 en el peruano.
La OIM resaltó hoy que muchos de ellos son peruanos y colombianos que migraron a Venezuela en el pasado y ahora han retornado a sus respectivos países a consecuencia de la crisis venezolana.
la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones  ( OIM ) , dependiente de Naciones Unidas, anunció este martes el lanzamiento de un programa financiado por el banco estadounidense Citigroup para formar a jóvenes migrantes procedentes de Venezuela que se encuentren en Colombia y Perú, los principales países receptores del éxodo venezolano.
El programa tiene el objetivo de ofrecer formación vocacional y titulaciones a 400 jóvenes venezolanos, además de facilitar la creación de nuevas empresas que integren a estos migrantes con las comunidades de acogida, según señaló el portavoz de la OIM, Joel Millman al anunciar esta nueva iniciativa.
Acostumbradas a construir lazos entre ellas, las familias wayuu han forjado allí una nueva comunidad. Cada dos o tres ranchos hay un fogón de leña, y las familias se turnan la tarea de alimentar a los vecinos. También compran en conjunto los chivos  que pueden costar hasta 200 mil pesos  y el resto de la comida. A pesar de eso, las familias que viven en ese terreno retornan cada viernes a Venezuela. “¿Si no volvemos a nuestra casa quién la va a cuidar? ¿y qué nos quedamos haciendo aquí el fin de semana?', preguntó Daniela, una de las habitantes del terreno que todos los viernes queda casi desierto.
Hace un par de meses, Lívica, una venezolana wayuu que vivía con su familia de lunes a viernes en el terreno prestado, recibió una noticia desgarradora: “Me dijeron que una de esas bandas había matado a mi esposo en las trochas, como mataron antes a mi hermano
Desde su origen, los wayuu van y vienen de Colombia y Venezuela, indiferentes a las fronteras. Ahora los venezolanos migran a la fuerza para educar a las nuevas generaciones y en busca de agua o atención médica. En el eterno retorno del pueblo wayuu la educación encarna apenas uno de los derechos que parecen ocultarse siempre al otro lado de la frontera.
Colombia and Ecuador. It requires the presentation of a certified criminal record and a passport  ( valid or expired )  which can be difficult to obtain by refugees and migrants from Venezuela. In this context, the Special Commission for Refugees in Peru  ( CEPR )  announced it would process asylum claims presented at the border through an accelerated procedure. There are exceptions to the humanitarian visa for individuals who meet certain vulnerability criteria, such as illness or disability, pregnancy, advanced age, as well as some cases of family reunification. The consular tourist visa in Chile, on the other hand, adds to the “Democratic Responsibility Visa' which was introduced by the government in April 2018, as another option for Venezuelans to enter the country regularly. Both visas can be obtained in any Chilean consulate in the world.
Based on the research and discussions with humanitarian organizations, the timeframe during which migrants and refugees arrived in Colombia was often associated with their capacities and skill sets. As with many slow onset emergencies, professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and others with a high level of technical skills possessed adequate resources and were the first to leave Venezuela beginning in 2016. This migration was followed largely by men and boys, as well as some women with skills in search of income generating opportunities in Colombia. Over the last year, many more Venezuelan women and girls have arrived in Colombia
In addition to the above categories of displaced people, there are asylum seekers who seek refugee status in Colombia. The process grants a residence permit in the country but no other access to public services. There are also refugees who previously received refugee status, a permanent residence in the country and access to all the public services; and Colombian returnees who are Colombian nationals that had a permanent residence in Venezuela and, due to the Venezuelan crisis, are re entering Colombian territory. There is a significant number of former Colombian refugees in Venezuela who are losing their international protection as they enter the Colombian territory and are in critical need of information about the pathways already established by the government for access to rights, nationality and documentation, as well as greater support through the process to access these rights and reintegration in their home country.
SRHR: Unplanned pregnancies, particularly adolescent pregnancy and an increase in STIs have severely affected women and girls in Venezuela. Most pregnant women and adolescent girls are not able to access any antenatal care or delivery services. Many come to Colombia just for antenatal care and then may even return on the same day. One respondent recounted a story from Venezuela of a woman who gave birth on the street right outside the hospital because the hospital did not have sufficient providers and supplies.
Many of the border areas receiving Venezuelan migrants and refugees have pre existing risks related to armed groups  ( such as the ELN and EPL that control illegal economies in the region ) , internal displacement and natural disasters. Mixed migration routes bring economically devastated Venezuelans through areas facing these pre existing challenges. Migrants and refugees crossing through informal border crossings controlled by armed groups face significantly heightened and serious protection risks. Increasing incidents of GBV including sexual violence, sex slavery, transactional sex for survival and human trafficking are among the key protection concerns, primarily impacting women and girls but also men and boys, and LGBTQIA individuals.
Water and sanitation: While access to water and sanitation services were not much of a concern, over the last few years the situation has significantly deteriorated. FGD participants noted water scarcity in Venezuela, resulting in their limited ability to maintain their routine hygiene practices such as flushing of toilets, taking daily showers and washing dishes. They noted that the electricity shortages were a major reason for this, and that those who had access to generators did not have fuel to run them. Upon arrival to the border towns of Colombia too, women, men, boys and girls face challenges in accessing water and sanitation services. La Guajira has historically faced structural challenges around this issue while the attacks on the Caño Limón – Coveñas pipeline in Norte de Santander have contaminated the region's water tributaries, also resulting in insufficient access to potable water
Health: Most respondents noted that they had stopped seeking health services due to the long waiting times and shortage of supplies at hospitals and health facilities. The Venezuelan health system collapsed over the last few years as many health professionals, particularly Cuban doctors fled the country. Moreover, those that stayed now sold medicines that were previously free to their patients given the rising costs and their interest in needing to earn a higher income. This situation has had a tremendous impact on the population, with particularly grave consequences for women and children's health. Diseases such as malaria and diphtheria, which were previously eliminated or controlled, are now increasing and are now found in the border towns of Colombia. While Colombia offers greater availability and accessibility of some health services than what is available in Venezuela, significant barriers remain even in Colombia. The scale of the needs has over burdened the health system. Migrants and refugees without documentation report fears about xenophobia, discrimination and even deportation when they seek health services.
Access to Information, Referrals and Legal Support Partners in Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Dominican Republic provided information on regularization, asylum, documentation and rights to more than 10,100, 8,500, 680 and 121 refugees and migrants from Venezuela, respectively.
 El 15 de octubre, 11 países de América del Sur, Central, Norte como el Caribe pusieron en marcha la implementación de la Tarjeta Unificada de Vacunación, la cual fue propuesta y fomentada por el gobierno del Colombia. Esta tarjeta es destinada al uso de la población venezolana como un registro universal de vacunas, con el objetivo de proteger la salud de los que mantienen las tarjetas y brindarles servicios más eficientes, así como apoyar los esfuerzos de salud pública en las regiones por donde transitan o se asientan los refugiados y migrantes venezolanos.3
REMESAS ENVIADAS POR LOS VENEZOLANOS ENCUESTADOS EN MEDELLÍN El 64,4 % de quienes tienen a sus familiares en Venezuela les envían dinero. La mayoría de hasta máximo 100 mil pesos, y una cuarta parte, entre 100 mil y 500 mil pesos. Los migrantes más jóvenes envían por lo general valores menores a 50 mil pesos, mientras que los más adultos tienden a enviar una cifra un poco más alta: entre 50 mil y 100 mil pesos.
En los últimos años, el Gobierno ha tomado medidas que han permitido regularizar parte de la población migrante en el país. Hasta el mes de septiembre de 2019 se han expedido 4 resoluciones1 que otorgan a los venezolanos el permiso para permanecer en Colombia por 2 años. Quienes portan este documento pueden realizar cualquier actividad en Colombia de manera legal, así como afiliarse al sistema de seguridad social. No obstante, las medidas no alcanzan a cobijar a todos los venezolanos que han ingresado al país, por lo que cerca de la mitad aún se encuentra residiendo de manera irregular
sa  ( 2,9 % ) , o no lo sabía  ( 0,9 % ) . En segundo lugar, el 97,3 % de los encuestados no había logrado convalidar sus títulos académicos. Las razones principales fueron no contar con los documentos que el Estado venezolano tendría que proveerles para cumplir con los requisitos  ( 26 % )  y el costo del proceso  ( 25 % ) . Pese a lo anterior, el 40,2 % de los venezolanos encuestados ha recibido ingresos en el último mes. De ellos, el 89 % trabajando de manera informal, sin contrato. Y muy pocos mediante un contrato indefinido  ( 5,1 % ) , de prestación de servicios  ( 3,4 % )  o de otro tipo  ( 2,6 % ) .
El 27 de octubre, se convocaron las elecciones regionales en Colombia, se observó que en algunas áreas se utilizaron en campañas percepciones negativas de venezolanos, en ocasiones alcanzando el nivel de xenofobia.