nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
On 21 May 2019, the Nigerian military commenced a unilateral relocation of civilian populations from Sabon Gari, a border community in Damboa LGA of Borno State to the Government Secondary School  ( GSS )  and Unity camps for internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  in Damboa Town, located some 85 kilometers south west of Maiduguri, the state capital, citing safety and security reasons.
The relocation of civilians from Sabon Gari by the military continued on 22 May with the movement of 2,809 individuals in two batches, while an additional 1,134 people were moved on 23 May bringing the total number to 7,710 people so far moved. Due to limited space and shelters in the camps, most of the new arrivals have moved to neighboring host communities.
Food insecurity remains a major concern as more than 22 per cent of the population in BAY states are estimated to be food insecure  ( nine per cent increase compared to the projection made in 2018 ) , with pockets of malnutrition. Acute malnutrition in children under the age of five is above emergency thresholds in various areas across the three states
As of 23 May, humanitarian partners have registered 5,157 individuals  ( 1,134 households )  among the 7,710 new arrivals, after screening by military. Due to limited space and shelters, only about 1,427 of the populations are hosted in the camps: 710  ( 142 households )  at the Unity Camp Phase 2 and 717  ( 156 households )  in classrooms at the GSSS. Others, including 6,283 people, mostly women and children, are currently sleeping in the open without shelters and exposed to harsh weather conditions and protection risks.
In June, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon were the main countries of departure and intended destination for individuals passing through FMPs. In addition, the main types of flows identified were: short term local movements  ( 46% of all flows ) ; economic migration of more than six months  ( 36% of all flows ) ; seasonal migration  ( 12% of all flows ) ; and tourism  ( 6% of all flows )
CONFLICT in north eastern Nigeria has had a devastating effect in the three states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe. Resulting food shortages have led to nutritional insecurity, with millions of people severely affected. In the least accessible and worst affected areas, more than 45,000 people are experiencing famine like conditions and severe hunger. The Salvation Army is supporting more than 500 of the most vulnerable families of internally displaced people  ( IDPs )  who are currently living in temporary camps in the Maiduguri area.
Ten years since the beginning of a violent insurgency in northeast Nigeria, the living conditions for displaced people are continuing to deteriorate at an alarming rate due to inadequate and overcrowded facilities. The Norwegian Refugee Council  ( NRC )  calls for increased efforts to improve their living conditions and prevent an imminent cholera outbreak.
Borno State is experiencing the negative impacts of climate change, with droughts, erratic rainfalls and soil erosion, leaving the conflict affected people more vulnerable. The limited adaptive capacity in the region is linked to the ongoing insurgency, which has disrupted farming activities  ( including forestry )  and extension services
As of March 2019, Nigeria's Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe states hosted an estimated 1.8 million internally displaced persons. Additionally, the insurgency had forced nearly 237,000 Nigerians to flee into neighboring areas of Cameroon, Chad, and Niger, according to the UN.
Kala/Balge: 220 departures were recorded in Kala/Balge LGA of Borno state. The departures were all from Rann ward of Kala/Balge LGA into Arabic camp in Ngala ward of Ngala LGA and they all relocated due to poor living conditions.
Prolonged conflict perpetuated by Boko Haram and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria West Africa has spurred massive displacement and undermined food security in northeastern Nigeria and surrounding countries in the Lake Chad Basin. Approximately 7.1 million people in northeastern Nigeria require emergency assistance, according to the country's 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview
Of the 5.5 million people in need of early recovery assistance, 1 million are IDPs in host communities, 1.5 million IDPs and returnees, and 2.9 million people in host communities. This includes 1.5 million girls, 1.3 million boys and 0.9 million women.⁵
In Nigeria, Boko Haram carried out a number of attacks on farmers and local communities in Borno this week, killing 29 civilians. Local communities, particularly farmers in Borno are often subjected to such attacks, as the militants suspect them of cooperating with or providing information to military forces.
The Survey also reported that 87.7% of females who had home deliveries had received no education at all. Adolescent girls living in rural communities are less likely to come for the required four antenatal visits when compared to their counterparts in urban areas  ( 7 ) .
At least 150,000 caregivers of vulnerable children, particularly female headed households, foster carers and single caregivers with several children, require psychosocial or socio economic support to assist them to better cater for children in their care.
The ongoing outbreak is partly due to insufficient routine vaccination and immunisation against measles, which puts thousands of children at risk of getting infected with the highly contagious disease. Some children die from measles due to severe complications. In both hospitals in which MSF works, we have recorded 58 deaths since January. But it's only part of the global death toll.
The protracted nature of the conflict continues to reinforce pre existing gender inequalities  ( with women having lesser opportunities )  across the BAY states. 54 per cent of the displaced population are female and half of these are of reproductive age and in need of access to reproductive and health services.
The conflict in Nigeria's three north eastern states of Borno, Adamawa and Yobe  ( BAY )  has undermined social stability and economic development and disrupted the functioning of markets as the insecurity and large scale displacements have triggered tremendous loss of livelihoods for most agriculturalist and pastoral households, and increased the incidence of poverty, food insecurity and undernutrition in the worst affected areas.
Similarly, Gwoza and Ngala recorded increases of 3,468 and 3,462 persons respectively from inaccessible LGAs, areas of ongoing military operations and returning refugees. On the other hand, a decrease of 7,564 persons was recorded in Jere LGA as IDPs left to their place of origin in Bama and Konduga. The second largest decrease in IDP numbers was observed in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council where 6,340 displaced persons departed. Improvement in security situation and agriculture related movements were the key reasons for population mobility.
The high influx of new arrivals and returnees in these LGAs has aggravated the humanitarian situation as high caseloads of acute malnutrition in children under five years have been reported. A September 2018 nutrition survey in Bama found high rates of severe and moderate acute malnutrition among newly arrived children who were measured by mid upper arm circumferences  ( MUAC )  in reception sites for referral to the appropriate treatment or prevention programme. The high rate of malnutrition has been attributed to poor living conditions in camps, which affects children, as well as the prevalence of diarrhoea and malaria among this demographic.
The February/March 2018 Emergency Food Security Assessment found that 27 percent of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa households were food insecure, which was an improvement from February 2017  ( 45 percent ) . A seasonal decrease by 8 percent of the overall proportion of food insecure households was observed from October 2017 to February 2018.8 Despite the improvements the volatile nature of the crisis continue to keep a large number of households food insecure. The March 2018 Cadre Harmonisé analysis found that food availability and access are expected to decline towards the June to August lean season due to a decrease in supply, high food prices, and depletion of households' stock levels.
At the State level, using weight for height z scores  ( WHZ ) 19 and/or oedema, the prevalence of global acute malnutrition  ( GAM )  was above 10 percent, and hence, high in Borno  ( 10.6 percent )  and Yobe  ( 13.3 percent )  based on WHO classification of nutrition situation,20 compared to 6.5 percent in Adamawa where the nutrition situation is medium. The manifestation of severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM )  was highest in both Yobe and Borno where SAM rates stood at 2.5 percent and 1.8 percent respectively compared to 0.3 percent in Adamawa.
The humanitarian crises in both Central African Republic and North East Nigeria continue, with healthcare delivery disruption through directly targeted attacks or as a result of collateral damage. Healthcare staff, partners and local authorities continue to provide care in these insecure environments and should be commended. However, increased support from the local and international community in terms of both human resources, interventions to improve security measures, as well as funding, is much needed to ensure the appropriate humanitarian assistance is provided to the affected populations.
Although President Muhammadu Buhari's government succeeded in negotiating the release of most of the Dapchi and some of the Chibok girls, more than 100 girls are still in captivity, along with over 1 000 children abducted by the group since 2013.
At the domain level, the prevalence of GAM was very highin Northern Yobe A  ( 16.1 percent ) , whereas the situation was high in Central Yobe, Northern Yobe B and Northern Borno, where the prevalence of GAM was 14.0 percent. The results also reveal that GAM rates were at high levels in Central Borno B  ( 12.1 percent ) , Southern Yobe  ( 12.0 percent ) , Central Borno A  ( 11.5 percent )  and MMC & Jere  ( 10.6 percent ) , and medium in most of the remaining domains  ( East Borno: 9.9 percent, Southern Adamawa: 7.8 percent, Southern Borno: 6.6 percent and Northern Adamawa A: 5.4 percent )  except for Northern Adamawa B  ( 4.9 percent )  where the rate was low. The prevalence of severe acute malnutrition  ( < 3 WHZ )  was highest at 3.7 percent, 3.1 percent, 2.9 percent and 2.8 percent in Northern Borno, Northern Yobe B, Northern Yobe A and Southern Yobe respectively. Only three cases of nutritional oedema were verified: two cases in Northern Yobe A and one case in Southern Adamawa
The nutrition of women is critical, not only for the life the women and pregnancy outcome for those that are pregnant, but also, those of their families  ( particularly children ) , community and the country at large. Unfortunately, women and children are often the most affected during humanitarian crisis. The mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  of all women in reproductive age  ( 15 – 49 years )  was taken during the survey, in order to derive their nutritional status. All women that fulfilled the age requirement were included in the sample regardless of their status with respect to pregnancy or breastfeeding.
There have been reports of an increased number of direct attacks on healthcare facilities in recent months while others have suffered collateral damage during fighting between the military and insurgents. This has resulted in the disruption of many health services. With over 60% of health facilities in Borno state partially or fully damaged and only half providing any type of health services, the recent attacks have left many with limited or no access to basic essential health services.
The measles outbreak in Borno state is still ongoing, with an average of 900 cases being reported weekly. As of week 19  ( week ending 12 May 2019 ) , 15 106 suspected measles cases have been reported since the beginning of the year through the Early Warning, Alert and Response System  ( EWARS )  from 11 Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )   ( including 37 IDP camps ) . Seventy five associated deaths have also been reported in Maiduguri Municipal Council  ( 50 ) , Bama  ( 13 ) , Nganzai  ( 5 ) , Askira Uba  ( 2 ) , Damboa  ( 2 ) , Biu  ( 1 ) , Mobbar  ( 1 ) , and Magumeri  ( 1 )  LGAs  ( CFR: 0.5% ) . Of the 294 samples sent for laboratory analysis since the beginning of 2019, 284 samples were tested and 165  ( 58% )  were IgM positive for measles virus.
Overall, 6.6 percent of women aged 15 – 49 years were malnourished  ( i.e. MUAC < 210 mm ) . At the domain level, the highest prevalence of malnutrition among women aged 15 – 49 years were reported in Yobe State where the prevalence rates across the four domains: Southern Yobe  ( 12.1 percent ) , Northern Yobe A  ( 12.0 percent ) , Northern Yobe B  ( 10.1 percent )  and Central Yobe  ( 8.3 percent ) ; exceeded the average prevalence rate of 6.6 percent recorded across the three states. Also, Northern Borno  ( 5.8 percent ) , MMC & Jere  ( 5.6 percent )  and Central Borno B  ( 5.2 percent )  were other domains with a relatively high level of malnourished women aged 15 – 49 years when compared to other domains.
Child illnesses influence their appetite and normal metabolic processes, thus contributing to the manifestation of malnutrition. Overall, 64 percent of the sampled children were free of any disease or symptoms within the two week period preceding the survey. Among the 36 percent of affected children, fever was the most common reported illness  ( 41 percent ) , followed by diarrhea  ( 32 percent )  and lastly, acute respiratory tract infections or cough  ( 28 percent )
Since the conflict erupted in North East Nigeria, 611 teachers have been killed, 19,000 teachers displaced, 910 schools damaged or destroyed, and more than 1,500 schools forced to close.
In Adamawa state, Northern Adamawa A and Southern Adamawa had the highest food insecurity at 40.2 percent and 40.1 percent, respectively; households with severe food insecurity were higher in Northern Adamawa A  ( 6.3 percent ) . This could be explained by the large number of displaced persons, and loss of livelihoods, as well as constrained access to agricultural land for food production in locations such as Michika, Madagali and Mubi which are impacted by insecurity, communal conflict between farmers and herders, and pockets of seasonal flooding.
Overall, some 7.5 percent of households in the three states had poor food consumption, while the proportion of households with borderline and acceptable food consumption was 32.3 percent and 60.3 percent respectively. Adamawa had the highest proportion of households with poor food consumption  ( 10.0 percent )  followed by Borno  ( 6.9 percent )  and Yobe  ( 6.6 percent ) . The relatively low prevalence of poor food consumption implies that considerable progress has been made with food intake, partly owing to the ongoing food assistance, but serious challenges remain, particularly in the face of sustained fragile security situation and inability of households to secure their own livelihoods and continuing high dependence on food assistance.
At the domain level, the highest level of poor and borderline food consumption is reported in Central Borno A, Central Borno B, Northern Adamawa A and Southern Yobe domains. These domains are constituted by LGAs within the Sambisa axis and central Borno where the security threats associated with activities of Non State Armed Group  ( NSAG )  remain a disruptive force on the lives and livelihoods of communities. In most of these locations, agricultural production is undertaken with security considerations not only in terms of access to land, but also in terms of the types of crops cultivated. With most farming households restricted from the cultivations of tall crops, food insecurity incidents tend to be partly underscored by the fact that farmers are compelled to cultivate crops of lower yields to purchase their preferred staples albeit on a rather limited scale due to security restrictions.
Most adults in north eastern Nigeria consumed adequate number of meals during the day prior to the assessment. Adults  ( Over 18 years )  in 83.8% of households consumed three meals while 14.5 percent of households consumed 2 meals with less than 1 percent  ( 0.7 percent )  consuming 1 meal per day. Among households with individuals aged 6 17 years, 63.4 percent consumed three meals per day while 9.4 percent of households had individuals who consumed two meals. Among households with children aged 0 59 months, 57.5 percent of households consumed 3 to 4 meals per day during the day before the assessment. The high proportion of households with adequate meal consumption signifies reasonably good level of food access at the time of the year.
At the state level, more than 80 percent of households with adults aged 18+ years in each of the three states consumed three meals a day prior to the assessment  ( 82.3% for Adamawa, 81.3% for Borno and 89.1% for Yobe States ) . Children between the ages of 0 to 59 from more than 50% of households in each of the three states consumed three to four meals a day.
As livelihood activities are generally underpinned by prevailing security conditions, which tends to constrain access to income earning opportunities and the quantity of own produced stocks, humanitarian food assistance remain the main source of food for most conflict affected households. Thus, households' sources of food are also related to the status of that household vis a vis the impact of the conflict. Displaced households are generally more reliant on food assistance as they mostly do not have the means to engage in agricultural production or income generating activities.
In the three north eastern states, 3 out of every 4 households was reliant on purchased grain to meet their food needs. Given the prevailing security challenges and restricted access to farmlands in several parts of the north east, 26.4 percent of households relied on own produced grain. The low proportion of households reliant on their own produced grains could also be explained by the current restriction on the cultivation of tall crops for security reasons. This has created a situation where farmers cultivate crops that are sold to purchase their preferred staple food highlights additional reasons for the high proportion of households who are reliant on markets to meet their food needs.
Despite the large quantity of food assistance provided to conflict affected households, only 7.5 percent of households in the BAY states relied on food assistance to meet their food needs. However, food assistance remains a key food source for displaced households. Among IDPs in camps, 34.5 percent of households relied on food assistance, while 56 percent accessed their food through market purchase. On the other hand, 30.3 percent of host community households accessed their food through own produced grains whereas 55.3 percent predominantly comes from purchased grain. Therefore, it can be deduced that the population in the north east generally rely on food produced in other parts of the country for their survival.
Reliance on purchased food commodities to meet households' food needs is the most common sources of food across the three north eastern states  ( over 50 percent of households in each state )  with the proportion of households reaching 72.4 percent in MMC & Jere. At the domain level, MMC & Jere and East Borno have the lowest proportions of households with access to own produced grains at 9.2 percent and 7.6 percent respectively. While this phenomenon is linked to insecurity, some 36.9 percent of households in East Borno domain relied on food assistance, followed by Central Borno A at 17.6 percent.
More than 4 in 5 households in the three north eastern states spent over 50 percent of their household expenditure on food in a month and therefore face varying degrees of vulnerability to market shocks. Some 39.3 percent of households spent a very high share  ( 75 percent )  of their total expenditure on food and are therefore, remain at heightened risk of food insecurity. Specifically, the expenditure levels for households in the north east is 18.5 percent  ( low ) , 22.5 percent  ( medium ) , 19.7 percent  ( high )  and 39.3 percent  ( very high ) .
The proportion of households that spent more than 75 percent of their total expenditure on food was 43 percent in Borno, 40.2 percent in Yobe and 30 percent in Adamawa. The domains with high proportion of economically vulnerable households spending at least 75 percent of their share of expenditure on food were East Borno  ( 64 percent )  Northern Yobe B  ( 54.4 percent )  Central Borno A  ( 49.7 percent ) , Central Borno B and Northern Borno  ( 45 percent ) .
The severity of movement restrictions and punishments for violations reported by FGD participants varied throughout hard to reach areas, but, as a group these retributions were reported as the primary reason for populations to remain in hard to reach settlements. Of the 96 FGDs that consisted of participants who often arrived from the same village in the same group, 23 reported being attacked by OAGs during their escape, which ranged from lootings and beatings to abductions and deaths of up to fifty people.
Food insecurity was highest among households adopting begging as their main livelihood activity  ( 62.6 percent ) , followed by those primarily reliant on agricultural casual labor  ( 57.6 percent ) . Moreover, the prevalence of food insecurity was most pronounced among households that involved in unskilled wage labor  ( 42.5 percent )  and artisanal work  ( 42.3 percent ) .
Food insecurity impacts various groups differently and with different levels of intensity based on the depth of vulnerability at the household level. The prevalence of severe and moderate food insecurity was higher in female headed households  ( 48.0 percent )  compared to male headed counterparts  ( 37.6 percent ) . Moreover, result disaggregation by marital status of the head of household showed that divorced or separated households  ( 53.1 percent )  and widowed headed households  ( 49.3 percent )  were the most affected by food insecurity compared to counterpart households in the same category
The age of the head of household also had an impact on food security as households headed by older members  ( > 75 years )  were found to more food insecure  ( 43.5 percent )  compared with counterparts headed by younger members  ( 34.8 percent ) . The level of food insecurity in households with pregnant women was slightly lower compared to households without pregnant women, which is likely due to the targeted efforts by the government and humanitarian community to prioritize them for nutrition and food assistance due to their vulnerability particularly in the context of the ongoing conflict in the northeast.
Many people have also fled abroad to neighbouring Cameroon, Chad and Niger, which between them host more than 230,000 refugees
While 60% of settlements reported the presence of IDPs, relationships between IDPs and the original host community were reported as positive. FGD participants attributed this to a lack of returnees  ( and subsequent disputes over land and materials )  which is notable should the number of returnees ever increase. IDP presence was least commonly reported in Kukawa LGA, nearest to Lake Chad  ( 33% of assessed settlements )  and most commonly reported in Gwoza LGA  ( 92% of assessed settlements ) .
Access to farming land and cultivation opportunities continue to play a key role in food security among conflict affected households in the northeast. In general, households without access to land were more food insecure  ( 42.9 percent )  compared to counterparts with land access  ( 36.9 percent ) . Households with larger expanse of land were found to be more food secure compared to those with smaller plots of land particularly in garrison towns where households have restricted access to land due to security restrictions by the military. Moreover, the level of food insecurity was found to be lowest  ( 35.6 percent )  among households that had land access and cultivated during the planting season  [ 2017/2018 ]  compared to counterparts with land access that did not cultivate  ( 66.7 percent )  and those without land access  ( 42.9 percent ) .
Shocks have a negative impact on food security as households become highly vulnerable and oftentimes, food insecure when exposed to shocks, with duration of the impact lasting from short, medium to long term depending on the nature and frequency of the shock.
Across the three northeast states, high food prices  ( 21.9 percent ) , sickness of one or more household member  ( 17.7 percent ) , insecurity and conflict  ( 9.1 percent )  and loss of employment  ( 9.1 percent )  were the most significant shocks experienced by households. Households in Borno continue to experience the brunt of the ongoing conflict the most  ( 13.6 percent )  compared to neighbouring counterparts. Floods was found to be a major challenge in Adamawa  ( 11.1 percent )  which consequently resulted in crop failure  ( 6.9 percent )  in the state. The incidence of the shocks recorded across the northeast has implication for food availability within the affected households.
Displaced population are more vulnerable to food insecurity since displacement causes asset loss as well as human and social capital deficit. Additionally, exposure to additional shocks, in the face of displacement, further exacerbates vulnerability among displaced individuals and forces them to rely on severe coping mechanism in order to meet their basic food needs. Generally, IDPs and returnees were more likely to be affected by food insecurity compared to permanent residents
However, water stood out as a priority need in Northern Yobe B  ( 13.9 percent ) , Central Borno B  ( 12.6 percent ) , Northern Borno  ( 12.0 percent ) , Southern Yobe  ( 10.4 percent )  and East Borno  ( 10.3 percent ) , which has implication for WASH and nutrition, particularly amongst children and pregnant and lactating women. The renewed desire for livelihood support by households across the northeast clearly indicates an opportunity for gradual integration of livelihood oriented assistance in areas where such is feasible, even if at a limited scale, to slowly build resilience of conflict affected communities and promote self sufficiency and reduce dependency in parallel.
MSF teams have treated 2,922 children for measles in Borno since November 2018 as part of the organization's response to a spike in cases of the potentially deadly disease. But a lack of vaccination coverage among the most vulnerable people in the region, coupled with a lack of capacity among health actors to respond to the outbreak, raise serious concerns.
Many are not so fortunate. Some children die from measles due to complications such as severe acute malnutrition, malaria, and pneumonia. In both the State Specialist Hospital and Gwange Hospital, MSF has recorded 58 deaths since January. But this is only part of the total death toll.
From week 1 to week 17, 12,810 suspected measles cases with 68 associated deaths  ( CFR:05% )  were reported form seven high risk LGAs in Borno state. Some of the challenges in the response to the measles outbreak include: high numbers of children from security compromised areas who are not immunized; overcrowding in camps and host communities that lead to the outbreak of disease; lack of enough measles vaccines in the country; and overstretched health services due to the high number of measles cases.
Acute respiratory infection: In Epi week 17, 5,643 cases of acute respiratory infection were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 313 were from GSSSS IDP camp clinic in Bama, 304 were from PUI mobile clinics in MMC, 254 were from Herwa Peace PHC in MMC, and 208 were from Ngaranam PHC MMC. No associated death was reported
Askira/Uba: 100 arrivals were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state. These include 13 arrivals from Uba ward and 19 arrivals from Zadawa ward of Askira/Uba LGA and were tracked at Mussa and Ngohi wards of Askira Uba LGA. Other arrivals include 61 from Miringa ward of Biu LGA and 7 from Girei LGA of Adamawa state. 19% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living conditions and 81% due to improved security.
Suspected Yellow Fever: Two suspected yellow fever cases were reported through EWARS in week 17 from Gajiram MCH  ( 2 )  in Nganzai and Njimtilo Health clinic  ( 1 )  in Konduga. Four additional cases were reported through IDSR* from Askira Uba  ( 2 )  and Shani  ( 2 )  LGAs, making a total of 6 suspected yellow fever cases. No associated death was reported.
Suspected Meningitis: Five suspected meningitis cases were reported in week 17 through EWARS from University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital  ( 4 )  in Jere and Shani General Hospital  ( 1 ) . One additional case was reported through IDSR* from Biu LGA, making a total of 6 suspected yellow fever cases. No associated death was reported
Acute Respiratory Infection  ( with a total of 3,759 cases )  remains the highest cause of morbidity followed by Malaria  ( with 1,766 cases ) . INTERSOS has registered an increased rate of acute respiratory infection and Malaria compared to the month of March with an increase rate of 18% and 13% for Acute respiratory Infection and Malaria respectively.
Suspected Measles: Six hundred and seventy eight  ( 678 )  suspected measles cases were reported through EWARS in week 20. Of the reported cases, 137 were from Gwange PHC in MMC, 137 were from FHI360 clinic Banki in Bama, 45 were from Banki Health clinic in Bama, 27 each were from PUI mobile clinics in MMC and from General Hospital IDP camp clinic in Damboa, and 25 were from Herwa Peace PHC in MMC. Four associated deaths were reported from MSF Gwange PHC in MMC. Thirty eight additional cases were reported through IDSR* from Monguno  ( 17 ) , Gubio  ( 11 ) , Mafa  ( 3 ) , Kwaya Kusar  ( 3 ) , Biu  ( 2 ) , Hawul  ( 1 ) , and Gwoza  ( 1 )  LGAs making a total of 716 suspected measles cases.
Acute respiratory tract infections were the predominant communicable disease morbidities in Ngala, Banki and Damasak, accounting for 954, 594, and 398 consultations respectively. In Dikwa, malaria  ( 592 cases )  was the leading cause of communicable diseases morbidity. On the 25th of April 2019, the inhabitants of Banki, Dikwa Ngala and Damasak witnessed the celebration of the World Malaria Day
With many primary health care facilities damaged, drugs and commodities looted; and many professional health staff relocating to safer areas, HTR teams are bridging these gaps by working in remote areas to provide healthcare to the sick, vulnerable women and children, and men in remote and security compromised communities.
Of the 1,587 presumptive TB cases detected, 1,438 had HCT out of which 1 were found to be HIV+ and was linked to ART sites for Treatment, care and support. Some key challenges that were encountered are: accessibility problems to some hard to reach areas; difficulties in transporting childhood presumptive TB cases; and security challenges in some targeted LGAs especially Madagali and Michika.
Assessed settlements that reported cholera as the primary cause of death during this timeframe were concentrated in Kala Balge  ( 12% ) , consistent with WHO reports, as well as in Kukawa and Bundur wards of Kukawa LGA, and Ndufu ward of Ngala LGA where cases were not reported through the WHO system but may be worth further inquiry. Settlements distributed across Gwoza and Bama also reported case related deaths.
In April 2019, 35 WHO HTR teams in Yobe state have treated 41,948 clients for common ailments, vaccinated 67,496 children and screened 36,575 under 5 children for malnutrition. 739 critically ill or malnourished other children were referred from remote areas to OTP sites or stabilization centres to receive further care.
Recent nutrition assessment in the three most affected states of Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states in the region indicate various degrees of malnutrition among children under 5 and pregnant or lactating mothers. While six LGAs  ( Jakusko, Karasuwa, Machina, Nguru, Yunusari and Yunufari )  in Yobe state present a critical rate of global acute malnutrition  ( GAM )  above the 15% emergency threshold, five LGAs in northern Borno  ( Abadam, Mobbar, Guzamala, Kukawa, and Nganzai )  showed between 10 14% GAM.
Amnesty International has obtained court documents confirming that at least 68 children are being held in Maiduguri Prison. The organization also spoke to former Giwa Barracks child detainees who identified 39 of these children as their former cellmates at Giwa; a list that included names of the three young boys detained in the same area with death row inmates mentioned in Okah's report.
According to the eyewitnesses, at least 15 former female detainees were victims of rape, with soldiers demanding sex in exchange for food, soap, basic necessities and the promise of freedom.
Protection concerns for children included abduction, and resultant forced marriage and forced recruitment. There were no major gender differences reported in the frequency of abductions between boys and girls.
On 23 March 2019, Sahara Reporters revealed details of a 30 page eyewitness report by Charles Okah which described a pattern of sexual violence perpetrated against women and young boys in the prison. According to the media report, there are at least 106 young boys aged between 11 and 17 in detention in the prison.
Nigeria has more than 41 million people 24 percent of its population living in high climate exposure areas. Its population faces diverse and extensive climate risks from storm surges along the entire coast, inland flooding and wildfires in the Niger Delta region, decreased rainfall in the southeast and Middle Belt, droughts and floods in the north, and flooding across the country along the Niger, Benue, Sokoto and Komadugu rivers.
While Nigeria faces extensive climate risks, the severity of fragility and conflict in the country has hindered its response to these climate challenges. This is a critical connection since environmental stress coupled with government mismanagement of environmental and other stressors contributes to instability the country now faces from food crises and land conflicts, risking a dangerous feedback loop between fragility and climate risks. Nigeria's ongoing crises conflict and famine risk in the North, rising violence between herders and farmers in the Middle Belt, and simmering tensions over management of natural resources in the Niger Delta each show interactions between fragility and climate risks.
Boko Haram in the North Boko Haram is West Africa's most active and lethal conflict actor. Beginning in late 2014, Boko Haram's ability to take and hold territory led to increasing attacks across Nigeria. Most of these incidents have occurred in Borno, Adamawa, Gombe and Yobe States states also hard hit by multiple climate hazards. The battle against Boko Haram turned decisively in the state's favor in 2016, as the state killed or captured a large number of Boko Haram fighters.
Boko Haram has also capitalised on livelihood challenges and competition over resources aggravated by serious climate variations and the disappearance of the Lake Chad, the surface area of which has shrunk by 90 per cent in less than half a century, exacerbated by poor water resource management. These factors have increased migration from rural areas to saturated urban centres, “into the waiting hands of groups that promise them better livelihoods in the face of economic hardships'
Coastal states in Nigeria face extensive risks from storm surges along the entire coast, inland flooding and wildfires in the Niger Delta region, and decreased rainfall in the southeast. This includes the densely populated cities of Lagos and Port Harcourt. USAID has estimated that 27 to 53 million people may need to be relocated if sea levels rise by 0.5 meters, which Nigeria is expected to see by the end of this century  ( USAID 2012 ) . Northern Nigeria faces chronic aridity across the northern states and riverine flooding along the Sokoto and Komadugu river systems.
On 14 and 16 April, the military arrested nineteen suspected NSAG members and seized arms and ammunition in Mubi North LGA and in Shuwa, Madagali LGA in Adamawa State. It can be recalled that NSAGs attacked several communities in March, killing dozens of people, injuring others and destroying property.
16 April NSAGs attacked positions of the military in Cross Kauwa, Kukawa LGA in Borno State. The MNJTF said two of its soldiers along with 52 members of NSAGs were killed and several others injured in the attack which took place approximately 135 kilometres  ( 84 miles )  northeast of Borno State capital Maiduguri. Meanwhile, UN helicopters remain the only means of transport for humanitarian workers to reach affected population outside Maiduguri. This continues to make access to affected communities in various LGAs increasingly unpredictable due to the high demand by humanitarian agencies.
Latrine use was typical, with 74% of assessed settlements reporting that most people in the settlement used latrines. However, reported supply interruptions make it difficult to purchase soap, and so 83% of assessed settlements reported usage of only water or ash for handwashing.
In March 2019, 16,258 children were screened for Malnutrition using MUAC by WHO supported 20 H2R teams. Of this number, 182  ( 1.1% )  children had MAM and their caregivers were counseled on proper nutrition, while 76  ( 0.5% )  of them had SAM as demonstrated by Red on MUAC. The SAM cases were referred to the Outpatient Therapeutic Program  ( OTP )  centers, while the SAM cases with medical complications were referred to the stabilization centers across the state for proper management.
In March 2019, 4,456 IDPs were verbally screened in camps and host communities, 496 presumptive TB cases were detected out of which 439 were tested by Xpert. A total of 39 all forms of TB cases were detected. A total of 439 presumptive TB cases had HCT out of which none were found to be HIV+. All TB cases detected were enrolled on treatment in the 4 LGAs.
In Epidemiological Week 1 12, 2019, a total of 21 out of 21 LGAs  ( including 06 IDP camps )  submitted their weekly reports. Measles: 230 cases of suspected measles reported AFP: 77 cases of AFP reported YELLOW FEVER: 5 case of suspected YF reported CSM: 26 cases of suspected CSM reported LASSA FEVER: 7 case of suspected Lassa fever reported. NNT: 5 cases of suspected neonatal tetanus reported. WHOOPING COUGH; 31 cases were reported MONKEY POX; 6 suspected cases were reported CHOLERA; no suspected case was recorded
Nigeria is exposed to extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, sand storms and heat waves. Almost 6% of Nigeria's land mass is estimated to be severely degraded, at a time when population is increasing at over 2% per year and numerous sectors depend on the integrity of land resources to deliver on key sector objectives. A preliminary inventory conducted under NEWMAP identified 6,000 sites with degraded land, including both gully erosion and landscape contexts of dry lands, a number far beyond what a single project resources could address.
Maiha: 26 arrivals and 47 departures were recorded in Maihia LGA of Adamawa state. These include 6 arrivals from Mokolo from Cameroon and they were all tracked at Sorau B ward of Maiha LGA. The departures include 21 from Duhu/Shuwa ward of Madagali LGA, 18 from Michika II ward of Michika LGA and 4 from Sorau B ward of Maiha of Adamawa State. 64% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living conditions and 36% of the departures relocated due to improved security.
As the protracted crisis continues, Nigeria's private sector is stepping into the realm of humanitarian response and has pledged to contribute resources and identify collaborative avenues to address the humanitarian needs of more the 7.1 million people in need across Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states.
ABUJA/GENEVA, 14 March 2019 Results released today by the Government of Nigeria indicate a national HIV prevalence in Nigeria of 1.4% among adults aged 15–49 years. Previous estimates had indicated a national HIV prevalence of 2.8%. UNAIDS and the National Agency for the Control of AIDS estimate that there are 1.9 million people living with HIV in Nigeria.
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  is aware of a suspected outbreak of Yellow fever in Ebonyi State and has had a Rapid Response Team supporting Ebonyi State's response since the 30th of July 2019, in partnership with the World Health Organization  ( WHO ) .
More than 800,000 school aged children are out of school in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states of which more than 50 per cent are girls. The Education Sector is underfunded, and is appealing for an additional $30 million in funding to cover the gap.
Many individuals have produced & piled up hundreds of mud bricks, but were not able to construct their shelters due to absence of roofing kits. Some even have went ahead and constructed their walls without any cover, waiting for roofing kits to cover their rooms
Of the nine FGDs who reported pre conflict access to electricity in their settlements, all reported that electricity had ended over the past years of the conflict.
Majority  ( 65% )  of the participant reported had no access to functioning latrines, a small percentage of 35% had access to functioning latrines. Open was practiced by those that do not have access to functioning latrines.
When asked about presence of handwashing facility, all the participants had reported no. But some of them reported that it was in existence before the recent attack on the town, but destroyed by AOGs
In terms of access to a functioning latrine, a great majority of the FGDs participants had reported not access to a functioning latrine and handwashing stations, so there is huge need of construction, rehabilitation of latrines and handwashing stations to mitigate practice of open defecation and spread of fecal oral dieses.
The total number of cases reported as at 9th August, 2019 stands at 586, with 4 deaths  ( CFR=0.68 % ) , Yola North has 359 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.56 % ) ; Girei has 164 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.61 % ) , Yola South has 62 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 1.61 % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0 % ) . So far, 149 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
Since the conflict erupted in 2009, in Nigeria 611 teachers have been killed, 19,000 teachers displaced, 910 schools damaged or destroyed, and more than 1,500 schools forced to close. As a result, an estimated 900,000 children have lost access to learning while 75 per cent of children in camps do not attend school.
Unvaccinated young children are at highest risk of measles and its complications. Any non immune person  ( i.e. who has not been vaccinated with 2 doses of measles containing vaccine )  can become infected.
The total number of cases reported as at 29th July, 2019 stands at 434, with 4 deaths  ( CFR=0.92 % ) . Yola North has 259 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.77 % ) ; Girei has 140 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.71 % )  Yola South has 34 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 2.94 % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0 % ) . So far, 149 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
Ngala: 454 arrivals were recorded in Ngala LGA of Borno state. These include 254 arrivals from Rann ward of Kala Balge LGA, 144 arrivals from Marwa in Cameroon and 56 arrivals from Njamaina in Chad. The new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living condi�ons.
Gwoza: 166 arrivals were recorded in Gwoza LGA of Borno state. These include 61 arrivals from Mairi ward of Jere LGA, 27 arrivals from Damboa ward of Damboa LGA and 34 arrivals from Dure, Chikde and Bulabulim/Gwoza Wakane wards and were tracked at Pulka/Bokko ward of Gwoza LGA. Other arrivals include 14 from Taka LGA of Kano state, 8 from Yola North LGA of Adamawa state and 22 from Marwa in Cameroon. 78% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living condi�ons and 22% relocated voluntarily.
In five FGDs, participants from southern Bama reported access to some agricultural inputs and tools, due in part to trading routes accessible through Cameroon, and one mobile health clinic. These factors may be associated with less severe food insecurity indicators in Darajamal, Goniri, and Soye wards.
The majority of people affected require emergency shelter and household supplies; water, sanitation and hygiene services; food, health, vector control and draining of stagnant water. Needs assessments, emergency actions and preventive measures are ongoing across the three states.
Since late 2015, access to the affected populations in the conflict areas has gradually improved, enabling humanitarian organisations responding to the crisis to scale up their operations, primarily to internally displaced persons  ( IDP )  camps, host communities in Maiduguri, and the headquarters of many Local Government Areas  ( LGAs ) .
While 7% of households were found to be in need of protection assistance in the state of Adamawa, half of those households were also found to be vulnerable. At the state level, IDP households were found to have the highest ratio of need and vulnerability combined – indeed, 55% of those households in need of protection support were also vulnerable.
While 48% of households in Adamawa were found to be in need of shelter and NFI, almost 1 in 2 of those were also considered vulnerable. IDPs and non displaced reported more households both in need and vulnerable. Fifty percent of returnee households in need of shelter and NFI were also considered vulnerable, and up to 57% of IDP households in need of shelter/NFI were vulnerable.
Callamard highlighted issues of concern including the armed conflict against Boko Haram in the northeast, insecurity and violence in the northwest, the conflict in the central area known as the Middle Belt and parts of the northwest and south between nomadic Fulani herdsmen and indigenous farming communities, organised gangs or cults in the south, repression of minority and indigenous groups, killings in the course of evictions in slum areas, and widespread police brutality.
The total number of cases reported as at 2nd September, 2019 stands at 711 with 4 deaths  ( CFR=0.57% ) , Yola North has 433 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.46 % ) ; Girei has 180 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.56 % ) , Yola South has 93 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 1.10 % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0 % ) . So far, 185 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
As observed for other sectors in Adamawa, the fact that many households were located in rural, remote areas could lead to an explanation on this overwhelming rate. The proportion of households having poor or borderline FCS was also concerning – 58% of persons surveyed in Adamawa did not meet an adequate nutritional intake in the week prior to data collection.
As of 28 May, partners have registered a total of 9,693 people  ( 2,071 households ) . Due to limited space and shelters in the camps, only about 1,427 of the new arrivals have either received shelters at the Unity Camp Phase 2 or occupied the classrooms at the GSSS. Others, including more than 8,000 people, mostly women and children, are currently sleeping in the open without shelters, exposing them to extreme weather conditions and protection risks.
Host communities in Borno State, currently hosting a large number of IDPs were found to have higher proportion of food insecure households compared to IDP camps residents in the same locations, most notably host community households in Monguno  ( 76.5 percent ) , Maiduguri  ( 52.5 percent ) , Ngala  ( 31 percent ) , Damboa  ( 33.3 percent )  and Gwoza  ( 70.2 percent )  LGAs.
One  ( 1 )  new case was reported on the 22nd September, 2019 from Girei LGA. o Total case count now stands at 771 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.52% o No new settlement or ward has been infected. 16 settlements are those reporting new suspected cases.