nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
[ 23rd July 2021, Nigeria ]  The report posted on the bank's blog was jointly authored by World Bank's Lead Economist, Laura Rawlings and a senior technical advisor, Centre for Disease Control  ( CDC )  COVID 19 International Task Force, Susan Hillis, and titled: “For every two COVID 19 deaths, one child loses a caregiver. We must do more to address the orphan crisis.'
[ 23rd July 2021, Nigeria ]  They also noted that at the current rate, one child was being orphaned every 12 seconds due to a COVID 19 associated death, adding that the toll was growing. The authors noted that the COVID 19 related deaths had a wide range of effects on the children from economic, developmental to psychological impacts, which would reverberate across generations. According to them, children orphaned by COVID face a constellation of risks, which often arrive with rapid and broad consequences.
[ 27th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Nigeria has several exchange rates operating in parallel, a system put in place during a 2016 oil price crash because the government was seeking to avoid a large official devaluation of the naira as a matter of national pride. Inflation has moderated after hitting multi year highs this year because of the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic and falling oil prices, but foreign currency reserves remain under pressure. Nigeria relies on oil for 90% of foreign exchange and another price crash last year severely limited its access to dollars.
[ 27th July 2021, Nigeria ]  ABUJA  ( Reuters )   Nigeria's central bank is halting dollar sales to exchange bureaus, saying they have become conduits for graft and illicit flows of money. The decision by the central bank, which held the benchmark lending rate at 11.5% for the fifth time in succession, follows World Bank pressure on Nigeria to provide a clearer foreign exchange management system   and converge its multiple exchange rates.
[ 26th July 2021, Adamawa satae ] Education Needs: As the rainy season approaches its peak school infrastructure needs to be strengthened across the state to withstand windstorm and flash flooding and ensure education services are not interrupted. • Continuous training and technical support is required for teachers, including on use of technology, especially in areas at risk of flooding to provide alternative means of sustaining educational activities when physical access to facilities is impacted.
[ 26th July 2021, Nigeria ] NIGERIA's fragile economic situation has been worsened by the negative impact of the COVID 19 pandemic. This situation has led to several job losses which have impacted most Nigerian households negatively. The concerns have been further heightened by the rising level of insecurity and inflation in the country.
[ 26th July 2021, Adamawa satae ] Food Security Needs: • Affected and vulnerable populations including IDPs, returnees and host community populations require agricultural support to enable them cultivate food during the rainy season, which could ameliorate the impacts of severe food shortages during the lean season.
Shelter: Makeshift shelters were the most commonly reported main shelter type in assessed settlements overall.
[ 26th July 2021, Adamawa satae ] Health Response: • Sector partners led by IRC provided support to seven primary health care  ( PHC )  facilities across communities in Michika LGA, reaching some 3,454 people with vital health services including medical consultation for various illnesses.
SHELTER: Most community members were reported to be living in makeshift shelters in most LGAs  ( overall 61% of assessed settlements ) . In Abadam, Damboa, Guzamala, Jere and Kala/Balge in about half or more of assessed settlements, most community members were reported tobe living in permanent house structures  ( 50%, 83%, 60%, 43% and 43%, respectively ) . Most people were reported to be living without a shelter and sleeping in the open in 40% of assessed settlements in Abadam.
The the permanent homes and makeshift homes were generally reported to be located within the boundaries of the settlements  ( overall 60% ) . In some LGAs, however, most community members were reported to be living in the bush, away from their original homes  ( 40% in Abadam, 38% in Bama, 25% in Gwoza, 14% in Jere, 17% in Kala/Balge, 15% in Konduga and 31% in Kukawa ) . In at least 15% of assessed settlements in each LGA, KIs reported that some shelters were damaged or destroyed because of the conflict  ( see Map 4 ) . The proportion of settlements reporting this was highest in Bama  ( 68% ) , Jere  ( 71% ) , Konduga  ( 100% )  and Marte  ( 60% ) .
[ 26th July 2021, Yobe state ] Nutrition Needs: • SPHCMB reported delays in transportation of nutrition supplies due to insecurity along major routes. Partners are following up to explore access options including the use of HTR teams to deliver the supplies which are critical during the ongoing rainy/lean season when cases of malnutrition are usually higher.
[ 26th July 2021, Adamawa satae ] Governor Ahmadu Fintiri this week signed a bill ratifying the establishment of the Adamawa State Peace and Conflict Resolution and Social Mobilization Commission  ( APCSMC )  as part of efforts to address recurrent inter communal clashes that have claimed dozens of lives and displaced more than 5,000 people this year alone. Adamawa is among the hotspots for farmer herder clashes over grazing rights and also inter ethnic conflict over control/ownership of land and boundaries. The latest waves of inter communal clashes were reported in April in Lugunda community, which borders Gombe State, and the conflict left at least 10 people killed and displaced more than 2,500 others. The APCSMC is expected to commence operations in the coming months after the appointment of principal officers by the state government.
[ 26th July 2021, Adamawa satae ] Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Needs: • Following the onset of the rainy season and increased risks of disease outbreaks such as AWD and cholera due to flooding, there is an urgent need to improve access to potable water supplies through water trucking, construction of new water points, and rehabilitation/operational maintenance of broken water supply facilities, especially in Michika and Askira Uba LGAs which are currently underserved.
[ 26th July 2021, Nigeria ] After weeks of steady decline in the number of confirmed Covid 19 cases, Nigeria is now responding to what authorities are describing as a “likely third wave' of the pandemic, led by the more contagious Delta variant. But Chikwe Ihekweazu, the man at the centre of Nigeria's Covid 19 response, tells The Africa Report that there is greater risk of a surge in infections as more people disregard the public health measures in place.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Barriers to Accessing Land: Households could not access enough land to meet their farming and herding needs in the assessed LGAs. Charges from land owners are a challenge to accessing lands for agricultural purposes as well as insecurity and someone else taking ownership of the land.  ( See figure 10 ) .
[ 26th July 2021, Nigeria ] As the global economy continue to suffer the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic, Nigeria's economic growth will be determined by developments around Covid 19 infections and vaccination rates, analysts at United Capital Limited have said. As at June this year, Nigeria received 3.9m of the 16.0m doses of the Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID 19 vaccine pledged by the COVAX facility.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Another challenge expressed by the households in Monguno LGA through FGDs was as a result of misinformation on the nature of the COVID 19, some respondents stated that they were forced to sell off their livestock because they were informed that the virus originated in animals;
[ 29th July 2021, Nigeria ] A study conducted in Borno and Kaduna states that the high incidence of unemployment and poverty is a dominant factor for youth engagement in religious based violence. Existing socioeconomic conditions, which are worsened by violence, predisposes young people, including children, to criminality and membership of armed groups. I
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Disease Outbreaks: Findings from the FGDs show that, in the past two weeks of data collection, there had been disease outbreaks in the LGAs such as; whooping cough, malaria, fever, measles, cholera outbreak, thus households were faced with several health challenges.
[ 26th July 2021, Nigeria ] In addition, Nigeria also received 100,000 doses from the government of India, bringing total vaccine doses received to 4.0m doses according to the National Primary Health Care Development Agency  ( NPHCDA ) . So far, according to NPHCDA, as of June 29, Nigeria has administered 3.4m doses in two rounds of vaccination, of which 2.2m people have received the first dose while 1.2m have received a second dose  ( 0.6% of total population ) .
[ 26th July 2021, Nigeria ] According to the analysts predicted that Nigeria's gross domestic will hit 3.1 per cent as against their initial forecast of 2.1 per cent with rapid economic growth of 7.4 per centyear on year  ( y/y )  and 4.4 per cent y/y in Q2 2021 and Q3 2021. "The upward adjustment to our GDP forecast reflects the faster than expected recovery in economic activities, as well as the low base impact of 2020. Despite continued inflationary pressures, we expect the high base effect of H2 2020 to create an inflection point for consumer prices, causing the headline rate to continue trending downward. On the financial markets, they said the yield environment reversed higher in H1 2021, setting the tone for financial market performance.
[ 26th July 2021, Nigeria ] In their economic outlook for the second half of 2021, the analysts said the success of the federal government's external debt issuance plans will be critical for the government's ability to finance its budgetary obligations, stronger foreign reserves and consequently, the exchange rate. According to the analysts, "The subsidy program, which is expected to last till October 2021 is also key to watch as the rising cost of subsidies  ( estimated at over N100.0bn/month )  continue to weigh on federal government's finances. Furthermore, the Monetary Policy Committee  ( MPC )  will be meeting three times before the end of H2 2021. The committee's decision on the monetary policy rate at these meetings would be a key factor to watch in the second half of the year."
[ 26th July 2021, Nigeria ] They added, "Stop rates at primary market auctions in H1 2021 rose sharply through the auctions due to investors' demand for higher rates and federal government's huge fiscal deficit financing needs amidst tight liquidity in the financial system before moderating following strong investor demand for bills amidst limited offering by the apex bank. At the bond markets, the narrative was similar as average yield across the yield curve climbed 617bps year to date  ( YTD )  to 11.3 per cent as at Jun 2021, from 5.1 per cent at the end of 2020. "Consequently, Nigerian sovereign bonds underperformed peers in emerging markets, as the S&P/FMDQ Nigeria Sovereign Bond index has lost 21.1 per cent YTD, compared to a YTD loss of 2.9 per cent on the JP Morgan EM Government Bond index."
[ 31st July 2021, Northeast Nigeria ] The security situation continues to deteriorate in the Northeast with repeated attacks in many areas, including in Dikwa, in early to mid July. According to IOM, between late June to early July, nearly 4,000 individuals were displaced from Dikwa. Also, in early to mid July, conflict occurred along the Maiduguri to Damaturu road and at a military base in Konduga LGA.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Health Facilities :The most common health facilities across the LGAs were Primary health care facilities, and hospitals.  ( See figure 12 ) . Findings from the FGDs show that there was an isolation centre in Damboa LGA that provides COVID 19 treatments, but respondents from other LGAs said they had none of such.
[ 27th July 2021, Nigeria ] Nigeria narrowly exited its second recession in four years in late 2020, and growth remains fragile. Economists say growth must pick up speed in order to help citizens grapple with galloping inflation. Nigeria's population has expanded faster than its economy every year since 2015, according to the World Bank, and stagflation, when inflation outstrips low growth, frustrates policymakers.
[ 27th July 2021, Nigeria ] Rising prices for everything from tomatoes to shoes are pressuring Nigerian households. Inflation hit a four year high in 2021 due to COVID 19 and an oil price drop that weakened the naira.
[ 27th July 2021, Nigeria ] Despite rebounding oil prices, and consistent efforts to limit access to forex, foreign reserves have been falling. Dollar shortages have contributed to rising inflation, while businesses say lack of access to foreign currency has hindered their ability to expand.
[ 27th July 2021, Nigeria ] The government has said letting gasoline prices float would be too painful for consumers grappling with rising inflation. The resulting price controls leave state oil company NNPC as the sole importer, and rising crude prices mean NNPC has likely incurred losses on every litre sold since December. Daily consumption of roughly 40 million litres means the gap in June between market prices and the ex depot price in Lagos of more than 100 naira per litre implies billions of naira in losses.
[ 27th July 2021, Nigeria ] The World Bank estimates that price shocks pushed 7 million additional Nigerians into poverty last year, an increase of nearly 10%. Their limited purchasing power could in turn stifle economic growth.
[ 27th July 2021, Nigeria ] Nigeria relies on oil for 90% of foreign reserves, so last year's price crash severely limited access to U.S. dollars. Multilateral institutions say a free floating naira would help Nigeria's economy withstand future shocks, but authorities fear a sharp devaluation could worsen inflation. The central bank has devalued the naira's official rate three times since the pandemic took hold early last year, and has limited dollar access for imports. The gap between the official and parallel rates has nevertheless persisted.
[ 23rd July 2021, Nigeria ] Cross River Commissioner for Health, Dr Betta Edu, on Friday said that about 40,000 people had received the second jab of the AstraZeneca COVID 19 vaccine in the state before it was exhausted. Edu said this in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria  ( NAN )  in Calabar. The commissioner noted that about 50,000 people only in the state had received the first jab of the vaccine.
[ 23rd July 2021, Nigeria ] NAN reports that the state on March 10, 2021 received 53,840 doses of the AstraZeneca COVID 19 vaccines from the Federal Government. The commissioner also the Chairperson of Commissioners for Health in Nigeria, said the number became possible because there was a lot of redeployment of vaccines from other states to Cross River. “The first set of vaccines we received from the Federal Government was about 53,800 doses. When we exhausted them, they sent 8,000 doses and another 25,000 doses from other states which we have also exhausted.
[ 23rd July 2021, Nigeria ] The commissioner also the Chairperson of Commissioners for Health in Nigeria, said “We are hopeful that anytime from now, the new set of vaccines will arrive the country. Immediately it does, we will just go ahead and give it out. “We are expecting the Pfizer vaccines and so, there has been a deployment of the ultra cold chain equipment which can carry the Pfizer vaccines. “For those that have not taken any shot of the vaccine in the state, immediately the vaccines come in, you will get your first shot and six weeks later, you will get your second shot.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] WATER COLLECTION AND STORAGE: Some of the households in the LGAs stored drinking water in separate closed containers as indicated by 79% of the respondents in Biu, 48% in Damboa, 62% in Konduga, 52% in Hawul. This implies that over half of the households in the communities were able to store clean water for drinking except in Dikwa  ( 33% )  and in Monguno  ( 29% ) . The percentage of respondents that did not store water in separate containers, were 45% in Damboa, 30% in Konduga, 22% in Hawul, 50% in Dikwa.
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Sunday PUNCH analysis showed that over 10,000 travellers failed to show up for testing or to isolate after arriving in the country through the two main air gateways, the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos, and the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja. The Federal Government, through the NCDC, has insisted that the states should be in charge of contact tracing. While over 9,000 inbound Lagos travellers shunned testing, no fewer than 1,000 inbound Abuja passengers shunned testing, bringing the figure to over 10,000.
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  According to the Federal Government's COVID 19 protocol, passengers arriving the country are mandated to proceed on seven days self isolation, after which they are to report at a designated laboratory to undergo a COVID 19 test. All inbound passengers are made to pay for the COVID 19 test in their country of origin or at the Nigerian airports on arrival. Government reports have, however, shown that thousands of passengers are shunning testing after paying for such.
Umuahia, 10 August, 2021   Abia State located in the south east geopolitical zone, has vaccinated over one million children with the novel oral polio vaccine 2  ( nOPV2 )  in collaboration with the World Health Organization  ( WHO )  and other partners during the second outbreak vaccination response campaign. During the 6 day exercise  ( 31 July 04 August ) , 1,077, 562 children were vaccinated in 10,934 communities from 17 Local Government Areas  ( LGAs ) .
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  The Lagos State Governor, Babajide Sanwo Olu, had said two weeks ago that 18 per cent of passengers who arrived in Lagos through the Murtala Muhammed International Airport could not be traced for COVID 19 isolation and testing. He said that between May 8, 2021, and July 7, 2021, a space of two months, a total of 50,322 passengers of interest arrived in Lagos via the airport. This implies that at least 9,057 inbound travellers absconded within three months.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Humanitarian actors remain targets of attacks by the insurgents, constraining distribution to some high risk areas, where needs are often most acute. Recent attacks in Dikwa, Marte, Damasak, and localized parts of a couple other LGAs in Borno and Yobe States led to the disruption of humanitarian assistance delivery.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Barriers to collecting Water  ( by LGA )  BIU LGA: The major problems faced with collecting water were long queue times at water points, long distance to water points, dirty water points, and non functioning water points. 40% of respondents indicated that it took 30 minutes to 1 hour to collect water.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] DAMBOA LGA: In the LGA, the major problems faced with collecting water were long queue times at water points, dirty water points, expensive water sources, long distance to water points and the risk of being harassed at water points faced by women.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  In the Northeast, displaced households in displacement camps are predominately reliant on humanitarian assistance to meet their food needs with Stressed!  ( IPC Phase 2! )  outcomes ongoing. Households in garrison towns have limited assistance and mainly depend on their own limited harvest and market purchases, with below average purchasing power, and are likely facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  outcomes. Most of these displaced persons are depending on community support and the market to access limited quantities of food.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] DIKWA LGA: The major problems faced with collecting water were long queue times at water point, dirty water, expensive water points, long distance to water points and non functioning water points.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  They mainly stay in host communities and engage in menial labor work, petty trade, and accrue debt to access food. Some areas of central Borno State are facing Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 )  outcomes due to the proximity and access to Maiduguri, where households have better access to income to purchase food. In southern areas of Borno State that are less impacted by conflict, households engage in near normal levels of income earning activities and with most areas facing Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 ) .
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] HAWUL LGA: Access to potable water in Hawul was indicated as a challenge by respondents
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Other income generating options, including self employment and casual labor, would remain constrained throughout the outlook period due to conflict and poor macroeconomic conditions driving low demand and below average wages. Remittances are expected to increase marginally but will remain below average through January 2022 due to poor macroeconomic conditions and the indirect impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic constraining income.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] MONGUNO LGA: Respondents indicated that water points in Monguno were not enough for the communities, and the water sources were dirty. In Monguno, some households could not afford to buy water from water vendors  ( or mai moya )  because of high prices. Other concerns of water collection were distance to the water points and children going to streams where they were possible targets for sexual violence.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] KONDUGA LGA: In the LGA, the major problems faced with collecting water are long queue times at water point, long distance to water points and non functioning water points.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Dikwa and Marte have witnessed an increased level of attacks compared to last year; these attacks, in addition to military operations within the area, resulted in substantial population displacement. According to IOM, following an attack in Dikwa on June 8, around 1,600 persons moved from Dikwa were displaced to Jere and Maiduguri. Since the beginning of March, over 20,000 persons have been displaced, and over 7,000 returnees reported from Maiduguri to Dikwa. Dikwa have seen multiple attacks resulting in multiple displacements of the affected households who relocated to safer areas, including Maiduguri and Monguno. Similarly, IDPs who were displaced from Marte towards Dikwa in multitudes were as well displaced multiple times. The spate of multiple attacks within this axis resulted in reduced humanitarian assistance provision to these affected populations.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Main season food production, particularly staple food, is substantially below average compared to last year and the preconflict period following increased levels of conflict, restrictions on tall growing crops, limited access to farmland, and the increase in the price of agricultural inputs. Income generating opportunities in the region remain significantly below normal. Although access to agricultural labor, including land clearing, planting, weeding, and harvest, has increased slightly following the commencement of the ongoing season. However, daily wages remain substantially below average given the increase in labor supply and low demand. Other opportunities include sales of firewood, petty trading, wild foods, and construction and labor migration, all of which income generated by poorer households remains low.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] HAND WASHING: In the LGAs, all households were aware of the importance of hand washing which was included in the public health campaigns. In hand washing, respondents used water and soap, water and ash, water and sand or water only. However, respondents were concerned about farmers not practicing this effectively.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Latrine: Traditional latrines  ( pit )  were the most used by households in all the LGAs. This is followed by public latrines. In Biu, Konduga and Hawul only 21%, 20% and 28% respectively had personal/private latrines. In Damboa, none of the respondents had access to personal, private latrines. In Dikwa, 17% had personal/private latrines, while only 8% had personal/private latrines in Monguno.  ( See figure 19 ) . The extremely limited availability of private/personal latrines could increase the chances of diseases as a result of poor sanitation. The respondents also noted that they were in need of toilet facilities.
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Also, sources in Abuja told this newspaper that the Federal Capital Territory was facing a similar challenge like Lagos because it received the second highest number of foreign travellers after Lagos. According to health officials, the figure is far over 1,000, from an estimate of over 10,000 passengers that arrived at the airport in the past two months. But the Chairman, Medical Sub Committee of the COVID 19 Ministerial Expert Advisory Committee in Abuja, Dr Ejike Oji, said he did not know the exact number of travellers evading testing and isolation.
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  The Chairman, Medical Sub Committee of the COVID 19 Ministerial Expert Advisory Committee in Abuja, Dr Ejike Oji, however, called on port health services to ensure that persons coming from high risk countries were properly identified.He also said the contact details such as phone numbers and addresses of such persons should be taken. “I think the port health services that make the first contact with travellers must ensure that the right details are obtained from them as this will help in tracking,' Oji added.
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Meanwhile, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control has recorded a 32 per cent increase in the number of positive COVID 19 cases among inbound passengers tested at entry points into Nigeria within the past week. This was contained in the latest epidemiological COVID 19 situation report released by the NCDC on Saturday. The number of positive cases from inbound passengers rose from 81  ( July 5 11 )  to 107  ( July 12 19 ) , signifying a 32 per cent increase. The report also revealed that there was a significant increase in the number of outbound passengers as 126 intending passengers to other countries tested positive to COVID 19 within July 12 and July 19
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  The number of infected cases also increased from 693 between July 5 and July 11 to 966 between July 12 and July 19. According to the report, there was an improvement in the number of cases tested from 36,965 between July 5 and July 11 to 42,068 between July 12 and July 19. Eight states, however, performed poorly, testing less than 20 people in a week. The states with their corresponding number of tests are: Kebbi  ( 0 ) , Kogi  ( 4 ) , Nasarawa  ( 16 ) , Sokoto  ( 13 ) , Taraba  ( 0 ) , Yobe  ( 2 ) , and Zamfara  ( 0 ) .
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  The high levels of conflict have led to declines in humanitarian access in some areas and the repeated displacement of some households. In 2016, a sudden uptick in conflict resulted in the destruction of typical livelihoods and significantly disrupted household access to food and assistance delivery. During this time, households experienced severe acute food insecurity leading to excess mortality from hunger. In 2021, while conflict is at high levels, most conflict events are characterized by attacks that do not restrict household movement and humanitarian assistance for a significant length of time. For affected households, the impact on food security is severe; however, these households are presumed to have some level of food access mainly through wild food collection and own production.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] The MSNA findings show that there have been minimal insecurity incidences in the LGAs, over the past three months except Damboa where armed attacks were reported. According to respondents, in Konduga, Biu and Hawul LGAs there have been cases of separated children, children not being cared for by adults, family headed by children, and children forced to work to provide food and other goods due to disabilities.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Respondents also indicated that in their households they have had work experiences such as excessive work hours, receiving less payment than what was promised initially, receiving less than what other people in the community were receiving for the same work and denied freedom of movement while at work.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] The insecurity affects their schooling, whenever such attacks happen all learning institutions shut down for several weeks. Following these attacks; those who usually supply provisions and food stuff for sale within the community usually stay away and this results in scarcity and an increase in the price of some of such provisions.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Shelter: Majority of the shelters in Dikwa LGA had been damaged, especially those built of wood and the children attempt to occasionally patch them up by pouring sand around the edges to avoid water from entering the already damaged living spaces. This lack of adequate shelter exposes the children and their families to harsh weather conditions and security risks. A lot of families have been rendered homeless because of the insurgency coupled with the diminishing standards of the available shelter within the community.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Respondents affirmed that survivors of GBV are reluctant to seek support for reasons such as fear of being identified as survivors, distance to health facilities, lack of female staff, and non availability of confidential treatment etc.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Nonetheless, conflict and its impacts on livelihoods drive poor food security outcomes, notably in hard to reach areas. In Dikwa, Marte, Mobbar, and Kaga LGAs between March and April, around 50,000 people were displaced multiple times, and attacks in Geidam and Yunusari LGAs in April and May resulted in the displacement of another 180,000 people. Furthermore, persistent attacks in some areas, notably Dikwa and Damasak, resulted in the suspension of some humanitarian operations since mid April. Some assistance continues through local field staff in most areas, though at low levels.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  The combined impact of the continued poor macroeconomic performance and widespread and high levels of conflict in southern, northwestern, and northeastern parts of the country are the primary drivers of food insecurity, resulting in atypically high assistance needs as the lean season begins. This is further compounded by the indirect impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic on income earning opportunities.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  The dry season harvest has concluded in most areas and has generally been below average due to high levels of conflict in irrigation/fadama areas, constraining land access. The rainy season started normally in March in bimodal areas and in central and northern areas in May and June, respectively. Although, rainfall has been erratic, notably in central and bimodal areas where rainfall is slightly below average. Additionally, cumulative rainfall for May 1 to June 30 in much of the northern areas of the country is below average, with the largest rainfall deficits in north central areas.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Planting and weeding are underway in the bimodal areas, while farmers engage in planting and land preparation activities in northern areas. According to the Water Requirement Satisfaction Index, in late June, in some of the extreme northern areas of the country, the season is yet to start. Overall, engagement in agricultural activities across the country is below average, driven by conflict and lower than normal access to agricultural inputs.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Feeding pattern of babies <6 months: Many mothers fed their children <6 months exclusively with breast milk while other mothers fed their young children with a mix of breast milk and other liquids/foods.
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  “The COVID 19 vaccine is safe and effective and offers protection against the disease. “Additionally, states are urged to ensure sample collection and testing for COVID 19 is accessible to the public. “Public settings such as schools with accommodation facilities, workplaces and camps should utilise the approved Antigen based Rapid Diagnostic Test for rapid testing of their population.'
[ 25th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Earlier in July, the Federal Government disclosed that it was expecting 41 million doses of COVID 19 vaccines by the end of September 2021. The expected dose is a combination of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine, Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.
[ 1st Jan   30th Jun 2021, Nigeria ]  The May 2021 attack by the Islamic State West Africa Province  ( ISWAP )  resulted in the killing of Abubakar Shekau, longtime founder and leader of a Jama'atu Ahlus Sunnah Lidda'Awati Wal Jihad  ( JAS ) . This provides ISWAP the opportunity to consolidate its power across Borno State with increasing access to Adamawa State and Cameroon.
[ 16th 19th Sep 2021, Borno ] MHPSS: • MHPSS responders  ( WHO, IOM )  provided counselling and sensitized individuals on standard precaution of COVID 19 transmission and preventive measures.
[ 1st Jan   30th Jun 2021, Nigeria ]  Alarming level of food insecurity and malnutrition due to the protracted conflict induced humanitarian situation in the north east continues to deteriorate with over 1.15 million children projected to be acutely malnourished in the lean season without urgent interventions
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Only 16% of respondents reported that that had challenges feeding their babies <6 months. The data can be indirectly interpreted as adult household members prioritized the food needs of the young children, as illustrated in the rCSI  ( see table 9 ) . The problems faced in feeding young children <6 months, as indicated by the 16% that encountered challenges include health issues such as malaria and fever, as well as inadequate food.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Impact of COVID 19 on Nutrition :The presence of COVID 19 created a negative effect on households. It led to the restriction of movements, which put a hold on all activities in the communities. Households were affirmed to have had little food to eat, and purchase of food was made difficult due to the closure of markets or inflated prices where available  ( FGDs ) . Respondents affirm that nutrition had been negatively impacted by the increase in food prices  ( see table 8 ) . The impact of Covid 19 on nutrition was also affirmed by 32% of the respondents who asserted that there was change in their child feeding pattern due to Covid 19.
[ 6th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Challenges : The main gap in the WASH sector remains inadequate water supply in the refugee settlements, despite the construction and rehabilitation of over 15 boreholes and hand dug wells by UNHCR. The yield remains insufficient and merely meets about 20% of refugees' water need. UNHCR is currently operating a water treatment plant at a very high cost to supplement the water needs of refugees.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] WATER SOURCES: In Biu, Hawul, Monguno, Dikwa and Konduga LGAs, boreholes were the major source of water. This is followed by open wells, public taps, sealed wells and water vendors. In Damboa LGA, hand pumps and water vendors were the major sources of water, this is followed by boreholes and open wells. Findings showed that respondents bought water frequently in Damboa because the water points available were not adequate to meet the needs of households.  ( See figure 14 )
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Conflict across the region has been concentrated in towns, such as Dikwa, Damasak, Marte, Kaga, Damboa, Kala Balge, Konduga, Geidam, and Madagali, as the security situation continues to deteriorate. This conflict has led to increased displacement and households being displaced multiple times and declines in humanitarian access, particularly in Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, and Kaga LGAs in Borno state and Gujba LGA in Yobe state, and persistent restricted engagement in livelihood and income earning activities. Additionally, attacks by bandits, kidnappers, and farmer/herder conflict continue in Taraba, Adamawa, Yobe, Bauchi, and Gombe states.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Barriers Faced By Girl Child in Education: Girls have been facing heightened risk of child marriage as parents have increasingly indicated using child marriage specifically as a coping mechanism to protect a girl's honour against the widespread sexual violence perpetrated by armed groups, while girls have also indicated the fear of sexual assault or early pregnancy as a reason to get married early.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  According to UNOCHA, there are at least one million individuals in hard to reach areas in the Northeast as of March. According to IOM, as of May, over 2.1 million people are displaced across the six northeast states, increasing about two percent since December 2020. Many of these households are dependent on limited support from the community and markets to access food. Similarly, communal conflict is further limiting market and food access in localized areas.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] The girl child is hugely affected by the barriers to education. In the communities assessed, the most common response was that the girl child had been out of school for too many years to return. Other major barriers include insecurity on the way to school, early marriage, and inability to pay school fees, resistance to formal education, non functional schools, and displacement. These barriers may result in giving them up for child marriage to reduce parents' responsibilities.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  The Borno state government is encouraging the return of IDPs to their homesteads and some refugees from Cameroon and Niger. In preparation, the government constructed structures to accommodate about 1,500 households relocated from two IDP camps in Maiduguri to Auno in Konduga LGA. These IDP camps are now closed in Maiduguri. According to UNHCR, as of early June, there are nearly 67,000 registered Cameroonian refugees in Nigeria.
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Barriers Faced By Children in Attending School: The barriers faced by children in attending school include inability to pay school fees, resistance to formal education, and children lacking appropriate uniform/clothing. Children face several risks for being out of school. A respondent stated the following as the main risk of children being out of school
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Insurgents continue to target security installations and humanitarian agencies; garrison towns which suffered repeated assaults since the start of the year as militants sought out resources and weaponry, which prompted humanitarian organizations to suspend operations in the area. Households in these areas affected by conflict engage in limited incomeearning activities and are mainly dependent on humanitarian food assistance. As a result, most parts of Borno and Yobe States, Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  outcomes are ongoing. However, it should be noted that it is expected that some households are in Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  and Catastrophe  ( IPC Phase 5 )  in these areas  ( Figure 9 ) .
[ 31st December 2020, Borno state ] Financial struggles faced by many families in the communities and affects the children because of the parents waning providing power causing a reduction in quantity and quality of meals. It also affects the children's education as families cannot afford to send the children to school. There is lack of funds to pay for health care when children within the community fall sick and also to buy pesticide to use on farmlands to endure good harvests. To mitigate this, some children had to engage in hard labour to help support their parents.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  In hard to reach areas, households are predominately reliant on markets for food with constrained income and wild foods. Most households rely on bartering for food access, but this remains significantly below average. Consequently, wide food consumption gaps and high levels of malnutrition are likely ongoing. As a result, Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  outcomes are ongoing, with some of the population likely experiencing Catastrophe  ( IPC Phase 5 ) .
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  The COVID 19 pandemic is expected to continue through the projection period due to the expectation of continued low vaccination rates. The access to COVID 19 vaccines is expected to increase through the end of 2021 and would further encourage relaxation on curfews and restrictions, likely leading to some improvement in economic activities.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Poor households in Dikwa and Marte LGAs with limited access to income opportunities and largely dependent on market purchase for food will likely face Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  outcomes through January 2022. Beginning in October, the households who engaged in the agricultural season are expected to harvest some crops for consumption. These households are also likely to share some of their stocks with relatives and community members
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Worst conflict affected households have seen multiple displacements in Dikwa and Marte LGAs and have little access to humanitarian assistance, constrained income opportunities, and limited market access. Most poor households primarily rely on wild food consumption and are experiencing Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 ) .
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Malnutrition is expected to remain elevated following the measles outbreak, increases in malaria cases, and poor food consumption. Access to these areas by humanitarian actors remains limited following increased attacks on health facilities and INGOs facilities and temporary suspension of UN operations in Dikwa. The acute malnutrition situation is projected to deteriorate to 'Critical'  ( Global acute malnutrition rate by weight for height z score between 15 to 29.9 percent )  in Dikwa.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Most households in non affected conflict areas continue to consume own food from stocks or are market dependent; however, earning sufficient income to meet their food and non food needs. As a result, these areas are facing Minimal  ( IPC Phase 1 ) . Although with the increase in conflict, leading to the disruption in livelihood activities coupled with the poor macroeconomic conditions, driving high food prices, many households are unable to meet their non food needs. As a result, many areas are facing Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 )  towards the lean season.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Households also engage in other unskilled labor such as petty trading, water vending, and firewood sales to earn some income. In urban areas mainly, poor households engage in construction labor, petty trading, and motorcycle taxi driving. Labor migration is constrained due to the escalating conflict that is limiting population movements in the country. At the same time, remittances are impacted by increasing unemployment rates, the low value of the NGN, and reduced purchasing power. Pastoralists are selling less livestock than typical, as livestock prices remain above average while still earning near normal income as the terms of trade continue to be favorable.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  High input costs, including fertilizer and seeds coupled with below average households purchasing power, drive below average access to inputs. In conflictaffected areas, notably in the Northeast, many households are unable to engage in the ongoing season due to fear of attacks, limited capacity to access inputs, and access land. Moreover, in the Northeast, restrictions continue to grow crops below a certain height due to security concerns. In areas where crops have been planted, according to key informants and WRSI conditions are broadly favorable.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Prices for both staple and cash crops remain significantly above the five year average and last year due to the poor macroeconomic conditions, high fuel prices and transportation costs, and high market demand due to the below average 2020 harvest. Traders are putting further pressure on parts as the poor start to the rainy season has resulted in market speculation, and traders and households are withholding stocks. As a result, market supply across much of the country is lower than average. Although the dry season harvest of rice and maize starting in April/May has resulted in some improvements in the market supply of these commodities. As a result, staple prices remain elevated relative to other neighboring markets less prone to conflict  ( Figure 4 ) . In June, millet, the staple food in Maiduguri, prices were about 31 percent above average, while maize was about 80 percent in Dawanau market relative to the average.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  On top of this, domestic trade has returned to near normal levels; however, it remains below normal to limited in areas affected by conflict. Most monitored markets remain disrupted in the Northeast as the conflict persists  ( Figure 3 ) . The recent conflict in areas of the region somewhat disrupted market activities in east central and northern Borno state. Similarly, trade routes along DamaturuMaiduguri and Konduga to Bama continue to deteriorate as the insurgents intensify attacks. The security checkpoints along the road lead to delayed delivery, and high informal tax further increases transaction costs. Similarly, traders also evade some routes due to incessant attacks, reducing market supplies in affected areas. This is exacerbated by high household demand in the area. However, markets in Adamawa state remain functional in most areas with improvement in Gombi market due to the subsiding security situation
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  According to the Ministry of Health, as of June 30, 167,618 confirmed COVID 19 cases and 2120 associated deaths were reported with a case fatality rate of about 1.3 percent. As of June 30, over 3.5 million people have received at least one dose of the COVID 19 vaccine. Despite vaccinations ongoing, community infections are still ongoing. While most restriction measures put in place to curb the spread of COVID 19 in 2020 have been eased, some measures continue, such as social distancing, public gatherings no larger than 50 persons outside of the workplace, and continued curfews between 12 to 4 am. These measures are having limited impacts on poor household's typical income earning activities.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  Due to some gains in the non oil sector, notably increased earnings in the agricultural, mining, and service sectors, the Nigerian macroeconomy has shown some signs of improvement with a slightly positive GDP and decline in the annual inflation rate. The Gross Domestic Product  ( GDP )  grew by 0.51 percent year onyear in real terms in the first quarter of 2021, marking two quarters of consecutive growth following the negative growth rates recorded in the second and third quarters of 2020. The annual inflation rate declined moderately to 17.93 percent in May from to 18.12 percent in April, following nineteen months of persistent increases  ( Figure 2 ) . Despite the improvements in the macroeconomy, according to the World Bank, high inflation rates, rising staple prices, and increasing unemployment have pushed over 7.0 million more Nigerians below the poverty line in 2020.
[ 13th July 2021, Nigeria ]  A risk of Famine  ( IPC Phase 5 )  persists in hard to reach areas of the Northeast. While it is not FEWS NET's most likely scenario, Famine could occur in a worst case scenario if there is a dramatic uptick or shift in conflict that limits access to typical food and income sources and humanitarian assistance for a prolonged period. As humanitarian access has declined in recent months with increased conflict and continued displacement, many households in hard to reach areas are experiencing large food consumption gaps indicative of high levels of acute malnutrition and excess mortality. As these populations face severe difficulty meeting their food needs and are only expected to engage in the ongoing agricultural season at minimal levels, the Risk of Famine persists through at least January 2022.