nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
On 15 January, UNHCR, with the support of the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM ) , evacuated 25 refugees and asylum seekers to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Centre  ( ETC )  in Romania. The group was composed of Syrian, Sudanese and Eritrean refugees who will remain in the ETC before their final resettlement to a third country. Since September 2017, UNHCR has identified and submitted 1,064 individuals for resettlement to seven resettlement countries: Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.
Civilian structures have been damaged; houses were the most impacted, as well as roads, telecommunication infrastructures, governmental compounds, food and water infrastructures, education centres and healthcare facilities.
Due to the fighting of the past two years, Derna witnessed multiple waves of displacement with thousands of internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  seeking safety in different areas in Libya. While a big number of IDPs have returned home in the last six months, approximately 1,200 families continue to be displaced in several areas in Libya  ( including 600 families within Derna ) . The main reasons of displacement are linked to political opinions, perceptions of supporting the DSF, or families originating from West Libya. According to several IDPs interviewed, the families originating from West Libya were targeted and forcibly displaced, “ethnic cleansing' reasons. The main areas of displacement for the aforementioned 600 families are Tripoli, Misrata, Azzawya, and Zliten, in addition to other scattered areas inside Libya.
Approximately 1,300 families have returned to Derna, however, 600 of these families found their houses destroyed, looted or burned down; these families are currently living with relatives, renting houses, or the LNA forces allocated houses belonging to other families and IDPs.
Security, safety and freedom of movement were reported as the main concerns by the interviewed IDPs. They claimed to be targeted by different military groups on the account of suspected affiliations with terrorist groups or supporting rivalry political positions. As a result, freedom of movement is restricted in certain areas, particularly in Misrata and Tripoli. According to the IDPs committee and interviewed IDPs, several IDPs have been arrested by different militias in Tripoli and Misrata only because they are from Derna. Many of the IDP families hide their identity out of fear of prosecution from militias and host communities.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  The economic crisis, including high inflation and rising prices for essential items such as food, medicine and other commodities, has led to a significant increase in food insecurity and other needs.
[ 2019, Sudan ]  Response Plan Key Activities: Strengthen conflict resolution and peace building skills of youth and women in Abyei to contribute in decisions and peaceful coexistence of their communities.
Consequently, only 1 per cent of refugees can afford the local food basket.
[ Sudan, September 2019 ]  Self reliance building initiatives  ( SO2 )  benefited around 290,000 individuals; while 70,000 with resilience building  ( SO3 ) .
[ Sudan, September 2019 ]  Lifesaving interventions  ( SO1 )  was provided to 1.4 M individuals of which around 1.2 M with month food assistance and 200,000 with agricultural support.
Sudan's rainy season  ( June to September )  further aggravates logistics of access, with many camp and out of camp areas difficult to access or completely inaccessible for weeks and months at a time due to washed out roads.
Refugee populations living in North Darfur are also living in remote and difficult to access areas.
Cut off roads, poor road conditions and flooded valleys and creeks as a result of the flooding have impacted the humanitarian access, including access to essential medical services, and delivery of aid.
Floodwaters have washed away and damaged roads and high ways, including connections between the capital, Khartoum where large stocks of the aid is stored, and other affected areas
Damages to refugee camps and IDP settlements in the affected areas are reported.
[ 2019, Sudan ]  Women represent 25 per cent of the displaced population respectively and this is even higher in cases of new displacement.
[ 2019, Sudan ] The RRR sector response modalities include general food distribution, cash/food for assets, training in post harvest management, and care groups for mother child health and nutrition.
[ 2019, Sudan ] The improvement in security in Darfur, influenced in part by the Government's disarmament campaigns, led to an increase of spontaneous returns as well as refugee returns from Chad.  [ specified assessed location: Darfur ]
[ 2019, Sudan ]  While GBV vastly impacts women, men, boys and girls, the lack of quality response services, especially health and social services for child and adolescent survivors of sexual violence can exacerbate short and long term harm.
[ 2019, Sudan ]  Rape, physical violence, female genital mutilation  ( FGM ) , early/forced marriages, denial of economic opportunities, and verbal abuse are some of the common violations against women and girls reported.
[ 2019, Sudan ]  The situation is aggravated by weak health infrastructures, poor infant and young child feeding practices, limited access to safe water and sanitation services, and poor hygiene conditions.
[ Sudan, September 2019 ]  29,500 individuals provided and trained on fuel efficient stoves  ( FES )  and Safe Access to Firewood and Alternative Energy  ( SAFE )
[ Sudan, September 2019 ]  53,770 of individuals benefiting from reduced food losses through post harvest techniques, plant pest and animal disease control
[ Sudan, September 2019 ]  66 staff from 54 agencies  ( NGOs, UN and Government institutions )  receiving capacity building to improve preparedness and response during emergencies
[ Sudan, September 2019 ]  305,862 individuals benefiting from life saving emergency agriculture and livestock/veterinary inputs and kits.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Improve access to safe drinking water and adequate hygiene and sanitation with particular focus on areas of displacement, return and host communities.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Reduce the risk of malnutrition in children under 5 years and PLW through treatment of severe and moderate acute malnutrition.
Recommendations: Carry out a new agriculture and livestock census to provide updated data and information on the agricultural sector.
Recommendations: Improve rehabilitation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure in the national schemes, maintain and increase capacities of the drainage system in the irrigated sector.
[ 2019, Sudan ] Based on data available  ( S3M 2013 ) , 38.2 per cent of children less than five years of age are stunted.
Main concerns voiced by the population are the following: ● The assessment team observed that the hygiene conditions in all sites is concerning with nearly everyone resorting to open defecation. This will significantly impact the people in general and the safety and privacy of women and girls in specific. The available latrines in most gathering points are not segregated by gender.
In response to COVID 19, UNHCR has delivered over 9.6 million bars of soap and installed 920 handwashing facilities in camps, settlements, and host communities.
UNHCR provides women and girls with personal hygiene items to manage period safely with dignity and comfort. In 2020, it distributed over 136,000 kits.
UNHCR supports the inclusion of refugee education in the current government sector strategic plan, ensuring refugee access to primary and secondary education, including remote learning in the context of COVID 19.
UNHCR supports schools in improving access to water and sanitation facilities and participates in the Safe Back to School Working Group. The group supports the implementation of COVID 19 preventive protocols in schools.
Over 90 per cent of CAR refugees living outside of Nyala have not received shelter support since their arrival, and are living in makeshift temporary shelters that offer little to no protection from the elements.
Hygiene promotion gaps are a challenge due to language barriers and other challenges that CAR refugees face accessing assistance
Lack of menstrual hygiene support for women and girls  [ CAR refugees ]  remains a persistent gap across the response
Some of the larger refugee camps like Shagarab and Um Gargour are not connected to the general electric power grid lines and there is no lighting in the camps.
In addition to the establishment of a new camp at Al Jamey'a, land extensions have been secured for three other camps in White Nile State to accommodate an additional 5,000 households.
It remains difficult to ensure that adequate space and basic services are available to absorb new arrivals while sustaining service provision to the existing caseloads in the camps.
There are also reports of power outages due to collapsing power lines.
Over crowding and congestion remain a serious concern, with all camps currently hosting populations beyond initial capacity. This is particularly problematic in White Nile, where the majority of South Sudanese refugees arrived in 2017.
There are nearly 205,000 refugees living across nine camps in White Nile, amongst whom refugee women represent the 55 per cent, and two camps in East Darfur with 49 per cent of women refugees out of the total population
Since the 3 June events, access to telecommunication has been severely limited with a complete Internet blackout since 10 June, hampering humanitarian response.
Poverty among families, child labour and early marriage causes high dropout rates, particularly for girls.
Main concerns voiced by the population are the following: ● Women are exposed to verbal and physical harassment while going to IDP camps.
[ 2019, Sudan ]  There are people affected by localized conflict and natural disasters, and gaps in service provision that require humanitarian WASH interventions.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Estimated 7.6 million people are in need of WASH assistance.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Unemployment stood at 18 per cent in 2018, and it is higher for young people: 130,000 young people enter the labour market each year, but there are only 30,000 jobs available
Following attacks on South Sudanese refugees in certain neighborhoods in Khartoum on 5 6 June 2019, over 7,000 South Sudanese refugees fled to ‘Open Areas' in Khartoum and camps in White Nile State
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Additionally, more than 3 million people living in or moving through areas affected by landmines or ERW, need humanitarian assistance which could be hindered or limited by the presence of landmines/ERW.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  FGM  ( Female Genital Mutilation )  remains prevalent in Sudan, affecting 87 per cent of women aged 15 49 years old, and 32 per cent of girls aged 0 14 years old.
WFP rapid assessments in Um Dafoug and Um Dukhun in October 2019 indicate urgent need for emergency food assistance for new arrivals.
Furthermore, the reliance on firewood has led to forest degradation in many areas, increasing host community tensions over this scarce resource.
The threat of kidnapping and carjacking, as evidenced by the abduction of UNHCR staff during the last quarter of 2016.
The Government of Sudan's Humanitarian Aid Commission  ( HAC )  and IOM have registered approximately 104,000 Sudanese returnees from 2015 2017.
Despite the new Sovereign Council agreed on 17 August, the political situation in Sudan remains fragile.
UNHCR and partners also carry out distributions to newly displaced IDP families or new refugee arrivals.
Recommendations: Encourage the mechanization of agricultural operations through an extensive and accessible financing programme.
Approximately 70 per cent of new arrivals who end up in Shagarab Reception Centre in Kassala move onward before they are registered by the Government of Sudan's Commission for Refugees  ( COR )  and UNHCR.
[ Sudan, October 2018 ] UNHCR continues to build the capacity of COR  ( Commission for Refugees  )  to manage reception, registration and refugee status determination  ( RSD ) , as well as the protection coordination and camp management aspects of the refugee response.
In the East, the refugee response comprises a protracted caseload who are largely Eritrean and relatively well integrated, with many having good levels of self sufficiency, and 55 per cent born in Sudan. New arrival flows from Eritrea continue to be small but steady, with approximately 70 per cent moving onwards without being registered in Sudan.
The Shelter/NFI Sector in Sudan faced various challenges in 2020; Security: Darfur context remained unstable in 2020. The sector had to cancel or postpone some activities and distributions due to security issues. The ongoing economic situation and deterioration of living conditions resulted in increase of negative coping mechanisms and community conflict. This had an impact on the security during the distributions.
While prevention of conflict, provision of physical protection and advocacy remain the main needs in affected areas of Darfur and South Kordofan, specific protection needs include: expansion and strengthening of the early warning system; identification and provision of assistance to the most vulnerable families, individuals, including those with disabilities to meet their basic needs; provision of ES/NFIs, food, health, education, nutrition and sanitation support; advocacy for increased service delivery by the government and international community, including those related to housing, land and property, and personal documentation.
[ 2019, Sudan ]  While progress has been made to meet assistance standards and some areas, significant gaps remain, for example: a majority of children remain out of school; water availability and latrine coverage are below standards, with high rates of open defecation reported; access to health services is inconsistent across the response, with supply gaps in basic medicines; high food insecurity, with most refugees unable to afford the local food basket or purchase firewood; and critical malnutrition rates in many camps and settlements.
[ 2019, Sudan ]  Inter agency partners' capacity to respond to the needs of South Sudanese refugees continues to be stretched, exacerbated by critical funding gaps and Sudan's ongoing economic crisis, as well as fuel and cash shortages
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  The inter agency refugee response in Sudan is coordinated through the RCF  [ Refugee Consultation Forum ] , co led by UNHCR and COR  [ Commission for Refugees ]  and covers all interventions for refugees and asylum seekers delivered by humanitarian actors.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Socioeconomic challenges and protection concerns are often cited as primary factors in their choice to move onward, including the lack of education and livelihood opportunities. There is an urgent need for solutions that support greater self reliance and enhanced protection, and to address the protection and service gaps that drive refugees and asylum seekers to risk their lives by moving onwards.
Recommendations: Limit the expansion of the cropping areas at the expense of pastures and forests, replacing extensive farming with intensive agricultural practices, Introduce pre  and post harvest preventive measures to reduce losses of the main food crops.
Flood mitigation intervention in Blue Nile by Government: Damage assessment and by Humanitarian organizations: Humanitarian food and shelter aid
Flood mitigation intervention in Northern by Government: Suction of floodwater from pits Repair of irrigation pumps and by Humanitarian organizations: Humanitarian food and shelter aid
Flood mitigation intervention in Gedaref by Government: Joint Damage Assessment by the Government and UN organization Rehabilitation of some agricultural roads and by Humanitarian organizations: Joint Damage Assessment Promises of a contribution from the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development
Flood mitigation intervention in Kassala by Government: Damage assessment and by Humanitarian organizations: About SDG 3.7 million distributed by FAO  [ Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations ]  for 933 farmers in North Gash
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in East Darfur: Shortages and high costs of agricultural labour, High costs of agricultural inputs, Restrictions of movement for pastoralist resulting in constrained access to pasture for livestock, Decrease of pastoralists' incomes due to market closures
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in Blue Nile: Shortages and high costs of agricultural machinery spare parts, High costs of agricultural labour, Shortage of vaccines and drugs, High costs of production inputs, Restrictions of movement for pastoralists resulting in over grazing in some areas
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in West Kordofan: High costs of agricultural inputs due to market closures, High costs of production inputs
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in South Darfur: Shortage and high costs of agricultural labour due to movement restrictions, Unavailability of veterinary services due to movement restrictions and market closures
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in North Kordofan: High costs of agricultural inputs, High costs of agricultural labour due to the movement restrictions, Shortage of vaccines and drugs
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in North Darfur: Market closures, High costs of agricultural inputs, Labour shortages due to movement restrictions, Shortages of vaccines and drugs, Labour shortages, High costs of inputs sourced from other states
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in Central Darfur: Market closures depriving farmers of income from secondary businesses
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in Northern: Closure of markets resulted in shortages of empty sacks, delaying the harvesting of the last 2019/20 winter crops and resulting in higher costs of harvesting operations and increased losses, High costs of fodder
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in Gedaref: Decrease of area sown with some crops as a result of market closures affecting input availability, Decrease of pastoralists' incomes due to markets closure, High costs of agricultural inputs, Decrease of livestock exports, Shortages and high cost of agricultural labour due to international borders closure, Shortages of vaccines and drugs
The impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on crop and livestock production in Kassala: High costs of agricultural inputs, Shortages of vaccines and drugs, High costs of agricultural labour, High costs of fodder
Economic conditions significantly worsened since late 2017, following a sharp devaluation of the local currency. The weakening of the currency is a result of the increased demand for imports and, consequently, for US dollar after the removal of international sanctions on the country. This prompted high inflationary pressures and particularly an increase in prices of imported goods, such as fuel and wheat, and triggered widespread protests. As a result, the President was ousted and a transitional Government was established to rule until the general elections that are scheduled to be held in late 2022.
Recommendations: Improve the effectiveness of the National Plant Protection Department in the identification and treatment of pests and conduct capacity building programmes to state ministries on these issues.
Recommendations: Improve the capacity of the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory in Soba to bring the production of vaccines to the full national requirement and reinforce decentralized veterinary services to ensure that vaccination campaigns are conducted in the most effective and efficient way.
Recommendations: Adjust Salam prices during the season according to variations in production costs, Promote activities to add value to the country's exportable agricultural commodities  ( livestock, cotton, Gum Arabic, sesame and groundnuts )  instead of exporting them as raw materials
UNHCR leads an initiative, supported by PBF  ( Peacebuilding Fund )  and CERF  ( Central Emergency Response Fund ) , which seeks to collect and use data to inform durable solution to internal displacement in selected locations in Dar fur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan.
UNHCR also supports voluntary return of IDPs through facilitating Go and See visits, assessments, and provision of assistance to returnees. In 2020 it supported two Go and See visits in Central Darfur for 70 IDPs.
UNHCR brings together refugees and hosts in White Nile, East Darfur and East Sudan in forest protection initiatives for livelihood. In White Nile and East Darfur, UNHCR's has supported tree plantation covering 342.7 hectares.
Since the beginning of the Tigray crisis in November 2020, UNHCR has relocated some 30,000 of the refugees who crossed into eastern Sudan from Ethiopia to the refugee sites Um Rakuba and Tunaydbah.
In 2020, UNHCR reached more than 305,500 refugees, returnees, IDPs and hosts with shelter support and NFIs in its response to flooding. NFI kits include plastic sheets, blankets, kitchen sets, jerry cans and seasonal mosquito nets.
UNHCR supports the Sudanese government in implementing its National Plan on Protection of Civilians  ( NPPoC )  through advocacy and tailored protection activities to prevent, respond and mitigate risks in areas of displacement and return. In 2020, it supported the formation of Community Based Protection networks  ( CSPs ) , small, medium and large project  such as construction of health centers and water points  developed in accordance and per request of the local communities.
UNHCR has also significantly stepped up its activities in the areas of internal displacement and durable solutions in 2020, in line with the Sudanese government's pledges at the Global Refugee Forum in 2019 to develop solutions for forced displacement, enhance an enabling environment for return of forcibly displaced people and facilitate their reintegration.
UNHCR has carried out an exercise among refugees, using data collection and analysis, to identify risk levels for sexual exploitation and abuse  ( SEA )  in Kassala, White Nile, Kordofans and Darfur states. In Kordofans, it has rolled out Community Based Complaint and Feedback Mechanism to ensure greater accountability to affected people.
UNHCR is strengthening risk mitigation measures regarding gender based violence  ( GBV )
UNHCR coordinates protection and assistance for persons at risk of statelessness by supporting birth registration and civil documentation. In 2020, UNHCR with the Sudanese Civil Registry registered 20,455 refugee and internally displaced children. UNHCR also advocates for law and policy reform, and the ratification of the two Statelessness Conventions.
UNHCR monitors nutrition levels with Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey  ( SENS )  assessments and coordinates with partners to cover nutrition gaps.
As part of the joint COVID 19 response, UNHCR is supporting isolation centers with key non food items  ( NFIs ) , such as mosquito nets, blankets and plastic sheets.
In camps and large settlements, UNHCR supports primary healthcare services and referrals for secondary and tertiary health care in public facilities.
UNHCR and partners continue to raise COVID 19 risk awareness in camps and settlements. UNHCR also provides health care workers, including volunteers, with equipment and knowledge to identify and manage COVID 19 cases.
Challenges: Lack of services for GBV survivors especially in the remote areas, has affected timely referral to PSS and CMR support. GBV services are not available in 90 per cent of localities and CMR services are available in less than one in five health facilities.
Challenges: Influx of refugees negatively impacted food availability, affordability and have an impact in livelihood system.
Challenges: The annual inflation rate was 269.33 per cent in December 2020, compared to 254.34 per cent in November, resulting in high prices of food commodities and agricultural inputs, which affected humanitarian assistance.
The Shelter/NFI Sector in Sudan faced various challenges in 2020; Fuel shortage: the sector was affected by the fuel shortage, especially for transportation from Khartoum to the field and field visits/activities implementation. The impact was felt by the increasing prices and scarcity of fuel, also leading to increase in costs for vehicle rentals for activities.
The Shelter/NFI Sector in Sudan faced various challenges in 2020; COVID 19: in 2020, one of the major challenges was COVID 19 pandemic. The measures taken by the Sudanese government in March had consequences  ( borders closure, movement restriction, curfew, lockdown )  on response. Some activities were affected as the risks were high – physical distancing and adequate PPE and sanitary measures were not possible. Some specific measures were taken to limit the risks  ( masks, small groups of beneficiaries, physical distancing )
Challenges: Limited financial resources and funding, Limited GBV capacity especially among government staff, Monitoring and follow up by the Ministry of Health is weak for GBV interventions.
Challenges: Delayed implementation of some activities due to insecurity, cash and fuel shortages, increasing market prices. Some NGOs were forced to stop operations.
Challenges: People became more vulnerable as a result of multiple shocks and high food commodity prices.response in 2020.
The Health sector has the highest number of people in need – 9.2 million, followed by WASH – 9 million, and the Food Security and Livelihoods sector – 8.2 million people in need.
Challenges: Widespread poverty and high unemployment rates
Challenges: Localised conflicts affected the delivery of the assistance.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Improve communities' resilience through livelihoods and food security activities, developing community assets  ( food for assets ) , and improving technical expertise, for example, on agricultural/crops production, animal husbandry and fishery practices, vocational training and community based natural resource management, including water facility.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Family separation, child labour, severe psychosocial distress, physical and sexual violence, child trafficking and child marriage are the main concerns requiring immediate response.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  The persistent food insecurity is a key driver of malnutrition among children under 5 years and women. The other drivers of malnutrition are multi factoral including; conflict, displacement, poverty, poor WASH, limited access to health services, unsafe practices due to illiteracy, and poor dietary diversity.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  . The full essential healthcare package including maternal, reproductive, and child health services is available only in 30 per cent of primary healthcare centers and only about 24 per cent of health centres in Darfur offer CMR services.  [ Specified assessed location: Darfur ]
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  In addition, 1.9 million IDPs residing in and outside camps are in need to sustainable access to basic health services.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ] Communities affected by conflict and newly accessible areas under peace agreements, and to which partners have intermittent access due to ongoing security and safety challenges   mainly South Kordofan, Blue Nile, and Central Darfur   still lack basic and life saving health services.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  The protracted nature of the crisis and decades of economic instability have resulted in a fragile health system with low capacity to deliver basic medical services.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Recovery, Return and Reintegration: There were 2.5M people in need with 0.3M people targeted. The budget requirement was $27M. Refugee Response: There were 1.2M people in need with 0.92M people targeted and 0.44M people reached. $411m budget was required.  ( As per the study done by HRP )
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Years of conflict and protracted displacement, environmental degradation, a lack of basic services and   most of all during the past year   the deteriorating economic situation, have all had profound consequences on people's immediate physical and mental wellbeing and condition; their living standards including access to services; their ability to live with dignity; and their long term resilience.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Humanitarian organizations also continue to face operational challenges relating to poor road infrastructure, particularly during the rainy season. This makes delivery of supplies impossible or highly difficult during large portions of the year.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Flooding which affected over 400,000 people in 16 states, contributed to water contamination and compounded the spread of disease.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Political instability in 2019 had a particular impact on children and adolescents, who were affected by the closure of schools. Sexual violence particularly affects women and girls in displaced persons' camps and in rural communities, where they are often preyed upon by armed men, especially when they engage in livelihood activities like collecting water or firewood or working in fields.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  Nearly 2 million people remain internally displaced, following decades of conflict. The majority are living in camps and settlements where conditions remain dire, and the root causes that led to their displacement remain unaddressed.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  The economic crisis has exacerbated long standing vulnerabilities due to years of conflict. 6.2 million people are estimated to be severely food insecure and in need of food assistance.
[ Sudan, February 2020 ]  In 2020, some 6.2 million people need emergency food assistance, this is also exacerbating already high levels of malnutrition.
[ Some refugees ]  stay in 21 camps  ( 9 at the East Sudan, 9 at White Nile State, 2 at East Darfur State and 1 at the Central Darfur State ) . Sudan continues to generously host and receive additional asylum seekers.
While no population of concern profile in Sudan is formally identified as stateless, some South Sudanese refugees and individuals born of mixed marriages face significant risk of statelessness, with children born to a Sudanese mother and a non Sudanese father particularly vulnerable.
Spontaneous refugee returnees are arriving to locations where communal facilities are either non existent or inadequate to cater for both host communities and returning populations.
A Tripartite Agreement on the voluntary repatriation of Sudanese refugees living in Chad  ( i.e. refugee returnees )  was signed in May 2017.
Considerable spontaneous returns of Sudanese refugees from Chad were reported in North and Central Darfur during the last quarter of 2015 and throughout 2016. Several Inter Agency Joint Assessment missions conducted to the locations where Sudanese refugees have spontaneously returned have estimated that approximately 164,000 individuals have returned. Among these, 22,675 are verified with refugee documentation from Chad.
There are an estimated 300,000 Sudanese refugees who have been living in eleven camps in Eastern Chad for the past 15 years.
An Operations Plan detailing the practical mechanics of facilitated return movements was developed, and the voluntary repatriation of Chadian refugees from Darfur began in late 2017. Over 4,800 Chadians returned in the first half of 2018, with an additional 1,000 anticipated to return by the end of 2018.  [ Specified assessed location: Darfur ]
For Chadian refugees in Sudan, a Tripartite Agreement for the voluntary repatriation of some 8,000 Chadian refugees in Sudan was concluded on 31 May 2017 among the Governments of Sudan and Chad and UNHCR.
Approximately 88 per cent of all refugees in Sudan are women and children. This figure is greatly influenced by the demographics of South Sudanese refugees. Among the profiles registered in Eastern Sudan  ( nearly all Eritrean refugees ) , 73 per cent of the population are women and children, while in Khartoum the proportion is about 63 per cent for all profiles combined.
In Darfur, fighting continues predominantly in the Jebel Mara area, which has resulted in some civilian displacements, mostly women and children. This has also slowed the return of IDPs to their areas of origin.  [ Specified assessed location: Darfur, Jebel Marra ] . While access has improved in some areas, others areas with active conflict remain inaccessible, including the ‘Two Areas' in South Kordofan and Blue Nile States.
Approximately 80 per cent of South Sudanese refugees live outside of the 11 established camps  ( in White Nile and East Darfur States ) , mostly in rural settlements but also in urban settings, with large concentrations in Khartoum. South Sudanese refugees were formally recognized by the Government of Sudan as refugees in August 2016.
This includes: nearly 773,000 South Sudanese refugees  ( comprised of an estimated 352,000 South Sudanese people who remained in Sudan after the secession of South Sudan in 2011, and those who fled to Sudan after the start of the South Sudan conflict in December 2013 ) ; 113,144 Eritrean refugees; 13,477 Ethiopian refugees; 11,679 Syrian refugees; 7,463 Chadian refugees; 2,283 Central African Republican  ( CAR )  refugees; and 2,562 Yemeni refugees. Additionally, there are 1,487 urban refugees in Khartoum from 12 other countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo  ( DRC )  and Somalia.
According to the World Food Programme  ( WFP ) , the price of sorghum  ( Sudan's main staple )  increased by 47 per cent across Sudan from the last week in December 2017 to the end of January 2018.
Sudan also applies the Arab/Islamic notions of asylum with respect to some refugee nationalities. Currently this is applied to Syrian, Yemeni, Iraqi and Palestinian nationals. Refugees of these nationalities are allowed to enter and remain in the country and are notionally treated as nationals in terms of freedom of movement, choice of residence and access to social amenities, including health and education.
UNHCR supports the Government of Sudan to fulfill its obligations under international and regional treaties on asylum, and other national laws that impact the protection and wellbeing of persons of concern in Sudan
CAR refugees in Dimsu, El Radom and Um Dafoug have agricultural skills that are willing to use but language barriers make it difficult for them to access local job markets and agricultural extension opportunities live through land/crop sharing with host communities.
In addition, due to increased food commodity prices, many poor and vulnerable households have reduced capacity to purchase from markets and shops. Restricted internal and cross border trading due to the COVID 19 containment measures have also hampered the food supply system and affected food availability.
The majority of remaining households in the camp lack sufficient shelter coverage, relying on old or broken materials.
While CMAM  ( Community based Management of Acute Malnutrition )  programming is in place, funding gaps and lack of staffing undermine coverage of routine MUAC  [ Mid upper arm circumference ]  screenings, nutrition outreach and IYCF  ( Infant and young child feeding )  activities.
A lack of livelihoods undermines refugees' capacity to purchase food on local markets.
There is a shortage of medicines and pressure on the health services in the camp clinic, which is also accessed by host communities and nomads. Refugees face challenges access travel permits to access health care outside of the camp.
While Azum locality where the camp is located is in ‘crisis' phase acute food insecurity  ( Level 3 )  according to IPC data from August 2019. food assistance eligibility is limited to persons with specific needs and assessed vulnerability.
There are 3,065 Chadian refugees living in Um Shalaya camp in Azum locality, with at least 2,500 waiting to return.
Since the outbreak of violence in Chad in 2005 2007, Central Darfur State has hosted some 9,000 Chadian refugees.
Refugees access primary health services through public health facilities, where language barriers and fee coverage remain challenging.
While SENS  [ Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey ]  data is not available, initial MUAC  [ Mid upper arm circumference ]  screenings of new arrivals in Um Dafoug and Um Dukhun indicate prevalence of moderate acute malnutrition  ( MAM )  and at risk children.
Individual case management systems gaps for child protection, family poverty and lack of livelihoods results in high rates of child labour and of out of school refugee children across all settlement locations.
Over 90 per cent of CAR refugee children are out of school due to lack of schools in areas where they have settled and families' inability for families to pay for school fees.
According to the 2018 UNHCR Participatory Assessment, language barriers are a key concern to access health services, education and livelihood opportunities, as most newly arrived CAR refugees do not speak Arabic.
CAR refugees are among the most vulnerable refugee populations in Sudan and face unique protection concerns due to their relative isolation, language barriers and limited capacity to integrate with host communities
There are also an additional 6,000 CAR refugees living in settlements in El Radom and Dimsu localities, who have arrived since 2016, and another 1,500 living in Nyala who arrived in 2014. CAR refugees in Darfur are living in extremely remote and underserved parts of both States.
Mixed migration and counter trafficking response is coordinated through the State Committee on Counter trafficking  ( CCT )  in Kassala, chaired by Kassala Ministry of Social Welfare and supported by UNHCR, and the East Sudan Mixed Migration Working Group led by UNHCR and with active participation by IOM  [ International Organization for Migration ] , BMM/GIZ  [ Better Migration Management/ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ] , DRC/SRC  [ Danish Refugee Council ] , UNDP  [ United Nations Development Programme ] , UNICEF, UNFPA  [ United Nations Population Fund ]  and UNICEF.
Renewed inter tribal violence in areas of Birao locality in north eastern CAR continue to force people to flee their homes and seek safety in Darfur, Sudan.
Refugee response coordination in East Sudan is done through monthly inter agency meetings, including the Kassala Protection Working Group, chaired by UNHCR and with active participation from UN agencies present in the East, including WFP, WHO, FAO  [ Food and Agriculture Organization ] , UNICEF, UNFPA  [ UN Populations Fund ] , as well as INGOS and NGOs delivering camp based response. UNHCR also coordinates Child Protection and SGBV sub groups focused on refugee issues and host communities in the area, where implementing and operational partners meet as needed to discuss ongoing projects or emerging needs. UNHCR also leads the Field Coordination Group with local authorities and partners to coordinate the response at the camp and reception centre level.
Refugees in camps are heavily reliant on biomass energy in form of firewood, charcoal and plant residues.
Just 44 per cent of households in Abuda, Um Gargour and Fau 5 camps report that their monthly food rations or cash/voucher amounts cover food needs for a full 30 days, while less than 3 per cent of households in Kilo 26, Girba, Wad Sharifie and Shagarab camps have enough food for the 30 day period.
Camp clinics are in urgent need of rehabilitation and operational support, including supplies, staffing and capacity building to ensure sufficient coverage of qualified staff. Refugees living in Kassala Town are often charged higher fees for accessing primary health services and medicines through public health facilities because of their refugee status.
The most vulnerable refugees in need are children under 5 years of age due to high malnutrition rates and lack of vaccine coverage, pregnant women and girls due to reproductive health service gaps, chronically ill persons and elderly people.
In addition, there is a low coverage of mosquito nets across all camps, which exposes refugees to mosquito borne diseases.
The SENS  [ Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey ]  also indicate high rates of anaemia  ( >40 per cent )  among children  ( 6 59 months )  and women  ( aged 15 49 years ) . The average rate of diarrhea amongst children aged 6 59 months is 10.9 to 12 per cent across all camps, while enrolment coverage for children in malnutrition treatment programmes is below 90 per cent.
2019 SENS  ( Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey )  data indicates ‘serious' GAM  ( Global Acute Malnutrition )  rates of 13.3 per cent across the Shagarab camps, and over 11 per cent for all other camps. Stunting prevalence is ‘critical' in Shagarab camps at 53.1 per cent, as well as for Abuda, Um Gargour and Fau 5 at 45.3 per cent.
Refugee girls are in most need of support as they have higher drop out rate than boys, which is likely linked to early marriages and domestic support at home, among other causes.
The majority of schools in refugee camps are in urgent need of rehabilitation to accommodate refugee students and support quality education access
Child protection is of particular concern in East Sudan, where there are over 1,000 UASC  ( Unaccompanied and separated children )  among new arrivals to the camps. All UASC  ( Unaccompanied and separated children )  are in need of appropriate alternative care arrangements, targeted assistance, facilitated access to basic services and family reunification and resettlement support, where possible.
In Kassala Town, refugees report harassment from host communities and local authorities, and their restricted movement outside of refugee camps
New arrivals to camps in Kassala and Gedaref are ongoing, 8,514 new arrivals in 2019 so far  ( as of 30 November ) . The majority of new arrivals are from Eritrea.
Asylum seekers are received and assisted by COR  [ Sudanese Commissioner of Refugees ]  at the Sudanese border where they are temporarily housed in reception centres before being transferred to the Shagarab camps where they undergo health and nutrition screening, registration and are able to initiate Refugee Status Determination  ( RSD )  procedures.
Broader medical supply and personnel shortages across Khartoum are also affecting health facilities frequented by refugees.
There are some 40,000 refugee children living in Khartoum who are in need education assistance of some kind, including nearly 30,000 basic school aged children and over 10,000 secondary school aged children, and 50 per cent are girls
Recorded new arrivals to Khartoum are low due to movement limitation to Khartoum for refugees arriving in the East and other parts of Sudan. In 2019, only 230 new arrivals were registered by 30 November, and the majority of these are adult men from Syria and Yemen arriving by plane.
The September 2016 UNHCR COR  [ Sudanese Commissioner of Refugees ]  MOU  [ Memorandum of Understanding ]  outlines COR's role in coordinating the South Sudanese refugee response on behalf of the Government. Coordination with the authorities continues to take place at federal and state levels, with extensive support from COR. Government line ministries also engage in sector level coordination mechanisms at the national and state levels.
More than 45 UN, NGO and government partners support the South Sudanese refugee response within the RCF  [ Refugee Consultation Forum ]  at the national technical and field levels. Refugee Working Groups  ( RWGs )  have been established in all states hosting South Sudanese refugees to facilitate state level inter agency coordination and preparedness, including in Khartoum to support coordination of the multi sectoral South Sudanese refugee response in Khartoum's ‘Open Areas'.
In Khartoum's ‘Open Areas', successive distributions of NFIs in 2018 and 2019 to refugees and host communities has addressed some NFI gaps; however, restrictions on shelter provision there means most refugees are living without adequate shelter
According to WFP, over 90 per cent of refugees are cannot afford the local food basket
The SENS  ( Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey )  also indicate high rates of anemia  ( >40 per cent )  among children and women  ( aged 15 49 years ) , as well as low antenatal service and measles immunization coverage for refugees in both States
While water supply quantities average 15 litres per person per day across the response, some areas remain well below response standards with just 7 litres per person per day
Just 69 per cent of school aged children are enrolled in school, and retention rates are low
Despite the lower arrival rates in 2019, the capacity of inter agency partners to respond continues to be stretched, exacerbated by a critical funding gap as well as Sudan's ongoing economic crisis. The South Sudanese refugee population in Sudan have an exceptionally heightened vulnerability, with women and children comprising 82 per cent of the population.
Over 25,000 refugees are estimated to have returned to South Sudan from 1 June – 31 July. A July 2019 survey of returnees to Bentiu  ( South Sudan )  showed that 75 per cent cited “insecurity in Sudan' as a reason for their return.
Many refugee communities targeted under the Plan  [ Refugee Response Plan ]  have lived in these areas for decades, and have demonstrated considerable resilience in a context of significant protection and humanitarian assistance gaps over many years.
In Khartoum, at least 58,000 South Sudanese refugees continue to live in dire humanitarian conditions, despite renewed access for partners granted by the Government of Sudan in December 2017. These needs are compounded by underfunding of the inter agency response plan. Urgent needs persist across all sectors, including health, nutrition, education and WASH
In East Darfur, after a year of negotiations, additional land has been secured for Kario camp, while for Al Nimir camp negotiations with private landowners and host communities are still ongoing.
Many out of camp settlements are in remote and underdeveloped areas, where resources, infrastructure and basic services are extremely limited. In some out of camp areas of East Darfur, South Kordofan and West Kordofan, insecurity and geographic isolation can pose challenges to regular access by response partners.
New arrivals are granted refugee status, as per the Memorandum of Understanding  ( MOU )  signed between UNHCR and the Government of Sudan's Commission for Refugees  ( COR )  in September 2016.
Approximately 76 per cent of the current South Sudanese refugee population are living outside of official camps, alongside host communities in more than 100 out of camp settlements in South Kordofan, West Kordofan, East Darfur, South Darfur and North Darfur. These include large collective self settlements where thousands of refugees live in camp like settlements adjacent to reception centres, as well as smaller dispersed self settlements where refugees live in a more integrated manner with the host community
The Government of Sudan has maintained an open border policy, allowing safe and unrestricted access to its territory for those fleeing conflict and conflict related food insecurity in South Sudan.
Many new arrivals have arrived from parts of South Sudan experiencing high rates of food insecurity and malnutrition.
As of 30 November 2019, the majority of refugees are women and children representing the 79 per cent of the total refugee population. Refugees arrive in poor health after traveling many days to reach Sudan, often by foot, and are in urgent need of protection, nutrition, shelter and health support.
Sudan shares a 2,000 km border with South Sudan, and refugees from South Sudan cross into White Nile, South Kordofan, West Kordofan, East Darfur and South Darfur states through at least 14 different entry points.
An estimated 15 per cent of refugees  ( nearly 136,000 individuals )  targeted for assistance in Sudan are living with disabilities.
Sudan has embarked upon a new structural adjustment programme in December 2017 which has led to rapid destabilization of the economy, including inflation of the Sudanese Pound  ( SDG ) , fuel shortages and import restrictions that have slowed the delivery of goods and services, as well as movements to and from the field.