nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
[ 3rd August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Host: A very important reason for the increased run off of water in the camp areas and adjacent host communities is the reduced water retention capacity of the soils in the catchment areas of the rivers and streams due to the forest degradation. Backwater in coastal rivers due to a combination of high tide and intense rainfall.
[ 3rd August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Short Term Response  Increasing the monitoring capacity in selected watershed areas, e.g. by installation of measuring stakes  Existing flood and landslide hazard maps should be shared with implementing partners to increase their planning and implementation capacity/quality  Using drone and satellite images  ( if available )  to illustrate the problem and compare it with previous disaster events. Mapping of flooded shelters and communal infrastructures which could guide future planning exercises  ( and relocations )   Assessment of the existing early warning system for heavy rains and flooding
[ 3rd August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Long Term Response  More plantations in the upstream catchment areas and in the camp area to increase the water retention capacity of the soils  Planting of soil cover plants  ( e.g. grasses, bamboo, trees and shrubs )  on slope areas and river banks for soil stabilization reasons to reduce soil erosion  ( and thus blocking of streams )  and land slides  Construction of more water reservoirs which could serve as consecutive flood control retention basins in the upstream catchment area  ( water regulatory structures )   Construction of more silt traps in the upstream catchment area of the rivers to reduce silting and thus the risk of inundations due to blocking of streams
[ 28th July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Up to 700 mm of accumulated rainfall is forecasted from 27 July to 2 August in the camp areas, with rainfall not expected to subside until 30 July. Flooding may increase further where the ground has become saturated, and as flood plains become full and spill over into areas that typically do not flood. 10 e voucher outlets reported impact  ( i.e., leaking roof, flooding, blocked drainage, road access, cracks on floor )
[ 11th August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Monsoon recovery efforts in the camps continue to be hampered by ongoing restrictions to staff entering the camps. The reconstruction of access roads and community facilities is urgently needed to ensure refugees, particularly the vulnerable including women and girls and persons with disabilities, are safe and can be reached through response efforts. Slope stabilization is urgently needed to prevent future water logging and slope failures.
[ 11th August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Over 4,540 latrines, 1,547 bathing cubicles, 769 tube wells and 201 tap stands have been damaged or contaminated due to monsoon related incidents across the camps.
[ 1st August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: More non food items including clothing, sanitary products for men women and children, and toys for children is needed. Specialized protection interventions and presence in the camps to support child protection, GBV prevention and response, and general protection are needed to ensure appropriate support for extremely vulnerable refugees such as children, persons with disabilities, female headed households, and pregnant and lactating women.
[ 11th August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]   Sustained efforts must continue in the camps and host communities to mitigate health risks related to the monsoons such as the spread of water borne diseases and dengue, as well as curb the spread of COVID 19.
[ July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The inclement monsoonal weather resulted in a total of 22 deaths in July, a 70% increase from June. Deaths include 16 Bangladesh males, two Bangladeshi females, and four Rohingya females.
[ 1st August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Damaged/difficult to access/contaminated facilities in the camps include 10 e voucher outlets, 11 water networks, 2,700 latrines, 950 bathing cubicles, 600 tube wells, 100 tap stands, 22 faecal sludge management sites, one surface water treatment plant, five nutrition facilities, 406 learning facilities, a women's market and multipurpose women's centres across the camps. n the host communities, 3,834 latrines, 20 bathing cubicles, and 1,500 tube wells were reported as damaged/contaminated.
[ 29 July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Four health facilities impacted by the rains remained closed, and there are reports of fully/partially damaged facilities across the camps as well as facilities difficult to access/contaminated due to floods and poor road access including 10 e voucher outlets, 11 water networks, 1,300 latrines, 414 bathing cubicles, 425 tube wells, 84 tap stands, 14 faecal sludge management sites, 5 nutrition facilities, 342 learning facilities, the women's market and multipurpose women's centres across the camps. Mapping of damaged facilities is ongoing and numbers of affected facilities is expected to increase.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The research findings are aligned with the Women Deliver research  ( January 2021 )  that explored the link between climate change and sexual and reproductive health and rights. This research found that girls and women living with disabilities also experience compounded impacts of climate change, as they face stigma, discrimination, and environmental barriers that limit their access to education, employment, healthcare, food security and other important services including emergency response and disaster preparedness support. Community leaders reported during KIIs that access to any kind of services post disaster is difficult for disabled girls and boys, as they are dependent on others and require constant support.
[ 23 June 2021, Bangladesh ]  Bangladesh is a low lying country in South Asia, sharing its borders with India and Myanmar. Located next to the Bay of Bengal, its river systems drain excess monsoonal rainfall into the bayand this location renders the region among the most fertile globally  ( UNDRR, 2020 ) . The country experiences frequent impacts of cyclones, flooding, including flash flooding, storms and periodic droughts depending on the season. Other hazards include earthquakes, landslides, lightning strikes, possible tsunamis, epidemics and ongoing riverbank erosion which contributes to the high flood risks and increasing vulnerabilities across the settlements in the coast's vicinity and river catchments  ( Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, 2010 ) .
[ 23 June 2021, Bangladesh ]  Climate change is likely to contribute to the increased frequency and impacts of hydro meteorological hazards, and Bangladesh is considered among the most vulnerable countries to such adverse effects  ( Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2018 ) . For example, it is expected that Bangladesh will be four per cent wetter by 2050  ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2018 ) , which could lead to worsened impacts of flooding and storms, and increase the prevalence of vector borne diseases. Sea level rise could also further disrupt the ecological systems, credibly threaten food security and the availability of fresh water. This is a significant issue given that Bangladesh gets over 90 per cent of its water beyond its geographical boundaries, which requires the country to cooperate on upstreamdownstream linkages to guarantee equity in water distribution  ( Scott, et al., 2019 ) .
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  In Bangladesh, the majority of research participants from teachers, boys and girls  ( both in and out of schools )  and members from the gender working group shared that parents do not consider their girl child to be an independent individual. Parents in the community still believe that the girl child needs to assist their mother with household work  ( unpaid work )  such as taking care of younger siblings and they believe that the girls cannot get a good job. They believe that the boy child can take care of the cow for grazing, and boys can engage in different income earning activities at an early age to benefit the family. Boys are given more priority at home and in the community and their decisions are valued more than girls as girls are viewed as weak.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Impact on drop out rate: Girls in Nepal and Bangladesh face the highest levels of child marriage and adolescent childbearing in the South Asia region. The association between educational attainment, particularly secondary school completion and child marriage is evident in both Bangladesh and Nepal. Girls who married after the age of 18 in both countries had remarkably higher secondary completion rates. In contrast, high levels of school drop outs after primary school has been observed among women aged 20–24 who married before the age of 18, in both settings: 35 per cent of Nepalese women and 49 per cent of Bangladeshi women who had married before the age of 18 did not complete secondary schooling, compared to only 13 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively, who did  ( UNICEF South Asia, 2019 ) .
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  In both countries, the majority of respondents from FGDs and KIIs confirmed that long travel times and an unsafe commute to school are among the reasons children are missing school. Children from poor families tend to live in risky areas some distance from school. The need to spend long hours doing household chores coupled with long travel time to school makes children, especially girls, miss school. Distance is one of the determining factors for the discontinuation of school. Long travel distance to school and associated risk  ( teasing, bullying and other abuse )  in between home and school sometimes raises high concerns about girls' physical safety.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Impact on participation in extra curricular activities: In Bangladesh, teachers encourage both boys and girls to participate in these group activities equally and provide support to ensure they receive adequate life skills training. From FGDs with school boys and girls, it was found that student boys and girls who are members of these groups do not face objections from families to participate in these activities. However, the majority of respondents from the girl drop out FGD group shared that while they expressed to their parents they wanted to study and participate in the extra curricular activities their request was denied. Instead, now mothers teach them household chores and the family is waiting to find a suitable husband for them.
[ 27th July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: In the refugee camps in Cox's Bazar, as of 30 June, 1,775 positive cases and 20 deaths had been recorded since March 2020. Worryingly, over 1,200 of these cases were recorded in May and June alone.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene  ( WASH ) : During FGDs with girls  ( in school )  at Indrogarh High School it was identified that girls face problems going to the bathroom, and in accessing food and clean water during disaster situations. Lack of clean water increases risk of illness, and water borne disease. As a result, it is often seen that girls are more likely to fall sick after a disaster than boys. During disasters, girls are under more pressure to work which causes both mental and physical stress for them. This results in girls and women in this community falling severely ill after disasters. Further, boys can go outside to meet their toilet needs anywhere, but girls can't. Girls face problems especially when they are menstruating and they need to maintain their personal hygiene. Taboos around menstruation make personal hygiene in disaster and flood contexts even more challenging, and increases the risk of infections and illness due to poor menstrual hygiene practices  ( UNICEF 2008 ) .
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The research team found that SBDRM activities were normally conducted on Thursdays, and other days after school hours with permission from teachers. In school, teachers would encourage boys and girls to participate in the SBDRM activities equally, therefore if the boys and girls were present in school they had equal opportunity to participate in these activities. However, if the SBDRM activities were implemented late after the school hours, parents would not always allow their children, especially girls to participate in the SBDRM activities, due to the distance of the school from their home. They were particularly concerned about the difficulties for the girl child to return home alone.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The overall mindset of this society has a significant impact on gender inequality. Children identify their parents as the main actors shaping these gender barriers. Neighbours, especially elderly persons who believe in old norms which considers the contribution of girls to be less significant, influence the decisions of others that limit and restricts equity in girl's participation and opportunity. From this research location in Bangladesh, it was identified that girls who have dropped out of school think the marriage registrar  ( Kaji23 ) , birth certificate provider, and Union Chairman are also to be blamed for child marriages as the marriage registrar does not check whether the birth certificate is true or false and they register those marriages which were done secretly with girls under 18 years old.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Findings from both countries indicate that the boys and girls themselves, parents, family members, neighbours, religious and social/political leaders, community people and local authorities including teachers and school head teachers play important roles in reducing/removing societal factors that shape gender barriers and are key to promoting gender equality for girls in the research communities. True engagement of a range of stakeholders in all programmes, and understanding of, and support for gender transformative programming is crucial to reduce gender barriers and in promoting girl's participation and leadership in gender responsive DRM. The role of local governments in both countries is crucial to ensure gender responsive DRM considering the authority and power of these local entities
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Recommendations: . Advocate for a gender transformative CSS Framework globally, and work alongside relevant actors to update the current framework  Identify allied agencies from among the UN agencies and INGOs, including in the Asia Pacific region, to get commitment for a common goal to leverage the global CSS Framework to be gender transformative and updated accordingly.  Together with allied agencies develop a clear action plan to update and leverage the global CSS Framework to be a gender transformative framework.  Develop an evidence brief from this research to use as an entry point to advocate with the Asia Pacific Coalition on School Safety  ( APCSS )  and the Global Alliance on Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience Education  ( GADRRES )  members for further action to update the global CSS Framework.  Use the guidelines on Gender Transformative Implementation of Safe Schools Programming of Plan International Asia Regional Hub as a guidance document to update the global CSS Framework.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Design and conduct an awareness raising program on gender norms and stereotypes and how these deepen the impact of disasters and climate crisis on marginalised groups, especially girls  Conduct campaigns against discrimination, bullying, CEFM, child labour, domestic and gender based violence through mobilizing media  ( radio, television, and other social media platforms )  and community programs such as street drama.  Conduct awareness raising programs to reduce gender inequalities induced by disasters by  ( i )  better understanding the differential impact, underpinned by gender inequality, informed by data  ( gender, class, age, marital status, caste/ethnicity, and profession ) ,  ( ii )  making proactive efforts to amplify the voices of marginalised populations, and  ( iii )  building trust, and engaging with, and listening to the experiences of those most at risk.  Conduct community level awareness campaigns through a whole of community approach, with attention to parents of school aged children, to create dialogue and awareness about the impacts of gender norms and stereotypes, and promote the commitment to, and investment in girls ‘education.  Organize awareness programs with parents, religious leaders, and local authorities including teachers, on gender norms and stereotypes and how these deepen the impact of disasters and climate crisis on children especially girls, toward working together to remove gender barriers and support girls to build disaster resilience communities and schools.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Work with sub national level authorities to make children's commute safe  Addressing the safety issues of adolescent girls during their commute from home to school in relevant sub national plans.  Make children's route to school safe by managing culverts, maintaining bridges, and improving trail roads, cutting old trees and branches at the edge of roads, managing electric lines, prohibiting cattle grazing on the road, and other relevant needed support to make children's school commute safe.  Conduct campaigns to eliminate the culture of violence and sexual harassment through  ( i )  mobilization of children's clubs, youth clubs and networks,  ( ii )  building linkages among SMCs/PTAs, local police cells and women/children's desk of the local government authorities, and  ( iii )  managing help lines and toll free numbers.
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Build capacity of sub national level authorities, SMCs and child clubs/student taskforces on gender transformative DRM, CCA, CSS framework  Cooperate with the gender transformative DRM, CCA, CSS experts to conduct capacity needs assessments with the responsible departments at the sub national level on the gender transformative DRM, CCA, CSS.  Cooperate with the gender transformative DRM, CCA, CSS experts to develop and implement capacity building plans to strengthen the capacity of the responsible departments at the sub national level on gender transformative DRM, CCA, CSS.  Build the capacity of SMCs and child clubs/student taskforces so that they are capable of handling the roles and responsibilities as envisioned under the gender transformative CSS framework
[ 23 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Promote knowledge management, and build capacity of national governments for ensuring the continuity of adolescent girls' education by assuring their contribution to, and participation in the DRM, CCA and CSS program interventions and activities.  Develop educational and campaign materials to raise public awareness around harmful gender norms and stereotypes that deepen the impact of disasters and climate crisis on children, especially girls.  Continue to develop and roll out training manuals/tools/guidelines on gender transformative DRM, CCA and CSS that build capacity of government responsible stakeholders at all levels.  Facilitate learning and sharing of best practices and lessons learnt on gender transformative DRM, CCA and CSS as platforms for leadership for girls, with opportunity to share their experiences in DRM, CCA and CSS initiatives.  Work in collaboration with NGOs and UN agencies to remove gender barriers that deny girls  ( especially marginalised girls )  from accessing schooling and participating in school based disaster risk management activities.
[ 14th July 2021, Bangladesh ]  The students of Dhaka University  ( DU )  have been asked to complete the registration process for inoculation against Covid 19 by July 17. The students, who have NID card but cannot do registration for vaccines, have been asked to register through the designated web portal https://ssl.du.ac.bd/studentlogin using their institutional e mail IDs, said a press release on Wednesday. The students would have to register online within the mentioned timeframe in order to prepare an urgent list of students to be vaccinated. The list of the students will be sent to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare through the University Grants Commission  ( UGC )  for approval. After being approved, a notification will be published on the university website and the students will be able to register via “Surokkha' and get vaccinated, added the release.
[ 21 ,May 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  While among children without disabilities, the proportion of girls, in particular among older children, reportedly not having been enrolled was higher than that of boys, among children with disabilities, the opposite was true. Overall, only 59% of boys with disabilities aged 5 to 14 were reported as having been enrolled in TLCs, compared to 82% of girls with disabilities of the same age group. Similarly, the proportions of children reportedly not having completed any education were higher among children with disabilities than children without disabilities, in particular among younger age groups, and among boys with disabilities compared to girls with disabilities.
[ 27th July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: While Rohingya refugees are included in the national vaccination plan, their vaccination remains on hold, pending the arrival of vaccines to Bangladesh. As of the date of publication of this document, the Government of Bangladesh has approved the provision of vaccines for the first cohort of refugees, those aged 55+  ( some 47,240 refugees ) , to be rolled out in August in the camps in Cox's Bazar.
[ 3rd August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Both Host and Refugees: On 27 July, heavy monsoon rainfall started in Cox's Bazar leading to flash flooding, waterlogging and landslides across the refugee camp areas. As a result of the rains, almost 13,000 refugees  ( 2,740 households )  required assistance that day based on data from ISCG, as well as 150 members of the host community.
[ 29thJuly, Cox's Bazar ]  Road access blockages from landslides and flooding plus limitations on humanitarian staff entering the camps due to nationwide COVID 19 restriction measures have impacted aid agencies assessments, repair work of damaged infrastructure, and overall response.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ] Refugee: Currently, there are approximately 877,000 displaced Rohingya residing in camps in the Ukhiya and Teknaf Upazilas of Cox's Bazar District  ( UNHCR, 2021 ) . More than half of the refugees in the camp are children  ( Vince, 2020 ) . There are thirty four camps formally designated by the government of Bangladesh, including the two officially recognised camps, Kutupalong and Nayapara, as well as several camps supported by agencies such as the International Organis ation for Migration  ( IOM )  and the UN Refugee Agency  ( UNHCR )   ( UNHCR, 2020; Banerjee, 2019; Milton et al, 2017 ) . Along with existing challenges in addressing access to health services, food shortages and education needs  ( Pocock et al, 2017 ) , the risks posed by waterrelated hazards for those living in the camps are high. Cox's Bazar is a district that is prone to floods, storm surges and the seasonal monsoon impact, whilst the refugee camps and their surrounding areas are highly susceptible to flash flooding and rainfall triggered landslides  ( Banerjee, 2019; Ahmed, 2015 ) .
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Findings: In total, twenty child drowning fatalities were recorded in 2019 and 2020. Nine of these deaths occurred in 2019, whilst eleven took place in 2020. The ages of the victims ranged from 2 to 17 years old. Among the overall drowning fatalities, there were six  ( 30% )  fatalities to children 1 4, six  ( 30% )  fatalities to children 5 9, five fatalities  ( 25% )  to children 10 14, and one  ( 5% )  to children 15 17.  ( Figure 2 ) . It is important to note that for two  ( 10% )  of the fatalities, key informants did not provide specific ages of the victims and were only able to confirm that they attended school. Fourteen  ( 70% )  of the victims were male and six  ( 30% )  were female  ( Figure 3 ) .
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Drowning deaths in the camps occurred year round, however, the majority  ( 80% )  of the fatalities occurred during the rainy monsoon season between June and October  ( Figure 4 ) . June and October individually were the months with the highest fatalities, with five being recorded in these months during the investigation period. Many of the fatalities occurred when the victims were alone or without adult supervision, and several key informants did not provide a specific time of day at which the drowning took place. However, from a combination of the time of the drownings when given and the narratives provided by the key informants, most fatalities took place during daylight hours, and the afternoon was the most common time for drownings to occur. This was especially found with school age children, whilst fatal drowning incidents among children under 5 were evenly spread among the morning  ( 33% ) , afternoon  ( 33% )  and evening  ( 33% ) . Three  ( 15% )  of the overall fatalities were specifically stated as occurring in the evening.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Bangladesh is a mainly pastoral low income country in which most homes are located close to bodies of water  ( Hossain et al, 2015; Peden et al, 2008 ) . Ponds, ditches, rivers, canals, and the ocean are used for daily household needs, agriculture, fishing, and transportation  ( Hossain et al, 2020 ) . In rural areas, villages are usually surrounded and intersected by rivers and canals, whilst almost all homes have ponds that serve as water sources for household water, bathing, cooking, and providing water for animals, as they typically lack piped water supplies  ( Ahmed et al, 1999 ) . Bangladesh is also highly disaster prone, being vulnerable to water related hazards including flooding, cyclones, extreme rainfall, and storm surges, which claim many lives every year as the capacity and resources to warn, evacuate or protect communities throughout the country are limited or in initial stages of development  ( Rahman et al, 2019; WHO; 2014; DDMB, 2013 ) .
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The fatal drowning cases that were investigated occurred in fifteen different camps in Cox's Bazar  ( Figure 6 ) . The camp with the highest number of fatalities was Camp 24, where four fatalities were recorded. All the fatalities that occurred in Camp 24 were children under 5 and involved a child being unsupervised as their parents were busy doing essential tasks and falling into ponds near their homes. Three of the fatalities in Camp 24 occurred in 2019, and one in 2020. A notable finding from the field accounts is that the family of the 2020 Camp 24 victim stated that prior to the incident they had asked the manager of the pond several times to build a fence around it, due to the drowning fatalities that occurred during the previous year. However, these requests were unanswered and the drowning risk for children in the vicinity of the pond remained high.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Social context: Half of the children died whilst with one or more friends of a similar age, whilst in nine  ( 45% )  cases of fatal drowning, the child was alone, and in an individual case of fatal drowning, the child was with an adult who was a relative. The social context in which the fatalities occurred varied between age groups. Amongst children under 5, the dominant theme was that the child was playing inside or around their family shelter. During this time, the victim's parents were undertaking essential household tasks such as preparing food, work, and prayer, which meant that the child was unsupervised and fell into nearby water bodies, or water sources inside their shelter.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Pre existing medical conditions: An important finding is that three of the fatalities in 2020 involved children that had epilepsy. Each of these victims were children over 5 years old. Two of these fatalities occurred as the victims had previously been playing with friends but had then gone alone to a pond described as far away. The remaining fatality to a child with epilepsy occurred as a school age child was playing with friends in a canal, and the key informants described of the victim ‘failing in the water suddenly and her friends got very frightened'. These cases suggest that the victims may have had epileptic seizures that led to their drowning. However, without medical confirmation of a seizure, this is an assumption.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugee: This study shows that children living in the refugee camps are exposed to multiple drowning risks. Many of the risk factors found within this study correspond with previous investigations undertaken in Bangladesh and other LMICs  ( WHO, 2014 ) . Firstly, fatal drowning among children in the camps was associated with males, with boys accounting for 70% of the fatalities investigated. This finding resembles existing research from Bangladesh, which has found fatal drowning to be strongly and significantly associated with males  ( Rahman et al, 2019 ) . Higher drowning rates among boys have consistently been associated with increased activities outside the home, young boys being allowed to move more freely outside the household than girls, a greater propensity for risk taking behaviour and a higher exposure to risky situations  ( Croft and Button, 2015; Peden et al, 2008: Argan et al, 2003 ) .
[ 27th July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Both Host and Refugees: Continuing lockdown measures have reduced the humanitarian footprint, and restricted activities in both the camps and surrounding host communities. Protection, including registration, gender based violence prevention and response and child protection, as well as site management activities are not considered “critical' under a directive from the Refugee Relief and Repatriation Commissioner  ( RRRC )  issued on 28 April. This has created gaps in in person services such as mediation, legal counselling and individual support to vulnerable women, children, elderly, and disabled persons which is normally conducted by trained protection actors.
[ 3rd August 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Ongoing rains are still impacting segments of the highway and major roads leading to the camps. Road access remains in flux with intermittent flooding and landslides. Up to 700 mm of accumulated rainfall was forecasted for the first seven days of the response with rainfall expected to subside by 30 July. However, intense rains returned on 1 August, exacerbating needs and requiring rapid WFP response. A new rainfall peak is expected in the next days  ( 154 mm in Ukhiya sub district on 4 August and 151 mm Teknaf sub district on 5 August ) . The monsoon is expected to subside within five days in both sub districts.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  In addition, children within this age group often have difficulties getting up upon falling, including into shallow water, because their centre of gravity is closer to their head  ( Zori and Schnaiderman, 2002 ) . These developmental and behavioural factors are especially important to consider in an environment with many unprotected, open water bodies like the camps. A further key influence is suggested to be a lack of adequate supervision. Inadequate supervision was an underlying factor in each of the fatalities to children under 5. In these cases, caregivers were undertaking essential activities that caused distractions from direct child supervision, which led to an increased risk of the child drowning  ( Borse et al, 2011 ) .
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The cases of drowning among older children in this study demonstrated an association with risky behaviour, such as the child swimming in water alone, children going into deeper water, children going into larger and more dangerous water bodies, and going into water bodies that they have been forbidden from going to. This association resembles prior research which identified risky behaviour around water as an important risk factor that makes older children and teenagers, particularly teenage boys, especially vulnerable to drowning  ( Carl et al, 2001 ) . Peden et al  ( 2008 )  have suggested that older children who are comfortable in water or who perceive themselves to be good swimmers tend to seek out water related activities, which might occur in more risky settings, such as in deeper water or at locations without appropriate supervision.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The increase in drowning incidents involving older children in 2020 may have been partly influenced by the COVID 19 situation and related measures. 2020 witnessed a substantial reduction in children attending schools and learning centres because of COVID 19 restrictions. On 16 March 2020, the Bangladesh government closed all schools, including the refugee camps' learning centres and community centres  ( Vince, 2020 ) . From this time onwards, 315,000 Rohingya refugee children and adolescents were unable to attend their learning centres  ( UNICEF, 2020a ) . Children will have had more unstructured free time and would have been searching for activities and entertainment. This may have increased the frequency of children playing and bathing in ponds, reservoirs, and canals, and consequently, heightened their exposure to drowning risks.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Previous studies have suggested that drowning prevention interventions for children under 5 should focus on supervision, the home environment, and awareness and knowledge levels of parents and caregivers  ( Linnan et al, 2012 ) . Therefore, for children under 5, environmental modifications such as fencing of water bodies, use of door barriers or playpens, enhanced supervision of children and the wearing of personal protective devices have been advocated for drowning prevention in LMICs  ( WHO, 2014; Peden at, 2008 ) . Constructing fences could be a key measure for limiting access to smaller water bodies in the camps, particularly ponds, for children under 5. The potential effectiveness of erecting fences around ponds in the camps was insinuated in the findings, as following efforts to fences numerous ponds in the camps  ( Figure 9 ) , a decrease in fatalities to children under 5 was recorded. Yet, further research is required to confirm this relationship and assess the effectiveness of the fences in the camps.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ] Refugee: Interventions to prevent access to smaller water sources including buckets is also required, as a water bucket was a location of drowning to a 2 year old child. Due to limitations in water accessibility in the camps, buckets are particularly important for the provision and storage of water. . Therefore, commonly advocated prevention measures such as promoting leaving buckets empty when not in use may not be applicable in the refugee camps where they are in constant use  ( Celis et al, 2017 ) . A more suitable measure may be to cover open buckets with a lid, as this has been proven to be an effective measure to prevent children from falling and drowning in buckets  ( Celis et al, 2017 ) .
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  For older children and adolescents, interventions should focus on the children themselves, as most drowning incidents to children within this age range are associated with increased independence, low supervision, and risk taking behaviours. Therefore, preventative strategies for older children and adolescents should focus on increasing a child's personal cognitive skills around water including better recognition of hazards, recognition of personal limits, and to the ability to resist peer pressure to take part in activities for which skills are lacking  ( Peden et al, 2008 ) . This can be realised through teaching children within this age group basic swimming, water safety and safe rescue skills. This is a key drowning prevention strategy advocated by WHO  ( 2014 ) , and its effectiveness is supported by studies of programmes conducted in Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Vietnam, and Grenada  ( Solomon et al, 2012; Rahman et al, 2012 ) .
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  In addition to intervention aimed at the different age groups of children, prevention strategies should also include measures targeted to the community in the refugee camps. This can include strengthening public awareness and highlighting the vulnerability of children  ( WHO, 2014 ) , and should incorporate parents and caregivers, as well as members of the wider community. Researchers in Bangladesh have previously suggested that increasing knowledge and awareness about childhood drowning is key measure that should be incorporated into drowning prevention programmes in the country  ( Hossain et al, 2015 ) , and this strategy should be extended to the refugee camps.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Therefore, increasing the skills and knowledge of safe water rescue and resuscitation techniques should also be a focus of community based awareness expansion and a key part of a drowning prevention programme designed for the camps. Enhancing the education of safe water rescue skills among the community is a measure currently being implemented in the refugee camps in Cox's Bazar through the ongoing Flood and Water Safety Training initiative, which is being supported by MOAS in coordination with the national Cyclone Preparedness Programme. Through the training, Rohingya refugees, as well as host community members are trained to function as first responders in the event of a water related emergency and are provided with a throw bag to undertake first response water rescues
[ 27th July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: As a result of the monsoon rains, 200 incidents were recorded in UNHCR managed camps. 171 incidences were caused by windstorms, four by floods, and 22 due to slope failure. The incidents affected a total of 10,496 households.
[ 27th July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Due to continuous rainfall, there has been significant improvement in water supply in Teknaf and most reservoirs are full. Due to the lockdown, progress of planned WASH activities is slow. The access restrictions in particular have slowed down the construction of new WASH facilities.
[ 27th July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: Community based child protection groups and volunteers continued COVID 19 awareness sessions along with other emergency monsoon preparedness sessions in the camps reaching 1,500 children and adolescent refugees with COVID 19 information and psychosocial social support; 15,000 flyers with COVID 19 prevention information were distributed to children and their families.
[ 1 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  RECONSTRUCTION & RECOVERY:TREES. Stump or prune highly and medium charred trees in precarious locations, particularly trees that pose a danger to shelters and residents. The stump should remain to allow root structure to reduce the rate of soil erosion and the risk of landslides. All tree removals should be done in consultation with the Bangladesh Forest Department and it would be advantageous if they can send foresters to mark tree to be cut and removed and distinguish them from those that may survive and advise on which trees to replant. Reforestation efforts should focus on the sites where trees have been removed, and should align with FAO's Restoration Guidelines for the Fire Affected Rohingya Camps  ( April 2021 ) .
[ 22 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  On 22 March 2021, a fire broke out in Camp 8W at around 15:00 and quickly spread to camps 8E and 9. The fire was contained in the early hours of 23 March. According to an Initial Rapid Joint Needs Assessment conducted by the Inter  Sector Coordination Group  ( ISCG ) , 48,300 individuals were directly affected and a further 92,000 individuals impacted.1 Infrastructure, including latrines, water points, shelters, health and education facilities, across the three camps were damaged, with Camp 9 sustaining the most damage. Overall, a total of 75 hectares of land was impacted by the fire, thus transforming the landscape.
[ 27 May 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  This preference, though it involves men, prevents the women and girls having to travel outside of their sub block to collect MHM kits. The third preference was for any distribution modality where women could receive these materials from other women humanitarian workers. Women and girls shared experiences where they felt awkward and uncomfortable when required to collect menstruation materials from male humanitarians or were required to listen to sensitization programs conducted by men or in front men. The women and girls tell stories of men providing inappropriate instructions when conducting sensitization sessions saying that the menstrual materials “were for women to ll their gaps' and “put it like a plaster/band aid on yourself.
[ 21 June 4July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  CLINICAL CASE MANAGEMENT: During the reporting period, 2 working group meetings along with 2 case conferences for SARI ITCs and 2 case conferences for ICU were conducted. As of 4 July 2021, there are 12 operational SARI ITCs in the camps with a total of 572 functional beds and 323 on stand by. The SARI ITC bed ocupancy is currently 60%. At the 250 Bed District Sadar Hospital, the Intensive Care Unit  ( ICU )  has 10 beds while the High Dependency Unit  ( HDU )  has 15 beds and the Severe Care Unit  ( SCU )  13 functional beds. As of 4 July 2021, 30 beds are occupied with COVID 19 positive patients.
[ 12 July 2021, Bangladesh ]  COVID 19 Vaccination update • Roll out Sinopharm  ( 12 July 2021 )  and Moderna  ( 13 July 2021 )  nationwide subject to completion of preparatory activities • Sinopharm at District and Upazila level – all districts & Upazila • Moderna at City Corporation level – 12 City Corporations • Seven vaccination centers are designated for delivery of Pfizer vaccine in Dhaka will be exclusively open for people who are going abroad as skilled workers especially in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. At this stage, the rest of the population will not be able to register and get vaccinated at these centers.
[ 5th July 2021, Bangladesh ]   ( iii )  For the Countries under Group C  ( all other Countries except Group  A & B )  Incoming/outgoing passengers are allowed to/from these countries. Incoming Passengers will have to complete 14  ( fourteen )  days strict home quarantine. However, if any COVID 19 symptoms are detected/observed on arrival, he/she shall be sent to Government Authorized Hospital for further checkup or depending on the nature/intensity of the symptoms, will be sent to isolation at government nominated facilities or Hotel at passenger's own expenses. Passengers originating from this group of countries can have transit via the countries of Group A and/or B, provided that they are kept confined within the transit airport under the close supervision of the airlines.
[ 27 May 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Participants did struggle to _x001f_nd trash bins in some of their locations where the pads could be disposed of. Unfortunately, some women and girls also mentioned that cleaners who empty the dustbins make fun of women when they see these materials in the bins – calling them “shameful' and “dishonourable' for throwing these things away in the open. In a few cases, women and girls did report disposing menstruation materials in large drainage canals or in latrines – though after washing and wrapping in plastic. Overall, women and girls reported that for them menstrual materials are a critical need and essential type of aid – many said they o_x001d_ered their thanks and prayers to those who provided MHM kits because it helped them maintain their hygiene and dignity.
[ 1 July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  When you come to the e voucher outlet, you will be asked to pre order the foods you would like while in the waiting area. o Your shopping list will be provided to staff who have pre packed foods according to bulk amounts  ( 1/5 kg, 1 kg, 5 kg, etc ) . You will still shop as normally but this will help reduce the amount of time you spend in the shop and reduce the spread of Coronavirus. You will still have a chance to check your foods and make sure you are receiving the correct items and fresh foods of your choice.
[ 18th July 2021, Bangladesh ]   Everything including the rooftop flowerpots, the drains outside the houses should be kept clean. The commode in the bathroom, buckets or anything else should not be left with water in them, especially if the house remains unoccupied for three days or more. As aedes mosquitoes mainly bite during the day he also suggested day time use of mosquito nets while sleeping. He said, if someone has a fever, they should be tested for dengue as well as coronavirus. And in case of treatment, the medicine must be taken on the advice of a registered doctor. If necessary, one could take treatment by contacting the hotline number of DGHS.
[ 1 July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Food Assistance Messages • If you are feeling ill, stay home and send your alternate to collect your food. To protect you and staff, you are required to wear a mask while at the e voucher outlet, wash your hands upon entrance, and maintain physical distance while shopping. Please note that you will not be allowed into the outlet if you are not wearing a mask. It is recommended to wear two masks.
[ 6 July 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Restrictions on overall activities and movement to prevent spreading of Corona virus: In consideration of current COVID 19 pandemic situation and in reference to the aforesaid memo, the undersigned is directed to inform you that all activities, facilities, movement, registration and services of GOs/NGOs/INGOs/UN agencies shall remain postponed in ‘Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals  ( FDMNs ) ' camp area from 07 July 2021, 06.00 am to 14 July 2021, midnight except the following: a )  Health and nutrition facilities and services. b )  Food carriage, distribution and related services. c )  LPG carriage, distribution and related services.
[ 5th July 2021, Bangladesh ]  Capacity Restrictions for Airlines: ;  ( 1 )  Outgoing flights from Dhaka: No capacity restriction for Narrow Bodied  ( Single Isle )  aircraft. Wide Bodied  ( Twin Isle )  aircraft shall carry a maximum of 280 passengers, except B777 and B747 aircraft shall be entitled to carry up to 350 passengers.  ( 11 )  Incoming flights to Dhaka: A maximum of 140 passengers in the Narrow Bodied  ( Single Isle )  aircraft and 200 passengers by the Wide Bodied  ( Twin Isle )  aircraft can be carried.  ( 111 )  Incoming and outgoing flights: In both the cases of Narrow Body or Wide Body aircraft, at least the last row of the economy class and one seat of business class  ( unless otherwise instructed )  cabin shall be kept vacant for any suspected COVID  19 positive passenger ( s ) . Moreover, all health directives including disinfection, social distancing etc. procedure at the airport or in the aircraft shall strictly to be complied following the other directives of CAAB.
[ 27 May 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  However, in some cases participants commented that some of the pads were too thick because they were made with the same fabric used in blankets and caused rashes on their thighs. In one group women had received pads “with buttons'  ( referring to hand made reusable fabric pads )  that they said lasted many months because they maintained their integrity and thickness after several washes. All participants wanted dark coloured pads, either red, black, or brown which hold their colour to prevent/hide blood stains. Participants also asked for more reusable pads to be given since they had challenges in drying the pads and noted that this is especially important for women and girls who experience heavier menstrual bleeding. Increasing the number of reusable pads distributed will likely decrease reliance on negative coping mechanisms such as having to use wet reusable pads.
[ 19th July 2021, Bangladesh ]  According to the financial website Investopedia, too much inflation is generally considered as bad for an economy, while too little inflation is also considered harmful. Many economists advocate for a middle ground of low to moderate inflation, of around 2% per year. The negative effects of higher inflation include an increase in holding money and uncertainty over future inflation, which may discourage investment and savings. If inflation is rapid enough, it can also cause shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding, being concerned that prices will increase further in the future. Also, higher inflation is also considered harmful to the stock market because it increases borrowing costs, and input costs such as materials, labour, and reduces standards of living. It reduces expectations of earnings growth, putting downward pressure on stock prices.