nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Across Borno, multi sectoral needs varied depending on geographical areas and population groups. An overall 72% of households were found to be experiencing extreme or severe multi sectoral humanitarian needs  ( MSNI severity score of 3 4 ) , including 57% facing severe needs and 15% extreme needs. This corresponds to close to 550,000 households estimated with severe or extreme severity of needs. Adding up estimates of household size for each population group, the 2019 Nigeria MSNA identified 3.13 million individuals with severe or extreme severity of needs in Borno State alone.
Compared to non displaced households, a higher proportion of IDP and returnee households were primarily deriving their severe or extreme severity of needs from an FSL LSG  ( 32% and 26% respectively vs. 14% for non displaced ) . IDP households were also the only population group in which some households derived severe of extreme severity of needs from a co occurrence of high impact from the crisis and an LSG in health, shelter or protection  ( 4% ) .
Needs can be broken down geographically into two categories in Borno – Southern Borno, more rural, where needs were primarily driven by WASH LSG, in particular lack of sanitation/hygiene basic services and water infrastructure, and the rest of the State where needs were more prone to be driven by FSL LSG and capacity gaps. When looking outside of Southern Borno, the most affected LGAs in Borno State were Bama, Konduga, Magumeri and Maiduguri Metropolitan Council  ( MMC ) , with respectively 81%, 78%, 76% and 75% of households with severe or extreme severity of needs.
Overall in Adamawa, 71% of households experienced severe or extreme severity of needs, making it the second most affected State covered in the MSNA. This corresponded to close to 430,000 households estimated with severe or extreme severity of needs. For 60% of them, this severe or extreme severity of needs was primarily driven by an LSG in WASH, for 15% by an FSL LSG and for 15% by an LSG in both sectors. Specifically, in Adamawa State, WASH needs were widespread due to a severe prevalence of reported use of unimproved water sources such as open wells, as well as surface waters; practice of open defecation for both children and adults; and lack of access to, or usage of, soap.
The situation of returnee households in Adamawa was of particular interest. Based on population figures, the returnee population of Adamawa State was mostly residing in Northern Adamawa LGAs, especially those bordering Borno State and still experiencing relatively frequent security incidents such as Madagali or Michika.12 In the case of returnees, WASH needs were less prevalent in driving severe and extreme multi sectoral needs, and capacity gaps, on the contrary, were more prevalent. This showed that, despite deep structural and underdevelopment needs across the State, there were still some geographical pockets affected by the ongoing conflict as well.
Overall in Yobe State, 63% of households were found to have severe or extreme humanitarian needs, the lowest proportion compared to the other two States. For 49% of those households, this severe or extreme severity of needs was primarily driven by an LSG in WASH, for 17% by an FSL LSG and for 14% by a combination of both. The remaining 20% households had needs driven by capacity gaps  ( 15% )  and a co occurrence in LSG in health and shelter  ( 5% ) . This needs profile was similar to that of households in Adamawa State, with some structural needs identified through WASH LSG, but in lower proportions.
Food access related indicators suggested that although cultivation activities were taking place in assessed H2R areas, many people were reportedly using coping strategies to deal with a lack of food, which implies that cultivation activities were not providing sufficient food. The situation in Dikwa and Gwoza LGAs appeared to be the most severe, as assessed settlements in these LGAs reported the lowest levels of subsistence farming  ( 38% and 57%, respectively, in September )  and the highest levels of most people eating one meal a day  ( both around 38% in September ) .
Whilst conflict related indicators remained high, a decreasing trend was observed in the proportion of assessed settlements reporting an incident in which at least one civilian was killed, with the highest proportion of incidents reported in Kala/Balge  ( 75% )  and Ngala  ( 77% )  in July  ( 31% in September in both LGAs )
Water, sanitation, and hygiene  ( WASH )  infrastructure was also reported to be limited. Assessed H2R settlements reported primarily using unimproved water sources and, except for in Bama where latrine usage was reported to be higher, around 20% or more of assessed settlements reported no one was using a latrine.
On most livelihood and consumption indicators, assessed settlements in Dikwa and Gwoza consistently reported the most concerning circumstances of all assessed LGAs in Borno. The reported reliance on food sources other than cultivation suggest that people have been unable to harvest sufficient food, perhaps due to the restrictions on who can farm, insufficient seeds and tools, and the looting of harvests.
Bama consistently had one of the highest proportions of assessed settlements reporting most people had access to any land for farming, although the FGD participants from Bama also reported restrictions forbidding farming by women. Reflective of the greater access to land, consistently 80% or more of assessed settlements in Bama reported cultivation was the main source of food.
Given the above indicators, it is surprising that, after Gwoza and Dikwa, Bama had the highest proportion of assessed settlements reporting most people eat only one meal a day. The number of meals people were reported to be eating remained fairly constant from July September, with an average of 14% of assessed settlements reporting most people ate one meal, 53% reporting two meals, and 17% reporting three meals. FGD participants shared that harvests in the assessed H2R areas were often stolen, potentially explaining the disconnect between farming activities and food access.
Ngala consistently had one of the lowest proportions of assessed settlements reporting most people had access to land  ( 15% in September ) , which FGD participants suggested was due to movement restrictions. Kala/Balge's responses varied, ranging from 25% of assessed settlements reporting most people had access to land in July to 65% reporting access in September. FGD participants from Kala/Balge cited movement restrictions as limiting their access to farmland, suggesting the variation in KII data may be due to changing restrictions. In Marte, about half or more than half of assessed settlements reported most people have access to land  ( 72% in July and 56% in September ) . FGD participants from Marte reported that access to the land was not restricted and that they were encouraged to engage in farming.
The proportion of assessed settlements reporting most people eat wild foods that were not part of their normal diet remained consistently high in Ngala  ( 92% in September )  and was also high in Kala/Balge  ( 100% in September ) , except for in June when only 64% of assessed settlements reported eating wild foods. Marte consistently had one of the smaller proportions of assessed settlements reporting people eating wild foods, however it was still always more than half  ( 75% in September ) .
FGD participants from Kala/Balge and Ngala reported people digging up ant holes to access the grains and eating grasses and leaves they would normally not eat. Similar to the other LGAs, the reports of eating wild food suggest that, although people were relying on cultivation as a main source of food, it was not enough and they ate wild food to supplement their diets.
The majority of assessed settlements across LGAs reported not having access to a functional market they could walk to from the H2R settlement. The only exception was in Kala/Balge in June, when only 29% of assessed settlements reported not having access to a market.
FGD participants reported that the lack of access to buy seeds, tools, and fertilizers reduced the amount of crops those in assessed H2R areas were able to cultivate. FGD participants from Dikwa and Gwoza also reported restrictions on who could access the markets. In Bama, Dikwa, Gwoza, and Marte, FGD participants reported accessing irregular markets, which provided materials that were not available in the settlements.
With regards to access to lights outside of the home at night, conditions in Bama were reportedly among the best throughout the reporting period  ( between 39% and 59% from July to September ) . In Dikwa and Gwoza, outside lights were reported to be extremely limited throughout the reporting period, with 0% and 15%, respectively, of assessed settlements reporting access in September. FGD participants from Gwoza reported that they were not allowed to use any source of light after dark.
Within the H2R settlements that reported the presence of IDPs, a positive or neutral relationship was consistently reported between the IDPs and local communities in Bama, Dikwa, and Gwoza, with no assessed settlement reporting a poor relationship during the reporting period.
Of the settlements that reported at least some host community members remaining, the most commonly reported shelter type in September for the host community was makeshift shelters in Bama and Gwoza  ( 64% and 90%, respectively ) , and tents in Dikwa and Kala Balge  ( 64% and 43% respectively ) . In contrast, in both Dikwa and Gwoza the majority of the host community were reportedly living in permanent structures in June  ( 61% and 90%, respectively ) .
Throughout the four month reporting period, the vast majority of assessed settlements reported not having access to a functional health facility within walking distance  ( 99% in September ) . The only exception was in Kala/Balge in June, when 43% of assessed settlements reported access to a health facility. Most assessed settlements  ( 99% in September )  also reported the absence of feeding programmes that provide nutrition supplements, which is of particular concern in light of high levels of reported food insecurity and high WASH needs. FGD participants reported that, in the absence of health care facilities, people were treating the sick with herbs and prayers.
Indicating limited access to clean water, about 60% or more of assessed settlements in Bama, Gwoza, Kala/ Balge, and Marte reported using unprotected wells as the main water source in September. In Ngala, 38% of the assessed settlements also reported using unprotected wells and 46% reported using a borehole. Dikwa's reported main water sources also varied, with some assessed settlements reporting using unprotected wells  ( 31% ) , protected wells  ( 26% ) , and rivers  ( 23% )  in September. Almost all assessed settlements reported that livestock were not using the same water source as people  ( 89% in September ) .
Access to water sources was reported to be limited due to safety concerns and seasonability. In line with reported protection concerns and movement restrictions, security concerns were reported to limit people's ability to access their preferred water point in Bama  ( 75% in September )  and Gwoza  ( 80% in September )  throughout the reporting period. In September, 78% of assessed settlements reported that their preferred water source was not available in both the wet and dry season, which may lead to people relying on less safe water sources as the dry season begins in late October.
Assessed settlements in Bama consistently reported the highest proportion of settlements where at least one person was using a latrine  ( 97% in September ) , followed by Dikwa and Gwoza where, consistently, more than 55% of assessed settlements reported this. In Kala/Balge and Ngala the proportion of assessed settlements reporting latrine usage by at least one person was lower, ranging from around 30% in July to 54% and 77%, respectively, in September.
Sources of information were reported to be limited in assessed H2R areas. Assessed settlements reported having no source of information in September in Bama  ( 66% )  and Kala/Balge  ( 65% ) . In Gwoza, most settlements reported receiving their information through in person communication  ( 98% in September ) . In Dikwa, Marte, and Ngala, about half of the assessed settlements reported having no source of information  ( 39% 56% in September )  and about half reported relying on in person communications  ( 38% 46% in September )
Most LGAs consistently reported that people had problems accessing the information they needed regarding humanitarian assistance  ( 86% in September ) . The exceptions were Dikwa and Ngala where 64% and 46%, respectively, reported not having trouble accessing information on humanitarian services. FGD participants reported that it would be very difficult for information on humanitarian services to reach H2R areas due to limited access to the settlements
The Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria is still ongoing and a significant upsurge in the number of cases has been observed in the first three weeks of 2020. Although Lassa fever is known to be endemic in Nigeria and the epidemic season is anticipated from December to June, the current increase in new confirmed cases and deaths should be monitored closely and responded to appropriately in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.
The overall case fatality ratio  ( CFR )  among the 163 confirmed cases was 14.7%, which is considerably lower compared to the CFR for the same period in 2019  ( 23.4% ) . Half  ( n=81 )  of the 163 confirmed cases notified in 2020, were reported during week 3  ( week ending 19 January )  from 17 LGAs in Ondo, Edo, Delta, Taraba, Plateau and Bauchi states. The CFR among these 81 confirmed cases was 12.3%.
The outbreak has mainly affected individuals between the age of 11 and 40 years, and males and females have been equally affected. From the beginning of the year, as of week 3 of 2020, no healthcare worker infection has been reported.
Lassa fever is known to be endemic in Nigeria as sporadic cases have been reported since 1969 when the disease was first identified in Borno state.
Recent weeks have been marked by an upsurge in violent attacks from non state armed groups and an increasing trend of illegal checkpoints on major supply and commercial routes directly targeting civilians, authorities and aid workers, especially in Borno State. Twelve aid workers were deliberately and brutally murdered by non state armed groups in 2019, twice the number in 2018. Two aid workers, Grace Taku and Alice Loksha, are still being held hostage by non state armed groups and the humanitarian community call for their immediate and safe release.
People in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states, who had started to recover from the crisis, are hit once again by violence or confronted with the impossibility of reaching the resources they need to provide for their families. Thousands of people who had returned to their communities have been forced to move back to overcrowded camps for internally displaced people because they did not feel safe, could not access their land, resume fishing activities, or there were no more basic services in their areas of origin.
Internally displaced people  ( IDPs )  and refugees in camps require particular attention due to their increased vulnerability linked to the living conditions in these camps. For the first time, a special analysis of the food and nutrition situation was conducted in five refugee camps in Niger  ( Abala, Intikan, Mangaïzé, Sayam Forage and Tabarey Berey )  and in nine camps for IDPs in Nigeria  ( Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Jere, Konduga, Maiduguri, Monguno and Ngala ) .
Civil insecurity has led to a sharp increase in the number of displaced people, particularly in northern Burkina Faso  ( 480 000 people ) , northwestern Nigeria  ( 310 000 people )  and Niger  ( 180 000 people ) . Nearly 1.9 million people continue to be internally displaced in Nigeria. The majority are hosted in local communities, placing increasing pressure on food resources and local livelihoods in the short and long term.
Destroyed bridges and frequent attacks on travelers have cut off not only Maiduguri residents, but many other residents of Borno state from accessing or travelling to Borno's neighboring states. In response, the Nigerian army has evacuated many villages along the highway, causing hardship and anger among the residents and friction between the governor of Borno state and the army.
Borno state and its capital, Maiduguri, have been ground zero for Boko Haram. Mohammed Yussuf founded the movement in Maiduguri, the police murdered him there in 2009, and Boko Haram emerged there in 2011 as a deadly terrorist movement. By 2015, Boko Haram controlled a territory as large as Belgium in Borno and adjacent Yobe and Adamawa states.
The water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH )  sector typifies the more general picture of human development in Nigeria. Within the MDG era from 2000 to 2015, an extra 41 million people gained access to improved sanitation facilities  ( either safely managed, basic or limited ) , but population growth meant that in absolute terms 18 million more people were using unimproved facilities
In addition to water and sanitation, there has not been signification progress on hygiene, with those having access to a handwashing facility increasing only very marginally from 74.2% in 2011 to 74.5% in 2017. Just over half of those with access had access to basic hygiene, including water and soap. This lack of overall lack of overall progress led to President Muhammadu Buhari declaring a state of emergency on WASH in November 2018.
From 13 – 19 January 2020, a total of 3,140 movements were recorded, composed of 2,338 arrivals and 802 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Jere, Konduga, Mafa, Mobbar and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno State. Arrivals were also recorded in Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Bama, Dikwa and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno State. Departures were also recorded in Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa State.
Bama: 266 arrivals and 32 departures were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 25 from Buduwa/Bula Chirabe ward and 14 from Abbaram ward and were tracked in Shehuri/Hausari/Mairi ward. Other arrivals include 78 from Mora of Cameroon, 139 from Gomari ward and 10 from Gwange ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council. The 32 departures were from Shehuri/Hausari/Mairi ward. 67% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated voluntarily while 33% were reportedly due to poor living conditions. The departures were all voluntarily.
An exhaustive nutrition screening using monitoring of symptoms of acute malnutrition mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema was conducted by Nutrition Sector partners for 197 children of 6 59 months. Of the 197 children screened, the MUAC reading was: 3 children  ( 1 from Inaccessible and 2 from an accessible area )  in the Red category, 9 in the Yellow category and 185 measured in the Green category. No cases of Oedema were reported in the 4 LGAs that reports were received from. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted for treatment
There were 98 suspected cases of Lassa Fever  ( LF )  reported from 16 LGAs in nine states and FCT  ( Edo – 49, Ondo – 19, Ebonyi – 9, Bauchi – 5, Taraba – 8, Benue – 1, Kogi   1, Enugu – 3 & Abia – 3 ) . There were 18 confirmed cases and one death was recorded from Abia state.
The camp is one of the well planned and most organized consisting of all basic services but faced with a challenge of space for future expansion. The camp covers and area of 539,572 square meters  ( 133 acres ) .
Access to education for the IDPs remains limited due overcrowding in most the government schools around the camp. About 43 per cent of the children are enrolled in school, 37 per cent in formal education while six per cent of the children attend informal education
Mohammed Goni International Stadium Camp in Maiduguri was established by 27 February 2019 to decongest Teachers Village IDP Camp in Maiduguri, which received an influx of 22,500 newly arrived IDPs.
Gwoza has three formal IDP camps namely GSS, 20 Housing and Wukani, and one informal IDP camp  ( Dangote )  that are managed by IOM. As of December 2019, the camp population stood at 2,256 households across the three formal IDP camps and an estimated population of 300 households in the informal camp. Majority of the population in Gwoza live in the host community with less than 30% of the current population living in camp settings. There is a huge gap of NFIs including sleeping mats, cooking utensils, water fetching containers and blankets. As at December 2019, some 2,000 households across the IDP camps needed NFIs.
Humanitarian partners are providing monthly dry food rations comprising of rice, sorghum, beans, oil, and salt to over 65,000 individuals in camps and the host community. Also, partners provide blanket supplementary feeding to 3,000 children under five years old and 1,200 pregnant and lactating women every month. Between November and December 2019, livelihood partners supported about 2,000 IDPs with start up grants for livelihood activities and over 3,000 IDPs with livestock. During the 2019 farming season, about 30% of the population engaged in farming activities. However, lack of safe access to sufficient farming land and restriction on the movement of NPK fertilizer remain key challenges hindering the scale up of agricultural production in Gwoza.
Malaria and acute watery diarrhea are among the most common health concerns recorded by health partners. Critical health concerns and tertiary cases are referred to Maiduguri which in most cases the IDPs take responsibility for handling the charges since such services are not provided by humanitarian partners. As a result, most IDPs end up not being able to access such services due to financial constraints.
Access to education for both IDPs and the host communities remains limited due to an insufficient number of functional schools and teachers. Additionally, there is lack of education continuity as there is only one functional senior secondary school in Gwoza, most of the children do not have the opportunity to further their education beyond junior secondary school due to this constraint as parent complain of lack of resources to send their children to Maiduguri to continue pursuit of education. As of November 2019, about 1,300 children were out of school due to lack of uniforms.
There are five temporary learning spaces  ( TLS )  supporting 2,732 displaced children in the camp. The State Primary Education Board deployed 28 teachers, while 47 IDP volunteers teach in the TLS. The temporary learning centres are not fenced, making it challenging to keep in the pupils in the school environment. The learning spaces lack teaching aids.
The ratio of teachers to pupils is below the Sphere Minimum standard. Lack of incentives also prevent the teachers from providing quality teaching support to the pupilshave the opportunity to further their education beyond junior secondary school due to this constraint as parent complain of lack of resources to send their children to Maiduguri to continue pursuit of education. As of November 2019, about 1,300 children were out of school due to lack of uniforms.
The inadequate provision of shelter and housing to internally displaced persons has had particularly negative impacts on women and girls: sexual and gender based violence is prevalent in camps for internally displaced persons and instances of sexual exploitation in exchange for aid by security forces, influential community members and humanitarian workers have been reported.
Borno State Emergency Management Agency  ( SEMA ) , the National Emergency Management Agency  ( NEMA )  and International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )  are providing camp coordination and management services. The IDPs are occupying 400 concrete shelters that were constructed by Borno state government. In addition, humanitarian partners have also constructed 3,401 emergency shelters to accommodate the IDPs. One of the main challenges however is flooding during the rainy season which poses a risk of water borne diseases
The Borno State Local Education authority with support from UNICEF and N Power  ( a Federal Government of Nigeria programme )  are providing formal and informal education to 7,300 children at two schools in the camp. School ‘A' has10 classroom providing services for IDP children from Monguno, Ganzai and Guzamala, while School ‘B' has 10 classrooms providing services for IDP children of Gwoza and Marte LGAs. Teachers from various LGAs also provide formal education to children from their respective LGAs. However, six of the 10 class rooms in School A' are partially damaged and need to be rehabilitated. Overall there is high congestion in the schools due to insufficient number of classrooms.
The Constitution of Nigeria provides, in section 16  ( 2 )   ( d ) , that the State shall direct its policy towards ensuring that suitable and adequate shelter is provided for all citizens. In section 6  ( 6 )   ( c ) , however, the Constitution states that the provision is not justiciable, unlike the civil and political rights contained therein. As a result, the constitutional protection of the right to housing has developed through other human rights, such as the prohibition against inhumane and degrading treatment.
The first condition for housing to be adequate is legal security of tenure. However, millions of Nigerians live in informal settlements without security of tenure, which makes them vulnerable to forced evictions. The Special Rapporteur witnessed the great levels of anxiety this causes to families, many of which are repeatedly subjected to forced evictions and live in constant fear that a new eviction could come with little or no notice.
According to UNICEF, poor access to improved water and sanitation in Nigeria causes high morbidity and mortality rates among children, besides severely hampering their education as a result of absenteeism due to disease. Contaminated drinking water and lack of sanitation expose the population to preventable water borne diseases, including diarrhoea, which kills more than 70,000 children under 5 annually. Only 26.5 per cent of the population uses improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities, and 23.5 per cent of the population defecates in the open.
According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, since the conflict started in 2009, 1.8 million persons have left their homes and remain displaced, while 3.5 million persons need shelter, including 412,000 persons who need emergency shelter. In September 2019, of the 60.5 million US$ required to cover housing  and shelter related needs for internally displaced persons, only 5.2 million US$ had been received  ( 8.6 per cent of the total )  from donors.
Lack of security of tenure and the threat of forced evictions affect the majority of internally displaced persons in the country. Instead of providing durable housing solutions, the Government is prioritizing securing their return to their communities of origin, where conditions may not be suitable.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons experience extreme discrimination in Nigeria. The 2013 Same Sex Marriage  ( Prohibition )  Act imposes a 14 year prison sentence for entering into a same sex “marriage contract or civil union' and a 10 year prison sentence for those who witness, abet and aid the solemnization of a same sex marriage or union. It also imposes a 10 year prison sentence on persons who directly or indirectly make public show of same sex amorous relationships. Twelve states in northern Nigeria apply sharia law and penalize homosexuality with death. Although the Special Rapporteur did not receive evidence of the Act having been implemented, it creates a climate of oppression.
Askira/Uba, Monguno, Maiduguri and Ngala LGAs have been the hot spot locations for this reporting period with violent attacks affecting 628 HH in Moguno alone. Conversely, there is a spike in new and secondary displacement with a record of 1,248ind in Askira/Uba, 1,660ind in Ngala, 818ind in Michika, 560ind in Gwoza, 352ind in Maiduguri  ( NYSC camp ) , and 327ind in Konduga. Fire outbreaks affecting 359HH across camps in Dikwa, Ngala and Monguno were also recorded. Furthermore, there is a gap of 11% of latrines in need of dislodgement while 21% of showers needs to be repaired.
It was recorded that out of 7,295; 6,869 individuals  ( 1,777 households )  moved once from camps where they were initially registered to different locations within Monguno LGA, 113 individuals  ( 25 households )  moved twice, 160 individuals  ( 41 households )  moved thrice, while 153 individuals  ( 41 households )  moved more than three times to various locations in search of support.
Fulatari Camp, Waterboard Camp, GSSSS Monguno, Reception Centre and Government Day Secondary School  ( GDSS )  recorded the major movements, with 1,555, 1,524, 1,091, 1,001 and 857 individuals respectively moving into different locations ranging from once to more than three times
The attack comes just 11 days after members of a non state armed group  ( NSAG )  infiltrated Monguno town. Two children, an adult male and one adult female were killed in the attack on a camp for internally displaced people. In addition, several injured people are currently receiving medical attention at a nearby clinic run by ALIMA, an international non governmental organization
From October   December 2019, a total of 36,766 movements were recorded. The movements include 20,671 arrivals and 16,095 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Chibok, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Hawul, Jere, Kaga, Kala/Balge, Konduga, Mafa, Maiduguri M. C, Mobbar, Monguno, and Ngala LGAs of Borno state. Arrivals were also recorded in Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Guyuk, Hong, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Mayo Belwa, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Shelleng, Song, Yola North, and Yola South Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Askira/Uba, Bama, Chibok, Dikwa, Gubio, Gwoza, Hawul, Jere, and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno state. Departures were also recorded in Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Guyuk, Hong, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Mayo Belwa, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North, and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa state and locations in Bursari, Damaturu and Geidam Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Yobe state.
ETT assessments identified the following movement triggers: flood  ( 31% ) , poor living conditions  ( 23% ) , voluntary relocation  ( 21% ) , improved security  ( 9% ) , conflict/attack  ( 7% ) , fear of attack  ( 6% ) , military operations  ( 2% )  and involuntary relocation  ( 1% ) .
On the evening of Saturday 18 January, the humanitarian hub in Ngala was the direct target of a complex assault by heavily armed non state armed groups operatives. An entire section of the facility was burned down as well as one of the few vehicles UN agencies rely on for movement and aid delivery. Protective security measures deployed at the humanitarian hub prevented any harm to the staff who was in the facility.
Aid workers are providing assistance to more than 55,000 people in the town of Ngala, near the border with Cameroon. In 2019, over 10,000 people arrived in Ngala, searching for security and basic services. Humanitarian hubs in Borno State are critical to the humanitarian response. They provide operating environments for aid workers in remote locations where some of the most vulnerable people live or have sought refuge.
This event is a reminder of the ongoing challenges for humanitarian teams in northeastern Nigeria. Security conditions are becoming increasingly difficult and endanger health care access to very vulnerable populations, particularly in the town of Monguno, which is hosting nearly 150,000 displaced people. As a result, we fear that the deployment of humanitarian assistance will be jeopardized in the near future if the situation remains unchanged.
Ngala: 700 arrivals were recorded in Ngala LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 291 from Rann “A' ward of Kala/Balge LGA and 19 from Dikwa ward of Dikwa LGA. Other arrivals include 354 from Fotokol and 36 from Hile Alifa of Cameroon. The arrivals were all due to poor living conditions.
Bama: 196 arrivals were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 93 from Mora of Cameroon. Other arrivals include 91 from Buduwa/Bula Chirabe ward, 6 from Soye ward, 3 from Gulumba ward and 3 from Darajamal ward and were tracked in Shehuri/Hausari/Mairi. 80% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated voluntarily while 20% were reportedly due to poor living conditions.
A total of 261 security incidents were registered during the month of November, representing a decrease of 20 incidents as compared to October. About 65% of these incidents took place in Borno, 16% in Yobe and 19% in Adamawa.
Likewise, vehicle checkpoints were set up by NSAGs along Madagali–Uba road, Monguno– Gajiram road  ( 3X )  and along Gubio Damasak road where civilians were robbed of valuable items   these armed robberies represented 21% of incidents that affected civilians. GF search and arrest operations, which involved restrictions on movements of vehicles and individuals, represented 6% of incidents affecting civilians. There have been 2 instances of arrest of civilians on the suspicion of providing supplies to the NSAGs, representing almost 2% of the total incidents.
The security related incidents in November continue to reflect the volatility of the operating environment and its adverse impact on humanitarian programmes, planning and activities. It has become more difficult to reach people in need, particularly those outside garrison towns. The persistent reports of NSAG initiated vehicle checkpoints along major roads is indicative of the boldness of NSAGs to continue doing it. Some reports indicate that NSAG roadblocks along main transit routes have started to search for IDs, identifying those who work for the government, among others   this tends to prove the point that NSAGs are modifying their approach too.
Flooding from the Cameroon side affected the outskirts of Rann where an estimated 80% of the croplands of IDPs are located. As a result, the expected harvest was lost and with no food assistance reaching Rann, IDPs became more food insecure; this triggered further displacements to Ngala where IDPs believed they could get assistance. Food assistance not reaching Rann is the result of two main factors – the availability of security escorts and favourable road condition from Ngala to Rann. These two factors, for weeks, have not been present to enable safe and timely transport of humanitarian assistance to Rann.
Military capacity on the ground is currently constrained, with the ongoing clearing operations. This is affecting regular and timely provision of security escorts for humanitarian cargo. Also, there has been a reported increase in the use of IEDs by NSAGs along the Pulka Gwoza, Dikwa Ngala Rann and Bama Banki routes. These planted IEDs have caused significant delay in the movement of humanitarian convoys along the routes mentioned because of the amount of time it takes to clear these routes of IEDs.
As a result of the yellow fever outbreak in Bauchi, a reactive campaign will be conducted from 5 to 10 December targeting 487,305 persons in three local government areas  ( Biu, Hawul and Kwaya Kusar ) , Borno state. To facilitate the campaign, social mobilizations are ongoing through various channels including radio, TV, religious/worship centers, and distribution of IEC materials. In addition, volunteer community mobilizers are engaged in house to house mobilization with support from tradition and religious institutions.
During reporting period, partners in the health sector continued responding to the cholera outbreak declared in Adamawa State on 18 June. In December, more than 12 new cholera cases were reported,mainly from Yola North and Girei LGAs. The Total case count now stands at 851 with four deaths  ( CFR=0.47% ) .
New displacements: Between 8th to 31st December 2019, Yobe state received massive influx of IDPs new arrivals due to recent activities of NSAGs within the state and in the neighboring LGAs of Borno state. These new arrivals have settled in the host community which makes tracking them quite difficult. Worthy of note, new arrivals in Bade moved from Baga due to their common fishing activities. Additionally, some of the new arrivals in Damaturu have already returned to Babbangida for their livelihoods activities.
Update on Monguno situation: The security situation in Monguno is increasingly becoming volatile. There have been several attacks by the NonState Armed Groups  ( NSAGs )  on the military formations outside of the town. During the reporting period, there has been increased presence of NSAGs along the Monguno Gajiram road. The NSAGs mounted illegal checkpoints along the road, in at least four occasions. In one of these incidents, on 18 December, NSAGs are reported to have executed four civilians and abducted several others, who remain unaccounted.
Acute Respiratory Infection update: In Epi week 52, 5,073 cases of acute respiratory infection were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 313 were from Shuwari Host Community Clinic in Damboa, 232 were from Sabon Gari Lowcost IDP camp clinic  ( MDM )  in Damboa, 169 were from GSSSS IDP Camp Clinic Bama and 164 were from 1000 Housing Estate clinic Dikwa. No associated death was reported. The cases were reported among IDPs and host community
Acute watery diarrhea: In Epi week 52, 118 cases of acute watery diarrhea were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 47 were from Sabon Gari Lowcost IDP camp clinic  ( MDM )  in Damboa, 16 were from FHI360 clinic Banki in Bama, 11 were from Mafa MCH, 7 were from State Specialist Hospital in MMC, 4 were from Zadawa Dispensary in Askira Uba and 3 cases each from Buratai Dispensary in Biu, Gumsuri clinic in Damboa, Ngulde dispensary in Askira Uba, Titiwa Dispensary in Magumeri, Uba Dispensary in Askira Uba and WaterBoard UNICEF IDP Camp Clinic in Monguno. No associated death was reported.
Suspected Yellow Fever: One  ( 1 )  suspected yellow fever case was reported through EWARS in week 52 from Walama Dispensary in Shani. No associated death was reported. Suspected Meningitis: No suspected meningitis case was reported in week 52. Suspected VHF: No suspected viral haemorrhagic fever case was reported in week 52. Suspected cholera: No suspected cholera case was reported in week 52.
The security situation on the Damaturu to Maiduguri road and Damaturu to Gashua road has also deteriorated during this period. This is significantly affecting the delivery of programmes in the state as most organizations rely on technical support from Maiduguri based technical teams. Most partners are now travelling via Kano to Abuja then to Maiduguri which takes up to two days to travel and has significantly increased travel cost. This is impacting on the timely delivery of some programmes.
Despite many security incidents recorded during the reporting period, there are no reports of significant displacement within Yobe State. New displaced people, however, continue to arrive from Borno state, particularly from riverine communities due to security concerns and difficult livelihood situation. Partners estimate that about 5,000 IDPs may have arrived to Geidam, Gashua and Nguru over the past two months from November to December 2019; most of whom arrived over the past two weeks in December.
The Cholera outbreak emergency declared on 27 June recorded over 800 cases and four deaths. Health and WASH partner prevention and response efforts have helped to contain the epidemic.
Access to remote areas in northern Adamawa, bordering southern Borno state remain a challenge. This due to occasional infiltration and attacks by suspected NSAGs, mainly against military targets. Humanitarian access is also affected by the temporary restrictions put in place by the military on civilian movements in some areas, including the movement of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers. Also, there have been reports by some humanitarian partners based in Mubi of intimidation of their field staff members by the military.
There is an increase in displacements due to displacement from the herder's attacks. According to IOM assessment report released in November, some 4,392 individuals  ( 623 households )  were displaced from Kala'a, Shuwa Kala'a, Zigayerima, Mambula, Kokuwa, Milna and Dilwachira in the Bangshika ward of Hong Local Government Area  ( . The IDPs were temporarily hosted in Daksiri, Garaha, Hong communities at the Hildi wards of Hong LGA while some fled to Sorau “A' and Konkol wards of Maiha LGA.
The demography of the displaced population is as follows: Children  ( 1,909 or 43% )  and women  ( 1,489 or 34% ) . Two per cent  ( 78 individuals )  are elderly, with men accounting for the rest  ( 916 or 21% ) . Most of the displaced have returned after the intervention by the state security quelled the skirmishes in the LGA. It should be noted that this LGA is not a typical flashpoint between farmer and herder. The recent development signifies a shift in the pattern by the herders.
The increase in displacement is exacerbating the vulnerability of the IDPs, especially those in informal settlements, due to low response capacity both from the Government and humanitarian partners. The majority of people in informal sites have no access to proper shelter and some are forced to sleep in overcrowded shelters or out in the open. As a result, children and lactating mothers in some informal settlements are showing signs of severe acute malnutrition.
Harmful coping mechanisms are on the increase, with young women and girls resorting to transactional sex. As the state enters the dry season, seasonal farmer/herder clashes and reprisal attacks between the indigenous population and settlers are likely to escalate due to lack of concrete measures from the Government/weak or inconsistent implementation of land policies. No facilitated voluntary repatriation from Cameroon and Niger during the reporting period and will likely to remain so due to the absence of services and insecurity in some areas refugees would like to return to.
Cases of Acute Water Diarrhea  ( AWD )  and measles were reported in October and November. Three AWD fatalities were reported while 30 cases tested positive to Rapid Diagnostic Test  ( RDT ) , suggesting cholera. The humanitarian community has made adequate contingency plans in case of a cholera outbreak. In October, 53 cases of measles were reported. According to the health sector partners, population movement is responsible for the trend. About 1,150 measles cases were recorded between January and November in health facilities operated by ALIMA.
Monguno has a total population of 186,018 individuals. Of this number, 84.5 per cent  ( or 157,199 individuals )  are internally displaced people  ( IDPs ) , while 15.5 per cent  ( or 28,819 individuals )  are host community and returnees. Of the total IDP population, 89 per cent  ( or 139,669 individuals )  are living in 12 IDP camps, 11 of which are formal camps, and 1 is an informal camp. The remaining 11 per cent IDPs  ( or 17,530 individuals )  are living in the host community
Some 55 per cent of the total IDPs  ( or 87,150 individuals )  originate from Monguno LGA, while 31 per cent  ( or 49,544 individuals )  are from Marte LGA, and the remaining 13 per cent  ( or 20,505 individuals )  originate from Kukawa LGA. Women and children constitute 80 per cent of the IDP population living in camps. On 28 December the Military handed over to IOM and INTERSOS 174 people from Gudumbali in Guzamala Local Government Area. The verification of the IDPs is ongoing.
Lack of civil documentation remains a significant concern as IDPs and host community continue to face harassment at checkpoints  ( sometimes leading to detention )  when traveling without proper documentation. Maiduguri is the nearest city where they can get their documentation. Traveling to Maiduguri is a challenge for many and the few who make it have to contend with long waiting times together with many others seeking the same service. There is limited awareness and support to improve the situation.
There has been an influx of commercial sex workers into the community. The recent clampdown on sex workers in the Maiduguri metropolis might have triggered this movement. Now, a sizeable number of these sex workers take up accommodation in IDP camps while others rent houses around the campsites. This development increased military presence in IDP camps heightening sexual exploitation, survival sex and led to a rise in cases of child abuse.
The recent spate of fire outbreaks has increased the need for more shelters and NFIs, mounting additional pressure on the camp managers and other humanitarian partners. Through the combined efforts of partners, the sector assisted over 500 victims of the fire incidents. The fire indents have continued throughout the dry season and in December additional fire incidents have also impacted few households. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen sensitization and awareness programs among camp residents on fire mitigation measures. Besides, efforts should be sustained in the replacement of makeshift shelters across camps. The materials currently used in makeshift shelters are highly susceptible to fire.
The absence of senior secondary schools in the LGA has created a very significant gap. This absence accounts for a large number of students dropping out of school as soon as they graduate from junior secondary school. The majority of these students do not bother to collect their admission letters to the senior secondary school. The situation is more worrisome for the girls, as over 80% of them drop out of school at this stage. Close to 90% of the parents cannot afford to send their children to Maiduguri for school. Others are considering the security implications of plying the road to Maiduguri daily.
The health sector continued to respond to increased demand that is partially associated with the arrival of IDPs from Gagiram, Marte, Guzamala, and Kukawa LGAs earlier in the year. The sector partners recorded notable increase in incidents of Acute Watery Diarrhea  ( AWD )  and skin infections, which can be linked to the poor hygiene conditions in IDP camps. During the reporting period, 360 cases of AWD were reported with three fatalities. Thirty of the AWD cases tested positive using the Rapid Diagnostic Test  ( RDT ) , suggesting cholera. On further diagnosis, the disease surveillance officer  ( DSNO )  of the State Ministry of Health, confirmed two of three culture samples taken to Maiduguri as positive for cholera.
Restrictions on fuel have negatively impacted the provision of secondary healthcare services. The main health provider, ALIMA, was forced to suspend activities in the general hospital and moved operations to its maternal and child hospital. This move has reduced the available bed capacity by more than 50%. This situation also impacts the quality of care received by the patients as well as reducing the length of stay, giving priority to only critical cases presented with life threatening conditions.
Dikwa has 17 IDP camps that are managed by IOM and ACTED. High congestion across the IDP camps has degraded the quality of services provided in the camps. This is a result of IDPs self settling in between the already planned shelters. Lack of access to land for the construction of shelters and insecurity are major challenges affecting the sector operations. Recurring attacks at the Ajari camp led to military instructing the dismantling of the 622 shelters which led to 250 households self settling in the other camps while some were resettled with their relatives in other camps or the host community. Major concerns include over congestion in the camps and lack of approvals to extend the camps.