nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Provision of water and sanitation services: From the assessments, it was noted that the commonly used water points had been affected by the floods. There was contamination of water points and this affected the families who could not access safe water. In transit camps, especially in Katsina, families moved into an existing transit camp and there was increased pressure on the sanitation facilities. There was a great need to provide families with items for safe storage of water, aqua tabs to purify the water, provision of emergency latrines in the IDP in Katsina as well as hygiene education.
Displaced populations are more vulnerable to food insecurity as it results in the loss of livelihood as well as social and natural assets. IDPs are forced to rely on severe coping mechanisms in order to ensure that their basic food needs are met. Displacement primarily limits access to basic livelihood opportunities such as land and skilled employment and this is often compounded by lack of skills and low level of literacy, which limits the capacity of IDPs to connect with local opportunities within areas of new habitation, consequently forcing them to engage in jobs that require less level of skills such as land clearing and manual labor.
In Teachers Village IDP Camp, the number of people per latrine remains at 68. This implies that there is still need for additional latrines to further close the gap and meet the current Nigerian standard of 50 people per latrine stance
Provision of health and FA services: The continuous floods posed a risk of health related challenges such as malaria, and diarrhoeal diseases. There was a need to support the communities with health interventions which included the provision of mosquito nets and health education. Health promotion remained key to reduce the incidences of diarrhoeal diseases. The NRCS has been key in the provision of FA to the injured as well as PSS services to affected families.
Malnutrition: 1,029 cases of severe acute malnutrition were reported through EWARS in week 17. Of the reported cases, 52 were from Gajiram MCH in Nganzai and 46 were from Kurbagayi MCH in Kwaya Kusar. No associated death was reported.
Due to insecurity, humanitarian and sometimes civilian government actors have limited access to certain zones, particularly in border areas. Close and strengthened civil military coordination is necessary to ensure provision of assistance and protection to these most vulnerable populations
Many refugee and IDP children have been exposed to traumatic events or high levels of daily stress, may be suffering from trauma and other mental health issues, and are in need of support. Yet child protection services in local communities are scarce and lack the capacity to address the needs.
The violence in the North West states of Zamfara, Sokoto and Katsina have evolved to a low intensity conflict resulting in population displacement within the state and spilling into Niger Republic. Most of the affected population are predominantly farmers with impact on food security.
On Wednesday, September 18, Action Against Hunger was ordered by Nigerian army soldiers to close its main office in Maiduguri, Borno State, northeastern Nigeria. This decision, without notice and without any explanation, jeopardizes the assistance Action Against Hunger provides to the most vulnerable people in Borno State and halts, with immediate effect, the assistance Action Against Hunger provides to millions of people in Maiduguri, Monguno, and Damasak.
While Zamfara State remains the epicentre of the violent conflict, there are ongoing joint military operations in: Katsina  ( Operation HARBIN KUNANA II ) ; Sokoto  ( Operation HARBIN KUNANA III ) ; and Zamfara  ( Operation SHARAN DAGI ) . In Sokoto state, political differences among state leadership structure affect overall political response to the crisis;
Poor maternal nutrition, suboptimal infant and young child feeding practices, limited access to diverse nutritious food and inadequate health services are major underlying causes of child undernutrition
In 2015, 3.5 million people were living with HIV, making Nigeria host to the world's second largest HIV epidemic. Young women have a higher HIV prevalence and are infected earlier in life than young men. In 2016, more than 46,000 young women were infected with HIV compared with 33,900 young men
Malaria: In Epi week 34, 7,604 cases of confirmed malaria were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 355 were from General Hospital in Biu, 220 were from Kaka Mallam Yale MCH in Konduga, 210 were from PUI mobile clinics in MMC, 208 were from Fatima Ai Sherriff PHC in MMC, and d210 were from Shuwari Host community clinic in Damboa. Two associated deaths were reported in General Hospital Magumeri
Identified protection risks are camp overcrowding and difficult access to land for camp expansion; lack of access to adequate shelter and other basic services, food insecurity, limited access to livelihood opportunities and limited or no access to education. All these continue to expose persons of concern to resort to negative coping mechanisms, including transactional sex for food or money.
Many people in the northeast have experienced insecurity such as extreme violence and the loss of family members, social connections and property. Human rights violations, forced displacement, obstruction of movement and limited mobility affect access to land and sustainable livelihoods. Food insecurity, systemic inequalities and displacement cause negative coping practices such as survival sex, child marriage, begging and the distress selling of productive assets.
Nigeria's ongoing crises highlight how compound fragility climate risks can heighten populations' insecurity by increasing their vulnerability to humanitarian emergencies and conflict. Nigeria's crisis in the North, for example, reflects emergency conditions and famine risks that are not caused by climate factors alone but also by longstanding environmental stress coupled with poor national management of the security, economic, and social conditions in that region.
The general security situation in the Northeast of Nigeria remains largely volatile and prone to rapid deterioration. A significant number of local clashes between government forces and Non State Armed Group  ( NSAG )  were observed this month in settlements around Maiduguri, Bama, Konduga and Nganzai LGAs. Although NSAG did not attempt to infiltrate the city of Maiduguri, their actions were seemingly aimed at looting logistics from private dwellings and camps.
Conflict in northeast Nigeria has evolved into a protracted protection crisis. While some populations have returned to their places of origin, new populations are being displaced. Over 1.7 million people are still internally displaced in the states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa; most of them are women  ( 54 percent )  and children  ( 27 percent ) .23 Over half of all internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  have found shelter in local communities.
Anaemia affects 49 percent of women of reproductive age32 and nearly three quarters of children aged 6–59 months.33 Other vitamin deficiencies are highly prevalent among these children
According to the recent IOM DTM assessment, a high percentage of IDPs in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe are living with host communities with limited livelihoods activities. Consequently, these households are facing Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  and Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  outcomes. Populations in hard to reach areas are likely facing similar or worse food security situation relative to adjoining accessible areas.
Access to Justice: In Borno State, the absence of the government court system and the police forces at LGA remain a concern as it hinders IDPs and host communities access to justice and offer fertile ground for impunity. This was particularly noted in Bama LGA. Advocacy is continuously conducted for the return of civil authorities in the LGA including the judiciary
In Borno State, over 10,757 HHs are affected across 68 camps and settlements of IDPs in nine local government areas  ( LGAs )    Dikwa, Gwoza, Jere, Kaga, Konduga, Magumeri, Maiduguri, Monguno and Ngala. About 73% of the affected HHs are in four LGAs   Maiduguri  ( 39% ) , Monguno  ( 15% ) , Jere  ( 10% )  and Gwoza  ( 8% ) .
New downpour may exacerbate the situation in many IDP camps already severely hit by the bad weather conditions and result in higher risks of disease outbreaks.
Most households are largely relying on market purchases as household food stocks are normally depleted at the peak of the lean season in August. Staple food prices continue to remain stable or are decreasing compared to last month and markets are well supplied with staple foods to meet the growing lean season demand.
Of the 333 children screened, the MUAC reading was: 11 children  ( 3 from Inaccessible and 8 from accessible area )  were in the Red category, 23 were in the Yellow category and 299 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 5 LGAs.
The results also include 22 children from neighbouring Cameroon and Republic of Niger  ( 3 children moved to Bama, 4 to Mobbar and 15 moved to Ngala ) ; Out of the 22 children measured, 4 was in the red category, 14 in the green category and 4 measured in the yellow category. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted for treatment.
In August, UNHCR registered 1,529 individual protection incidents. By typology they included sexual and physical assaults, domestic violence and child protection risks   child labor, neglect, exploitation and abuse. In Borno State, most reported protection incidents were abduction, physical assault, child marriage, arbitrary arrest and detention, forced displacement of populations and mental health condition.
To note, since June 2019, torrential rainfalls and flash floods have hit 124 Local Government Areas within 36 states and Federal Capital Territory – Abuja  ( FCT )  in Nigeria. This has affected a total number of 210,117 people with 171 casualties recorded in hospital and 130,610 people reported to be displaced. Flash floods are due to the high intensity of the rainfalls at the peak of the flood season which is experienced in places that are flood prone.
In August, the ongoing rainy season and subsequent heavy flooding required the immediate response of humanitarian actors across Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states. By the end of August, more than 21,000 families had been affected by flooding and 13,181 shelters were reported as either partially or completely damaged.
Following these floods, the State Emergency Operation Centre  ( EOC )  was activated on the 22nd September 2019. According to the State Coordinator of the State SEMA, seven Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  located along Rivers Niger and Benue have been severely affected with over 90 percent of Ibaji community been fully submerged. Over twenty camps have been set up for the flood affected households.
In places where the situation is conducive enough, IDPs return to their farmland in the place of origin on a daily basis to cultivate and monitor the development of their crops, with the hope of having harvest at the end of the planting cycle  ( June to October ) , in spite of the imminent risk of banditry, destruction and crop looting. The major encumbrances for involvement in the ongoing planting season were lack of access to farmland, late arrival of IDPs in host communities as planting season already commenced before arrival and lack of seeds and agricultural inputs for those that have access to farmland.
Another tendency of NSAG is to resort to retaliatory actions and exemplary punishments against population opposing them or cooperating with the government as witnessed in Ngazai LGA on 27 July, when NSAG, approached village Badu Kuluwu  ( 80 km North of Maiduguri ) , Borno state, and opened fire against civilians, who reportly were returning to the village after funerals. As reported over 60 civilians were killed, and many were wounded while whereabouts of an unspecified number of civilians have not been established after the attack.
Nearly 10 million people, or half the population of the conflict hit Lake Chad Basin region need humanitarian assistance as the decade long conflict drags on. Some 2.5 million people are now displaced. Hunger and malnutrition remain high.
Social safety net and socio economic resources are depleted with most populations depending on meagre and overstretched humanitarian services. Food insecurity remains a major concern as more than 22 per cent of the population in BAY states are estimated to be food insecure  ( nine per cent increase compared to the projection made in 2018 ) , with pockets of malnutrition. Acute malnutrition in children under the age of five is above emergency thresholds in various areas across the three states. More needs to be done even though humanitarian partners have reached half of the population targeted for assistance as of July 2019, despite operational challenges and funding shortfalls.
The recurrent attacks and insecurity as well as security measures have restricted free movement. Farming, trade, transhumance and other activities have been significantly affected, depriving millions of people of their means of survival and limiting access to basic services. Displaced people are also unable to move freely in and out of camps
Women and girls said they were exploited in forced prostitution and various forms of forced labor, especially forced domestic work, by their traffickers. They said that every step of the way, traffickers, the “clients' or “customers' who sexually exploited them, the “employers' who extracted forced labor, and the madams in Nigeria and destination countries physically, sexually, and psychologically abused them. Some said they were forced to undergo abortions in unsanitary conditions, and were not given pain medication or antibiotics.
The persistent attacks and insecurity, loss of livelihood and prolonged displacement have left millions of people across the affected Lake Chad Basin region struggling with high levels of food insecurity.
Thousands of civilians have been newly displaced in Lac region in Chad, including refugees from neighbouring north east Nigeria and returnees from Niger. But villages have also come under armed attacks, heightening fear and desperation among local communities. As thousands fled into Chad at the start of 2019, aid agencies swiftly set up the camps and relief operations. Chad currently hosts nearly 16,000 Nigerian refugees
NAPTIP, working in collaboration with Malian authorities, recently said that nearly 20,000 Nigerian girls were forced into prostitution in Mali. The girls were said to be working in hotels and nightclubs after being sold to prostitution rings by human traffickers.
At the end of April, Interpol announced that it rescued 216 trafficked victim including 157 children from Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, and Togo. Interpol is part of a global task force formed to address human trafficking.
Slavery doesn't occur in a vacuum, it is underpinned by many factors, including poverty, discrimination, lack of access to education and decent job opportunities, the lack of rule of law, as well as practices that are culturally accepted in societies,' he explains.
o Five  ( 5 )  new cases were reported from 17th to 18th Sept, 2019 from Girei LGA, Yola North and Yola South. o Total case count now stands at 757 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.53% o No new settlement or ward has been infected. 16 settlements are those reporting new suspected cases.
The origins of the GSN come from the endeavours of the Joint Declaration of Religious Leaders signed on 2 December 2014. Religious leaders of various faiths, gathered to work together “to defend the dignity and freedom of the human being against the extreme forms of the globalization of indifference, such us exploitation, forced labour, prostitution, human trafficking' and so forth.
There have been accounts of hunger and torture in Giwa barracks in the past. In 2016, at least 149 people died in the facility, according to Amnesty International, which called for it to be shut down. This included at least 11 children under the age of six.
Young boys are at greater risk of forced recruitment by militia groups, while  ( mainly young )  women and girls are at greater risk of recruitment or abduction for use as suicide bombers, often together with their babies
The security situation in North East Nigeria remains volatile due to sporadic attacks by Non State Armed Groups  ( NSAGs )  on civilian and military infrastructure in Borno and Adamawa states. On 7 May 2019, NSAG elements attacked two villages  ( Molai and Maiboriti )  about 4 kilometers from Maiduguri   the state capital. During the attack, at least 10 people including military personnel were reportedly killed, several others wounded and houses set ablaze by the attackers. The incident forced residents of the areas and nearby communities to flee to the main city center and into IDP camps. Intermittent gunshots and explosions continued during the night of the incident.
UNHCR is holding discussions with relevant Nigerian Government agencies for the voluntary repatriation of about 4,000 Nigerian refugees from Cameroon to Adamawa State. This followed the allocation of Naira 1.5 billion  ( approximately $4.2 million )  by the Federal Government. UNHCR is advocating to ensuring that the repatriation is in line with the provisions of the Tripartite Agreement signed by the Governments of Nigeria/Cameroon and UNHCR in March 2017 for the voluntary repatriation of Nigerian refugees in Cameroon. On 29 April, the Government of Nigeria and UNHCR participated in a meeting hosted by the Federal Minister of Interior to review preparedness for the planned voluntary repatriation to Adamawa State.
Meanwhile, on 8 May 2019, a group of armed NSAG combatants attacked the Ngala Local Government Area  ( LGA )  headquarters, eastern Borno State   close to Arabic IDP Camp and the UN Humanitarian Hub. The military successfully foiled the attack following several hours of gun battle with the NSAG. The exact number of casualties is unknown. In Ngala, there are two IDP camps currently supported by UNHCR and other humanitarian agencies. Staff working for different partners residing in the town during the attack were all accounted for.
Since the start of 2019, 1,698 refugees spontaneously returning from neighbouring Niger have been biometrically registered by the Nigeria Immigration Services  ( NIS ) . They have returned mainly to host communities in Damasak, Mobar LGA near the border with Niger. Meanwhile, discussions are continuing on the process of formulating a Tripartite Agreement between the Governments of Niger/Nigeria and UNHCR to guide the organized return of Nigerian refugees from Niger when the conditions are conducive for return. UNHCR has requested Niger to provide details of potential areas of return. A cross border meeting between UNHCR Nigeria and Niger is scheduled for 29 and 30 May.
The prevalence of hunger in rural areas is associated with low agricultural productivity; poor infrastructure, including transport and banking; limited access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene; inadequate health and education services; and gender inequalities. Nigeria has the second largest HIV epidemic globally, the highest number of paediatric cases in the world and 51 percent of the HIV burden of the African region
More than 40 percent of children aged 0– 59 months are chronically malnourished  ( stunted ) , 11 percent are acutely malnourished and 32 percent are underweight. In the northern states, stunting rates range from 35 to 59 percent. Only a quarter of infants aged up to 6 months are exclusively breastfed, and 17 percent of children aged 6–23 months receive a minimum acceptable diet. Nigeria is also affected by the double burden of malnutrition, particularly in urban centres where overweight and obesity are increasing
In July 2018, for example, 881 newly arrived children were registered in Bama, 679 of whom were from inaccessible areas. During mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  screening, 146 of these 679 children were in the red category  ( MUAC less than 115 mm ) , amounting to around one in five children from inaccessible areas, or one in ten of all new arrivals.3
Violent clashes between Cameroon's military and armed separatists have displaced some 437,000 within the country's borders and forced about 35,000 like Agah to seek safety in Nigeria. The displaced, the majority of whom are women and children, are mostly from English speaking areas. They face great hardship in both countries.
Despite ongoing efforts to contain the current outbreak of measles in the northeast, low access to vaccines continues to hinder the response. A total of 8,004 suspected measles cases and 21 deaths  ( CFR: 0.3 per cent )  were reported in Borno, and 559 suspected cases and 6 deaths  ( CFR: 1.07 per cent )  in Yobe. Measles cases have also been observed outside of the northeast, most notably in Katsina state
Ongoing conflict, military operations and poor living conditions resulted in 14,373 new displacements across the three northeast states during the reporting period1, which also saw the return of 2,117 refugees coming back to Nigeria from Niger and Cameroon. The highest number of movements were observed in Gwoza, Bama, Konduga and MMC Local Government Areas  ( LGAs ) , with both new IDPs and returnees identifying their priority needs as shelter, protection services, health and nutrition services, provision of food, and access to water and sanitation.
Congestion also remains a major challenge for displaced communities, particularly in IDP camps in Borno, where more than 5000 families  ( an estimated 25,000 people )  are still living under open skies without shelter, and without any plan for a relocation. There is an urgent need to expedite negotiations for the allocation of land for construction of shelters and latrines, particularly in Monguno and in Maiduguri.
Humanitarian actors remained unable to provide emergency assistance in Rann, Kala Balge LGA, though initial security assessments of the area took place in the second half of March. A highly vulnerable population of approximately 40,000 people returned to the town in late February, after briefly fleeing into Cameroon on at least two separate locations following active hostilities between Nigeria security forces and non state armed groups. Humanitarian actors are currently struggling to find ways to provide assistance within this highly insecure environment.
Since the beginning of 2019, a total of 33,059 children with severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM )  have been admitted for treatment  ( 20 per cent of annual target ) , out of which, 11,592 children were admitted in 636 UNICEF supported treatment facilities in the three northeast states within the reporting period. Of the children admitted in March, 95.7 per cent of the children were successfully discharged as cured, 2.4 per cent dropped out of the treatment, 1.0 per cent died and 0.8 per cent did not respond to the treatment.
The closure of three stabilization centers due to lack of funding is undermining the nutrition sector's ability to provide adequate treatment to malnourished children in Bama and Mafa LGAs of Borno and in Jakusko LGA of Yobe state. UNICEF has continued to advocate to government and other partners, including to NHF for funding to reactivate the SCs.
There were 59 suspected cases of Cerebrospinal Meningitis  ( CSM )  reported from 42 LGAs in 19 States  ( Bauchi – 3, Bayelsa – 1, Cross River – 2, Delta – 1, Enugu – 1, Gombe – 7, Jigawa – 6, Kaduna – 1, Kano – 3, Katsina – 12, Kebbi   3, Kogi – 3, Kwara – 2, Niger – 1, Osun – 1, Rivers – 4, Sokoto – 3, Yobe – 4 & Zamfara   1 ) . Of these, none was laboratory confirmed and two deaths were recorded
Round II of the UNHCR vulnerability screening from March April 2016 reported 2% of household members with a disability  ( 6,921 of 327,379 household members )  and an additional 2% elderly that were unable to take care of themselves
In 2014, Global Acute Malnutrition  ( GAM )  and Severe Acute Malnutrition  ( SAM )  were reported above critical levels  ( 15 percent for GAM and 2 percent for SAM⁴ )  in Jigawa, Bauchi, and Yobe States. Borno, Jigawa, Katsina, Sokoto and Yobe were above the warning threshold for GAM  ( 10< GAM<15 ) 19 in 2015
In December 2018, it overran a major military base in Baga, on the shores of Lake Chad, which the Nigerian army had recaptured in February 2015. On 23 February 2019, the day of Nigeria's general elections, ISWAP launched its first ever attack on Borno state's capital, Maiduguri, firing rockets at military targets.
As a consequence of military operations, from December 2017 to October 2018, the number of IDPs in the Northeast of Nigeria has risen from 1,702,680 to 2,206,602 individuals  ( +29.6% ) . The October 2018 DTM also provides a clear picture of the number of returnees by State  ( Borno: 683,012; Adamawa: 780,571; Yobe: 177,327 ) , giving a total of 1,640,910 in the Borno, Adamawa and Yobe States  ( BAY ) .
o Two  ( 2 )  new cases were reported on the 19th September, 2019 from Girei LGA and Yola North o Total case count now stands at 759 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.53% o No new settlement or ward has been infected. 16 settlements are those reporting new suspected cases.
The protracted conflict also continues to have a direct impact on people's health and nutrition status that is further exacerbated by food insecurity, destruction of basic services, as well as meltdown of socioeconomic and development structures. Prevalence of acute malnutrition constitutes another concern. Stunting prevalence ranges between 25% and 40% in BAY States11.
Women and girls involved are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse and assault, especially sexual assault and abuse, while marketing, selling their products.
Ethnic conflicts, military dictatorships, Islamist groups  ( such as Izala and Boko Haram )  and clashes between the government and citizen militias have affected the livelihoods of and caused displacement among thousands of people  ( Mberu & Pongou, 2010 ) . Violent conflicts caused by Boko Haram have been the recent cause for the internal displacement of close to two million individuals  ( IOM DTM Nigeria, 2017 ) .
Moreover, Nigerians in transit in Greece mostly came from the provinces of Edo  ( 14.2% ) , Federal Capital Territory  ( 13.7% ) , Lagos  ( 12.3% ) , or Borno  ( 11.3% ) . When looking at the demographic and socio economic profiles of the Nigerian respondents in Greece, the majority were males  ( 65.7% )  – a similar proportion to that reported by Nigerian potential migrants and Nigerians in Niger. Also, like respondents still in Nigeria or those in Libya, the average age among Nigerians transiting in Greece was reported to be approximately 29 years.
Only one per cent of the respondents reported having no education, of which all  ( N=100 )  reported being able to read and write.
Similarly, at the household level, insufficient income levels  ( 60.9% and 11.7%, respectively )  and a lack of jobs and livelihood opportunities  ( 20.9% and 28.6%, respectively )  were primary and secondary challenges commonly reported. Financial problems and debt  ( 27.1% )  as well as a lack of access to education due to lacking financial means  ( 11.7% )  were reported as additional secondary challenges at the household level.
When asked about their first reason for wanting to leave Nigeria  ( see Figure 9 ) , the majority of the potential migrants also cited factors relating to financial difficulties: a lack of jobs and livelihood  ( 60.9% ) , a lack of economic growth and prosperity at the country level  ( 15.3% ) , as well as financial problems and debts  ( 10.0% ) . In this context, potential migrants were significantly more likely than Nigerian migrants to cite lack of jobs and livelihood as a reason for leaving their origin country. These reasons were also cited by most respondents as their second reason for leaving Nigeria, though financial problems and debts took precedence.
The common events that triggered migration were a lack of employment  ( including a job loss ) , or job opportunity in Europe  ( Figure 10 ) . Their employment status was evenly distributed between private employment  ( 20.1% ) , self employment  ( 29.8% ) , and unemployment  ( 25.6% ) . In addition, a lack of livelihood opportunities – especially as related to economic factors, lack of sufficient income and jobs, unemployment, as well as financial problems and debt – is detected as a driver of migration amongst Nigerian migrants  ( RMMS, 2016; IOM, 2014a ) .
Emphasising the importance of social media for such forms of contact, respondents reported that their primary channels for word of mouth were verbal contact  ( via phone, Viber, Facebook, and/or Skype )  with friends and family in Europe  ( 22.7% ) , contact with family and friends that had returned to Nigeria from Europe  ( 19.4% ) , as well as contact at work  ( 13.4% ) .
Nigerians faced major economic challenges such as lack of sufficient income and livelihood opportunities, unemployment, financial problems, and debts alongside security problems, insecurity, opposition groups and security threats at the personal, household, and community level.
While there was no specific event that triggered Nigerians to leave their origin country a combination of economic triggers  ( e.g. lack or loss of employment, perceived job availability in Europe )  and influence from the respondents' social circles  ( e.g. hearing from a family or friend that life in Europe was good, friends asking to join in their migration, family wanting them to migrate )  influenced migration decisions. Security threats  ( e.g. security incident )  were also mentioned as one of the main triggers to migrate for Nigerians in the Netherlands.
n general, half of the Nigerian respondents reported having a smartphone with them while travelling to Europe that they mainly used for communication with family and friends at home and in Europe and for information about their journey. However, only about 10 per cent of the Nigerians in Niger and 19 per cent of the Nigerians in the Netherlands reported having a smartphone during their migration journey.
Most Nigerian nationals surveyed in Niger suggested using word of mouth  ( 28.1% ) , television  ( 22.9% ) , the Internet  ( 13.4% ) , and Facebook  ( 13.2% )  as their primary source of information. The same channels were also reported by Nigerians in Niger when asked about their secondary sources of information, though 37 per cent of respondents reported having only one information source for their perceptions of Europe.
The attack on Rann, headquarters of Kala Balge Local Government Area, forced some of the IDPs living there to flee Rann into border communities of Cameroon, a Central African country on the north east of Nigeria, while most of them, fled to Ngala, a neighboring border town of Borno.
The occupants whose houses had been completely destroyed and have no resources to rebuild are occupying a building in better condition belonging to relatives and displaced neighbors; same applies to IDPs from nearby villages and town. Some community members use public buildings makeshifts shelters. Shelter interventions for IDPs and host unable to make emergency repairs of their houses are needed as priority.
There is only one functional market with few shops opened in Rann. The market suffered the most during the attack and 200 250 shops were burnt/destroyed during the attack as reported by the market chairman, Mallam Sulum Bulama Adam.
The security situation in North East Nigeria was generally been fluid and unpredictable during March. Security incidents perpetrated by Non State Armed Groups  ( NSAG )  included inter alia suicide bombings and attacks on military installations and civilian infrastructure. The military has stepped up security efforts through counter insurgency operations, but this has not stopped the indiscriminate attacks and further population displacements. Access to affected populations remains a challenge for humanitarian workers due to prevailing weather and security conditions
When asked about containers for water storage/collection, overwhelming majority of the participants reported not having containers for water storage/collection, this is because during the last attack on the town by AOGs on 28th/01/2019 all their belongings have been completely burnt and no NGOs have assisted them with containers at the moment
Households that their primary means of livelihoods were begging  ( 66 percent ) , unskilled wage labor  ( 49.0 percent ) , skilled wage labor  ( 38 percent ) , petty trade  ( 31 percent )  and daily common labor  ( 29 percent )  were more food insecure compared to counterparts engaged in salaried work  ( 15 percent ) , livestock business  ( 16 percent )  and agriculture  ( 23 percent ) .
In the Far North region of Cameroon, the security situation has been dominated by attacks from Boko Haram which increased markedly in March. These attacks included plundering and pillaging, kidnapping for ransom or conscription and burning of villages and foodstuff. The military has increased its presence particularly along the Cameroon – Nigeria border.
An estimated 10,000 refugees of the 40,000 refugees that previously occupied the Goura site have settled among the host communities and the site in Goura has been completely cleared. Due to the fluid security situation across the border in Nigeria, some 42 refugees who had left Minawao camp to return to Nigeria were sent back to the camp. There are heightened fears of increased attacks during the Ramadan period in May.
 The relocation of 8,319 internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  from the Teachers Village Camp to the New Stadium Camp in Maiduguri, Borno State was part of an interagency camp decongestion plan. This came after a new wave of hostilities in parts of eastern Borno forced more than 60,000 IDPs into Maiduguri. The Teachers Village exceeded its normal capacity of about 10,000 persons and now hosts over 30,000 IDPs.
Between 25 – 28 March, a visit to the far north region of Cameroon  ( Logone and Chari department )  by the UNHCR Representatives for Cameroon and Nigeria highlighted the vulnerabilities of populations affected by Boko Haram activities in spite of the presence of the MNJTF. They noted the obstaces to humanitarian access to populations thus limiting humanitarian aid, which in turns leaves the population vulnerable. A further visit to Ngambaru / Ngala IDP camp  ( Nigeria )  revealed that capacity of the camp to host more people had been exceeded.
Some 1,323 households  ( of IDPs and Out of Camp refugees )  representing 6,615 individuals have benefitted from Shelter and CRI kits distributed within the framework of the Japan 4 project. The project is jointly implemented by UNHCR and UNDP. A UNHCR UNDP team was in Fotokol on 11 April to follow up on other related livelihood schemes like the cash for work project implemented for the economic empowerment of the IDPs and refugees in the community.
One  ( 1 )  new case was reported on the 23rd September, 2019 from Yola North LGA. o Total case count now stands at 772 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.52% o No new settlement or ward has been infected. 16 settlements are those reporting new suspected cases.
Borno state has been witnessing large scale population displacement following the recent ongoing conflict mainly in Gubio, Nganzai and Magumeri LGAs of Borno state. It leads to displacements within the state and to other states, including refugees who are fleeing into the state as a result of conflict in their countries.
On analyzing the shelter conditions in host communities, it was noted that in 54 sites where 5,027 households are hosted, some IDPs live without shelter. In all cases, the proportion of IDPs in need of shelter was less than 25 percent of the total IDPs in these sites.
The total number of cases reported as at 9th September, 2019 stands at 733 with 4 deaths  ( CFR=0.55% ) , Yola North has 450 cases with 2 deaths  ( CFR= 0.44% ) ; Girei has 182 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 0.55 % ) , Yola South has 100 cases with 1 death  ( CFR= 1.00 % )  and Song has 1 case with 0 death  ( CFR= 0 % ) . So far, 185 samples yielded growth suggestive of Vibrio cholerae on culture and results of 7 isolates from the reference laboratory revealed 01 serotype.
The freedom of movement, for both patients and healthcare providers, are often curtailed by general insecurity, especially in inaccessible areas, as well as by specific restrictions, including for IDPs to move in and out of IDP camps, in Borno State in particular.
Of all the 2,119 sites assessed, the highest need for NFI items was blankets/mats in 612 sites hosting 73,367 households, followed by mosquito nets in 460 sites hosting 47,725 households and kitchen sets in 352 sites hosting 46,077 households.
The north east region is highly endemic for malaria which is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among children and women. The disease burden is especially high in central and northern Borno State.
Respectively 88%, 86% and 75% of households in Madagali, Michika and Mubi North reported that their level of income had decreased in the three months prior to data collection. In addition, in those three LGAs at least three quarters of households reported being in debt.
Lassa fever and cerebro spinal meningitis  ( CSM )  have claimed 26 lives and infected 88 others in 26 states and the Federal Capital Territory  ( FCT ) .
The scenario differed in Borno, where piped water was the main source in 49 per cent of assessed sites, followed by hand pumps in 29 per cent  ( up from 28% )  of sites and unprotected wells in 10 per cent  ( down from 12% )  of sites.
 1 Confirmed case of Lassa Fever reported on the 18th January 2019. 27 contacts were line listed in Adamawa. Information shared with Ebonyi State where the index case travelled to led to the tracing of 39 contacts out of which 3 were confirmed positive.
Handwashing stations were found in 16 per cent  ( no change from last round of assessment )  of sites, out of which 4 per cent did not have soap or water inside. Handwashing practice was practiced in in 27 per cent  ( up from 24% )  of sites, although hygiene promotion campaigns had taken place in 65 per cent  ( up from 64% )  of displacement sites.
Ten per cent of IDPs residing with host communities did not have identification documents. Ten per cent of IDPs in Borno did not have identification documents, this represents a 1 per cent increase compared with Round 26
In 98 per cent of host community sites, toilets were described as ‘not hygienic'  ( up from 96% in November round of assessment )  and good in 2 per cent of sites. In Borno, 97 per cent  ( up from 96% )  of toilets were reported as not good/hygienic.
Fifty six per cent of host communities had lighting in their sites though only 4 per cent of IDP sites said the lighting was adequate.
In sites where IDPs are residing with host communities, access to education services was recorded in 98 per cent of sites  ( down by 1% ) . In 72 per cent of sites  ( up from 71% ) , formal or informal education facilities existed on site, while they were located off site in 26 per cent  ( down from 28% )  of sites.
The most occurring risk mentioned in Ikom was exploitation by national employers in Ikom and at the border area as well as survival sex. Only churches are considered as safe.
Bama: 152 arrivals and 88 departures were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno state. These include 51 arrivals from Marwa in Cameroon, 62 neighboring from Buduwa/Bala Chirebe ward, 26 from Kote ward, 6 from Soye ward and 2 from Wulibari/Ndine ward of Bama LGA into GSSS IDP camp, Shehuri/Hausari/Mairi ward of Bama LGA and 5 arrivals from Maisandari ward of Maiduguri LGA. The 88 departures were all from Buduwa/Bula Chirabe ward of Bama LGA. 14% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to military operation and 86% voluntarily. The departures were all voluntary.
Having fled with very little, their presence in already impoverished host communities is straining food resources and already limited health, education, water and sanitation facilities in these areas.
The results also include 63 children from neighboring countries  ( 17 children in Bama, 8 in Mobbar, and 38 in Ngala ) ; of all the 63 children measured, none were in the red category with 56 in the green category and the remaining 7 in the yellow category. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted to the treatment program.
Approximately 1,810 HHs have lost food items. • Farmlands of some 924 HHs have been affected. • Livestock and poultry lost in the floods.
Three  ( 3 )  new cases were reported from 25th to 31st October, 2019 from Yola North and Girei LGAs. o Total case count now stands at 808 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.495%
The Nigeria HRP 2018 estimated that 2.4 million people have been identified to be in need of GBV prevention and response in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe States.
Approximately 3 million people in Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe faced Crisis  ( Phase 3 )  or worse levels of acute food insecurity and required urgent food assistance between June and August, according to the most recent Cadre Harmonisé  ( CH )  analysis.
In response to the attack, Nigeria Air Forces launched an air assault on an ISWAP base in nearby Monguno Local Government area on May 24 . The camp was destroyed with an estimated 10 fatalities
In Nigeria, the Islamic State  ( ISWAP )  faction of Boko Haram continued a string of attacks against military bases north of Maiduguri. On May 19 , the group launched a large offensive against a military base in Gubio Local Government area, reportedly causing at least three soldiers' deaths  ( possibly 15; Boko Haram claims 20 ) , and displacing others. At least six remain missing
According to the Nigeria Demographic Health Survey  ( NDHS, 2018 ) , the under five mortality rate in Nigeria is 132 per 1,000 live births meaning that 1 in 8 Nigerian children never reach the age of 5. Infant deaths, which account for half of child mortality have declined from 87 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 67 in 2018. One  ( 1 )  Nigerian woman dies in childbirth every 10 minutes, and 1 Nigerian child under 5 years of age dies every minute.
Maiduguri: 125 arrivals and 8 departures were recorded in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council of Borno State. The arrivals include 7 from Benishikh ward of Kaga LGA. Other arrivals include 101 from Jewu/Lamboa, 9 from Auno Chabbol and 8 from Sojiri/Nguro Nguro wards of Konduga LGA. The 8 departures were from Mafoni ward. 88% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to military operations, 6% due to fear of attack while 10% were reportedly due to poor living conditions. The departures were due to poor living conditions.
Bama: 172 arrivals and 21 departures were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 35 from Darajamal ward and 18 from Buduwa/Bula Chirabe ward. Other arrivals include 78 from Mora in Cameroon, 22 from Dalori/Wanori ward of Konduga LGA, 13 from Mafa ward of Mafa LGA and 6 from Pulka/Boko ward of Gwoza LGA. The 21 departures were from Buduwa/Bula Chirabe ward. 53% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to poor living conditions, 36% relocated voluntarily while 10% were reportedly involuntary. The departures were all voluntary.
Zamfara state is currently the most affected with 9,818 displaced individuals. Many of the IDPs in Zamfara state would like to return to their place of origin, but the deadly attacks persist. It will also take time for them to restore damaged properties and recover from the looting of farm produce. Many of those in the camps informed DTM staff that their cattle have been carted away. There are locations where people have moved out of their villages despite no attack and the fear of imminent attack is a reason cited by many as preventing them from returning home.
Damboa: 70 arrivals were recorded in Damboa LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 58 from Azur/Multe/Forfor ward and 12 from Maisandari ward. 89% of the new arrivals reported to have relocated due to military operations while 48% were reportedly due to poor living conditions.
Displaced people are living in sub human conditions across the region. There are no sanitation or drainage facilities in most camps. People are going to the toilet in open spaces because there are no facilities for them to use and now that the camps are filled with stagnant flood water, water borne diseases like cholera quickly spread,' Batonon added.
Nigeria faces among the highest compound fragility climate risks globally. It suffers from ongoing fragility and conflict that severely limit the state's ability to respond to the country's considerable climate risks. At the same time, environmental stress may be increasing the severity of land conflicts and food shortages in the country.
Furthermore, heavy rain periods present opportunities by armed groups to infiltrate and target displacement camps. On Tuesday night  ( August 20 )  in Dikwa, a female suicide bomber detonated a bomb, killing herself and injuring four civilians. This was the first attack of its kind in the area since December 2018.
Among conflict affected households in northeastern Nigeria, including IDPs and returnees, the demand for food and livelihood support is high. The region hosts more than 1.6 million returnees, who are eager to resume their livelihood activities and who face difficult agricultural production challenges owing to a loss of assets and income in the last decade.
Ngala: 483 arrivals were recorded in Ngala LGA of Borno State. The arrivals include 431 from Rann “A' ward of Kala/Balge LGA, 39 from Fotokol and 13 from Kousseri of Cameroon. The arrivals were all due to poor living conditions
Kala/Balge: 345 departures were recorded in Kala/Balge LGA of Borno State. The 345 departures were from Rann ward. The departures were all due to poor living conditions.
Two  ( 2 )  new cases were reported from 11  12th September, 2019 from Yola North LGA. o No new case from Girei and Yola South LGAs. Song LGA has not reported any new case in the past 8 weeks o Total case count now stands at 738 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.54% o No new settlement or ward has been infected. 20 settlements are still the ones reporting new suspected cases
The flooding is estimated to have affected over 210,000 people, with about 130,000 of them being displaced  ( IFRC EPoA 07/10/2019 ) . Rainfall is predicted to continue in central Nigeria in the week of 17 23 October  ( NOAA ) . Flooding has destroyed or flooded IDP camps across north eastern states, especially in Borno. People in camps in Borno face increased health risks and lack access to WASH facilities.
The unpaved road is badly damaged, full of pot holes. At some point along the road, you find an open refuse dump, where a few young children can be found openly defecating. The rest of the path is bounded by thick bushes on both sides. We soon arrive at the settlement. There are between 150 and 200 people living here. They have constructed makeshift shelters from tree trunks, used planks and old clothes for covering. Needless to say these roofs cannot stand a drizzle, let alone a full downpour of rain. For good measure, mosquitoes are an ever present threat.
According to assessments of the Nigerian Red Cross Society  ( NRCS ) , the numbers of affected people in Borno and Delta states are higher than in Kebbi and Kogi. For Delta, estimations range between 40,000 and 60,000 affected people, for Borno between 20,000 and 40,000 people  ( IFRC EPoA 07/10/2019 ) . Other severely affected states in terms of the total number of affected people include Anambra, Bauchi, Jigawa, and Lagos
There were 56 suspected cases of Lassa Fever in 10 states  ( Edo 30, Ondo 7, Ebonyi 8, Bauchi 2, Plateau 2, Taraba 1, Kogi 2, Enugu 1, Ogun 1, Kebbi 2 ) . Four cases were confirmed from Edo, Ebonyi and Taraba States with no deaths.
There were 30 suspected cases of Cerebrospinal Meningitis reported from 18 LGAs in 10 States  ( Bauchi 2, Borno 2, Cross River 1, Ebonyi 3, Kaduna 1, Katsina 14, Kano 1, Kwara 2, Plateau 3, Sokoto 1 ) . Of these, none was laboratory confirmed and no deaths were recorded
Two new suspected cases were reported from Rivers  ( 1 )  and Oyo  ( 1 ) . The case from Rivers was inconclusive while that from Oyo tested negative for monkey pox.