nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Since the current outbreak of COVID 19 emerged, many individuals and households are using Information and Communications Technologies  ( ICTs )  to minimise the disruption and circumvent some of the obstacles they face in getting on with their daily lives.
The longer term social and economic impact of this crisis will be profound. The International Monetary Fund expects a global recession more severe than the 2008 global financial crisis, with two thirds of the economic dislocation from losses of business and consumer confidence and tightened financial markets rather than the pandemic itself. But by building back better, this dis  location also provides an opportunity to shift our planetary trajectory towards the 2030 Agenda and a climate resilient future. UNDP is helping countries assess and understand the impacts of COVID 19. Our post disaster needs assessments were developed in coordination with the European Union, the World Bank and the rest of the UN system, building on experience dating back to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, through the Ebola and Zika epidemics and many other crises and disasters around the world. UNDP is already working to understand the social, economic and political impacts of the crisis, and to find ways to mitigate them with sustainable, resilient and rights based solutions crafted with the public and private sectors. This leverages our capacity on innovation, digital solu  tions, social protection systems, response to increased gender based violence, emergency job creation and economic restoration. Examples include scaling up digital solutions for health care, financing and other services, designing targeted social protection for marginalized groups, develop women's economic empowerment strategies, and developing fiscal policy and SDG  aligned financing mechanisms with partner governments. UNDP is currently producing country specific assessments of the COVID 19 economic impact, policy options to contain it, and approaches to protect the most vulnerable. We are assessing how existing instruments in each country, including subsidies, transfers and existing social pro  tection instruments, can be used for short term response to the crisis. We ensure that gender data is available, integrated, and actionable. In Niger, for example, UNDP is working with the Economic Commission of Africa on the so  cio economic impact and with the World Bank on private sector support to recovery. In Mada  gascar, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP and the World Bank are working with the Government to develop a social protection programme to support the groups most at risk.
COVID 19 has turned the world upside down. Everything has been impacted. How we live and interact with each other, how we work and communicate, how we move around and travel. Every aspect of our lives has been affected. Although the world is in lockdown, governments, epidemiologists, school principals, entrepreneurs and families around the world are already planning the next steps: how to safely reopen schools and businesses, how to commute and travel without transmitting or contracting infection, how to support those most affected by the crisis – the millions who have lost their livelihoods or their loved ones, how to ensure the already serious inequalities don't deteriorate further.
Humanitarian and development organisations are encouraged to close data gaps by sharing data that is critical but often missing. For the COVID 19 response, this includes data on the location of health and education facilities, food insecurity and malnutrition rates, and transportation routes and mobility patterns. For more information, contact centrehumdata@un.org.
Global banking on the eve of COVID 19: potential risks The short term share of credit by foreign banks, a key indicator of external vulnerability, is high for some emerging market and developing economy  ( EMDE )  borrowers. In addition, substantial variations could be expected among national banking systems in their reactions to a global financial shock triggered by the pandemic.
Livelihoods is a priority in the region; however, more operational capacity is needed as well as operational plans that include livelihoods. There are few departments, units and personnel responsible specifically for livelihoods in the region  ( 17 per cent of NSs surveyed )  There is little participation in livelihoods related coordination spaces at the national level  ( only one third of NSs surveyed participate regularly ) . There is greater expertise in rural than in urban contexts during all phases of intervention.
Telehealth has many potential benefits in the context of COVID 19, as people with mild symptoms can consult from their homes –avoiding potentiallyinfecting others, including much needed health workers, or even themselves if they do not have the virus –and reserving physical capacity in health care units for critical cases and people with serious health conditions unrelated to the outbreak.
The COVID 19 pandemic is not just a health crisis, but also a humanitarian and development crisis that is threatening to leave deep social, economic and political scars for years to come, particularly in countries already weighed down by fragility, poverty and conflict. For many years, the Human Development Reports have shown that most countries have registered positive trends in human development, but caution is always advised because progress is not linear, and crises, natural or man made, could reverse gains. The concepts of vulnerability, preparedness and resilience add much to the human development approach by looking not just at achievements but also at risks and uncertainty. Inequality is manifest in the vulnerability to some adverse event or circumstance, such as the current pandemic. Health shocks can be some of the most destabilizing to households and society, and poverty adds to the high risks of long lasting consequences and deaths. Those living in multidimensional poverty are among the most vulnerable. Despite recent progress in poverty reduction, more than 2 billion people are either near or living in multidimensional poverty, and more than 40 percent of global population do not have any social protection.
In one quarter of countries, mainly in the Southern hemisphere, the pandemic occurred near the start of the academic year, preventing timely entry of students into their new class. There is a high risk that national, regional and global progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 4 on education will be reversed as a consequence of the pandemic. To design effective interventions, policy makers and other stakeholders need up to date and accurate statistics. One immediate priority is access to online instruction or alternative learning platforms like television, radio or printed material that allow students to continue their education, but reliable statistics in this area are still sparse. The presence of a positive and stimulating home environment is another important factor at a time when schools are closed. Data on the home environment collected reveal stark inequities linked to wealth and other household characteristics.
With over one billion people informal settlements and slum like conditions, COVID 19 has led to job losses, with direct impacts on food security, housing and shelter and access to basic needs. The COVID 19 impacts have and will no doubt exacerbate the vulnerability of many urban sub population groups such as residents of informal settlements, women, the disabled, elderly persons and children. In the spirit of leaving no one behind and no space behind, supporting urban vulnerability mapping is no longer a luxury but a must for this pandemic. In such times where the right decision must be made quickly and at the right time and place, local authorities and cities need a system that can help them collate, analyze and translate data into simple to understand information for informed actions.
Diving into more detail on the effect of COVID 19 on economic growth and quality of life, we note that the well being of people living in different countries around the world will be affected by the pandemic. The comparison of real well being measures can only be performed using Purchasing Power Parities  ( PPPs ) . However, the use of PPPs with reference year 2017 or 2011 would not provide accurate comparisons as the purchasing power of different currencies would have changed and rankings would have shifted as a result of the economic impact of COVID 19 pandemic.
Latin America currently suffers two shocks, independent but related, the impact of the Covid 19 and the shock of com  modity prices. Peru, we argue, is a case in which the strongest impact comes from the epidemic. Peru was the first country in Latin America to react with sanitary and economic measures against the coronavirus. The country is in mandatory quarantine since Monday, March 16. This carries very important challenges for all economic actors. Global and national activity has suffered a sudden stop with direct implications in:  ( i )  the income generating capacity of independent work  ers,  ( ii )  the jobs of formal and informal workers,  ( iii )  the survival of small, medium and large companies. In this note we analyze the situation of Peruvian households facing the pandemic, exploring their vulnerabilities through an analysis of their main source of income generation: work. We also analyze the situation of the companies that employ the workers under analysis. We present an overview of what the government's main actions have been so far and offer some recom  mendations.
CR Argentina informa que han lanzado un ejercicio de recolección de información primaria a población migrante con la que ya venían trabajando anteriormente. Este ejercicio tiene un alcance mayor y no está limitado solo a los medios de vida.
IFRC has recommended including the following priorities in livelihoods programming for 20203: i )  provide relevant inputs to protect, restore or develop productive capacity; ii )  increase economic opportunities and income through skills development; iii )  promote a market driven approach based on a comprehensive analysis of the labour market; iv )  promote low cost, low tech, easily replicable activities that communities are able to afford; v )  train beneficiaries to use market systems, add value to their primary production, and mobilize financial capital through savings plans, access to credit, or cash transfers; and vi )  build the voice of local communities and strengthen their capacity for adaptation and transformation.
Tanto CR Colombiana como CR Argentina mencionan que ya vienen avanzando con ejercicios de evaluación del impacto de la crisis COVID 19 en la población migrante. CR Colombiana con personas migrantes que poseen una unidad productiva  ( emprendimiento )  y CR Argentina población migrante en general. Ambas SNs ponen a disposición sus insumos  ( cuestionario, resultados, etc. )  para la elaboración del cuestionario.
The region's vulnerability to climate change is one of the factors driving migration. According to a World Bank report, by 2050, more than 140 million people in Africa south of the Sahara, South Asia and Latin America could be forced to move within their own countries to escape the impacts of slow onset climate change13.
The current international situation, which also affects Peru, is marked by great uncertainty. We started the year with the prospect of lower growth before two separate but linked economic shocks occurred: the spread of the COVID 19 virus and the collapse of commodity prices  ( oil and copper in particular are crucial to the region ) . COVID 19 is affecting all countries in the region in a similar way, although to varying degrees depending on the containment policies they are adopting, producing a negative impact on aggregate supply with a knock on effect on aggregate demand. The impact of the commodity prices shock will depend on the specific situation of the country's commodity trade balance.
The economic shock caused by COVID 19 increasingly seems to be permanent rather than temporary, with medi  um and long term impacts that will only become apparent gradually. In turn, the impact on the price of commodi  ties is also changing over time. Overall, what we are experiencing today seems to be more intense and widespread than anything the sudden stops modelling had predicted.
The segments of salaried employees and self employed workers segments deserve further attention. One in five salaried employees works for the public sector and the other four work for the private sector. Half of salaried employees have a contract and the other half do not. The vast majority of salaried employees have a fixed term contract, with less than one in four on open term contracts. Both types of contract offer protection against dis  missal and financial protection against termination of contract may be higher for fixed term workers: 1.5 times the monthly earnings for each month from their dismissal to the end date of the contract, versus one month's pay for every year worked in the case of workers on open term contracts. Companies can therefore be expected to wait for these contracts to expire rather than terminating them early. However, fixed term contracts are typically for short periods: at least 27 percent are for three months or less. It is not possible to ascertain the full extent of this phenomenon because data from spreadsheets do not clearly identify when a contract is a renewal of an existing one. However, the fact that 37 per cent of fixed term contracts are for more than one year suggests that many of those are renewals. Nine out of ten self employed workers or freelancers are in the informal segment of the labour market; in other words, they are not registered with the tax authority. This statistic coincides with the proportion of self employed and freelance workers who do not have a higher education qualification  ( they also account for nine out of ten self employed workers and freelancers ) .
In Peru, income from formal employment constitutes about 20 per cent of regular household income, while income from informal employment accounts for almost 50 per cent. The rest comes from other sources of income and transfers both state and private. However, there are significant socioeconomic differences between house  holds. For households in the higher income brackets, formal employment covers three fifths of their budget, while informal employment and other sources of income account for one fifth each. Employment makes up 50 percent of the budget of lower income households, and it is almost exclusively informal. The other half is made up of transfers received from the state and from other households. In relative terms, transfers received from the state constitute almost a third of the total regular income of households in the first income decile  ( Figure 1a ) .
In contrast to other countries in the region, Peru is a net importer of fuel. The fall in oil prices could therefore have a positive effect on its balance of trade. This positive effect could be significant, given that so far this year the price of a barrel of crude oil has fallen by more than 50 percent. However, in a quarantine situation, in which the demand for fuel has dropped sharply, the positive effect of this fall in prices might not materialize.
In order to protect the incomes of workers, it is vital that we keep companies afloat. This is important not only be  cause of the volume of workers they employ directly, but also because of the indirect employment generated through their demand for intermediate goods from other companies or self employed workers. It is no secret that in the Peruvian business sector companies with varying degrees of formality co exist, both in terms of the employment they generate and their relationship with the state. Table 1 shows the structure of the business sector, according to the Directorio Central de Empresas y Establecimientos  ( Central Directory of Companies and Establishments ) , the most comprehensive data source in the sector. According to this source, in 2015 the formal business sector in Peru consisted of 2,042,992 economic units. As we can see, the total number of production units in the formal sector is less than one third the number in the informal sector. However, their output is four times higher  ( INEI, 2016a ) .7
En la región, las personas migrantes tienen acceso, en diferente medida, a sistemas púbicos de salud y educación. Lo que se ha identificado es que existe la percepción de que las personas migrantes sin su situación regularizada han evitado asistir a los sistemas de salud por temor a ser identificados. Otro aspecto es que en algunos países, como Chile, las niñas y niños reciben alimentación en las escuelas, por lo que el cierre de los centros educativos puede estar afectando el acceso a las comidas diarias.
Macroeconomic uncertainty also produces microeconomic uncertainty. In our economy, two out of three workers are self employed or freelance, with only one in three in formal employment. Household budgets are highly vola  tile. The restrictions on personal and economic freedoms needed to deal with the health emergency have meant an abrupt cutback in the income generating potential of many households. This will have short term impacts that, depending on the duration of the emergency, could result in greater impacts in the medium term. Looking at the Chinese experience, quarantine may well last for two or three months. Moreover, there is no clear quarantine exit strategy at the moment, although any exit is expected to be very gradual. What criteria will be used to allow some businesses to open, while others remain closed? At the moment, this is not clear, and therefore the macroeconomic picture is also dogged by uncertainty.
Private transfers include a vast array of diverse sources of income. Private cash transfers and donations are the most common forms of such income in poorer households. Data from the Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza  ( national survey of households, focusing on living conditions and poverty – ENAHO )  do not enable us to ascertain whether these transfers come from a foreign source  ( remittances )  or a domestic source. One way or another, these very probably take the form of transfers from children to their parents or between siblings, cousins or relatives in various forms of solidarity. For the more affluent households, property rental is the main source of this income.
In addition, there is also an incentive package that covers 35 percent of the payroll of low income workers  ( whose monthly wage is below PEN 1,500 or approximately $400 ) , not subject to any conditions. Furthermore, given the magnitude of the sudden stoppage and the uncertainties regarding timeframes  ( both of the duration of the quarantine, of the strategy for the return to normalcy, and of the necessity for potential further quarantines ) , an Emergency Decree has been issued with measures aimed at “maintaining the employment relationship and remu  neration, privileging the agreement with workers.' In this context, the “full suspension of work' is permitted only exceptionally, for the suspension of the employment contract for the duration of the health emergency. In other words, the contract remains in force, but all its effects are suspended: the worker does not have to work and the employer does not have to pay salaries. It is also important to note that, although the rule does not indicate this, the Minister of Labour has indicated that full suspension cannot be used by companies that have benefited from the payroll subsidy or guarantee scheme. The company can proceed with this measure after completing a form that sets out its grounds for requesting it. The Ministry of Labour, ex post, decides on whether the grounds merit the application of the measure or not. In the latter case, the company shall compensate the worker for all wages not received.
CR Colombiana: Se han producido guías en MdV y PTM para fortalecer las capacidades de las delegaciones/filiales. Programa de PTM multipropósito para los loteros, socios/usuarios de programas existentes de CR Colombiana. Apoyo en la evaluación de los mercados en zona frontera con Venezuela. Estos estudios deberán ser monitoreados y actualizados con la evolución de la crisis. Se han formulado/están formulando proyectos en MdV Se han reasignado recursos de programas existentes para apoyar la cobertura de necesidades básicas con PTM multipróposito.
CR Ecuatoriana Finalizando adaptación de actividades de apoyo a migrantes para realizar PTM multipropósito de manera virtual  ( online ) . La asistencia se comparte migrantes  ( 70% )  y ecuatorianos  ( 30% ) . Se han formulado/están formulando proyectos en Seguridad Alimentaria. Promoviendo huertos urbanos y periurbanos.
CR Salvadoreña: Adaptando el proyecto AGORA  ( mejora de la empleabilidad de personas con discapacidad visual )  a las nueva situación con formación virtuales a los usuarios, promoviendo uso de redes sociales en los emprendimientos, promoviendo uso de servicios de entrega a domicilio  ( delivery ) , elaborando protocolos de protección y desinfección para personas que ofrecen servicios de masaje. Desafíos; no todas las personas tienen acceso a nuevas tecnologías  ( dispositivos, software, conexión internet suficiente, etc. Preocupación: como las personas vulnerables van a hacer frente a la recuperación y restablecimiento porque se ha perdido el capital financiero de trabajo. Se deben proteger los activos productivos.
Otro aspecto relevante es que en estos países se aprecia que gran parte de la población migrante se encuentra vinculada al comercio informal o a empleos precarios, los que han sido más afectados por el cierre de ellos, las restricciones de movilidad de la población o los cambios de consumo de la población  ( por ejemplo, más compras en forma online ) . En este mismo escenario, se aprecia que quienes se encuentran trabajando en los sistemas de reparto  ( delivery ) , por medios de plataformas digitales o telefónicas de comercios son personas migrantes, a quienes no se les entregan las medidas de protección adecuada y no cuentan con contratos de trabajo que les den acceso a sistemas de seguridad social.
Se decide iniciar con los siguientes indicadores: # empresas que tuvieron que despedir o suspender contratos de empleados # desempleados desagregado por zona rural/urbana y/o por sector o tramos etarios # de quiebras de empresas por sector y zona urbana/rural # o tipo de ayudas sociales a población vulnerable # o tipo de apoyo económico a empresas, por tipo de empresas  ( micro, pequeñas, medianas y grandes )
CR Ecuatoriana Ejecutando PTM de apoyo multi necesidad para migrantes de manera virtual. La asistencia se comparte migrantes  ( 70% )  y ecuatorianos  ( 30% ) . Grupos meta: migrantes, personas en situación de calle  ( preexistente a COVID 19, personas con discapacidad, voluntarios CR ECU afectados por COVID 19 ) . Apoyado por la célula de migración IFRC ARO: Elaborando herramienta para realizar estudio de mercado laboral en junio 2020. Realizando capacitación virtual a los empleados y voluntarios en MdV, PTM y RAM. Diseñando proyecto de MdV para responder a COVID 19. El Plan Nacional de Respuesta de la CR ECU al COVID 19 incluye PTM para capital semilla de restablecimiento de MdV. Se están realizando actividades de distribución de alimentos  ( donaciones recibidas ) . Esta intervención esta gestionada por la Unidad o Dpto. de Gestión de Desastres y no por el Dpto. de MdV. Grupo meta personas en albergues, es decir personas migrantes y personas ecuatorianas. Estas ultimas son seleccionadas por las filiales, en colaboración con las autoridades comunitarias o locales.
Se decide usar el indicador “# de personas desempleadas' o “# de personas solicitantes del seguro o prestación por desempleo' como fuente de información cuantitativa. Los otros indicadores se dejan en segundo plano para ver si se pueden encontrar fuentes de información confiables y cuantificables más adelante.
CR Colombiana informa que va a hacer una actualización del análisis de mercado a través del Grupo de Transferencias Monetarias y una evaluación de impacto o necesidades a través del grupo meta o usuarios de su proyecto de Unidades Productivas anterior a la crisis.
CR Colombiana informa que han identificado intervenciones para apoyar los medios de vida de los siguientes grupos meta: Unidades productivas  ( emprendimientos )  de población migrante. Población indígena en la amazonia. Población migrante en retorno y trabajadoras sexuales en la zona fronteriza entre Colombia y Ecuador. Comunidades Afro
CR Dominicana informa que están explorando al posibilidad de evaluar el impacto de la crisis COVID 19 en pequeños negocios del sector turismo y hay inidentificadas 10 provincias o zonas turísticas en el país. CR Dominicana pondrá a disposición sus insumos /cuestionarios, resultados, etc. )  cuando estén más avanzados.
Argentina will be hit hard by the expected slump in foreign trade as a result of the COVID 19 outbreak. Most of its exports are agricultural commodities, so it has no ability to diversify exports in the short term. Exports of goods & services represented 22.7% of real GDP in 2019, a share that is lower than in other Latin American countries, so the impact of the decrease in foreign trade will be comparatively lower at a regional level. However, exports are an important source of tax revenues  ( through export taxes )  and foreign exchange  ( though the expected imports' slump allows to predict a foreign trade surplus for 2020 ) .
The economic crisis driven by the COVID 19 pandemic found Argentina in an already fragile economic and social situation. When the first case of COVID 19 in Argentina was confirmed on March 3, 2020, the Férnandez admin  istration was beginning its fourth month in office and was in the middle of a sovereign debt renegotiation. The economy had not rebounded after two years of recession, inflation was above 50% and poverty affected 35.5% of the population. Social distancing measures, aiming to flatten the COVID 19 outbreak curve, escalated throughout March, until the government finally announced a strict mandatory shutdown on March 19. Initially it was to last until March 31. However, it was successively extended until May 10, with minor relaxations at the industry level as well as in regions with low population density or with a low number of cases. By April 25, the number of confirmed COVID 19 cases had climbed to 3,780, with 187 deaths. Confirmed cases in Buenos Aires province and city reached 2,246, 59.4% of the total number of confirmed cases nationwide. With a strict shutdown the government seeks to flatten the COVID 19 curve  ( the peak is expected for June )  and thus gain time to allow hospitals to have the equipment and the human resources needed to cope with the pandemic. By the end of March, there were 8,500 intensive care beds, including private and public hospitals: the government aimed to add 2,000 more before the pandemic's peak. There were also 8,900 ventilators, and the aim was to have 10,000 by the end of April. The government also seeks to get more test kits2 to be able to identify the asymptomatic population before driving an important relaxation of isolation measures. However, the ongoing shutdown puts most small businesses in non essential sectors at risk, while the high share of informal workers means that significant financial aid will be needed to prevent a deep social crisis. The dilemma of “economy vs health' is even more challenging for Argentina, given its important fiscal imbalances and high public debt burden, and could turn into a more disruptive crisis.
There's going to be large variance in the capabilities of national health information systems to respond to COVID 19. Some may be strong, but some countries have very weak information systems in place, making it more difficult to contain an outbreak.
Most workers and employers are expected to lose earnings as a result of the pandemic. Those working in non es  sential activities will suffer greater losses. However, those working in essential activities will also feel the impact of a decreasing demand, as those who lose their jobs are likely to reduce consumption spending, while those who still have earnings will also be more cautious. Among those who will suffer the hardest hit, we can identify the following groups  ( which are not mutually ex  clusive ) : ▪ People under poverty and extreme poverty lines ▪ Unemployed people ▪ Informal workers ▪ Low income self employees  ( “monotributistas' )  ▪ Workers of non essential activities ▪ Workers in small companies ▪ Owners of small companies, especially in non essential activities
Independientemente de su condición, tiempo de estadía o motivo, las personas migrantes pueden ser un grupo vulnerable en situaciones de emergencia por amenazas naturales. Si bien las personas migrantes contribuyen al desarrollo económico, cultural y social de los países de acogida, de tránsito y de origen  ( por medio de las remesas, por ejemplo ) , y demuestran una capacidad de resiliencia ante situaciones de emergencia, también pueden presentar una serie de vulnerabilidades que deben ser atendidas por los gobiernos a nivel nacional y local. Algunas vulnerabilidades están asociadas a amenazas naturales y otras son causadas por la actividad del ser humano.
Around 2 billion people 61% of the world's working population toil in the informal economy, and have little or nothing to protect them if they're unable to go to work. They usually have neither sick pay nor health insurance and may not be eligible for government benefits given to furloughed workers.
Independently of the evaluation of the crisis, the current measures already impact the most economically and food insecure people. With less resources, no access to social protection or safety nets, they incapacity to cope with the loss of incomes put them at high of in depth poverty.
Quarantines, bans, restrictions on the movement of goods and people can have significant socio economic repercussions on people's livelihoods. While these restrictions are necessary to limit the spread of a disease, they often lead to disruption of market chains and trade of agricultural and non agricultural products, with significant potential impacts on the populations that depend on them for their livelihoods and their food and nutrition security.
Mexico is currently providing full coverage to the test only in public hospitals for patients that comply with the case definition set by the Ministry of Health. People can take the test in private providers but they have to pay the fullprice in most of cases. Media reports that the test price can range between EUR227and EUR378, while the Ministry of Health has stated that the production cost of the test is EUR87.
Chile covers the cost of tests taken for public health purposes and for all the beneficiaries of the public insurer  ( FONASA )  that comply with the clinical criteria defined by the Ministry of Health. For private providers having agreements with FONASA, the co payment is capped at around EUR15. Those covered by a private insurer may have different co payment according to their insurance plan, but the full price ranges between EUR40 and EUR67
Food Security The context: 2020 already started with an increase in food insecurity due to conflicts, drought, locust invasion and other climate change effects, with over 800 million people facing chronic undernourishment and over 100 million people in need of lifesaving food assistance, previous to COVID 19 crisis. With ongoing responses in ESA and WCA increasing numbers. Availability: Supply chain disrupted that leads to limited availability of essential food products in the markets Panic buying that leads to basic needs products shortage and increase in prices Access: Movement restrictions limits the physical access to the markets Reduced purchase power due to drop on households' incomes Increase of prices of staple cereal due to the outbreak in Asia has started to impact prices in local markets countries dependant on import Utilisation: Prioritisation of poor nutrition quality products that are more affordable Reduce meals as increase pressure of family members returning when left without incomes e.g. urban workers returning to the villages; or elderly to meet the basic needs of youth Stability: long term household food security is at risk for all vulnerable populations
An extension and tightening of containment measures such as the national lockdown. An extended national lockdown and movement restrictions, coupled with the nationwide fuel shortage, is likely to lead to further shortages of food and essential goods as production and supply chains are disrupted  ( OCHA 10/04/2020 ) .
Remittances An essential source of incomes for many families in both urban and rural areas. In general, migrant remittances surpass official aid and foreign direct investment and remittances flows contribute substantially to economy growth and to household incomes both in urban and rural areas.
Urban livelihoods Loss of jobs  ( employees )  and self employment  ( micro and small businesses )  in e.g. Services, Industry, Tourism and no Social Protection will make people highly dependent on humanitarian assistance Informal activities to continue with high risk of exposure to contamination for themselves and their families as there are no safety nets or social protection or alternative incomes
Although there is much uncertainty yet on the evolution of the crisis, the measures in place will impact livelihoods and food security of most vulnerable in the long term as they have no capacity to cope with the situation. Analysts are already suggesting that, for many poor countries, the economic consequences could be more devastating than the disease itself
Possible damaging coping strategies: Altering food consumption to reduce costs to levels with consequences for health Increase consumption of wild food Selling assets that are irrecuperable like animals or land New unaffordable debts Migration Abandon of fields
For both, rural and urban, migrant workers returning home are dependent on their families are an additional pressure on the resources
Continue food assistance: avoid stopping programmes when possible, as these programmes already support those more in need and the food crisis could be worsened by this new context. If the response needs to be adjusted consider revising the modality  ( cash based assistance is the preferred option but when people can't access markets you can use in kind or digital vouchers )  and the frequency of distributions, maybe making one off payments instead of several payments to avoid exposure. Redirecting funds of current programmes to protect food security and livelihoods e.g. uplifting conditionality or long term support to emergency response. Programmes that have not started should take into consideration if the COVID 19 crisis has impacted the beneficiaries and may need to include new emergency response activities otherwise project outcomes could be at risk. Crisis modifiers may be used to protect livelihoods and provide emergency support.
Plan funds for livelihoods recovery. This may condition any project implementation, if people need to focus on restarting their activities. Concept notes can be developed based on scenarios to complement current programmes and so start planning for resource prioritisation. Advocacy with institutions to support food security, livelihoods protection and livelihoods recovery and strengthen safety nets and social protection.
Recognising the role that livelihoods support can play in preventing SGBV, distressed migration and trafficking in human beings, prioritising livelihoods projects for those most at risk of exploitation can be an affective risk mitigation strategy. Whilst responding to COVID 19, assess and consider which industries will see both short term and long term impacts, and the populations who will be most affected as a result.
Revise targeting to prioritise those more at risk now to expand the number of beneficiaries to include people affected or expand the geographical coverage of the project to include areas under lock down.
Recovery Support to increase local food production  ( inputs and technical advice ) ; diversify crops, including cash crops. Support increased storage capacity, improve storage facilities and promote food processing to minimize food losses and waste. If markets are functional, provide cash grants for assets replacement or capital start up to restore previous livelihoods activities. If markets are not functional consider support in kind. Support livelihoods diversification and increase employability adapted to the new context. New skills may be required or new services that are an opportunity to support women and youth economic inclusion. Support people access technical and vocational trainings and linkages with the labour market. For self employment, support capacity building for business management and provide capital start up. Support innovation for small businesses to reach their customers, capacity building to adopt improved marketing techniques and new and more sophisticated payment mechanisms. Support access to financial services, including saving groups that provide microloans. Advocacy: for new social protection schemes with the objective to inject funds into communities to stimulate local economy . Target also areas not only affected by COVID 19 crisis but that were known to be highly vulnerable to food and nutrition security before the crisis. All activities should be based on needs assessment and market analysis to target those more in need and provide appropriate support for livelihoods activities.
Food insecurity and insufficient access to clean water inhibit the population's capacity to cope with an outbreak of COVID 19 and extended containment measures.
Livestock Transhumance impact due to borders closure and movement restriction: 1 )  increase pressure on natural resources  ( water and pasture )  in the areas where they are blocked that impact grazing areas capacity to regenerate and leads to animal food shortage 2 )  risk of exacerbation of conflict with settled farmers; 3 )  risk of new conflict while looking for new routes for migration. Loss of incomes due to livestock markets closure, restriction of gathering and reduction of meat consumption as families reduce their incomes Fishing Limited capacity of fish processing and impossibly of selling highly perishable fishing products due to market closure and movement restrictions leads to cessation of fishing activities and consequent loss of jobs and incomes Health impact leads to income loss as it is a skill specific labour that is difficult to be replaced by other member of the household
Rural livelihoods Especial attention must be paid to the impact of this crisis on rural areas already affected by drought, floods or locust outbreak, that were in process of recovery and might not be able to stand a second shock. From similar previous crisis, most common impact was: Farmers incapacity to maintain their activity due to loss of incomes: lower sales, lower incomes and increase in prices, might put at risk farming as it become more difficult for farmers to buy seeds and cultivate their crops for the next harvest season. Reduction on the production due to reduced size of fields: could be due to farmers heath conditions  ( if one or more family members is unwell ) , lack of migrant workers to support farming due to movement restriction or lack of capacity of farmers to pay salaries Increase competition for agricultural jobs with people returning from urban areas that may reduce wages and so purchasing power and exclude women as men are preferred workers Reduced resources for livelihoods as increase the expenditures on health care
Urban livelihoods In urban contexts, the households are completely dependent on incomes from labour or self employment and markets to cover all their needs, while the cost of living is higher in urban than rural areas mainly due to housing costs. Less job opportunities, formal and informal: increased competition, including skilled labours in non skilled jobs Impact on the quality of work conditions: reduction on wages, restriction of social insurance and benefits, abusive hours, etc. Increase unemployment among women and youth  ( the groups with higher rate of unemployment ) . Less demand on services that may affect especially women as main delivery of: e.g. selling prepared food, care services, petty trade, beauty and care services, etc. Increase cost of transport that affects mobility and incomes for transport businesses  ( taxi drivers, moto drivers, etc. )  Small businesses reliant on face to face interactions are the most likely to suffer a loss of customers and income if the context is not enabling for digital transactions e.g. in Liberia Ebola context Petty traders have raised concerns that it could take between 6 and 12 months for vendors to recover from debts and rebuild business capital  ( ALNAP )
Rural areas: although in rural areas people produce part of the food they consume, the reality is that in poorer countries, even the rural areas depend on incomes for food security as the food staple is many times not locally produced but purchased e.g. rice. Nevertheless, the rural population is more likely to produce part of the food basket or may have the option to rely more on own food production in times of crisis.
The structural determinants of these are often reflected in differences by income strata, with the poorest populations having limited access to preventative measures such as handwashing.
Emergency Response Provide food assistance  ( cash and vouchers )  or food aid  ( in kind ) . Make sure to include solutions that are inclusive to elderly, PWD, pregnant women, people with chronic disease, etc. and don't expose them. Support food production to increase availability and support income generation: provide seeds, tools, fertilisers, and focus on short cycle production. Local food production is essential for producers to ensure their food security, but also to facilitate access of other people to essential food. Safety nets: provide assistance for basic needs and prevent assets depletion; consider top up/ expand existing social protection schemes, extend programme length to support through the crisis. Support small businesses to adapt to digital transactions for business continuity e.g. facilitate access to digital payment mechanisms  ( mobile money, e vouchers )  and to include safe delivery services Support saving groups to use digital transfers and explain how members can protect themselves during meetings; advise to adopt contingency measures to protect their activity and prevent exposure e.g. avoiding gatherings. Support local markets value chain: promote buying local, the use of cash and vouchers help dynamize local economy, facilitate information and contact with other markets to avoid losses and waste of products. Promote vegetable gardens, keyhole/ urban vertical garden to facilitate access to nutritious food. Dissemination can be done together with health messages and seeds and instructions can be made available in health centres, RC offices, through services accessible to the people. Where markets are functional provide protection advice through CEA mechanisms and distribute protection items to market workers, traders and consumers; and hand washing facilities. Advocacy with institutions and other organisations e.g. increasing transfer amount to people already benefiting from social assistance; update food basket; etc.
Our results demonstrate clear trends that the probability of death from COVID 19 increases with increasing poverty. On average, we estimate a 32.0%  ( 2.5th 97.5th centile 8.0% 72.5% )  increase in the probability of death in the poorest quintile compared to the wealthiest quintile from these three factors alone.
 Secondary impacts / socio economic impacts of the response and control measures:1 o Food Security & Livelihoods  ( FSL )  related  ( loss of household income, causing negative coping strategies, food insecurity, and inability to meet basic needs ) . o Social cohesion / breakdown of trust, psychosocial issues, stigmatization and social exclusion. o Worsening security, stability, protection situation  ( in areas of conflict, civil unrest, protracted displacement, migration ) . o Disruption to education and effect on children's wellbeing. o Wider macroeconomic, market and supply chain impacts  ( including severe stress on government budgets, widespread unemployment ) .
De los consumidores que reportaron dificultades para comprar alimentos y artículos no alimentarios  ( 73% ) , los alimentos más frecuentemente reportados como difíciles de comprar fueron los huevos  ( 72% ) , la carne de res  ( 61% )  y el pollo  ( 60% ) . El gel antibacterial y el cloro para la desinfección fueron los productos no alimen  tarios más comúnmente reportados como dífices de comprar, con un 62% y un 53% respectivamente.
We may not have a clear understanding of the current reality due to limited or no testing. Government reporting may be inaccurate.
 Address secondary impacts: National Societies could support recovery from the socio economic impacts of the crisis for targeted groups of the most vulnerable, especially in fragile settings. This may be appropriate for some National Societies, depending on mandates, capacities, experience, Government plans, etc. Some options are:
Governments remain the main duty bearer and have the responsibility to respond at national scale to address these secondary impacts on the wider population. This will require considerable fiscal stimulus and assistance from UN agencies and the International Financial Institutions. Within this, there may be a role for some National Societies to take part in national level recovery plans, implementing community level aspects.
o Supporting food security and ability to meet basic needs for the most vulnerable o Link to / support for social protection mechanisms  ( using CVA )  o Protecting livelihoods/assets which are at risk e.g. for farmers and pastoralists o Restarting of income generating activities, small business etc o Rebuilding social cohesion, addressing stigmas and social exclusion o PSP – to health care workers, survivors, those who have been quarantined or stigmatised o Using CVA where possible; with digital/mobile payments and data management systems preferred to minimize social contact and risks to volunteers and staff, financial service provider  ( FSP )  agents, and targeted populations.
• Casi tres cuartas partes  ( 73% )  de los consumidores informaron que tenían dificultades para comprar alimentos y artículos no alimentarios; de estos con  sumidores, la principal razón que se dio para estas dificultades fue la falta de recursos financieros  ( 69% ) .
Aunque la gran mayoría de los consumidores  ( 90% )  reportaron tener acceso físico al mercado en el momento en el que se recogieron datos, más de la mitad  ( 53% )  informó no tener acceso en algún momento de los siete días previos a la toma de datos. De quienes respondieron no tener acceso actual a la tienda o mercado habitual, el tipo de barrera que se reportó con más frecuencia fue de carácter financiero  ( bien sea que no cuentan con el dinero para acceder al mercado y comprar, o que no tienen el dinero suficiente para pagar el transporte público para acceder a la tienda o merca  do ) . No se encuentran diferencias notables en el nivel de acceso en el momento de la recolección de los datos para los hogares más numerosos  ( con más de 5 integrantes ) , ni para los hogares en los que vive al menos una persona mayor de 60 años. Proporción de encuestados que reportó tener acceso físico al mercado en el mo  mento de la recolección de datos: