nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
La Organización Internacional para las Migraciones  ( OIM )  concretó con éxito este lunes  ( 15/6/2020 ) , la reunificación de 28 nacionales costarricenses varados en Guatemala a través de su Programa de Retorno Voluntario Asistido  ( RVA ) . La asistencia humanitaria brindada para su retorno digno, seguro y ordenado incluyó el transporte, la alimentación y el alojamiento, actividades realizadas en estricta concordancia con las disposiciones presidenciales sanitarias debido a la emergencia por la COVID 19 y los estándares internacionales.
Además de coordinar el proceso de retorno para estas personas migrantes en situación de vulnerabilidad, la OIM también entregó alimentación y kits de protección a otros migrantes que retornaron en dicho vuelo humanitario.
A cada beneficiario del RVA se le practicó un examen médico en sus domicilios para cumplir con los principios del Programa y asegurarse que están en condiciones de viajar; adicionalmente se tomaron las medidas sanitarias correspondientes establecidas por el Gobierno de Guatemala en el contexto de la COVID 19, garantizando de esa manera el acceso a la salud no solo de las propias personas migrantes que retornan, sino de sus familias y sus comunidades.
La Organización Internacional para las Migraciones  ( OIM )  asistió ayer  ( 14/06 )  a tres nacionales de Costa Rica, en su retorno voluntario a San José a través del Programa de Retorno Voluntario Asistido  ( RVA ) . Los migrantes varados habían estado esperando en Belice por más de tres meses, a causa del cierre de las fronteras y del aeropuerto por la pandemia de la COVID 19.
Las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo de manera remota y las operaciones siguieron los protocolos de seguridad establecidos por el Gobierno de Belice. La OIM proporcionó a los migrantes alimentos, productos de higiene y protección para la COVID 19  ( mascarillas y alcohol en gel ) , hospedaje y asistencia médica.
La OIM reitera su compromiso de continuar brindando asistencia humanitaria a las personas migrantes varadas por la emergencia de la COVID 19 o que así lo requieran, además de brindar apoyo a sus Estados Miembros para mejorar su gobernanza de las migraciones, con el propósito de alcanzar el objetivo global de que la migración tenga lugar en forma segura, ordenada y regular.
En primer lugar planteó las acciones en Seguridad Pública, a través de la incorporación de lineamientos que contengan las medidas de bioseguridad establecidas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud  ( OMS )  ante COVID 19 para la implementación oportuna del trabajo policial, el refuerzo de la protección del personal policial y militar directamente expuesto, los lineamientos de atención epidemiológica entre los cuerpos policiales, militares y el sector salud y la atención psicosocial de los funcionarios policiales, militares y ciudadanos bajo custodia policial, por medio de campañas de sensibilización e información a los ciudadanos.
Costa Rica está ganando reconocimiento por su manejo de la pandemia de COVID 19. Alice Shackleford, coordinadora residente de la ONU en ese país, y la representante de la OMS, María Dolores Pérez Rosales, explican cómo el pequeño país centroamericano ha logrado mantener baja la cantidad de casos.
1. Poner la salud en primer lugar El país ha contado históricamente con un sistema de salud universal, robusto y con una cobertura de aproximadamente el 95% de la población. Esto ha contribuido a que la esperanza de vida en el país llegue a 79,6 años y se ubique en las más altas del mundo, tal y como lo ha indicado la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El país cuenta con cerca de una treintena de hospitales y clínicas a nivel regional y más de mil equipos básicos de atención integral a nivel de las comunidades. También puso en marcha un centro especializado para personas con COVID 19 en cuestión de pocas semanas con todos los equipos e insumos necesarios
Costa Rica con 5 millones de habitantes, registra la tasa de letalidad más baja de la región. Tiene actualmente más casos recuperados que activos. No registra transmisión comunitaria y los contagios diarios han caído significativamente  ( se han mantenido por debajo de los 10 en las últimas semanas )  . A inicio de mayo los pacientes contagiados en unidades de cuidados intensivos han bajado y en todo el país no llegan ni a media docena. ¿Pero cuáles han sido algunas de las claves y fundamentos para estos resultados? Desde Naciones Unidas intentamos hacer un balance que resumimos a continuación.
“La crisis actual de COVID 19 ha traído nuevos desafíos para innovar estrategias de trabajo que mantengan a los niños, niñas y adolescentes protegidos de la violencia, en comunicación con sus padres, madres y familiares y en condiciones de balance emocional y psicológico. UNICEF colabora con el PANI para que las personas funcionarias estén capacitadas y usen dispositivos sanitarios para que no expongan a las niñas, niños y adolescentes al coronavirus, mientras se encuentran en sus albergues durante la pandemia', enfatizó Gordon Jonathan Lewis, Representante de UNICEF en Costa Rica.
Partners continue to provide legal assistance and legal aid to Venezuelans in Costa Rica, on the migratory and asylum procedures, with referral pathways established with relevant partners and institutions. These occur at partner offices as well as the Refugee Unit
Psychological group sessions for the elderly were implemented to reduce stress and anxiety levels, and iden#fy possible mental illnesses for referral.
a Cancillería del país caribeño informó que son cinco adultos y tres menores de edad que tenían, en su mayoría, muchos años viviendo en Venezuela. Indicó que su regreso costó alrededor de 9.000 dólares provenientes del Fondo Social Migratorio. «Feliz de llegar nuevamente a tierra costarricense. Considero y siento que solo en una democracia se puede vivir bien, una vida estable, una vida con propiedad', dijo Marcos Castillo, de 53 años de edad, en declaraciones difundidas por el gobierno de Costa Rica.
Sobre Venezuela, se reiteró el apoyo del Grupo Internacional de Contacto para respaldar al país y abogar por el llamado a elecciones libres. La UE y Costa Rica mantendrán sus próximas consultas políticas de alto nivel en San José en 2020, reseñó la agencia EFE.
Entre los datos de mayor relevancia destacan que: 16% son menores de edad, 81% adultos, y 3% adultos mayores El 68% que reside en el GAM, reside en la provincia de San José El 70% de personas encuestadas estaban viajando con familiares o ya tenían familiares en Costa Rica El 55% de adultos tienen carrera universitaria En Costa Rica, un 48% están desempleado El 41% envían remesas  ( dinero, medicamentos, comida, etc. )  El 69% tiene dependientes económicas
El Gobierno de Costa Rica dio un plazo de60 días para que los representantes de Nicolás Maduro dejaran sus funciones en Costa Rica, esto luego de reconocer  así como más de 50 países del mundo  a Juan Guaidó como presidente encargado de Venezuela.
Los venezolanos son la segunda población que más refugio pide en Costa Ricadebido a la violencia que se vive en su país, solo después de Nicaragua. En lo que va del año 698 venezolanos han pedido la protección del país.
La Embajada de Venezuela en Costa Rica anunció este miércoles, a través de un comunicado publicado en su cuenta de Twitter, que el gobierno de Carlos Alvarado Quesada otorgó mejoras migratorias a los venezolanos.
Costa Rica se suma a la lista de los países que aceptarán el documento vencido, entre los que se destacan Estados Unidos y más de once naciones de Latinoamérica.
El gobierno de Carlos Alvarado da largas al desalojo que el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto había ordenado realizar a una propiedad que el Estado de Venezuela tiene en Los Yoses, Montes de Oca,la cual fue cedida por el régimen de Nicolás Maduro a simpatizantes chavistas en Costa Rica.
In January 2020 UNHCR Costa Rica announced that refugees and asylum seekers could request medical insurance at their main offices. This insurance program is being founded by UNHCR  ( La Nación, 2020 ) .
Methodology: Unearmarked funding is allocated and reallocated multiple times during the year to allow UNHCR to fund prioritised activities. This funding update includes an indicative allocation of funds so as to accurately represent the resources available for the situation. The contributions earmarked for the North of Central America Situation shown above are combined with an indicative allocation of the softly earmarked and unearmarked contributions listed below. This allocation respects different levels of earmarking. Adjustments relate to programme support costs and carry ove
Methodology: Unearmarked funding is allocated and reallocated multiple times during the year to allow UNHCR to fund prioritised activities. This funding update includes an indicative allocation of funds so as to accurately represent the resources available for the situation. The contributions earmarked for the North of Central America Situation shown above are combined with an indicative allocation of the softly earmarked and unearmarked contributions listed below. This allocation respects different levels of earmarking. Adjustments relate to programme support costs and carry over.
Partners con#nue to provide legal assistance and legal aid to Venezuelans in Costa Rica, on the migratory and asylum procedures, with referral pathways established with relevant partners and ins#tu#ons. These occur at partner offices as well as the Refugee Unit. Partners trained 8 public servants from 8 different public ins#tu#ons including: Coopesana/health coopera#ve, The Na#onal Children´s Board  ( PANI )  in Golfito, the Santa Ana Municipality, Police and R4V partner Alianza VenCR.
In Costa Rica, a partner and the Costa Rican Social Security en#ty  ( CCSS ) , is providing health insurance to 6,000 persons.Partners con#nue to implement ac#vi#es to strengthen soS skills and promote economic integra#on. These include digital marke#ng, financial skills training, business model design, among others. Psychological group sessions for the elderly were implemented to reduce stress and anxiety levels, and iden#fy possible mental illnesses for referral.
Partners are conduc#ng border monitoring missions, 71 in January, with a focus on the southern border and monitoring public ins#tu#ons  ( Children´s Center/PANI, the Migra#on Authority  ( DGME ) , health centers, and educa#onal facili#es ) . Through these missions, a large Venezuelan popula#on has been iden#fied in Playa Hermosa, Jaco and Herradura. Unlike the Venezuelan popula#on that reside in the San Jose metro area, these do not have a regular status and have lower socioeconomic levels. Many of these individuals face barriers in accessing healthcare.
2. Decisiones tempranas, basadas en evidencia científica El gran acierto fue basar sus decisiones y acciones en la evidencia científica, privilegiando la preservación de la vida y la protección de la salud sobre cualquier otro tema, incluida la política. Desde el momento en que el coronavirus empezó a esparcirse por el mundo, Costa Rica ya tenía camino avanzado. De manera hábil, el presidente, Carlos Alvarado, posicionó a su ministro de Salud, Daniel Salas, experto en epidemiología, como líder en la preparación y respuesta del país.
Costa Rica anunció el 17 de marzo que prohibirá la entrada a todos los extranjeros no residentes durante 26 días a partir del 18 de marzo como parte de su respuesta a COVID 19, cerrando su concurrida frontera norte a los refugiados nicaragüenses  la Dirección de Migración de Costa Rica registró 78.000 entradas y 49.000 salidas en los puntos fronterizos oficiales a lo largo de la frontera norte sólo en enero de 2020.
Al 22 de marzo, la OPS/OMS reporta un total de 4.064 casos de COVID 19 y 45 muertes en 43 países y territorios de Latinoamérica y el Caribe.
Es probable que la medida provoque un aumento del uso de peligrosos cruces irregulares de frontera, exponiendo a las poblaciones en movilidad a mayores riesgos de protección. Costa Rica desplegará diversas fuerzas de seguridad pública en la frontera con Nicaragua para hacer cumplir esas restricciones.
• Aplicó modelos y herramientas para ayudar al Gobierno a valorar su sistema de salud y planificar la reorganización y el fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud y la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social.
Prestó apoyo para que se elaborase un plan nacional de laboratorio para la vigilancia de la COVID 19 y para la solución de problemas en el diagnóstico molecular.
Colaboró con sus homólogos para analizar los modelos de la enfermedad y la posible repercusión sobre los sistemas de salud.
• Priorizó las acciones para abordar la problemática de la salud mental.
• Colaboró con los municipios prioritarios y las autoridades nacionales para fortalecer los servicios de salud locales y garantizar que la respuesta abarcase a las comunidades vulnerables.
UNHCR Response and Strategy UNHCR works with over 70 partners in the region and supports states in the implementation of their national plans under the Regional Comprehensive Protection and Solutions Framework  ( MIRPS ) . The MIRPS is a pioneering application of the Global Compact on Refugees that seeks to bridge the gap between humanitarian and development actions to provide protection and solutions to those forced to flee, and to address the root causes of displacement.
In addition to asylum seekers ID cards, Costa Rica has also extended the validity to mid July of work permits that expired after the March 16 declaration of national emergency.
El personal de la OIM trabajó en coordinación con la Embajada de Costa Rica y las autoridades beliceñas, para coordinar las operaciones de retorno. Las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo de manera remota y las operaciones siguieron los protocolos de seguridad establecidos por el Gobierno de Belice. La OIM proporcionó a los migrantes alimentos, productos de higiene y protección para la COVID 19  ( mascarillas y alcohol en gel ) , hospedaje y asistencia médica.
Updated Sector Situation In the context of COVID 19, many countries in the region have declared a state of emergency, closed borders and banned non resident foreigners to enter their territories. Lockdown measures have diminished monitoring capacities at borders and in the main areas of residence of refugees and migrants. Movement restrictions have affected the provision of in person assistance and protection services for refugees and migrants, limiting the identification and referral of cases and protection analysis. Border closures and increased presence of armed forces at entry points have limited access to the territory even for persons in need of protection. Regularization remains a challenge due to the magnitude of the situation, continued irregular access as well overwhelmed institutional capacities. As such, protection needs for those in irregular situations have increases as many face difficulties accessing basic services.
Campaigns against xenophobia UNHCR in Honduras, El Salvador, Panama, Mexico, Costa Rica and Guatemala disseminated key messages to mitigate discrimination against foreigners, returnees, persons affected by COVID19, and people on the move.
La Embajada de la República de Costa Rica en Belice, solicitó asistencia a la OIM en la gestión de este retorno, que se realizó por vía terrestre desde la Ciudad de Belice, hasta Chetumal. Y de ahí, por vía aérea hasta Ciudad de México. El objetivo, era trasladar a los tres migrantes  ( dos personas adultas y un menor acompañado )  hasta la capital mexicana para que pudieran abordaran un vuelo humanitario organizado por la Cámara de Comercio Americana de Costa Rica  ( AmCham ) .
Working with partners UNHCR and partners provided humanitarian assistance, basic needs, and hygiene kits to families with children who have increased vulnerabilities as a result of COVID 19 and the preventive measures to curb the spread of the virus across the region.
Situation The Government of Costa Rica responded to COVID 19 with an emergency declaration on 16 March, and several measures, including movement restricons and closing of naonal borders, which restrict entry to nationals and residents. An additional decree prohibits legal status holders from re entering the country if they depart between 25 March and 12 April, and they lose their status if entering irregularly.
The Latin America and the Caribbean region has, over the past years, responded to a situation of unprecedented human displacement with tremendous solidarity, hospitality, and has largely maintained doors open for refugees and migrants from Venezuela, while in parallel facing widespread challenges to its economies and social fabric. The arrival of the COVID 19 pandemic presents an additional challenge of unforeseeable magnitude, putting health and social welfare systems to the test, as well as countries' ability to maintain an inclusive society.
• Colaboró con el Gobierno y otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas para realizar campañas sobre violencia doméstica, inocuidad de los alimentos, niños, jóvenes y padres, y videos sobre solidaridad interinstitucional de las Naciones Unidas
As COVID 19 has spread in Latin America and the Caribbean  ( LAC ) , Ministries of Education have progressively closed schools at the preschool, primary and secondary levels. As of 21 April, schools had been closed in 23 countries and 12 independent states in the region. As a result, it is estimated that more than 159 million children and adolescents5 have been affected in the region, representing more than 95% of the students enrolled throughout the region. The suspension of education services has impacted all education systems in the world, and the LAC region has not been spared; this has meant the emergence of multiple education in emergencies responses by governments. These initiatives seek to ensure the quality of education and to give continuity to their school calendars, using various resources and methodologies.
Response Priorities Based on the needs and risks identified that derive from the temporary suspension of the on site educational service and its related services  ( nutrition, protection, WASH, among others )  that affect the refugee and migrant population, the Regional Education Sector has prioritized the following support and advocacy actions for: • Caring for the social and emotional well being of students, their families and teachers: the education systems play a fundamental role in protecting children and adolescents, which is why actions will be taken to provide support for the social and emotional wellbeing of students, their families and teachers during the closure of schools and the return to classes. • Ensure educational continuity in an inclusive manner: this process has accentuated the pre existing learning gaps among different vulnerable groups, where we highlight refugee and migrant children with disabilities. The curricular content must reach this population. Therefore, they need to be included in follow up processes that allow them to continue the process of integration into the educational system of the host countries. • Support the return to classes: the risk of abandonment caused by the interruption of classes must be minimized and the education of the groups that are lagging behind must be leveled out. Similarly, it is necessary to ensure that schools have the necessary conditions to allow a safe return to face to face classes. • Ensure the continuation of school feeding and WASH programmes, especially for refugee and migrant children  ( in coordination with the Food Security and WASH sectors ) . • Delivery of pre  and post school education kits  ( for Venezuelan families with no income )  to enable children to continue their education through distance learning and/or when they join faceto face activities  ( dates yet to be defined in many of the host countries )  • Delivery of cash based interventions  ( CBI )   ( for Venezuelan families without income )  to ensure that children's basic needs are met  ( including food and shelter ) , allowing the family to integrate them into distance or face to face educational activities once they start classes again
Response Priorities The impact of COVID 19 on refugees and migrants from Venezuela, as well as on the operational capacities of humanitarian and development organizations have required a review, re design and adaptation of response modalities to ensure that the most vulnerable Venezuelan refugees and migrants can continue receiving assistance. Examples of such modified methods of delivery are the provision of takehome rations which have replaced meals distributed in schools, and that in some community kitchens, partners have started distributing takehome packages. Some partners have swiftly moved to cash based interventions instead of in kind modalities, as markets and food supply chains permit. Remote registration systems have been put in place to bypass limited physical access. Cash based interventions have been extended in time or lifted pre existing conditionalities to secure continued assistance to vulnerable refugees and migrants.
Apoyó a las autoridades nacionales para que analizaran los datos de vigilancia, proyectaran la evolución de la pandemia en el país y establecieran un núcleo de SIG con miras a facilitar el seguimiento de los casos de COVID 19.
Updated Sector Situation The impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the nutritional situation of refugees and migrants from Venezuela has been grave. Prevailing movement restrictions in countries across the region have severely affected the ability of R4V partners providing targeted nutritional assistance, including through community kitchens and school feeding programs. Equally these measures have led to the loss of employment and accommodation of many, directly contributing to a greater proportion of refugees and migrants becoming susceptible to nutritional vulnerability.
Updated Sub sector Situation The COVID 19 pandemic poses serious additional GBV risks to refugee and migrant women, girls, LGBTQI persons and people with disabilities from Venezuela. COVID 19 related phenomena include movement restrictions, loss of income and subsequently unfulfilled basic needs, increased discrimination and xenophobia, increased risks of homelessness and unsafe living arrangements, isolation from support networks and heightened exposure to violent partners. This, coupled with pre existing gender inequalities, has resulted in increased exposure to sexual violence, survival sex, and domestic violence, mainly intimate partner violence. The increase in risks, and in reports of GBV  ( an increase of 50 per cent ) 9 , are occurring while access to life saving GBV services have been severely compromised.
• Realizó un análisis de la repercusión sobre los servicios hospitalarios, teniendo en cuenta las previsiones de casos. • Formuló recomendaciones sobre el establecimiento de sitios alternativos de atención médica  ( SAAM ) .
Response strategies and priorities In view of the continuously growing COVID 19 related health needs of refugees and migrants, as well as affected host communities, the Regional Health Sector will focus on the following priority areas of engagement: Strengthen cooperation and coordination among all R4V actors, as well as with national healthcare providers to support the implementation of health actions stated in Buenos Aires Chapter of the Quito Process Roadmap, and to support the response and recovery to the COVID 19 pandemic. Follow up, monitoring and support to countries ́ efforts to address the health needs of refugees and migrants due to the COVID 19 pandemic, including a comprehensive analysis of the implemented actions with multi sectoral, gender, age and diversity considerations, so to ensure access to health services and health supplies without discrimination. This includes access to health services and treatment, with a rights, gender and culturally sensitive approach, general vaccination coverage, surveillance of communicable and non communicable diseases as well as community event based surveillance by linking mobility information to disease surveillance data, vector borne diseases, outbreak response, as well as communication with communities and social behavior, particularly among border communities, points of entry, migrant and refugees dense areas and displacement sites.
Updated Sector Situation 8 Winterization kits contain items to protect those in need from the harsh climate of the winter season. Restrictions and measures implemented in response to COVID 19 have exacerbated the already critical situation of refugees and migrants from Venezuela and host communities, exposing them to greater risks of several forms. Particularly vulnerable groups including women and children at risk of gender based violence  ( GBV ) , people at risk of human trafficking and smuggling, the elderly, persons living with HIV, those with chronic illnesses, among others, will be taken in special consideration in the RMRP. The NFI Sector aims to identify and address the needs of these groups, as well as other refugees and migrants from Venezuela in need, within the regional response and in complementarity with host country governments' efforts.
Updated Sector Situation Refugees and migrants have been disproportionally impacted by the COVID 19 outbreak and associated measures such as social distancing. In line with the global guidance of the WHO on regular hygiene practices, the demand for soap and handwashing facilities has significantly risen for households, communities, shelters and public spaces. Yet, many refugees and migrants, including those in irregular and/or already in vulnerable situations do not have access to some of these most basis items and facilities. Informal urban, peri urban and rural settlements, particularly in border areas which host many refugees and migrants from Venezuela, already had very limited access to WASH services before the COVID 19 outbreak. Many such settlements lack access to potable water, for example via aqueducts and via tanks; they have limited basic sanitary infrastructure and often deficient systems for waste collection and management. For handwashing, many settlements lack basic hygiene products such as soap and alcoholic gel. As a result thereof, few opportunities for maintaining basic hygiene practices such as regular handwashing, or cleaning and disinfection of clothes, surfaces, houses and communal spaces, exist, thereby exposing refugees and migrants in these settlements as well as host communities to contracting COVID 19.
R4V partners implemented CBI throughout March, adopting strict distribution procedures to reduce the risk of transmission. Concerning basic needs and essential services, 138 venezuelans where provided with some form of food asistance and 56 venezuelans received NFI
On health related services, one of the partners ensured that 19 venezuelans could benefit with eye exams and new glasses due to the “Otialmology workshop'. During March 59 individuals where provided with psychosocial support. In March, 236 Venezuelans received information and/or legal assistance including documentation, access to asylum, access to rights and, legal residence. One of the partners supported 178 people to regularized in Costa Rica.
Response Priorities At regional level, the Sub sector will support national platforms to ensure that appropriate systems and high quality, coordinated and age appropriate health, protection, psychosocial and justice services are available and sensitive to the needs of refugee and migrant children and adolescents, taking into consideration the increasing risks, associated with COVID 19, through the following interventions: • Capacity building within National Platforms for the authorities, civil society and humanitarian actors to strengthen the inclusion of refugee and migrant children in national child protection systems. • Support and advocacy at regional and national levels to put in place regional and national guidelines and national legislation on safe, child friendly, and accessible reception, including through remote provision of services and integration, public policies, child protection systems and public services. • Provision of specialized support11 to National Platforms and authorities to assist unaccompanied and separated refugee and migrant children and adolescents, avoiding institutionalization and promoting family based solutions.
Response Priorities Taking into account the identified needs and risks arising from the nutritional situation of refugees and migrants from Venezuela, the Regional Nutrition Sector is focusing its priorities around the following: • Enhance the immediate and regular access to nutrition for particularly vulnerable populations with the greatest need, for example through the provision of nutritional supplements  ( micronutrient powders and tablets ) , while adjusting the response modality according to locations and the specific population  ( e.g. a differential approach based on gender, age or type of refugee and migrant population ) . • Prevent all forms of malnutrition and ensure the recovery of acutely malnourished children under 5 years of age. • Communication and dissemination of key recommendations on breastfeeding and infant young feeding  ( IYF )  in the context of COVID 19. • Assessment of COVID 19 contingency measures and the impact on nutrition in migrants and refuges children.
Updated Sector Situation The movement restrictions and quarantine measures adopted as responses to COVID 19 across the region have had a significant economic impact on vulnerable populations, including refugees and migrants from Venezuela and affected host communities. The economic contraction has especially impacted those working in the informal sector, such as street vendors, and those working in the service sector  ( hotels, restaurants, tourism )  and in construction. Large, medium and small enterprises  ( SMEs )  have also been affected, having to shorten working hours or lay off workers. Likewise, domestic and care workers are affected as many have lost their jobs or are on unpaid leave, and as this affects mostly women whose children are unable to attend schools  ( due to their suspension ) , they have the additional challenge of taking care of children. As a result, the COVID 19 measures have led to a substantial increase in unemployment and an increase in poverty among the refugee and migrant population. At the same time, some governments have opened employment opportunities for refugees and migrants, in particular for those with a public health or medical background and who could contribute to COVID 19 response efforts. Others, have provided monetary support to unemployed refugees and migrants, providing them with a vital social safety net. It must be noted, however, that most refugees and migrants from Venezuela do not have formal work contracts or legal documentation, and many regularization processes have been put on hold or are delayed due to government teleworking measures.
Updated Sector Situation The COVID 19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean has impacted the social and economic development of the different countries and has generated a huge demand for health services, including sexual and reproductive health services. It has affected the continuity of and access to essential health services, including sexual and reproductive services and treatment, especially for the most vulnerable people, such as refugees and migrants from Venezuela. In the current context, where countries have imposed strict travel restrictions and reduced population movements in order to curb the spread of COVID 19, the regional Health Sector has identified the most pressing health related needs of refugees and migrants from Venezuela, as well as their host communities. Refugees and migrants, having frequently lost their livelihoods, living in precarious conditions, and often without a realistic ability to adhere to social distancing and quarantine measures, are at increased vulnerability to COVID 19. In many countries in the region, they continue facing challenges accessing health services and treatment, even more so where they lack basic documentation or find themselves in irregular situations. Noting that the virus does not distinguish between persons' nationality, status or gender, the systematic inclusion of all refugees and migrants in national responses to the COVID 19 situation, irrespective of their status in a country, therefore remains a priority – also with a view to protecting all persons in a country from the effects of the Coronavirus.
Updated Country Scenario Refugees and migrants in Costa Rica, Mexico and Panama have been severely impacted by COVID 19 and by the preventative measures established to curb the spread of the virus. Governments have ordered the full or partial closure of borders, restrictions on mobility, the closure of all non essential businesses and prohibition of public gatherings. With preventative measures enacted across the sub region, refugees and migrants from Venezuela face increased protection risks and economic vulnerabilities. The most pressing needs reported include access to employment and income generation, food and hygiene materials, medical treatment, psychosocial support and secure housing. Due to a generalized decrease in revenues and partial shutdown of the economy, businesses have been forced to close, reduce hours and salaries, and lay off workers, affecting Venezuelans employed in the formal and informal economies. Venezuelans have reported threats of eviction as a result of their inability to pay their rents as well as due to xenophobic perceptions that they may be responsible for the spread of COVID 19.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SMUGGLING Updated Sub sector Situation 13 The Sub Sector uses the terminology of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Crime  ( UNTOC )  on the term migrant smuggling but recognizes that this crime also affects refugees. Human trafficking  ( HT )  and smuggling of migrants  ( SoM ) 13 are crimes with serious human rights implications that are accentuated in crisis times. With the outbreak of COVID 19, refugees and migrants from Venezuela face specific vulnerabilities to these crimes. Unprecedented travel and mobility restrictions intended to prevent the spread of COVID 19 have impacts which may lead to an environment where refugees and migrants could be abused and exploited, particularly those in irregular situations. For example, these restrictions can increase reliance on smugglers and illicit groups that may charge even higher fees for their services or use extortion. This situation also exacerbates the challenges to identify, protect and assist cases of abused and exploited refugees and migrants while ensuring the investigation and prosecution of traffickers and smugglers.
Updated Sector Situation 14 Collective centres are considered as pre existing buildings and structures where large group of displaced people find shelter for a short time while durable solutions are pursued. A variety of facilities may be used as collective centres   community centres, town halls, hotels, gymnasiums, warehouses, unfinished buildings, disused factories. Restrictions and measures implemented in response to COVID 19 have exacerbated the already critical situation of refugees and migrants from Venezuela and host communities, exposing them to greater risks of several forms. Particularly vulnerable groups including women and children at risk of gender based violence  ( GBV ) , people at risk of human trafficking and smuggling, the elderly, persons living with HIV, those with chronic illnesses, among others, will be taken in special consideration in the RMRP. The Shelter Sector aims to identify and address the needs of these groups, as well as other refugees and migrants from Venezuela in need, within the regional response and in complementarity with host country governments' efforts.
The border rejections and subsequent responses may place refugees and migrants from Venezuala at risk. The Migration Authority provided a two month extension of documentation for persons of concern and an online process for new work permits; In addition, no new asylum claims are being formalized  ( resulting in a nearly 7 month wait for documentation ) , and no new interviews are being conducted  ( increasing the backlog of cases pending adjudication to 25,913 as of 31 Mar 2020 ) . Those awaiting documentation do not have access to healthcare services, beyond life saving emergencies or COVID 19; regular medical atention is a key need, particularly for those in high risk categories. Social distancing protocols and other restrictions have resulted in many refugees and migrants from Venezuela losing their jobs, affec�ng their livelihoods and ability to meet basic needs. As a result, food security and housing / shelter needs are growing rapidly by the day.
COVID 19 is exacerbating refugees' and migrants' entrenched vulnerabilities related to inadequate access to public services  ( such as healthcare and education ) , food and accommodation, as well as limited economic opportunities and consequential risks of poverty and unemployment. While Governments have quickly reacted to the emergency, this population has only gradually and partially been considered in critical public responses delivered through social protection systems. A large part of the refugees and migrants from Venezuela, most of them working in the informal sector, are seeing how COVID 19 has disrupted their livelihoods, driven primarily by movement restrictions and concerns about leaving the home due to a risk of contagion and increased xenophobic sentiments. Their ability to send remittances to their families is being hampered, and an increasing number of Venezuelans are left with no alternative but to consider returning to Venezuela in an unregulated and potentially dangerous manner that poses significant protection and health risks.
In this context, pre existing social unrest is raising demands for an easing of restrictive measures or for economic support to those a ected by the crisis. In Central America, some 1,000 trucks were blocked at the Nicaragua/Costa Rica border after 50 truckers tested positive for COVID 19. Roadblocks were reported in Bolivia, clashes between the police and protesters in Santiago, Chile or Guayaquil, Ecuador.
CHILD PROTECTION Updated Sub sector Situation Venezuelan refugee and migrant children and adolescents face many challenges in transit and at their destination, often because many of them have limited options to move through safe routes and with their families. Prevailing border closures across the region have limited access to territories and the protection of potential asylum seekers from Venezuela, and has led to an increase of irregular border crossings, exposing children and women in particular to increased protection risks. They are highly vulnerable and often encounter different forms of violence, abuse, neglect, including recruitment by armed groups, labor and sexual exploitation and are at heightened risk of GBV, human trafficking, smuggling or discrimination. Since the pandemic impacted the region, reports indicate that 20 percent of refugees and migrants from Venezuela do not have regular access to water or soap; 84 percent of them reported challenges in accessing sufficient food and every third child goes to bed hungry. Also, their housing situation has been affected with over 40 per cent of surveyed families forced to look for cheaper housing, 28 percent facing the risk of eviction and 6.4 percent moving to shelters10. Unaccompanied and separated refugee and migrant children face even greater risks of abuse and exploitation and challenges to access national child protection systems for basic services, as well as being at higher risk of being deprived of their liberty. An outbreak of a respiratory disease such as COVID 19 could spread easily through the overcrowded confined and unsafe conditions typical of many shelters or settlements
Response Priorities Under the revised RMRP, the WASH Sector is prioritizing actions for the improvement of access to personal, family based, school based and community based water, sanitation and hygiene services in critical sites such as health centers, settlements, shelters, child development centers, market places, transport terminals, educational institutions and canteens, among others. A particular focus will be placed on adequate handwashing facilities with water and soap, disinfection of surfaces and the management of solid waste, with the aim of reducing the transmission of COVID 19, while the emergency endures, as well as after restrictions are lifted. Together with the Communications Working Group, the Sector will work on community strategies for the promotion of hygienic practices. Strategic priorities for the WASH Sector include: • Support sectoral and inter agency coordination at the country and regional level focusing on the prioritization of most at risk collective sites and communities that refugees and migrants access. • Limit human to human transmission and protect individuals from exposure to COVID 19 by providing guidance to refugees, migrants and affected host communities on risk communication and community engagement  ( RCCE )  focused on handwashing and other prevention messages associated with WASH.
UNHCR has identified that several vulnerable groups are disproportionally a ected by the COVID 19 pandemic including LGBTI persons, children and the elderly. The loss of livelihoods generates higher protection risks for LGBTI individuals with several reports indicating that they may be driven into sex work and survival sex, as they lack support networks to help them cope with confinement and address mental health issues. LGBTI individuals also face discrimination and greater barriers in access to health services, including antiretroviral treatments and hormone therapy, and they lack sufficient services in safe spaces for trans SGBV survivors.
Most R4V partners implemented strict teleworking policies due to the COVID 19 pandemic and are adapting some activities to social distancing protocols for example by providing services online and telephone. Virtual meetings with several stakeholders have been organized for requesting additional funding to enhance response mechanisms to beter protect vulnerable Venezuelans. Advocacy actions are ongoing for promoting inclusion of venezuelans among govermental responses. As part of the strategic partnership between one of the partners and the Costa Rican Social Security entity to provide 6,000 asylumseekers with health insurance in 2020, more than 4,000 persons have met the criteria for insurance coverage. In March, 287 of these were from Venezuelan. Despite processing challenges caused by COVID 19 and subsequent related protocols, partners con�nues to remotely process 500 individulas per week and adapted inclusion criteria to ensure those in high  risk categories are included in the program.
• Identificar los flujos migratorios externos  ( llegada de personas extranjeras o personas del mismo país que realizan actividad temporal en países con brotes en curso )  e internos  ( desplazamientos de grupos poblacionales )  dentro de cada país, incluyendo las poblaciones indígenas u otro grupo poblacional vulnerable, para facilitar el acceso a los servicios de vacunación, según el esquema nacional.
En 2019, un total de 20.554 casos confirmados de sarampión fueron notificados en las Américas, incluidas 19 defunciones, en 14 países y territorios de la Región1: Argentina  ( 107 casos ) , Bahamas  ( 3 casos ) , Brasil  ( 18.203 casos, incluidas 15 defunciones ) , Canadá  ( 113 casos ) , Chile  ( 11 casos ) , Colombia  ( 244 casos, incluida 1 defunción ) , Costa Rica  ( 10 casos ) , Cuba  ( 1 caso ) , Curazao  ( 1 caso ) , los Estados Unidos de América  ( 1.282 casos ) , México  ( 20 casos ) , Perú  ( 2 casos ) , Uruguay  ( 9 casos )  y la República Bolivariana de Venezuela  ( 548 casos, incluidas 3 defunciones ) .
Launch of the second edition of Living Integration Trademark that recognises the commitment from private and public companies in raising awareness of the contributions from refugees to communities, companies, institutions and host countries. 39 participants representing 27 institutions registered to obtain the mark.
Third edition of the ‘Empléate' Challenge to facilitate access to employment for refugees and asylum seekers. 300 people, 13 companies and government entities, civil society, the academia participates by providing legal counseling, registration and information on the asylum system.
Brindó apoyo a las autoridades nacionales en la elaboración de las estrategias para atender las necesidades de salud de los migrantes, los solicitantes de asilo y las personas que regresaban del exterior  ( junto con organismos de las Naciones Unidas y ONG ) , incluidos los niños
Protection UNHCR Costa Rica works to reduce vulnerabilities and enhance protection through a variety of interventions and activities for asylum seekers, refugees, and stateless persons. UNHCR advocates for safe access to territory, nonrefoulement, no sanctions for irregular entry, effective registration, access to a fair and efficient refugee status determination  ( RSD )  procedure, timely issuance of documentation, and access to basic rights and services. Activities implemented also help strengthen the response to sexual and gender based violence  ( SGBV ) , child protection, and comprehensive care for persons with specific protection needs.
Community Based Protection  ( CBP ) : This strategy aims to reduce protection risks and vulnerabilities while fostering peaceful co existence and integration. CBP activities will strengthen bonds between UNHCR and community organizations and support their efforts to respond to COVID 19 and other challenges. In the medium and long term, CBP activities will bring UNHCR closer to refugees and Costa Rican host communities and promote empowerment, self reliance and peaceful coexistence. The CBP strategy includes the following components: strengthening self protection mechanisms, fostering community organization and empowerment, communicating with communities and promoting peaceful coexistence with host communities. UNHCR began directly implementing CBP in January 2020, building on work done through partners in 2019. Additionally, an information center is operational since 2018 to receive inquiries from PoC and a helpwebsite has been put in place for online information.
In Costa Rica, UNHCR is working with the Migration Authority to ensure that COVID 19 measures do not affect the due process for NCA asylum seekers. Also, UNHCR works with translators to provide Miskita versions of health prevention information and access to RSD processes.
3. Una institucionalidad democrática fuerte La institucionalidad de Costa Rica se volcó a atender la pandemia. Aquí algunos pocos pero muy simbólicos ejemplos. La Fábrica Nacional de Licores transformó su producción para convertirse en el gran proveedor de alcohol en gel para atender la creciente demanda y la Oficina de Correos se encargó de su distribución en todo el país. Las universidades públicas se concentraron en la elaboración de respiradores para dotar y fortalecer a las Unidades de Cuidados intensivos del país. El Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje elaboró miles de piezas de ropa hospitalaria y el Ministerio de Trabajo y el Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social lanzaron la iniciativa Proteger para apoyar a las personas cuyos empleos se han visto afectados por la crisis. Las fuerzas de seguridad y policía se dedicaron a apoyar la vigilancia del cumplimiento de las normas restrictivas emitidas y a hacer llamados de atención cuando así se requería.
4. Una sociedad que sigue las instrucciones y actúa de manera responsable En términos generales la gente ha respetado el llamado a adoptar medidas de higiene básica, quedarse en casa, guardar la distancia física y evitar lugares públicos en la medida de lo posible. Diversas iniciativas llevaron actividades, conciertos, arte y cultura a las casas de las personas a través de redes sociales, a la vez que promovían las medidas sanitarias.
El PANI cuenta con protocolos dictados por el Ministerio de Salud, y trabaja en la capacitación y coordinación de su personal en todo el país. Estas caretas se distribuirán en los 46 albergues, las 52 Oficinas Locales y otras unidades operativas que atienden a la niñez, la adolescencia y las familias.