nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
In January 2021, UNICEF through the support of partners provided curative consultations nearly 135,000 people, including over 70,000 children under the age of 5 years. The figure includes 72,850 females and 63,316 males. Patients were reached through static health facilities, routine outreach activities and Boma Health Initiative  ( BHI )  modalities. Most children and adults received consultations for malaria  ( 37% )  followed by pneumonia  ( 17% )  and diarrhoea  ( 14% ) . In addition, UNICEF and its partners distributed 98,634 long lasting insecticide treated nets  ( LLITNs )  to 49,317 families. UNICEF also continued with the distribution of essential drugs and medical equipment to the 191 World Bank supported health facilities in the 25 counties in Upper Nile and Jonglei States.
Reasons for going to final location: Most commonly reported primary reason for travelling to desired location from Yambio were Rejoining family/home  ( 57% ) , Attending a ceremony  ( 11% )  and Presence of health services  ( 10% )
IOM Housing, Land and Property  ( HLP )  static team in Wau continues to work with returnee communities through community mobilization activities, orientation sessions, and distribution of information, education, communication  ( IEC )  materials. Due to COVID 19, IOM put the organization of large gatherings on hold and instead focused on small meetings and one on one interactions. So far in this reporting quarter, IOM HLP team was able to reach 4,124 households with door to door legal awareness and legal aid including community dispute resolution and mediation.
Reasons or pull factors for coming to Yambio town  ( October 2020 January 2021 ) : 40% were rejoining family/home in October 2020 and 60% in January 2021. Similarly, 50% moved because of presence of markets/goods in October 2020 and 17% in January 2021. Lastly, due to presence of job opportunities with 7% in January 2021.
IOM's Mental Health and Psychosocial Support  ( MHPSS )  programme expanded its operations at Rubkona and Malakal towns by erecting a tukul on the premises of IOM's Migration Health Unit's  ( MHU )  Health Clinic in Yoanyang, Rubkona town and rehabilitating Malakia Centre building in Malakal town for the operation of MHPSS services. As a result, there are now two recreational and counselling centres functional in host communities, increasing access to required MHPSS services for vulnerable beneficiaries most inneed. These centres offer beneficiaries focused non specialized psychosocial and psychological care activities, such as counselling, support group discussions and diverse recreational activities as well as interventions facilitating personal growth and development, such as soft skills  ( effective communication, conflict resolution ) , self awareness and mindfulness. In addition, IOM's Psychosocial Mobile Teams  ( PMT )  joined missions to Bazia/Majeu, Baggeri/Farajallah and Bussere to bring focused non specialized MHPSS services closer to the most vulnerable populations residing in remote areas.
Due to the COVID 19 pandemic, coordination meetings are held online for both Juba and the Logistics Custer field hubs. In February, two online coordination meeting were held online, attended by 32 organisations. An additional two coordination meetings were held in Ganyiel and Nyal during the field missions
Audio drama performances and songs were composed, recorded and aired through radio channels at all field locations. The aired songs aim to promote suicide preventive measures and sensitize the community on the importance of taking action to prevent suicide by simple measures, such as reaching out and enquiring if a person is okay, encouraging him/her to voice and share their concerns/problems, and offering a listening ear. Key messages on prevention of suicide were designed by the IOM Mental Health and Psychosocial Support  ( MHPSS )  unit and disseminated to educate and sensitize community members on suicide prevention as well as reduction of stigma towards those who have attempted suicide and their families, as suicide is a highly tabooed topic.
“In South Sudan 62 percent of the population have to travel for longer than 30 minutes to access a safe water source. This is both a public health and a protection risk. As women and girls are primarily impacted by this issue, without engaging and employing women to work in the WASH sector, our ability to address their needs and issues is reduced.... this priority issue for the WASH Cluster in South Sudan,' said WASH Cluster Information Management Officer, Olivia Pearson.
Significant barriers including entrenched gendered divisions in labour, high risks of gender based violence and working environments not considerate of women's needs or valuing their contributions, are hampering women's participation in water, sanitation and hygiene services as well as the wider humanitarian sector in South Sudan, research conducted by IOM and RedR UK has revealed.
In partnership with Active Youth Agency  ( AYA )  in Juba, IOM reached 846 persons through GBV awareness raising and 161 women and girls through skills building and life skills sessions. To strengthen local capacities, IOM is expanding GBV prevention and response programming in Juba, Wau town, Jur River, and Tonj South with three national NGOs, namely Active Youth Agency  ( AYA ) , The Organisation for Children's Harmony  ( TOCH ) , and Strategic Initiative for the Horn of Africa  ( SIHA )  network.
As part of IOM's commitment to women's empowerment and gender equality, the research report and programme guidance developed with RedR UK, WASH Cluster, and GBV sub cluster on “Closing the Gender Gap in the Humanitarian WASH Sector in South Sudan' was launched. Accompanying events included a talk show on Radio Miraya with the WASH Cluster and a series of dialogue sessions on gender and GBV with IOM WASH staff.
In Pibor, IOM's protection and S NFI team supported efforts to identify persons with heightened vulnerabilities for assistance and referral to other partners. In Juba, IOM worked with the Women's Disability Network and the WASH team to deliver messages on disability inclusion in WASH. In addition, IOM's protection and migration management teams trained 49 border officials  ( 36 men; 13 women )  on protection.
IOM assisted 16,653 flood affected individuals in Bor South through the provision of shelter and non food items. In addition, IOM, in coordination with the local community, is supporting the repair and maintenance of a broken dike in Bor Town, Jonglei. Bor Town, situated at the edge of the White Nile River was hit by flooding in late July, displacing thousands residents. The town is normally protected by a dike to contain the flood water, however the dike collapsed in the last week of July. Water subsequently entered the town, sweeping away homes and displacing residents. IOM, in coordination with other humanitarian partners, conducted a detailed technical assessment of the dike and identified sections of the dike that were susceptible to further damage. Based on the findings, IOM's S NFI Unit, began repair and maintenance work of the dike. IOM procured sandbags, wooden poles and bamboos to strengthen exposed sections. Youth from the community voluntarily participated in the repair works. The dike repair work is in progress as the water level continues to increase.
In September, IOM Core Pipeline processed 14 approved requests from 11 WASH partners for the benefit of approximately 32,788 households. In addition, nine requests were processed for eight S NFI partners for the benefit of 11,525 households. The supplies reached 16 counties, namely Fangak, Aweil, Malakal, Mundri West, Mundri East, Wau, Bor South, Aweil East, Terekeka, Nyirol, Yirol East, Renk, Twic East, Bor South, Maiwut, and Uror.
Internews, through their media partners, collected 1051 rumors & feedbacks between August – December 2020 from affected populations including fears and concerns; and responded to in our bi weekly Lugara COVID 19 Media Bulletin and ensured that radio journalists have access to fact checked information and trusted media contacts. In the same period, Internews media partners produced and broadcasted 462 programs reaching an estimated 7 million COVID 19 affected and at risk people across South Sudan. The programs addressed different topics and program ideas identified through feedback analysis and suggestion from the national COVID 19 response partners.
According to Rumor Tracking and Management Updates From UNICEF From 20th 28th April 2020, The channels where the rumors were heard were: Community and religious leaders ( 52% ) , Others ( 29% )  and Social media ( 19% ) . Similarly locations from where rumor came were Yei ( 12 ) , Juba ( 5 ) , Lainya ( 2 )  and Anonymous ( 2 )
[ South Sudan, 2016/2018 ]  Yambio town was the centre of significant armed clashes and widespread displacement in 2016, and hosts a large population of internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  many of whom have started to return home as of early 2018.
Between May and December 2020, DTM reported on 121 instances of spontaneous population movement due to natural disaster  ( flooding ) , accounting for 442,682 IDPs across nine states. More than three quarters of this displacement was detected during August  ( 35% )  and September  ( 44% ) , 12 per cent in October, 6 per cent in December and 3 per cent in May. Thirty seven per cent of the IDPs were displaced by flooding from locations in Jonglei, 20 per cent from Central Equatoria, 16 per cent from Warrap, 9 per from Unity and 8 percent from Northern Bahr el Ghazal. The remaining 10 per cent are from locations in Lakes  ( 4% ) , Upper Nile  ( 3% ) , Western Bahr el Ghazal  ( 2% )  and Western Equatoria  ( 1% )  .
Additionally, State/PRM partners provide protection services to IDPs, refugees, and conflict affected communities countrywide, including through GBV prevention and response programs, mental health and psychosocial support activities, family reunification, and legal assistance to facilitate access to identity documentation. USAID/BHA is also working to strengthen protection coordination and capacity building by funding the GBV Sub Cluster the coordinating body for humanitarian GBV response activities, comprising UN agencies, NGOs, and other stakeholders in South Sudan.
United Nations Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS )  referred four persons to national authorities for investigation and prosecution. Eight individuals were tried by mobile courts deployed in Bentiu and Malakal, resulting in six convictions, with imprisonment terms from 2 to 10 years
In addition, as part of its lean season response, USAID/BHA partner the UN World Food Program  ( WFP )  had provided emergency food assistance to nearly 55,000 people approximately 50 percent of 106,000 intended beneficiaries as of late March in Pibor, where Famine IPC 5 is likely ongoing in western areas of the county. 7 By late March, WFP had also provided food assistance to nearly 21,000 people and more than 43,000 people in Akobo and Aweil South, respectively, and had begun lean season food distributions in Warrap's Greater Tonj Region comprising Tonj East, Tonj North, and Tonj South following delays due to insecurity and incomplete preparations.
Populations in South Sudan are facing the worst food insecurity and malnutrition crisis since the country's independence in 2011, with the upcoming May to July lean season expected to be the most severe on record, according to the 2021 HRP.
TOTAL U.S. GOVERNMENT HUMANITARIAN FUNDING For the South Sudan Response in FY 2020 and FY 2021: $1,077,231,750
USD 2.48 m in cash based transfers made*  ( By WFP, Feb 2021 )
WFP, the Food Security Cluster and the humanitarian initiative REACH conducted a ten day mission to Pibor Town, Gumuruk and Lekuangole from 9 to 19 February, to understand the scale of the humanitarian response in Pibor County. Visible malnutrition, adoption of extreme coping mechanisms and consistent reports of hunger related deaths from the communities suggest that the situation remains very severe.
There is currently no delivery facility for pregnant women and women are supported by TBAs  ( Traditional Birth Attendant ) .
The signing of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan in September 2018 gave rise to hopes for an end to the violence. However, subnational conflict persists, and conflict dynamics remain fragile. In 2020, reports indicate that incidents of armed conflict increased by 60 percent when compared to 2019. Violence reached unprecedented levels in Jonglei and Greater Pibor with four successive waves of violence displaced some 200,000 people in 2020.
“We know how hard it is for vulnerable people who struggle every day to survive and provide for their children. By introducing these reductions now, WFP is making sure that all refugees and displaced people will continue to receive our food assistance albeit in smaller quantities.' said Matthew Hollingworth, WFP Representative and Country Director in South Sudan.
Nearly 80,000 people were displaced in Jongei and Upper Nile by unseasonal flooding, which began in November 2020 and gradually increased through January and February 2021. COVID 19 cases significantly increased in February, bringing the total number of people who had tested positive to 7,926 since April 2020.
In Koch County, Unity, clashes between armed youth groups and alleged South Sudan People's Defence Forces displaced some 1,300 people with reports of gender based violence
For UNICEF South Sudan, ensuring continuation of essential services has been critical since the pandemic started in 2020, as the same hands that are treating COVID 19 patients are helping children suffering from malaria, pneumonia and other diseases.
The COVAX facility has committed to providing half of the required doses meaning 732,000 doses in total. Therefore, the vaccination must be done in phases as the vaccines arrive.
About half of all respondents with disabilities  ( 49.8% )  experienced major changes in their quality of life or level of independence since arriving in the camp, while 29.5  ( ± 5.0 )  per cent  ( 31.1% of women and 28.6% of men )  reported that they are not assisted in everyday life to meet their needs and live in a dignified way
The gates were reopened on 18 April 2020 but only for limited critical movement until 11 May 2020 after which all restrictions ended.
While a lack of economic resources affected persons with disabilities roughly equally irrespective of the type of disability, distance and lack of physical access especially affected respondents with difficulties walking  ( 49.7% and 36.8% respectively )  and washing or dressing  ( 44.5% and 41% respectively ) .
The main solutions suggested by persons with disabilities to better include their views in humanitarian programming are ensuring that information about feedback and complaint mechanisms is available to beneficiaries  ( 48.5% )  and setting up community based groupings or committees  ( 35% )   ( Figure 7 ) , though a persons with disabilities committee already exists.
Key informants and FGDs revealed that, despite participation structures being available to persons with disabilities, a number of individuals found that their participation felt tokenistic as very little action is taken on their views and concerns. They also perceived persons with disabilities to not have access to these forums in general.
Among individuals with disabilities, 44.5  ( ± 4.9 )  per cent report at least one mental health concern. The most common concern is difficulties in joining community activities, with 29.5  ( ± 2.3 )  per cent having a lot of difficulty or being unable to do them at all. 17.1  ( ± 3.7 )  per cent are often very tired or exhausted, and 15.7  ( ± 3.6 )  per cent frequently feel worried, nervous or anxious.
When asked about solutions that could be taken in the PoC site to support persons with disabilities in leading life in dignity and autonomy, 70.6  ( ± 4.6 )  per cent requested more support to family members and care givers  ( Figure 6 ) . Facilitating access to services is also a key priority, being mentioned by 45.9  ( ± 5.2 )  per cent of respondents.
Disability inclusion has also been prominent in protection mainstreaming tools such as the Core Humanitarian Standards, the accompanying SPHERE Handbook and the protection mainstreaming guidelines. More recently, the InterAgency Standing Committee established a task team to develop the Guidelines on the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action, which were released in November 2019.
The 2016 World Humanitarian Summit drew the attention of the international humanitarian community to the need to guarantee equal access to humanitarian assistance for persons with disabilities, and consequently to address their needs and priorities by adapting humanitarian programming and tools. This commitment is enshrined in the 2016 Charter on Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action, currently signed by over 200 stakeholders, which accelerated efforts to mainstream disability and persons with disabilities across the humanitarian system, programs and services.
In line with the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities  ( CRPD ) , numerous international humanitarian instruments require that humanitarian assistance and protection be inclusive of persons with disabilities.
There is no health facility in the area not even a village health team; the community has to travel to Wau Shilluk to access health service
During the visit it  [ the team ]  observed that the community practices open defecation in most of the areas, with faecal material seen around the roads, along the foot paths, and in fields.
There is evidence that in some areas people defecate at water sources, and as mentioned by one of that key informants, noting that “it is not good for people to drink and relieve themselves in the same place, this can cause diseases
A standalone VASD campaign was completed with 18,490 children reached with Vitamin A supplementation and 14,731 children dewormed.
Wau West Primary School operates a single shift system starting from 8.30 AM and ends at 12 noon. About 100 learners from Padit walk an hour to reach Wau West PS  [ Primary School ]  to access educational opportunities. Although Wau West 4 Classroom block of Wau West needing rehabilitation Nonfunctional water point at Wau West PS Page 8 of 14 is functional, there is no school feeding program and also no evidence of children receiving meals at home before coming to school. There is no school counselor to provide counselling and guidance to learners. As such, there are no referral mechanisms to mental or psychosocial support services for necessary care and service hence no reported cases of sexual abuse.
During interactions with children  ( in Wau Shilluk trading center only ) , the team established a lack safe spaces for playing, and no organisation is supporting child friendly spaces or planning to supply them with playing materials that they need.
OCHA has activated an Operational Working Group in Juba, under the leadership of the ICCG, to support the multi sectoral response scale up in the priority 1 locations. The weekly OWG meetings will bring together clusters and operational partners working in the six priority 1 counties to identify gaps and challenges and implement response recommendations to support the scale up of humanitarian assistance. OCHA staff members are deployed to priority coordination hubs for the scale up of the response including in Pibor, Akobo, Kuajok and Aweil.
There are permanent and semi permanent structures including public administration, schools, health centres, and community structures constructed before the break out of the conflict
Residents in Pamath indicated that previously they were registered and used to receive food during food distribution in Malakal PoC  [ Protection of Civilian Site ] . However, they were not registered during the recent biometric registration conducted in Malakal PoC in December 2019/January 2020 and therefore no longer receive food.
The residents of Wau centre, Ogod, Padieth, and Pamath mostly rely on agriculture, fishing, and alcohol brewing/ selling to meet their household needs.
The Logistics Cluster is working with humanitarian organizations to utilize the dry season to pre position supplies in hardto reach locations in the six priority 1 counties ahead of the rainy season. During the reporting period, the Logistics Cluster facilitated the transport of over 29 metric tons of relief items including food, nutrition, shelter, protection and WASH items for partners working in Akobo East
The General Food Distribution caseload of 53,894, includes 34,250 for general food assistance and 19,644 with food for assets. Distributions were completed in Theit and Jak for 8,364 people. GFDs are ongoing in remaining locations and a double distribution will be provided for March and April. Over 6,999 households received livelihood kits, with an additional 17,133 households targeted for scale up in April for the dry season response. Cluster partners have vaccinated over 59,535 and treated over 5,316 livestock in Tonj South to protect the livelihoods of over 2,036 households
Without adequate resources, continued re programming and re prioritization of resources from other counties facing emergency levels of food insecurity to the six priority 1 counties will likely cause a further deterioration in other extremely vulnerable food insecure areas.
The Inter Cluster Coordination Group ( ICCG )  continues to re prioritize activities, re programme and re allocate resources using other supply stocks to accommodate the increased number of people in need of humanitarian assistance across the six counties.
The South Sudan Humanitarian Fund  ( SSHF )  released $13 million to respond to people's immediate needs in the six priority 1 counties facing Catastrophic levels of food insecurity, representing 19 per cent of the scale up requirements. The UN Central Emergency Response Fund  ( CERF )  allocated a further $10 million to enhance the scale up and meet the needs of the most vulnerable.
A second Logistics Cluster convoy to Pibor departed on 26 March. Thirteen trucks  ( including 10 40 metric ton  ( MT )  trucks and three 20 MT trucks )  delivered critical health, nutrition, shelter and WASH supplies. The Logistics Cluster has deployed a coordinator on the ground to work with partners on common storage including in helping with land preparations for flood proofing during the rainy season in Pibor town.
Humanitarians should work quickly to support local authorities on resolving outstanding land issues since they are key drivers of conflict.
Following the Inter Agency Assessment Mission from 17 19 March, the team found 6,971 IDPs  ( including 2,501 people in Thiet – Center, Thiet Payam; 1,095 people in Jak Centre, Jak Payam; and 3,375 people in Akal keu in Tonj Payam )
GBV partners have launched a one stop centre in Kuajok State Hospital, supported by the MoH and Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare to facilitate referrals. GBV partners reached 162 women with GBV services, including two with case management support. Some 80 women were provided with psychosocial support services and life skills training. A total of 1,500 dignity kits were pre positioned in Tonj South for distribution by partners
While anyone can experience malnutrition, people who are particularly vulnerable include young children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, older people, people who are ill or immuno compromised, indigenous people and people in extreme poverty.
Nutrition Cluster partners provided nutritional assistance for 386 children under age 5 and 320 pregnant and lactating women through 10 static nutritional facilities, two outreach sites and two stabilization centres. The partners received 60,528 packets of bathing soap for both SAM and MAM children admitted in the treatment programme. Plans to provide WASH kits for SAM caregivers are underway
Child Protection  ( CP )  partners continue to provide critical child protection services and eight new cases  ( 5 girls, 3 boys )  were identified and supported with comprehensive case management support. CP partners on the ground are continuously monitoring the situation and have deployed social workers in areas of high needs within Tonj North County
Insecurity was reported on 17 March on the Lou Peer road in Tonj North and the incident is believed to be linked to ongoing tension between communities in Tonj North and Tonj East. On 19 March, the same community Lou Peer youth clashed with Luacjang youth in Aromjok grazing area. On 21 March Akop and Luachjang communities fought, alleged due to longstanding cattle raiding between the communities and on 29 March Muoralol–Pagol Payam was attack by youth from Kiriek Payam.
Data gathering for a SMART survey was completed in Tonj North. Findings indicate the GAM prevalence was 18.4 per cent and SAM prevalence was 4.9 per cent based on weight for height and or the presence of bilateral pitting oedema. Prevalence for total stunting was 11.8 per cent. Total underweight was 17.2 per cent and severe underweight was 4.8 per cent.
General Food Distributions ( GFD )  are ongoing and 13,812 people have received food and partners aim to reach 65,202 people with double distributions for March and April. The distribution was delayed due to additional targeting and registration of new caseloads. Over 4,990 households received livelihood kits, with an additional 22,000 households targeted for scale up this month for the dry season response. Cluster partners have vaccinated over 97,000 and treated over 32,000 livestock in Tonj North, protecting the livelihoods of over 2,400 households.
General Food Distributions  ( GFD )  were significantly hampered and some suspended in March due to the looting of a food distribution site in Mukuac. Only 5,124 people of 49,614 people targeted were reached. Humanitarian organizations are engaging with authorities and the local community before resuming the distribution.
There is concern that access to land for agricultural activities could be a significant challenge, particularly for displaced people. This could lead to serious repercussions on cultivation in the coming rainy season, local food production, and food insecurity in the coming months.
Health partners have been able to return, and all health facilities are functional. Despite challenges, health facilities provided 4,626 out patient consultations. People in Tonj East, particularly displaced people are very vulnerable to malaria, diarrhoea, respiratory infections and COVID 19. Health Cluster partners received 17 IEHK kits and17 pneumonia kits and two SAM kits since the beginning of the response.
Lack of IDP support: Top five counties where the highest proportion of assessed settlements reported that IDPs have arrived within the last three months and that local community resources are not being shared with IDPs are Maridi 7%, Cueibet 6%, Guit 6%, Rumbek Centre 5%, Mayom 5%.
Nutrition Cluster partners provided nutritional assistance for 416 children under age 5 and 186 pregnant and lactating women through 12 static nutritional facilities, four outreach sites and three stabilization centres in Tonj East. All nutrition facilities are static and functional, despite the challenging security situation in locations between Wunlit and Romich. The partners received 60,528 packets of bathing soap for both SAM and MAM children admitted in the treatment programme and plans to provide WASH kits for SAM caregivers are underway
An estimated 4,068 displaced people are in five payams in Tonj East according to the South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission  ( SSRRC )
Protection partners are scaling up CP and GBV case management. However, critical gaps to ensure comprehensive coverage across the county remain. Only one partner has been identified for CP and GBV programming. Additional partners are urgently needed to ensure proper response especially in case management.
While WASH programming is being scaled up, including through mobile partners, there is a need for longer term funding and identification of partners in Aweil South.
Lack of funding and resources was highlighted as a constraint to ensure the that the Panthou Hospital is fully functional for referral services. It is currently operating at reduced capacity. Some community members have to travel long distances to access health services.
General food Distribution  ( GFD )  reached 50,100 food insecure people last week, an increase from 27,608 people who were targeted in February. The current distribution is providing two month food rations for March and April. The next food distribution is scheduled for May. Some 12,000 households have received livelihoods kits. Additional distributions to over 13,800 households have started. Cluster partners vaccinated more than 252,000 livestock and 14,800 livestock were treated in Aweil South County, protecting the livelihoods of over 5,500 households.
Among the most vulnerable people are newly displaced families; communities hosting large numbers of displaced and/or recently returned people; and households that are headed by a single parent or looking after older people or people with disabilities.
There are a lack of protection partners and an urgent need for funding for longer term presence in the county. The Protection Cluster is looking to support the scale up through mobile protection teams.
Clinical management of rape cases and training for health service providers is identified as a critical gap from GBV partners.
Among the IDP population, women and children will remain especially vulnerable due to their roles in society and the protection risks inherent in being without shelter or social support networks.
Some 1.6 million people remain internally displaced, including 125,000 people who are sheltering in two remaining Protection of Civilians  ( PoC )  sites. Another 2.2 million South Sudanese refugees have fled to neighbouring countries and, despite some modest improvements in the political and security situation, do not yet consider it safe to return home in large numbers.
There is a lack of protection partner presence in Dorein, Marua and Labrab, Pibor County. Access to legal services including statutory courts remains an issue. Most protection cases that require legal redress and follow up in Pibor have no partner to support.
In 2020, the outbreak of conflict in Kolom village in January, which resulted in the displacement of some 4,000 people to Abyei town, further increased humanitarian needs. COVID 19 added an additional burden, as the pandemic heavily impacted existing humanitarian operations in the area, as well as peace and stability, and resilience building activities
Child Protection  ( CP )  teams are identifying and referring vulnerable children enrolled in nutrition programmes for further support including parental counselling and other referral services. There is significant expansion of nutrition sensitive integrated approach with a CP team to support children identified for parental counselling at nutrition catchment and other follow up
4 N/L NGOs  ( AIRS, ACAD, Inspired Children, SSRC )  in Agok are operating in southern and central Abyei
6 INGOs  ( GOAL, SCI, MSF, ADRA, Samaritan's Purse, BGRRF, )  in Agok town are largely operating in southern and central Abyei.
7 UN AFPs in Abyei town  ( OCHA, RCO, WFP, FAO, IOM, UNICEF, UNMAS )  are operating in Abyei Box, implementing activities, either through direct implementation or NGOs and contractors.
The cluster prioritization is based on areas with the greatest WASH vulnerabilities, high GAM rates, high food insecurity, and areas that are vulnerable to water and vector borne disease outbreaks.
WASH's response activities in 2021 totals $117 million. The unit cost is estimated at $39 per person and includes the first line response package and the exit component to find more semi permanent or permanent solutions, including boreholes repair and rehabilitation
The cluster estimates that $35.5 million will be required to provide approximately 188,000 households with S/NFI assistance.
The operating environment and various response modalities required to implement mine action services in South Sudan, for example, establishing and maintaining a remote field site camp for the duration of the project period, increases the cost per demining team.
The cost of General Protection  ( $23,443,241 ) ; Child Protection  ( $29,000,020 ) , GBV  ( $29,999,984 )  and Mine Action  ( $9,999,972 )  sub clusters; and HLP TWG activities  ( $6,370,529 )  means that a total of $98,813,746 is needed to meet the protection needs of 2.6 million people. The average estimated cost per person is $41.25.
The Education Cluster estimates that $53.74 million will be needed to provide education services to 806,000 children, based on the cost per child calculation. The funding is required for construction and rehabilitation of learning spaces, establishing WASH facilities; provision of educational materials and supplies; organizing COVID 19 awareness campaigns; training teachers; building the capacity of PTAs, SMCs and community leaders, State education officials and MoGEI staff; providing incentives for teachers; supporting the national examination council; and establishing a mentoring programme linking partners with teacher training institutes
Additionally, households and communities that host returnees are also exposed to malnutrition aggravating factors including food insecurity, lack or limited access to WASH services, and morbidity due to overstretching of basic services.
The needs are greatest in Jonglei, Unity, Upper Nile, Western Bahr el Ghazal and Warrap, with the prevalence of GAM passing the emergency threshold of 15 per cent. Young children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, older people, people who are ill or immuno compromised, indigenous people and people in poverty are among the most vulnerable groups.
High prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant and lactating women was noted from FSNMS round 24, with the malnutrition rate above 20 per cent in three out of 10 states and over 10 per cent in eight out of 10 states  ( 80 per cent ) .
Coverage of vitamin A supplementation is reported at 76.5 per cent.
The remaining five counties fall under stressed and minimum levels of severity but two of them are in the Ebola risk zone. Five counties that are at risk of Ebola are in the top three levels of severity in need of increased operational presence.
The malnutrition rate is also high with an estimated 1.3 million children aged 6–59 months being acutely malnourished and requiring treatment for medical complications of SAM.
Greater needs are found in the refugee returnee groups due to their unknown immune status, which is also a threat to the host community for transmission of highly infectious communicable diseases and an increase in disease burden. To prevent outbreaks and mitigate the disease burden, there is a need for immunization of all antigens against vaccine preventable diseases and the availability of health services for this population.
With the high existing maternal mortality rate  ( 789 per 100,000 ) , which is the fifth highest in the world, pregnant women are specifically in need of basic emergency obstetric care and referral mechanisms for obstructed deliveries and pregnancy related complications.
IDPs and refugee returnees are also in a vulnerable situation with limited or lack of services.
The ratio of skilled health personnel to people who need services stands at 1:65,574.
However, acute food insecurity persists, driven by localized conflict, climatic shocks, pests and diseases, slow recovery from prolonged asset depletion, poor macroeconomic conditions and suboptimal market functionality.
People with intersectional needs are particularly vulnerable to food and nutritional issues. Households headed by women, children, older people or single males could be more vulnerable in severe food insecurity situations.
Jonglei is expected to have the highest number of people estimated to face crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity at 1.18 million, followed by Upper Nile, with 765,000.
Counties with IPC Phase 3 classification remain widespread and the numbers have increased to 4.65 million in 2019 as compared to 4.32 million in 2018.
In comparison to the 2019 analysis, the number of people in need is estimated to increase by 400,000 in 2020 because of increased mobility amongst IDPs and spontaneous return of refugees, creating more vulnerabilities for the affected populations. In addition, continued pockets of insecurity in Central Equatoria have led to new displacements in the Yei area, creating new vulnerabilities.
Outside PoC and other collective sites, an estimated 70 per cent of the displaced population are living with inadequate shelters and NFIs.
An estimated 2.3 million people are in need of emergency shelter and non food items  ( NFIs )  in 2020. These include IDPs, returnees and host communities, as well as an estimated 300,000 refugees in South Sudan. People in need are found in three different contexts: in camps, including PoC sites and other collective centres, outside of camps, including host communities who share scarce resources, and in relatively stable locations where people are returning to their places of origin.
Lack of basic infrastructure, including WASH facilities, has impacted girl students disproportionately. Some 40 per cent of primary schools in South Sudan have no toilets.
Much of the school infrastructure in the country has been damaged during the crises and conflicts endured over the years, or occupied by armed actors. Approximately 70 per cent of primary schools and 47 per cent of secondary schools are either partially or completely damaged.
South Sudan's GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017
Owing to confinement measures, women have become trapped in close proximity with abusers, leading to a rise in the incidences of sexual and gender based violence within homes.
The Logistics Cluster facilitated the departure of two humanitarian convoys towards the Western Corridor and Kapoeta, enabling the transportation of approximately 520 mt of humanitarian cargo.
Therefore, the current camp management services must continue in 2020 to enable the identification and prevention of the safety and security risks displaced persons face and ensure people's equitable access to protection, services and assistance throughout their displacement.
2.24M people assisted in March:  Female: 55% Male: 45%
Nearly 4 million people remain displaced: 1.5 million internally and 2.2 million as refugees in neighboring countries.
The country remains in a critical period of unprecedented severe food insecurity with 6.48 million people considered food insecure at the height of the 2020 lean season.
Top five counties where the highest proportion of assessed settlements reported that half or more than half of the population consists of IDPs that have arrived within the last three months were Panyijiar  ( 22% ) , Rumbek North  ( 20% ) , Leer  ( 15% ) , Rumbek East  ( 13% )  and Magwi  ( 13% ) .
63 partners reported implementation of COVID 19 prevention measures, 71 counties are covered with COVID 19 response and 7 counties have NO reported COVID 19 response.
Awareness creation: FAO is sensitizing the population by airing radio messages between 2 3 minutes long daily in English, Arabic, Dinka, Otuho and Acholi. FAO has also created a set of posters for community based messaging during Desert Locust control operations that will be disseminated to the affected areas. A toll free number 515 for communities is in place to report detection and damages of desert locusts.
Magwi: Highest incidence of Desert Locust with over 60 percent of crop fields invaded.
Surveillance and monitoring: FAO in coordination with the Food Security Cluster has trained 15 NGO staff on the use of e locust application to report invasion. Additionally, FAO has availed 45 smart phones installed with the eLocust3m app for information collection and 10 motorbikes to the government to be use for monitoring in Eastern Equatoria.
An additional swarm invaded South Sudan in the first half of May in the greenbelt region  ( Magwi ) , hill and mountain  ( Ikotos, Lafon, Budi and Torit ) , and semiarid region  ( Kapoeta South, Kapoeta East ) .
While an exemption for formal cross border cargo routes avoided immediate shortages of food and other basic goods in urban areas reliant on imports, the restrictions nevertheless disrupted supply chains and are likely to have contributed to increasing food prices and food insecurity  ( IPC December 2020 ) .
The broader economic consequences of the pandemic are another factor that is likely to have affected mobility in the medium term  ( IOM and WFP, 2020 ) , together with the humanitarian impacts of widespread severe flooding  ( OCHA / ICCG, December 2020 )  and growing food insecurity  ( IPC December 2020; Global IPC Review Findings ) . These factors are likely to have driven the delayed drop in returns from Sudan via FMPs in Abyei, Northern and Western Bahr El Ghazal, starting in mid June and lasting until December.
UNHAS continues to support the national COVID 19 response transporting samples from across the country to the National Laboratory in Juba.
The local currency depreciation is keeping food prices high, with the price of white sorghum, a staple food, increasing by 6 to 20 percent in November in several markets across the country. However, the seasonal harvest in Maban, Upper Nile, and Yida, Unity, contributed to a drop of 20 and 13 percent respectively, in white sorghum prices.
Food insecurity is the main reason for children to drop out or to miss school, as families have no option but to engage their children in livelihood activities over education. This increases the likelihood of exposure to protection risks, including abduction, sexual violence, forced recruitment, child labour and early marriage. Long walking distance to school is one of the risk factors of genderbased violence against girls and boys.
Among the children in need, IDPs, returnees from within South Sudan, refugees and refugee returnees are identified as the most vulnerable groups.
The education system and infrastructure in South Sudan are fragile, with limited equitable access to quality education for children and youth  ( aged 3–17 ) , who represent 45 per cent of the population. This has major negative consequences on people's living conditions and mental well being.
A recent assessment on collective sites indicated that due to lack of service provision, IDPs borrowed money to meet their daily basic needs. Their inability to pay the debt led them to adopt negative coping mechanisms such as forcing their young daughters into early marriage. These factors further increase gender based violence risks, and the use of negative coping mechanisms, as psychosocial trauma and frustration rises.
Financial stress among IDP families can increase exposure to protection risks, particularly for women and girls
IDP families are using negative coping mechanisms to address their most basic needs, including forcing their young children into early/child marriage.
According to a recent assessment conducted by the CCCM partners on service provision inside PoC sites and reports from collective sites, women and girls face the risk of sexual violence not only within the displacement sites but also when they move outside for livelihood activities.
Women and girls continue to be amongst the most vulnerable groups, which also include people living with disabilities.
An estimated 1.6 million people will need Camp Coordination and Camp Management  ( CCCM )  services in 2020. This includes 1.28 million IDPs in the PoC and collective sites as well as in spontaneous and camp like settlements who will continue relying on humanitarian assistance throughout 2020 despite significant efforts by the humanitarian community to address their needs.
Seasonality will affect needs through 2020. If rainfall patterns are normal, there will be a seasonal increase in morbidity, especially from water  and vector borne disease, increased GAM prevalence, and limited physical access. At the same time, people's seasonal access to wild foods and livestock products would increase.
In addition to the above mentioned factors related to the risk of Ebola and the effects of the 2019 floods, it is expected that 2020 will be characterized by a level of fluidity in the political and security environment, with uncertain impacts on the evolution of humanitarian needs.
The increased food production gap in heavily flooded areas could increase needs throughout the year and thus require more food commodities to be delivered, just in time before the rains begin again after the first quarter of 2020. Additionally, as the scale and extent of the flooding has critically impacted physical access across the country, and the water is likely to take months to disperse, the window for prepositioning of food commodities throughout the country will drastically shorten.
On average, vulnerable households in South Sudan need support to fill the hunger gap– defined as the period when households run out of stored food and the next harvest–typically between March and August.
Preliminary forecasts show that large areas of cultivated land have been damaged due to the flooding and waterlogging, which is expected to significantly reduce food production in the affected areas. Livestock health has also been affected.
Countless health facilities and schools were filled with water. People became extremely vulnerable to malaria and water borne disease outbreaks, such as cholera, as a result of the flooding. Displaced people were especially at risk, being exposed to the elements without shelter or household items such as mosquito nets.
The rains were likely to continue until December 2019 and put more people at risk. The Government of South Sudan declared a state of emergency in the flooded areas on 27 October 2019.
Coordination of education response through the cluster is crucial to ensure the most efficient use of resources, integration of services and reduce duplication. The cluster is operational in all 10 states and ensures coordination among partners, supports service delivery and fast tracks education response in prioritized locations. Working alongside the Ministry of General Education and Instruction  ( MoGEI ) , the cluster provides regular guidance and supports education partners in addressing access barriers including the timely approval of project implementation.
During the second half of 2019, preparedness efforts continued to focus on three key areas: strengthening coordination at sub national levels, ensuring early detection and reporting of suspected Ebola cases, and effective and efficient response to any confirmed cases. Key activities include risk communication, community engagement and social mobilization, screening at border points of entry, improvement of surveillance capabilities at community and health facility levels, sustaining WASH and infection prevention and control services at existing isolation units, improvement of WASH infection prevention and control at health facility levels and prioritized public places  ( schools, markets and churches/mosques )  and the activation and coordination of a 72 hour rapid response plan and case management of a confirmed case at the state and national level.
Amongst other achievements, 80 verified alerts have been investigated, 3.4 million screenings have been conducted at 32 active border points of entry, almost 3,000 front line health workers have been vaccinated, four isolation units and six holding units have been established,118 prioritized frontline health facilities supported with essential WASH services, 13 burial teams trained on safe burials and 2,277 key community influencers engaged in EVD prevention and response.  ( For Ebola )
Ebola prevention and preparedness work in South Sudan since the onset of the outbreak in the DRC in August 2018 has been organized under two successive National Ebola Preparedness Plans. Activities are focused in seven highest risk locations along the borders with the DRC and Uganda with an estimated 2.9 million inhabitants.
Among settlements that reported receiving humanitarian assistance in the six months prior to the assessment, some 54 per cent indicated that the assistance received was of the type most relevant to their needs.