nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
The mid 2020 update to the Afghanistan multi year Humanitarian Response Plan 2018 2021 requests US$1.1 billion and aims to reach 11.1 million people who are acutely affected by the humanitarian consequences of the COVID 19 pandemic, the country's four decades  long conflict, as well as natural disasters and other vulnerabilities.
Insecure housing, land and property rights are a key source of vulnerability for many people in Afghanistan, particularly IDPs, returnees and women.
Conflict displaced 398,000 people in the first 11 months of 2019  ( averaging 36,181 people per month ) .
Roads in more remote areas are often of poor quality and are regularly closed due to flooding, landslides, snow or avalanches in high altitude areas.
A total of 35,070 people received humanitarian assistance   among them are 539 newly displaced people, 3,192 people affected by natural disasters, 3,752 vulnerable people in host communities and 24,738 people who received seasonal support and food aid in response to the COVID 19 pandemic.
Increasing cross sectoral use of Multi Purpose Cash  ( MPC )  to cover basic needs and reduce negative coping strategies. Use of MPC will be scaled up in combination with other types of programming and appropriate services, such as case management and outreach, to maximise sectoral results and reduce negative coping strategies. This approach will be of particular importance in the protection and education responses.
Given Afghanistan's resilient markets, cash and voucher assistance remains a viable way of meeting these increased needs. Cash and voucher assistance is an essential modality for providing life saving support to the most vulnerable people and empowering them with additional choice and flexibility.
The impact of COVID 19 on the economy of the neighbouring countries has also significantly reduced or interrupted remittances, cutting off an additional lifeline for many families and increasing the number of people who need humanitarian assistance.
Opportunities to generate income, mostly within the informal sector, have been dramatically reduced due to lock downs aimed at curbing the spread of COVID 19, leaving many families with a cash crisis.
Physical distancing, self isolation, quarantine, and working from home may trigger reactions of isolation, loneliness, and loss of social contacts for a large number of people. Extreme stressors may induce, worsen or exacerbate pre existing mental health conditions.
Due to the COVID 19 pandemic, current pilots carried out by NRC and INTERSOS have been adapted to ensure the safety of communities seeking assistance. This includes limiting the number of individuals who can access the community centre spaces at any given time to avoid overcrowding, providing staff with PPE, and ensuring that all those who enter the centres utilise handwashing stations and undergo temperature checks.
Attacks on health facilities breach International Humanitarian Law and add further risks to people who need health care. In the first 11 months of 2019, there were 113 attacks on health care facilities and workers in Afghanistan – an increase from 90 attacks in 2018 according to Health Cluster monitoring. In 2019, the trend has now shifted to more directed and violent attacks.
Men and young boys face their own unique risk profile. Men and boys make up a majority of all trauma victims and are the majority of those who have tested positive for COVID 19, potentially as a result of multiple factors including their wider movement outside the home, their increased access to health care and higher likelihood of being tested and their predominance among returnees from Iran.
While there is limited data on the impact of COVID 19 on people with disabilities in Afghanistan, global data has shown that even under normal circumstances, people with disabilities are less likely to access health care, education, employment or participate in the community. They are more likely to live in poverty, experience higher rates of violence, neglect and abuse, and are among the most marginalised in any crisis affected community.
Households headed by women are more likely to be food insecure than male headed households, are less able to access healthcare, and more often rely on negative coping strategies to survive, such as using unsustainable income sources, borrowing/loans, selling assets, and gifts/remittances.
Global experiences have demonstrated that where women are primarily responsible for procuring and cooking food for the family, increasing food insecurity may place them at higher risk of intimate partner and other forms of domestic violence due to heightened tensions in the household.
Social norms, including expectations that women and girls are responsible for doing domestic work and taking care of sick family members – can expose women and girls to a greater risk of COVID 19.
Women and girls who face multiple forms of discrimination, including internally displaced women, women living in conflict  affected areas, women of ethnic minorities, older women, women living with disabilities and those living in rural and remote areas, are at particularly increased risk of experiencing violence and are less likely to receive the support they need.
Women and children face unique risks in a pandemic, including greater exposure to violence, sexual exploitation and abuse, as well as separation.
The closure of schools has exacerbated the burden of unpaid childcare work on women and girls. Already there are reports of higher incidence of child labour and early marriage as prolonged lockdowns have economically stressed families.
Pregnant women and newborn babies are also vulnerable as pre  and ante natal care has been de prioritised by families for fear of catching the virus at health facilities.
People with physical disabilities will face additional challenges with cities shut down and limited transport options. Movement restrictions and self isolation are disproportionately affecting people with specific needs and vulnerabilities, especially the elderly.
Among the 14 million people in need of humanitarian assistance across the country, the most vulnerable include the rural poor; minority groups; those exposed to forced, multiple and often extended periods of displacement; returnees and refugees; children; the elderly; households headed by women; and people with disabilities. Conflict, poverty and repeated natural disasters have left these acutely vulnerable people with reduced ability to cope with the COVID 19 crisis.
To address the nutrition needs aggravated by COVID 19, Nutrition partners will expand the age group of children targeted under its blanket supplementary feeding  ( BSF )  programme, from children six to 23 months to children up to 5 years old. The Cluster will also expand its reach of those receiving infant and young child feeding  ( IYCF )  assistance to include children ‘at risk' of malnutrition.
Through the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism  ( MRM )  monitors in the field, more than 1,485 grave violations with 79% verified.
UNICEF supported the establishment of two Multi purpose Centres in Logar as an entry point for providing integrated Child Protection and GBV  ( Gender Based Violence )  services to adolescent girls and women.
UNICEF also supported MoPH's Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health programme with development of key messages and financially on printing of messages to include COVID 19 key messages in the existing guides and tools.
Currently available data strongly suggests that the housing market is not effective at the national level – characterised by weak relationships between the concerned parties; poor service support; a weak enabling environment  ( including a lack of rules and norms to regulate the market ) ; a lack of incentives to increase housing stock and an associated slow increase in supply; a focus from suppliers on building new units that are unaffordable for the vast majority of the population and are concentrated in urban centres; as well as unpredictable demand  ( due to uncertain returnee influxes and changes in the duration and pattern of internal displacement ) .
There is a lack of clarity over procedures for negotiating land access and a strong government desire to avoid assistance becoming a ‘pull factor' into major centres. The chances of recovery are greatly inhibited by the absence of a clear pathway for the IDPs to access development programming  ( e.g. livelihoods support )  and integrate into local communities. In Hirat, efforts to relocate a small number of IDPs into available rental accommodation in 2019 were met with some push back from the local community and had limited impact.
Eighty three per cent of households headed by a person with disability are in debt compared to 69 per cent of other households, leaving them mainly reliant on borrowing/loans for their survival. More than a quarter of displaced households headed by a person with disability reported that borrowing food on credit was their primary source of food in the week prior to the survey, compared with 18 per cent for other households.
The WOA Assessment highlighted a potential link between debt and stress. Findings showed that displaced households with least one member experiencing mental health concerns/behaviour changes were more likely to report being in debt  ( 81 per cent ) , compared to those without  ( 65 per cent ) . The relationship between psychological issues and debt/resilience was also found in the 2018 PACAP assessment, which found that people with mental health issues took much longer to pay back loans. The causality of this relationship is not clear, i.e. it is not known if the mental health issues are the cause of the inability to find work and therefore debt, or whether the stress of debt is generating the mental health issues. Regardless, the two issues seem integrally linked. Furthermore, the 2019 WOA Assessment highlighted the higher debt burden endured by families headed by someone with a disability.
With more than 80 per cent of the population living in extreme poverty, it is not surprising that rates of indebtedness are climbing, giving affected people little hope of pulling themselves into recovery. This is especially true for displaced households. Seventy one per cent of all displaced households report that they have some level of debt. Thirty per cent of displaced households owe 50,000 AFN/$633 or more. The primary reason behind taking on debt for displaced households was to buy food  ( 36 per cent ) , with 20 per cent of IDP households reporting that their main source of food in the past week was borrowing on credit. After food, the cost of accessing healthcare was the second most common reason for shock affected households to take on any debt and the most common reason for households to end up with severe levels of debt  ( >50,000 AFN ) .
Conflict, repeated displacement, poverty, indebtedness, continual worry and feelings of insecurity, and the wide ranging consequences of under investment in services, have resulted in a population that is understandably focused on daily survival.
IDPs are increasingly exposed to weak tenure and forced evictions. People who are forcibly displaced need to find somewhere to live and may be prevented from returning to their homes, even after the conflict is over. More than half  ( 52 per cent )  of IDP households in the 2019 WoA Assessment noted that they live in their current shelter without any written documentation. A lack of clarity on the extent of respective rights and responsibilities of landowners, beneficiaries and other stakeholders, greatly contributes to the success or failure of emergency shelter responses and limits provision of transitional shelter. There are gaps in land mapping that add to this confusion, even between different layers of government.
Decades of armed conflict, and internal displacement, lack of job opportunities, denial of access to basic services, coupled with insecurity and drought causing destruction of agricultural lands and livestock, homes and other property in Afghanistan have increased vulnerabilities and HLP related protection risks among IDPs, returnees, refugees and host communities.
Rates of child marriage in Badghis province are 13 per cent higher than the national average, while cases of child labour, child abandonment, and child selling have all been reported in recent months as families have resorted to negative coping mechanisms to survive severe financial hardship, including debt accumulation.
Twenty seven per cent of households in provinces with the highest proportion of their population displaced  ( Farah, Hilmand, Khost, Uruzgan and Zabul ) , reported GBV incidents in the community in the 30 days prior to assessment.
Displaced households headed by a person with disability were more likely to rely on negative coping strategies than other households. Forty per cent of displaced households headed by a person with disability had a severe or extreme coping  ( LCSI )  score, compared to 28 per cent of other displaced households. Harmful traditional practices and negative coping mechanisms such as early or forced marriages, child labour and begging, as well as lack of access to basic health, psychosocial and legal services, which are exacerbated by conflict and displacement, contribute to an already fragile situation. Women and girls are deprived of basic rights, including education and land ownership, despite being granted rights under the constitution and sharia law.
Even through the 2018/19 drought, research showed that there was a steady supply of wheat flour and that prices were relatively stable. Indeed, contrary to prevailing assumptions that the main factors influencing local prices in Afghanistan are conflict, increased demand, or drops in local agricultural production, in fact the biggest determinants of market prices are macro economic factors – in particular, fluctuations between the currencies of the US, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran; changes in global food prices; or changes in trade agreements/border closures with Pakistan, Iran or Uzbekistan  ( the three neighbouring countries through which Afghanistan imports most of its staple foods ) .
Even after years of conflict, markets in Afghanistan remain remarkably functional, physically accessible  ( with the exception of disability  access )  and generally able to meet demand.
In the Seasonal Food Security Assessment, the reasons given for households experiencing a reduction of income were: a reduction in employment opportunities  ( 61 per cent ) , conflict  ( 24 per cent ) , natural disasters  ( 6 per cent ) , death or serious injury to the breadwinner  ( 3 per cent ) , increased competition for jobs due to the presence of IDPs/returnees  ( 2 per cent )  and migration  ( 2 per cent ) .
WOA Assessment Focus Group Discussions highlighted how people had changed their employment and sources of income as a result of displacement or conflict/natural disaster. Participants explained that they previously worked as farmers on their lands or engaged in breeding livestock and were now having to work in daily manual work  ( e.g. construction )  to support their families. Several participants also mentioned that young men facing a lack of job opportunities often feel pressured to engage in criminal activities  ( selling drugs, robbery, petty crime ) , to join security forces or armed groups, or to migrate for work to support their family.
The high poverty rate is being driven by conflict which constantly disrupts livelihoods, particularly when people are displaced and are no longer able to continue with their normal work. This is especially true for many rural households who have been displaced into urban areas and are no longer able to continue agricultural activities.
Encouraged by a series of discussions with government counterparts and relevant stakeholders, UNHCR determined in early 2018 to transition the coordination of the response to more than 72,000 persons of concern in Khost and Paktika to the Government of Afghanistan as of 1 January 2020. The assumption of responsibility for this population by the Government of Afghanistan is a positive development and takes fully into account the strong social and cultural ties between the displaced people  ( primarily from the Waziri, Dawar, Saidgi and Masood tribes )  and their host communities.
Furthermore, the lack of adequate weatherproof insulation, particularly in high altitude areas, limits people's capacity to cope with Afghanistan's harsh winters contributing to increased incidence of, and under 5 child mortality from, acute respiratory infection.
A lack of appropriate shelter and safe water exposes vulnerable households, including women, children and older people, to the elements, lack of privacy and dignity, and overcrowding  ( sometimes with 4 5 households sharing a shelter ) .
According to the WOA Assessment, some 18 per cent of shock affected households who reported their girls not attending school in the current school year noted that this was due to security concerns about their child travelling to or being at school. Thirty two per cent reported cultural reasons as the main barrier. Children who are able to attend classes mostly have to contend with poor quality education due to unsafe and improper infrastructure – with dark classrooms and crumbling walls frequently reported – as well as insufficient teaching materials, and overcrowding. Although widespread, areas of the country hosting large concentrations of IDPs and returnees, such as Kunar and Nangarhar provinces in the eastern region, have been especially affected, with teacher student ratios in these locations regularly as high as 1:180 and even, in some cases, 1:250.
Afghanistan is one of the most dangerous countries in the world for aid agencies and the delivery of assistance continues to be delayed by access constraints and illegal taxation.
Conflict now shapes all aspects of everyday life, posing terrifying protection risks but also having a devastating impact on the country's development.
The bulk of the people in need for 2021 will likely fall under the category of ‘acutely vulnerable people with humanitarian needs'. The Cluster estimates that 4.6 million people, whose needs will not be fully met in 2020, will require protection assistance into 2021.
The inherent weakness of the legal system, the fragility of the health system and the lack of social safety networks further increase the vulnerability of women and girls to repeated violence.
According to the 2018 WOA Assessment, 72 per cent of respondents reported GBV situations where resources, opportunities, or services were denied; 71 per cent reported situations of emotional abuse; and 59 per cent reported forced marriage. Twenty seven per cent of households in provinces with the highest proportion of their population displaced  ( Hilmand, Uruzgan, Zabul, Khost and Paktya ) , reported GBV incidents in the community in the 30 days prior to assessment. Similarly, 61 per cent of households indicated that women feel less safe when travelling to or at specific locations or can be subject/vulnerable to violence.
The WOA Assessment shows that households headed by a person with disability report a higher proportion of children working outside the house  ( 24 per cent compared to 19 per cent for other households ) . Thirty four per cent of these households headed by a person with disability also reported that children having to earn money was a factor in their male children not attending school, compared to 18 per cent for other households. Young boys have additionally been exposed to illicit activities at a young age, such as the opium trade.
The ongoing armed conflict in the country continues to distress children and their caregivers. Overall, children make up 56 per cent of all people in need in 2020. Nearly 12,600 children were verified to have been killed or injured from 2015  2018, predominantly as a result of ground engagements, non suicide IED attacks, explosive remnants of war, aerial attacks and suicide IED attacks  ( in that order ) .
The case is similar when it comes to accessing health care. In the first eleven months of 2019, an estimated 41,000 health consultations missed due to the forced closure and destruction of health facilities in violation of IHL.
In 2020, the Nutrition Cluster has identified 3.35 million children, boys, girls and women who will need emergency nutrition services to prevent increased mortality and morbidity amongst the most vulnerable; and avoid preventable health complications amongst those with highest risk of deterioration of their nutritional status if tailored care is not provided. These include – 690,000 SAM children under five; 1.85 million moderate acute malnourished  ( MAM )  children under five; 563,000 acutely under nourished PLW; and an additional 165,000 children under five and 80,000 lactating women identified to be nutritionally at risk among IDPs, returnees, and populations affected by rapid onset emergencies.
An additional 563,000 PLW are under nourished, leaving their children pre disposed to low birth weight, short stature, low resistance to infections, and high risk of disease and mortality.
In 2020, an estimated 2.5 million children under five and 563,000 PLW will be acutely malnourished and require life saving treatment – a 20 per cent increase compared to 2019.
Across the country, only 15 per cent of nurses and two per cent of medical doctors are women. Despite having one of the highest fertility rates in the world, there are only 37 dedicated maternity hospitals. Only 30 per cent of the population living in hard to reach and conflict affected areas have access to essential health services. Women are particularly affected as some 75 per cent of the female population live rural areas, some of them heard to reach.
Conflict inflicts short and longer term implications on the health of people in Afghanistan. It directly affects the survival/well being of people who have experienced varying degrees of trauma.
256,000 people returning from Iran and Pakistan will be in need of emergency primary healthcare in 2020.
Of the 3.68 million people identified as being in need of shelter and NFI; 2.66 million people will require NFI; 3.27 million people need assistance to cover their winterisation needs, and 1.26 million people require either transitional shelter support or shelter repair/ upgrade assistance to rebuild damaged shelters.
Some IDPs  ( in excess of 10 per cent )  do not have proper documentation  ( either having never had formal documents or having lost them during displacement ) . While the processes and infrastructure to formalise or re issue their documents is not uniformly functional or accessible, IDPs continue to face potential risk of eviction, exploitation, or rights violations  ( by landlords )  and possible disputes in the future due to the difficulties in demonstrating ownership of land/shelter.
Over time, displaced households struggle to sustain the cost of rent as displacement periods become prolonged and job opportunities remain low. Overall, 81 per cent of people affected by conflict or natural disasters indicated a need for rental support, with rent payment being one of the main reasons for incurring debt.
Twenty five per cent of displaced households that returned to their area of origin, reported to have found their houses occupied by other persons upon return. Cultural norms often dictate that host communities, despite their own poor socio economic standing, take on much of the responsibility for supporting displaced families to meet their basic shelter needs, at least for a short period of time. This is, however, shortly expended, owing to the eroded coping capacities of the host communities and protracted nature of displacement. Displaced families often contribute to host household living expenses but have limited capacity to sustain this.
Fourty nine per cent of shock affected households who have been affected by natural disasters and conflict have damaged shelters. Of these, a staggering majority  ( around 80 per cent )  are unable to repair their own shelters due to high repair costs, in turn serving as the main reason for taking on debt for non displaced natural disaster affected households.
Over 40 per cent of the population in Nangarhar, Nimroz, Nuristan and Laghman provinces remain in makeshift shelters, while 45 per cent of the people in need in Hirat Province are staying in emergency tents. Insufficient access to blankets and heating materials for the winter season drove nearly 64 per cent of IDPs to use waste  ( paper, plastic, carton board, etc. ) , wood or bushes as their main source of energy for heating in 2019. A staggering 58 per cent of IDPs has less than 1 blanket per person in their household.
The need for shelter was reported to be the highest among refugees in the south east  ( 68 per cent ) , followed by protracted IDPs  ( 34 per cent ) , new IDPs  ( 28 per cent ) , non displaced natural disaster affected people  ( 17 per cent ) , cross  border returnees  ( 13 per cent ) , host communities  ( 9 per cent ) , non displaced conflict affected people  ( 8 per cent ) , and IDP returnees  ( 7 per cent ) .
Les types de violations recensés sont les violations du droit à la propriété  ( 1,565 cas ) , les violations du droit à la vie et à l'intégrité physique  ( 507 cas )  ainsi que les VBG  ( 110 cas ) .  [ 48% de ces incidents ont été commis par des Groupes Armés Non Etatiques  ( GANE )  et 9% par des membres des comités de vigilance. ]
Dans ces localités  [ 3 cantons de l'arrondissement de Zina à savoir Lahai, Mazera et Godeni à travers 32 villages ] , les populations sont victimes de vol de bétail et de pirogue, de corruption, d'extorsion de biens.
Les programmes santé et de lutte contre les épidémies continuent malgré l'impact de l'épidémie de COVID 19.
25 flash alerts related to communal clashes and targeted extra judicial killings were reported by protection monitors
Cette situation  [ l'inflation du premier trimestre 2020 de 2.6% ]  est principalement due à l'impact de la pandémie COVID 19 et aux mesures d'atténuation connexes mises en œuvre par le gouvernement ainsi que par les ménages qui ont stocké des aliments en préparation, gonflant ainsi la demande
More than 70% have expressed an increase in security concerns affecting women and girls and a noticiable increase of reported rape cases since the start of the crisis
In April and May, however, approximately 800 IDPs and refugees returned to the Northwest and Southwest regions from the Littoral region and from Cross River State because they feared contracting COVID 19. In addition, around 1,200 people in the Northwest and Southwest regions returned to their home villages due to poor living conditions in the place to which they were displaced and improved security conditions in their place of origin.
Le CICR  [ Comité international de la Croix Rouge ]  , les ONG présentes dans la zone  [ Double, Kossa et Mora ]   ( NRC, PU, ACF, IRC, Intersos notamment )  apportent des réponses pour renforcer les abris et compléter les biens de première nécessité.
The creation of a temporal shelter home for survivors with the need for shelter and other services in the South West
A mobile clinic has also been set up which gets into the bushes to deliver services to the population especially women and children in the South West and the North West.
Il en est de même dans les sociétés forestières au Cameroun où le COVID19 augmentent l'insécurité alimentaires des personnes qui en dépendent  [ de la production alimentaire ]
Cela  [ les mesures contre le COVID ]  a provoqué une difficulté d'accès à l'alimentation, à l'emplois et aux revenus pour les populations les plus vulnérables.
[ Far North ]  In some cases, authorities required humanitarian actors to obtain written authorizations from the Governor for the implementation of humanitarian activities.
Adamawa, North and East : Extreme poverty prevents vulnerable people from paying the costs necessary for health care.
The economic slowdown  [ due to COVID 19 ] , coupled with above average prices for imported products, is eroding the purchasing power of poor households, especially in urban and insecure areas
Toutefois, la situation s'empirera jusqu'a Crise  ( Phase 3 de l'IPC )  vers le mois d'octobre, lorsque les stocks commencent à diminuer précocement ce qui entraîne une hausse des prix.  [ pour les ménages du nord ouest et du sud ouest ]
[ Far North Crisis ]  Households headed by girls and women are more food insecure than those headed by men and boys
Engage particularly with men, as they were foremost amongst FGD participants in blaming girls for the pregnancies and consequent marriages
Le risque de criminalité pour la survie affectera également la paix et la sécurité dans les villages
The existing referral system  [ for SAM management ]  still needs to be strengthened.
Provide parents and caregivers with training, materials  ( for example, high yield seedlings )  and follow up support on crop and livestock farming.
The education cluster and OCHA are advocating to ensure that learning is not used as a political tool in the crisis.
Heavy rains at this time of year  [ between june and september ]  could also restrict the number of people who become displaced because the roads are in poor condition during the rainy season.
970 youth and adolescent attended GBV activities targeting youths and adolescents.
La violence persiste et l'accès aux services sociaux de base, comme les centres de santé, les points d'eau potable et les écoles, reste limité.
In July 2020, 29 partners collectively assisted 269,179 people out of which about 90 percent food of assistance or cash/voucher modalities. In addition to the standard food items being distributed some partners  ( ASWEDO, CAFEDO, HOA etc. )  have also included hygiene kits and face masks as part of their relief items.
The partners were able to sensitize 6,858 people on epidemic prone diseases and screened 2,117 for high blood pressure/diabetes and 74 for HIV.
[ North West & Souh West Crisis ]  Reduced access to land for cultivation and lack of income generating opportunities have led some families to reduce the quality and quantity of food, which in turn leads to malnutrition.
ACF/AHA : Consultations  ( 0 5ans )  : 2894 consultés dont les premières causes de morbidité ont été : IRA  ( 48% ) , conjonctivites  ( 33% ) , maladies diarrhéiques  ( 13% )  et le paludisme  ( 6% ) .
In Far North region, 2 attacks on health facilities were reported.  [ in the last 6 months ]
Mettre en place un système d'écoute pour permettre aux communautés de partager leurs peurs, inquiétudes et détresse face a cette épidémie et ses conséquences.
Of the total screened  [ 43,647 children from 6 to 59 months screened s including 46 Nigerian refugee children from Minawao camp ]  , 424 SAM  ( severe acute malnutrition )  cases were detected with 2,031 cases of MAM  ( moderate acute malnutrition ) .
Over half  ( 52% )  of respondents  [ Survey in NW, SW, Littoral and West region, conducted on 4,638 people through one to one interview using a survey tool ]  have not received any meaningful assistance to date. Moreover, many of those who have received support have only received one off assistance  ( such as distribution of buckets, soap or masks ) .
Victims of these incidents  [ 1500 houses have been burnt in some villages of the Mbonge subdivision ]  still live in fear and are in high need of shelter and NFIs.
Les prix élevés atypiques des aliments de base dans l'Extrême Nord limitent l'accès à la nourriture pour les ménages pauvres pendant la soudure.
Critical problems of the population in the Far North related to living standards / PEOPLE IN NEED 1M / WOMEN 50% / CHILDREN 58% / WITH DISABILITY 15 %
[ North West & South West ]  The disease surveillance system is very weak putting the population at risk of epidemics with late detection and limited response capacity.
Clusters have been supported  [ by OCHA ]  to develop COVID 19 guidelines which ensure critical activities are carried out in strict respect of measures to prevent the spread of the virus.
[ North West & Souh West Crisis ]  Children have limited or no access to basic social services. Thus, with regard to health services, two distinct consequences must be taken into account: on the one hand, a reported increase in infant mortality for children in general and, on the other hand, an increase in cases of disability for those who suffer injuries as a result of the conflict
Du fait de ces crises qui ont entrainé des mouvements de populations, le Cameroun compte actuellement 6,2 millions des personnes qui ont besoin d'aide humanitaire  ( HNO, mise au jour Mars 2020 ) , dont 1 753 425 personnes relevant de sa compétence du HCR et de l'OIM, dont 22 324 réfugiés et demandeurs d'asile  ( centrafricains, nigérians, urbains ) , 976 773 personnes déplacées internes  ( dans l'Extrême Nord et les régions du Nord Ouest et du Sud Ouest )  et 354 328 retournés  ( anciennes personnes déplacées internes, ou réfugiés de retour au Cameroun )  dans les régions de l'Extrême Nord, du Nord Ouest et du Sud Ouest. Ces populations migrantes  [ réfugiés, demandeurs d'asile, PDIs, retournés ]  représentent 6,65% de la population totale au Cameroun.
The security environment continues to degrade with a steady increase in the intensity of clashes between armed elements putting the lives of civilians at risk in the NWSW. This is reflected by an increase in human rights violations including killings, arbitrary arrests, threats and internal displacement.
[ North West and South West ]  The main sanitation challenges are the unsanitary situation of latrines, the non separation of latrines by sex in the sites of displacement of people in the bush, the lack of privacy, the large number of users per latrine, the insecurity in using latrines at night and open defecation. At least 90% of the populations surveyed in the two regions  ( except for the populations of the Fako, Kupe Manengouba and Ngo Ketunjia divisions )  are confronted with one of these challenges. The most affected divisions are Lebialem, Ndian and Meme in the South West and Boyo and Mezam in the North West.
[ North West & Souh West Crisis ]  Finally, as a result of displacement and destruction of homes, many boys and girls no longer have birth certificates or have never had one, which has a direct impact on administrative procedures such as national examinations and makes them more vulnerable to exploitation or trafficking and arbitrary arrest and detention, particularly for boys aged 14 and over.
Women are also heavily affected  [ by displacement ] : The rural sector is mainly driven by women who represent 71.6% in the informal agricultural sector. The men, who were wage earners, gave up their jobs or left the villages because they could not continue their work due to the prevailing insecurity.
Displacement has meant a loss of resources for food self reliance. It primarily affects the access to land to cultivate, the loss of livestock and of the families' productive assets. Men, who are overwhelmingly the titled landowners, are affected by the spoliation of their property or by the fact that it has become inaccessible.
[ Central African refugee Crisis ]  The North region recorded 578 cases of cholera with 22 deaths in 2019. The risk of cholera transmission remains very high due to poor access to drinking water, non existent sanitation as well as poor hygiene practices. With the risks of hemorrhagic fevers, it is important to strengthen epidemiological surveillance along the border in order to detect epidemics early and conduct a prompt and adequate response if needed. There is also an urgent need to strengthen emergency vaccination against measles and polio.
Strategic consultations with key health stake holders in the region
Intensification de la crise humanitaire dans les régions du Nord Ouest et du Sud Ouest
21 accouchements à domicile ont été réalisés par le personnel qualifié
1 cas suspect de rougeole a été notifié chez un refugié
80% of health and education services in the two regions  [ North West & South West ]  are also non functioning.
Gender Based Violence PEOPLE IN NEED 1.6M / WOMEN 100% / CHILDREN 49% / PERSONS WITH DISABILITY 15 %
Support safety nets and livelihood programme for adolescent parents, including single parents and for vulnerable households with school age girls who are at risk of dropping out.
Health : PEOPLE IN NEED 2.6M / WOMEN 51% / CHILDREN 50% / PERSONS WITH DISABILITY 15 %
Protection : PEOPLE IN NEED 2.7M / WOMEN 51% / CHILDREN 50% / PERSONS WITH DISABILITY 15 %
parents lack the capacity to support children's education because of the high incidence of poverty aggravated by insecurity and displacement; this affects the availability of teaching and learning materials for the most vulnerable students.
They suggested providing improved security and e measures to fight against domestic violence, including rape and advocate for rights of the girl child
Lack of potable water was reported as a significant problem across the regions, affecting the well being of adolescent girls.
As of June 29, there were 12,592 confirmed cases  [ COVID 19 ]  nationwide.
Support NFI needs for adolescent girls that can help them to return or continue with education, including uniforms, shoes, school bags, soap, towels and clothes including under garments
Establish multidisciplinary mobile units who deliver positive parenting, child and maternal health, nutrition messages to adolescent and young mothers during food distribution.
Consider community initiatives that avail wet or dry food rations to at risk adolescents who are mothers attending schools alone or with their young children.
Integrate SRHR into arenting classes for caregivers to strengthen parental roles around supporting their adolescent girls and also boys to affirm their SRHR.
Work with boys to deal with delinquent behaviours like stealing, which in turn support other habits such as substance abuse, which can lead to unprotected sex and other related behaviours.
Support policing services to enforce non access to night clubs, bars and other areas where age restriction of 18 exists, to minimize exposure to substance abuse and sexual exploitation.
Work with education cluster and partners to provide designs for safe construction in schools and community learning centres.
Address shelter needs for adolescent girls in relation to the need to stay safe near functional schools/community learning centres
Provide parents and caregivers with training, materials  ( for example high yield seedlings )  and follow up support on crop and livestock farming.
Consider multipurpose cash transfers to provide money to families in the interim as they look to pursue income earning opportunities which are currently limited due to the crisis.
Support safety nets and livelihood programme for adolescent parents, including single parents and for vulnerable households with school age girls who are at risk of dropping out
Work with the Food Security Cluster and WFP to target child headed households and adolescent single parents for vulnerable group feeding interventions.
Provide Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets  ( LLINs )  to pregnant and adolescent mothers to minimize the risk of malaria.
Carry out community awareness on the importance of education for both girls and boys. o Work in collaboration with the CP AoR to implement the Safe Schools Declaration including reporting attacks on schools  ( education facilities, learners and teachers.
Key informants reported that in some areas Caritas distributed WASH items like soaps, aquatabs, and Hygiene pads, while Amref provided buckets and soaps to households. However adolescent girls were not necessarily a distinct group
Uniforms while key to identify the girls as school children, were reportedly shunned in some areas for ordinary clothing, being preferred more when one is going to school for fear of reprisals especially from separatist fighters wanting to enforce the school ban
Limited access to food due to the crisis was also seen as challenges to these young mothers, which affected their ability to feed their children consistently.
Grave violations against children continue to be committed. Girls and boys are abducted and taken hostage during which time they are also exposed to various risks, including varying forms of emotional, physical and sexual abuse.
They  [ girls ]  do not have access to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights  ( SRHR ) , protection, nutrition and a decent livelihood. As a result, adolescent girls continue to be exposed to further protection risks.
Establish multidisciplinary mobile units which deliver positive parenting, child and maternal health, nutrition messages to adolescent and young mothers during food distribution
Given the problem of unsafe abortions related to unwanted pregnancies, government and humanitarian partners should support the establishment and improved facilities providing post abortion care to avoid maternal and new born mortality and morbidity.
The majority, 67% of girls who participated in the GES methodology disagreed that they feel confident to speak in front of a male adult, either because they are shy, or feel afraid or intimidated to do so.
Sanitation facilities are a challenge both at home and at school, often amongst infrastructure damaged by fighting.
FGDs concluded that the young people working age range was between 7 and 21 years while the average was 12.9 years, mode 10years and median being 12 years.
Strengthening access to age  and gender responsive services to support the prevention of adolescent pregnancies. This includes counselling and provision of modern contraceptives alongside Maternal, New born and Child Health  ( MNCH )  for adolescent and young mothers: check ups during pregnancy, safe deliveries and referrals in support of maternal and newborn health, child health, immunization, and nutrition and health promotion.
Adolescent parenting classes can foster the role of young fathers and/or male caregivers to the babies of young mothers to share in the care of babies.
Support child led groups in schools and communities to raise awareness of adolescent SRHR with emphasis on tackling harmful gender norms, so as to empower girls and boys.
Through relevant authorities and the Education Cluster, develop, or adapt an existing, age appropriate learning package for adolescents, especially girls that includes SRHR, MHM, nutrition
Adolescent girls, including those who are pregnant/married/young caregivers, have limited access to menstrual hygiene products, which is key for them if they are to continue with school.
90% of FGDs reported the issue of food insecurity as a push factor for girls to drop out of school and engage in sexual exploitation in exchange for money and/or food.
In addition, while parents were cited as a common source of this information for girls, some girls were living as orphans, and some parents were reported not to have good parenting skills and adequate knowledge to help girls avoid teenage pregnancy. Hence parents themselves need orientations and guidance on SRHR  [ Sexual and reproductive health and right ] .
It was also reported that some girls were known to engage with older men, and some go to bars. FGD participants also reported that some girls resorted to negative coping mechanisms due to economic hardship, and were sexually exploited in the context of selling or exchanging sex, to make ends meet.
Support parents/caregivers and adolescent girls with programs that promote savings e.g. VSL schemes and training support can be availed.
Work in coordination with the cash Working Group to support the integration of Cash and/or Voucher  ( CVA )  modalities in formal and non formal education programmes. Integrate ECD services and parenting sessions into formal and non  formal learning programmes. In collaboration with the Education and Child Protection sub Cluster support the creation of an Adolescent/Youth task team that works across/ coordinate with different sectors.
Work with the relevant authorities to strengthen the implementation of the Teacher Code of Conduct in schools
Using the same materials, support facilitators and teachers in non formal learning centres and schools with relevant skills and knowledge so that they deliver quality education for adolescents at risk.
75%of adolescent mothers, pregnant and married girls mentioned that Community learning centres that offer non formal education remain the preferred option to continue their studies.
Attacks on education kill and injure, lead to student drop out, the loss of teachers, extended school and university closures. They diminish the quality of education and have devastating and long term consequences for society.
SI  [ Solidarité International ]  intervient depuis 2017 dans le cadre de la réponse à la crise provoquée par les incursions répétées de Boko Haram.  [ Logone et Chari ]
Additional NFI needs for adolescent girls include hygiene kits and clothing, which parents currently struggle to provide due to the crisis.
The need to ensure that the baby is well fed on a day to day basis, coupled with the need to care for their husband was a major stressor for many adolescent mothers.
Because it is also a question of life and death, adolescent boys especially were expected to accompany their parents to the fields while girls focus on household work
In the case of use of drugs and toxic substances, some of the causes of the risks include : availability and misuse of toxic disinfectants and alcohol  [ causes of risks ]
In the case of use of drugs and toxic substances, some of the causes of the risks include : Closure of schools, social distancing, stress, fear linked to the Covid 19 outbreak, disruption to birth registration processes due to quarantine and confinement measures  ( closure or slowing down of administrations )
In the case of social exclusion, some of the causes of the risks include : limited or no access to risk reduction materials, inappropriate knowledge and misuse of hand sanitizers
In the case of social exclusion, some of the causes of the risks include : Social discrimination of children as they are known to be mostly asymptomatic carriers transmitting the virus, disproportionate impact on the more disadvantaged and marginalized groups, closure/inaccessibility of basic services for vulnerable children and/or families
In the case of social exclusion, some of the risks presented by COVID 19 and related control measures include : Social stigmatization of children infected/suspected to be infected/if a family member is infected or suspected to be infected, increased risk/limited support for children living/working on the street and other children already at risk, increased risk/limited support to children in conflict with the law, including those in detention, heightened exposure to Covid 19
In the case of child labour/economic exploitation, some of the causes of the risks include : opportunity or expectation to work due to school closure  ( higher labour impact on girls ) , children taking up the roles of adults such as taking daily care of adults who are sick, loss or reduction of household income  ( due to death/illness of caregiver or due to isolation/quarantine measures ) , children take up the role of providing income/food for the family
In the case of child labour/economic exploitation, some of the risks presented by COVID 19 and related control measures include : increased engagement of children in hazardous or exploitative, involvement of children in criminal activities in search for income and due to peer pressure, increased involvement of children in small scale street and market activities
In the case of sexual and gender based violence  ( SGBV ) , some of the causes of the risks include : School closure and/or reduced access to sexual and reproduction health information and services can lead to increased risky behavior, risk of harmful beliefs/fake information spreading among the community in relation to immunity/healing  ( as seen during the Ebola crisis ) ,
In the case of use of sexual and gender based violence  ( SGBV ) , some of the causes of the risks include : Reduced family protection of children  ( due to illness or death of cargiver ) , increased promiscuity within households due to social distancing and confinement measures, Girls' gender imposed household responsibilities  ( caring for family members… ) , increased obstacles to reporting incidents and seeking medical treatment or other supports