nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
The vast majority of refugees and migrants who were in Libya for work reported travelling as little as possible in the country, due to their lack of residence permits and ensuing fear of police, check points along the roads and militia groups. When they did travel, this was either for work, or, in a minority of cases, because the respondent had family or friends in other parts of Libya he or she wanted to join. Security as reason for further movement within Libya was only reported in Sebha, where respondents reportedly felt very unsafe as a result of the deterioration of the security situation since autumn 2017. When they did move, this was mostly to other urban centres within the country, mostly Misrata, Benghazi or Tripoli.
Alternatively, the analysis conducted for irregular assistance illustrated non food items  ( NFIs ) , food, PSS and water, sanitation, and hygiene  ( WASH )   ( 68%, 39%, 28% and 20% )  were the most common forms of assistance received, with a total of 791 households. Legal assistance, protection and shelter  ( 0%, 1% and 3% )  were recognised as the most irregular form of assistance.
The main push factor driving IDPs to leave their homes was severe insecurity, attributed both to the conflict and to generalised crime in areas near the frontlines. Many KIs also cited damage to IDPs' former homes and a lack of basic services as push factors.
On 22 February, a 3 year old girl was injured by a stray bullet in the area of al Fateh in Benghazi. The source of fire was not determined, and there were no armed clashes in the vicinity.
IOM's Displacement Tracking Matrix  ( DTM ) , has identified approximately 400,000 migrants, refugees and asylum seekers throughout the country, including over 63,000 refugees and asylum seekers
Refugee and migrant KIs in the baladiya of Tajoura were particularly likely to list detention, verbal and physical harassment, and confiscation of documents as risks associated with entering and exiting their mahallas. Tripoli's refugees and migrants often face such threats, but since 26 August, the risk was perceived to have increased.
On 24 April, a Tebu patient was forcibly removed from the Sabha Medical Centre's intensive care unit by armed men. The man was in recovery after undergoing surgery for gunshot injuries to his chest and abdomen, reportedly sustained in armed robbery in the Tayouri neighbourhood. His fate and whereabouts remain unclear.
• All KIs reported that no cash was available from banks or ATMs in Derna, as commercial vehicles were not authorised to bring cash into the city to replenish bank supplies. As a result, the use of hard cash in market transactions had become relatively rare.
UNHCR continues to seek durable solutions, such as resettlement, family reunification and voluntary repatriation, for refugees and asylum  seekers, giving particular attention to the most vulnerable. Since September 2017, 450 vulnerable refugees were submitted for resettlement to third countries.
During 2017, IOM supported the treatment of 233 migrants in clinics and hospitals with specialized medical care. These treatments provided life saving interventions and supported very vulnerable individuals, including pregnant women and children. These include 139 female, 75 males and 19 minors. From 01 January to 31 December 2017, rescue at sea operations took place at the disembarkation points of Zwara, Zliten, Sabratha, Abu Setta, Tripoli Marine Base, and Al Khums. IOM provided medical screening and assistance to a total number of 3,106 rescued migrants, with following break up.
In September 2017, UNHCR called for 40,000 resettlement places to be made available for refugees located in 15 countries along the Central Mediterranean route . As of 9 April 2018, resettlement countries have committed a total of 3,783 places for the Libya Niger situation. Out of these pledges, 1,100 will be used for resettlement cases in Libya while 2,683 places will be allocated for resettlement out of Niger, primarily for evacuees from Libya.
During February and March, newly arrived IDPs in Sebha's western mahallas were housed in public schools, which at that time were not in use due to academic holidays. In recent weeks, however, many IDP households have been removed from these schools to enable them to reopen for the academic term. Local authorities reportedly continue to search for more sustainable solutions.
CCS, with the financial support of the AISC, trained 15 medical staff from four PHC centers in Ubari on emergency health care including Basic Life Support  ( BLS ) , Advanced Cardiac Life Support  ( ACLS ) , Advanced Pediatric Life Support  ( APLS )  and Trauma Life Support  ( TLS ) .
IOM medical teams organized rapid health risk assessment at the detention centers to identify the diseases of public health importance like Tuberculosis, scabies and to evaluate the general living conditions in the detention centers. Based on findings of these assessments, 13 anti scabies and fumigation campaigns were organized in DCs, where 4,475 migrants have been examined and treated.
At the time of data collection, across most assessed mahallas, roughly half  ( 40 60% )  of recently displaced IDPs were living in rented accommodation, with 35 45% living in camps or urban informal settlements. Another 5 15% were being housed in ad hoc collective shelters, mostly schools.
Education • At the time of data collection, formal schools in all assessed mahallas were indefinitely closed to all students due to the armed conflict. • KIs reported damage to educational facilities due to shelling, including the Al Amal School.
In the aftermath of Sabrata crisis in October, IOM Libya provided emergency response to migrants in Sabrata assembly point and surrounding areas of Zwara and Azzawya. Over the period from 08 to 21 October, a total number of 2,198 migrants benefitted from medical assistance.
86% of IDPs in private shelter were in self paid rented accommodation. 7% were hosted with relatives, 6% were in rented accommodation paid by others and the remaining 1% were hosted with other non relatives
According to KI estimates, few recently displaced IDPs 0% to 20% in assessed mahallas  were being hosted by friends or family. In Al Minshiyah and Al Gardah, however, larger percentages were being hosted by local households as part of a community driven effort to offer free shelter for IDPs.
• KIs identified at least five schools in these mahallas where IDPs were staying, housing at least 360 IDP individuals and possibly more. The top reported need for these IDPs was for bedding items, followed by food, drinking water, and cooking NFIs.
Overcrowding was most severe in Al Jadidah, the mahalla that has absorbed the most IDPs. • Though KIs commonly reported that some IDPs had left the eastern conflict affected mahallas due to damage to their shelters, conflict related damage in western Sebha was rare.
During 2017, the IRC deployed mobile health teams in nine health facilities of Misrata and Sirte mantikas. Health teams provided primary healthcare and reproductive healthcare services to a total of 5,316 internally displaced  ( IDPs )  and non displaced individuals  ( including 4,154 female adults and 835 children ) . In addition, the IRC trained 20 physicians  ( 17 females and 3 males )  on Emergency Obstetric Care and provided on the job training to 10 health providers  ( 5 females and 5 males ) .
IDPs were reported to have good relations in general with the residents of the baladiya: relations between both population groups were reported as “excellent' in 78% of baladiyas and “good' in the remaining 22%. No baladiyas reported “poor' relations between IDPs and residents during this round.
Since the beginning of this project, the IRC provided medical services to 2,204 IDPs and vulnerable host community members including 1,970 individuals  ( 475 male adults, 1371 female adults and 124 children )  in Misrata mantika and 234 individuals  ( 52 male adults, 165 female adults and 17 children )  in Sirte mantika.
All KIs reported that recently displaced IDPs in their mahallas had consistent and sufficient access to food, primarily through markets. To a lesser extent, they also relied on aid from friends, family, neighbours and community groups, particularly in Al Gardah.
KIs reported an increase in crime throughout the city of Tripoli as a direct consequence of insecurity. In 10 mahallas affected by the clashes, the risks of robbery and killings had reportedly increased, especially in Ain Zara, Mashroua Al Hadhba, Al Wadi Al Gharbi, and the Tawerghan camps
Returnee respondents identified access to health services as the most urgent need, followed by access to education and living in an area with adequate security
DTM identified and located 267,002 returnees in 33 baladiyas in Libya during the reporting period who had returned between the start of 2016 and the time of data collection.
Detention conditions continue to be inhumane throughout Libya, both in official and non official detention centres. Arrests and detentions by armed groups do not respect due process. Politicians, activists, bank employees and journalists are frequently targeted.4 Others are also targeted on the basis of their tribal or family identity or political affiliations. In Sirt, Benghazi and Brak al Shatti, armed groups conducted summary executions of captured fighters, in clear violation of the Geneva Conventions. Indiscriminate shelling in residential areas led to the death and injury of many civilians, as well as damages to civilian infrastructure. Protection concerns are particularly heightened for civilians trapped between frontlines and for those who are unable or feel unsafe to move.5 For instance, in Aljfara and Sebha, almost 100 per cent of surveyed respondents feel they cannot move safely. Respondents reported that insecurity, closure of roads and threat/presence of explosive hazards were the main reasons why they cou not move safetly
UNICEF also continues work to improve water and sanitation facilities in schools, ensuring that they are gender sensitive and inclusive for those with disabilities. In preparation for the new school year, 2,496 pupils  ( 1,196 boys and 1,300 girls )  will access the rehabilitated WASH facilities in one school in Sidi Sayeh area in Tripoli and six schools in Benghazi.
In 27% of the 554 communities hosting migrants, migrant children reportedly do not have access to education. In another 51% of the muhallas, only few migrant children have access to education.
• Among both IDP and refugee/migrant populations, KIs reported that across Tripoli, the most needed health service was treatment for chronic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart and kidney problems, and the like. Refugees and migrants were also reported to lack access to common antibiotics.
In many regions such as Aljufra, Alkufra, Benghazi, Ghat, Murzuq, Sebha and Wadi Ashshati only a small number of migrant children have access to education in nearly all communities hosting migrants. Also in 67% of the communities of Aljufara and Nalut, migrants do not have access to education. The highest proportion of communities with non operational/ partially damaged schools was recorded in the region of Murzuq where the half of the schools were damaged  ( 31% of the schools were non operational and 19% partially damaged ) *.
• Access to healthcare was reported to be intermittent in Ain Zara, Mashroua Al Hadhba, and Salaheddin, with service provision dependent on the intensity of fighting. Gaps in access to emergency care were additionally reported in Mashroua Al Hadhba, Salaheddin, and parts of Tajoura and Suq Aljumaa, as well as in the Parking Area camp for Tawerghan IDPs.
International Medical Corps devised efficient solutions for complex challenges, aiming to aid the most vulnerable populations deprived of access to basic health care in Benghazi, Khoms, AlKufra, Misrata, Sebha, Tripoli, Zlitan and Zwara.
In several Sebha mahallas, particularly Al Minshiyah and Al Gardah, temporarily closed schools had been converted into collective shelters for recently displaced IDPs. Though many schools are no longer being used for this purpose, local authorities continued to search for alternate housing solutions for these IDPs to enable classes to resume.
Since early 2014, the USD/LYD parallel market exchange rate has increased over 500%. The discrepancy between the official and the parallel market rate has become particularly pronounced since 2016. Since January 2016, the USD/LYD parallel market exchange rate has risen by 200%, and by 35% since January 2017.
Overall, 10.6% of households reported including one or more pregnant women. 12 Proportions of households comprising of at least one pregnant woman were highest in Al Margab, Sebha and Misrata at respectively 16.8%, 16.4% and 16.0%. Very little variation was noted across population groups.
In many regions such as Aljufra, Alkufra and Ghat only a small number of migrant children have access to education in nearly all communities hosting migrants. Also in 80% of the communities of Al Jabal Al Gharbi and 70% of the communities of Nalut migrants do not have access to education*.
UNICEF procured 12 Inter Agency Emergency Health Kits  ( IEHK )  for Benghazi and Tripoli hospitals in partnership with STACO and the Libyan Red Crescent  ( LRC )  to ensure timely availability of lifesaving essential medicines. The kits include essential medical equipment sufficient to meet health needs of 10,000 people, including children and women, for 3 months. The kits are part of UNICEF work to bridge the gap between the need for medicines and equipment and current availability.
From June to October 2017, injectable antidiabetics medicine had been provided by Qatari Red Crescent Society to 12 health facilities in Sirt  ( Ibn Sina Hospital, Sirt Diabetic clinic and 10 PHC facilities )  with the support of Qatar Fund For Development, to cover the needs of 23,997 patients.
KIs reported the presence of explosive hazards, a category including landmines and other explosive remnants of war  ( ERW ) , in Al Gardah and Al Mahdia. No such hazards were reported in other assessed western mahallas, though unexploded ordnance  ( UXO )  in particular is more prevalent in conflict affected mahallas in the south and east. • Within the last two weeks, injuries and casualties due to explosive hazards reportedly occurred in Al Gardah, Al Mahdia, Al Nasiriyah and Al Tanawiyah.
During 2018, 32 Libyans including 8 women and 6 children, were rescued by Libyan coastguards off Zwara on 15 February.
Across all locations and population groups, 38.2% of households reported at least one member suffering from chronic disease. IDP and returnee households were more likely to have chronically ill members  ( 41.2% and 50.4%, respectively ) , compared to non displaced households  ( 37.6% ) . These percentages were affected by higher reported proportions in the eastern assessed locations with 47.1% in Derna, and 55.6% of households in Benghazi including members suffering from chronic diseases compared to only 18.2% in Al Jabal Al Gharbi.
Cash was the top humanitarian need in assessed mahallas of Sebha, as reported by KIs, due to the ongoing liquidity crisis and the lack of Libyan dinars available to cover basic expenses. • After cash, the greatest reported humanitarian needs were for healthcare, particularly replenishments of medicine and medical supplies, and for safety and security, due in part to armed group activity and in part to generalised crime in the city.
92% of identified returnees were reported to have re inhabited their previous homes  ( Figure 16 ) . 6% rented new homes, nearly 2% were hosted with relatives and the remaining 0.5% were either in new self owned homes, hosted with non relatives, in public buildings or other shelter settings.
Libya has witnessed localised fighting, with 1,289 estimated fatalities6 recorded due to conflict in the past 12 months. The majority of these fatalities were reported in Benghazi  ( 41 per cent )  followed by Sirt  ( 15 per cent ) , Tripoli  ( 14 per cent )  and Wadi Ashshati  ( 12 per cent )
Indicators on security in baladiyas measured residents' ability to move safely within the baladiya, the reasons hindering safe movement and perception or awareness of the presence of unexploded ordnance  ( UXO ) . The awareness of the presence of UXO was reported in 9% of baladiyas with 84% reporting no presence of UXOvii. Residents were reported as not being able to move safely within their baladiyas in 26% of assessed baladiyas. In baladiyas where movement was reported to be unsafe the main reason cited was insecurity  ( 19% of baladiyas ) , followed by the threat/presence of explosive hazards  ( 3% )  and other  ( 1% ) .
Since the beginning of March, the central Sebha Medical Centre, located near a frontline in Al Gardah, had been caught up in nearby clashes on four separate occasions. Damage was minor, however, and the hospital remains operational, albeit difficult to access due to insecurity
Protracted conflict continues to affect families' livelihoods and their ability to meet basic needs, including food. The inability to provide for the minimum food requirements to reach or maintain a satisfactory nutritional status continues to be a widespread problem in Libya. Agricultural production has also suffered immensely from the conflict, with greatly impacted food prices and limited availability hindering access to food for the most vulnerable households. The changing landscape of the conflict has generated further displacement  ( IDPs )  and an increased number of returnees, migrants and refugees who continue to face challenges. In some areas of the west, 24 per cent of people are severely food insecure, with almost 60 per cent of the internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  population struggling with food insecurity and 20 per cent in need of agricultural support. Areas in southern and eastern regions are also seeing a rise in food insecurity and are increasingly reliant on coping strategies.
Migrants, refugees and asylum seekers are particularly affected by various forms of protection concerns, linked to the insecurity and conflict situation. In a recent assessment,9 the biggest fear expressed by the assessed population was abduction. More migrants and displaced populations feel they are under threat of violence and abduction  ( 11 per cent ) ,10 as compared to residents  ( seven per cent ) . According to a recent study on human trafficking and other exploitive practices on the central Mediterranean route,11 90 per cent of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers transiting through Libya have been held against their will during their journey
Since the outbreak of clashes on 26 August, refugees and migrants have reportedly found it far more difficult to engage in income generating activities. KIs attributed this primarily to an inability to move safely throughout Tripoli, a concern that has become acute in the context of refugees and migrants being forcibly seized from their places of work.
Emergency care, treatments for chronic diseases  ( diabetes, high blood pressure, heart problems, etc. )  and surgery were the three most needed medical services. • All KIs with medical backgrounds reported a shortage of medicines to treat chronic diseases, particularly diabetes and hypertension.
When asked about issues encountered upon return to their area and housing of origin, returnee households indicated that the top three main issues encountered were damaged or destroyed housing  ( 62.3% ) , valuables missing in property  ( housing looted, 54.9% ) , and the persistent lack of functionality of basic services in the area of origin  ( 35.6% )
According to KIs, recently displaced people from both the IDP and refugee/migrant populations relied primarily on their savings to meet their basic needs. IDPs were additionally able to rely on borrowed money and in kind support from friends and family; refugees and migrants had less access to these two coping mechanisms
The most common type of health facilities available were health centers which were present in 84 assessed baladiyas. Private clinics were reported in 66 baladiyas and hospitals were available in 60 baladiyas.
Bottled water was reportedly the primary water source used in all assessed mahallas. Water from the public network was also available but not preferred, as it was perceived to have a salty taste and a bad smell. • Solid waste management services were limited, with all KIs reporting that trash was most commonly left in the road or in other inappropriate public spaces.
In the past 12 months, an estimated 1.62 million people14 have been affected by conflict. 1.1 million people, of whom 378,000 are children and 307,000 are women of reproductive age  ( 15  49 ) , require urgent humanitarian assistance and protection. Ninety one per cent of the displaced population15 indicated that the main driver of displacement is the threat of violence and the presence of armed groups in their areas.
Electricity and garbage disposal were the two most cited public services available  ( see Figure 30 ) . 70 baladiyas reported the availability of electricity and 69 baladiyas reported the presence of garbage disposal services. 62 baladiyas reported having a water supply network. Sewage treatment and public infrastructure repairs however appeared to be much less prevalent with only 8 and 4 baladiyas reporting them respectively.
87 baladiyas reported that between 80 100% of public schools in the baladiya were operational as demonstrated in Figure 20. Six schools reported that between 61% and 80% of schools were operational, three reported that between 41% and 60% of schools were operational  ( Ubari, Al Aziziya, Sirt and Rigdaleen ) . For the remaining three baladiyas no answer was provided.
An additional 2,224 individuals were reported to have died making crossing through the central Mediterranean route during January July 2017. The rate of death reached 2% of total migration for this route.
Awareness campaigns on UXOs were reportedly not primarily conducted in areas where the highest proportions of households reported the presence of explosive hazards. While no household reported the presence of UXOs in their area in Ghat or Tripoli, awareness campaigns were reported by the highest proportions of households in these locations  ( 34.7% and 27.5% respectively ) . On the other hand, households in Al Margab were among those who most reported the presence of UXOs in their vicinity while they least reported reception of awareness campaigns  ( 8.9% ) .
In 9 baladiyas across the country it was reported that only up to 20% of public hospitals were operational as can be seen in Figure 23iv. In 32 baladiyas on the other hand it was reported that between 81 and 100% of public hospitals in the baladiya were operational.
The Nigerian nationality represents the greatest number of migrants in 2017  ( 17% of the total ) . This nationality is followed by Bangladesh  ( 9% ) , Guinea  ( 9% ) , Ivory Coast  ( 8% ) , Mali  ( 6% ) , Gambia  ( 6% ) , Senegal  ( 6% ) , other nationalities of Western and Eastern African decent and Southern Asia. 75% of them were male adults and 11% were female adults with minors totaling 14%
Reasons preventing attendance varied between baladiyas. 33% reported that schools were damaged/ destroyed or occupied, 33% that they were overcrowded and 17% respectively reported that schools were either difficult to access by road, or had issues related to safety.
Regular access to medicine was reported in only 4% of baladiyas  ( Alsharguiya, Arrajban, Bani Waleed and Tajoura ) . In 95% of baladiyas it was reported that there was no regular access to medicine as shown in Figure 25. The level of access to medicine was unknown in the remaining 1%.
Electricity and garbage disposal were the two most cited public services available  ( see Figure 26 ) . 76 baladiyas reported the availability of electricity and 67 baladiyas reported the presence of garbage disposal services. 65 baladiyas reported having a water supply network. Sewage treatment and public infrastructure repairs however appeared to be much less prevalent with only 15 and 1 baladiyas reporting them respectively.
Years of conflict have had effects on household members' psychological condition. 27 Overall, 24.9% of all assessed households reported at least one member displaying two or more signs of psychological distresses identified in the survey.
The main problem associated with accessing NFIs was reported to be unaffordability for 89% of baladiyas as shown in Figure 38. In 10% of baladiyas quantity available was reported to be insufficient and in 1% the problem was reported to be distance  ( distribution sites or shops being too far to access ) .
The main issue associated with potable water in 49 baladiyas was reported to be the high cost. In 14 baladiyas available water was not safe for drinking and cooking, and in 3 baladiyas water trucks no longer came to the area due to violence or threats.
Proportions of IDP households reporting members displaying two or more signs of psychological distress were highest in Derna city  ( 78.1% ) , Sebha and Al Margab  ( 75.0% )  followed by Benghazi  ( 61.5% )  and Misrata  ( 55.6% ) . Rates of returnee households reporting members displaying two or more signs of psychological distress were highest in Al Margab  ( 66.7% ) , Benghazi  ( 58.8% )  and Misrata  ( 52.3% ) .
Migration patterns in and through Libya are interlinked with regional migrant activity, with the ‘flow' of migrants stemming from areas within sub Saharan Africa, Asia and the Middle East, predominantly in pursuit of economic security.
Public employment, private employment, and aid were the three most cited sources of income for IDPs
In 2016 Tripoli, Misrata and Sebha were the top three regions for migrants. In 2017, Sebha had been replaced by the Almargeb region. Since January, Misrata, Tripoli and Almargeb continued to see the highest number of migrants  ( to July 2017 )  due to the economic opportunities available and due to the presence of smugglers who can expedite travel to Europe. Similar to 2016, Egyptians, Nigeriens and Chadians were the most common nationalities identified in 2017. Most of the migrants assessed since January 2017 were male, with significantly fewer females recorded. However, an increase in the number of women in the migrant flow coming from West Africa to Libya has been recorded since the beginning of the year 2017.21 Ninety per cent were adults with an approximate fluctuation of five to 10 per cent for unaccompanied minors. Over 90 per cent of migrants stated economic reasons as the primary driver for their migration with an average of five per cent reporting that they had left their countries due to war, conflict, insecurity or political reasons
Overall, 18.2% of households reported living in some form of damaged housing including 11.7% reporting living in housing with light damage, 5.7% reporting medium to heavy damage necessitating repair before being liveable and 0.7% of households reporting that their housing was heavily damaged or completely destroyed. Areas with the highest percentage of households reporting from medium damage to heavily destroyed housing were Benghazi  ( 13.2% ) , Ghat  ( 11.8% )  and Al Margab  ( 10.6% )
Public employment was also the main source of income for returnees in 22 baladiyas of return  ( Figure 33 ) . Farming was returnees' main source of income in 3 baladiyas, and in the remaining 4 baladiyas the main source of income was either small business or trading, aid, or other/unknown.
The proportion of households reporting ‘irregular access' to electricity at the time of the assessment was highest in Ghat  ( 96.8% ) , Misrata  ( 94.4% )  and Derna city  ( 93.9% )  while it was lowest  ( although still reported by a majority of households )  in Benghazi  ( 50.5% )
Compared to non displaced households, IDP households had overall less access to cooking fuel with 7.2% reporting no access and 54.6% irregular access.
The highest proportion of households reporting negative waste management practices was in Derna city  ( 10.5% buried or burned; 19.3% left in inappropriate location ) , Misrata  ( 15% buried or burned; 5.2% left in inappropriate location )  and Al Margab  ( 14.4% buried or burned; 3.3% left in inappropriate location )
In a context of liquidity constraints and increasing food prices, 19.5% of IDP households were relying on food assistance as one of their three most common food sources, underlining external dependency. As IDP households generally had to devote a much higher proportion of their expenditures to housing, it is likely that they were often unable to set aside as much money for food.
The most regularly adopted food coping strategy was to rely on less preferred and less expensive foods, used on average two days out of the previous seven. On an average of one day per week, households reported reducing the quantity of food they ate, either by limiting portion sizes or by reducing the number of meals eaten per day. On the positive side, a far lower proportion of households reported relying on the more heavily weighted and therefore more negative coping strategies  ( restricting consumption by adults – average of 0.3 days in the week prior to data collection; and borrowing food or relying on help from friends or relatives – average of 0.1 day ) . Overall, 42.3% reported not resorting to any food related coping strategy at all  ( rCSI score of 0 ) .
Across all assessed mantikas, 47.5% of adults were employed in some capacity. This proportion encompassed the 38.0% of adults employed in a permanent job, 6.3% in a temporary job and 3.2% in daily labour.
IDP adults were less likely to hold permanent jobs  ( 30.1%, roughly 8 points lower than the overall rate ) , and 7.1% of IDP adults were engaged in daily labour compared to 3.2% overall, reflecting their higher level of economic vulnerability. Adult employment rates showed notable variation across mantikas, with the highest rates of employment  ( 57.2% )  found in Derna and the lowest  ( 24.2% )  found in Tripoli.
Across all locations and population groups, the most reported coping mechanisms used in the previous 30 days were spending savings  ( 56.5% of households ) , selling gold  ( 36.2% )  and borrowing money  ( 21.9% ) . Overall, 22.2% of households reported not resorting to any coping strategy at all. The high proportion of households reporting spending their savings and assets, as well as borrowing money to cope with a lack of cash, income and/ or resources underlined a negative trend of financial resource depletion that appears as dangerous and unsustainable. No notable variation among mantikas was observed.
Out of the overall 37.2% of households aforementioned, 44.0% reported that they were unable to access the necessary treatment. In Al Margab  ( 65.0% ) , Derna  ( 62.0% ) , Ghat  ( 60.2% )  and Benghazi  ( 57.8% ) , households were more likely than average to report not having access to the healthcare they needed, 58 illustrating a lack of functional and well equipped facilities in locations affected by conflict or geographic isolation. The gap was even larger for IDP households in Derna city  ( 88.9% ) , Al Margab  ( 82.1% )  and Ghat  ( 81.7% ) .
Overall, 37.2% of households reported that one or more members had needed healthcare in the 15 days prior to data collection. While there was only marginal variations among population groups, a higher proportion of households reporting at least one member in need of healthcare was noted in Misrata  ( 56.9% )  and in Al Jabal Al Gharbi  ( 55.0% ) .
Households frequently reported a lack of medical supplies and medical personnel as obstacles to accessing healthcare. Although there did not seem to be major issues with health facilities per se, in the sense that few seemed to be damaged or too distant, households most frequently reported under equipment  ( 58.1% )  and understaffing  ( 54.5% )  as barriers to accessing healthcare.
In terms of expenditure, assessments conducted in May 2017 also reported that households spend 44 per cent of their household expenditures on food. Overall the main expenditures are food, health and education. The average share of expenditures of residents and IDP households is very similar. However, displaced households spend more on rent than non displaced households.52 Both non displaced and displaced populations face highly inflated food prices; however, high expenditures on housing by the IDP population represent an additional burden, thus increasing their vulnerability.
The most reported chronic diseases by households with at least one member with a chronic disease were diabetes  ( 57% )  and high blood pressure  ( 42.9% ) , followed by arthritis  ( 13.0% )  and heart disease  ( 10.7% ) . Diabetes was most frequently cited as a chronic disease in the three main urban centres of Libya: Tripoli  ( 68.3% ) , Benghazi  ( 54.9% )  and Misrata  ( 50.0% ) .
Overall, 2.9% of households reported that at least one member had been medically diagnosed with a mental disorder. This figure varied from 1.1% of returnee households to 3.0% of non displaced households and 4.7% of IDP households. The proportion of households with at least one member medically diagnosed with a mental disorder was highest in Al Jabal Al Gharbi  ( 6.0% )  and Sebha  ( 5.5% ) .
While physical access to markets is generally established, consumers have been confronted with limited access to cash  the primary payment modality which has created new challenges to market access. Indeed, the major barrier to not accessing items in shops was the lack of cash, making many items too expensive for many households
When asked about barriers to accessing education, 87.3% of households with school aged children reported facing no barrier; 5.8% reported the distance to educational facilities, 1.9% reported the inability to afford educational services and 0.4% the lack of safety of the route to the educational facilities.
a higher proportion of households in Benghazi reported barriers to accessing education services, in particular IDP households  ( 33.3% )  – quite higher than the overall percentage in Benghazi or in other mantikas. In Sebha in particular, 2.6% of households reported that they considered the route to educational facilities unsafe.
Numerous issues, created by a government that was ruled over by Gaddafi for 43 years and the manner in which it was ousted in 2011, continue to impede the political transition and limit the ability to meet people's needs by successive Libyan governments. Among the most prominent of these are a weak central government that lacks effective democratic processes capable of accommodating competing interests, a fragmented security sector and an economy incapable of redistributing resources.
Among households in the eight assessed mantikas, the top three most reported needs were cash/income support, healthcare and food, which were highlighted by 53.0%, 51.9% and 47.0% of households respectively
IDP households indicated shelter, food and cash/income support as their top three priority needs, with 71.6%, 58.6% and 47.5% of IDP households giving these responses. This ranking of needs, particularly the high proportion of IDP households reporting needing shelter assistance, was coherent with the combination of needs and vulnerabilities noted throughout this report. Similarly, the financial pressure caused by higher housing costs and constrained access to livelihoods, combined with the overarching liquidity crisis, placed additional strain on the food security of IDP households compared to other population groups.
Some parts of Libya are more acutely affected by the conflict than others. The most severe and critical needs across multiple sectors are concentrated in areas of ongoing conflict or areas where job markets and public services are limited. Influx of populations has further put a strain on these locations. Most people living in these areas face difficulties in meeting their needs in terms of food security, livelihoods, water, sanitation and health care. Hundreds of thousands are in acute humanitarian need.
The main challenges around recent displacements in the country and the locations assessed evolved, including growing figures of returns in important urban centres such as Benghazi, where an important explosive contamination remained. The study also showed that 46.9% of IDP and 28.8% of returnee households had been displaced more than once, underlining an increased vulnerability that needs to be taken into consideration when procuring assistance
These reports are consistent with accounts by individuals who spoke with Amnesty International from inside Derna. In alarming reports, individuals have informed the organization that the LNA is deliberately blocking any aid from entering the city, as well as blocking the exit of those seeking permission to leave to access care outside Derna.
An inter sectoral analysis of the severity of needs indicates that six mantikas – Sirt, Ghat, Derna, Benghazi, Aljfara and Zwara – are the most severely affected and fall under the severity category ‘Critical problem'  ( 5 ) . In Sirt, access to health services is severely jeopardised. One out of the two public hospitals in Sirt is non functional and the second is working at less than 25 per cent of its capacity.
Population groups: Overall, 66 per cent of returnees, 32 per cent of IDPs and 14 per cent of migrants and refugees are residing in these six mantikas.9 Benghazi has the highest number of IDPs population  ( 42,495 )  and returnees  ( 146,900 ) . Sirt has third highest number of returnees  ( 31,050 or 11 per cent of overall ) , as per DTM round 12. Derna, Benghazi and Zwara have all experienced heavy fighting in the recent months.
d )  IDPs living in rented accommodation and collective centres: IDPs fleeing active hostilities often face immediate and acute needs during their initial three months of displacement. Price increases of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power affects IDPs. IDPs living in rented accommodation and collective centres are also affected; many are increasingly dependent on assistance the longer their duration of displacement, as their resources dwindle over time. On average, non displaced  ( host communities )  spend 44 per cent of their overall expenditure on food, and three per cent on accommodation, which shows that they mostly own their accommodation, whereas IDPs and migrants spend 38 per cent of their overall expenditure on food and 16 per cent on habitation
c )  Persons with chronic diseases / disabilities / mental health issues: Prior to the crisis, state subsidies offered to people with chronic disease  ( 59 per cent are 64 years old and above )  8 to go out of the country for treatment. With this subsidy no longer available to them, the vulnerability of this group of persons has been heightened, prompting the need for humanitarian assistance.
g )  Pregnant women  ( in areas where two thirds or more of public hospitals are either non functional or working at less than 25 per cent capacity ) : Over 74 per cent15 of births in Libya take place in public hospitals and 16 per cent in private clinics. This can involve having to travel long distances in insecure conditions and with high transportation costs to access services in public hospitals. There are 52 public hospitals and 1,099 primary health centres  ( PHCs )  currently functioning in Libya. According to WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment  ( SARA ) , out of these 1,151 health facilities, only 6916  ( six per cent )  are providing delivery services. In terms of overall readiness of these 69 facilities for basic emergency obstetric care  ( BEmONC ) , only 20 per cent of the 1,099 PHCs were found to be meeting the criteria. For the 52 public hospitals, only 54 per cent were found to be meeting the criteria.
e )  Returnees  ( during first three months of return ) : In the first three to four months of return following displacement, families often require specific and dedicated assistance to avoid the trap of negative coping strategies and to enable them to prioritise their resources toward laying a foundation for re establishing their lives.
Affected populations across Libya continue to face critical protection challenges, including risk of death and injury due to indiscriminate use of weapons, freedom of movement restrictions and conflict related psychological trauma. Violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, , are widespread, including but not limited to various forms of and gender based violence  ( GBV ) , unlawful killings, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances and torture and other ill treatment . Groups in situations of vulnerability including foreign nationals, women, unaccompanied children and IDPs are exploited by criminal networks. In addition, civilians continue to be killed and maimed, exposed to explosive hazards, such as landmines, unexploded/abandoned ordnance and other explosive remnants of war, and improvised explosive devices, that affect lives, physical security and access to much needed services
Food insecurity remains a challenge as the humanitarian situation deteriorates, with 637,000 people in Libya in need of food assistance and essential agricultural livelihoods assistance. Ongoing conflict and political and economic instability have negatively affected families' livelihoods and their ability to meet basic needs. The August 2017 FAO Agriculture and Livelihoods Assessment shows that farming, livestock and fisheries have suffered with production declining due to insecurity, high costs, and limited access to or lack of agricultural inputs  ( seed, livestock vaccines & drugs, fertilizers, farm tools, animal feed, machinery rents, and fuel for irrigation pumps ) . According to the FAO assessment report, livestock health has degenerated considerably due to lack of vaccines, drugs and veterinary services as a whole  ( including surveillance )  which could lead to outbreak and spread of zoonotic diseases. The fisheries sub sector is also facing a major challenge due to the suspension by the government in 2011 to support fisher folk. This coupled with high cost of fishing equipment has greatly affected the only income source and livelihoods of small scale fishers. Many IDPs, returnees and refugees often struggle to meet their food consumption needs as access to essential household commodities, including food, has been significantly reduced as the conflict has disrupted own production and market functionality, creating financial instability and lack of cash as well as skyrocketing food prices; as a result, the majority of households  ( 75 per cent )  who are market dependent have low purchasing power and have resorted to negative coping mechanisms such as cutting meals, reducing number of meals per day, among others. Furthermore, due to the lack of hard currency, Libyan commercial banks impose increasingly strict capital limits on withdrawals. These limits make it difficult for individual households and small businesses to access sufficient liquidity to support themselves or cover costs, further causing the various population groups from being unable to meet their food consumption needs.
A UNHCR emergency aid convoy left the Libyan capital Tripoli on 4 April. The convoy, consisting of seven trucks loaded with basic aid items was able to enter Sabha the following day where we distributed humanitarian assistance to 850 displaced families. Access to Murzuq and Oubari further south was initially blocked due to security reasons, and the aid had to wait in Sabha.
“Since the expansion of our VHR operation, the number of migrants in official detention centres have dropped from an estimated 20,000 people in October 2017 to 4,000 people today, a five fold decrease. IOM in Libya is also working with the authorities to register migrants, provide lifesaving assistance in the form of health care and essential aid items, psychosocial support, improve consular services and projects promoting community stabilization,' said Belbeisi.
Together with its partners, IOM has been scaling up activities in countries of origin to meet the surge in returns from Libya and ensure that returning migrants receive appropriate assistance upon arrival as well as longer term support to adjust to life and re establish themselves in their communities. Reintegration assistance is also available through the programme for those assisted to return from European Union member states.
According to the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM ) ,15.000 migrants have been returned from Libya to their country of origin and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees  ( UNHCR )  has assisted in the evacuation of more than 1,300 refugees from Libya thereby fulfilling the targets announced at the AU EU UN Taskforce meeting in December 2017. However, a modest 25 of the more than 1000 migrants evacuated to Niger have been resettled to Europe and the slow pace isjeopardizing further evacuations.
During a meeting on Monday 5 Marchwith the Civil Liberties Committee and Foreign Affairs Committee MEPs, members of the Delegation for relations with Maghreb countries, Commission and External Action Service representatives on the mistreatment of migrants and refugees in Libya, and arrangements for their resettlement or return,UNHCR confirmedthat pledges have been made by France, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Malta as well as unspecified non EU countries but that security approvals and interviewing process of the cases is lengthy resulting in the modest number of resettlements,while also warningthat the EU member states need to put more work into resettlement of refugees, and that resettlement pledges still fall short of the needs. According to UNHCR 430 pledges has been made by European countries.
For children on the move transiting through Libya, this violence is increasing their already deep suffering. Hundreds of detained refugees and migrants, including children, were forced to move because of violence. Others are stranded in centres in dire conditions. UNICEF has been working to provide emergency relief to those children and continues to advocate for their release.
The main needs of the displaced population are water, NFIs  ( particularly blankets and mattresses ) , food, WASH, clothing and essential medicines and medical supplies. Tents have been highlighted as the most prevalent needs for those displaced in Al menshiyah. There is also a need to provide safe and secure spaces for the migrants and refugees living in the city.
In the first quarter of 2018, IOM has helped around 4,000 migrants – the same ones languishing in detention centres, typically survivors of harrowing voyages at sea – return home to more than two dozen countries. That is in addition to the 19,370 men, women and children IOM flew safely home from Libya last year.
UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  were present during disembarkations and provided emergency relief comprising of food, refreshments, blankets and medical assistance. The large majority of people disembarked were from Nigeria, Eritrea and Morocco. During disembarkation procedures, UNHCR also identified individuals from Sudan. In line with recent trends, the boats departed from sites near Garabulli  ( east of Tripoli ) , Azzawiya and Zwara  ( west of Tripoli ) .
This week, UNHCR and its partners IMC and CESVI supported over 1,170 refugees and asylum seekers in UNHCR's Community Development Centers in Tripoli. During the week, over 600 individuals approached UNHCR for the first time and were referred for registration. In the past couple of weeks, UNHCR and partners assisted over 225 refugees and asylum seekers per day with primary healthcare, psychosocial support, counseling, non food items and cash based interventions. Outreach activities of IMC and CESVI continued during the week in Tripoli in order to assess living conditions and provide specific support to refugees and asylum seekers.
Heavy clashes in the city resumed on 1 March. The neighbourhoods that have been mostly affected are Tayouri  ( near Sebha Airport ) , Al Nasaria, Thanawia, Gardah and Hajara and affect the civilian population. Buildings, including homes and schools, have been destroyed as heavy weaponry is being used, and as the clashes are taking place in populated residential areas; families who live in or near these areas have displaced to Al menshiyah, Sakra, Mahdia neighbourhoods and Ubari and Murzuq.
Also as a result of the heavy clashes, multiple civilian casualties  ( 59 injuries and 13 deaths )  have been reported. There are also unconfirmed reports of snipers present in Al Nasaria, Thanawia, Gardah and Hajara neighbourhoods on top of high buildings.