nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Por su parte, el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social expidió el Decreto 1374 de 2020 por el cual se actualiza el Programa de Pruebas, Rastreo y Aislamiento Selectivo Sostenible  ( PRASS )  para describir con mayor detalle las responsabilidades de todos los actores y especificar el alcance del programa6. Como parte de la implementación de este programa, se realizó el lanzamiento del Centro Nacional de Contacto para Rastreo Telefónico; este nuevo servicio busca llegar a las personas que tienen COVID 19, hacer un llamado, establecer contactos y los riesgos que pueden tener para aislar y evitar que en el contexto de apertura se tenga posibilidades de contagio. Esta estrategia tiene capacidad para 140.000 llamadas diarias con funcionamiento de 8:00 de la mañana a 8:00 de la noche todos los días.
Las últimas proyecciones de WFP sobre inseguridad alimentaria en Colombia indican que la crisis COVID 19 ha impactado significativamente a una gran parte de la población, y que al menos unos 3,5 millones de colombianos se encuentran en inseguridad alimentaria severa. Estos nuevos estimados, junto con las recientes cifras oficiales sobre pobreza monetaria, son particularmente preocupantes. Según el DANE, un 35,7 por ciento de la población se encontraba ya en la pobreza en 2019, unas 660.000 personas más en comparación con 20188. Adicionalmente, para el mes de agosto de 2020 la tasa de desempleo se ubicó en 16,8 por ciento, lo que significó un aumento de 6,0 puntos porcentuales frente al mismo mes del año anterior  ( 10,8% ) 9 y un aumentó de 7,3 puntos porcentuales frente a diciembre de 2019  ( 9,5% )
En Arauca, la pandemia sin duda sigue aumentando las brechas de acceso a servicios de salud, debido a que la facturación en los hospitales disminuyó significativamente. La situación más grave se evidencia en el Hospital San Vicente de Arauca, que debido a la situación viene realizando despidos masivos, cerrando algunos servicios intrahospitalarios, disminuyendo la oferta institucional y finalmente aumentando las berraras de acceso a salud. También persiste la falta de talento humano en puntos fundamentales para el departamento como lo es en CRUE y Salud pública, los cuales agilizarían los diversos procesos en el marco de la respuesta a COVID 19, permitiendo avanzar en planes de contingencia del sector salud, incluyendo los hospitalarios los cuales se deben actualizar y persisten con debilidad en territorio.
En Zonas como Chocó, municipio de Murindó  ( Antioquia ) , debido a las limitaciones de movilidad por la pandemia sumado a las acostumbradas dificultades de acceso, las comunidades no han podido asistir a sus consultas médicas regulares, situación que se ha presentado principalmente en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas y en mujeres en gestación. Las instituciones prestadoras de salud han visto restringidas las acciones extramurales o bien por no contar con los medios para realizar los trayectos o por no contar con todos los elementos de protección requeridos para este tipo de atenciones, pues su uso y recambio de elementos se incrementa. Actualmente en zona rural de Murindó se registra el confinamiento de al menos 2.179 personas de 11 comunidades indígenas que hacen parte de los resguardos Rio Murindó y Rio Chagerado, pertenecientes a siete veredas: Canal, Murindó viejo, No hay como Dios, Bartolo, Legiada, Bebarameño y Primavera.
Mención aparte merece la situación política de Colombia que, a pesar de la firma de los Acuerdos de Paz, es uno de los países más peligrosos para las personas defensoras de derechos humanos en América Latina. Según el último informe del Instituto para Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Paz1, desde la firma de Los Acuerdos de Paz en 2016, han asesinado en Colombia a 971 líderes y personas defensoras de los derechos humanos, 95 entre el 6 de marzo y el 15 de julio. Fruto de esta violencia, la práctica del confinamiento no es algo nuevo, y ya en 2019 cerca de 27.600 personas permanecieron confinadas, según el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, a causa de la presencia de grupos armados que limitan la movilidad entre comunidades y entre barrios
Esta situación se ha agudizado en el marco de la crisis sanitaria. Principalmente en las zonas rurales, han sido los grupos guerrilleros y/o bandas asociadas al narcotráfico herederas del paramilitarismo quienes reforzaron las medidas de control social y territorial. Los grupos armados aprovechan el confinamiento para incrementar su posición y controlan los territorios en los que tienen presencia, aplicando para ello medidas represivas y violentas que van desde la amenaza hasta el asesinato, pasando por la gestión del miedo. En estas zonas circulan panfletos que obligan a la población a permanecer en sus casas so pena de ser asesinados. Las restricciones a la movilidad aumentan la vulnerabilidad de las personas que se encuentran amenazadas, pues sus rutinas y su ubicación se vuelven del todo previsibles. Así el asesinato de líderes y lideresas sociales presenta un alarmante incremento.
Obviamente la situación descrita genera graves consecuencias para el ejercicio de los liderazgos sociales en el país, incrementando aún más el peligro en el que se encuentran las personas defensoras de derechos humanos, especialmente en las comunidades rurales, en territorios indígenas y territorios colectivos de comunidades afrodescendientes, ya que significa que las personas amenazadas quedan sin protección internacional y sin vigilancia social.
En Colombia se suman las medidas para impedir que los sindicatos puedan proteger a los trabajadores, eliminando garantías laborales ganadas en convenciones colectivas y alentando desde el mismo gobierno a que las empresas negocien con los trabajadores sin la participación de los sindicatos. Medidas inconstitucionales en términos de la progresión y garantía de derechos.
En Colombia y Perú el COVID 19 atacó con fuerza los territorios étnicos y campesinos del Amazonas, lugares donde se están cobrando buena parte de sus víctimas. En las grandes ciudades la pandemia no se consigue controlar adecuadamente en los barrios y localidades populares donde hay mayor densidad de población y escasas o nulas posibilidades de teletrabajo o trabajar con garantías sanitarias.
El proceso de paz en Colombia y el Acuerdo Final de Paz del 2016 son ampliamente reconocidos un modelo internacional de enfoque de género e inclusión de los derechos de la mujer a nivel mundial. Las Naciones Unidas  ( ONU )  desempeñaron un papel activo, junto con otros miembros de la comunidad internacional, primero en alentar y asesorar a los actores clave para que avanzaran en la agenda de Mujeres, Paz y Seguridad  ( MPS )  durante las negociaciones de paz  ( 2012 – 2016 ) , y luego mediante el establecimiento de dos misiones políticas especiales consecutivas en Colombia para verificar disposiciones específicas del Acuerdo. En sus esfuerzos por implementar la agenda de mujeres, paz y seguridad en Colombia, la ONU trabajó en estrecha colaboración con las autoridades y excombatientes de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia  ( FARC EP ) , así como con la sociedad civil y actores internacionales.
■ Hogares migrantes  ( 36% )  y de acogida  ( 47% )  identificaron tener miembros con dificultades físicas para ver, incluso con anteojos.
Discriminación: Casi la mitad  ( 48% )  de los hogares migrantes  ( 53 )  reportaron haber sentido discriminación por su nacionalidad en el área.
■ La mayoría de los hogares mi  grantes  ( 71% )  estaban alojados en un cuarto en inquilinato o pa  gadiario, y casi la mitad  ( 41% )  vivían en hacinamiento. 

 ■ Poco más de la mitad de los 99 hogares migrantes en arrien  do  ( 54% )  tenían un contrato de arriendo verbal y en un tercio de los casos  ( 34% )  no existía con  trato.
■ En 5 de los 9 GFD con población migrante realizados los partici  pantes mencionaron el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento de emergencia, entre ellas, pedir di  nero en la calle y recibir ayuda de la comunidad.
■ Casi la totalidad de los hogares migrantes  ( 99% )  y de acogida  ( 97% )  reportaron tener acceso a un lavamanos en su vivienda. 

 ■ Un 15% de los hogares migrantes y un 3% de los hogares de aco  gida con mujeres mayores de 12 años reportaron no tener acceso a elementos de higiene mens  trual.
■ Solo el 11% de los hogares mi  grantes con menores de cinco años  ( 62 )  reportó que al menos uno de ellos asistía a un progra  ma en un hogar comunitario o jardín infantil.
■ Los jefes de hogar de los 74 hoga  res migrantes con menores entre 6 y 17 años reportaron que poco más de la mitad  ( 53% )  de ellos no se encontraban asistiendo a una institución educativa al momento de la recolección de datos. Esta situación fue reportada en el 8% de los 33 hogares de acogida con menores en este rango de edad.
■ En la mayoría  ( 7 )  de los GFD con hombres y mujeres migrantes se identificaron necesidades de ac  ceso a salud mental y a servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva.
La mayoría de los hogares migrantes encues  tados  ( 75% )  no tenía ningún miembro que contara con documentos que le permitieran tener un estatus migratorio regular.
■ El tipo de asistencia mayoritaria  mente preferida por ambos gru  pos de poblacion es el efectivo, para el 34% de hogares migran  tes y el 39% de hogares de aco  gida.
■ En promedio, los hogares migran  tes reportaron vivir en Colombia desde enero de 2019.
■ La falta de documentos migrato  rios constituye la principal barrera de acceso a bienes y servicios de los hogares migrantes, de acuer  do con la mitad de los IC provee  dores de servicios  ( 11 )  y con la mayoría de los participantes de todos los GFD con migrantes  ( 9 ) .
■ La mayoría de los hogares mi  grantes encuestados  ( 75% )  no te  nía ningún miembro que contara estatus migratorio regular.
■ Casi un tercio de los hogares migrantes  ( 31% )  reportaron ha  ber sido víctimas de un robo en el área, frente a poco más de la mitad de los hogares de acogida  ( 51% ) .
■ Poco más de la mitad de hogares migrantes  ( 53% )  contaban con menores de cinco años, frente a una población de acogida con poco más de un tercio de hogares  ( 36% )  con adultos mayores.
■ En el 15% de los 66 casos de ho  gares de acogida en arriendo, no existía contrato de arrendamiento y en 41% de los casos era verbal.
■ Casi la mitad de los hogares mi  grantes  ( 48% )  reportaron haber sentido discriminación por su nacionalidad en el área, princi  palmente en forma de maltrato psicológico  ( 74% ) .
■ La mayoría de los hogares mi  grantes  ( 76% )  reportaron el traba  jo informal como principal fuente de ingresos, con una alta depen  dencia de los jefes de hogar a re  cibir ingresos diariamente  ( 78% ) .
■ La mayoría  ( 88% )  de hogares mi  grantes reportaron tener al menos un miembro sin afiliación al siste  ma de salud, siendo la principal razón reportada  ( 56% )  para ello la falta de documentación.
■ El 25% de los hogares migrantes tenía un consumo “limítrofe' o “pobre' según el Puntaje de Con  sumo de Alimentos  ( PCA ) .
■ La mayoría de los hogares mi  grantes reportaron encontrarse en riesgo de padecer inseguridad alimentaria: casi la mitad  ( 49% )  había comido dos comidas al día durante los siete días previos a la recolección de datos. Más de un tercio de hogares de acogida  ( 35% )  reportaron esta misma si  tuación.
■ Los alimentos fueron reportados como la principal necesidad de hogares migrantes  ( 52% )  y de acogida  ( 25% ) .
Hogares de acogida 

 ■ 321 individuos en los 105 hogares encuestados. ■ Tamaño promedio del hogar de 3 personas. ■ Más de un tercio de los hogares  ( 36% )  contaba con un miembro adulto mayor. 

 ■ La mitad de hogares de acogida contaban con jefatura femenina.
Población LGBTI: ■ 9% de los hogares migrantes y 7% de los hogares de acogida reportaron tener al menos un miembro perteneciente al colectivo LGBTI.
Principales razones reportadas para vivir en el área por parte de los hogares migrantes1
:
Acceso a trabajo  ( 58% ) 
Costo de los alojamientos  ( 32% ) 
Presencia de amigos y familiares  ( 24% )
The CTS is a critical enabler of the United Nations response in South Sudan to contribute to the NPRP, and facilitate humanitarian and development assistance.
Passenger buses from Sudan have resumed cross border transport, with some routes not having COVID 19 screening.
There is need for establishment of more mobile health clinics in the places where people are unable to access the health facilities.
Health education on prevention of malaria, hygiene and sanitation and prevention of COVID 19 are offered to the population.
100,000 masks donated in kind to UNHCR arrived in Juba in mid May 2020 and are being dispatched to field locations to support UNHCR and partners' frontline workers.
Partners scaled up mental health and psychosocial support services in displacement sites and selected host communities.  ( activities in Camp done by UN and UNMISS )
Agencies have initiated comprehensive exercises to provide boma level data on the existence of infrastructure, facilities and quality of service to contribute to long term planning for improved absorption capacity of local communities to support sustainable returns  ( activities in Camp done by UN and UNMISS )
Storage capacity for food has been expanded in over 146 locations  ( NEAR IDP sites )
Sanitation, Food, Shelter and NFIs were the most urgent humanitarian needs in the Kirik, Tonj North County.
$3.2 million was secured for 225,000 flood affected people due to flood.
Meanwhile, the Luanyjang engaged in fighting with Ananatak communities comprising Thiik, Akok and Jalwau, in Tonj East. Conflict drivers included long standing grievances, the seasonal migration of cattle, increased mobility, the lack of effective state level intervention and the loss of cattle and crops owing to flooding.
In Tonj North, Warrap, cattle related conflicts in the second half of December 2020 and January 2021 occurred mostly between Kirik  and Noi allied communities.
The  ( humanitarian )  hubs will provide safe, secure, reliable living conditions for staff to be deployed for longer periods. New hubs and maintaining a long term presence will increase the confidence of communities and mitigate their fear of staff bringing the virus to them.
The rehabilitation of school buildings, construction of temporary learning spaces  ( TLS ) , latrines, water points and replenishment of education supplies are the most urgent priorities to resume learning in the affected schools. The school building needs to be vacated from IDPs, Shelter/NFI and CCCM clusters to provide urgent assistance and alternative shelters to move displaced population to safer areas.
Health, Sanitation, Food, Shelter were the most urgent humanitarian needs in the Aliek Centre, Tonj North County
2,982 IDPs arrived fromPayak, Malou Kuac, Panhom  ( Tonj North County )  to Kirik, Tonj North County due to the flooding.
371,000 people in need of livelihood support food due to flood.
The cluster provided humanitarian passenger movement services to flood affected locations not part of the regular schedule  ( e.g. Duk and Ayod counties )  to ensure the deployment of rapid response teams.
Incidences of inter communal violence, cattle raiding, revenge killings and armed violence throughout the country has created serious security challenges to humanitarian operations and COVID 19 preparedness and response.
Refugee council leaders in Ajuong Thok and Pamir refugee camps formed refugee COVID  19 Task Force groups consisting of refugee council leaders, area block leaders, women leaders, youth leaders and community watch team leaders.
Dr. Bol  ( Secretary General of the South Sudan Doctor's Union )  stated: “There is relaxation from the general public and also some institutions in observing the measures to prevent COVID 19. We want to remind the general public and institutions and concerned authorities that COVID 19 is not yet over'.
Voice of Reconciliation  ( VoR )  has broadcasted various stories on COVID 19 in October. They, for example, broadcasted a program on the impact of the virus on the lives of people in Bor.
In the absence of such facilities  ( entrance to the country )  refugees and asylum seekers are stuck at borders or in reception areas or put in temporary but untenable ad hoc quarantine facilities, while local health authorities lack the capacity and resources to fully implement the required measures.
Health officials from the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization  ( WHO )  are warning South Sudanese resi  dents to stop smoking shisha or cigarettes during the corona virus pandemic because smok  ing exuberates severe illness when an individual is infected by COVID 19.
Sufficient quantities of medical supplies in partners supported static health facilities are required to manage the increasing health needs of the population.
South Sudan has a population of 11 million people, 7.5 million of whom already require humanitarian assistance, while more than 6 million live on the brink of famine.
Of the $4.7 million required to support affected people with nutrition support in flood affected areas, some $1.8 million has been received.
Core pipeline replenishment delays and limited availability of WASH items in flooded locations.
Nutrition services are ongoing across all targeted locations; however, it is difficult to segregate flood and non flood affected beneficiaries because of the homogeneous settlements where relatives stay together in most cases.
GBV sub cluster members in Twic East, Tonj South, Nasir, Akobo, Mayendit, Leer, Panyijar, Duk, and Pibor reached a total of 40,546 individuals with GBV flood response.
Key Figure  ( October 2020 ) : 1.3 M Malnourished Children, 352K Malnourished Women, 6.48M Severely Food Insecure.
Floods Key figure  ( 16 31 October,2020 ) : 856K people affected, 400K displaced, 4 deaths
The few health workers available  ( most of whom are women )  may lose their lives due to the COVID 19 response – as of 7 July 2020, 104 health workers have been infected  ( WHO, 2020b ) .
South Sudan:  Cumulative cases: 3,761 New cases: +553 Deaths: 64 Recovered: 3,504  [ Source: Ministry of Health, 19 January 2021 ]
With COVID 19 and related food price hikes, some 1.6 million people have become newly vulnerable due to their dependence on markets. This includes the urban poor, who were not previously receiving humanitarian assistance, and approximately 10 per cent of the IPC Phase 2  ( stressed )  rural population who will likely shift to IPC Phase 3  ( crisis )  or worse later in the ongoing lean season.
830,000 people in need of food due to flood.
More than half of schools visited reported having access to a functioning water source within or near the school compound: this is quite consistent across regions and states.
More than half of the schools assessed in Greater Equatoria revealed that they are accessible under all conditions of weather either by foot, motorbike or car. During the rainy season, quite a number of schools in Upper Nile State can only be accessed by boats/ canoes thus accessibility becomes a challenge.
The main reasons for lost educational days in Greater Bahr el Ghazal were insecurity, looting and school occupation by the armed groups.
The reasons for losing school weeks/ interruption of school days varied from area to area/school. The majority reported the following reasons: Insecurity   58%, Community migration   8%, schools looted & occupied   7%, teachers not paid   6%, cholera outbreak   2%.
Only 19.6%  [ of schools ]  have been found non functional while 80.40% are functioning, representing a significant improvement in school functionality within a two year time frame  [ between 2016 and 2018 ] .
Some of South Sudan's primary schools re opened/ opened  ( new )  for a new academic year in February 2018 but are yet to register with the government for their existence to be known as per the 2018 EC  [ Education Cluster ]  assessment
In response to the surge of violence in Maban, Upper Nile, the Mission  ( UNMISS )  engaged with political and community leaders at the national and local levels. It also increased the number of peacekeepers in Bunj and reinforced their capacities.
On 1 January, the Mission  ( unmiss )  and its humanitarian and international non governmental organization partners commenced preparations for the launch in February of a multi agency community violence reduction programme in Jonglei supported by the joint UNMISS and United Nations country team reconciliation, stabilization and resilience trust fund.
The forum United Nations Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS )  adopted resolutions containing commitments to, inter alia, a return of all abducted women and children, the establishment of special courts, the cessation of cattle raiding and revenge attacks, the holding accountable of leaders who aid criminals in their areas and a call for comprehensive civilian disarmament across Jonglei and the Greater Pibor Administrative Area.
The Mission continued to respond to these threats  ( protection )  through a comprehensive approach that combined the proactive, robust posture of peacekeepers, key leadership engagements with military and political counterparts, community   level conflict resolution initiatives, support for rule of law and justice institutions and other programmatic activities tailored to address root causes of conflict.
On 7 January, Mundari cattle keepers attacked two cattle camps in Lainya belonging to the Pajulu community. Subsequently, on 12 January, NAS  affiliated armed actors conducted cattle raiding activity against the Mundari, which led to at least 12 deaths. National Salvation Front  ( NAS )  also attacked an South Sudan People's Defence Forces  ( SSPDF )  position at Loka on 25 January.
In mid December, conflict broke out in Maban, Upper Nile, as tensions between eastern and western Mabanese flared over the incomplete transitional security arrangements. Initial tensions with SPLM/A IO soldiers cantoned outside their villages at Liang, Upper Nile, without consistent supplies, led to several clashes in the area between combined National Security Service, SSPDF and Mabanese forces on one side and SPLM/A IO supported by Mabanese from Beneshowa, Upper Nile, on the other.
UNHCR and partners are continuing to remotely register new born babies and issue documentation. In August, a total of 483 new born babies were registered.
The cumulative total of confirmed COVID 19 cases in South Sudan is 2,532, including 1,189 active confirmed cases, 1,296  ( 51.1% )  recoveries, and 47 deaths.
Second, use your influence to ensure that humanitarian relief operations are facilitated, and aid workers are protected. And third, please provide additional resources for the Humanitarian Response Plan.  ( Recommendation to the President )
First, continue your backing for efforts to find political solutions to end violence. South Sudan needs a stable political and security environment to recover from the impacts of prolonged conflict.  ( Recommendation to the President )
“The COVID 19 pandemic is not over yet as long as the National Public Health Laboratory continues to confirm new positive cases within our borders,' said Dr. Bol Deng  ( Secretary General of the South Sudan Doctor's Union )  to Eye Radio on Sunday. “We need to continue observing the measures so that we prevent escalation of new infections,' he added
360,000 people are in need of ES/NFI response due to flood.
$2.5 million is required for 135,000 flood affected people due to flood.
The health facilities in refugee camps and other refugee hosting locations throughout the region are basic with inadequate medical supplies and poor infrastructure that do not meet infection control standards. These facilities do not have the capacity for intensive care management and referral mechanisms are weak due to resource constraints. The situation is aggravated by the remoteness of many of these locations, posing communications and logistics challenges.
Most children  ( approximately 83 per cent )  live in rural areas and their families' ability to survive on subsistence or small scale farming has been severely negatively impacted by the ongoing civil conflict, poor or non existent roads to remote areas, and the impact of extreme weather conditions.
3,061 IDPs arrived from Marial Ameel, Manguen, Chiir, Mayom, Machar Akol, Malual Kou  ( Tonj North County )  to Athieng Puol, Tonj North County due to the flooding.
4,523 IDPs arrived from Malou, Marial, Wunrel, Ayom, Panhom Akoor Wunmiith,  ( Tonj North County )  to Manalor, Tonj North County due to the flooding.
Health, Sanitation, Food, Shelter and NFIs were the most urgent humanitarian needs in the Warrap Town, Tonj North County
Protection: • Community awareness on dangers of crossing the rivers. • Psychological supports as people are thinking about their lost properties and crops. • Provision of canoes for crossing the river ( Aug 2020 )
Food security: Provision of 547MTof assorted emergency food commodities for at least 3 months to 4,154 households/20,772 individuals affected that are not part of ongoing intervention. • Provision of crops and vegetable kits during the dry season • Animal drugs provision. ( Aug 2020 )
In the reporting period from 1 15 October, Internews media partners continue to produce and broadcast radio programs, Boda Boda Talk Talk narrowcasting, have done rumor & feed back collection, and produced and disseminated media bulletins aimed to support to media reporting on COVID 19 in South Sudan. The project is working in partner ship with two radio networks  ( TRC & CRN )  managing eleven radio stations; six radio stations  ( AYR, VOR, SAMA FM, TRC, UN House, Eye Radio )  and four humanitarian radio stations.
Some residents in Juba, however, say that smoking shisha and cigarettes will reduce the risk of contracting COVID 19 whilst others say they have no choice as they smoke due to addiction.
Advance Youth Radio also hosted the spokesperson of the Ministry of health to talk about Case Management of Covid 19 at home and the emergence center.
Extended school closures are resulting in heightened exposure to protection risks such as teenage pregnancies, sexual abuse, early marriage, violence at home, child labour, high school dropouts and erosion of hard won gains made over the years to improve schooling access and quality. Refugee girls and children with disabilities are disproportionally affected by the closures.
420 IDPs arrived from Abouk Tuot, Paying, Aduardit, Rualdhoong  ( Tonj North County )  to Aliek Centre, Tonj North County due to the flooding.
Bor South and GPAA  ( Greater Pibor Administrative Area  ) of Jonglei and Mayendit of Unity are among the flood affected areas that are currently of greatest concern. Floods have caused large scale displacement and destroyed health and sanitation facilities and market infrastructure.
More than 700,000 people in 34 counties have been affected by flooding. Nearly 90 percent of the flood affected population is in Jonglei, Lakes, and Unity, particularly along the White Nile River. The river has reached record high levels due to above average rainfall locally and in upstream countries since late 2019. Based on partner field information, the most severely affected counties include Bor South, GPAA, Ayod, Twic East, and Duk of Jonglei; Mayendit, Panyijiar, Koch, and Leer of Unity; and Awerial, Cueibet, and Rumbek East of Lakes. Although households have moved to higher ground or displacement sites, floods are destroying newly harvested food stocks, damaging standing crops, and killing livestock. Households also face difficulty accessing markets or food assistance distribution points.
Armed conflict and insecurity persist in Jonglei, Warrap, and parts of Lakes and Central Equatoria, causing significant displacement, disrupting harvesting activities, market access, and food assistance delivery, and resulting in livestock losses. According to UN estimates, approximately 157,000 people across South Sudan have been displaced by conflict in 2020. In September, hot spots of conflict include Lainya and Juba counties of Central Equatoria, where nearly 40,000 people have been internally displaced since August.
In September, WFP had already delivered 88 percent of food assistance allocated for delivery by air to populations in inaccessible areas. Access to lowland GPAA  ( Greater Pibor Administrative Area )  remains very limited due to insecurity and floods and is of urgent concern. In some areas, such as Duk and Twic East, key informants report that the floods have submerged some storage facilities for prepositioned food assistance. In August, 1.44 million people received food assistance nationally, compared to a target of 3.26 million. In September, WFP is prioritizing distributions to flood affected people – especially in Bor Town, Mangalla, and Mingakaman – in addition to the lean season response.
Based on confirmed cases reported by the Ministry of Health  ( MoH )  and the WHO, daily case incidence has remained below 20 cases per day since mid August. To support the expansion and decentralization of COVID 19 testing capacity, the African Development Bank granted personal protective equipment worth 5.2 million USD to the MoH in September.
Intraethnic tensions were the key driver of subnational violence throughout Jonglei.
According to UNHCR, in April nearly 4,500 IDPs approached the agency's protection desks requesting for support to return to their area of origin from Juba, Malakal and Wau PoC sites and the urban collective sites in Juba and Wau. This is compared to only 20 requests in March and shows the IDPs' intended destinations. The sharp increase was attributed to perceptions of safety from COVID 19 in their area of origin, relative reduction of tensions and insecurity in areas of return following formation of the revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity.
While school remain closed, until further notice due to the COVID 19 pandemic, UNHCR continues to support children and parents with education related projects.
In order to monitor possible protection challenges due to COVID 19 measures, UNHCR and partners conducted SGBV trend analysis in Maban. The highest trends that were reported were physical violence, psychological and emotional incidences. The root causes, mapping of risk areas and recommendations were noted to inform redress. Information dissemination was also conducted for survivors of SGBV on psychological and emotional abuse in Yusuf Batil and Doro refugee camp's women centres.
Similarly, in nine hotspot counties for conflict related sexual violence in Central Equatoria, Unity and Western Equatoria, on average, only one health facility per 10,000 persons and an estimated 72 per cent of the population in these areas live more than 5 kilometres away from their nearest functional public health facility. Many of these health facilities are not capable of providing specialized care to treat survivors of sexual violence.
Pre existing gender inequalities, discriminatory social norms, armed conflict, intercommunal violence and cattle raiding, and poverty, described in detail in the 2020 HNO, are likely to be exacerbated by the COVID 19 pandemic and further limit women and girls' access to health and other essential services.
The closure of schools has left tens of thousands of children and youth without access to adequate education. Alternatives like home schooling or digital classes are simply unavailable.
UNHCR and partners continue its sensitization and awareness raising through community health volunteers, hygiene promoters, community based networks, local leaders. WHO and State Ministry of Health in refugee and IDP hosting areas.
OCHA's Centre for Humanitarian Data in partnership with Johns Hopkins University has developed a model to understand the impact of COVID 19 on humanitarian operations in various contexts, and is at the time of publishing the COVID 19 addendum finalizing the model for South Sudan. The COVID 19 model projections are related to the scale of the crisis  ( i.e. the number of cases and deaths ) ; the duration of the crisis in subnational locations; and how different response interventions can be expected to impact the epidemic curve. The envisioned outcome is to provide decision makers and responders with an outbreak model that can be adjusted by location, informing the best strategies for humanitarian response ahead of and during the expected COVID 19 epidemic peak in South Sudan. Parameters include the average number of people infected from one infected person , case fatality rate, and estimated probabilities that an individual person may contract COVID 19.
The World Health Organization  ( WHO )  also developed a predictive model to estimate the potential effects of widespread community transmission of COVID 19 in Africa. The model uses country specific probabilities and assigns a risk of exposure and vulnerability index for countries based on currently available country information. With this model, it is estimated that South Sudan will have a total of 725,250 infections and 462 deaths for an estimated population of 11 million, over a period of one year of community transmission.
The Africa Center for Strategic Studies mapped various risk factors for the spread of COVID 19 on the continent. South Sudan topped the list of African countries at highest risk for the next phase of the outbreak, informed by the following factors: public health system, density of and total population in urban areas, population age, government transparency, press freedom, conflict magnitude and forced displacement.
The USAID BHA funded Internews COVID 19 response project continued to produce and broadcast programs on COVID 19 in September. The project consists of a total of 6 partner radio stations   Voice of Reconcili  ation, Advanced Youth Radio, SAMA FM, Capital FM, City FM, Eye Media   and 2 radio networks  ( CRN & TRC, managing 7 & 4 radio stations )  and HIS  ( humanitarian information system ) . In September a total of 121 original radio programs were aired in various formats  ( radio call ins, vox pos, PSAs and talk shows ) . Media outlets also produced unique programs in various formats that include radio skits, bulletins, radio debate and personal testimonies. Internews shared COVID 19 programs among media outlets in different parts of the country to share experi  ences and lessons among audiences. On September 30, 2020 Internews held a monthly review meeting with their media partners. The objective of the meeting was to review progress, challenges, lessons; and to plan for the next month programs.
The Anigi Village Savings Group, a community based savings and loans group formed as part of the programme, and which Raman is a member of, has decided to continue meeting to help its members. In order to follow social distancing guidelines, the group has agreed to have only the executive committee members meet on behalf of the rest of the group members to calculate savings and administer loans. Last month, when one of the members needed 30,000 SSP  [ USD 230 ]  the Savings Group stepped in to provide a small interest loan so that she could start selling of vegetables in the market to support her family. The loan is expected to be refunded in two months maximum, after the member makes profits and the business is stable enough to stand on its own. The Anigi Village Savings Group usually gives out loans without interest to women in the community who have business ideas to explore but don't have money to implement their ideas.
This  ( intercommunal violence )  also resulted in population movement, leaving recently displaced populations in need of key shelter materials and non food items, which may reduce the effectiveness of COVID 19 contingency measures for large sections of the community.
The Commission is closely following the on going fighting and all of these developments, and remains concerned that during a time of heightened anxiety when all efforts should be devoted to tackling the pandemic, the lives of South Sudanese citizens should not be further disrupted by new rounds of fighting.
The cumulative effects of the conflict have translated to sustained poverty and persistent humanitarian and protection needs particularly the case in the Equatorias, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Jonglei, Upper Nile and Unity, where drivers and multipliers of crisis have remained present over time. These include insecurity and violence, local and intercommunal conflicts, ongoing displacement, sparse basic services, disease, climate shocks, economic instability and insecure access to food and livelihoods. Yet, prospects for peace and development may improve and begin to generate some confidence for durable solutions, including returns, relocations or local integrations, although their scope, scale and flows remain difficult to project
The majority of the families displaced are living in camps and camp like settings across fifteen counties between the two States.
The Central Emergency Response Fund  ( CERF )  also financed community  based initiatives aimed at reducing the impact of floods on communities, such as repairing broken dykes.
The Central Emergency Response Fund  ( CERF )  Rapid Response allocation of $10 million filled gaps in core humanitarian pipelines and enabled frontline responders to scale up assistance to people in need.
Combined, the two pooled funds allocated $20 million to humanitarian partners. The South Sudan Humanitarian Fund SSHF's second Reserve Allocation provided $10 million for frontline responders, prioritizing life saving assistance in the areas of food security and livelihoods, health, nutrition, protection, shelter and non food items  ( NFIs ) , and water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH ) .
Abnormally heavy rainfall from July to date has led to overflows of the rivers Nile, Pibor, Sobat, Lol and other rivers as well as inland flooding, mainly in the eastern and central parts of South Sudan. This has caused large scale displacement of people, some of whom moved with their cattle. Crop and property damage are widespread in the affected areas. An estimated 1,034,000 people have been affected by flooding in eight of South Sudan's ten states, and one administrative area. Of those people affected, some 481,000 were estimated to have displaced.
This first phase of Inter Cluster Coordination Group  ( ICCG )  included mosquito nets, plastic sheets, rubber ropes, face masks, aquatabs, PUR sachets, collapsible jerry cans, filter cloth and soap, fishing material, general food distribution, lean season food support and dignity kits for women and girls, while health facilities are being replenished. Additional support has been directed towards emergency repair and rehabilitation of dykes along densely populated areas in Bor South and Twic East counties to prevent further flood impacts and reduce disaster risk in the future.
Building on its experience of conducting remote monthly monitoring through the Area of Knowledge  ( AoK )  methodology in South Sudan since 2016, REACH, in coordination with the Organisation for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs  ( OCHA )  and the Inter Cluster Coordination Group  ( ICCG ) , innovated a remote, Key Informant  ( KI )  based household methodology: “Area of Knowledge Neighbourhoods  ( AoK N ) '.
Crucial information gaps remain in South Sudan, with poor access to many parts of the country due to insecurity and inadequate infrastructure. These information gaps limit the effectiveness of humanitarian planning and implementation.
Comparisons of the WASH GBV risk indicators by settlement type and size reveal that IDPs living in large camps over 1,000 individuals are more likely to be in settlements with availability of separate male / female latrines when compared to IDPs and returnees in host community settings, but the difference is less marked for availability of locks.
Poor infrastructure to support health care, transportation, education and livelihoods, access to services  ( e.g. WASH ) , limited livelihood opportunities, and unresolved housing, land and property issues, along with insecurity, are common impediments to successful returns.  ( Of returnees and IDPs )
It  ( UNCT )  will consult with the National COVID 19 Task Force to ensure that the response is supportive of government led efforts to address the pandemic.
The establishment of new humanitarian hubs is crucial to scale up the response for IDPs and communities in remote areas.
Upgrade prioritized borders under the PoE pillar of the NPRP. The verification of travellers' medical records, history of exposure and detection of symptoms carried out at formal international PoEs and ports of departure are proving to be insufficient.  ( FUNDING NEED )
Physical infrastructure, especially for health, is under pressure as the pandemic spreads.
With regard to air travel, social distancing requirements in the terminal, shuttle bus and on the aircraft, as well as 14 day quarantine upon arrival, have led to reduced passengers on flights. Crew changes, delivery of aircraft spares for grounded aircraft or changing of aircraft due to long term maintenance work have also proved difficult during the period.
These efforts  ( to address the Displacement Crisis of South Sudan by UN and UNMISS also include the search for durable solutions and are complemented by humanitarian programming aimed at improving conditions in areas of return and peacebuilding initiatives.
In 2020 alone, 124 mobile storage units have been installed in 52 locations, increasing storage capacity by about 25,000 tonnes.  ( NEAR IDP sites )
Hygiene materials are being provided to local authorities as part of prevention measures. Near IDP sites )
Information management systems have been strengthened to support evidence based interventions for mobility tracking, multisectoral key informant and household surveys and analysis, and tailored thematic assessments initiated to look into specific problems which require interventions  ( e.g. gender inequality in WASH, trafficking prevalence and broader management ) .
Shelter and non food item actors have developed interventions to support populations in finding different livelihood opportunities.  ( activities in Camp done by UN and UNMISS )
Risk communication with communities was strengthened to enhance information sharing, community participation and awareness.  ( activities in Camp done by UN and UNMISS )
COVID 19 discourages return, threatening progress made towards durable solutions for IDPs and refugees sheltering in camps and settlements.  ( Activities in Camp done by UN and UNMISS )
Rehabilitation of infrastructure and facilities in the PoC sites. • Maintenance of WASH services to mitigate vulnerabilities of people in the displacement sites, with special emphasis on persons with specific needs.  ( activities in Camp done by UN and UNMISS )
Of these ( people in need )  approximately half are IDPs and returnees,13 the rest being refugees and migrants in vulnerable situations. At the end of March 2020, there were 1,665,815 IDPs and 1,365,057 returnees in South Sudan that had been uprooted from their homes due to widespread conflict, including cattle raiding, intercommunal clashes, persecution and natural disasters, spreading across all 78 counties in 10 states  ( IOM DTM, 2020e
Support to oversight bodies to increase access to information and transparency in the COVID 19 response by: i )  ensuring public access to accurate information during the pandemic; ii )  promoting proactive implementation of COVID 19 disclosure by public agencies; and iii )  fostering accountability and transparency on COVID 19 funds.
Protection of vulnerable groups: Strengthening United Nations partnershipsto increase access to justice for SGBV survivors during and after the pandemic, ensuring that women and girls who are affected by discriminatory laws and practices are protected through access to justice and legal empowerment solutions.
Support to decongest places of detention: Support to national justice actors to plan for and expedite the country wide decongestion of prisons, police cells and the Juvenile Reformatory Centre through the release of pretrial detainees or convicts on bail or parole.
Support on the provision of hygiene kits and PPE: Protection of users of justice services through the provision of hygiene kits and support to disinfect police cells and prisons in 6 of the 10 states, with special attention being paid to facilities where women and children are detained.
The onset of the COVID 19 pandemic merely weeks after the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity was established brought an unprecedented challenge to an already fragile state. This is of even greater concern at subnational level, which lacks established and well resourced local governance structures.
Moreover, security institutions have long been grounded in male dominated cultures and conceptions, creating considerable challenges for establishing effective and accountable security institutions. This has contributed to increased abductions of girls for marriage as a way of bypassing the dowry ‘requirements'; limited mobility/displacements for women and girls, amongst other human rights abuses; and increasing inter  and intra communal conflicts, putting women and girls at the centre of violence and conflicts.
High inflation and a foreign exchange parallel market are current features of the country's economy. The year on year rate of inflation was 40.4 per cent in March 2020  ( National Bureau of Statistics, 2020 ) , continuing a downward trend that started in late 2019. As discussed above  ( Section 2.3.2 )  COVID 19 and measures to contain it presents an important supply shock, and the prices of essential foods and agricultural commodities have risen sharply.
Partners scaled up mental health and psychosocial support services in displacement sites and selected host communities.
Risk communication with communities was strengthened to enhance information sharing, community participation and awareness.
These challenges  ( post return )  are compounded by unresolved housing, land and property issues. Such conditions, when coupled with inadequate resources to take preventive measures and care for the sick, heighten returnees' vulnerability to future displacements and disproportionately burden members of vulnerable communities. Migrants in vulnerable situations are also prevented from leaving due to border closures.
COVID 19 disproportionately affects women and girls, and the negative effects are exacerbated when they are also mobile people
Distribution of information, education and communication materials on COVID 19: These have been disseminated to rule of law institutions, along with sensitization of officials of the judiciary, the Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, prisons, immigration, aviation and the South Sudan National Police Service, including personnel at borders, to debunk dangerous misinformation, myths, rumours and misleading claims on the disease, in line with the latest WHO and national guidance.
Lack of transparency and access to information: COVID 19 magnifies South Sudan's need for accountable and transparent governance. Systemic corruption poses a serious risk of mismanagement of COVID 19 funding, placing possible further constraints on already limited resources to effectively respond to the pandemic.
Heavy handed response by the security sector: Severe, coercive and disproportionate measures to enforce COVID 19 measures and quell dissent is a significant threat. Arbitrary and disproportionate enforcement of restrictions can further undermine the relationship between the state and civilians.
The largest proportion of households reporting perceptions of insecurity when accessing water points were in GUN  ( 19 percent of households ) , followed by 15 percent of households in the GE and 13 percent Great Bahr el Ghazal States  ( GBeGs ) . ( December 2019 )
In South Sudan, this solution  ( remote and online school classes as how it's happening in Europe )  is inaccessible due to the absence of reliable telecommunications systems and/or the resources for children to access these platforms, resulting in the denial of education in a society with the lowest literacy rate in the world. This example illustrates that the effects of COVID 19 are intertwined, and therefore interventions must be holistic and tailored – including operational challenges such as being able to reach local communities far from Juba.