nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Overcrowding and poor WASH conditions are also common in IDP camps across the country and garrison towns in northeast Nigeria, where people fleeing conflict and insecurity found refuge. In 2018, over 600,000 IDPs  ( one third of the total internally displaced population in northeast Nigeria )  were living in congested informal IDP settlements, with 5m2 per person.
Some 18 people were killed by law enforcement agents for allegedly not complying with containment measures. In the same period, the NHRC recorded 33 incidents of inhuman and degrading treatment, as well as 27 incidents of unlawful arrest and detention recorded in areas under lockdown or movement restrictions
Informal workers are particularly vulnerable to the negative economic effects of movement restrictions and social distancing measures.
Maiha: 161 arrivals and 8 departures were recorded in Maiha LGA of Adamawa state. The arrivals included 147 from Askira/Uba LGA in Borno state and 14 from Maiha LGA in Adamawa state. All departures were from Maiha LGA in Adamawa state. 87 per cent of the movement was due to fear of a�cak, 8 per cent from poor living condi�ons and 5 per cent relocated voluntarily.
Containment measures have resulted in school closures and the obligation to stay home because of lockdowns or compulsory self isolation. The loss of livelihood and economic opportunities is producing frustrations, stress, and anxiety
88% of latrines in Borno are functional while 12% are damaged. • 4 sites in 3 LGAs  ( Girei, Adamawa state, Jere and Konduga in Borno state )  do not have latrines on site.
Schools remain closed to allow social and physical distancing. Over 46 million students currently cannot attend classes because of COVID 19 school closures.
Access to education was already particularly challenging in Nigeria, especially in the BAY states, where schools have been damaged, looted, or attacked as a result of conflict or used as temporary shelters by the displaced population. Inadequate school infrastructure, insufficient number of teachers, and lack of learning material also hamper access to education in the BAY states
Pushed by the need to avoid any ‘non essential' costs or the need to have additional family members engaged in labour activities, heads of those households suffering negative economic effects of the pandemic might decide not to send their children to school after the end of containment measures.
For many children, not attending school means not having access to essential school provided services. Some schools offer students, particularly those from poor households, free nutritious meals. School closures are also cutting vulnerable children off from social protection programmes, often implemented as part of humanitarian programmes  ( CSEA 2020 ) . Particularly in the northeast, schools normally offer protection services such as psychological support and distribution of hygiene kits  ( ACAPS Interviews ) .
An estimated 30,000 refugees have fled extreme violence in northwestern Nigeria since April, according to the UN. As a result, the number of refugees fleeing to Niger has nearly tripled from last year and we are still only half way through 2020. Most of the people fleeing are women and children.
Humanitarian access is very limited in conflict affected areas and areas controlled by armed groups due to general insecurity, as well as threat of attacks on humanitarian workers.
Acute watery diarrhea: In Epi week 21, 507 cases of acute watery diarrhea were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 146 were from PUI Waterboard IDP Camp Clinic in Monguno, 52 were from Ngaranam PHC in MMC, 40 were from Monguno MCH, 36 were from PUI mobile clinics in MMC and 29 were from Mafa Central IDP Camp Clinic  ( TDH ) . No associated death was reported.
Bama: 297 arrivals were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno state. 231 arrivals were from Marwa region in Cameroon, 61 from Bama LGA and 5 from Maiduguri Metropolitan Council LGA of Borno state. 61 per cent of the movements recorded were due to improved security, 19 per cent relocated voluntarily, 11 per cent moved as a result of poor living condi�ons and 2 per cent relocated involuntarily.
Acute respiratory infection: In Epi week 21, 4,809 cases of acute respiratory infection were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 259 were from PUI Waterboard IDP Camp Clinic in Monguno, 254 were from PUI Mobile Clinics in MMC, 218 were from Algon clinic in Monguno, 177 were from Shuwari Host Community Clinic in Damboa, 176 were from INTERSOS Health Facility in Bama, 168 were from 1000 Housing Estate Clinic Dikwa and 162 were from ICRC GGSS IDP Camp Clinic in Monguno. No associated death was reported.
Monguno: 178 arrivals were recorded in Monguno LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 112 from Alagarno ward and 66 from Kukawa ward of Monguno LGA in Borno state. 79 per cent of the movements were as a result of military opera�ons and 21 per cent were as a result of poor living condi�ons.
Gwoza: 132 arrivals and 21 departures were recorded in Gwoza LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 56 from Bama LGA, 25 from Gwoza LGA and 3 from Jere LGA in Borno state, 46 from Madagali LGA in Adamawa state and 2 from Marwa region in Cameroon. The departures recorded were 11 from Bama LGA and 10 from Gwoza LGA in Borno state. 70 per cent of the movement were due to poor living condi�ons, 29 per cent from poor living condi�ons and 1 per cent relocated as a result of military opera�ons.
Suspected Measles: Forty four  ( 44 )  suspected measles cases were reported through EWARS in week 21. Of the reported cases, 18 cases were reported from INTERSOS Health Facility in Bama, 3 were from Monguno MCH, 2 cases each were reported from Biriyel MCH in Bayo, Farm Centre Camp Clinic in Jere, General Hospital Biu, Goni Abatchari Health Clinic in Gubio, Madlau Dispensary in Biu, PUI mobile clinics in MMC, PUI Waterboard IDP Camp Clinic in Monguno and Waterboard UNICEF IDP Camp Clinic in Monguno. Sixteen  ( 16 )  additional cases were reported through IDSR* from Bayo  ( 1 ) , Chibok  ( 2 ) , Gwoza  ( 2 ) , Hawul  ( 1 ) , Kwaya Kusar  ( 2 ) , MMC  ( 5 ) , Monguno  ( 2 )  and Ngala  ( 1 )  LGAs making a total of 60 suspected measles cases. No associated death was reported.
Malnutrition: 934 cases of severe acute malnutrition were reported through EWARS in week 21. Of the reported cases, 45 were from PUI mobile clinics in MMC, 41 were from Kurbagayi MCH in Kwaya Kusar, 36 were from Gatamarwa Dispensary in Chibok, 32 were from Fariya IDP Camp Clinic in Jere, 29 were from Fori PHC in Jere, 28 were from Bargu MCH in Shani and 27 were from Gamboru C MCH Clinic in Ngala. No associated death was reported.
An exhaus�ve nutri�on screening using mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema for acute malnutri�on was conducted by Sector partners for 140 children of 6 59 months. Of the 140 children screened, the MUAC reading was 3 children  ( all 3 in accessible areas )  in the Red category, 8 were in the Yellow category and 129 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 4 LGAs that we received reports from.
Latest attacks affected 1,709 individuals, includ  ing 18 injuries and 5 fatalities, in Kajuru LGA of Kaduna State, Tureta LGA of Sokoto State and Bakura LGA of Zamfara State between 13   19 July, 2020. The attacks caused people to flee to neigh  boring localities.
The results also include 96 children from neighboring countries  ( 47 in Bama, 1 in Dikwa, 10 in Gwoza and 38 in Mobbar ) . Of all the 92 children measured, 3 children were in the Red category with 86 in the Green category and the remaining 7 in the Yellow category. All children found with acute malnutri�on have been admi�ed for treatment. Please note, the data presented are not surveillance results and should be interpreted with cau�on.
The crisis in Nigeria's North Central and North West zones, which involves long standing tensions between ethnic and linguistic groups; attacks by criminal groups; and banditry/hirabah  ( such as kidnapping and grand larceny along major highways )  led to fresh wave of population displacement.
In week 24, the number of new confirmed cases is the same as recorded in week 23 with 5 cases. These were reported from 2 States  ( Ondo and Edo )   ( Table 3 ) .  Cumulatively from week 1 to week 24, 2020, 214 deaths have been reported with a case fatality rate  ( CFR )  of 20.8% which is lower than the CFR for the same period in 2019  ( 22.3% ) .
In total for 2020, 27 States have recorded at least one confirmed case across 129 Local Government Areas  ( Figure 2 and 3 ) .  Of all confirmed cases, 72% are from Ondo  ( 33% ) , Edo  ( 32% )  and Ebonyi  ( 7% )  States.  The predominant age group affected is 21 30 years  ( Range: <1 to 78 years, Median Age: 33 years ) . The male to female ratio for confirmed cases is 1:1.2
Latest attacks affected 8,910 individuals, including 191 injuries and 72 fatalities, in Logo LGA of Benue State, Birnin Gwari, Zangon Kataf LGAs of Kaduna State, Batsari, Jibia LGAs of Katsina State and Isa, Sabon Birnin LGAs of Sokoto State between 06   12 July 2020. The attacks caused people to flee to neighboring localities.
The number of suspected cases has significantly increased compared to that reported for the same period in 2019.  One new Healthcare worker was affected from Ondo state in the reporting week 24.  Lassa fever outbreak emergency phase declared over on the 28th of April 2020 based on composite indicators national threshold.
The facility only sustained light damage, initial reports indicate it was directly targeted and an unexploded projectile was found at the gate. All UN and INGO vehicles in front of the humanitarian hub, which includes humanitarian offices and accommodation, were set ablaze. Protective security measures deployed at the hub prevented any harm to the staff inside.
Nigeria is currently Africa's biggest oil exporter. Oil contributes about 75 per cent of the nation's total budget. Data from the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries  ( OPEC )  show that Nigeria derives 95 per cent of export earnings and 70 per cent of government revenue from the oil sector. Although the country has other viable sectors, the oil sector has, rather, unfortunately, grown to be the mainstay of the economy. For instance, Nigeria's 2020 budget was revised from ₦10.594 trillion to ₦10.523 trillion. The reduction is as a result of a drop in global oil prices and the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic.
47% of the IDPs are living in emergency and transi�onal shelter, 34% in makeshi�, 10% in collec�ve/communal shelter and 9% in public facili�es. • 896HH are living in the open Maiduguri Metropolitan Council  ( MMC )  • 3,288HH are sharing shelter in across 37 sites in 10 LGAs. • 20,809 shelters are damaged across 93 sites in 14 LGAs.
In this period, 1,573 new arrivals were received in several loca�ons including Pulka, Ngala, and MMC. Three of the eight recep�on centers that receive new arrivals are already overstretched in capacity for example, in Pulka where over 2,000  ( HH or individuals )  new arrival IDPs are staying in the recep�on center with no shelter. Shelter and NFIs remain one of the most requested humanitarian assistance by IDPs with 25,003 HH in need of shelter as a result of displacement and/or damages to shelter.
In June 2020, Ishaiku Yakubu was abducted by a non state armed group along with four other humanitarian workers from different organizations. We are extremely concerned and are fully mobilized to ensure that the hostage can be quickly and safely reunited with his family.
There were two suspected cases of Cerebrospinal Meningitis  ( CSM )  reported from two LGAs in two states  ( Delta – 1 & Sokoto – 1 ) . None was laboratory confirmed and no death was recorded
85% of the total showers are functional while 15% need to be repaired. • 12 sites in 4 LGAs  ( Girei, Adamawa state, Jere, Maiduguri and Dikwa in Borno state )  do not have shower on site. • 1,638 showers needs to be repaired across 70 sites in 15 LGAs  (
68% of camps has access to a form of education in the camp or nearby. Over 60% of the camps need instructional and writing materials. 32% of the camps do not have access to a functional primary school while 36% of the camps do not have access to alternative basic education.
As the COVID 19 global pandemic ravages the entire world, enforcing non pharmaceutical guidelines to contain its spread is an arduous task for most countries.
Developing nations like Nigeria are tremendously faced with the immense responsibility of implementing some of the COVID 19 guidelines to save its estimated 200 million people from the disease
The country has about 250 ethnic groups with three recognised religions and over 500 languages.
On 18 January, another humanitarian hub in the town of Ngala, near the border to Cameroon, was the target of a complex assault by non state armed groups. An entire section of the facility was burned down as well as one of the few vehicles UN agencies rely on for the delivery of aid.
Borno state Nigeria is arguably the worst hit of the more than a decade long conflict in Nigeria. Thousands of people have been either killed, maimed, or forced out of their communities with their sources of livelihood destroyed.
Although security remains very low in most part of the country with kidnapping, armed robbery and other criminal activities having a field day, banditry with violent killings going on in the North west region points only to Hobbesian state of nature.
The heightening nature of insecurity and violence in the Northern region of Nigeria is no longer news to Nigerians and even the international community. The killing of mainly civilians by bandits, terrorists and other criminal gangs in the region led to a recent letter of 16 June 2020 by the US Secretary of States, Michael Pompeo, describing the situation as “senseless and brazen killings'.
In Katsina state, for example, the menace of banditry elicited protests by people in the state to communicate the deepening level of insecurity and a clarion call for the Federal and State governments to do more to safeguard lives. These protests are subtle reminders of the social contract which the state and the people entered; where people gave up some of their natural rights in return for protection by the government acting on behalf of the state. The basis of this social contract is considerably punctured as people in some communities of northern Nigeria live at the mercy of armed bandits.
The Nigerian state already challenged with numerous insecurities will have a cluster of non state armed groups fighting for survival and supremacy amongst themselves. As the state's inability to protect its people worsen, the state's monopolisation of violence will continue to wane due to individual groups taking up arms to fight for their preservation and wellbeing. And one sure fact is that the proliferation of small arms and light weapons will continue to increase.
Adamawa, in northeast Nigeria, confirmed its index case of COVID 19 on the 21st April 2020   a 47 year old journalist who had travelled to Kano, one of the high risk states. Since then, the state has been on the radar of COVID 19 outbreak in the region.
As of 16th June 2020, Adamawa confirmed 42 positive cases of COVID 19 out of 374 suspects tested for the disease across the state.
Every year, millions of lives are saved due to routine immunization, which is widely recognized as a one of the most successful and cost effective public health interventions. However, in Nigeria, over three million children under one year are still either unvaccinated or under vaccinated.
There were three suspected cases of Cerebrospinal Meningitis  ( CSM )  reported from three LGAs in three states  ( Enugu – 1, Katsina – 1 & Sokoto – 1 ) . None was laboratory confirmed and one death was recorded
In the reporting month of April, fire outbreaks affected over 1,200 households in the International School  ( IS )  camp in Ngala LGA. The outbreaks caused the loss of 17 lives, 13 injured among which 5 critically, and damage to household materials in the IDP community. Partners reported continuous tension in the IDP community in the camp since the massive fire outbreaks
Heavy rain has been affecting several States, particularly Akwa Ibom  ( southern part of the country )  and Kwara  ( west central Nigeria )  over the last few days, causing floods and leading to casualties and damage. According to media reports, at least 4 people died due to a collapse of a bridge in Kwara. More than 300 people have been displaced and 100 houses destroyed in Akwa Ibom, after 9 hours of torrential rain that triggered widespread flooding. On 16 17 June, moderate to heavy rain is expected across most parts of the country.
There were 8 suspected cases of Cerebrospinal Meningitis  ( CSM )  reported from five LGAs in three states  ( Borno – 1, Katsina – 4 & Cross River – 3 ) . None was laboratory confirmed and no death was recorded
The first COVID 19 case was announced on 27 February in Lagos. Since then, over 33,000 samples have been tested.
As of 25 May, Nigeria reported 7,839 confirmed cases of COVID 19 and 226 related deaths  ( WHO 25/05/2020 ) . Most cases  ( around 60% )  have been registered in Lagos and Kano states, followed by the Federal Capital Territory  ( FCT ) .
News was the most common means of getting information on COVID 19 at 48 per cent  ( Taraba and Gombe were the highest at 66%, followed by Adamawa at 55%, Bauchi at 49%, Yobe at 46% and Borno was lowest at 34% )
The number of individuals observed at the Kano and Sokoto FMPs in April 2020  ( 705 )  witnessed a large, 34 per cent decrease from the previous month  ( 1,069 ) . This increase may be attributed to the closure of borders between Niger and Nigeria, government mandated travel bans and spontaneous reductions in travel amodst the COVID 19 pandemic. Notably, flows saw an increase between 11 and 16 April 2020, as the Nigerian government eased restriction measures ahead of prayers marking the start of Ramadan.
Due to stringent government regulations, WFP/DRC is struggling to commence switching from in kind food assistance to cashbased transfers as agreed with the affected population last year. The implementation of cash based support was delayed by bureaucratic impediments, including stringent government procedures for the movement of cash. Partners are working closely with the government of Nigeria to address administrative challenges. In the meantime, partners have held a focus group discussion  ( FGD )  with communities to assuage their concerns. Security concerns and restrictions on the freedom of movement of IDPs have limited farming opportunities, impacting food security and the resilience of IDPs in Bama town.
Conflict affected households in the North East face further negative socio economic impacts caused by measures taken to curtail the coronavirus disease 2019  ( COVID 19 ) , including lockdown and physical distancing directives that have hindered commodity trade and overall economic activity.  The dry season agricultural support programme in northeastern Nigeria contributed to increased food security among conflict affected households during the pandemic, providing a key source of food and income.
The commonly reported diseases at the health clinics include cases of acute respiratory infections, malaria, measles, and severe watery diarrhoea. MSF closed their operation, including the malaria clinic in the host community for children in January 2020
Livelihoods have been disrupted by the armed conflict in the North East and both production systems and households in the region remain fragile to external shocks. Although the entire northeastern region has paid the price of conflict, the worst affected states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe have experienced the highest displacement, immense human, social and economic losses, and severe levels of food insecurity and malnutrition.
The main nationalities observed were Nigerian  ( 51% ) , Nigerien  ( 37% )  and Chadian  ( 4% )  nationals. The majority of travellers were travelling to Niger  ( 64%, 3 p.p. less than I the previous reporting period ) , while 32 per cent were headed to Nigeria and 3 per cent to Chad  ( a 2 p.p. increase ) . The majority of travellers  ( 68% )  were coming from Nigeria, while 31 per cent were travelling from Niger
On 15 June 2020, IOM's DTM program carried out an assessment to ascertain the level of damage sustained in camps and camp like settings due to heavy windstorm and rainfall on the 14th of June 2020. Overall, 17 camps were affected in Maiduguri, Jere and konduga LGAs. The worst hit of the camps assessed was the 250 Housing Estate  ( Dalori II Camp )  in Konduga LGA where a heavy rainfall damaged 33 shelters, 6 toilets and 1 shower point leaving an estimated 135 individuals without shelter and 4 injured individuals.
There is a high number of out of school children, frequently seen rearing animals or idling in the camp and reportedly committing petty crimes. The significant gaps in the Education sector are a lack of teaching materials and qualified primary school teachers in Bama. There is no senior secondary school for transitioning children who have finished their junior secondary education.
Of the 1.8 million IDPs who face significant food and livelihood challenges in the three northeastern states  ( DTM IOM Round 30, March 2020 ) , more than 80 percent are in Borno. Due to the influx of IDPs and the tense security situation, host communities have reduced access to land and other resources for food production, leading to high levels of poverty and malnutrition
Poor sanitation and hygiene practices among the caregivers continue to render children less than 60 months old prone to malnutrition in the camp. Host community members need to be sensitized on the detection and available treatment options for children suffering from hunger in order for them to avoid seeking treatment at the stabilisation centre as the first option.
In addition to the high death toll, injuries and their after effects, including psychological damages, the presence of explosive devices hinders access to local livelihoods such as pastures, fields, farms, fire wood as well as community infrastructure. They also affect the delivery of humanitarian aid and development activities
There were seven suspected case of cholera reported from Isiala Ngwa North LGA in Abia state. None was laboratory confirmed and no death was recorded.
The COVID 19 pandemic has resulted in a slowdown in production and intra  and inter regional agricultural trade in the NorthEast, including of the movement of key agricultural commodities. The region's food supply chains were affected, with the closure of wet markets and retail stores in densely populated urban areas for significant periods of time during AprilMay. In addition, the surge in attacks which began at the start of the year were sustained throughout May, preventing farming households from accessing food and livelihood support in some areas.
The latest Cadre Harmonisé analysis  ( March 2020 )  predicted that 3.7 million people in the three northeastern states would face severe acute food insecurity in June–August 2020, if adequate humanitarian support is not provided. The situation will likely be exacerbated by the COVID 19 pandemic. The region is also in the midst of an environmental crisis, with severe climate variability negatively affecting production systems, resulting in reduced crop yields and livestock productivity that FAO is addressing through the distribution of high quality agricultural inputs and training using participatory methods such asfarmer field schools.
There were 18 suspected cases of Cerebrospinal Meningitis  ( CSM )  reported from 11 LGAs in four states  ( Kaduna – 1, Kano – 1, Katsina – 14 & Kebbi – 2 ) . None was laboratory confirmed and two deaths were recorded.
Livestock rearing and aquaculture interventions mitigate the risk of seasonal crop failure and other climate related shocks. Through the diversification of production and income sources, these alternative livelihood activities provide liquid assets. Insufficient safe access to fuel and energy is an ongoing concern in northeastern Nigeria, posing risks in terms of malnutrition, protection, deforestation, health risks and communal tensions over natural resources. Furthermore, Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states demonstrate high vulnerability and low adaptive capacity to the effects of climate change, particularly dry spells, erratic rainfall and floods.
More than 70 civilians were killed yesterday and others wounded in an attack in a village in the north east Nigeria area of Gubio in Borno State, 80 kilometres from the capital, Maiduguri. A motorized armed group raided Gubio, over the course of five hours, destroyed homes and stole more than 1,000 head of cattle. Some residents were killed, set ablaze in their homes, while many more were shot as they tried to escape.
Latest a�acks affected 3,583 individuals, including 61 injuries and 52 fatali�es, in Faskari LGA  ( Katsina )  and Zango   Kalaf LGA  ( Kaduna )  between 9   12 June 2020. The a�acks caused people to flee to neighboring locali�es.
There were two suspected cases of monkeypox reported in Mushin LGA of Lagos state. There was one confirmed case and no death recorded
In 2015, an informal settlement hosting more than 15,000 internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  was established in the General Hospital and controlled by the military.
Due to low productive capacities among affected populations, the majority continues to depend on humanitarian assistance for survival. Regulations governing the movement of cash and the absence of information and communications technology infrastructure remains a significant challenge to providing targeted local government areas with social protection measures such as cash transfers. While livelihood support has enhanced food production, crisisaffected households are yet to return to pre conflict production levels. This is largely due to limited access to land, assets and capital to invest in agricultural inputs.
534 Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Kala Balge and Maiduguri Metropolitan Council LGAs of Borno; Fufore, Gombi, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Mubi North, Numan, Song and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa.
More than 3.8 million people mainly working in the informal sector, face losing their jobs amid rising hardship, Ms. Byrs said, and this could rise to 13 million if movement restrictions continue for a longer period.
During the period 23 to 29 May 2020, 170 movements were observed at ten Points of Entries in Adamawa and Borno states. Of the total movements recorded, 103 were incoming from Extreme Nord in Cameroon and 3 from N'Djamena in Chad republic .
Nigeria has a fair share of violent conflict with the Boko Haram insurgency, the menace of armed banditry, farmers herders conflict, inter communal and inter religious wars, land wars, gang wars, and kidnapping activities.
During the period 13   19 June 2020, 136 movements were observed at fifteen Points of Entries in Adamawa and Borno states. Of the total movements recorded, 20 were incoming from Extreme Nord in Cameroon and 1 incoming from N'djamena in Chad Republic.
First, factors such as corruption, exclusion, patrimonialism, and other governance failures are the root causes of underdevelopment, and therefore trigger violent conflicts. Thus, the state becomes incapable of addressing both the development issues and the resultant conflicts.
Alternatively, development partners and donor agencies must improve efforts on working directly with non governmental implementation partners across the nation. This will cut the cycle of lack of capacity, public sector corruption, and other challenges associated with interfacing directly with the government.
Askira/Uba: 598 arrivals and 99 departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 468 from Wamdeo/Giwi and 122 from Chul/Rumirgo wards in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state and 8 from K/Wurogayndi ward in Madagali LGA of Adamawa state. The departures included 72 from Sorau A ward in Maiha LGA and 27 from Lamorde ward in Mubi South LGA of Adamawa state. 81 per cent of the movements recorded were as a result of conflict/a�ack, 18 per cent from fear of a�ack and 1 per cent due to poor living condi�ons.
Gwoza: 148 arrivals were recorded in Gwoza LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 66 from Bama, 37 from Konduga, 19 from Mafa and 4 from Maiduguri Metropolitan Counsil LGAs in Borno state. 22 arrivals were also recorded from Numan, Michika and Madagali LGAs in Adamawa state. 88 per cent of the movements were due to poor living condi�ons, 9 per cent improved security and 3 per cent voluntary reloca�ons.
Monguno: 141 arrivals were recorded in Monguno LGA of Borno. The arrivals included 129 from Kukawa LGA and 12 from Guzamala LGAs of Borno state. 80 per cent of movements recorded were as a result of conflict/a�ack and 20 per cent poor living condi�ons.
Mubi North: 52 arrivals and 71 departures were recorded in Mubi North LGA of Adamawa state. The arrivals included 35 from Askira/Uba LGA in Borno state and 17 from Mubi South LGA in Adamawa state. The 71 departures were recorded from Maiha, Mubi South and Hong. 72 per cent of the movements recorded were due to voluntary reloca�on and 28 per cent triggered by fear of a�ack.
Adolescent girls face many constraints in accessing and completing secondary education. In northern Nigeria, the lack of secondary schools is significantly greater with up to ten primary schools for every secondary school. Poor condition of infrastructure and a lack of water sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH )  facilities makes it difficult for girls to stay in school.
In week 21, the number of new confirmed cases increased from 6 cases in week 20, 2020 to 9 cases. These were reported from 4 States  ( Ondo, Edo, Benue and Ebonyi )
In January, following the reloca�on of more than 540 women, men and children from Jakana town to Maiduguri, Borno State due to security opera�ons in the area, a total of 24 children  ( 10 girls, 14 boys )  were temporarily separated from their families. Child protec�on actors provided interim care services for the children including psychosocial support services  ( PSS ) , traced their families and successfully reunified all the children including a six month infant girl.
Similarly, an a�ack by non state armed groups in mid January in Monguno not only resulted in the separa�on of 4 children from their families and destruc�on of property in IDP camps and the vicini�es, but also impacted the mental and psychosocial well being of children and adults. In addi�on, due to the threatening nature of the a�ack, humanitarian agencies including child protec�on actors had to withdraw staff temporarily which impacted on the delivery of child protec�on services.
In addition, close to 80 percent of poor households are in the north, which makes it very challenging for them to cover the direct and indirect costs of schooling. All these factors have contributed towards limiting the number of girls that have access to secondary school. If nothing is done, 1.3 million girls out of the 1.85 million who began primary school in 2017/2018 in the northern states will drop out before reaching the last year of junior secondary school.
Nigeria is in the circle of numerous conflicts that are strongly tied to development deficits and governance failures such that it has worsened the conditions that generated them. It is important to start exploring preventive approaches to these issues.
Of the 52,119 movements recorded, 5,524 movements were recorded from neighbouring countries which composed of 4,200 internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  and 1,324 Returnees.
The primary health sector challenges are a lack of advanced obstetric care  ( caesarean section and blood transfusion ) , absence of facilities for neonatal care and 24 hours sexual and reproductive health services in Bama town. Women continue to die during delivery as a result of childbirth complications, and several stillbirths are also recorded due to the lack of advanced obstetric care. Referral mechanisms for children and adults that require surgical care is weak.
Recent nutrition assessments in north east Nigeria indicate various degrees of malnutrition among under five children and pregnant or lactating mothers. Generally, 2.7 million women and children in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe States need nutrition support including 310 000 children who are in need of treatment for severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM )  and 250,000 who suffer from moderate acute malnutrition
Healthcare system in north east Nigeria has been disrupted for over a decade due to insurgency. Most affected states are Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states where the health system is no longer able to cope with the upsurge of treatable ailments and the frequency of preventable disease outbreaks, typically linked with conflict contexts. Even functioning health facilities continue to be constrained by a shortage of human resources for health, breaks in the supply chain, poor referral networks and inadequate financing.
Guyuk: 225 arrivals were recorded in Guyuk LGA of Adamawa state. All 225 arrivals recorded were from Dumna ward of Guyuk LGA in Adamawa state. 97 per cent of the movements were as a result of fear of attack and 3 per cent were as a result of poor living conditions.
Prices of most food commodities in Borno and Yobe states are still relatively higher by more than 10 percent compared to same period in 2019. The combined effect of seasonality and prolonged disruption in market supply and loss of employment including daily labor due to the COVID 19, coupled with the persistent insecurity, remains a constraint for market reliant households in the northeast.
The humanitarian community has limited access to the area east of Pulka and the Mandara mountain range due to ongoing hostilities between the NSAGs and the military. • Humanitarian personnel movement to Pulka and Gwoza towns is by regular UNHAS helicopter flights.
• Between April and May, the cost of the Survival Minimum Expenditure Basket  ( SMEB )  for a family of five increased slightly from 17,806 Naira to 17,912 Naira in Maiduguri and Jere. Similarly, in Damaturu, the SMEB increased by two  ( 2 )  percent between April and May  ( from 13,579 Naira to 13,798 Naira ) .
• Likewise, the prices of red beans were observed to increase when compared to the prices in February 2020. A significant increase was recorded in some markets such as Bursari and Potiskum  ( 33% ) , Yusufari  ( 40% ) , Jakusko  ( 48% ) , Gashua, Nguru  ( 50% ) , Damaturu  ( 54% )  and Geidam  ( 67% )  markets of Yobe state, and also in Tashan Bama  ( 16% )  and Custom  ( 26% )  markets in Borno state.
Populations in Gwoza LGA continue to face emergency levels  ( IPC Phase 4 )  with high risk of acute malnutrition and elevated mortality related to food insecurity.
Apart from direct attacks against their villages, people living in northeast Nigeria face other protection risks such as the growing number of informal checkpoints and roadblocks set up by NSAG along main supply routes.
Since the beginning of the year, 254 serious security incidents and 67 attacks on civilians led to over 100 civilians to be abducted, wounded or killed in such incidents. Aid workers face the same threats. These incidents deeply impact freedom of movement, access to livelihoods, humanitarian access to affected populations
Round 28 had also witnessed an increase of 2 per cent or 44,632 individuals compared with 1,980,036 IDPs that were recorded in Round 27 published in May 2019. Prior to the dip recorded in January 2019, the numbers of IDPs had been rising since the beginning of 2018 . Round 25 of assessment had identified 2,026,602 IDPs which was in keeping with the then steady trend of increment in number of IDPs.
The most affected State of Borno continues to host the highest number of IDPs at 1,547,013, an increment of 40,476  ( 3% increase )  from the 1,506,537 displaced persons who were recorded in the last round of assessment. In the assessment conducted in December 2019, 1,496,871 people were recorded as IDPs.
The steady increase in IDP numbers in Borno coupled with the populous LGAs in the state being inaccessible can be interpreted as an indication of continued population displacement and high mobility in north eastern Nigeria. Borno's capital city of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council  ( MMC ) , which hosts the highest number of IDPs among all LGAs, recorded an increase of 13,026 displaced persons taking its tally to 295,972  ( an increase of 5% )  on account of influx of new arrivals from Gajiganna and Tungushe axis and some other LGAs due to poor living conditions and fear of attacks.
Once again, the percentage of people who were in need for food remained high. Seventy six per cent of IDPs cited food as their main unmet need  ( up from 61% in the last round of assessment ) . Non food items  ( NFIs )  were cited as the second highest unfulfilled need by 12 per cent  ( an improvement from 21% cited in the last round of assessment ) . Six per cent cited shelter as their main unmet need. These results are somewhat consistent with the trend observed in previous assessments.
A high of 57 per cent  ( or 1,199,683 )  IDPs were residing with host community while the remaining 43 per cent  ( 888,441 )  were living in 293 camps and camp like settlements, with majority  ( 229 sites or 834,431 IDPs )  in the worst affected State of Borno. A high of 85 per cent  ( down from 86% )  of sites were informal while the remaining 15 per cent were formal.
Through interviews with travelers by enumerators at Points of Entry, information was obtained from travelers' points of departures, intended destination, vulnerabilities, temperatures, reasons for moving and mode of transport. Additional questions concerning the COVID 19 pandemic were asked to determine if travelers exhibit any symptoms of coronavirus; if they had come in contact with anyone who exhibiting such symptoms or might have died from it?
In December 2017, the Nigerian President signed into law the Anti Torture Act. The law prohibits and criminalises the use of torture by law enforcement agencies and provides for penalties for violations. Despite continued use of torture by SARS officers, no one has been charged under the law.
In the most affected State of Borno which hosts 41 per cent of all returnees, the number of returnees increased from 685,630 to 709,500  ( 3% increase since Round 31 assessment ) .
Since 2016, Amnesty International has documented at least 82 cases of torture, illtreatment and extrajudicial executions by SARS. Most victims are young men between the ages of 18 and 35, poor and from vulnerable groups, and are tortured either to extract information and “confessions' or as punishment for their alleged offences.
Amnesty International research shows that young persons between the ages of 17 and 30 are at the most risk of arrest, torture or extortion by SARS.
Latest a�acks affected 2,349 individuals, including 18 injuries and 3 fatali�es, in Dandume LGA  ( Katsina )  and Bukkuyum LGA  ( Zamfara )  between 22   26 June, 2020. The a�acks caused people to flee to neighboring locali�es
Latest attacks affected 1,374 individuals, including 18 injuries and 17 fatalities, in Safana LGA of Katsina State and Chikun, Kajuru, Zangon Kataf LGAs of Kaduna State between the 20   26 July, 2020. The attacks caused people to flee to neighboring localities.
Kano – When health officials in Kano State noted that turnouts for Covid 19 testing were consistently low across communities, they grew worried. Many residents were unaware of how serious the Covid 19 disease was, and despite sensitization messages on the pandemic, some did not believe COVID 19 was real
He reiterates the need to protect civilians and humanitarian personnel, assets and facilities at all times, in accordance with international humanitarian law.
He, however, lamented that one of the major challenges previously faced to Hepatitis B birth dose vaccination was the inadequate domestic contribution to finance vaccines and expand access to services.
Second, those who sponsor illegal mining also fund banditry and cattle rustling in mining communities in order to incite violence among cattle breeders and rearers
Locals from Zamfara State told ENACT, on condition of anonymity, that such conflicts displace people and create opportunities for illegal miners to operate.
The reporting month of June, saw movement of 8,581 persons of which 6,680 were arrivals and 1,901 were departures.
Collaboration between politically connected Nigerians and Chinese corporations in illegal gold mining drives rural banditry and violent local conflicts in some parts of Nigeria
Within the reporting period, 3,965 shelters and 36 latrines were damaged, affecting 9,061 IDPs in 65 camps in BAY states
The Minister who noted that Nigeria was one of the first African countries to introduce a birth dose of HBV vaccine in 2004 in alignment to a WHO Regional Resolution to reduce Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection to less than 2 percent in children under five years by 2020.
The cost of the food SMEB increased by 25% during the week of 14   20 July 2020 when compared to 29 June   07 July 2020. • The rise in cost of the food SMEB was predominantly driven by rise in prices of four items, namely maize, beans, local rice, and onions. The highest price increases were reported in Baga road and Bullumkutu markets.Fuel vendors reported a 16% increase in petrol prices8 .
He said in 2018, Nigeria conducted a National AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey which showed a prevalence of 8.1 percent for Hepatitis B  ( HBV )  and 1.1 percent for Hepatitis C  ( HCV ) .
The humanitarian crisis in Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe  ( BAY )  states, in northeast Nigerian, is worsening after more than a decade of armed conflict and its devastating effects on the life and livelihood of some 7. 9 million of people. There are over 900,000 cases of Global Acute Malnutrition and 288,299 Severe Acute Malnutrition. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse  ( SEA )  remains a major concern for the humanitarian response in the BAY states.
As the challenges of congestion continue, eviction notifications were received in Dikwa LGA of Borno state in a self settled camp in a location that used to be a concrete block making industry before displacement
Like the other areas in the LGA, Banki town has seen the killing of civilians, the abduction of women and girls, the destruction of property and the large scale forced displacement of populations. Livelihoods have been devastated and assets looted.
Many have been trapped in various locations across BAY states and are at risk due to poor living conditions in damaged shelters and unfinished buildings.
In addition, displaced people lack shelter and NFI support of which around 19,780 households needed emergency shelter and essential household items support within this reporting period as their basic needs became more acute
Between May and June, the cost of the Survival Minimum Expenditure Basket  ( SMEB )  for a family of five increased by six  ( 6 )  percent from 17,912.48 Naira to 19,071.68 Naira in Maiduguri and Jere. Similarly, in Damaturu, the SMEB increased by eleven  ( 11 )  percent between May and June  ( from 13,798.58 Naira to 15,248.10 Naira ) . In the same vein, an increase the SMEB by 7 percent was recorded in Yusufari and Gujba, while it increased by 9 percent in Nguru.
Flagging off the initiative on 29 May in Kano, Alhaji Sabo Nanono, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nigeria, said, "The pandemic may very likely precipitate a food crises by disrupting our food production systems, thereby posing a great threat to farmers' livelihoods as well as national food and nutritional security
The Economic Community of West African States  ( ECOWAS )  estimates that COVID 19 pandemic risks food insecurity and nutrition of 50 million people between June and August 2020. The pandemic adds to other threats including climate change and recurrent drought, Fall armyworm  ( FAW )  and locust infestations in West Africa.
The Boko Haram insurgency and the subsequent counterinsurgency operations in the Northeast have resulted in nearly 30,000 fatalities, over two million displacements and more than 10.6 million persons relying on humanitarian assistance to survive.
Various conflict parties have used media channels to stoke the flame of ethnic tension through the promotion of hate speech. The oft cited example is of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide where over 800,000 people died in 100 days.
Powerful examples of this national stress are the horrific Nigeria/Biafra civil war, inter tribal and inter religious wars, inter communal conflict, boundary disputes, amongst others.
With this in mind, government must empower local structures to be able to prevent, mitigate and mediate conflict situations.
At their peak in 2017 these mines in Niger employed as many as 600 000 people and created opportunities for local infrastructural development
The conflict has been on the increase since 2014, spreading across Kaduna, Katsina, Kebbi, Plateau and Zamfara states. Over 5 000 people have been killed in Zamfara State in the past five years. In February 2020, soldiers killed 13 bandits during clashes in Zamfara and Kebbi states. In April, four soldiers were killed by robbers in Zamfara State, and police arrested two Chinese nationals for illegal mining.
Across the mosaic of groups that make up the Nigerian society are distinct nations or ethnic nationalities that preceded the creation of Nigeria. It has taken several decades for these diverse groups of people to be split up into local governments, states, regions and geopolitical zones. These actions were mainly for political and administrative convenience at the time.
ETT assessments identified the following movement triggers: conflict/attack  ( 35% ) , poor living conditions  ( 28% ) , voluntary relocation  ( 16% ) , fear of attack  ( 14% )  and improved security  ( 7% ) .
Mobbar: 594 arrivals were recorded in Mobbar LGA of Borno state. All 594 arrivals were from Diffa region in Niger Republic. All movements recorded were triggered by conflict/attack.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs  ( OCHA )  reports that about 7.9 million Nigerians require humanitarian assistance.
Gwoza: 162 arrivals and 10 departures were recorded in Gwoza LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 55 from Marwa region of Cameroon, 41 from Gwoza, 26 from Ngala, 22 from Bama and 5 from Maiduguri Metropolitan Council LGAs in Borno state, 7 from Akko LGA in Gombe state and 6 from Maiha and Yola South LGAs in Adamawa state. All departures recorded were from Jere LGA in Borno state. 79 per cent of the movements were as a result of poor living conditions and 21 per cent relocated voluntarily.
Victims of Boko Haram insurgency are caught in the middle of the conflict. Peace and stability seem like a far cry, and humanitarian services are greatly inhibited. With the trend, communities inaccessible by land are also unreachable by air. Inadvertently, the inability of humanitarian aid to reach the vulnerable population has a psychology implication on the war.
Askira/Uba: 31 arrivals and 13 departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 83 from Askira/Uba LGA in Borno state, 41 from Mubi South LGA and 7 from Hong LGA in Adamawa state. All departures recorded were from Askira/Uba LGA in Borno state. 45 per cent of the movements were triggered by conflict/attack, 28 per cent due to poor living conditions, 22 per cent from fear of attack and 5 per cent as a result of improved security.
The Nigerian state must move to intensify combative efforts in the North east. The Nigerian troops must commit to the safety of humanitarian workers who are indirectly fighting the jihadist violence through humanitarian assistance to the victims of the war.
This is how traditional leaders are leading the fight against Covid 19 at the community level in Plateau State. The state recorded its first case of COVID 19 in Jos South LGA on April 23. The patient was a 20 year old female seamstress who had travelled for a wedding in neighbouring Kano State. Kano remains one of the epicentres of COVID 19 outbreak in Nigeria
Nigeria's struggle with the realities of the jihadist violence in the North east may not be ending soon. For not so far fetched reasons, as episodes of the jihadist war continue to occur, it worsens insecurity in the region, leads to more losses to lives and livelihoods.