nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Les États membres doivent faire entendre leur voix auprès des instances nationales et internationales  ( COHAFA/SECCO )  et condamner ces entraves  [ accès humanitaires ] . En outre, les donateurs doivent comprendre les problèmes d'accès que les confinements fréquents et soudains posent aux partenaires d'exécution. Une certaine souplesse dans le financement et la mise en œuvre, qui permettrait aux organisations de mettre en place des plans de gestion et d'activités à distance, serait la bienvenue.
[ Nous appelons les États Membres du Conseil de Sécurité à : ]  Accroître les efforts de plaidoyer pour un accès sans entraves aux communautés dans les régions NOSO, conformément au droit international humanitaire.
Les États membres doivent considérablement accroître le soutien international actif aux pourparlers de paix, encourager un dialogue inclusif et offrir des financements pour les pourparlers et pour recruter un médiateur indépendant.
[ Nous appelons les États Membres du Conseil de Sécurité à : ]  Soutenir les véritables efforts pour trouver une solution pacifique à la crise qui soit dans le meilleur intérêt des civils, y compris les enfants et les adolescentes.
[ Nous appelons les États Membres du Conseil de Sécurité à ]  Faire des efforts considérables pour améliorer la situation des enfants et des adolescent ( e ) s dans les régions NOSO du Cameroun, en particulier compte tenu du mandat du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies sur les enfants et les conflits armés  ( CAAC )  où la situation du Cameroun est désormais une « situation préoccupante » officielle.
[ les États Membres du Conseil de Sécurité ]  doivent soutenir les efforts de conformité avec la Déclaration sur la sécurité dans les écoles au Cameroun, en tenant compte des conséquences particulières que les attaques contre l'éducation dans ce conflit ont sur les adolescentes et les éducateurs/éducatrices.
Nous appelons les États Membres du Conseil de Sécurité à prendre des mesures concrètes pour mettre fin aux attaques contre les écoles et à l'occupation des établissements d'enseignement par les forces armées et les groupes armés non étatiques.
Les adolescentes et les jeunes femmes reconnaissent que leurs parents et aidant ( e ) s ont également besoin d'une aide extérieure pour améliorer leurs capacités à générer un revenu. Elles veulent à la fois une formation et des investissements pour les aider à créer de petites entreprises, non seulement pour elles mêmes, mais aussi pour les membres plus âgés de la famille.
The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices  ( KAP )  survey indicated that 72 per cent of the people have an acceptable knowledge on COVID 19. While 30 per cent of surveyed individuals developed adequate attitudes, 74 per cent adopt adequate practices.
Au cours de l'évaluation, les adolescentes ont discuté de l'extrême importance qu'il y a à pouvoir accéder aux informations pour les protéger contre les préjudices. Elles considéraient l'éducation sanitaire, en particulier l'éducation en matière de SDSR  [ Santé et Droits Sexuels et Reproductifs ] , comme une priorité, et ont souligné à quel point il fallait que toute personne puisse bénéficier des soins de santé, qu'il était essentiel d'avoir des travailleurs qualifiés, en particulier des infirmières et des médecins, et de prioriser la santé des filles et des femmes enceintes.
Recommandations/COVID 19: Handwashing and face masks are commonly used as measures to prevent the spread of COVID 19 in NFE spaces. However, the reoccurrence of COVID 19 as both a barrier and security issue in NFE  [ non formal education ]  spaces illustrates the continued importance of addressing beneficiary concerns through COVD 19 prevention measures in order to enable trust and thereby access.
Recommandations Settings & leaders: Many leaders of NFE  [ non formal education ]  sessions were unpaid, perhaps as a result of student's inability to pay them. Educational actors and the Education Cluster should therefore conduct research to understand why leaders of NFE sessions are unpaid and what the impact on learning may be.
Recommandations Settings & leaders: There was a small number of NGO spaces used for NFE  [ non formal education ]  compared to alternative learning spaces such as private residences and churches, therefore a mapping of all NFE spaces would benefit the understanding of the Education Cluster and their ability to leverage and improve them for future interventions.
Recommandations Settings & leaders: There a currently a wide range of people leading NFE with varied levels of training, therefore educational actors should aim to provide basic pedagogical trainings, focusing on skills needed to handle the challenges associated with emergency contexts and EiE  [ education in emergencies ]   ( e.g. having differing learning levels in one class, overcrowded classrooms, and need for PSS and life saving skills )  to leverage and strengthen existing community efforts.
Recommandations / Access :  [ 67% of communities report NFE  [ non formal education ]  starting in their communities within the last year. This, coupled with the fact that 84% of informants report existing NFE spaces in their communities to be safe, point to an important moment of opportunity for donors, INGOs and NNGOs, to invest in and strengthen community efforts to provide safe and quality non formal education to out of school children in the 2 regions
In addition, the difference in forms of NFE  [ non formal education ]  across NW and SW point to the need to differentiate approaches to varying contexts and needs of different communities. For example, E learning was reported to be used in SW but not in NW, and radio more commonly reported in the NW than SW – likely pointing to differences in access to network and devices needed for online learning.
On the other hand, given that DTL  [ distance teaching and learning ]  approaches often cannot meet all educational and development needs of children, the lack of non DTL approaches being used could be considered to highlight the need for actors to develop and implement different and more varied approaches to non formal teaching and learning – particularly as COVID restrictions have been lifted and children in formal schools have returned to in person learning across Cameroon.
The main barriers which these children face in accessing NFE were identified as lack of money, household income generating activities/ chores and fear of COVID 19. This likely reflects the impact that the conflict has had on household incomes and livelihoods, which have possibly been further weakened as a result of COVID 19.
Across NWSW, approximately half of respondents estimated that textbooks, exercise books, pens and pencils  [ 52% ]  and radios  [ 51% ]  were used in NFE  [ non formal education ]  sessions. Computers, tablets and mobile phones were also reported in more than a third of selected communities in the SW, but not reported at all in the NW. 28% of communities in the NW and 10% of communities in the SW were reported to have no learning materials.
Respondents' perceptions of children's ability to access NFE  [ non formal education ]  varied dependent on their background across the various subgroups with host community children  [ age 6 to 11 ]  and older children  [ age 12 to 16 ]  perceived as the groups most able to access NFE. Disabled children and pregnant girls were the groups perceived as least able to access NFE with only 8% ‘fully able' to, while married girls were perceived as ‘not able' to access NFE by almost half of respondents. Importantly, every subgroup was perceived as more able to access NFE in surveyed communities in SW than in the NW. In particular, respondents perceived host children and IDP children as more than twice as able to access NFE in the SW than the NW.
La présence d'hommes armés expose les femmes et les filles à un risque accru de violence sexuelle, y compris de viol.
Les adolescent ( e ) s déclarent avoir peur d'aller à l'école et aux centres de santé en raison de la présence militaire : ils craignent d'être victimes d'arrestations arbitraires, de harcèlement, de viols, de balles perdues, de tirs croisés et de violence, et d'une répétition d'attaques contre les écoles.
More than two thirds  [ 67% ]  of respondents reported that NFE  [ non formal education ]  had been taking place for less than 1 year with the last 6 months before assessment the most prevalent period for NFE in the last 3 years. In the NW in particular more than half of respondents  [ 62% ]  reported that NFE had been taking place for less than 1 year while in the SW almost threequarters  [ 73% ]  reported that it been taking place for less than 1 year
45% of children aged 5 to 16 were in nonformal education. When disaggregated by age children aged 5 to 8 years old were marginally more likely to be in NFE  [ non formal education ]   [ 50% ]  than children aged 13 to 16  [ 44% ] . There was little difference across gender, with boys  [ 46.1% ]  and girls  [ 44.7% ]  almost equally reported to be accessing NFE. Host community children were reported to have better access to NFE than IDP children – 36% of host community children compared to 21% of IDP children were reported to be in NFE. Only 2% of learners with disabilities  ( LWD )  were reported to be in NFE.
Environ 90 % des garçons ayant participé à la méthodologie DLYP  [ A Day in a Young Person's Life involving 200 adolescents ]  ont déclaré que leurs principales préoccupations concernant la sécurité étaient la crainte d'être kidnappés, détenus par la police, victimes de tirs croisés, d'attaques, de balles perdues en raison des combats et d'être enrôlés comme soldats.
Les participants du groupe des jeunes pères ont convenu que le viol et la violence sexuelle étaient l'un des principaux problèmes auxquels ont à faire face les adolescentes dans les régions du NOSO.
Over the last year, however, actors on the ground have reported space opening up for education. In addition to increased enrolment in formal schools in urban areas with a significant military presence, there are reports that many communities have independently begun setting up community schools and other community learning spaces. These community efforts have likely been encouraged by a shift in NSAG attitudes to education, with some NSAGs reportedly allowing learning as long as it is not tied to GoC  [ government of Cameroon ]  schools, curricula or symbols such  [ e.g. flag or national anthem ] .
Worsening household economic situations have increased children's vulnerability with some parents relying on child labour to support their families including sending children to work as domestic workers, farm workers, begging and for adolescent girls, engaging in survival sex work.
The protection risks associated with the educational boycott enforced by secessionist non state armed groups  [ NSAGs ]  are extremely severe with reports of students and teachers caught engaged in GoC  [ government of Cameroon ]  education kidnapped, forcibly recruited, beaten and killed
Although there are a number of NFE  [ non formal education ]  interventions being delivered, these efforts appear fragmented and uncoordinated. Therefore, an NFE Working Group should be established to share lessons learned, innovations and best practices between educational actors.
To build upon access to NFE  [ non formal education ] , new and innovative  ( in person, community based )  approaches which increase quality and inclusiveness should be introduced by international actors with knowledge and experience of different EIE  [ Education in Emergencies ]  initiatives to support local actors to adapt proven approaches and curricula to the NWSW context.
Les régions du Nord Ouest et du Sud Ouest du Cameroun sont plongées dans la crise depuis fin 2016. Après un départ sous forme de revendications corporatistes, le conflit s'est en un an propagé sur l'ensemble des deux régions, les séparatistes revendiquant que cette zone devait former un État indépendant appelé « Ambazonie ». Les affrontements entre les forces de défense gouvernementales et les groupes armés non étatiques  ( GANE )  ont conduit à de fréquents barrages routiers, à des « villes fantômes », au meurtre aveugle de civils, au pillage et à la destruction de biens, perpétrés selon les dires aussi bien par l'armée gouvernementale que par les GANE.
According to OCHA, 16 operational partners – including INGOs, local NGOs, and UN agencies  ( UNICEF and UNESCO )  – are implementing a total of 12 education projects in the NWSW regions. The highest number of projects are being implemented in Fako division, in the SW region
Children and adolescents are mainly supporting their families by working as domestic workers or are involved in agricultural activities. Despite a lack of specific data for the NWSW regions, child labour has been reported. In these regions, girls separated from their families – sometimes as a result of displacement – are likely to work as salespeople, tailors, or domestic workers  ( IASC 17/10/2019 ) .
COVID 19 has forced humanitarian assistance to be allocated towards pandemic relief efforts, placing education activities to one side
As at 16 February 2021, Cameroon had reported 31,394 confirmed cases of COVID 19 and 474 deaths
Limited partnerships between local authorities and humanitarian actors to work on education programmes hampers the operations of aid organisations. The targeting of humanitarian staff and health and education facilities further impacts access to people in need.
Road checkpoints mounted by both separatist armed groups and government security forces have resulted in kidnapping attempts and demands for payments, leading to insecurity and delays in humanitarian operations and activities. ‘Lockdown' days promoted by some separatist groups have resulted in movement restrictions for both humanitarian organisations and people living in affected areas.
Teachers and students in the NWSW regions are constantly under threat of violence and attacks, which results in fear and which has consequences for the emotional wellbeing and mental health of children, educational staff, and their families. There have also been threats of violence online. For example, in September 2017, a picture was posted online labelling five identifiable children in a classroom as ‘betrayals' and appealing to social media users to ‘stone them'
While bilingualism is officially promoted by the constitution, analysts have highlighted a policy of assimilation of the linguistic and cultural characteristics of English speaking Cameroonians into the Francophone system. Public bilingual schools are rare, and bilingualism is neither encouraged nor implemented, which has been perceived as leading to the marginalisation of English speaking people – who face decreased access to public jobs and challenges in managing administration with authorities.
The two official languages of Cameroon are English and French. The education policies agreed during the postcolonial unification of Cameroon implied that Cameroonians should learn and use both English and French. The majority of official documents are only published in French, however  ( Theirworld 20/02/2017; Takam, Fassé 21/03/2019 ) .
A few months after the crisis began in October 2016, the GoC  [ Government of Cameroon ]  tried to set up certain measures in both the educational and judicial sectors – including hiring 1,000 bilingual teachers and creating a national commission on bilingualism and multiculturalism. For Anglophone militants these measures were not adequate however, and were not seen as addressing their political concerns related to a lack of political and administrative power.
The current ‘Anglophone crisis' began in 2016, when strikes and protests were organised in the English speaking NWSW regions denouncing the dominance of the French language and traditions in the education and judicial systems. The situation escalated into armed conflict between a separatist independence movement and the GoC  [ Government of Cameroon's ] , driven by political and cultural ideologies.
The Anglophone population of Cameroon is about 5 million, equivalent to 20% of the country's total population of 24 million. Almost all Anglophones reside in the NWSW regions
Since 2016, access to schools and education in the NWSW regions has been challenging, amid the violence instigated by both separatists and the Cameroonian military forces against each other and against civilians. The COVID 19 pandemic has aggravated the situation, forcing Cameroon to shut schools temporarily from March–October 2020 – with an exception for students taking their final year exams in June, who were allowed to enter school facilities.
The GoC  [ Government of Cameroon's ]  controls less than half of the territories in the NWSW regions, while the separatist armed groups – who have better control of the NW region – are predominant in rural areas. The Education Cluster reports that formal education is considered safe only in certain parts of main urban centres that remain predominately under government control.
Literacy levels: 77% of people in Cameroon aged 15 and older are literate  ( 83% of men and 72% of women )   ( CIA 16/02/2021; UNDP accessed 16/12/2020 ) .
Finding durable solutions for IDPs intending to stay in their host communities.
Advocacy with parties to the conflict to respect protection rights of communities, including training on International Humanitarian Law principles.
Support to community mediation of localised conflicts to reinforce the dialogue between host communities and IDPs and avoid tensions within the communities.
Advocacy for access to civil documentation, especially birth certificates, to avoid a stateless generation and mitigate protection risks associated with a lack of civil documentation.
Community based approached to raise awareness on protection risks in the community and identify and support community based solutions.
62 percent of the KIs mentioned that tensions  [ between IDPs and Host communities ]  arise from conflict over distributions of food, but also from conflicts over payment of rent  ( 51 percent ) , distribution of NFIs  ( 18 percent ) , from access to farm land  ( 16 percent )  and from access to services such as health or education services  ( 9 percent ) .
incidents related to land and property are considered to have increased in comparison to before the crisis by 43 percent of the KIs. Nonetheless, 27 percent of the KIs report that the number of incidents related to land and property remained stable notwithstanding the protracted crisis. Land and property incidents perpetrators are reported asstate authorities by 45% of KIs, 17% by armed groups and 18% by civilian criminals.
21 percent of the KIs mention robbery or banditry on the roads as one of the hazards affecting land and property in the SW region of Cameroon.
43 percent of DRC KIs from all seven sub divisions report hazards concerning land and property are related to theft or confiscation of the latter and 40 percent to their destruction.
IDPs occupying tents mainly present in more rural areas, such as in the sub division of Mbonge  ( as reported by 48 percent of KIs )  and of Muyuka  ( as revealed by 49 percent of the KIs ) . In West Coast, in particular, IDPs live in Cameroon Development Corporation  ( CDC )  camps, a private company's camps.
Victims of crime or insecurity primarily report the latter events to traditional leaders according to 53 percent of the KIs. Victims then confide in other sources to talk about crimes or insecurity  ( other sources are mentioned by 40 percent of the KIs ) . These other sources encompass NSAGs' members. Indeed, NSAG having taken over the leadership in many communities, people talk to these new leader figures when confronted to a crime or to insecurity. Different State Security Forces including the police, the gendarmerie and the military are only brought up by approximately one tenth or less of the KIs.
none of the KIs from the sites located in the Limbe 3 sub division reported humanitarian assistance. Indeed, a majority of the IDPs that have moved to the Limbe 3 sub division are well established and less vulnerable than in other sub divisions
71 percent of KIs report that there are insecurity incidents in their communities. The Limbe 3 subdivision appears as the only sub division whereby security incidents are low  ( 25 percent ) . This can be explained by the fact that Limbe 3 is the sub division  ( one assessed community included )  that has been least affected by the crisis, in part due to the important number of state actors present in the sub division as well as of an existing military base, which prevents trespassing of NSAGs.
the main barrier to freedom of movements that IDPs face is the lack of civil documentation, as cited by 87 percent of KIs. Other barriers to freedom of movement mentioned by KIs are predominantly related to security matters, including state and NSAG checkpoints  ( 65% and 12% ) , curfews  ( 46% ) , and armed conflict  ( 35% ) . 14% also mentioned the risk of sexual harassment or sexual exploitation.
The number of weekly markets presently open has also decreased in comparison to the number of functioning weekly markets before the crisis. All seven sub divisions covered by this RPA  [ Rapid Protection Assessment ]  had a higher rate of existing weekly markets before the crisis. On average, 68 percent of weekly markets took place on sites before the crisis against 54 percent in current times. Muyuka sub division has seen the biggest decrease with 68% of KIs reporting weekly markets before the crisis versus 43% now.
The evolution of operational primary schools in the communities is a concrete example of the crisis' impact on services. Education has been used as a political instrument, which is both, at the origin and at the core of the crisis in the NW and SW regions. Hence, 87 percent of KIs reported that there were primary schools operational in their communities before the crisis  [ NWSW conflict ] , as opposed to 27 percent in the present days.
The second biggest group in the seven subdivisions concerned by the RPA  [ rapid protection assessment ]  is an estimated average of 24% of female headed households, which was as high as 32% in Limbe 3. Furthermore, the KIs estimate that 16% of the population in their community is over 60 years old and 15% are pregnant or lactating women  ( PLW ) . An astonishing 9% of the population is estimated to be Unaccompanied or Separated Children  ( UASC ) . Target communities in the Limbe 3 sub division reported the highest rates of vulnerable groups present in their community.
NGO support has included distribution of shelter items  ( 37% ) , hygiene kits  ( 33% ) , or dignity kits  ( 17% ) . Nonetheless, 77 percent of NGO support was reported as “other', which included food distribution, protection activities, as well as medical care.
When asked about the main types of security hazards in their community, 46% mentioned arbitrary arrests, 38% physical violence, 36% arbitrary executions or murders, and 26% abductions. KIs find that incidents have generally increased since the beginning of the crisis  ( 66 percent ) .
63 percent of the KIs remark that the crisis has increased the frequency of issues, and hence heightened the risks, related to lack of civil documentation.
KIs have identified restrictions on freedom of movement as the highest risk that undocumented individuals face  ( mentioned by 91 percent of the KIs ) . Harassment by security forces is also frequently enumerated by 81 percent of the KIs. KIs also report that lack of civil documentation is a barrier to accessing services  ( 38% )  as well as in accessing land or property  ( 15% ) .
In Mbonge in particular, only 2 percent of KIs have reported that property or land ownership documents are widespread.
The absence of health facilities where women can give birth, the frequent displacement of households during armed attacks, as well as the refusal of NSAGs to allow individuals to obtain civil documentation considering it to be a legitimisation of the central government, have resulted in a lack or loss of birth certificates. Individuals without birth registration are at higher risk of abuse, violence, trafficking, and arbitrary arrest. They are also exposed to statelessness.
42 percent of DRC's KIs reported that their community does not have access to a functioning water point.
66% of DRC's KIs consider that there are not enough available goods in the communities' markets.
Health facilities closures also illustrate the repercussion of the crisis on health services. KIs have reported that 70 percent of the sites hosted a functional health facility prior to the crisis. This is now as low as 30 percent, which indicates a closure of more than half of the clinics that existed prior to the crisis.
The sub divisions of Buea, Mbonge and Muyuka have particularly been affected by primary school closures during the crisis  [ NWSW conflict ] .
Displacement appears as the biggest vulnerability factor in almost all the subdivisions, with an estimated average of 32 percent of the site populations being internally displaced. The percentage was highest in Muyuka sub division  ( 40% )  and lowest in Limbe 1  ( 15% ) .
FGDs participants told DRC that they have witnessed the exodus of children, especially girls, towards bigger towns. Participants explain that this migration is sometimes voluntary – to escape from the crisis –, and sometimes induced – through promises of babysitting work or trips abroad – and then forced upon the children, by taking the children's legal documentation as a threat in exchange of prostitution.
there are no existing arrangements defining under what circumstances the communities provides support to the UASC. During DRC's child protection work in the SW region, DRC teams met different UASC, who did not benefit from any help as the communities did not consider their situation to make them particularly vulnerable, making it at times difficult to identify UASC during community assessments.
In the Fako Division, some community members have given UASC a piece of land in order for them to cultivate the land and take of their siblings. In some communities, community members divide any support to the children who are in desperate situations.
The trauma  [ eg: dreadful treatment on behalf of the military, bad orphanage conditions, domestic abuse... ]  experienced by the children sometimes encourages them to join or cooperate with NSAGs.
During DRC's FGDs in the Fako division, community members from five different communities underlined that some children have expressed the wish to join NSAGs. A majority of these participants mention children are practising to use guns, using banana stems, from the age of four, and include fight and weapons in their play. Most children have learnt from a young age to recognise and differentiate the sounds of different NSAGs and military weapons. Parents expressed their concern regarding the increased violence amongst children.
FGD participants told DRC several stories of parents who get violent quickly and increased alcohol use among many  ( particularly men )  to cope with the stress of the conflict leading to increased physical violence within the household, especially against women and children. According to children's testimony in five different communities, parents have become violent towards children, often insulting and abusing them.
The conflict has led to the breakdown of family structures and has left parent stressed and often unable to cope with their children.
During the FGD in one of the communities, participants confirmed that many girls of the community have engaged in sex for survival, from the age of twelve onward. Many of these girls get pregnant. The communities have witnessed cases where the teenage girls tried to abort the pregnancy by taking some plants and died as a result because of lack of knowledge on the right plants to use.
sexual violence is widespread but instigates insufficient response on behalf of community members out of fear to intervene.
UNDP facilitated the procurement of medical equipment from China, which first batch arrived in mid April, including 20 ventilators, 2,400 infrared thermometers and PPEs.
According to DRC's protection monitoring conducted during 2020, ten percent of DRC's 331 Key Informants covering 20 locations in the Fako and Meme divisions, consider that women and girls are particularly at risk of sexual harassment or sexual exploitation in their communities. Key Informants also reported that two of the main concerns for women and girls' safety is the presence of Security State forces  ( 42% )  and the presence of NSAG  ( 27% ) .
Girls are often requested to undertake cleaning, cooking or babysitting assignments and are often left at home on their own to look after the younger children, exposing them to protection risks.  [ ... ]  Boys, on the other hand, are often instructed to participate in family businesses or more physical tasks.
People have been unable to regularly access their fields  [ due to insecurity, displacement, frequent lockdown ]  resulting in below average production was for the fourth consecutive year in the NW and SW regions and an increase in prices of staple foods. The total cultivated area decreased by approximately 40 percent as compared to years without conflict.
These activities  [ child labour ]  often put children at higher risk of violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect. Children go snail hunting during the night, exposing them to a range of protection risks, including animal bites, injuries due to military/NSAG attacks, and sexual violence.
Ongoing insecurity, displacement, frequent lockdowns and the economic impact of the COVID19 outbreak have placed enormous strain on the livelihoods of households in NWSW Cameroon.
The combination of school closures and the challenging economic context forces many children to engage in child labour to support their families or to earn some money for their own needs. The Protection Cluster reported that children as young as seven years old are seen in the streets of urban centers operating small selling businesses or working as housemaid separated from their families and at times victims of exploitation  ( HNO 2021, Protection Analysis ) .
In the SW region, the insecurity due to the conflict has developed an environment conducive to harassment, sexual assault and abuse of children, with the absence of institutions and capacities in these areas to ensure security or follow up of sexual abuse cases
One of the direct consequences of school closures and the socio economic crisis in the NWSW regions has been the increase of children's engagement in child labour further contributing to a harmful child protection environment.
In an effort to take matters in their own hands, many communities in the SW have started informal community schools, often led by teachers who lost their jobs and who are paid small sums by the parents to teach their children in this informal setting. However, these informal schools have also suffered, sometimes being forcibly shut down by government authorities, further limiting the access to education of conflict affected children.
During DRC's FGDs in the South West region with parents of the community, DRC's teams have witnessed the distress this situation causes to communities, with parents naming education as the most important aspect to focus on for their children.
parents, caregivers as well as community members also underlined that the school closure due to the COVID 19 pandemic put additional pressure on their households, with children returning home and more mouths to feed.
Children who were sent outside the NW/SW regions to study therefore returned, exposing them to protection risks in the community, including child labour, and physical and sexual violence.
Since its independence in 1960, Cameroon has been facing socio political issues in the anglophone North West  ( NW )  and South West  ( SW )  regions. In late 2016, local lawyers and teachers mobilised over demands for respect of the region's Anglophone educational and judicial systems. This escalated into armed confrontations, with the proliferation of non state armed groups  ( NSAG )  and the deployment of governmental military forces.
Dans le Mayo Sava, un camp de personnes déplacés spontané est en voie de création à Bourdalah, près du poste de police de Mora avec l'assentiment des autorités locales. Environ 37 familles d'agriculteurs originaires d'Adekele viennent y dormir chaque nuit, mais 120 autres ménages venant de la même localité se sont installés sur un terrain privé car, du fait de leur activité d'éleveurs, ils ne peuvent pas facilement partager les mêmes terres avec les agriculteurs. Cette situation rend difficile la mise en place de services par la communauté humanitaire et seulement un nombre limité de personnes vulnérables ont reçu une assistance.
De nombreuses localités ne sont plus accessibles qu'avec des escortes armées, ce qui rend difficile le travail des ONG qui, n'utilisent pas d'escortes armées en raison de leurs procédures liées à leur neutralité humanitaire et leur perception. On estime le nombre de bénéficiaires de l'aide humanitaire dans ces zones à plus de 96 000 personnes déplacées internes  ( PDI ) , près de 6 000 refugies hors camps, et 43 000 retournés.
On observe une augmentation sensible de la présence des groupes armés notamment dans la zone de Darrack, Hile Aifa et Blangoua, et une évolution des modes opératoires de ces groupes qui se déplacent en bateau. Cette évolution est à mettre en relation avec les attaques perpétrées au Tchad en novembre et en décembre 2020 avec des engins explosifs improvisés  ( EEI ) .
Une stratégie de formation continue o Formation avancée des personnels de santé humaine et animale en épidémiologie de terrain  ( près de 50 médecins et vétérinaires )  ; o Formation de base pour tous les personnels de santé en épidémiologie de terrain  ( toutes les régions ont été capacitées )  ; o L'implémentation et la formation des équipes d'intervention et d'investigation rapides  ( EIIR )  dans les 10 régions ; o La formation d'une dizaine d'experts nationaux à la gestion des urgences de santé publique par CDC Atlanta
L'élaboration d'un plan de contre mesures médicales dans le cadre de la chaine d'approvisionnement d'urgence
La mise en place d'un Système de Gestion des Incidents  ( avec construction d'un Centre des Opérations d'Urgences de Santé Publique en 2018, des formations en SGI du personnel du niveau central ainsi que dans certaines régions )
ACQUIS:  Point focal logistique disponible  Plan de contre  mesures médicales disponible et validé   Play book disponible et validé GAPS:   Point focal logistique pas désigné officiellement   Absence de mécanisme d'approvisionnement en réponse aux urgences de santé publique   Pas de capacité de stockage
Foire aux Questions  ( FAQs ) , messages CRAWLs, et outils de sensibilisation disponibles   Veille téléphonique et médiatique effective   Participation des experts du MINSANTE aux émissions de grande audience   Elaboration, traduction, production et dissémination des supports de sensibilisation dans les différents
Existence des systèmes de surveillance à base communautaires et fondés sur les évènements
ACQUIS:   Un numéro vert  ( 1510 )  est disponible pour l'alerte et au cas échéant pour la dispensation de toutes informations utiles aux populations. GAPS:   Sensibilisation insuffisante des communautés à l'utilisation du numéro vert   Nécessité de renforcer les capacités des professionnels des médias à la gestion fiable et efficaces des informations relatives aux évènements de santé   Nécessité de renforcer les capacités des professionnels de santé sur la prévention et la prise en charge du Covid19   Insuffisance de moyens financiers pour la production et la diffusion sur l'étendue du territoire
ACQUIS: La Direction de la Promotion de la Santé est la structure dédiée pour la communication sur les risques au ministère de la santé publique. GAPS:   Absence d'un plan stratégique de communication sur les risques
ACQUIS:   Disponibilité d'un personnel formé pour la collecte d'échantillons biologiques pour les pathogènes respiratoires GAPS:   Besoin de recyclage spécifique Covid 19 et d'exercice de simulation   Pas de formations spécifiques pour les enquêtes sur les éclosions des maladies respiratoires
ACQUIS:   Briefing du personnel de l'accueil et des urgences dans les hôpitaux de référence  ( HCY, Laquintinie )  GAPS: Nécessité de former sur les procédures de PEC et de contrôle Covid 19  ( détection, prise en charge, mesure de contrôle…. )  dans les formations sanitaires de référence.
ACQUIS: EIIR prêtes à être déployées dans les villes de Yaoundé, Douala et Garoua GAPS:   Personnel pour la collecte insuffisant, et absence de formation au niveau régional   Equipements de protection individuelle appropriée insuffisant   Logistique d'accompagnement des EIIR insuffisante  ( EPU, moyens de locomotion, etc… )
Au cours l'épidémie d'Ebola en Afrique de l'Ouest en 2014, l'OMS a recommandé à tous les pays membres, la mise en place d'un système de gestion des incidents. Depuis lors, le Cameroun a connu une avancée significative dans sa stratégie de préparation et de réponse aux urgences de santé publique.
Le premier cas sur le continent africain a été notifié en Egypte en date du 14 février, et 2 cas ont été confirmés à Yaoundé, le 06 mars 2020.
Le projet Japan 6, financé par le Gouvernement du Japon et mis en œuvre par le PNUD et le UNHCR, et dont l'objectif est de contribuer au relèvement précoce par l'approche NEXUS Humanitaire Développement Paix a démarré ses activités en avril 2020. Dans ses phases d'enrôlement et d'inclusion,160 jeunes ont été identifiés à Tildé Logone, Tildé Makari, Afadé et Fotokol, dans le Logone et Chari, Kossa, Djabiré, Madjina et Yeme dans le Mayo Sava pour la réalisation de travaux tels que l'assainissement des villages et la fabrication des briques pour la réhabilitation de certaines salles de classe et infrastructures communautaires, contre des paiements.
3 324 personnes ont bénéficié d'une assistance en cash alimentaire par NRC, PUI et SI à Mokolo, Koza, Mora et Mémé respectivement dans le Mayo Tsanaga et le MayoSava, et 1 000 autres dans les communes de Zina, Logone Birni, Makari, Hilé Alifa et Fotokol dans le Logone et Chari dans le cadre de la réponse aux inondations.
NRC a assisté 1 785 personnes en cash multi usage à Nguetchewé et Mozogo dans le Mayo Tsanaga.
Les acteurs humanitaires ont utilisé le cash restrictif et le cash non restrictif pour la satisfaction des besoins prioritaires de la population en gardant une flexibilité sur le choix des commodités et la manière d'utiliser l'assistance fournie. Dans les départements du Mayo Sava, MayoTsanaga et Logone et Chari, 14 433 PDI et 28 485 personnes issues de la population hôte ont bénéficié d'une assistance cash alimentaire et non restrictive et d'un renforcement de moyens d'existence à travers le projet de création des actifs du PAM en partenariat avec le LWF et INTERSOS.
Les difficultés majeures dans le secteur restent l'inaccessibilité de certaines zones inondées et l'insécurité. La mobilisation des ressources pour l'assistance  [ en WASH ]  des nouveaux PDI demeure un défi.
Plan International a distribué des kits EHA à 768 bénéficiaires  ( 257 PDI, 24 réfugiés ) , dont 581 femmes, dans les communes de Mora et Kolofata, Makari et Fotokol et Waza dans le Logone et Chari.
Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre d'activités de prévention de la COVID 19, IRC et INTERSOS ont sensibilisé 15 286 personnes dans les communes de Makari, Goulfey, Blangoua, Zina et Fotokol du Logone et Chari et distribué des kits de lavage des mains à 16 666 personnes.
IRC a également redynamisé huit comités de gestion des points d'eau et finalisé l'extension du mini réseau d'adduction en eau sur le site PDI du village Kolofata. Cette extension a augmenté la capacité de distribution et d'accès à l'eau au bénéfice de 750 personnes.
En réponse au déplacement des PDI suites aux attaques répétées des GANE, IRC a distribué des kits EHA  [ EAU HYGIENE ASSAINISSEMENT ]  à 2 271 personnes dans le Mayo Sava dans les villages Gancé et Kolofata centre de la commune de Kolofata et dans les villages Mehe et Djampalla Djoundé de la commune de Mora.
PUI  [ Première Urgence Internationale ]  a construit 20 blocs de latrines à double cabine équipées chacune d'un dispositif de lavage des mains et d'un kit d'entretien latrines à Kousseri. PUI a aussi effectué des activités de sensibilisation sur l'hygiène auprès de 1 952 personnes dont 1 094 femmes.
IRC, UNICEF et DEMTOU ont distribué des kits eau, hygiène et assainissement  ( EHA )  accompagnés de messages de bonnes pratiques d'hygiène à 11 923 personnes dans les villages Madagascar et Mainani de la commune de Kousseri et dans les villages Blangoua1, Ardebe, Sero Abou, Dondo, Tchitchina et Guelem de la commune de Blangoua dans le cadre de la réponse aux inondations dans le Logone et Chari.
Malgré le dynamisme des acteurs humanitaires, on enregistre encore une insuffisance en kits non vivres et 'abris, pour les nouveaux déplacés et kits outils de construction d'abris pour les déplacés ayant plus d'un an sur le même site. Un gap important reste à combler dans l'appui à la reconstruction des abris permanents pour les retournés et la construction des abris transitionnels pour les PDI au regard de l'accès limités des matériaux locaux dans les différentes localités hôtes.
1 497 personnes se sont déplacées à l'intérieur de la région. Peu d'entre eux ont trouvé refuge dans des familles d'accueil et plus de 70% vivent dans des abris de fortune ou dorment sans abris. Ces besoins viennent s'ajouter à ceux déjà identifiés les mois antérieurs.
L'insécurité croissante dans certaines localités contribue à l'augmentation des besoins en kits articles non alimentaires et abris et en kits outils pour les PDI.
En matière de Logement Terre et Propriété  ( LTP ) , NRC a apporté un appui en fourniture de bureau à la Délégation Régionale du domaine du cadastre et des affaires foncières, à ses délégations départementales à Mora, Mokolo et Kousseri et à 17 tribunaux coutumier des départements du Mayo Sava, Mayo Tsanaga et Logone et Chari. Ce soutien vise à sensibiliser sur la nécessité absolue de combler les lacunes générales en matière de gestion des cas LTP afin de résoudre de manière adéquate ces problèmes et parvenir à un développement durable pour les personnes déplacées.
le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés a assisté 56 Personnes à Besoin Spécifiques  ( PBS )  en NFI et abris, mais les besoins restent importants notamment dans les villages tels que Gokoro dans le MayoTsanaga, Kourgui et Koza, dans le Mayo Sava.
Dans le cadre de la lutte contre l'apatridie, UNHCR a renforcé les capacités de 45 acteurs humanitaires et partenaires, y compris les sous préfets, les maires d'arrondissements de Waza, Makari, Fotokol, Logone Birni et de Kousseri et les officiers d'état civil.
INTERSOS a enrôlé 735 demandes en acte de naissance dans un processus de documentation par voie de jugement supplétif dans le Mayo Sava et le Logone et Chari et a facilité la production de 1 100 actes de naissance pour des enfants et adultes dans le Mayo Sava.
À l'occasion de la célébration de la journée internationale des personnes handicapées, UNHCR a mené des sensibilisations auprès de 455 personnes dans le Mayo Sava, Mayo Tsanaga et Logone et Chari.
1 495 personnes vivant avec un handicap ont été identifiées dont 481 dans le Mayo Tsanaga, 679 dans le Mayo Sava et 335 dans le Logone et Chari. 304 personnes ont été assistées dont 278 en kits NFI et en produits alimentaires et 26 en béquilles et deux ont reçu un soutien financier pour leurs soins médicaux.
Plan International a distribué des produits alimentaires et non alimentaires à 108 ménages déplacés internes à Koza.
L'évaluation conjointe des besoins réalisée à Mora en faveur des populations de Makoulahe a fait état de besoins en Non Food Items  ( NFI )  et d'abris, sécurité alimentaire, documentation civile, eau, hygiène et assainissement  ( EHA ) .
Deux mouvements internes de 74 ménages de 653 personnes ont été enregistrés dans le Mayo Sava dont un mouvement du village Makoulahé vers la ville de Mora, le deuxième, du village Mamourgui vers celui de Aissa Hardé à cause de l'insécurité.
Le nombres d'incidents de protection rapportés continue de diminuer dans la région avec 460 incidents rapportés, comparativement à octobre où 549 incidents avaient été rapportés et 496 en novembre 2020. 38% de ces incidents ont été répertoriés dans le Logone et Chari, 37% dans le Mayo Sava et 25% dans le Mayo Tsanaga. 82% de ces incidents ont été commis sur des hommes, 40% ont été des vols et pillages, 18% des extorsions de biens et 14% de coups et blessures.
42 152 enfants de six à 23 mois, 22 076 filles et 20 076 garçons, ont reçu des packs de poudre de micronutriments  ( PMN ) . MSF a également distribué 761 kits d'admission dans le Centre nutritionnel thérapeutique interne pédiatrique  ( CNTI/PED )  de la commune de Kolofata.
Les acteurs du secteur nutrition ont également réalisé 4 113 séances d'éducation et de démonstration nutritionnelles auprès de 35 682 gardiens d'enfants parmi lesquels 28 967 femmes et 6 715 hommes. Ils ont été sensibilisés sur les bonnes pratiques d'alimentation du nourrisson et du jeune enfant  ( ANJE )  en contexte de COVID 19.
une campagne de Supplémentation en Vitamine A  ( SVA )  couplée au déparasitage a été menée au bénéfice de 9 161 enfants de moins de cinq ans, avec une couverture de 90% pour la SVA et de 91% pour le déparasitage.
Avec le soutien de l'UNICEF et l'appui de l'ACF, ALIMA, CRF et IMC, la Délégation Régionale de la Santé Publique  ( DSRP )  a pris en charge 45 495 enfants de moins de 5 ans dont 24 567 filles et 20 928 garçons Malnutris Aigües Sévères  ( MAS ) , parmi lesquels 2 274 réfugiés et PDI soit 1 228 filles et 1 046 garçons depuis janvier 2020. Ces enfants ont été admis au programme de la Prise en Charge Intégrée de la Malnutrition Aigüe Sévère  ( PCIMAS )  dans les Centres Nutritionnels Ambulatoires pour les malnutris Sévères  ( CNAS )  ou Centre de Nutrition Thérapeutique Interne  ( CNTI )  de la région de l'Extrême Nord.
IMC a recruté un médecin journalier pour une durée limitée à un mois, pour renforcer provisoirement la réponse sanitaire dans le camp.
les réfugiés ne se rendent dans les centres de santé qu'en dernier recours, le plus souvent lorsque le pronostic vital est engagé, ce qui a contribué à une augmentation du nombre de décès en décembre 2020.
Dans le camp de Minawao le personnel médical est en sous effectif à cause des ressources financières limitées.
IMC a enregistré 174 accouchements dans le camp de Minawao et sensibilisé 274 personnes sur l'importance de la révision utérine.
La faible remontée des données des districts de santé à la délégation régionale de la santé ainsi que le listage et le suivi des contacts constituent un frein à la gestion efficace de la pandémie.
Dans la continuité des activités d'assistance aux populations vulnérables, l'Alliance for International Medical Action  ( ALIMA ) , Médecins Sans Frontières  ( MSF )  et les formations sanitaires ont reçu 9 079 personnes en consultations externes dans le centre médical d'arrondissement  ( CMA )  du village Amchidé et au Centre de Santé Intégré  ( CSI )  du village Kourgui dans le Mayo Sava et dans les CSI des villages Mandaka, Gouloua, Zamai, Mokolo 1, Mokolo 2, ldamang, Goudour, Gadala dans le Mayo Tsanaga.
La rupture de médicaments en décembre a limité la prise en charge de la santé mentale et des maladies chroniques dans le camp de réfugiés de Minawao, ainsi que la prise en charge des cas de pian  ( rupture de l'Azithromycine )  dans les districts de santé de Mokolo et Maroua 2 malgré l'augmentation du nombre de cas signalés.
AHA et International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  ont mené des sensibilisations auprès de 5 442 personnes sur le respect des mesures barrières dans les districts sanitaires de Mada, Makari, Goulfey, Kousseri dans le Logone et Chari et dans le camp de réfugiés de Minawao dans le Mayo Tsanaga.
Dans certains sites de dépistage, les tests de diagnostic rapide sont en rupture de stock et quelques formations sanitaires sont en rupture de masques de protection.
La région de l'Extrême Nord a connu une augmentation de 261 cas positifs de COVID 19 entre novembre et décembre 2020. Le nombre de cas cumulés en décembre est de 971 cas et 14 décès.