nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Across the country, the IDPs' primary needs were reported to be access to food, health services and shelter. Displaced Libyans not only have less cash to spend, but also less purchasing power given the substantial increase in the cost of living.17 Other problems cited for access to health included irregular supply of medicines and low quality of available health services due to overcrowded facilities, poorly trained medical staff or unavailability of female doctors.
In 7 baladiyas across the country it was reported that only up to 20% of public hospitals were operational as can be seen in Figure 23iii. In 31 baladiyas on the other hand it was reported that between 81 and 100% of public hospitals in the baladiya were operational. The most common type of health facilities available were health centers which were present in 82 baladiyas. Private clinics were reported in 66 baladiyas and hospitals were available in 62 baladiyas. Figure 24 presents the number of baladiyas reporting the presence of each type of health facility.
The situation for refugees and migrants in Libya remains desperate. With a significant reduction in number of sea arrivals into Italy in the summer months of 2017, an increasing number of the most vulnerable migrants and refugees remain stranded inside Libya. These migrants and refugees face a high risk of arbitrary arrest or exploitation for the purpose of work and sexual violence.20 Migrants and refugees continue to be detained in inhumane conditions over long periods of time without the basic resources needed to survive and where serious human rights violations are reported. Studies also highlight that migrants and refugees face increasing challenges to cope with the impact of the crisis. This is mainly due to their exclusion from social protection or safety nets. For instance, migrants and refugees are often denied access to basic services including emergency health care
According to IOM's Displacement Tracking Matrix  ( DTM ) , more than 400,000 stranded migrants and refugees/asylum seekers in Libya are in need of immediate humanitarian assistance. Despite its volatile context, Libya continues to be a major transit and destination country for an estimated 700,000 to one million migrants and refugees/asylumseekers fleeing from poverty and conflict in their countries of origin. In Libya, migrants and refugees/asylum seekers often face heightened risk of discrimination, arbitrary arrest and prolonged detention, human trafficking, labour or sexual exploitation, and ill treatment. Many of them are also detained in inhumane conditions with limited access to protection and basic services such as food, safe water, adequate sanitation, ventilation, health care and legal aid, where serious human rights violations and substantial health issues have been reported.
In 70% of baladiyas where IDPs were residing, IDPs were reported to purchase food from the market as their main source of food  ( see Figure 29 ) , representing a 2% decrease from the previous round. The proportion of IDPs obtaining food on credit increased from 12% reported in the previous round to 17%. In 12% of baladiyas the main source of food was reported to be from charity or donations and in the remaining 3% of baladiyas the main source of food was from family or friends.
Furthermore, IDPs' accommodation arrangements rendered them more vulnerable to evictions compared to nondisplaced communities. 6.5% of IDP households reported having been either threatened with eviction or recently evicted  ( 5.4% threatened with eviction and 1.1% recently evicted ) , a much higher rate than the 1.4% of households overall. This trend was noticed especially in three mantikas: Benghazi  ( 11.2% ) , Misrata  ( 14.5% )  and Al Margab  ( 25.2% )
In 2017, a steady flow of migrants in detention centres was observed. The highest number of migrants in detention centres was recorded in January 2017  ( 7,197 ) , whilst the second highest number of migrants in detention centers was registered in May and June 2017. According to the DTM, the highest number of migrants, with stays between two weeks and three months, were located in Alkufra, Ejdabia, Nalut and Wadi Ashshati. Tripoli, Zwara, Derna, Almargeb, Aljfara, and Azzawya represent the mantikas with the highest number of migrants staying for over six months. This could be in line with the employment opportunities, schooling and medical facilities that are found at each of these mantikas.
Before the crisis, the water supply coverage was estimated as 100 per cent in urban communities and 95 per cent in rural populations, while the sanitation coverage was 60 per cent in urban areas and 40 per cent in rural areas. 23 Six years after the crisis erupted, assessments show that only 64 per cent24 of the affected population have access to adequate drinking water sources. The frequent electricity cuts  ( 4 5 hours on most days, with peaks to 14 hours in some areas such as Derna )  continue to affect water and sanitation facilities, and lack of maintenance and spare parts are the main drivers for inadequate access towater and sanitation services. Currently water trucking is the main source of drinking water for 43 per cent of the affected population, which raises concerns related to poor quality of water, high price and lack of sustainability
A much higher proportion of IDP and returnee households reported living in damaged housing compared to non displaced communities with 54.0% of IDP and 73.6% of returnee households  ( 14.6% of non displaced households only ) . The proportion of returnee households reporting housing damage was highest with 37.8% of returnee households indicating their housing sustained medium to heavy damage, or heavily destroyed housing. The high level of damaged housing experienced by returnee households is in line with the fact that most have returned to neighbourhoods that have witnessed heavy fighting. Benghazi, Ghat and Al Jabal Al Gharbi were the three mantikas with the highest proportion of returnee households reporting either medium to heavy damage or heavily damaged destroyed housing, with 28.2% in Al Jabal Al Gharbi, 18.0% in Benghazi and 12.3% in Ghat.
The awareness of the presence of UXO was reported in 16% of baladiyas as shown in Figure 34v . Residents were reported as not being able to move safely within their baladiyas in 24% of assessed baladiyas. In baladiyas where movement was reported to be unsafe the main reason cited was insecurity  ( 79% of baladiyas ) , followed by road closures  ( 4% ) , or the threat or presence of explosive hazards  ( 17% )   ( Figure 36 ) .
Bedding was the most cited need as reported in 73 baladiyas followed by mattresses in 59 baladiyas, gas/fuel in 48 baladiyas and heaters in 35 baladiyas  ( Figure 37 ) . The quantity of NFIs was reported to be insufficient in 10% of baladiyas. In 88% of baladiyas the price was reported to be the main problem, as items were too expensive. In the remaining 2% of baladiyas shops were reported to be too far to access
According to WHO's SARA survey conducted in 2017, the situation of general service readiness  ( including basic amenities, basic equipment, standard precautions, diagnostics and medicines )  is concerning. The overall general service readiness for the public hospitals is at 68 per cent and for the public primary health care facilities it stands at 37 per cent. The survey also highlighted a concerning lack of medicines at public health care facilities with 71 per cent of people with chronic diseases facing challenges in accessing essential medicines
The readiness on diagnosis and management of chronic diseases was 40 per cent at primary health care facilities for diabetes, 24 per cent at primary health care facilities and 42 per cent at hospitals for cardiovascular diseases and 18 per cent at primary health care facilities and 42 per cent at hospitals for chronic respiratory diseases. According to the “Market Systems inLibya'28 study prices of insulin in private markets have risen progressively. In 2014, cost of 10 ml of insulin was around seven LYD, and is currently being sold at 35LYD at pharmacies in Tripoli. In Sebha retail prices currently range from 35 to 50LYD. Availability of insulin in the south of country  ( especially Sebha )  is a concern. As a coping strategy, people are buying insulin from other neighbourhoods where insulin stocks are sufficiently available or they resort to buying it from different cities  ( such as Misrata ) .
Emergency services were provided by 67 hospitals  ( 84 per cent ) , however 24 per cent of those only offer emergency services in the non emergency outpatient service area. The overall readiness of the hospitals on emergency services was 47 per cent. Lack of training  ( 18 per cent ) , guidelines  ( 21 per cent )  and diagnostics  ( 40 per cent )  were reported as main weaknesses.According to recent assessments in 2017, almost 20 per cent of pregnancies among women of reproductive age  ( 15 49 )  ended up with miscarriage or stillbirth in the previous year.29 Only 6 per cent of health facilities are providing specialised services  ( 75 per cent are hospitals ) .30 This is due mainly to the lack of a skilled health workforce and a shortage in essential drugs and equipment
Most households  ( 63.1% )  who reported receiving aid within the six months prior to the assessment indicated71 that the assistance was in kind, with 77.0% of returnee households reporting receiving in kind aid. This was followed by mixed assistance for 25.3% of households, and finally cash & voucher assistance for 13.0% of households.
The majority of households had access to basic sanitation facilities41 including flush or pour toilets. A total of 97% of households overall reported the presence of flush toilet in their dwelling. IDP households reported less access to flush toilets  ( 83.5% )  compared to other population groups. Households in Ghat too seemed less likely to have access to flush toilets  ( 62.5% )  and 37.2% accessing pour toilets, while at least 85.0% of households in all other locations assessed had access to flush toilets.
In July 2017 DTM33 reported that 96 per cent of children were attending school regularly across the country with the exception of four mantikas where respondents reported 100 per cent school attendance. In Aljfara, Derna, Sirt and Ubari overcrowded schools, safety issues, damage to school buildings or schools being occupied by armed actors were reported as reasons for lack of school attendance for children. Years of conflict have affected the education system. Only six mantikas out of 22 have 100 per cent of their schools operational. Derna, Misrata and Sirt have the lowest percentage of operational schools.
When asked about the hygiene items needed and not possessed, three main items needed were disinfectant  ( reported by 42.1% of households ) , soap  ( 31.8% )  and water containers  ( 27.2% ) . These were followed by shampoo  ( 24.3% )  and dishwashing liquid  ( 22.2% ) . Those three essential hygiene were also the three most needed for both non displaced and IDP households, while the returnee households' three most needed items were soap  ( 45.5% ) , shampoo  ( 39.8% )  and dishwashing liquid  ( 36.2% ) . Disinfectant, water containers and soap were also among the most reported needed hygiene items geographically although some variations could be noted across mantikas such as high proportions of hosueholds reporting needing shampoo in Al Margab and Benghazi, or sanitary pads in Misrata and Tripoli.
Out of the total 217,000 IDPs recorded in DTM round 12, 76 per cent of IDPs are living in rented accommodation  ( self pay )  and collective centres whilst for returnees, nearly six percent were hosted with relatives. Seventy one per cent of migrants are also living in rented accommodation  ( self pay ) . A shortage of cash was identified as one of the major issues for these population groups, as they spend a major portion of their cash on rent
IDP households were found to have worse FCSs across all locations, with 12.5% scoring ‘borderline' and 7.9% ‘poor' compared to respectively 3.8% and 0.8% for non displaced households, and 1.9% and 1.3% for returnee households. In addition, IDP households' food consumption levels were generally lower than those of both other population groups, meaning they were consuming both a quantitatively smaller and less nutritionally valuable diet over the previous seven day period.While the food security situation for IDP households was comparable to those of other population groups in Al Jabal Al Gharbi and Derna city, much higher proportion of households with ‘poor' and ‘borderline' FCSs were identified in Sebha  ( 21.3% ) , Tripoli  ( 37.8% )  and Al Margab  ( 41.8% )  compared to the overall 5.0%. Additionally, returnee households scored significantly lower FCS than non displaced households in Al Jabal Al Gharbi  ( average score of 79.2 vs. 95.6 )  and in Ghat  ( average score of 72.7 vs. 82.1 )
Libya faces shortages in electricity affecting the day to day lives of Libyans and having direct impact on the economy. Currently, daily power cuts of five to seven hours are common, while parts of the south have been cut off for up to a week at a time. The electricity cuts have caused a high adverse impact on water supply and sanitation services. The recent REACH multi sector needs assessment  ( MSNA )  conducted in eight mantikas,34 reveals an average five to seven hours per day without electricity
Since early 2015, Libya has been suffering from a severe economic and financial crisis linked to a lack of access to liquidity. As a result, access to basic goods and services has become a challenge in some parts of the country, with many households reportedly struggling to meet their basic needs due to their decreasing purchasing power and a lack of access to cash. Although most surveyed households had physical access to markets and financial service providers, these institutions' lack of functionality often served as a constraining barrier. Those services could also easily be disrupted, which could potentially lead to a rapid deterioration in living conditions. Severe challenges to accessing income and liquidity meant that a high proportion of households, especially displaced households, resorted to negative coping strategies when they could not access cash. This potentially presents risks in the long term, as it caused faster depletion of household resources and increased debt due to purchasing on credit.
Over the last year the total number of people in need in Libya has slightly decreased from 1.3 million people to 1.1 million. Within the overall 1.1 million in need there are ten population groups who are considered particularly vulnerable and are likely to face a convergence of needs and heightened protection risks.
Assessment result indicate that in Tripoli only 15 per cent of respondents have regular access to electricity from the main electricity network, whilst 84 per cent of respondents have irregular access to electricity.36 In Sebha and in Derna, 100 per cent and 87 per cent of respondents respectively are getting their electricity through the main network, whilst 13 per cent in Derna rely on generators. Households use piped gas, cylinder gas and kerosene for cooking. In terms of cooking fuel, 96 per cent of REACH MSNA respondents in Ghat reported irregular access to cooking fuel, while four per cent each respondents in Tripoli and Sebha reported no access to cooking fuel. There have been several instances where local committees provided security to gas cylinder deliveries or filling stations due to militia attacks and insecurity. Access to kerosene in many parts of the country is also problematic. In Benghazi, Ghat, Sebha, Misrata and Tripoli more than 75 per cent of respondents reported no access to kerosene.
The public sector in Libya was by far the largest income generating sector, with 57.1% of households overall deriving part of their income from government salary. This proportion ranged from 80.1% among households in Al Margab to just 36.5% in Sebha. It could not be verified what percentage of public sector workers were actively employed and what percentage remained on the government payroll without working. Reportedly, even those who actively worked in public sector positions tended to receive their salaries irregularly due to the Libyan government's chronic cash flow issues. After public sector salaries, 12% of households in assessed mantikas reported deriving most of their income from national benefits, followed by business and trade  ( 9.6% ) . Households indicated being most reliant on private sector employment in Tripoli  ( 36.7% ) , Ghat  ( 28.0% )  and Misrata  ( 22.6% ) . This reflects the status of Tripoli and Misrata as important hubs for Libyan economic activity; as for Ghat, its remote, peripheral location both places it at a great distance from centres of government and limits local economic opportunity, with a proportion of households reporting deriving their income from daily labour twice the average across assessed mantikas  ( 9.9% compared to 4.6% ) .
Access to markets was not reported to be a main concern in Libya, with 94.7% of households overall reporting that they had consistent access. However, this was notably not the case for 13.5% of households in Benghazi and 17.2% in Ghat. Barriers to accessing markets were relatively uncommon with 86.2% of households overall reporting no barrier. The most frequently reported barriers were transportation costs  ( 9.2% ) , a prevalent issue in Ghat, followed by distance to the nearest market  ( 3.5% ) , reported by higher proportions of displaced households in Benghazi: 20.9% of returnee households and 18.7% of IDP households.
The level of food insecurity is higher in the western parts of the country. Bani Walid  ( Misrata )  is most concerning, with 58 per cent of IDPs considered food insecure. In general, locations close to conflict hotspots are hosting the most vulnerable households who have had to recently flee their home because of the ongoing fighting. Although the southern region holds only seven per cent of the IDP households, 21 per cent of the households in Ubari are found to be food insecure. Food insecure households are typically large families headed by an unemployed head of household. These IDP households often have been displaced for less than six months, they live far from their place of origin and they did not establish social, family or ethnic networks in the areas of displacement. Femaleheaded households are more likely to be food insecure, as they are often unemployed and without income.
IDP households reported using more extensively their resources in the 30 days prior to the assessment with 75.1% reporting spending their savings as a coping mechanism to a lack of cash, in addition to having already exhausted this strategy for 12.2% of them. In comparison, the proportion of non displaced households having used this strategy was lower  ( at 57.5% )  with only 4.8% having already exhausted it. Similarly, a lower proportion  ( 23.6% )  of returnee households have spent savings, and 13.9% had already exhausted them. The second most reported coping strategy overall, selling gold, was reported by 54.7% of returnee, 53.8% of nondisplaced and 41.6% of IDP households having either used it in the 30 days prior to the assessment or already exhausted it. Having exhausted many of their reserves, IDP households appeared as more vulnerable as any income shock will limit their spending capacity and might force them to turn to even more negative spending  or food related coping strategies.
Returnee households' main coping strategy, on the other hand, was to reduce expenses on basic services  ( health, education, etc. ) , as reported by 53.2% of households over the previous 30 days ) .This as well as another one of the three most reported strategies – taking on an additional job for one member in the household  ( 30.6%, more than ten percentage points more than for other population groups )  – revealed that returnee households' coping mechanisms seemed to put less emphasis on depleting resources compared to those used by IDP households, and focused more on renouncing using or spending money on services.
On the other hand, the monthly general inflation rate43 in Libya was 25.7 per cent in September 2017. Many importers' lack of access to foreign currency/exchange through official channels, and their resulting reliance on the parallel market to obtain currency at less advantageous rates, is the key driver of inflation in the Libyan economy. Due to the lack of hard currency, Libyan commercial banks impose increasingly strict capital limits on withdrawals, which at the time of writing was low as LYD200 per day. These withdrawal limits make it difficult for individual households and small businesses to access sufficient liquidity to support themselves or cover costs. This, paradoxically, means that most low level market transactions must take place in cash, as retailers frequently rely on collecting cash from their customers to be able to pay their suppliers.
Ninety per cent of Libya's revenue comes from oil revenues and any fluctuations in oil price or decrease in production have a significant impact on its economy. Most of Libya's oilfields are in conflict prone areas. The Central Bank of Libya, in its statement on 29 August 2017,47 shared the closure of some oil production lines and also attacks on some valves, which led to the decrease of oil production by about 350 thousand barrels per day. In 2017, Sharara, the country's largest oilfield which was reopened in December 2016, has experienced several brief shutdowns caused by the presence of different armed groups. On 20 August, Libya's National Oil Corporation declared a force majeure on crude oil deliveries from Sharara oil field, after a blockade on its pipeline by an armed group.Libya, which holds Africa's largest crude reserves, pumped 1.02 million barrels a day in July 2017, compared to 1.6 million barrels a day prior to the conflict.49 More than ever, the state institutions are urging for greater efforts to protect the only source of income for the Libyans.
According to the Central Bank of Libya  ( CBL )  latest figures for the Libyan economy  ( January to end of October 2017 ) , state sector salary costs were down by LYD 3.2 billion from a projected LYD 16.2 billion to LYD 13 billion. Salary payment is directly linked to the country's main source of earnings, notably oil. Any disruption to oil production has direct effect on state expenditure, inflation and fragile economy of the country. Challenges reported in eight mantikas51 highlight the hardships people face in having a regular an income. Amongst other challenges, 41 per cent of households reported receiving irregular salary payments, and 39 per cent struggled to access their incomes due to the dysfunctional banking system.
To better understand assessed households' health related priorities, they were asked about the strategies they used to cope with a lack of resources to afford healthcare. The concerned households  ( 24% ) 60 tended to deprioritise all but emergency care  ( reported by 68% of those households )  or rely on alternative or traditional medicine  ( 57.6% ) ; a substantial minority sought out conventional medical treatment provided by untrained staff  ( 25% ) . The most reported coping strategy to prioritise emergencies underlined that basic health needs or even chronic disease treatment might be overlooked, raising major health concerns; additionally, the fact that a fourth of households might seek treatment by untrained staff in light of the health system shortages is a worrying trend.
The population in Libya employs different ways to cope. For example due to lack of food or money to buy food, the population relied on cheaper food, reduced number of meals per day, started to limit portion size, borrowed food, and adults restricted their food consumption in favour of children.53 Almost 90 per cent of the displaced households and 72 per cent of the resident households adopted some form of coping strategy. Between male and female headed households, it appears that male headed households tend to rely more on less expensive food, limit portion size and restrict adult consumption, while female headed households are more prone to reducing the number of meals eaten per day
According to assessments,55 physical access to markets remained largely constant throughout Libya with 94.7 per cent of households reporting they had consistent access to markets. Access to markets is sometimes temporarily disrupted due to insecurity as conflict peaks. This was notably not the case for 13.5 per cent of households in Benghazi and 17.2 per cent in Ghat. Moreover, 56 per cent of respondents living in Ghat indicated that they had to leave their city and travel more than two hours to buy goods, because the nearest market was at a great distance.
Regarding assistance during childbirth, IDP households were fewer to report pregnant women to be assisted by doctors during the delivery  ( 65.9% )  compared to non displaced women  ( 76.4% )  and returnee women  ( 78.5% )
The highest drop out rates were found among school aged children from IDP households in Benghazi  ( 5.3% ) , Misrata  ( 6% ) , Tripoli  ( 6.4% ) , Sebha  ( 6.6% )  and Al Margab  ( 8.9% ) . For those IDP households, the main reasons cited were inability to afford educational services  ( 42.2% )  and inability to continue their children's education due to displacement  ( 24% ) . 66 This could highlight particular economic vulnerabilities faced by IDP households, who tend to be in more precarious economic situations and may be unable to afford educational services.
It is estimated that 670,000 populations are in need of humanitarian WASH assistance in Libya. The most affected groups are: • 132,000 IDPs. • 139,000 returnees. • 295,000 non displaced population. • 104,000 migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. • Out of the total population in need of WASH assistance, 275,000 are children with limited access to safe water sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools
In Derna, two out of the three public hospitals are either nonfunctional or operating at less than 25 per cent of their capacity. Seventy one per cent of the individuals suffering from chronic diseases are experiencing lack or shortage of medicines in public pharmacies and health care centres8 . Results from the UNFPA MSNA show that Derna has the highest proportion of households with poor borderline food consumption scores. In Zwara, three public hospitals are non functional and one is operating at less than 25 per cent capacity. Eighteen per cent of households are resorting to spending savings as a negative coping strategy
In Ghat, there is only one public hospital, which is functioning at 25 49 per cent of its capacity.4 Fifty six per cent5 of the individuals suffering from chronic diseases have experienced a lack or shortage of medicines in public pharmacies and health care centres. In terms of food diversity and food prices, 95 per cent of households consider food prices to be too high compared to pre 2011. Eighty eight per cent of households believed that the diversity and quality of food products has worsened. Twelve per cent of households are resorting to selling their assets as a livelihood coping strategy.
In Benghazi, out of the total 15 public hospitals, two thirds are either non functional or working at less than 25 per cent of their original capacity6 . Fifty six per cent7 of individuals suffering from chronic diseases have experienced a lack of or shortage of medicines in public pharmacies and health care centres. Twenty five per cent of the population in Benghazi is resorting to spending savings as a negative coping strategy.
Six mantikas   Aljufra, Tobruk, Murzuq, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Almarj, Misrata and Nalut – fall into the severity category ‘Major problem'  ( 3 ) . Seventy five per cent of public hospitals in Almarj and Tobruk were found to be working below 25 per cent of their capacity and 50 per cent of public hospitals in Misrata  ( three out of six )  were either non functional or operating at less than 25 per cent of their capacity. In the remaining three mantikas, the functionality of public hospitals was better. According to results from the UNFPA MSNA, food prices as compared to pre 2011 were reported higher by 90 per cent of households, in all six mantikas. Similarly, more than 90 per cent of households reported that food diversity has declined considerably, as compared to situation before 2011. Livelihood coping strategy: The rate of selling household assets, as a livelihood coping strategy, was found greatest in Nalut  ( 18 per cent ) . Seventeen per cent of households in Aljufra and 12 per cent in Nalut are resorting to spending savings as a negative coping strategy. In addition, 88 per cent of the individuals suffering from chronic diseases in Tobruk and 75 per cent in Aljufra reported either complete shortage or non availability of medicines. Population groups: Six per cent of returnees, 12 per cent of IDPs and 24 per cent of migrants and refugees are residing in these six mantikas. Overall in the country, Misrata has the highest number  ( 74,225, 19 per cent of the total )  of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers population. Al Jabal Al Gharbi is the fifth highest mantika in terms of returnee population  ( 14,360 ) .
b )  Migrants, refugees and asylum seekers, including those in detention centres: Migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Libya face a heightened risk of arbitrary arrest and detention, unlawful killings, torture and other ill treatment, sexual violence, exploitation for the purpose of work and prostitution and being targeted by the trafficking network. Eleven per cent3 of migrants report fear of abduction and violence. Until 2014, migrants were in a relatively positive situation in Libya  ( including free access to education and health care )  but this started to unravel soon after the conflict started. Migrants have been subjected to increasingly harsher treatment by Libyan authorities, militias and criminal gangs, including detention for an indefinite period of time, and  ( often unpaid )  forced manual labour.
In addition to official detention centres, there are several unofficial detention centres, often run by militias, without the adequate oversight. Whilst the humanitarian community has raised the need for alternatives to detention as a key priority area, migrants and refugees continue to be stranded in centres. Migrants and refugees suffer from diseases, including communicable ones, as a result of the dire and inhumane conditions in detention centres. Food is limited or not available in many of the detention centres. They also face extremely poor hygiene standards and access to safe water. Detained women and girls are particularly vulnerable to rape and other sexual violence. While the inhumane conditions in detention centres are a stark example of the dire situation for migrants in Libya, the people detained in these centres represent only a small portion of this overall group. Migrants and refugees are often denied access to basic services, including emergency health care, and have to resort to negative coping mechanisms.
The host community acceptance of migrants and refugees is also a major concern in some locations. In Aljufra, Alkufra and Ghat, it is perceived by all of the key informants interviewed during Round 12 of DTM, that the influx of migrants has put strain on the availability of public services, which were already over stretched. In Azzawya, 75 per cent of the key informants had similar impressions, while in Murzuq, Sebha, Tripoli and Zwara, half of the population had the same perception.5 In Alkufra, Almargeb, Ghat and Wadi Ashshati6 , the already difficult economic situation was reported to have worsened with the influx of the additional migrant population. The daily protection risks migrants and refugees face in Libya and the increasing difficulty to access reliable money transfer systems to send remittances to their country of origin constitute push factors towards the perilous sea journey
The ongoing conflict and the increasingly difficult socioeconomic situation, characterised by the collapse of the rule of law and fragmentation of national institutions, contribute to protracted and ongoing displacement and increasing poverty. This often leaves the conflict affected population in particular without safe and effective access to life saving protection assistance. In addition, migrants, refugees and asylum seekers are particularly suffering from various protection concerns, due to the irregular situation such as exclusion from social protection mechanisms, breakdown of the rule of law, militia control in a climate of impunity, proliferation of weapons, rampant racism as well as the Government's inability and unwillingness to issue and validate legal documents recognising their status inside Libya. According to a recent study on human trafficking and other exploitive practices on the central Mediterranean route, 90 per cent of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers, transiting through Libya have been held against their will during the journey. Most reported events fell into the category of kidnapping for ransom or being detained by armed individuals. Thousands are detained in horrid conditions in State facilities and directly by armed groups, where they are vulnerable to ill treatment, torture and sexual abuse. Migrants and refugees in Libya suffer from widespread physical abuse and sexual and gender based violence, including rape.
Strengthened protection environment  ( impacted by the absence of effective institutional capacities, breakdown of the rule of law and insecurity throughout Libya )  through the monitoring and reporting of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, and advocacy efforts with Libyan authorities at national and local levels for the respect, protection and promotion of human rights. Safe, voluntary and dignified returns though, advocacy, ERW survey and clearance and assisting returnee families where return areas are secure. • Information awareness on access to civil registration and available functional services. • Safe access to basic services and protection assistance, including mental health and psycho social support. • Provision of specialised assistance  ( as relevant psychosocial services and/or legal aid and/or medical care )  for those unlawfully detained, and survivors of torture, GBV and other violations of human rights Safe access to basic services and protection assistance, including mental health and psychosocial services. • Provision of specialised assistance  ( as relevant psychosocial services and/or legal aid and/or medical care )  for those unlawfully detained, and survivors of torture, GBV and other violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, and community reintegration for children affected by armed conflicts. • Support provided for children affected by armed conflicts for reintegration into the community. • Women and girls, disaggregated by age and gender, are protected from any form of violence, abuse or neglect. • Contribute to the social cohesion and mitigate conflicts between IDPs and host communities through implementation of quick impact projects.
The protracted crisis affected 489 schools; of those, 40 have been fully damaged and 26 are accommodating Internally Displaced Persons  ( IDPs ) , thus affecting 244,500 Libyan students  ( considering that the average number of children per school is 500 ) , in addition to 160,178 refugee and migrants  ( considering 40 per cent of the total refugee and migrants are children below 18 ) . The start date for schools during the 2017/2018 academic year has been delayed three times for different reasons. The latest announcement from the Ministry of Education is that schools will open on 15 October 2017. Even in the best case scenario, not all schools will operate and not all children will attend classes in conflict affected areas. Each year, school is delayed for a multitude of reasons, including security issues, shortage of teachers, delays in receiving text books and the need for schools' rehabilitation. This is a fundamental problem on the education system as children are out of school for these months and it has an implication on catching up the required competencies due to irregularity of school attendance/calendar which ultimately is a challenge in relation to retention by the sector as well as by the students to acquire the minimum learning competencies. There is also a need for psychosocial support with regard to establishment of in school psychosocial support systems for vulnerable children and children and adolescents with special needs, including children severely distressed as a result of the conflict. This is to support the major needs of the children to have access to the psychosocial support that is essential for those that have been through six years of violence, conflict, displacement and insecurity. In order to reach the required scale of support, this has to be done through the education system
According to REACH 2017, unaffordability of educational services is the highest among the top three barriers to education and 45 per cent of IDPs cannot afford educational services in the assessed mantikas. Capacity building of teachers is needed on education in emergency to be able to deal with the children who have been subjected to stress, conflict, violence  ( in school and at the family setting )  and displacement. Similar to the NFI sector, the cash liquidity issues in Libya has caused increased prices of basic household items, including educational supplies, particularly for the displaced children. Although schools are meant to provide a structured setting for children and youth, it is alarming that in Libya the education system is hampered by insecurity, overcrowded classrooms, schools damaged, destroyed or occupied. In addition, according to the preliminary data of the out ofschool children study, a significant number of pre primary school aged children are out of school. Schools provide stability, structure and protective environment for children by establishing normal routines needed to cope with loss, fear, stress and violence. Being in school means children are safe and protected from risks and violence and involvement into armed groups, child labour and early marriage.
The most vulnerable populations in the Food security sector are IDP households that have recently been displaced, households that have been displaced more than once during the year, families headed by females without regular or stable income, the youth, migrants, refugees, the host community, and returnees who also continue to suffer due to the loss of their livelihood sources despite their return home. The most vulnerable people are 60,000 IDPs, 93,000 returnees, 343,000 non displaced, 141,000 migrants, refugees and asylumseekers. Altogether, 637,000 people will require food security interventions.
An estimated 1.6 million Libyan individuals are affected by the current conflict. • More than one million of the Libyan population are in need  ( PIN )  of health assistance. • The overall general service readiness for the public primary health care facilities is 36. 8 per cent, which is significantly lower than the target in all regions. The ongoing conflict in Libya has caused significant reduction in access to life saving medical health care services and essential medicines. The majority of all the public health facilities across Libya are partially functional. This is a result of an acute shortage of live saving medicines and medical supplies and lack of specialised health professionals. More than 71 per cent of people living with chronic diseases are facing shortage in drugs and one out of five Libyan households are reporting that medicines are their priority non food needs. Health partners work together to reduce morbidity and mortality of the targeted population by providing them with necessary life  saving and urgently needed medicines and health care services.
Internally displaced people, refugees and migrants are identified as having the most severe needs. Returnees and nondisplaced Libyans in the worst affected areas are also in need of humanitarian assistance. Groups severely in need of health assistance are: • New and former IDPs returning to their habitual place of residence are considered among the most vulnerable groups due to limited coping capacity. • The non displaced affected population are also in severe need of both health services and essential medicines; cumulating around 556,029 PIN of health assistance  ( ~50 per cent of the total PIN )  • Without legal documents validating their status migrants and refugees are often excluded from social security mechanisms and denied access to basic services. Migrants and refugees in Libya suffer from very limited access to primary medical care, mental health care and emergency medical intervention, including clinical management of Sexual and Gender Based Violence  ( SGBV )  survivors.
The inability to provide for the minimum food requirements to reach or maintain a satisfactory nutritional status for 175,000 people. • Agricultural production has suffered immensely from the conflict, leaving people without agricultural inputs  ( seeds, livestock vaccines & drugs, fertilizer, farm tools, animal feed, machinery rents, and fuel for irrigation pumps )  – 10,000 households. • Migrants and refugees especially in detention centres, often lack access to quality and high nutritious food, in particularly needed for pregnant women, children, elderly and sick persons due to the difficulty in meeting basic needs or accessing livelihood opportunities. Furthermore, food is limited or not affordable by migrants.
Across all areas assessed, the most severe needs for shelter assistance  ( in the form of in kind or cash based ones )  are concentrated in areas hosting the higher number of IDPs, returnees, migrants and refugees and asylum seekers. Since the non displaced communities are hosting the most vulnerable population, it strains their capacity to cope with the economic crisis. Subsequently they are also in need of assistance, especially needs related to shelter. Among the 15 mantikas, considered as in acute and immediate need of humanitarian assistance  ( Benghazi, Sirt, Ubari, Misrata, Al Jabal Al Gharbi, Tripoli, Derna, Murzuq, Aljfara, Alkufra, Ghat, Ejdabia, Zwara, Nalut, Almargeb, Wadi, Ashshati, Azzawya, Tobruk, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Sebha ) , three are concentrating the highest number of most vulnerable people  ( Benghazi, Tripoli and Misrata ) .
In 2018 an estimated 300,000 children are estimated to be in need of emergency education support. This includes: 67,000 IDPs; 79,000 returnees; 121,000 nondisplaced children; 32,000 refugees and migrants
The missile attack followed recent fighting in Tripoli between rival armed groups, which left at least 61 people dead. A cease fire has been in place since last week.
General Mohammad Bishr, head of a government department set up to tackle clandestine migration, told AFP that the number of migrants held by authorities had fallen from 27,000 in May to 5,200. He said that had allowed the closure of 20 of the country's 53 migrant detention centers since May 2017.
In its recent intervention, IOM supplied families with generators, winter blankets, mattresses and hygiene kits, as well as diapers for children.
Refugees and migrants in Libya are estimated to be around 700,000 to one million, and are among the most vulnerable groups in the context of the ongoing humanitarian crisis.
On 15 August, UNHCR visited internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  living in Awal  ( 415 km southwest of Tripoli ) . The village hosts 435 Tuareg families who were displaced from Ghadames  ( 605 km southwest of Tripoli ) . The main needs identified by UNHCR were access to electricity and potable water. The community also lacked adequate health facilities and requested support to rehabilitate a local clinic and to procure medical supplies. UNHCR implemented quick impact projects  ( QIPs )  to support IDPs in Awal. Specifically, UNHCR provided water tanks to ensure access to drinkable water and solar street lights to address the lack of public street lighting in the community. On 15 August, UNHCR also visited the city of Ghadames and met with the Local Council to discuss the humanitarian needs of returnee families
Clashes between armed groups killed eight people near the western Libyan city of Msallata, some 120 km east Tripoli, a local security source said.
The people of Tawergha are an ethnic minority   approximately 40,000 people   who were forced to flee their homes in 2011. The majority of them sought refuge in informal settlements around Tripoli or Benghazi. They have now been internally displaced for seven years and are waiting to return home following a recent agreement by the parties involved.
UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, is concerned about the forced eviction by militias of 1,900 internally displaced persons from Triq Al Matar settlement in Tripoli, Libya. Triq Al Matar was the largest IDP settlement in Tripoli, hosting 370 families originally from the city of Tawergha who had been living in the settlement since it was established in 2011.
To tackle this “war economy', Tripoli's internationally recognized government in September effectively devalued the exchange rate to 3.9 dinars per dollar from 1.3.
Gold prices have dipped a little to around 180 dinars  ( $46 )  an ounce since the devaluation, but are still triple their level in 2014 when the dinar started diving due to volatile oil revenues, Libya's lifeline.
Economic policies are distorted by rivalry between the Tripoli government and a parallel administration in the east that set up its own central bank in the aftermath of the Nato backed uprising that toppled Muammar Gaddafi in 2011.
Overall oil revenue is up: the Tripoli based National Oil Corporation expects income from crude and oil product sales to hit $23.7 billion in 2018, a 73 percent jump from last year.
On 16 October, UNHCR evacuated 135 vulnerable refugees and asylum seekers  ( 127 men, four women and four children )  from Tripoli to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Mechanism  ( ETM )  in Niger. The group included Eritrean, Ethiopian, Somali and Sudanese nationals. This is the first evacuation to take place since June 2018. As a result of the heavy clashes in August, UNHCR had temporarily halted its humanitarian evacuation programme for the safety and security of its staff and persons of concern.
Water flooded the passenger terminal, rising up to 1.5 meters  ( 5 feet ) , the airport's deputy manager, Usama Ferjani, said. Parts of the parking lot were also under water.
UNHCR staff endured significant security challenges and restrictions on movement to complete the evacuation as tensions amongst rival militias increase, resulting in intermittent exchanges of fire and rockets falling on Tripoli airport.
The bad weather also forced the closure of all Libyan oil export ports as high waves made the docking of tankers impossible.
UNHCR is present in Tripoli with both national and international staff. At present, operational capacity is reduced, with the full scope of activities to resume as soon as security conditions permit.
Nearly 5,000 migrants died in 2016 while trying to cross the Mediterranean from Africa and the Middle East to flee war and poverty, according to the U.N. agency International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )
The number of migrants reaching Italy has fallen sharply since last year as smuggling networks inside Libya, a key departure point for mainly sub Saharan Africans, have been disrupted and the European Union has stepped up efforts to increase Libyan coastguard patrols.
Missiles were fired at Libya's capital Tripoli, including the city's only functioning airport, forcing authorities to divert flights to another airport to the south, government and airport officials said Wednesday, less than a week after the U.N. brokered a cease fire between rival armed groups.
Also on Wednesday, the U.N. envoy for Libya, Ghassan Salame, met with the head of the U.N. backed government, Fayez Sarraj, and military commanders in the western town of Zawiya to discuss a “Tripoli security arrangement,' according to the U.N. mission in Libya.