nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Refugees and migrants were reported to be present in all assessed mahallas, though it is unclear how many had been previously living there and how many had been displaced to western Sebha as a result of the conflict. • Most reported refugees and migrants were from West Africa, in particular Niger, Nigeria, Ghana and Mali, with substantial numbers also coming from Egypt and Chad. The majority were single men, with some KIs also reporting the presence of full families. • Within the last two weeks, small numbers of refugees and migrants reportedly departed for customary destinations in the north of Libya, including Tripoli, Bani Walid, Zwara and Al Khums.
• Security – Due to fighting and frequent armed robberies along the way, many transporters have additional security expenses, either through paying off armed groups or by hiring security personnel to accompany the transport.
Migrants, refugees and asylum seekers who are stuck in Libya often suffer abuses, torture and other ill treatment in detention.11 Often they cannot access services and live in fear of exploitation, sexual violence, unlawful killings, capture and arbitrary detention in official and unofficial detention centres, in many cases run by local militia. People detained in these centres suffer from poor hygiene standards, diseases, lack of food and safe drinking water. Trafficking and smuggling rings operate freely and ‘slave market' conditions have been reported in Tripoli and Sebha. Alarming cases of rape and physical abuse of female and male migrants, including in the official and unofficial detention centres, have been well documented. Almost 40 per cent of refugees and migrants interviewed in 2017 reported rape and sexual abuse, although unreported figures are likely to be far higher. Some women report being advised by traffickers to use a contraceptive injection before transiting through Libya, indicating how widespread and entrenched this violence is. It's worth noting that the journeys may last longer than the effectiveness of such injections and that these contraceptives do not prevent the risk of HIV transmission. Beyond the immediate risks the migrants face, the revenue smuggler networks are generating from irregular migration is developing into a direct threat to stability in parts of Libya.
SEBHA Reportedly, the security situation was tense in the city of Sebha but stable in nearby locations such as Samnou. At the same time, increasing prices and limited job opportunities negatively impacted migrants as well as host communities.
ALJFARA Because of the unstable security situation in the municipality of Qasr Bin Ghasheer, the number of migrants identified at flow monitoring points was low, reportedly migrants were afraid of being kidnapped or detained and avoid staying in work recruitment points. In the municipality of Janzour, the security situation was reported to be stable, yet migrants have been facing movement restrictions negatively impacting income generating activties. Seasonal migratory movements were reported during Eid al Adha when many Egyptian, Nigerien and Chadian migrants visited their home countries to join their families.
TOBRUK 2,012 migrants were observed arriving at flow monitoring locations within Tobruk during the reporting period. Simultaneously, 2,009 migrants were observed departing from the same region. The majority of the observed arrivals came through Matruh  ( Egypt ) . The main nationalities identified for arrivals and departures were Egyptian and Sudanese with Italy and Libya the primary intended destinations.
ALMARGEB 1,786 migrants were observed arriving at locations within Murzuk during the reporting period while up to 1,302 migrants were observed departing from the same region. The majority of the observed arrivals came through and/ or from Tripoli and Misrata. The main nationalities identified for arrivals and departures were Nigerien and Egyptian and the primary intended destination was Niger and Italy.
TOBRUK During the reporting period, 4,432 individuals were observed arriving at the mantika of Tobruk, with the majority coming from Egypt and Sudan. 4,354 individuals, primarily from Egypt and Somalia, were also observed as coming from areas within Tobruk and with the intention of departing towards Ejdabia. The final destinations reported by the majority of the migrants was recorded as Libya and Italy
Internally displaced persons in Libya have many times suffered from human rights violations leading to their displacement as well as violations after displacement. Affected populations across Libya continue to face critical protection challenges, including risk of death and injury due to indiscriminate use of weapons, restricted access to safety and freedom of movement, high contamination by explosive hazards affecting human security and conflict related psychological trauma.
88% of all IDPs in Libya were reported to be residing in private accommodation and 12% were reported to be in public or informal shelter settings. 87% of IDPs in private shelter were in self paid rented accommodation. 8% were hosted with relatives, 4% were in rented accommodation paid by others and the remaining 1% were hosted with other non relatives
UNICEF continued to work with partners to provide non formal education and recreational activities reaching 175 children  ( 93 boys and 82 girls ) . In coordination with CESVI, 99  ( 59 boys and 40 girls )  internally displaced children benefited from remedial classes in Tarik Al Matar camp in Tripoli. In Benghazi 40 children  ( 25 girls and 15 boys )  from the Tawergha community accessed pre school services in the Internally Displaced People camp of Al Halifi and 36 children  ( 17 girls and 19 boys )  with disabilities, from the nondisplaced population, have been enrolled in catch up classes through the work of UNICEF's national partner Breezes for Sustainable Development
ALMARGEB 1,654 individual arrivals and 1,752 observed departures were recorded in FMP locations during the assessment days. The majority of migrants reported coming from Tripoli or from other locations within the region of Almargeb. Also departures reported mainly travelling to other location within Almargeb or to Tripoli the region. The main nationalities recorded were Egyptian and Ghanaian with Italy and 919 individuals, mainly Sudanese and Chadian, were observed arriving at the assessed locations  ( FMPs ) . On the other side, 844 individuals were observed departing to Murzuq and Ejdabia. The main nationality of departure is Somalian and the planned destination is Italy and Libya
87% of Ghanaian nationals reported passing through Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya. 51% of migrants who departed Senegal reported crossing Mali, Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya, 37% reported passing through Mali then Niger to reach Libya. The remaining 12% entered Libya through Algeria. 96% of migrants who departed Bangladesh reported travelling by air. The routes they taken were also represented in the map below; 74% of them reported flying directly to Libya, 13% passed by Tunisia before reaching Libya and 10% traveled through Egypt. The remaining 3 % reported entering Libya through Sudan.
ALMARGEB 1,119 migrants were observed arriving at locations within Murzuq during the reporting period. An additional, 1,314 migrants were observed departing from the same region. The majority of the observed arrivals came from Tripoli and Ubari. The main nationalities identified for arrivals and departures were Nigerien and Nigerian and the primary intended destination was recorded as Italy.
ALKUFRA 869 individuals, mainly Nigerien, were observed arriving to Al Kufra. A further 1,560 individuals were observed departing to Ejdabia and Murzuq. The main nationality of those departing Al Kufra was recorded as Sudanese with the final planned destinations of Italy and Libya.
The number of internally displaced persons with mental health and psychosocial problems, including severe psychological distress, has increased substantially as a result of the confl ict and forced displacement which they have faced.
The humanitarian response has been hindered by ongoing hostilities and, widespread insecurity. Since the evacuation of UN international staff from Libya in 2014, the UN has operated primarily remotely out of Tunis, although most humanitarian agencies have international and national staff, consultants or third party contractors in country. With the anticipated lifting of the evacuation status, UN humanitarian agencies are preparing to re establish permanent presence in Tripoli in the first quarter of 2018. The return of humanitarian agencies to Tripoli will be a significant step, but humanitarian presence is required beyond Tripoli, in the east and south of the country, to address acute needs as well as to counteract perceptions of uneven assistance that may arise from the return to Tripoli. In addition, the unpredictable security environment, the multiplicity of interlocutors and armed actors, the unclear bureaucratic requirements in the country pose challenges for humanitarian actors looking to deliver conflict sensitive assistance. OCHA continues to support the sectors and the broader humanitarian community in building acceptance and trust with multiple interlocutors on the ground.
In 2018, a total of 670,500 people including 268,000 children in Libya have been identified among the most vulnerable groups and in need of humanitarian WASH assistance6 . Findings from the Multisector Needs Assessment  ( MSNA )  recently conducted by REACH  ( August 2018 )  revealed that 55 per cent of respondents accessed their household water from main networks. 7
ALJFARA During the reporting period, 489 individuals were observed arriving at the region from Tripoli. However, 298 individuals were recorded departing the region towards Tripoli and Azzawya. Nigerian and Malian were the most predominant nationalities recorded. The planned destination for the majority of migrants was Italy.
NALUT In the region of Nalut, 569 individuals were recorded arriving and also 569 were observed departing during the assessment days. The majority of migrants reported coming through Sebha with the intention of traveling to Azzawya and Tripoli. The main nationalities recorded were Malian and Nigerian and the planned destination for the majority of migrants was Italy.
MURZUQ In the region of Murzuq, 436 individual arrivals were recorded with 433 observed departing FMP locations during the assessment days. The majority of migrants reported coming through Darfur  ( Sudan )  with the common trend of departures travelling to Sebha or other locations within Murzuq. The main nationality recorded was Nigerien and Nigerian and the planned destination for the majority of migrants was Italy. DTM has noted a decrease in the number of migrants travelling through Murzuq due lack of security along the Libyan border.
ALMARGEB 597 migrants were observed arriving to different locations within Al Margeb during the reporting period. On the other hand, 954 migrants were observed departing from Al Margeb. The majority of the were observed as having reached Al Margeb from location within Almargeb and the neighbouring mantika of Aljfarah. The main nationalities identified for arrivals and departures were Nigerien and Nigerian and the primary intended destination was recorded as Italy
IDP communities in Libya are frequently living in substandard conditions in unfinished or abandoned buildings. Some are living in rented accommodation, private or public sites where they are forced to pay rent. Since their fi nancial resources are often low or exhausted, tthey can become unable to pay rents, resulting in eviction and renewed displacement. The main groups of IDPs reportedly at risk of eviction are: • IDPs from Benghazi in Misrata • IDPs from Kikkla in Tripoli • IDPs from Warshafana in Tripoli
Out of the 364 individuals departing Nigeria and who indicated the route they used to reach Libya, the majority  ( 98%, 358 individuals )  reported passing through Niger to reach Libya. Only 6 participants reported not passing through Niger but alternatively passed through Chad. Unlike in the previous report, the Nigerians assessed in this reporting period had not passed through Cameroon and Chad. Malian nationals continue to cross three main routes on their journey into Libya; 39% of Malian nationals surveyed reported coming through Niger directly and 37% travelled to Burkina Faso first, then to Niger. The remaining 24% crossed Algeria to reach Libya. When disaggregating by length of stay in Libya, 80% of Malian respondents who arrived less than 2 weeks prior to the reporting period stated they came through Algeria. 54% of those who arrived 2 weeks and 3 months prior reported coming through Niger directly. The majority of Malian migrants who have been in Libya for more than 6 months  ( 59% )  reported having crossed Burkina Faso and Niger to reach the country. 98% of Ghanaian nationals reported passing through Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya.
The proportion of school aged children  ( from 4 to 17 years old )  enrolled in formal education was 69.5%, with nearly all enrolled children attending. When asked about barriers to accessing education, those households with schoolaged children reported facing no barrier in 87.3% of cases; 5.8% reported the distance to educational facilities and 1.9% reported the inability to afford educational services. The proportion of households not reporting any educational barriers was 80.2% for IDP households, shedding light on a higher prevalence of barriers to accessing education for this group in particular due to their displacement.
According to the Displacement Tracking Matrix  ( DTM ) , 58 out of 100 municipalities depend on water trucking as the primary source of water supply, due to the reduction in the volume of network safe water supply attributable to electricity shortages, poor maintenance of WASH systems and sporadic attacks against the Great Manmade river water supply from the South to the North. 8 As a result, UNICEF, in coordination with the Libyan Society for Charity Works has provided basic water services to a total of 2,895  ( 1,400 male and 1,495 female )  vulnerable children, men and women living in Tripoli two Internally Displaced People camps and two detention centres.
EJDABIA During the reporting period, 863 individuals were observed arriving to Ejdabia from Northern Sudan and Bet  ( Chad ) . However, 857 individuals were also recorded departing the Ejdabia towards Murzuq and Sirt. Sudan was the most prevalent nationality recorded and the planned destination for the majority of migrants was recorded as Italy and Libya.
SEBHA 461 individuals, mainly Nigerien, were observed arriving to Sebha from Murzuq. On the otherhand, 442 individuals were observed departing to Wadi Ashshati and Tripoli. The main nationality of departure was recorded as Nigerien and the planned destinations were Niger and Italy. According to the field observations, the majority of departures return to their country of origin and then return to Libya to work for short periods of time.
MURZUQ In the region of Murzuq, 487 individual arrivals were recorded with 437 observed departures. The majority of migrants reported coming from multiple locations within Murzuq with the majority stating the next destination as being Sebha. The main nationalities recorded was Nigerian and Nigerien and the planned final destination for the majority of the migrants was Germany.
The most vulnerable IDP groups in Libya a )  “Targeted' internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  unable to return to their homes due to resistance from neighbouring communities, military groups and local authorities. • IDPs form Tawargha • IDPs from Benghazi • IDPs from Mashashya • IDPs from Sirt • IDPs from Warshafana • IDPs from Tripoli • IDPs from Kikkla • Other small groups  ( e.g. Sabratha and South Libya )  b )  “Non targeted' IDPs who remain unthreatened but uprooted within their area of residencce, pending reconstruction of war damaged homes. The majority of these IDPs are located in Benghazi and Sirt.
WADI ASHSHATI 430 individuals, mainly Nigerien, were observed arriving to Wadi Ashshati from Almargeb. On the other side, 450 individuals were observed departing to Aljfarah. The main nationality of those departing Wadi Ashshati was Nigerian and the planned destination was recorded as Niger and Egypt. According to the field observer, the majority of the departures were going back to their origin country
MISRATA 272 individuals, mainly Nigerien, were observed arriving to the region from Sebha. On the other hand, 243 individuals were observed departing to Almargeb and Tripoli. The main nationality of departure was Nigerien and the planned destination was Malta and Italy
As the conflict is becoming more protracted, Libyans continue to face major financial, social and psychological challenges in their daily lives. The conflict is exacerbated by a major financial and economic crisis : the country's currency has depreciated on the parallel market since 2014, resulting in strong inflationary pressures.4 Access to basic goods and services as a result has become a challenge in some parts of the country as affected populations struggle with a lack of liquidity limiting their ability to purchase basic necessities, putting many households including IDP, returnee and non displaced at risk.
UNICEF has also undertaken rehabilitation works to improve the quality and access to sanitation facilities for the total of 2,570 people in two detention centres in Tarik Al Sika and Ain Zara that host an estimated 2,000 people  ( 1,600 men, 220 women, 180 children )  in addition to rehabilitating WASH facilities in Sidi Esayeh and Sarraj Internally Displaced People camps home to 570 people  ( 200 children ) . These interventions have included the construction and rehabilitation of sanitation facilities, construction and installation of showers and taps, emptying of septic tanks, repairing of water network, pipelines and pump installation.
Out of the 516 individuals who departed Nigeria and indicated the route they used to reach Libya, the majority  ( 80% )  reported passing through Niger to reach Libya when 18% reported reaching Libya directly through Chad and only 1% reported passing successively through Niger and Algeria. The remaining 1% travelled through Benin and Niger. Malian nationals reported crossing two main routes on their journey into Libya; the highest proportion of migrants departing from Mali  ( 48% )  reported crossing Niger to enter Libya and 45% reported coming through Algeria directly. Another 4% reported passing through Niger and Algeria successively to reach Libya. The remaining 3% reported travelling to Libya through Burkina Faso first and then Niger.
EJDABIA During the reporting period, 908 individuals were observed arriving to Ejdabia from Al Kufra. A further 836 individuals were recorded departing Ejdabia towards Sirte and to their locations within Ejdabia. Nigerien and Sudanese were the most recorded nationality. The most commonly stated destination for the majority of migrants was Libya and Italy.
The majority of respondents  ( 75% )  reported to be travelling with a group; 77% of them reported travelling with others, who were not relatives, while 23% reported travelling with family members. Among the six main nationalities surveyed, Egyptian nationals were the most likely to travel alone  ( 38% of Egyptians surveyed reported travelling alone to Libya ) .
In 62% of assessed baladiyas IDPs were reported to have no impact on the local labour market. 19% reported IDPs having a negative impact as jobs became scarce. 17% of baladiyas reported IDPs having a positive impact as they contributed to a stronger economy and more jobs. The remaining 2% did not know IDPs' impact. IDPs were reported to have no impact on public services in their baladiya of residence in 74% of assessed baladiyas. In 23% of assessed baladiyas they were reported to have a negative impact, and the remaining 3% of baladiyas reported that the impact was unknown or did not provide an answer.
Across all surveyed areas, 7.8% of households were female headed. The proportion of female headed households was found to be 10.6% for IDP and 12.4% for returnee households, raising further concerns as to a potential higher vulnerability of those households. The rate was 7.6% in the case of non  displaced households. The proportion of female headed households varied across mantikas. Female headed households represented less than 5% of assessed households in Tripoli and Misrata mantikas, while they represented 12.9% in Derna, 13.0% in Benghazi, 14.2% in Sebha and the highest 23.6% in Ghat
In addition, following the eviction of 377 families – 1,880 IDPs including 750 children   from Tarik Al Matar Internally Displaced People Camp in July, as part of a UN response, UNICEF distributed 107 kits for children 9 containing hygiene and recreational items10 in coordination with IOM and UNHCR.
Malian nationals continued to report three main routes on their journey into Libya. The highest proportion of migrants departing from Mali  ( 48% )  reported crossing Algeria to enter Libya; 36% reported coming through Niger; and 15% reported travelling to Burkina Faso first and then to Niger. The remaining 1% reported travelling first to Algeria then to Niger before reaching Libya. A change of route was identified between September and April. Prior to April the majority of Malians were recorded as traveling to Libya via Niger. After April DTM recorded a deviation from this route through Algeria. During the last six month DTM has recorded a growing trend in Malians travelling to Libya via Algeria. Of those who reported to have arrived to Libya during the last two weeks* 100% reported having travelled through Algeria. Out those who reached Libya in the last 3 months 63% reported to have transited through Algeria and out those who arrived 6 months ago 61% reported travelling through Algeria.
Out of the 377 individuals who departed Nigeria and indicated the route they used to reach Libya, the majority  ( 96% )  reported passing through Niger to reach Libya when 2% reported passing successively through Niger and Algeria and 2% reported reaching Libya directly through Chad. Malian nationals reported crossing three main routes on their journey into Libya; the highest proportion of migrants departing from Mali  ( 42% )  reported crossing Algeria to enter Libya, 34% reported coming through Niger directly and 20% reported having crossed BurkinaFaso and Niger to reach Libya. The remaining 4% reported passing through Algeria and Niger to reach Libya. 94% of the surveyed migrants who departed Burkina Faso and indicated the routes they took reported travelling to Libya through Niger. 5% travelled to Libya through Mali and Algeria respectively.
95% of the surveyed migrants who departed Burkina Faso and indicated the routes they took reported entering Libya through Niger  ( 94% traveled directly through Niger and 1% travelled to Burkina Faso first and then to Niger before entering Libya ) ; the remaining 5% entered Libya through Algeria  (  4% traveled through Mali and Algeria successively and 1% through Niger and then Algeria ) . 82% of Ghanaian nationals reported passing through Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya. The remaining 8% used different routes.
Out of the 295 individuals who departed Nigeria and indicated the route they used to reach Libya, the majority  ( 97% )  reported passing through Niger to reach Libya. 2% reported passing successively through Niger and Algeria and 1% reported reaching Libya through Niger and Chad. 67% of migrants departing Mali reported entering Libya through Niger; about 48% entered directly through Niger and 19% travelled through Burkina Faso and then Niger. The remaining 33% of Malian nationals surveyed reported coming through Algeria directly. 87% of the surveyed migrants who departed Burkina Faso and indicated the routes they took reported travelling to Libya only through Niger. 8% travelled to Libya through Mali and Algeria respectively.
Handicap International has been working in West Libya during 2017, funded by ECHO and UNHCR for Tripoli and Misrata. 2939 beneficiaries were reached during the 2017 period including caregivers, and 1539 Assistive devices were provided directly to beneficiaries aiming to improve their functional independence and enabling them to move for longer distances as well as to respond to their specific needs.
Sebha Map 5: Main identified flows of migrants arriving and departing Murzuq Between the 16th of April and the 31st of May, 1,310 migrants were observed as having arrived to locations covered by DTM within Murzuk, this number represents 14% of the total number of arrivals recorded in the country during the reporting period. On the other hand, 1,750 migrants were observed departing from the assessed locations. The majority of the observed arrivals stated Niger  ( Agadez )  as the area in which they were previously located. The main nationality identified for arrivals and departures was Nigerian with the primary intended destination being Germany. Although field reports indicated a decrease in the total number of migrants departing to the north western parts of the country due to ongoing clashes along the routes, all migrants assessed in Murzuq stated that Sebha was the planned next destination. From the 16th of April to the 31st of May DTM estimates an average of 203 migrants as having arrived to Murzuq every day. Simultaneously DTM estimates that up to 191 migrants departed Murzuq on a daily average towards other destinations in Libya. Murzuq During the reporting period 1,141 individuals were directly observed as having arrived to Sebha, with the majority  ( 1,053 )  reported to have come from Murzuq. Simultaneously 1,492 individuals were observed as having departed towards other locations in Libya. The majority  ( 1,404 )  were observed as departing towards Tripoli; only up to 88 of those who departed states to be departing towards locations within Sebha. DTM estimates that during the complete reporting period an average of up to 145 migrants arrived to Sebha per day. This is a decrease compared to the last reporting period  ( February April )  which saw an average arrival of up to 238 per day. Field observations indicate that this may be attributed to conflicts and bombardments by aircrafts in Tamnhnt
71% of all respondents reported to have departed from countries that border Libya. 38% of them reported having departed from Niger, 30% from Egypt, 14% from Sudan, 12% from Chad, 3% from Algeria and 2% from Tunisia. The remaining 29% departed from other African countries further afield.
Out of the 322 surveys carried out with Nigerians, 97% reported transiting through Niger, while 2% reported travelling through Niger and Algeria, and the remaining 1% reported reaching Libya directly through Chad. Unlike the routes used by migrants departing Mali, the routes used by migrants departing Nigeria did not change significantly when disaggregated by length of stay in Libya. 83% of Ghanaian nationals reported passing through Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya. 10% crossed Togo, Benin and Niger to reach Libya. Another 5% travelled from Ghana to Burkina Faso then to Mali and Niger before reaching Libya. The remaining 2% travelled through Burkina Faso, Mali and Algeria.
Migrants who departed Ivory Coast indicated three main routes; the highest proportion  ( 44% )  reported travelling through Mali and Algeria to reach Libya; 26% reported travelling first to Burkina Faso then to Mali and then to Niger before reaching Libya; another 23% reported travelling through Burkina Faso and Niger without going through Mali. 37% of migrants departing Senegal surveyed traveled to Libya through Mali and Algeria; the same proportion 37% travelled to Mali and Burkina Faso successively and entered Libya through Niger; 17% travelled through Mali and Niger. The remaining 9% went to the North and passed by Mauritania, Morocco and Algeria before reaching Libya.
The majority of migrants who departed Ghana  ( 91% )  reported passing through Burkina Faso followed by Niger to reach Libya. 5% reported passing through BurkinaFaso, Mali and Algeria respectively. The remaining 4% reported travelling through Togo, Benin and then Niger. 85% of Bangladeshi nationals reported traveling directly to Libya. The remaining 15% passed through Egypt to reach Libya. Migrants who departed Cameroon indicated two main routes; the highest proportion  ( 53% )  reported travelling through Nigeria and Niger to reach Libya with 33% reportedly travelling through Chad before reaching Libya. Another 10% reported travelling through Nigeria, Niger and Algeria successively before reaching Libya. The remaining 4% reported passing successively thorough Chad and Niger. The main migratory route reported by migrants departing Senegal was through Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger respectively. Also 28% of them reported entering Libya through Algeria using different routes.
All assessed food items and NFIs were reliably available, though households struggled to afford certain items, particularly chicken, eggs, sugar, flour and baby diapers. KIs additionally reported shortages of petrol and cooking gas. This reflects pre existing dynamics in Libya's remote south, where staple items, particularly fuel, are frequently harder to obtain than in coastal regions.
The increase in returnees observed during this round was mainly due to the returns recorded to Qnfodah and Garyounes muhallas in Benghazi baladiya during the time of data collection. The number of returnees to Benghazi increased by 13,450 individuals  ( 10% )  since the previous round  ( see Table 6 ) . According to narrative reports by partners in Benghazi, returnees to Garyounes and Qnfodah reportedly faced a shortage of water for drinking and household use in addition to frequent electricity cuts. While this was the main cause of the increase in returnees between May and June, other increases in returnees were also observed in Sirt, Azzintan, Suq Aljumaa and Tripoli during the reporting period.
Overall, 5.6% of households were hosting displaced non household members. More IDP households reported hosting displaced individuals  ( 9,1% ) , compared to 5.2% of returnee households and 5.5% of nondisplaced households. Hosting households were highest in Benghazi  ( 8.0% )  and Misrata  ( 11.2% )  and lowest in Derna city  ( 1.1% ) . Households reporting hosting unaccompanied and separated children  ( UASC )  were few  ( 1.1% overall ) , the rate being lowest for returnee households  ( 0.1% )  and highest for non displaced households  ( 1.2% )
In the detention centres of Tarik Al Matar, Tarik Al Sika, Tajoura, Alsabaa, Qasr Ben Ghashir, Al Nasr, Janzour, Al Zawia, and Al Zintan, 1,183 women and pregnant and lactating women  ( PLW )  and children under five  ( 295 )  were provided with high energy biscuits  ( HEB )  as a mean to prevent malnutrition among the most vulnerable women and children due to the shortages and poor quality of food provided in the Detention Centre. UNICEF together with its local partner EMDAD Charity Association, has started a nutrition programme to support children and pregnant and lactating women and Nutrition screenings have taken place to identify children in need of additional support.
Misrata During the reporting period 2,215 individuals were directly observed as having arrived to the municipalities of Bani Waleed, Misrata and Zliten in the Misrata region. Simultaneously 2,070 individuals were observed as having departed from Misrata. Out of 2,215 observed arrivals to Misrata, 1,338 reported to have mainly come from Southern Libya especially from Sebha. Out of those that reached Misrata from Sebha the majority stated to be from Niger with the intention of remaining in Libya to work. A further 597 individuals observed as having reached Misrata, were recorded as having departed from Almargeb and Tripoli. Lastly up to 280 individuals were observed as coming from multiple muhallas within Misrata.
50% of migrants who departed Senegal reported crossing Mali then Niger to reach Libya, 38% reported passing through Mali, Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya. The remaining 12% entered Libya through Algeria passing through Mali. All the migrants who departed Bangladesh reported travelling by air. 72% of Bangladeshis reported flying directly to Libya and 25% passed through Egypt before reaching Libya. The remaining 3% reported entering Libya through Tunisia.
WADI ASHSHATI 536 migrants, mainly Nigerien, were observed arriving at the region from Sabha. On the other side, 763 migrants were observed departing to Aljfarah. The main nationality of departure is Nigerian and the planned destination is Italy and Germany. This decrease in the number of arrivals and departures is due to the high security patrols covering the smuggling routes.
Tripoli, Almargeb and Al Jabal Al Gharbi were reported to be main destinations for up to 1,961 of the observed departures from Misrata. The main nationality observed as departing Misrata were Egyptian with the majority stating Libya as their intended country of destination. Also Nigerien and Chadian nationals were observed departing from the locations within the region. Based on the average number of daily arrivals DTM estimates that during the reporting period 210 migrants arrived per day to Misrata and simultaneously 192 migrant were estimated as having departed Misrata every day.
The migration routes are increasingly difficult to monitor. Proportions of migrants transiting through specific countries are always fluctuating as indicated when comparing migration data over time. That said DTM has observed an increase in the number of people transiting through Algeria. The transit routes for migrants departing from Mali continue to change in comparison to last year: while the majority of Malian migrants surveyed in 2016 had reported travelling through Burkina Faso and Niger  ( 34% ) , the main route recorded in the present reporting period was through Algeria  ( 87% ) .
The proportion of individuals who departed from Burkina Faso and transiting through Mali and Algeria has increased from 16% in the last reporting period to 29%. Additionally, migrants who departed from Ghana are more likely to travel through Burkina Faso, Mali and Algeria  ( 28% ) . Findings on routes used by migrants from Senegal and Nigeria show a similar pattern of an increasing use of routes through Algeria rather than Niger to reach Libya
As of the 30th of September, the total number of arrivals to Italy was recorded at 105,418 individuals., with 6,291 having arrived during the month of September. The number of arrivals increased by 61% compared to the previous month where only 3,914 individuals were recorded, a decrease of 63% was recorded compared to the same period in 2016  (  16,975 arrivals recorded during September 2016 ) .
In cases where food could not be purchased from markets, IDP households relied primarily on emergency food stores, with smaller numbers of KIs reporting a dependence on gifts from family and friends. While refugees and migrants also relied heavily on these two coping mechanisms, it was reportedly more common for them to borrow food from neighbours or others in their communities.
Al Kufra During the reporting period, 2,435 migrants were observed arriving at the mantika with the majority coming from Sudan. A decrease in the number of departures in Alkufra was observed; 2,385 migrants were mostly of Sudanese origin, coming from Sudan and departing towards Ejdabia and Murzuq. Their final destinations were recorded as Italy and Libya. In Alkufra DTM recorded an important increase in the number of migrants; a daily average of up to 1,087 migrant arrivals and 906 migrant departures. This increase in numbers is due to source access and more information that is accurate according to the field observers
• The amount of hard cash circulating in Sebha remained severely limited due to the ongoing liquidity crisis, exacerbated by insecurity that made it difficult to adequately supply financial institutions. Cash remained almost wholly unavailable for withdrawal by ordinary households. • In markets, payments generally had to be made in hard cash  ( Libyan dinars )  despite its lack of availability. Certified cheques were also in wide use. Transactions completed with certified cheques generally involved a 30 50% mark up.
Nalut In the region of Nalut, 4,390 individuals were recorded arriving and 4,148 were observed departing FMP locations during the assessment days. The majority of migrants reported coming through Algeria. The common trend of departures went to another region through Al Jabal Al Gharbi or chose to go to another location within Nalut. The main nationality recorded was Malian and Nigerian and the planned destination for the majority of migrants was Italy and France.
When disaggregated by mantika  ( Map 6 ) , it can be seen that Ubari had the largest number of returnees who were hosted with relatives and returnees who rented new homes. Of all regions, Sirt had the largest number of returnees who bought new homes upon return. A notable proportion of returnees to Sirt  ( 8% )  and Benghazi  ( 2% )  also rented new homes upon return.
From January until September 2017, at least 128 civilians were killed in the violence, including 25 children, and 164 injured, including 30 children.7 In Derna, fighting continued between opposing parties even after IS was expelled from the city in 2015. In spite of the ongoing conflict in many parts of the country, over 278,000 people are recorded as having returned to their homes, mainly in Benghazi  ( 53 per cent ) , Sirt, Murzuq  ( 11 per cent each )  and Ubari  ( 10 per cent )  mantikas  ( regions ) .8
Intra mantika and/or short distance displacements took place mainly in Al Margab  ( 51.8% of displaced households are from neighbouring Misrata ) , Ghat  ( 47.1% are from neighbouring Ubari )  and Tripoli  ( 58.6% are from neighbouring Al Jabal Al Gharbi ) . Only in Misrata and Sebha were the main mantikas of origin more distant   Benghazi and Sirte, respectively. These displacements, especially from Sirte to Sebha, are largely due to the strong community links existing between those respective locations. Similarly, an important proportion of Benghazi inhabitants found their roots in Misrata13 and had strong community affiliations during the 2014 conflict, which likely led to this visible pattern of displacement.
Nigeria represent the first declared nationality among the arrivals in 2017  ( around 16% of the total ) , followed by Guinea  ( 9% ) , Bangladesh  ( 8% ) , Ivory Coast  ( 8% ) , Mali  ( 6% ) , Senegal  ( 5% ) , Gambia  ( 5% ) , Eritrea  ( 5% )  and many other nationalities from Africa and Southern Asia. 75% of them were male adults, 11% were female adults, with minors totaling 14%  ( 13% unaccompanied minors and 1% accompanied minors ) *. As of the 1st of October 2017, 2,474 individuals were reported to have died making crossing through the central Mediterranean route. The rate of death reached 2% of total migration for this route.
Al Kufra During the reporting period, 3,321 individuals were observed arriving to the region with the majority coming from Sudan. An important increase in the number of migrants departing Alkufra was observed; 3,937 individuals were mostly of Sudanese origin, coming from Sudan and departing north towards Aljufrah and Ejdabia. Their final destinations were recorded as Italy and Libya.In Alkufra DTM recorded a daily average of up to 93 migrant arrivals and 111 migrant departures.
87 baladiyas reported that between 80 100% of public schools in the baladiya were operational as demonstrated in Figure 20. Eight schools reported that between 61% and 80% of schools were operational, two reported that between 41% and 60% of schools were operational  ( Misrata and Rigdaleen ) .
The ongoing conflict and increasingly difficult socio economic situation, characterised by the collapse of the rule of law well as many national institutions, contribute to protracted and ongoing displacement and increasing poverty. These conditions leave the conflict affected population in particular without safe and effective access to life saving protection assistance.
MISRATA During the assessment period, 781 migrants were recorded arriving at the locations within the Misrata region. However, 955 were observed departing Misrata towards Ejdabia and Sirt, and the majority were planning to remain in Libya.
Wadi Ashshati 2,610 individuals, mainly Nigerien, were observed arriving to the region from Sabha. On the other side, 2,785 individuals were observed departing to Aljfarah. The main nationality of departure is Nigerian and the planned destination is Italy and Germany. This surge in the number of arrivals and departures is due to the increase in the cost of the journey and transportation from Brak to the West region. It is also due to the high security patrols covering the smuggling routes.
Returnees were more likely to be reported as having a negative impact on public services as reported in 12% of baladiyas with returnees  ( Figure 19 ) . Returnees specifically were reported to have a negative impact on public services in the baladiyas of Ghat, Kikka, Misrata and Rigdaleen
The presence of explosive hazards, including landmines, unexploded or abandoned ordnance, IEDs and other ERW has been a persistent threat to the Libyan population. Unexploded Ordnance  ( UXO )  was reported in nine out of 22 mantikas. Between 2011 2016 Libya has seen 5,891 deaths and injuries from explosive violence; of these, 66 per cent  ( 3,895 )  were civilians.
It is estimated that a total of 300,000 children are in need of education in emergency support. The most affected population are: • 67,000 IDPs, • 79,000 returnees • 121,000 non displaced children • 32,000 refugees and migrants
EJDABIA During the reporting period, 781 migrants were observed arriving at the mantika coming from Al Jabal Al Gharbi and Sabha. However, 955 migrants were recorded departing the mantika towards Aljufrah and Tripoli. The main nationality recorded was Nigerien and Nigerian and the planned destination for the majority of migrants was Italy and Libya.
Murzuq 2,994 migrants were observed arriving to locations within Murzuk during the reporting period. On the other hand, 2,460 migrants were observed departing from the same region. The majority of the observed arrivals coming through Agadez were Nigerien. The main nationality identified for arrivals and departures was Nigerian and the primary intended destination was Germany.
Key priority needs include lack of preventive and curative health services for vulnerable people. Furthermore, functionality of most health facilities in Libya are inadequate within a health system that has poor capacity to respond to health emergencies. The availability and readiness of various health care programs is seriously limited especially in reproductive maternal newborn child health, immunisation, communicable diseases including HIV as well as tuberculosis and noncommunicable diseases  ( NCDs ) , mental health and specialised services such as surgery and emergency.
As of 31 October 2018, the total number of arrivals to Italy was recorded at 22,031 individuals since the beginning of the year. Compared to the same period from last year, the number of arrivals to Italy decreased substantially  ( 111,244 arrivals recorded in the same period of the previous year ) . Furthermore, 1,267 individuals reportedly died attempting to cross through the Central Mediterranean route during the same period. However, at the same time, the fatality reportedly increased; while 2 out of 100 migrants crossing the Mediterranean route were reported dead in the period between January and October 2017, this year the number increased to 6. Out of the 14,372 migrants returned by coast guards in 2018, 1,099 migrants were returned in September and October. IOM Libya continues to monitor trends and patterns between migrants identified in Libya and those who continue making their journey onward to Europe.
Misrata During the assessments period, 2,233 individuals were recorded arriving to the locations within the Misrata region. 2,301 were observed departing Misrata towards Almargeb and the majority were planning to remain in Libya
MURZUQ 527 migrants were observed arriving at locations within Murzuk during the reporting period. On the other hand, 540 migrants were observed departing from the same region. The majority of the observed arrivals, coming through other location within Murzuq and also Ubari, were Nigerien and Malian. The main nationality identified for arrivals and departures was Nigerian and the primary intended destination was Italy and Libya
In early March, the start of classes was postponed throughout Sebha due to widespread insecurity. Despite a 19 March statement from the local Office of Education directing classes to resume, KIs in all assessed mahallas continued to report that few formal educational institutions were functioning due to this insecurity
This assistance has mainly come from community members and international organisations, which have mainly provided food, water, medicine, and non food items such as blankets. • In most mahallas, targeted populations were reported to have a strong preference for cashbased interventions. The only exceptions were in Al Fallah 2 camp, where residents reportedly preferred food aid, and Shari Azzawiyah, where other types of in kind aid were preferred.
The most common type of health facilities available were health centers which were present in 82 baladiyas. Private clinics were reported in 63 baladiyas and hospitals were available in 62 baladiyas. Figure 24 presents the number of baladiyas reporting the presence of each type of health facility. Regular access to medicine was reported in only 4% of baladiyas  ( Alsharguiya, Arrajban, Bani Waleed and Tajoura ) . In 95% of baladiyas it was reported that there was no regular access to medicine as shown in Figure 25. The level of access to medicine was unknown in the remaining 1%.
94% of baladiyas reported that the majority of students were attending schools regularly in the baladiya. The remaining 6% of baladiyas reporting irregular attendance of students were in Ubari, Sirte, Derna, Aljfara and Aljufra baladiyas  ( see Figure 21 for the breakdown by region and full Round 13 dataset for more information by baladiya ) .
Education was ranked as the top priority need for returnees in both Benghazi and Sirt, and security was reported as the top priority need for returnees to Benghazi, Derna, Sirt, Suq Aljumaa, Algatroun, Al Maya and Janzour. Health was reported as the second priority need for 41% of the returnee population who were mainly in Benghazi, Sirt, Kikkla, Hai Alandalus and Nalut.
A higher proportion of returnee households reported the presence of UXOs  ( 24.5% ) , compared to 11.5% of IDP households and 3.8% of non displaced households. This could be due to the fact that returnee households were more likely to return to previous areas affected by clashes and explosive hazards. The higher rates of households in Derna and Benghazi who reported the presence of UXOs is also likely linked to this trend since those two areas have witnessed important returns in the months prior to the assessment23 to areas that have witnessed recent clashes. 24
Identified IDPs were primarily residing in private accommodation, consisting of self paid rented housing, or being hosted with relatives or non relatives. Forty seven per cent of IDPs were displaced over the course of 2015, and 18 per cent more recently, between the start of 2016 to the time of data collection in August 2017.
In 10 baladiyas across the country it was reported that only up to 20% of public hospitals were operational as can be seen in Figure 23. In 32 baladiyas on the other hand it was reported that between 81 and 100% of public hospitals in the baladiya were operational.
94% of baladiyas reported that the majority of students were attending schools regularly in the baladiya. The remaining 6% of baladiyas reporting irregular attendance of students were Derna, Aljufra, Ubari, Al Aziziya, Janzour and Hrawa baladiyas  ( see Figure 21 for the breakdown by region and full Round 11 dataset for more information by baladiya ) .