nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Commerce has been similarly disrupted. Thousands of shops and other businesses in north western Nigeria are in ruins or have shut down due to direct attacks and kidnappings of businessmen, which have fed rising fears of insecurity. Significant private property has been lost: as of April 2019, Zamfara state reported “more than 10,000 houses, shops and silos' destroyed. With road travel hazardous, local traders are afraid to transport farm produce to markets. Investor confidence has also plunged.
The herder farmer conflict has been aggravated by controversial government policies allocating land to farmers  ( including the allocation of large expanses to elite farmers )  at the expense of herders, particularly since 1999 when the country returned to democratic rule. In Zamfara state, the government decided to clear large forests and grazing reserves in the Kuyambana forest and in parts of the Maru and Zurmi local government areas. This action disrupted life in Fulani hamlets, some centuries old, limiting the availability of pasture for their livestock. The allocation of land to farmers also resulted in encroachment on, and blockage of, livestock grazing routes, and created conditions for increased trespass on farmlands by herders and more demands for compensation for damaged crops.
The vigilantes particularly targeted many town dwelling Fulani who, because of their ethnic affiliation with the cattle herding Fulani in the forests, were accused of complicity in criminal activity. Sanctions included arbitrary arrests, torture, indiscriminate confiscation of cattle and extrajudicial killings, with suspects sometimes hacked to death in markets and other public places. Sometimes vigilantes burnt down Fulani settlements, forcing the victims to flee into the forests. The vigilantes' activities and atrocities further aggravated relations between Fulani herders and the predominantly Hausa farmers.
Though some were seized as part of fighting between herder allied armed groups and vigilantes, many were abducted by ransom seeking gangs. Apart from abducting individuals in rural communities, these groups often also ambush travellers on highways, killing those who resist or whose families fail to meet their demands. They also raid and pillage villages, razing houses, burning down barns, and abducting and raping women. In some cases, they write letters to village heads demanding that residents pool money and pay them to be spared deadly attacks or impose tolls on farmers as a condition for gaining access to their field.
Further confirmation of Ansaru's return to the region came on 5 February 2020, when the Nigerian police reported that its special units had stormed a camp that was being used by Ansaru and “bandits' in Kuduru forest, in the Birnin Gwari area of Kaduna state, and killed “over 250 members' of jihadist and “bandit' groups. Ansaru also reported the event but claimed that it killed or wounded 34 policemen in the encounter. It is unclear whether either side's claims are credible. Nigerian security officials express concern that the group could be planning more attacks in the region – and possibly elsewhere in the country.
Violence in north western Nigeria has claimed thousands of lives over the last decade. Reliable figures for fatalities across the entire region are hard to come by, given that much of the violence has occurred in remote rural communities and therefore has never been reported by either the mass media or security agencies. As earlier indicated, however, from 2011 to 2019, at least 8,000 people were killed, mostly in Zamfara state, with the bulk of the casualties occurring over the last five years. Hundreds remain missing or unaccounted for.
The crisis has also triggered a humanitarian challenge. Hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced. In September 2019, a joint assessment mission by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons, citing local government authorities' estimates, reported 210,354 persons displaced from 171 towns and villages in the North West. Of these, 144,996 were in Zamfara state, 35,941 in Sokoto and 29,417 in Katsina. About 60,000 of the displaced have also fled over the border to Niger Republic where the same insecurity along border areas has resulted in 19,000 Nigeriens internally displaced.
The provision of social services and public amenities by federal and state governments has been adversely affected. State government funds that would have been committed to providing social services have instead been diverted to responding to the security challenge. Even where governments have built hospitals and schools, many remain unused or under used as the local population has been displaced or residents avoid using them for fear of attacks. In April 2019, the Zamfara state government reported that most of the “over 2,000 kilometres of roads, thousands of classrooms and 716 health centres' constructed between 2012 and 2019 could not be used “due to insecurity'
In Sokoto state, the State Emergency Management Agency reports that as of October 2019, some 21,316 hectares of farmland across five local government areas remained uncultivated, as 80,000 intimidated farmers stayed away. Huge numbers of livestock have similarly been lost: from 2011 to 2019, about 141,360 cattle and 215,241 sheep were rustled in Zamfara state, for example.These disruptions have impoverished farmers and herders alike, created food shortages in some communities, and aggravated malnutrition particularly among children.
In May 2019, the National Trade Fair hosted by the state of Niger's government recorded a very poor turnout, a situation that the president of the state's Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture, Abdulkadir Hassan, attributed to would be participants' fears of bandit attacks and kidnapping. The disposable income of relatively wealthy families in the area has also declined: in Zamfara, the number of people who can afford to go on pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina plummeted from an average of about 4,500 in previous years to 1,500 in 2019.
Violence has had knock on effects for security elsewhere in the country. Herders fleeing violence in the three most affected states  ( Zamfara, Sokoto and Katsina )  are migrating south, straining resources in the country's Middle Belt and southern regions. While the more southerly regions have been experiencing the migration of Fulani cattle herders for decades, the uptick appears to be exacerbating tensions in the south east, south west and Niger Delta. These regions are reporting increasing herder farmer friction, often degenerating into deadly violence.
An additional emerging risk is the tendency of state governments affected by the spillover from the North West to create local vigilante or paramilitary groups. In the South West geopolitical zone, following widespread protests over deadly incidents between Fulani herders and local farmers, along with kidnappings increasingly involving criminals from the North West, governors of all six states – Ekiti, Lagos, Ondo, Oyo, Ogun and Osun – established the Western Nigeria Security Network, also referred to as Operation Amotekun, on 9 January 2020, to protect their communities. This development could set a precedent for the emergence of ethno regional security arrangements elsewhere in the country, which, while boosting security locally, could also erode national cohesion if it becomes a trend.
Some Nigerian security officials fear that as jihadist groups embed themselves deeper into the North West, the region could become a land bridge linking militants in the North East around Lake Chad to those operating in western Niger. Officials express concern that if ISWAP establishes itself in north western Nigeria, it could forge operational connections all the way through Niger Republic's already troubled Dosso and Tillabery regions, and on to Mali and Burkina Faso, which are also battling both al Qaeda and Islamic State affiliates.
As all of Nigeria reels from a 55 percent drop in the price of its leading export, oil, experts say the country's northeast stands to suffer most as a result of the pandemic particularly its 1.8 million internally displaced people, living in overcrowded camps and already struggling to survive. The health care system in all three states is fractured, with 35 percent of health facilities damaged by conflict and routine vaccination campaigns and other essential health services already disrupted.
Many of the partners reported that the facilities they are supporting do not provide PAC services, with reasons including a lack of supplies, providers that are not trained on the provision of PAC or are out of practice, and the inability to keep facilities open 24/7
Numan: 124 departures were recorded in Numan LGA of Adamawa state. The departures included 107 from Bolki ward in Numan LGA and 17 from Waduku ward in Lamurde LGA in Adamawa state. All of the movements recorded were as a result of improved security.
A total of 764 movements were recorded, composed of 496 arrivals and 268 departures, between 25 and 31 May 2020. Arrivals were recorded at loca�ons in Askira/Uba, Gwoza, Mobbar, Ngala, Bama, Damboa and Monguno Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno. Arrivals were also recorded in Gombi, Hong, Maiha, Michika, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa. Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Gwoza and Kala Balge LGAs of Borno; Fufore, Gombi, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan and Yola North. LGAs of Adamawa also recorded departures.
Bama: 89 arrivals were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno State. The arrivals included 65 from Bama LGA and 24 from Gwoza LGA of Borno state. 73 per cent of movements recorded were as a result of poor living condi�ons and 27 per cent voluntary reloca�ons.
An exhaus�ve nutri�on screening using mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema for acute malnutri�on was conducted by Sector partners for 52 children of 6 59 months. Of the 52 children screened, the MUAC reading was none for the Red category, 4 were in the Yellow category and 48 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 4 LGAs that we received reports from.
There are many unreached that we need to reach. Education cannot wait and we need to ensure that every child access education
Before the pandemic, Nigeria had about 7.1 million people in need of humanitarian assistance in 2019. In 2020, the number of people in need of humanitarian assistance rose to 7.9 million coupled with 82.9 million Nigerians that are living in poverty as reported by the National Bureau of Statistics  ( NBS )  in the same year. These figures will likely increase as the pandemic and state control measures unfold.
Out of 888,441 people living in camps and camp like settings, 450,002 were not taking mitigation measures, the remaining 438,439 people living in camps and camp like settings were taking mitigation measures. In host communities where IDPs are residing, an even higher percentage of 76 per cent were not taking mitigation measures. Out of 1.2 million IDPs living in host communities, 905,857 people are not practicing any mitigation measures to COVID 19, while 293,826 IDPs are following mitigation measures.
Nigeria's northeast region which has the highest contribution of food insecure population in the country is challenged by Boko Haram insurgency. For Instance, agricultural activities have been severely affected as Borno State Police Command had to set up a Rapid Response Squad to protect farmers from attacks. With sinking oil prices and slash in budgetary allocations, the government as part of its social contract is burdened with the problem of catering for its vulnerable population and those that will slip into vulnerability because of the pandemic.
Askira/Uba: 102 arrivals and 5 departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 65 from Uba and Hausara/Tampul wards in Askira/Uba LGA in Borno state. 37 arrivals were also recorded from Girei, Mubi South and Yola South LGAs in Adamawa state. All 5 departures were from Namtari ward in Yola South LGA of Adamawa state. 49 per cent of the movements were due to poor living condi�ons, 39 per cent improved security and 12 per cent voluntary reloca�ons.
Humanitarian access is further hampered by bureaucratic impediments, including high costs and delays in obtaining visas for international staff, barriers for organisations to import essential goods, including medicine and fuel, and legal ambiguity in registration laws.
According to the IPC Acute Malnutrition  ( IPC AMN )  analysis conducted by the Nutrition Sector in February 2020, the nutrition situation in Yobe and Borno states for the period between January and April 2020 is at phase 3  ( serious ) .This marks a deterioration in the nutrition situation as compared to the period between September and December 2019 whichwas in phase 2  ( alert ) . The nutrition situation in Adamawa State is expected to remain stable in phase 2  ( alert ) . The deterioration is attributed to increased food insecurity due to poor harvest and poor infant and young child feeding practices including exclusive breastfeeding.
In addition, co morbidities in highly congested IDP camps are common, such as high incidence of endemic and waterborne diseases and malnutrition . As a result, people living in congested and unsanitary camps, slums, and garrison towns are more vulnerable to the spread of infectious disease, including COVID 19.
WASH items have become scarce, resulting in price inflation due to demand. Partners will focus on intensive hygiene promotion to prevent COVID 19, including raising awareness of proper hand washing techniques with soap. Increasing access to enough water remains a high priority to prevent the spread of COVID 19.
Finally, in densely populated areas and overcrowded space it is extremely challenging to respect physical distancing, or strictly follow hygiene practices due to limited access to clean water.
Many IDP camps and garrison towns are in the northeast, an area not easily accessible by humanitarian organisations. In Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe  ( known as the ‘BAY' states )  vaccination campaigns and health services are often disrupted because conflict and insecurity
The government health agencies reported that adolescents and unmarried women have a particularly hard time accessing contraceptive services due to stigma and negative attitudes toward adolescents, including married adolescents, and unmarried women using contraception among the community.
There is an urgent need to decongest overcrowded IDP camps where physical distancing measures are extremely challenging to implement due to the limited amount of space per person. This is particularly pressing for COVID 19 prevention, as overcrowding heightens the risks of spreading pathogens and disease outbreaks.
81% of camps have established health structures or access to mobile clinics and medical referral mechanism where vaccination activities and essential medicine distribution services are provided by health partners. 19% of camps do not have access to health facilities in the camp or nearby. 9% of camps reported cases of malaria and cough.
Moreover, since the beginning of the year at least 15 fire outbreaks have been recorded in camps and camp like settings, affecting more than 15,000 people in total. Fire outbreaks are also linked to congestion in camps, with makeshift shelters built in close proximity to one another and leading to the rapid spread of fire.
The town's humanitarian hub which includes offices and accommodation for aid organizations providing assistance to more than 150,000 IDPs in Monguno sustained damage during the attack, though no humanitarian staff sustained injuries. In a separate incident on June 9, OAG elements attacked a village in Borno's Gubio Local Government Area  ( LGA ) , resulting in the deaths of at least 81 civilians and seven abductions.
Only three facilities  ( one hospital and two primary facilities )  functioned 24/7. Three did not have electricity; however, one of these facilities is new and awaiting the installment of solar power.
Borno is still tackling the outbreak of COVID 19 which has affected nearly 600 persons, in 11 local government areas, it is equally urgent and essential to tackle malaria which is a major killer of children in the state.
Data from the Early Warning and Alert Response Surveillance systems shows that malaria accounts for more than 50% of sicknesses and deaths in children under 5 in the state, which increases during the 4 month peak transmission season July October every year.
COVID 19 prevention measures and movement restrictions are mounting additional pressure on affected communities as livelihood opportunities are limited and it is becoming more challenging to get basic goods such as fire wood. These consequences of COVID 19 are leading affected populations to negative coping mechanisms that exacerbate protection concerns
All key informants brought up the issue of ongoing insecurity in the region  ( fear of attack from militant extremists and clashes between these groups and the Nigerian military )  and the challenges it posed to successfully delivering health services. Informants reported that due to insecurity it is challenging to deliver commodities to the field, and for health workers to access communities in need. Moreover, health workers may not remain where they are assigned due to security concerns.
Latest attacks affected 278 individuals, including 4 injuries and 1 fatality, in Batsari LGA  ( Katsina )  and Maru LGA  ( Zamfara )  between 19   21 June 2020. The atacks caused people to flee to neighboring localilies.
Deteriorating security conditions in recent months have led to multiple deadly attacks in northeastern Nigeria during the first half of June, according to relief actors. On June 13, an OAG attack on Monguno resulted in several civilian deaths and the injury of nearly 40 individuals, the UN reports.
460 new infections across 21 states were recorded on 9 July. The total number of confirmed cases reached 30,249 as of 9 July, having surpassed the 20,000 mark less than three weeks ago
All 37 states in the country are now affected, with five new cases recorded in Cross Rivers State on Monday 6 July. Lagos State is the worst affected with 11,760 confirmed cases  ( 133 deaths ) , followed by Abuja  ( FCT )  with 2,348 confirmed cases  ( 35 deaths ) . Borno State is now the eleventh worst affected state with 563 cases and 35 deaths. 100 cases  ( 7 deaths )  have been recorded in Adamawa State and 61 cases in Yobe State  ( 8 deaths ) .
Acute food insecurity remains particularly prevalent in areas where households are unable to access humanitarian assistance due to conflict and insecurity. Across northeastern Nigeria, national and state government enforced COVID 19 containment measures including ongoing restrictions on interstate trade and travel have also negatively impacted household food security and livelihoods, and will likely contribute to larger than anticipated emergency food assistance needs during the June to August lean season, FEWS NET reports.
Nigeria Humanitarian Fund's timely support enabled CIDAR to establish water and sanitaton facilites for the newly displaced people seeking refuge in Shuwari 6 camp. Now, people are able to easily access clean water, showers and toilets closer to their homes.
They can take baths and showers and use latrines, improving their hygienic conditons, which helps prevent diseases. Instead of spending hours upon hours collectng water, they have tme to make caps and hand fans, among other handicrafs, or run small shops so they can generate income to support their families' basic needs. Funding through the NHF helped restore their dignity and dreams.
After more than 10 years of conflict between non state armed groups and the Nigerian military, the situation is only getting worse. The conflict is intensifying, and the needs are massive. The United Nations estimates that there are more than two million people who have been displaced from their homes due to violence, and more than seven million who depend entirely on humanitarian aid to survive. The most serious problem is that there are more than a million people living in areas controlled by non state armed groups – humanitarian organisations do not have access to these areas, and the people living there do not receive any kind of aid at all.
In the case of Pulka, the population has tripled since the beginning of the conflict and there isn't enough farmland to cultivate food. In addition, people cannot go beyond the town's military perimeter. If they do, they run the risk of being attacked by non state armed groups or being considered part of the armed groups by the Nigerian military .And outside the garrison towns, the needs are expected to be even higher since there are more than one million people that have not received humanitarian assistance since the beginning of the conflict.
One new suspected case was reported today from Yola North LGA • Contact tracing and monitoring ongoing • Contact initially lost to follow up has been tracked and is now being monitored . Seven  ( 7 )  suspected cases of Lassa fever reported as at 4 th February, 2020 with 1 death. 1 sample tested positive  ( Numan LGA ) , 4 tested negative and 3 pending.
An upsurge in the number of Lassa cases has been registered in Nigeria since the beginning of 2020, with 258 positive cases and 41 deaths at the end of January in 19 states. Edo, Ondo and Ebonyi are the most affected, with 89% of confirmed cases.
2 positive cases of Lassa fever were reported from Bayo and Maiduguri  ( MMC )  Local Government Areas of Borno State  ( Northeast Nigeria ) , both of which resulted in death. Another 5 suspected cases tested negative, a sixth one is pending laboratory confirmation. A treatment centre has been set up in Maiduguri and infection prevention and control  ( IPC )  training for health care workers is being stepped up.
One new case was reported today from Yola South LGA • Contact tracing and monitoring ongoing. Six  ( 6 )  suspected cases of Lassa fever reported as at 3 rd February, 2020 with 1 death. 1 sample from Numan LGA tested positive and 4 tested negative.
Within the framework of the revised HRP, relief actors plan to support 3.3 million people with emergency food assistance and approximately 800,000 people with emergency nutrition interventions through the remainder of 2020. However, aid workers remain unable to access approximately 1.2 million people in the region due to insecurity and a Government of Nigeria ban on humanitarian assistance in OAG held areas.
The crisis in North Central and North West, which involves long standing tensions between ethnic and linguistic groups; attacks by criminal groups; and banditry/hirabah  ( such as kidnapping and grand larceny along major highways )  frequently leads to the displacement of local populations.
The majority of observed individuals  ( 71%, a 6 p.p. increase )  were adult men, while 16 per cent  ( a 3 p.p. decrease )  were adult women and 12 per cent were children, including 4 per cent of children under five years old. An additional 4 per cent of travellers were elderdly  ( aged 60 years oild or older ) , representing a 8 p.p. decrease from the previous month. Travellers were primarily carrying out shortterm local movements  ( 44% ) , long term economic migration  ( 35% )  or seasonal migration  ( 16%, a 6 p.p. increase ) . Notably, 5 per cent of individuals were tourists.
The average daily number of individuals observed at the Kano and Sokoto FMPs in April 2020  ( 705 )  witnessed a 34 per cent decrease from the previous month  ( 1,069 ) . This decrease may be attributed to the closure of borders between Niger and Nigeria, government mandated travel bans and spontaneous reductions in travel amidst the COVID 19 pandemic. Notably, flows saw an increase between 11 and 16 April 2020, as the Nigerian government eased restriction measures ahead of prayers marking the start of Ramadan.
In Nigeria, the Sokoto FMP captures flows between Nigeria and Niger  ( mainly to Maradi, Tahoua and Agadez )  with observed travellers split between those departing Nigeria for Niger and those arriving to Nigeria from Niger. The Kano FMP captures flows between Nigeria and Niger, Chad, and, in smaller numbers, Cameroon. Observed flows are mainly composed of outflows from Nigeria to Niger, or internal travel within Nigeria.
Off season agricultural activities are underway, providing income opportunities for poor households. Staples food prices remain slightly higher than the previous year, and are either stable or declining in most markets, increasing food access for market dependent households. Similarly, pastureland and water for livestock are available and are improving livestock body conditions, which leads to favorable livestock prices. Consequently, most households outside conflict affected areas across the country are facing Minimal  ( IPC Phase 1 )  outcomes, while others affected by conflict and flooding are facing Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 ) .
Communal conflict, banditry and kidnapping in central and northwestern Nigeria is escalating. Recent attacks have been reported in Niger, Zamfara, Kebbi, Katsina, Nasarawa, Kogi, Kaduna, and Plateau States, causing population displacement and fatalities in affected areas. IDP populations and fatalities are increasing. In 2018 there were 4,648 fatalities across the country, and 3,513 fatalities were reported in 2019. Considering the level of escalating conflicts across the country the trend of fatalities and incidents will likely remain elevated or higher in 2020.
In the third round of assessments conducted in North West and North Central Nigeria, which took place in December 2019, DTM identified 537,375 IDPs  ( 94,893 households ) . Rapid assessments conducted on 2 Jun 2020 following renewed attacks in late May found that 421 individuals had been affected by the attacks, including 15 casualties. The attacks also damages numerous buildings, causing households to flee to neighbouring vllages.
In the Round 31 data collection exercise, conducted between 15 January and 15 February 2020, DTM Nigeria identified 2,046,604 Internally Displaced Persons  ( IDPs ) , and 1,673,862 Returnees  ( including 1,538,861 Returnees  ( former IDPs )  and 135,001 Returnees  ( from abroad ) .
Alongside Round 31 assessments, DTM Nigeria conducted COVID 19 Situational Analysis assessments  ( SAA )  between 16 April and 6 May 2020, whose purpose was to assess the knowledge of, impact on and practice by IDPs with respect to the COVID 19 pandemic. The SAA found that 99 per cent of IDPs in North East Nigeria knew about the coronavirus pandemic. However less than half  ( 47% )  of respondents believed that the wider communities were aware of the virus. Three quarters of IDPs  ( 74% )  were not taking any mitigation or precautionary measures, and a vast majority of respondents  ( 87% )  believed that health centres were not prepared to face the threat of the COVID 19. Notably, only 2 per cent of respondents said there had been threats of eviction made against IDPs amid the pandemic.
There are challenges with both equipment and personnel. Disputes over funding have often held up the delivery of kit necessary for operations – especially boats, needed for operations on the lake, and night vision equipment.
With the start of the rainy season, DTM Nigeria conducted rapid assessments to explore the damage and impact of heavy rains in the North East. As of 26 May 2020, DTM assessments identified 18 camps affected in Gwoza, Bama, Maiduguri, Jere and konduga LGAs. In total, 5,575 IDPs  ( 1,056 households )  were affected and 1,018 shelters were damaged
Maiduguri – COVID 19 continues to disrupt the health, public life and livelihoods in Africa's most populous country.
Nigeria is bedevilled by challenges that lead to many avoidable losses to lives and properties. One of these worrisome challenges is communal clashes. In Nigeria, communal clashes are regular occurrences that only gain much attention as the memory of the last incident fades. There are Tiv and Jukun clashes in Taraba and Benue states, Ife and Modakeke intercommunal conflict, Aguleri Umuleri conflict, clashes between communities in Cross River and Ebonyi states, and boundary disputes between Enugu and Kogi states' communities. Although these conflicts happen periodically, they are usually fatal in most cases, and also lead to grievous body harm, destruction of properties and displacement of people. Yesterday in Anambra state, a communal clash between Urum and Achala communities reportedly left many injured and several houses burnt.
There are 61,418 IDPs in Katsina, 69,163 in Zamfara and 43,876 in Sokoto  ( IOM DTM R3 ) . Data on IDPs in the Northwest is limited due to few numbers of humanitarian actors.
According to new reports in 2020, about 7.9 million Nigerians require urgent humanitarian supports. Internally displaced persons' camps are overburdened and devoid of adequate infrastructures for basic survival. The number of people in need of shelter keeps increasing as security issues soar.
There is also the unresolved internal displacement issue which arose out of the ceding of Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon. Some causes of displacement in Nigeria include jihadist violence, armed banditry, farmers herders conflict, inter communal wars and boundary disputes, amongst others.
As of 17 May, a total of 5,959 cases and 182 fatalities have been registered in Nigeria, according to the latest data from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )
296 Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Gwoza, Hawul and Kala/Balge LGAs of Borno; Gombi, Lamurde, Madagali, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song and Yola North LGAs of Adamawa.
The inflation rate rose for the eighth consecutive month, reaching 12.34 percent  ( year on year )  in April, higher than rates in March  ( 12.26 percent ) , February  ( 12.20 percent )  and January  ( 12.13 percent ) . The persistent rise in inflation was driven by NGN depreciation, increased average food prices, an effect of the border closure and movement restrictions. Further price increases for essential food and non food items were recorded in the latter half of March given panic buying and reduced supply as households were stocking in preparation for lockdowns. The lock down in Abuja, Lagos, Kano, and Ogun States and other major disruptions to normal economic activity then began in April 2020. Inflation is expected to increase further in May and June due to these compounding effects, as well as the deprecation of the NGN.
Armed banditry, kidnapping, farmer/pastoralist conflict and cattle rustling activities are escalating in northwestern states; Sokoto, Katsina, Zamfara, and Kaduna are worst affected by the conflict. Substantial populations are displaced in neighboring states and Niger with limited humanitarian assistance. Agropastoralists households are unable to engage in normal livelihoods activities including crop cultivation, pastoralism, and income related activities at normal levels with escalated. Markets are functioning below average in affected areas and staple prices are atypically elevated.
Similar to trends at the national level, staple food prices in northeastern Nigeria continue to increase due to COVID 19 associated state border closures, delays at checkpoints, and movement restrictions, negatively affecting supply. Demand continues to increase due to prolonged below average levels of agricultural production underscored by persistent insecurity. There was an early onset of the lean season for most households in the northeast due to the ongoing Boko Haram conflict due to limited availability of household food stocks.
Overall, food access in Borno and Yobe states is declining due to an increase in the prices of key staple food commodities across most markets. Prices in Maiduguri are trending 35 to 50 percent above average, last year, and 2015/2016 prices.
On June 13, organized armed group  ( OAG )  elements attacked northeastern Borno's Monguno town, resulting in multiple civilian deaths and injuring nearly 40 individuals. The perpetrators also targeted the town's humanitarian hub, though no aid workers sustained injuries, according to the UN.
Forced into displacement, 1.8 million IDPs face risks to their mental health and wellbeing.
The marked rise in food prices in April 2020 is expected to accentuate food insecurity among the most vulnerable market dependent households especially the Borno and Yobe States. This becomes worrisome in the face of the uncertainties generated by the spread of COVID 19 and its impact on livelihoods of vulnerable populations.
In the middle belt there are estimated 303,844 IDPs in the three States of Benue, Nasarawa and Plateau  ( IOM DTM R3 ) . In Benue, there are 180,258 IDPs, while there are also 7,531 Cameroonian refugees registered as of March 2020.
Kaduna State has recorded 12,246 new cases of malnutrition among children under five years, between January and May, the News Agency of Nigeria  ( NAN )  reports. A nutrition data obtained by NAN from the state on Thursday indicated that a total of 5,284 malnourished children were being treated from the beginning of the year.
The document showed that 1,909 new cases were recorded in January, 2,283 in February, 2,857 in March, 2,556 in April and 2,641 in May. This indicated that the new cases recorded during the Coronavirus  ( COVID 19 )  lockdown in the state amounted to 5,197.However, a total of 8,869 children had been cured, while 65 deaths, 178 non recovery and 1,469 defaulters were recorded within the period.
The COVID 19 outbreak further exacerbates the pressure on Borno, Adamawa and Yobe  ( BAY )  states fragile healthcare system already weakened by violence against civilians, including attacks on hospitals and denial of humanitarian access. The pandemic has grave consequences on the lives and wellbeing of vulnerable families, children and internally displaced people due to the physical environments they live in as a result of armed violence. Estimates show that the pandemic compelled 2.7 million additional people to rely on urgent humanitarian assistance. The pandemic is spreading in the country at an exponential pace; for the first time, it took 75 days to reach 5,000 cases and only 30 days to reach a caseload of 16,000.
Today, mobile teams operate Safe Spaces in 13 locations   seven in the Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Jere and Konduga, and six in harder to reach locations. Amid the COVID 19 pandemic, these mobile teams have readjusted their intervention by providing door to door assistance to IDPs instead of to large gatherings, which might increase the risk of disease transmission.
Nigeria's border disputes with all three neighbours on Lake Chad, along with a quarrel with Cameroon on the oil rich Bakassi peninsula to the south, meant that Abuja was instinctively less inclined to cooperate. In addition, Nigerian mistrust of external intervention on its soil runs deep, informed by foreign support for Biafran rebels in the late 1960s.
In 2016, 2017 and 2018, the MNJTF launched short operations, which saw Chadian and, to a lesser extent, Cameroonian and Nigerien troops enter Nigeria and help push back jihadists. Chadian troops were key to these operations as they went further into Nigerian territory and stayed longer than their Cameroonian or Nigerien counterparts. But even they often struggled to consolidate gains they had made due to weaknesses in the Nigerian response and to a highly adaptable enemy.
The Nigerian military later recaptured Baga, but the group has attacked other lake areas of Chad and Cameroon. The on again, off again nature of military offensives, including by the MNJTF – which, as described, carried out only one three month operation in each of 2016, 2017 and 2018 – may have created space for ISWAP.
A total of 1,878 movements were recorded, comprising 1,473 arrivals and 405 departures, between 8 and 14 June 2020. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Gwoza, Jere, Mobbar, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of the most affected Nigerian State of Borno. Arrivals were also recorded in Demsa, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of the state of Adamawa.
Lamurde: 236 arrivals and 163 departures were recorded in Lamurde LGA of Adamawa state. All arrivals recorded were from Lafiya ward in Lamurde LGA of Adamawa state. The departures included 126 from Guyuk ward in Guyuk LGA and 37 from Waduku ward in Lamurde LGA of Adamawa state. 91 per cent of the movements recorded were as a result of fear of attack and 9 per cent due to improved security.
Gwoza: 235 arrivals were recorded in Gwoza LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 82 from Konduga, 53 from Gwoza, 35 from Jere and 13 from Bama LGAs of Borno state. 14 arrivals were also recorded from Girei and Michika LGAs of Adamawa state. And 30 arrivals from Abuja Municipal Area Council LGA of the Federal Capital Territory, 4 from Zaria LGA of Kaduna state and 4 from Marwa region of Cameroon. 87 per cent of the movements were due to voluntary relocation, 8 per cent poor living condition, 4 per cent from fear of covid 19 and 2 per cent fear of attack.
The results also include 67 children from neighboring countries  ( 11 in Bama, 3 in Gwoza, 40 in Mobbar and 13 in Ngala ) ; of all the 67 children measured, 2 children were in the Red category with 58 in the Green category and the remaining 7 in the Yellow category. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted for treatment. Please note, the data presented are not surveillance results and should be interpreted with caution.
Mobbar: 217 arrivals were recorded in Mobbar LGA of Borno state. All arrivals recorded were from Shettimari ward in Diffa region of Niger Republic. 82 per cent relocated voluntarily and 18 per cent of the movements recorded were as a result of poor living conditions.
Ngala: 131 arrivals were recorded in Ngala LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 77 from Rann “A' ward in Kala Balge LGA of Borno state and 54 from Mayo Sava ward in Marwa region of Cameroon. All movements recorded relocated voluntarily
An exhaustive nutrition screening using mid upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  and Oedema for acute malnutrition was conducted by Sector partners for 151 children of 6 59 months. Of the 151 children screened, the MUAC reading was 5 children  ( 3 in In accessible and 2 in accessible areas )  in the Red category, 12 were in the Yellow category and 134 were measured in the Green category. No case of Oedema was reported in the 4 LGAs that we received reports from.
The emergence of Boko Haram offshoots and splinter groups over the past two years adds fresh complexity to counter insurgency efforts. At least three militant groups are now active in the Lake Chad basin, at times cooperating, at times competing and occasionally fighting one another directly.
In 2018 and 2019, a new branch of Boko Haram, the Islamic State in West Africa Province  ( ISWAP ) , gained strength. It has also staged sophisticated attacks on military targets, killing soldiers and pillaging armaments. It poses a significant new challenge.
On 13 June, armed men raided the town of Monguno, in the north eastern part of Borno State, killing several civilians, including a four year old girl. At least 37 other civilians were injured.
The humanitarian hub, which includes humanitarian offices and accommodation, was also targeted. While the facility sustained light damage, vehicles in front of the hub were torched.
concerned by reports of another violent attack by non state armed groups in Damasak, Borno State, on 2 July, in which at least two innocent civilians lost their lives, including a five year old child. Several others were injured, and a humanitarian helicopter was hit, sustaining serious damage.
There were 388 suspected cases of measles reported from 74 LGAs in 20 states. None was laboratory confirmed and one death was recorded.
First, victims of Boko Haram insurgency are still suffering the harsh realities of the war; humanitarian crisis, loss of loved ones and livelihoods. They are still refugees in squalid displacement camps. Second, about 38,000 people have died as a result of the ongoing conflict, the anguish is still fresh as jihadists attacks continue. Third, the government's amnesty programme may not have considered victims of Boko Haram insurgency and designated communities in implementing the amnesty.
The emergency telecommunication  ( ETS )  supports the communications needs of the entire humanitarian community both in Maiduguri and in the remote field hubs
The closure of schools is affecting some 4.2 million students in BAY States, the most vulnerable groups of children targeted by the education partners through the 2020 HRP, are likely to be impacted the most. About 400,000 IDP children attending some form of learning in the camps and host communities will be affected by the interruption of learning activities
15% of the world's poorest reside in Nigeria; urban crime, kidnappings, and herder pastoralist clashes are widespread in some areas due to poverty, limited resources, and lack of economic opportunities.
On 18 June 2020, IOM's DTM program carried out an assessment to ascertain the level of damage sustained in camps and camp like settings due to heavy windstorm and rainfall on the 17th of June 2020. Overall, 10 camps were affected in Maiduguri, Jere, Damboa and konduga LGAs. The worst hit of the camps assessed was the 400 Housing Estate  ( Gubio Camp )  in Konduga where a heavy rainfall left 15 makeshift shelters damaged, 15 damaged toilets and an estimated 182 individuals without shelter.
With the onset of the June to September rainy season in northeastern Nigeria, the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )  cautions that extreme weather may continue to damage shelters and water, sanitation, and hygiene  ( WASH )  infrastructure at IDP camps and other sites hosting vulnerable populations, which could exacerbate humanitarian needs.On June 14, heavy winds and rainfall damaged 170 shelters across 17 IDP sites in Borno's Jere, Konduga, and Maiduguri LGAs, affecting more than 820 people, according to IOM. A previous storm that occurred between May 23 and 25 led to a fire at Jere's Muna El Badawy IDP camp that resulted in the deaths of two residents and damaged or destroyed multiple shelters, displacing nearly 2,600 IDPs.
From January to March 2020, the HLP registered six cases of landowners threatening to evict 1,460 individuals across MMC, Jere, Mobbar and Gwoza LGAs in Borno State. IThis data reveals that IDPs do not have the security of tenure and are often exposed to risks of exploitation and abuse by private landowners and landlords.
As of 21 June, there are 20,244 reported cases of COVID 19 in Nigeria. 115,760 people have been tested with 35 states and the Federal capital Territory  ( FCT )  having reported at least one confirmed case. 20 local government areas are currently responsible for 60 percent of the COVID19 cases in the country
633 Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Damboa, Gwoza and Maiduguri Metropolitan Council LGAs of Borno; Fufore, Hong, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan and Song LGAs of Adamawa.
A total of 2,442 movements were recorded, comprising 1,809 arrivals and 633 departures, between 15 and 21 June 2020. Arrivals were recorded at loca�ons in Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Dikwa, Gubio, Gwoza, Mobbar and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of the most affected Nigerian State of Borno. Arrivals were also recorded in Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of the state of Adamawa.
This is attributable to inability of the tenants  ( IDPs )  to pay rent, further aggravated by COVID 19 related economic hardships; the lack of incentives for landowners to use of their land; and the need for landowners to use their land for other profitable purposes
There were 80 suspected cases, nine confirmed cases and two deaths were recorded from 37 LGAs in ten states.  One new healthcare worker was affected in the reporting week
Lamurde: 414 arrivals and 126 departures were recorded in Lamurde LGA of Adamawa state. All arrivals recorded were from Dumna ward of Guyuk LGA in Adamawa state. All 126 departures recorded were from Waduku ward of Lamurde LGA in Adamawa state. 77 per cent of the movements recorded were as a result of fear of a�ack and 23 per cent due to improved security.
Gubio: 404 arrivals were recorded in Gubio LGA of Borno state. All arrivals were from Felo ward of Gubio LGA in Borno state. All movements recorded were trigerred by conflict/a�ack.
175 arrivals were recorded in Monguno LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 134 from Kukawa ward and 24 from Alagarno ward of Kukawa LGA in Borno state and 17 from Diffa region in Niger Republic. 90 per cent of the movements were as a result of poor living conditions and 10 per cent were as a result of military operations.
Askira/Uba: 17 arrivals and 243 departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state. The arrivals included 10 from Mubi south LGA and 7 from Hong LGA in Adamawa state. The departures included 142 from Maiha LGA, 37 from Mayo Belwa LGA, 17 from Gombi LGA and 4 from Michika LGA in Adamawa state. 43 departures were also recorded from Askira/Uba and Chibok LGAs in Borno state. 55 per cent of the movements were as a result of fear of a�ack, 16 per cent from improved security, 15 per cent from voluntary reloca�on and 14 per cent were as a result of poor living condi�ons.
340 arrivals were recorded in Gubio LGA of Borno state. All arrivals were from Felo ward of Gubio LGA in Borno state. All movements recorded were triggered by conflict/attack.
Vulnerable households in parts of Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe will likely face Crisis or worse levels of acute food insecurity through at least September, as increasing OAG attacks continue to disrupt agricultural production, household access to food markets, and livelihood activities, according to FEWS NET.
The recent global crash in oil prices, fuelled by an OPEC+ price war and subsequent drop in demand of oil derivatives amid COVID 19 containment measures worldwide, resulted in Nigeria reducing its oil production and exports. Depletion of foreign reserves in the Nigerian Central Bank  ( normally countries get foreign currency from exports to replenish their reserves )  has made it difficult to stabilise the local currency  ( Naira )  against the US dollar, causing a rapid depreciation of the Naira
While there are risks related to the spread of COVID 19 as businesses gradually re open, containment measures are having a negative impact on people's livelihoods and well being. Movement restrictions in Nigeria and across the globe are disrupting supply chains and the delivery of humanitarian assistance, exacerbating poverty, and having a negative impact on food security and nutrition
141 arrivals were recorded in Mobbar LGA of Borno state. All 141 arrivals were from Diffa region in Niger Republic. All movements recorded were as a result of poor living conditions.
As the caseload of the COVID 19 increases  ( already over 20,000 cases and 518 deaths June 21 ) , there are fears that the Nigerian fragile health sector may be overwhelmed.
The disruption of livelihood activities, increased food prices, and reduced agricultural production due to COVID 19 containment measures risks worsening food insecurity in the country.
In Nigeria, large cities like Lagos and Ibadan have several populated slums. In Lagos, an estimated 60% of the population lives in slums and informal settlements, including floating slums such as Makoko. These settlements are characterised lack of proper WASH facilities, clean water, electricity, and services
A study on remittances conducted in Nigeria between 2011 and 2012 found that over 74% of the total remittances flows to the country were spent by households on consumption, education and health
In a country regularly affected by disease outbreaks, it is important to integrate COVID 19 health response into existing health programmes to adequately respond to the pandemic while also treating patients affected by other epidemics such as measles, malaria, cholera, Lassa fever, and meningitis.