nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
[ 25th March 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Comparatively higher GAM  ( WHZ )  rates were found in 2011, 2013 and 2014 which might be influenced due to collection of data during peak harvest period  ( November )  where rest of the surveys were conducted after post harvest period  ( Jan Feb ) . However, overall GAM  ( WHZ )  rate has significantly decreased over 10 years from 2011 to 2011  ( 18.7% vs 9.3% )  with no major significant change  ( p=0.404 )  over the last five years from 2016 to 2021  ( 10.7% vs 9.3% ) . MUAC based GAC rate also reduced significantly from 2011 to 2018.  [ For MUAC trend analysis, 2021 data was not presented as weighted prevalence doesn't provide GAM by MUAC ] .
[ 18th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives Minister Tajul Islam said that due to the surge of Covid 19, all local government elections had been postponed. “So, the current representatives like councillors, chairmen, and members are supposed to coordinate the relief disbursement process in the field level.' In 2020, a number of local politicians, including councillors, chairpersons, and members of union and upazila parishads were suspended over irregularities in rice distribution. At one point in mid April, the government was forced to suspend the open market sale  ( OMS )  initiative, due to corruption and mass gatherings at selling points.
[ 15 28 April, 2021, Bangladesh, Cox's Bazar ]  While the overall positivity of the sample tested in the district is 9.4%, an increasing trend in the positive cases among the host community has been observed in the past few weeks. In week 14, 453 cases tested positive in comparison with 203 positive cases registered in week 12. The number of cases has slightly decreased to 400 in week 16, with a test rate positivity of 15.3%. Most cases have been reported in the municipality and Sadar Upazila area, with a 2 fold rise of new cases contributing by the other upazilas collectively in the district. Case distribution by age and sex remains similar to 2020.
[ 12th 18th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: As of epidemiology week 15  ( 12 18 April 2021 ) , there are 494 confirmed cases of COVID 19  ( SARS CoV 2 )  detected among the Rohingya refugees from 36,664 samples tested since the beginning of the outbreak. This week  ( week 15 ) , twenty nine new confirmed cases were detected from 871 samples tested. The overall positivity of the samples tested is 1.4%
[ 23rd June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The minimum acceptable diet was 36.8%  [ 29.0 45.4 ]  in Ukhiya and 19.3%  [ 12.9 27.7 ]  in Teknaf Upazila among children aged 6 23 months who fed with minimum five food groups and adequate number of meals according to their age and if they were breastfed or not. The minimum acceptable diet found significantly  [ p=0.002 ]  lower in Teknaf than Ukhiya Upazila.
[ 12th 18th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  During the reporting week, 3454 samples from 31 sentinel sites in Rohingya camps and all government facilities in Cox's Bazar, Bandarban & 3 Upazilas of Chattogram district were tested in IEDCR Field Laboratory, Cox's Bazar supported by WHO.
[ 15 28 April, 2021, Bangladesh, Cox's Bazar ]  DISTRICT LABORATORY: WHO continues its support to the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research  ( IEDCR )  Field Laboratory at the Cox's Bazar Medical College comprising human resources, equipment, supplies/consumables and technical and operational expertise. Between early April 2020 and 25 April 2021, a total of 133 642 tests for COVID 19 have been conducted of which 116 524 are from Cox's Bazar district and the remainder from Bandarban and Chittagong districts. A slight increase in the number of tests conducted among the Rohingya refugees was observed in weeks 15 16 as compared to weeks 13 14, from 1875 to 1781 tests. However, among the host community a decreased number of samples was tested: from 5067 tests in weeks 13 14 to 4930 tests in week 15 16. Currently, 31 sample collection sites are operating for suspected COVID 19 patients.
[ 18th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  After a weeklong lockdown, the government enforced a fresh one with harsher measures from April 14 which will continue till Wednesday. The government had imposed a 'loose' nationwide lockdown for one week from April 5 as part of its move to contain the spike in both coronavirus infections and fatalities. But the government allowed the resumption of public transport in city corporation areas from April 7 as well as reopening shops and shopping malls for five days from April 9 in the face of protests against the lockdown.
[ 15 28 April, 2021, Bangladesh, Cox's Bazar ]  Between weeks 15 16, 60 new confirmed cases were detected from 1,875 samples tested, the test positivity was therefore 3.2%. As of 25 April 2021 the cumulative incidence is 61.1 per 100 000 people. The overall positivity of samples tested is 1.3%. Among the cases, 5.5% showed severe symptoms at the time of admission while 6.5% reported at least one co morbidity. The median age of tested and confirmed cases was not changed 10  ( 0 120 )  & 18  ( 0 90 )  years, respectively and ratio of females among tested and confirmed cases was 55% and 52%, respectively. Though the median age of tested samples remained below 10 years, a significant proportion has been tested among 50+ years: 525 per 10 000 population, following that of 0 9 years with 659 tests per 10 000 population as highest number. The test positivity was highest 1.9% in 30 39  and 20 29 years age cohort and the age specific mortality 0.99 per 10 000 population observed among 50+ years during the period. In total, and since the outbreak began, 11 deaths due to confirmed COVID 19 have been reported in the camps with a case fatality ratio of 2.1%.
[ 15 28 April, 2021, Bangladesh, Cox's Bazar ]  Since the onset of the outbreak in 2017, Diphtheria surveillance is ongoing in the camps. The total number of diphtheria cases reported is 9261 to date  ( 3016 in 2017; 5330 in 2018; 614 in 2019; 226 in 2020 and 75 as of week 16, 2021 ) . In total, 9018 cases were reported in the camps and 243 from the host community, with 47 deaths registered in the refugee camps and none in the host community. While the first Diphtheria case was detected on 10 November 2017, the first death occurred on 29 December 2017 and the last death on 25 October 2019.
[ 15 28 April, 2021, Bangladesh, Cox's Bazar ]  CLINICAL CASE MANAGEMENT: During the reporting period, one working group meeting along with one case conference for SARI ITCs and two case conferences for ICU were conducted. As of 26 April 2021, there are 12 operational SARI ITCs in the camps with a total of 478 functional beds open and 415 on stand by. The SARI ITC bed ocupancy is currently 25.3%. At the 250 Bed District Sadar Hospital, the Intensive Care Unit  ( ICU )  has 10 beds while the High Dependency Unit  ( HDU )  has 8 beds and the Severe Care Unit  ( SCU )  20 beds functional beds. At the moment, 27 beds are occupied.
[ 12th 18th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: As of 18 April 2021, a total of 12 SARI ITCs in the FDMN/Rohingya Refugee camps are operational with 482 functional and 415 standby beds. 122 beds are currentluy occupied. At 250 bed District Sadar Hospital, 10 beds in Intensive Care Unit  ( ICU ) , 8 beds in High Dependency Unit  ( HDU )  and 20 beds in Severe Care Unit  ( SCU )  are functional. Currently, 28 beds out of these 38 are occupied.
[ 3 December 2020, Bangladesh, Cox's Bazar ]  RECOMMENDATIONS: CONTRIBUTE TO ENSURING REFUGEE S ' PROTECTION AND RIGHTS ⇒ Although DEC funding does not include advocacy, it is crucial to keep in mind that the Rohingya refugees' current situation in Bangladesh is not acceptable, nor is the prospect of the forced relocation to Bhasan Char Island, which has begun. It is suggested that DEC Member Charities should adopt a strong position in support of those who refuse to be displaced as no guarantees have been given about the conditions in which they will be living on this isolated and disaster prone island in the Bay of Bengal.
[ 5th   11th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  During the last week  ( week 14 ) , reports were received from 153,032 household visits, in which 2,533 patients were identified with mild respiratory symptoms  ( fever, sore throat, cough )  and 9 with moderate/severe COVID like symptoms. Since the beginning of the activity, the cumulative number of patients identified with mild symptoms is 124,873 and with moderate/ severe symptoms is 513. 1,801 persons with COVID like symptoms were referred to health facilities in the past week, where the cumulative figure of referral is 60,506.
[ 15th April 2021,Bangladesh ]  Rickshaws were seen plying roads in different areas, including Dilu Road, Mohakhali, Bijoy Sarani, and Manik Mia Avenue as people are hiring the slow moving three wheelers to reach their destinations in absence of alternative transports. Police and Rapid Action Battalion  ( RAB )  members were seen monitoring the movement of vehicles and people after setting up checkposts in different parts of the capital. They were asking people why they got out of their homes. Those who were failing to show the “movement pass' or any valid reason for going out, were being fined.
[ 19th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  Public movement will be restricted, just as it is in the current lockdown, and no one will be allowed to go out except for certain emergency needs – such as to purchase medicines, daily essentials, avail medical services, take Covid 19 jabs, and burial or cremation of dead bodies. Hotels and restaurants will be allowed to operate from 12 noon to 7pm and 12 midnight to 6am on takeaway/online services only.
[ 18th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  He added that oxygen cylinder support has been provided in the districts, which will gradually increase over time. Around 17,900 oxygen cylinders were deployed across the country. On the other hand, entry to Bangladesh has been stopped from 17 more countries through various points of entry. Passengers from those countries will not be allowed to enter via transit through any other countries.
[ January  March 2021, Bangladesh Cox's Bazar ] According to those consulted, the increase in fire incidents and crimes committed across the camps such as stealing, in conjunction with rising tensions with the host community has led to feelings that humanitarians and the government are not doing enough to provide safety to Rohingya in the camps. As a result, many community members feel the need to create informal protection mechanisms to keep them safe from the increased security and re risks.
[ 18th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  12 people have been fined for flouting the lockdown in Cox's Bazar. On 18 April 108 patients were found positive out 747 of samples in the lab of Cox's Bazar Medical College. The government is thinking of extending the nationwide lockdown.
[ 29th March   4th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  A total of284 newCOVID 19 positive cases were reported in Cox's Bazar district from 29 March  04 April 2021 according to the Civil Surgeon Office. The first laboratory confirmed case was identified in Cox's Bazar on 23 March 2020.   Currently, a total of 708 contacts are in home quarantine according to the Civil Surgeon Office in Cox's Bazar as of 04 April 2021
[ 19th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  Previously, NTAC recommended a full lockdown for at least two weeks. The government has already implemented a weeklong lockdown from April 14 and the committee expressed satisfaction over that. However, scientifically effective results cannot be expected in less than two weeks of lockdown. However, private offices, banks being kept open, increasing private car traffic, unwanted and unnecessary extra crowds in the Iftar markets make the success of the lockdown uncertain.
[ 29th March   4th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Host: As of 4 April 2021, 6,243 cases and 74 deaths have been reported from the host community in Cox's Bazar; A total of 284 new cases were recorded among the host community from 29 March 4 April 2021.
[ 19th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  Early detection of Covid 19 patients is important for infection prevention. The government is working to increase the capacity of the laboratories However, recently the number of sample tests has decreased. Sample collection booths need to be set up in every ward in urban areas to make sampling easier and within the reach of patients. Rapid antigen testing is recommended at the sample collection booths so the report can be provided quickly, said NTAC.
[ 19th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  The Covid 19 National Technical Advisory Committee  ( NTAC )  has recommended another week of strict lockdown to control the spread of the deadly virus in the country. The committee made the recommendation at its virtual meeting, headed by its Chairman Prof Md Sahidullah, around 8pm on Sunday night, said a press release on Sunday.
[ 19th  25th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Both Host and Refugees: According to the Civil Surgeon's Office, Cox's Bazar, a total of 400 new COVID 19 positive cases were reported among the host community in the district from 19  25 April 2021. Currently, a total of 3,050 contacts are in home quarantine as of 25 April 2021. From 19  25 April 2021, a total of 31 new COVID 19 cases were reported. 208 FDMN/Rohingya refugee contacts are in home quarantine in the camps and 62 in facility quarantine as of 25 April 2021.
[ 19th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  Restrictions are not imposed on the carrying of goods, emergency services and production. Offices, staff and vehicles of organizations providing emergency services, including law enforcement, agricultural products  ( fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, and machineries ) , crops, food laden vehicles, relief distribution, health services, health workers involved in mass vaccination, power, water, gas, fire services, port activities, media  ( print and electronic ) , private security management, telephone, and postal services are expected to remain out of the purview of the restrictions.
[ 19th April 2021, Bangladesh ]  The local administrations concerned are supposed to take steps in a coordinated way for ferrying agricultural workers for Boro paddy harvest. District and field administrations will take necessary measures to enforce the directives in a coordinated fashion. The law enforcement agencies are set to strengthen patrol and take legal action against those who violate the directives. The director general of the Directorate General of Health Services is supposed to take necessary steps to engage the law enforcement agencies and local administrations on his behalf.
[ 1st April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Vaccination has started in Bangladesh and it's continuing at the moment in host communities • First round of vaccination in camps: start tentatively on 27th of March and ends before Ramadan  ( 2 weeks )  • Second dose in 2 months • Initial target: persons over 40 y.o. + frontline workers • Key messages on vaccination to be shared by WASH staff in the day to day activities  ( HtoH sessions mainly )  • Rumor tracking tool available  ( same as COVID 19 )
[ 19th  25th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  In week 15  ( 12 18 April 2021 ) , two suspected Severe Acute Respiratory Infection  ( SARI )  death were reported, increasing the total to 36 in 2021. All deaths have been investigated by RIRT as a part of COVID 19 response and of these, seven came out as probable COVID 19 deaths. While in 2020, a total of 49 suspected SARI deaths were reported, two deaths considered as death due to probable COVID 19 through RIRT investigation as well.
[ 19th  25th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Host: As of 25 April 2021, 7,448 cases and 84 deaths have been reported from the host community in Cox's Bazar; A total of 400 new cases were recorded among the host community from 19   25 April 2021.
[ 1st April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Over 18,000 children per year fatally drown in Bangladesh, the majority in rural areas. In children aged 1 4, drowning accounts for 43% of all fatalities in Bangladesh. Drowning is the fifth leading cause of deaths for all children under 5 years. Drowning is the leading cause of death for children aged 1–5 years
[ 19th  25th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  During the reporting week, 3,690 samples from 31 sentinel sites in Rohingya camps and all government facilities in Cox's Bazar, Bandarban & 3 upazilas of Chattogram district were tested in IEDCR Field Laboratory, Cox's Bazar supported by WHO.
[ 18th   24th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: This week there were 389 positive tests for the coronavirus carried out in the district including 14 Rohingyas and it was also reported that one host community member died from the infection. These are slightly down on the previous week's totals of 433 cases including 36 Rohingya.
[ 19th  25th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: As of epidemiology week 16  ( 19 25 April 2021 ) , there are 525 confirmed cases of COVID 19  ( SARS CoV 2 )  detected among the Rohingya refugees from 37,667 samples tested since the beginning of the outbreak. This week  ( week 16 ) , thirty one new confirmed cases were detected from 1,004 samples tested. The overall positivity of the samples tested is 1.4%.
[ 19th  25th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: As of 18 April 2021, a total of 12 SARI ITCs in the FDMN/Rohingya Refugee camps are operational with 478 functional and 415 standby beds. 121 beds are currently occupied. At 250 bed District Sadar Hospital, 10 beds in Intensive Care Unit  ( ICU ) , 8 beds in High Dependency Unit  ( HDU )  and 20 beds in Severe Care Unit  ( SCU )  are functional. Currently, 30 beds out of these 38 are occupied.
[ 18th   24th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: There has been an increase in violent deaths in the district this week with a total of six murders, including four Rohingya. There were also three drowning deaths, two road accident deaths and one death from unknown causes that was almost certainly a case of infanticide.
[ 18th   24th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: During the week, a total of 22 Rohingya's were detained in two separate incidents by the BGB attempting to cross the border from Myanmar. On 21 April, two Rohingya tried to cross the border in Teknaf, they were detained and returned to Myanmar. On the same day, near the border in the Unchiprang area, the BGB detained 20 Rohingyas who were attempting to enter Bangladesh illegally, they were also subsequently returned to the authorities on the other side of the border.
[ 18th   24th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Both Host and Refugee: There was also a ‘gunfight' on 22 April in the neighbouring district of Bandarban where a Rohingya from Kutupalong was shot dead by the Border Guard Bangladesh  ( BGB ) . On 22 April, members of a Rohingya dacoit gang randomly opened fire on people in Jadimura Camp  ( Camp 27 ) , Teknaf. One male youth from the host community died and two other people including one Rohingya were injured as a result of bullet wounds sustained.
[ 18th   24th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  This week, three types of controlled substances were confiscated by the authorities in Cox's Bazar namely alcohol, marijuana and yaba. The number of drug seizures reduced this week returning to below average with a total of approximately 140,000 yaba pills captured by law enforcement.
[ 18th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Police arrested a Bangladeshi drug smuggler with 5000 yaba tablets in Ukhiya. Police arrested a Bangladeshi drug smuggler from Ghumdhum with 3660 pieces of Yaba. A fake doctor has been fined and his chamber has been closed by security forces in Ukhiya.
[ 18th   24th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The Armed Police Battalion  ( APBn )  seized 100 grams of marijuana and 99 cans of beer from four Rohingya drug dealers in Kutupalong Camp, Ukhiya. This would indicate that alcohol and cannabis is being consumed along with yaba in the camps. The largest drug seizure was of 50,000 yaba tablets confiscated from a host community drug smuggler in Teknaf on 23 April.
[ 18th   24th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  On 24 April, the police Rapid Action Battalion  ( RAB )  captured 30,000 pills in Fisharipara in Cox's Bazar Municipality. In addition, 80,000 yaba pills were captured in Bandarban by the BGB in relation to the ‘gunfight' of 22 April.
[ January  March 2021, Bangladesh Cox's Bazar ] This event has left everyone in the surrounding camps living in fear. All consultations, both with those that have been directly impacted by this large Fire and those living in the unaffected camps, discussed that this sense of fear is due to the increase in fire incidents across the camps. Following the large scale fire on 22nd of March, many smaller fire incidents have been recorded across the camps, including those in Teknaf.
[ 18th   24th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: Between 18 and 24 April, the APBn, in three separate security operations within and around the camps, detained two Rohingya dacoits and captured two firearms and six rounds of ammunition. The largest operation on 24 April involved over 300 police personnel drawn from the APBn and the District Police.
[ 21th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  On 21 April 65 patients were tested positive out of 532 samples in the lab of Cox's Bazar Medical College.
[ 22th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Rising HLP issues/tensions between HC and refugee HHs and misunderstanding from the 22 March fire incident: ▪ That the ‘refugees started the fire' and caused extensive and undue damage/destruction to HC houses and properties, ▪ That humanitarian agencies are only prioritising assistance to refugees and not HC who have been equally affected, ▪ Obstruction by the HC initially to refugees living on their land  ( private land )  from erecting temporary shelters until assistance is provided to HC, ▪ Increased pressure by the HC for the refugees on their  ( private )  land to vacate.
[ 6th June 2021, Bangladesh ]  In some locations people have already resorted to asset selling, taking loans, reducing their daily meal uptake, taking dry food, using savings or advance wages received as a coping mechanism, for lack of options
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  In Bangladesh, researchers including Rahman et al  ( 2019 )  have previously related this to cultural factors such as existing traditional gender roles, with young boys being more likely to be out playing unsupervised and young girls being more likely at home assisting with household activities and not being allowed to swim or bathe in public after a certain age  ( ADB, 2001 ) . Considering the varying risks between young males and females found within the refugee camps, gender differences are key factors and need to be acknowledged when developing drowning prevention strategies  ( Borse et al, 2011 ) .
[ 26th May 2021, Bangladesh ]  On May 23, the government again extended ongoing restrictions on public movement and gatherings for another week    until May 30, but also allowed the resumption of inter district travel via public transport at half capacity.
[ 26th May 2021, Bangladesh ]  The government, the minister said, had finalised a plan to provide 5,000 teachers with ICT training so they could conduct digital classes properly. Additionally, a total of 33,20800 students were brought under a soft loan scheme, to facilitate internet access for them through the UGC and four telecom operators.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugee: This suggests that an expansion of active supervision of children could be a prevention strategy to consider for drowning in the refugee camps  ( Hyder et al. 2008 ) . However, this measure may not address all the known risk factors for childhood drowning  ( Alonge et al, 2020 ) , and considering the limited resources and large families in the camps, constant adult supervision may not be feasible.
[ 26th May 2021, Bangladesh ]  In light of the Covid 19 situation, the government has decided to push back its plan to reopen all educational institutions in the country to June 12. She said that all secondary and higher secondary level educational institutions would reopen on June 13. At the same time, State Minister for Primary and Mass Education Zakir Hossain said all primary schools would also reopen on the same day.
[ 26th May 2021, Bangladesh ]  On May 15, the government announced that all secondary and higher secondary level educational institutions would remain closed till May 29 in light of the pandemic, which has so far killed over 12,400 people across the country.
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  This proximity and dependence on these open water sources creates an environment where children have frequent exposure to drowning risks and water related hazards. Previous research conducted in Bangladesh has found reliance on accessing open water sources and frequent use of surface water rather than piped water to be associated with an increased risk of fatal drowning events  ( Jagnoor et al, 2019 ) .
[ 21 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The findings revealed a wide age range of drowning victims, with the youngest victim only 2 years old and the oldest victim 17 years old, demonstrating that fatal childhood drowning occurs throughout early childhood and into adolescence in the camps. The findings also revealed that the nature of fatal drowning incidents and influencing factors vary between children under 5 and older children.
[ 2nd   8th August 2021, Bangladesh ]  Suspected SARI death under enhanced Community based mortality surveillance has been continued since week 28, 2020. – One hundred twenty five  ( 125 )  suspected SARI deaths have been reported so far and reviewed subsequently by Rapid Investigation and Response Team  ( RIRT )  for COIVD19. – Total eleven  ( 11 )  SARI deaths were considered as death due to probable COVID 19 till date.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Food security : Food is considered to be the biggest concern during an emergency. The recent fire incident destroyed more than thousands of shelters and cooking facilities across the affected camps. Affected people lost essential utilities like cooking items, items used to store food and water, etc.  ( ACAPS NPM, 2021 )  The ACAPS and IOM's NPM identified the inability to cook nutritious meals as a key concern for the affected, especially for pregnant and lactating mothers, as well as mothers with children under 5 years of age.
[ 31st May 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The negative socioeconomic impacts of lockdown measures and suspended protection programming will accelerate already rising protection risks, including GBV and child protection, while protection structures disappear. This will in turn exacerbate inter  and intra communal tension.
[ January   June 2021, Cox's Bazar ] To support COVID 19 case management, a laboratory was set up and equipped within the Sadar District Hospital Intensive Care Unit. Over US$ 1 million worth of personal protective equipment was donated to Government health facilities in Cox's Bazar
[ 28th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: When participants were asked whether they faced barriers to accessing assistance or services, by far the biggest challenge reported by all participants, regardless of demographic group, was being unable to carry assistance home from distribution centres because it was too heavy. This includes food assistance packages, LPG, and, to a lesser extent, shelter materials  ( as they are less frequently distributed ) .
[ March 2021, Bangladesh ] The COVID 19 pandemic added even more challenges to an already extraordinary year, with the limitations it placed on employment, travel and commerce, in addition to its impact on health. Traditionally, the monsoon season is a busy time for livestock trade, and it is the time for sowing the aman rice harvest. But with many markets temporarily closed, livestock traders had fewer opportunities to generate income and farmers had a harder time sourcing inputs.
[ March 2021, Bangladesh ] A crisis within a crisis: This peak period also coincided with trade and movement restrictions related to COVID 19, which made it even harder for farming families to access food and inputs and sell their goods between July and September. Considering these market disruptions, FAO was distributing items that families likely would not have been able to procure otherwise, even if they had the funds to do so, which many already did not.
[ 28th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: Food and LPG are so difficult to carry that they were mentioned by participants in 80% of male FGDs and 79% of female FGDs. To carry their assistance home, participants in both male and female FGDs detailed having to sell some of their food rations or go into debt to pay a porter or a vehicle to transport the assistance home.
[ 28th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: Participants in over half of male FGDs  ( 59% )  and 67% of female FGDs directly requested more support to carry their monthly food rations, LPG, and other distribution items home. Participants also suggested an increase in the number of distribution points to reduce travel distances with heavy pack.
Even when the pandemic is finally over, another threat is here to stay for the future: climate change is contributing to increasingly extreme weather events, like the 2020 monsoon floods, and will make it progressively more difficult for families to cope with shocks, particularly those who are most exposed. Such changes in climate also put increased pressure on the Government of Bangladesh to protect its people.
[ 28th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: Male participants were much more aware of where to go, who to speak to, and what they could report. Only 19% of male FGDs had participants who did not know who to report to or who had never reported an issue  ( compared to 73% of female FGDs ) . This was more common with older men  ( 56+ )  than other age groups.
[ 28th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: Nine out of ten KIIs with single female headed households revealed that they had very little experience reporting problems. They either said they do not know where to go or they do not feel comfortable with the reporting options they know of, which often involve leaving their shelter and talking with men.
[ January  March 2021, Bangladesh Cox's Bazar ] People have reported being unable to sleep due to the increase in incidents – partially out of fear and anxiety, and partially because of self initiated fire prevention measuress. The majority of consultations across all camps explained that their community in their sub block have formed informal night watch groups or that they themselves have been staying up at night to safeguard their families to watch for fires
[ March 2021, Bangladesh ] All of these factors create urgency to find solutions that ensure communities can progress and thrive despite recurring natural hazards. That also means finding ways to prevent those hazards from becoming major setbacks that can make people even more vulnerable to future shocks.
[ 5th   11th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Both Host and Refugees: According to the Civil Surgeon Office, Cox's Bazar, a total of 453 new COVID 19 positive cases were reported among the host community in the district from 05   11 April 2021. Currently, a total of 1291 contacts are in quarantine as of 11 April 2021. From 05 11 April 2021, a total of 20 new COVID 19 cases were reported. 137 FDMN/Rohingya refugee contacts are in home quarantine in the camps and 45 in facility quarantine as of 11 April 2021.
[ 29th March   4th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Refugees: The cumulative incidence is 51.8 per 100,000 people. A total of 10 confirmed COVID 19 deaths were reported since the beginning of the outbreak, bringing the case fatality to 2.2%. The first COVID 19 patient was detected in FDMN/Rohingya Refugee camps on 14 May 2020 and the first death was recorded on 31 May 2020.
[ January  March 2021, Bangladesh Cox's Bazar ] In the last 3 months, the SMSD Sector Daily Incident Report compiled by NPM which records the impact of small scale weather related incidents, including fire, has recorded a drastic increase in the amount of fire incidents in comparison to the same period last year. Between the 1st of January and 31st of March 2020, 26 small scale fire incidents were reported in comparison to 64 incidents reported between 1st of January and 31st of March 2021. Fire incidents in the last 3 months have occurred across 25 out of the 34 camps. The incident monitoring mechanism has also already recorded 12 incidents in the first 10 days of April 2021.
[ January  March 2021, Bangladesh Cox's Bazar ] When discussing these feelings of insecurity, many compared the increase in fire incidents and tension with the host community to their experiences in Myanmar before they escaped the genocide.These feelings of being no longer welcome, safe or wanted are reinforced by access restrictions caused by the fence construction and restrictions on inter camp relocations. People are unsure behind the motives of these measures, why they are happening and what it means for their future in Bangladesh.
[ 29th March   4th April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The cumulative number of patients identified with mild symptoms since the introduction of the activity from Epi week 25 of 2020 is 122,233 and 504 patients with moderate/ severe symptoms. 1,660 persons with COVID like symptoms were referred to health facilities in the past week, where the cumulative figure of referral is 58,628.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The rapid phone interviews explored existing challenges and suffering around the accessibility of wash and sanitation facilities. During the interviews, most of our respondents mentioned that they were not provided with adequate drinking water. According to them, the daily supply of drinking water is not sufficient to meet the needs of any large family with an average of six to seven members that includes under five children. If the allocated water was spilt accidentally, then the whole family had to survive that specific day without drinking any water.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Many organizations arranged temporary shelters  ( such as tents )  for the affected people within 72 hours of this incident. Some started living in those tents, and temporary shelters while some continued to live in their already burned homes by constructing makeshift shelters out of the tarpaulin and bamboo provided by IOM. Besides, many of the affected Rohingya people have taken shelter with friends and families in nearby camps. This poses another threat for both the affected families and those who have provided them with shelter, of being infected with COVID 19. As the number of cases are on the rise, many people living in a crowded area coupled with lack of preventive mechanisms against COVID 19 may lead to a spike in the number of infections.
[ 21 27 June 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  During week 24  ( 14  20 June 2021 ) , 02 suspected Severe Acute Respiratory Infection  ( SARI )  deaths were recorded; the sum increased to 49 in 2021. All deaths were investigated by RIRT as a part of COVID 19 response and of these, 09 came out as probable COVID 19 deaths.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  WASH: While it is important for the WASH sector to relocate the existing latrines across gender and age groups, until separate latrines are established, the WASH facility plans requested for approval, as per the published reports from the WASH sector must be accelerated via the permit process to aid in building a better solution. Additionally, the WASH facilities must be allocated space and set up in order to properly support users' needs and increase use by improving vulnerable security, including assignments dependent on shelters not sphere advice statistics.
[ March 2021, Bangladesh ] The second impact was on the logistics of aid operations. In a short period of time, FAO had to move both drums and fodder to communities with COVID 19 restrictions in place. Service providers were already experiencing labour shortages, lack of logistics support locally and internationally, and the cancellation of orders from importing countries. These challenging conditions made it more difficult to procure items in a short period of time and delayed the process of getting the inputs to communities – in a few cases, until after the floods peaked.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Recommendations: Shelter: For instance, persons with disabilities and the elderly should be prioritized during re location and shelter provision. Additionally, the relocation sites of those households which have persons with disabilities could be made to more accessible locations. Our phone interviews also revealed the temporary relocation of adolescents into their relatives' homes. However, there are still a number of adolescents living in the makeshift shelter and are in constant fear due to the lack of privacy and marginal security around them. Therefore, immediate rehabilitation is required for these remaining adolescents to avoid any episode of harassment.
[ 31st May 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Since the start of the pandemic, there has been an overall increase in reports of gender based violence  ( GBV )  as levels of frustration have increased due to a reduction in assistance and livelihood opportunities. There has also been an increase in reports of community level child protection issues, most notably in children experiencing psychosocial distress, child labour, children going missing, child marriage, and violence against children.
[ 1st April, 2021, Bangladesh ] Mitigation measures practiced and suggested: Mitigations measures in the face of economic distress were of four kinds. Most common was a. Reduction of expenditure including on food purchase and meal habits. b. assistance and loans from relatives and family friends c. Assistance from the Government. d. assistance from the NGOs.
[ 23 May, 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Camp markets: • The camp markets are functional between 10 a.m. to 5/6 p.m.. Balukhali Bazar, which was a major market hub, remains non functional since the camp fire.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Shelter: The recent fire outbreak affected around 48,300 people directly in three camps  ( WFP, 2021 ) , who lost their shelter, personal belongings, assets, and personal identification documents. In addition to these, important assistance cards such as SCOPE and SMART cards to access food and other facilities provided by humanitarian organizations were destroyed completely, putting the affected people in a difficult and vulnerable situation  ( ISCG, 2021 ) . The fire left thousands of people temporarily displaced  ( IOM, 2021 ) .
[ 30 April 2021, Bangladesh ] The adolescents in our sample had adequate knowledge about the basics of covid 19, its symptoms and how it spreads. However, there was some reporting of misconceptions about how to treat covid, with adolescents getting misinformation from the community as well. The study findings also show rural urban differences in knowledge about covid 19, with urban adolescents having more specific knowledge about the virus than their rural counterparts.
[ March 2021, Bangladesh ] This experience shows that we cannot assume that anticipatory actions happen in spaces where one hazard strikes at a time. We need to be prepared to deal with multiple shocks – be it a pandemic, conflict or additional climate hazard – happening at once. This also means we need to build holistic systems that can provide warnings ahead of shocks and allow stakeholders to adapt to complex risk situations. Creating these systems will involve many of the lessons outlined here, relating to logistics, prepositioning, and stronger coordination with and access to finance for government and a wide range of partners.
[ March 2021, Bangladesh ] For families across Bangladesh, monsoons are part of the annual cycle of life. Typically starting in June, heavy clouds unleash torrential rains that flood streets and farmland and test the limits of the country's vast river systems. For the next four months, some 80 percent of Bangladesh's annual rainfall will pour down and typically submerge a quarter of the land  ( FAO, IFRC, OCHA and WFP, 2020 ) . About twice every decade, a much heavier monsoon rain will swallow up more than half of the country, and with it the lives and livelihoods of its poorest people. Such events can risk people's lives and livelihoods, with hard to replace assets washed away or destroyed and their animals hungry and sick. Those living along rivers are the most vulnerable and many of them tend to be among the country's poorest.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  ]  The risk to safety and security of the affected population is not limited to separation from families only. As mentioned earlier, lack of separate facilities for men and women in the makeshift shelters are forcing everyone irrespective of their gender, age and necessity to live under the same space separated by a thin plastic sheet only to mark different families. This, however, is a major concern among the community regarding the privacy, safety, and security for women and girls. The community fears that this might lead to heinous acts of violence against them. This fear among the communities might be the result of their previous experience of trauma, murder and violence experienced in Myanmar and also immediately after coming to the camps. On the other hand, it is also culturally inappropriate for the Rohingyas to live in this manner. Women and girls are especially vulnerable as culturally, they don't venture out of their houses as much, and whenever they do they maintain purdah.
[ 31st March 2021, Bangladesh: Cox's Bazar ]  Protection, Safety and security: Most of our key informants emphasized their concern for individuals who were separated from their families during the chaos of the fire, especially women, adolescents, children and persons with disabilities. They have also mentioned about the heightened risks of kidnapping and human trafficking amidst this chaotic situation. 13 people were confirmed dead in the incident  ( BRAC HCMP, 2021 ) , and 15,000 individuals remained outside their original camps, as of 31 March, 2021  ( ISCG, 2021 ) .
[ 30 April 2021, Bangladesh ] Protective measures to prevent covid 19: The covid 19 pandemic has brought many changes in people's way of life and daily practices all around the world. To prevent infection, people have been adopting various protective measures and precautions. This section presents our findings on the preventive measures adopted by adolescents and their families during and after lockdown. Common measures include the use of masks and gloves, washing hands with soap and sanitiser, maintaining social distance, and restricting mobility.
[ 30 April 2021, Bangladesh ] Due to this expense, some adolescents mentioned reusing the one time masks after cleaning them with soap and water. Only two adolescents reported that they are using homemade fabric masks. One 14 year old boy said, ‘My mother has a sewing machine, she sews all day  [ for commercial purposes ]  and sometimes makes masks for us. If there is any cloth left, she uses that for making masks'  ( grade 7, Chittagong rural area ) . Masks are also available as a form of aid distribution, albeit this was not common. Two adolescents mentioned receiving free masks from community leaders and army personnel.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ] Numbers of individuals considered “missing' however could not be confirmed  ( ISCG, 2021 ) . According to a situation report published by UNICEF, 87 children were reported separated from their families on 23rd March with numbers expected to rise in the coming days. Service providers expressed their concern regarding child trafficking of these missing children  ( UNICEF, 2021 ) . One of the key informants also mentioned that, in addition to the missing children, there are women and young girls who have been separated from their families and are looking to be reunited with their husbands and families. These women and young girls are also at risk of GBV and trafficking.
[ 30 April 2021, Bangladesh ] Impact of the pandemic and lockdown: Education and remote learning: Most adolescents in our sample felt that the government closure of schools was an appropriate response to the pandemic, but shared that this has had a number consequences for their education and learning. Adolescents reported that before the pandemic, regular schools and private tuition classes used to keep them occupied with studies all day. However, they now get up late and spend most of their day on leisure, leading to fewer study hours and lack of a study routine
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Most of the respondents shared their daily struggles regarding sanitation facilities. Sanitation has always been a major challenge in the camp sites. Moreover, the post fire damage and insufficient sanitation facilities for the overcrowded population in the makeshift shelters was a significant challenge for this vulnerable population group. Women and adolescent girls, who have always been among the most vulnerable ones in the camps due to their constant fear of privacy and security, therefore felt unsafe and uncomfortable while using those toilets.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  However, our phone interviews revealed several concerns regarding the food provided among the affected people. A few of our respondents mentioned that they had not received any rations and emergency foods, although many NGOs have distributed a considerable amount of emergency foods. During the interviews, respondents were repeatedly requesting the interviewers to arrange necessary rations for them. Furthermore, many respondents expressed their dissatisfaction in terms of the quantity and the variation of foods they were being provided.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Wash and sanitation : A rapid assessment report found that all latrines in Camp 9 were destroyed in the recent fire outbreak  ( ADWG, 2021 ) . Another report by the WASH sector assessed 811 latrines, 335 bathing sheds, 449 tube wells, six faecal sludge management sites were either partially or fully damaged due to the fire incident in Camp 8E, 8W and 9  ( WASH Sector, 2021 ) . Since then, several NGOs, including BRAC HCMP, have been working to repair those facilities.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  The affected population is not only facing physical health risks due to the fire but is also facing psychosocial health risks due to trauma from the fire and the various post fire incidents including missing family members, loss of all belongings, death of family members, triggers of past trauma etc. According to a KII we conducted with a psychosocial program officer from UNHCR, “Along with shelter and food, these people also need psychosocial support to deal with these kinds of trauma they are going through. In Myanmar, they faced massive fires, massive upheaval from their homes and this incident may trigger that trauma and flashbacks.'  ( Female, Programmer personnel, UNHCR ) .
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Additionally, a certain level of mistrust is brewing between the affected population and the health service providers. Our respondents mentioned that, even when people are suffering from pain or discomfort, they did not want to visit the available medical centers. Pregnant women, lactating mothers who got hurt due to falling in their rush to get out of the Camp were discouraged from seeking support from formal health care services from health facilities, due to fear and mistrust.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Additionally, one of our key informants mentioned that there have been reports of some small fires in nearby areas. However, whether the fire has been set up intentionally or not remains unverified. These incidents are hampering the cohesion between the refugee and host communities. The host community believes that the Rohingyas are a burden to Bangladesh. They are getting more than what they need. Rohingya are willing to work for less money and are getting the jobs in the local area. There has been a long running dispute over these issues.
[ April 2021, Cox's Bazar ]  Health  ( Physical and psychosocial )  : At least six health facilities including an IOM hospital, the Balukhali clinic operated by MSF and the Turkish field hospital in Camp 9 have been reported as destroyed by the fire  ( WHO, 2021 ) . In addition, two health posts and one primary health care center of BRAC HCMP have been partially damaged. The Turkish field hospital, a key referral facility which housed WHO container for emergency preparedness and response stockpiling, has since been turned into a temporary health post and is receiving people throughout the day for care  ( WHO, 2021 ) .