nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Additionally, recurrent power cuts have led to complete black out in the country particularly in the western and southern areas. Consequently, the water supply has frequently been suspended for several days. Wastewater collection and treatment systems have also been further debilitated with less than 10 per cent of wastewater being treated and disposed of properly. The continual disposal of wastewater into the sea will have highly adverse impact on coastal areas, the sea environment and public health. Finally, WASH institutions continue to face financial problems with reduced or no budget allocations to deal with diminishing water supply services across the country.
An estimated 823,000 people are need of humanitarian assistance in Libya, including 248,000 children. 50 per cent of people in need are Libyans and 50 per cent refugees and migrants. Approximately 34 per cent of people in need are women and girls.
In May 2018, conflict broke out in Derna as rival groups fought for control following a lengthy encirclement of the city by forces allied to the LNA, leading to civilian casualties. In the midst of the fighting humanitarian access to the city was extremely limited, however as more access became possible, it became clear people were in need of food, safe drinking water and medicines. Protection risks were very high, driven by exposure to conflict and violence, destruction of property and looting, extrajudicial executions, and restrictions on the freedom of movement. Local activists, medical professionals and other civilians from Derna were captured by forces allied to the LNA, many on account of their identity and political opinions, and continued to be held incommunicado.9 By the end of June the LNA declared control of the city of Derna, while clashes continued in small pockets across the city.
Equally, the number of unaccompanied and separated children  ( UASC )  travelling in Libya is rising, with some 13 per cent of total arrivals in Europe via the Central Mediterranean Route, mainly from Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Eritrea. Among the migrants in Libya, 9 per cent are children and out of the children 35 per cent are unaccompanied or separated.
In return areas, thousands of people without adequate shelter are living in damaged and/or unfinished buildings and houses, or in collective centres. These living conditions make people more vulnerable and in need of an appropriate shelter support.
Food security remains a priority for the vulnerable populations of Libya as conflict continues to generate displacement, and the ongoing economic crisis contributes increasing food prices. According to the 2018 MSNA, though on average the food consumption of households is relatively good, the low level of coping capacity indicates that this status is likely to deteriorate in the future. The use of livelihood coping strategies is widespread. 58 per cent of households employ crisis or emergency coping strategies and economic vulnerability is high. On average 53 per cent of Libyan household expenses are on food. 31 per cent of households spend more than 65 per cent of their total expenses on food. The situation also varies significantly between mantikas. In Alkufra, Zwara and Murzuq, more than 30 percent of the households have a poor or borderline food consumption. The situation is particularly worrying in Alkufra, with 24 per cent poor and 46 per cent borderline food consumption
An assessment conducted by Internews showed that the lack of a stable source of electricity was the major challenge for affected people in accessing critical information about the response, access to assistance, and security. Alternative power supplies to operate equipment and provide services to the humanitarian community are also needed.
People with disabilities, survivors of explosive hazards, elderly people and people with chronic illnesses are among the most severely impacted by the deterioration of the public Health Sector and resulting lack of access public healthcare, as the services available to them are grossly insufficient to match their critical needs.
In 2014, escalations in conflict caused disruptions to Libya's oil production, plunging the country into a severe economic crisis, as oil production forms the backbone of the economy in Libya. The economic crisis combined with a general public lack of confidence in the banking system and ensuing shortage of foreign currency has resulted in a major liquidity crisis in Libya.15 Due to the shortage of physical Libyan dinars and other hard currencies, the Libyan Central Bank has restricted the distribution of cash in the country, meaning Libyan bank account holders can only access a fraction of their salary and savings. The liquidity crisis is having a severe impact on vulnerable people in Libya who have limited access to cash, in what is a predominantly cash based economy.
IDPs, returnees, host communities, and refugees and migrants are among the most affected people in need of healthcare support in Libya. Overall there are an estimated 554,000 people in need of healthcare assistance including both primary and secondary healthcare services. Of those, an estimated 45 per cent are Libyans and 55 per cent refugees and migrants. Approximately, 31 per cent of those identified as in need of healthcare assistance are women and girls.
There are an estimated 343,000 Libyan and non Libyan school age children affected by the crisis, out of which approximately 93,000 in conflict affected areas are in urgent need of education support. Of those, 43 per cent of children are Libyan and 57 per cent of children are refugees and migrants. An estimated 39 per cent of children in need of education assistance are girls.
According to UNSMIL monitoring of civilian casualties at least 171 people were killed and 335 people injured from 1 January 2018 to 30 September 2018. This figure excludes fighters.12
Between December and January, the median price of cooking fuel increased by 23.7% across Libya. Insecurity in the southern region probably impacted prices as production was reduced due to looting and protests
While food is generally reported as available, 35 per cent of households reported food items as being too expensive to afford. Some food prices significantly increasing in 2018 making access to food even tougher for vulnerable people. In particular, a flour crisis raised the price of bread by 67 per cent in one year.157 The median cost of the minimum expenditure basket  ( MEB )  in September 2018 is 864 LYD.158 Notably, in the South, in areas such as Al Gatroun, the MEB can be 45 per cent more expensive. Food prices are highly volatile due to the fluctuation in the parallel exchange rate and the heavy dependence on importation. This high volatility impacts the food security of households, especially the most vulnerable. In addition, the recent reduction of food and fuel subsidies will likely raise the prices of basic goods further.
Approximately 490,000 people are in need of protection assistance across Libya. Approximately 70 per cent are refugees and migrants. Overall 31 per cent are women and girls. A total of 133,000 children are in need of protection support  ( estimated 54,000 girls and 80,000 boys ) .
Each type of accommodation poses a specific set of challenges for IDPs and returnees. For those residing in self financed private accommodation, inflation and limitations on cash withdrawals result in a higher risk of difficulty making rent payments and, consequently, of eviction. Shelter represents 50 per cent of domestic expenditures for most households. The Libyan population faces a combination of liquidity constraints and a shortage of housing, which has led to very high rental costs.
According to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project  ( ACLED ) , there were 344 outbreaks of conflict and armed clashes since January 2018. 727 people were killed in Libya, from 1 January 2018 to 22 September 2018
An estimated 40,000 Tawerghans live in informal settlements, often in appalling and precarious conditions. They are often exposed to forced eviction, the last one being in August 2018, when the Tariq al Matar Camp in Tripoli, hosting around 2,000 IDPs, was raided, homes demolished, and people forced to flee. The raid rendered people homeless, and violated their dignity and their rights to protection under International Human Rights and International Humanitarian Laws.
Wastewater treatment systems are not functioning properly compared with the pre conflict situation due to poor maintenance. Furthermore, according to DTM Round 21, only 5 per cent of municipalities have regular access to waste water collection, and treatment and proper disposal. In 42 per cent of the municipalities garbage is not properly disposed of and collected.
According to the MSNA, 66 per cent of IDPs and 88 per cent of returnees reported lack of security in the country as one of the main reasons for leaving their homes, while at least one family member in 16 per cent of Libyan households stated an intention to leave the country.
Based on the inter sector needs analysis, an estimated 278,000 women are identified as in need of humanitarian assistance, including 150,000 women facing protection issues and an estimated 170,000 women facing challenges to access to healthcare. Approximately 36,000 girls need support to access quality education.
As a result of overcrowding, all DCIM detention centres for refugees and migrants need to improve water, sanitation, garbage collection and hygiene situation, especially those hosting persons with special needs, children and women. Assessments in detention centres and around Tripoli during the hostilities of August September 2018 revealed that in some centres there was only one latrine and one shower per 200 individuals, and that sewage tanks were insufficient for the needs, leading to overflooding of human waste the holding cells, resulting in alarming and life threatening sanitary conditions for refugees and migrants in detention centres  ( 6,700 people ) .
Since the uprising in 2011, waves of conflict have caused severe damage to homes and infrastructures across Libya, mostly along the coastal areas, impacting the living conditions of the affected populations, both Libyans and non Libyans. Even if returnees in Libya have been steadily on the rise across 2017 and 2018, especially in Benghazi and Sirt, the number of IDPs remains high in Benghazi, Misrata and Tripoli. The majority of IDPs and returnees live in private accommodation  ( more than 80 per cent ) , while less than 20 per cent live in public, informal settings. For IDPs residing in private shelter, around 80 per cent rent accommodation.
Hardship resulting from multiple displacements and the deteriorated protective environment puts children in Libya at higher risk of abuse, exploitation and violence. As highlighted in a study conducted in 2017 by UNICEF,136 violence is a recurrent concern in the community, but also in places that should be safe for children, such as schools and their homes. Children are disproportionally affected by the ongoing conflict and violence in Libya,137 as many are unaccompanied  ( 35 per cent of refugee and migrant children138 ) , and at risk of domestic violence, recruitment by armed groups, sexual and gender based violence, abduction, unlawful detention, torture and other forms of ill treatment, as well as killing or maiming due to presence of unexploded ordnance, and/or explosive remnants of war.
In general, there are serious health concerns for all people who have challenges to access adequate healthcare services, but of particular note is the dire situation of refugees and migrants detained in DCIM detention centres, in which there is a considerable decline in the overall health of the individuals, many suffering from tuberculosis and scabies, aggravated by poor hygiene facilities. According to the National Tuberculosis Programme  ( NTP ) , 1,357 tuberculosis cases were recorded in 2017, of these 14.6 were migrants.
Many people, particularly in urban centres, have been exposed to conflict and violence over the past years, most notably in Tripoli, Sirt, Derna, and Benghazi. The impacts of direct exposure to conflict, violence and explosive hazards contamination have been severe including physical harm, psychological distress and trauma. Armed clashes have displaced people and interrupted access to basic services such as healthcare, education and access to functional safe water supplies
Across all areas assessed, the most severe needs for shelter assistance  ( in kind or cash based )  are concentrated in areas where returnees experience difficulties to afford safe and dignified settings, such as Benghazi and Sirt where 72,400 people are estimated as in need of basic shelter assistance. 22,000 IDPs remain in need of assistance in Aljfara, Sebha and Tripoli, and an estimated 22,000 non displaced people need support to afford safe and dignified shelter across Libya.
According to a study conducted by Internews, UNHCR and Mercy Corps in November 2017 , the main information needs of affected people are related to health and medical issues, access to assistance, information on education and safe places to live, and security, political and economic developments. Displaced people are mainly concerned about accessing information regarding the possibilities of returning to their homes. The most trusted sources of information are family, friends, neighbours and religious and tribal leaders. The main tools for accessing information are mobile phone applications, the internet, and events including social gatherings. In certain communities, where conservatism is growing, face to face communication is a key information source for women.
Common storage facilities in strategic locations such as Tripoli, Benghazi and Sebha need to be installed. These would serve as prepositioning hubs and fuel contingency stocks, and facilitate the distribution of cargo in areas affected by the conflict in a more timely and efficient manner.
The elderly population  ( over 64 years old )  represents 5.1 per cent of the overall population in Libya.81 In general, elderly persons are considered as vulnerable in Libya with significant support needs that are not met by public sector services. Many elderly people in Libya require regular access to healthcare services due challenges related to physical frailty and illness. More than 76 per cent of the elderly population with chronic diseases suffer from a lack of access to medicines.
Refugees and migrants require particular attention and support, especially in areas such as Almargeb, Ejdabia, Murzuq, Sebha, and Tripoli. An estimated 62,700 refugees and migrants based in urban settings need shelter support.
WASH providers require resources and strengthened technical capacities in order to deliver the necessary WASH services to people in Libya, otherwise system failure may affect up to 3.9 million people across the country as a result of the failure of the Man Made River. An estimated 600,000 people may be affected as a result of the failure of desalination systems. Around 1 million people may be affected as a result of failure in ground water systems managed by the General Company for Water and Wastewater. Additionally, dysfunctional water, sanitation and garbage collection systems is likely to lead to increases in risks of water borne illnesses including acute watery diarrhoea.
Specific groups facing high protection risks include displaced people, returnees, refugees and migrants, vulnerable persons in conflict areas, individuals deprived of their liberty, and affected residents in host communities. Amongst those, women, children, the elderly, people with disabilities, ethnic minorities, human rights defenders, journalists and other activists and people perceived to be affiliated with Islamic groups or opposition political groups are also highly vulnerable to violence, distress, arbitrary detention, exploitation, trafficking, and human rights violations.
Seven years since the Tawergha community was displaced from their hometown by Misrata militia forces, the vast majority are still unable to return safely to their homes. The Tawergha community has faced relentless reprisal attacks from Misrata forces. They have also faced human rights violations and abuses including arbitrary arrests, torture and other ill treatment, enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions. To date, there has been no investigation into these abuses and no one has been held to account for these crimes
However, regardless of enrollment rates, 15 per cent of school aged children do not regularly attend school across Libya, particularly in Azzawya, Alkufra, Ubari, Jabal al Akhdar, and Wadi Ashshati.164 Over the past couple of years, the start of the school year has been delayed due to security reasons or teacher protests for improved working conditions and education environments. These delays are a serious problem as children are out of school for months at a time, with children being put in a position in which they need to catch up on their education and attain the minimum learning competencies required. Furthermore, overcrowded classrooms have created serious challenges for teachers and learners in terms of delivering and accessing quality education and enabling children to reach their full potential. The quality of education is impacted by the lack of capacity of teachers in class room management.
Children and young people in formal or informal detention centres have no access to psychosocial support or education. Those who are not in detention, and not registered as refugees or as accessing services are difficult to identify and assess by humanitarian actors. Therefore, community based outreach is sorely needed to determine the needs of these ‘invisible' children and young people who are without access to any education, training or positive coping strategies.
Due to the limited international humanitarian presence, there is a general vacuum in humanitarian logistics knowledge, especially regarding the status of bridges, roads, ports and airports, as well as the availability of warehousing, making logistics planning more difficult. Information gaps also include humanitarian customs procedures through the different entry points and other administrative processes. These issues can cause significant delays in the clearing process as the volume of cargo increases.
Despite the high overall enrolment rate of 87 per cent among Libyan children countrywide, in some mantikas enrollment rates are lower, such as Azzawya  ( 62 per cent )  Al Jabal Al Akhdar  ( 78 percent ) , Sebha and Ubari  ( 79 per cent ) .
Displaced people, returnees, host communities, and refugees and migrants are in need of food security assistance in Libya. An estimated 298,000 people are identified as in need of food security assistance. Of those an estimated 61 per cent are Libyans and 39 per cent refugees and migrants.
As of October 2018, the United Nations  ( UN )  estimates that 798,000 individuals are in need of humanitarian assistance in Libya. Of them, 412,000 are refugees and migrants,1 including individuals who are in Libya primarily to work and individuals who aim to transit to Europe from Libyan shores.
The UN has received multiple reports from different sources that several women and children remain inside the old city of Derna. Women and children, who are trapped inside the old city, and are currently in hiding, continue to lack access to basic services, such as food, water and urgent life saving medical care for the injured. There is a real concern that ongoing fighting and continued besiegement of the old city may endanger the lives of more civilians, including women and children. Additional reports were received that several elderly men were inside the old city of Derna, and that many of the fighters were younger than 18 years of age.
While it remains impossible to verify casualty numbers, the UN have received credible reports of the deaths of at least four women and three infants since last Saturday. On 9 February, the UN received reports that the LNA had taken over most of the old city, encircling houses which were still occupied. The same day, the Libyan Red Crescent, on 9 February, recovered three unidentified male corpses from inside the old city. Unconfirmed reports indicate that up to 30 individuals had been injured, including one woman who was reportedly hit by indiscriminate shelling. Reports of arbitrary detention have been received  and the Grenada prison is reportedly already hosting some 2,000 individuals from Derna, with local sources reporting that the inmates are being deprived of water and food.
A power struggle between the UN backed government in Tripoli and a parallel administration supported by Haftar's self styled Libyan National Army  ( LNA )  in the east have left the country's vast desert south a lawless no man's land.
In January 2019, the Libyan Coast Guard rescued/intercepted a total of 469 people in different locations along the Libyan coast. Last year the LCG rescued/intercepted a total of 15,235 refugees and migrants at sea. So far in 2019, Libyan local authorities have recovered 2 bodies of people who perished while attempting to cross the Mediterranean towards Europe.
While 65% of adults and 4% of minors reported some form of employment, over one half of all households reported challenges in obtaining enough money to meet their needs  ( 58% ) , with a further half not regularly being paid their salaries  ( 47% n=3,563 ) .The public sector in Libya was by far the largest income generating sector, with 77% of household income deriving from government salaries. Displaced households derived their income from a wider variety of sources that were less stable than non displaced households and 40% of households across Libya were unable to withdraw any money in the 30 days prior to data collection. Compared to the 2017 MSNA, this is a two fold increase in the proportion of households completely unable to withdraw any cash. The most common amount of cash households reported being able to withdraw per month was between 300 599 Libyan dinars  ( LYD ) .
Three quarters  ( 76% )  of all households resorted to using at least one negative coping strategy to meet their basic needs. 58% of households used crisis or emergency crisis coping mechanisms such as selling productive assets, asking for food or money from strangers and accepting degrading or illegal work. The most commonly cited coping strategies are stress related, including spending savings  ( 42% ) , purchasing on credit  ( 32% )  and taking an additional job  ( 27% ) . IDPs were more likely to use crisis or emergency coping mechanisms. Negative coping is most prevalent among IDP households: 68% of IDP households used crisis or emergency coping mechanisms, a slightly higher rate than returnee  ( 55% )  and non displaced  ( 58% )  of households.
WASH: WASH had the second highest proportion of households with an unmet need  ( 19% )  defined by households reporting insufficient access to drinking water in the 30 days prior to assessment. The highest levels of unmet WASH needs were found in Al Jufra, Al Kufra, Murzuq and Sirt.
Protection: Protection was found to be a high concern in Al Kufra, Sirt, Sebha and Ejdabia, with the highest proportion of households with unmet protection needs, impacting between 20 29% of all households. IDP households were substantially more likely to experience unmet protection needs, largely driven by multiple displacements. For returnee households, those living in Azzawya, Al Jabal al Gharbi and Benghazi face higher rates of unmet protection needs in part due to household and community services no longer functioning upon return to areas of origin and low rates of reapplying for lost documentation after displacement. In Jabal al Gharbi and Azzawya, fears over lack of security were also reported by one third of returnee households.
Food Security: Food price rises, particularly of wheat and flour and the inability to retrieve cash from banks have periodically increased levels of unrest with regards to purchasing available food. Declining letters of credit issued from banks and stagnant credit for import from abroad, of which the majority of Libya's food is sourced has contributed to growing concern for food distribution. However, food security had the lowest rates of unmet needs across Libya, with 3% of households with unmet needs.
Murzuq Public spaces not usually used for shelter: 21% of IDP households in Murzuq reported living in a public space not usually designated for shelter use. In all other assessed mantikas, respondents did not report living in public spaces except for 1% of IDPs in Sebha 1% of non displaced households in Tripoli. The main areas of origin of displaced families in Murzuq are reported to be Tawergha, Al Kufra, Ajdabiya and Sebha with most reported to be living in governmental facilities such as schools. The reasons behind the high proportion of IDPs being housed in public spaces include the lack of adequate rental accommodation to house families and instability in the rental market, where rental prices have dramatically increased owing to the devaluation of the Libyan dinar in the unofficial market
Shelter & NFIs: Conflict affected mantikas were the worst affected areas for shelter issues. Households in Derna and Sirt displayed the highest unmet needs where over a half  ( 56% respectively )  of all households faced shelter & NFI issues from threat of eviction and damaged shelter  ( in Sirt ) .. However, one quarter  ( 26% )  of Al Jifara households had an unmet shelter & NFI need. Returnee households were significantly more at risk of unmet shelter & NFI needs  ( 42% )  at the national level, a particular problem identified for returnees in Al Jifara, Derna, Sirt, Zwara and Tripoli.
Following the new displacement dynamics, 95% of returnee households faced at least one problem upon return to their area of origin, ranging from difficulties proving legal ownership of property, valuables missing from house and basic services no longer functioning. The most common reported issue faced was valuables in the house or property missing  ( 43% ) , parts of house destroyed  ( 38% )  and basic services at the household level no longer functioning  ( 33% ) . Damaged housing upon return was a particular issue in conflict ridden mantikas including Sebha, Benghazi, Azzawya, Sirt and Derna which often went hand in hand with household services such as electricity and water no longer functioning. One quarter  ( 25% )  of households in Ubari and 20% in Wadi Ashshati reported their house had been occupied upon return and a lack of security upon return was reported by the majority of returnee households in Misrata, Zwara and Al Jifara.
Loss of documentation presented a number of issues particularly in southern Libya. One half of households who lost documentation during displacement or conflict in Sebha, Murzuq and Derna had not reapplied. In general, loss of documentation affected household access to services. Movement or travel  ( 48% ) , property access  ( 23% ) , and government assistance  ( 18% )  were the most cited services impacted by losing documentation. By contrast just under one quarter  ( 23% )  of households losing documentation reported no access issues.
IDP households were substantially more at risk of food insecurity  ( 17% of households with unmet food security need but only a very small proportion of households suffered from unmet food security needs except for Al Kufra  ( 38% ) , Al Jufra  ( 12% )  and Tripoli  ( 7% ) . The displaced households in each of these mantikas drove the high rates.
The assessment found the highest proportion of households threatened with or recently evicted in Derna  ( 56% ) , Al Jifara and Sirt  ( 26% ) , mainly for displaced households. One fifth  ( 21% )  of IDP households in Murzuq were occupying a public space not normally used for shelter purposes while 9% reported squatting  ( the highest proportion of households squatting was found in Ghat, reported by 16% of IDPs ) . This may in part be driven by challenges in obtaining legal documentation. Owing to the larger proportion of households living in dwellings with unfinished rooms, households in Wadi Ashshati were most likely to be living in unsatisfactory shelters
IDP households at the national level were found to have the highest proportion of unmet needs  ( 17% )  and geographically, education was more of a concern in the south in Wadi Ashshati, Murzuq and Al Kufra and in Azzawya in the north west. Returnee households in Wadi Ashshati  ( 66% ) , Ubari  ( 34% )  and Al Kufra  ( 53% )  had far higher rates of school children unenrolled or not attending, as well as IDPs in Wadi Ashshati  ( 62% )  and Murzuq  ( 33% ) .
Across all surveyed areas, 10% of households were female headed. The proportion of female headed households was found to be 10% for non displaced, 9% for IDP and 6% for returnee households. Female headed households were far more common in displaced households in the south of Libya, in particular in Murzuq, Wadi Ashshati, and Sebha, where one fifth  ( 20 22% )  of households were female headed.
Just 2% of households nationwide lived in heavily damaged or destroyed shelters, though returnee households were found to be living in heavily damaged or destroyed shelter at a higher rate than other displacement groups. Where present, heavy shelter damage was reported in Sirt  ( 23% of households ) , Al Kufra  ( 16% )  and Al Murzuq  ( 15% ) .
Health: Healthcare continues to present the most substantial obstacles to Libyan households with the highest proportion of households facing unmet needs  ( 23% ) . Access to healthcare has been declining since 2014, with the ongoing conflict exacerbating already stretched resources. Structural damage to hospitals and the looting of medical supplies and equipment, coupled with the privatization of healthcare with little government policy and increasing lack of liquidity has impacted the affordability of available medicine and access to treatment. Targeting of professional medical staff and closure of hospitals has also negatively affected the functionality of available medical resources. The top three barriers to accessing healthcare were: lack of medical staff  ( 43% ) , lack of money to pay for care  ( 37% )  and lack of medical supplies  ( 32% )
The most affected areas were found in southern Libya including Wadi Ashshati, Murzuq, Al Kufra, Sebha. A large proportion of households in Sirt, Derna and Ubari also displayed unmet health needs. Returnee households at the national level were found to have the highest proportion of unmet needs  ( 32% ) . Alarmingly, 95% of returnee households in Azzawya had an unmet health need and 37% of IDP households residing in Tripoli.
Returnee households at the national level were found to have the highest proportion of unmet needs  ( 29% ) . IDP households in Derna, Al Kufra and Ghat were most likely to experience insufficient quantities of drinking water, as well as returnee households in Sirt.
Across the southern mantikas, the main drivers of unmet needs were a lack of medical staff in general and a lack of medical supplies. In Derna, a half  ( 50% )  and in Ubari, nearly one quarter  ( 23% )  of households that reported difficulties accessing healthcare cited damaged or destroyed health facilities. Health facilities in Derna were also found to be unable to accept new patients  ( 24% ) . In Tripoli, a lack of money to pay for care was reported by nearly three quarters of households facing challenges in accessing healthcare, possibly exacerbated by the fact that median household income was reported to be lowest in Tripoli at 600 LYD per month  ( compared to 860 LYD per month across all mantikas ) .
A combination of limited withdrawal rates, delayed salary payments and ongoing decrease in issuances of letters of credit have fueled the ongoing liquidity crisis in Libya, interfering significantly in household access to available services such as medicine and healthcare, food, paying for education supplies, fuel and rent payments. Therefore, the limited availability of cash intersects with unmet needs in other sectors
Health related reasons are the most cited reasons for dropping out or not attending school  ( reported by 24% of all households with a child not attending/enrolled,  ( n=869 ) . This is followed by no quality of education or lack of teachers  ( 16% )  and limited access to transport or fuel  ( 14% ) . Health reasons particularly affected more developed mantikas in the west and east, including Tripoli, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Misrata, Al Marj and Tobruk, though further research is required to determine whether this is due to ill health of the child or a health issue within the household that prevents the child from attending.
Education: Overall, education needs were low across Libya, defined by a household having at least one school child not enrolled or regularly attending school. The ongoing conflict has seen the closure of schools and conversion in to accommodation for displaced people as well as increased use as army barracks. These closures have resulted in overcrowding and a severe lack of qualified staff
The health sector was found to the have the highest levels of unmet needs, with just under one quarter  ( 23% )  of households reporting unmet needs in healthcare. All population groups  ( IDPs, returnees and non displaced )  reported challenges in accessing healthcare facilities, with the highest proportion of households with an unmet need overwhelmingly concentrated in the south of Libya in Wadi Ashshati  ( 52% ) , Murzuq  ( 47% ) , Al Kufra  ( 46% )  and Sebha  ( 45% ) .
As the fighting across the country continues, the number of health facilities destroyed or damaged by attacks is increasing, depriving thousands of people in need of urgent and essential health care. In Libya, almost 75% of health facilities are closed or only partially functioning due to the ongoing political crisis, and there is a severe shortage of health staff. Increasing attacks on health care deprive thousands of people of health services and further weaken the health system.
Throughout Libya the ongoing conflict and subsequent displacement continued to impact essential infrastructure and the provision of basic services. 156 schools have been partially damaged, 18 schools are being used as shelters for Internally Displaced People  ( IDPs )  and 38 schools are fully destroyed. 2 The national immunization programme has been particularly affected. Libya has experienced a significant measles outbreak during the second half of 2018, which resulted in over 869 cases  ( as pf December 2018 ) , most of which were children. UNICEF successfully supported the Libyan government in implementation a national vaccination campaign during the last quarter of 2018. Reduction in the volume of the safe water is attributable to power cuts, poor maintenance of water and sanitation systems, and sporadic attacks against the Great Manmade River, particularly in the south.
For children on the move transiting through or residing in Libya, the escalation of violence in Tripoli increased their vulnerability and their exposure to rights violations. Across Libya, unaccompanied children face high levels of violence, exploitation, trafficking, sexual and gender based violence, recruitment by armed groups and unlawful detention. As a result of the conflict in Tripoli, hundreds of detained refugees and migrants, including children, were forced to move from detention centres due; others remained stranded in centres in dire conditions. Children on the move, particularly non Arabic speakers, are predominately out of school.
The protracted political and economic crisis and armed conflict continues to impact access to quality education for both Libyan Internally Displaced People and returnees. Many children across Libya are suffering from psychosocial distress or trauma as a result of the armed conflict and displacement, affecting their ability to learn and develop to their fullest potential.
The greater Benghazi area is hosting the largest number of internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  in Libya with 26,100 IDPs and 189,025 IDP returnees. The majority face difficulties accessing safe and dignified shelter, as well as medical care, education, and essential goods and services. Many are exposed to risks connected to explosive remnants of war and unexploded ordnances in urban areas.
Based on data from the Missing Migrants Project, 4,085 people died or went missing in the Central Mediterranean route during the period from 2 February 2017 until the end of January 2019. 5,389 people died or went missing in the entire Mediterranean  ( Central, Western and Eastern routes )  during the same period.
“A total of 3,906 individuals have been identified by UNHCR and its partners to be currently in one of the accessible Libyan detention centres.' UNHCR added in a report issued on Tuesday.
Bani Walid Social Council has brokered a ceasefire to halt violent clashes between rival armed groups in Tripoli after leaving over 15 people killed.
Recent fighting around Tripoli has damaged critical water infrastructure. Roughly 97,000 internally displaced persons,4 including an estimated 40,000 Tawerghas living in makeshift camps across Libya, as well as 165,000 returnees, require assistance, including safe drinking water, sanitation facilities and access to health care, education and protection services.
Over the past two weeks, Médecins Sans Frontières  ( MSF )  teams in Libya have observed a sharp increase in the number of people held in detention centres in Misrata and Khoms in Libya, following a series of disembarkations of people to Libyan shores. Vulnerable refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers were intercepted or rescued at sea and brought back to Libya in violation of international law. The population in the detention centres in the area went from 650 at the beginning of the year to 930 today.
People recently disembarked in Libya are now locked up in overcrowded detention facilities. The facilities have been overwhelmed with the new arrivals and are struggling to cope, leading to a further deterioration of already dire detention conditions. The people detained have virtually no access to open air space and little access to clean water and food. Food is insufficient and totally inadequate to meet the nutritional needs of people with serious medical conditions, children and pregnant women.
Detention centres in Tripoli are also seeing an increase in population. Nearly all detention centres are poorly insulated against the winter weather, resulting in increased illnesses associated with prolonged cold weather exposure. In one detention centre in the capital, MSF medical teams have observed signs of unhealthy weight loss among detainees due to an insufficient food supply.
Recent fighting that erupted in southern Tripoli has left 14 dead and 58 wounded according to World Health Organization  ( WHO )  representatives in Libya. Civilians have been caught at times in the conflict zone, including approximately 228 refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers who are being arbitrarily held in the Qasr Bin Gashir detention centre, previously located on the frontlines. Power to the centre's borehole pump was lost and detainees were left without access to clean water until we were able to respond with an emergency provision of water. Our medical teams have visited the centre twice over the past 48 hours to conduct consultations and provide medication for tuberculosis patients.
Local Council members said that all of the town's private houses and shops had also been looted and damaged. When researchers drove through the town, and in nearby agricultural areas close to the river, every structure they saw or stopped at appeared to have some structural damage, including some caused by fire.
Tawergha Local Council members told Human Rights Watch that all power stations, water purification plants, water distribution tanks, and underground electric cables had been looted or damaged to the point of being inoperable. A tour of the city confirmed that this appeared to be wholly or largely true. Researchers also found that all public administrative buildings, including the courthouse, and the main bank branch, the general hospital and many if not all 22 schools suffered damage, much of it apparently from arson, as well as looting.
Since August 2011, anti Gaddafi fighters and later other militias, mostly from Misrata, arbitrarily detained, tortured, disappeared, and harassed people from Tawergha with impunity. According to the Tawergha Local Council, 170 people from Tawergha remain missing, the majority of them, they said, having been disappeared by anti Gaddafi fighters during, or in the immediate aftermath of, the 2011 revolution.
There is no cellphone, landline, or radio coverage in the entire town. Al Shakshak said that one mobile network operator had installed a temporary cellphone coverage in a nearby gas station, but the signal did not reach the town. Local Council members said that all of the approximately 7,000 housing units in Tawergha had been damaged to varying degrees since the 2011 conflict. Al Shakshak said that the council had established a committee to survey the damage to private properties. Tawergha residents needed to submit their personal files to this committee, which forwarded the files to private architectural offices to survey the damage and estimate the cost of reconstruction. They said that 300 files had been submitted for assessment.
Human Rights Watch visited four DCIM centers in early July 2018. These were Tajoura and Ain Zara centers, both located on the outskirts of Tripoli, Zuwara center in the town of the same name near the border with Tunisia, and the center in the area of al Karareem, near Misrata, a city to the east of Tripoli. We witnessed overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, inadequate health care. We heard about low quantity and poor quality food and water in all centers.
In every center, staff complained of material shortages, security and health concerns for the guards, including lack of health insurance and vaccinations for staff, and disregard by international humanitarian organizations for the needs of staff. All said that the government was late in paying private contractors who provided food, water and cleaning material, which adversely affected the quantity and quality of food provided to detainees.
No detention center has healthcare professionals on staff. Humanitarian organizations, as well as UN agencies, provide some medical attention, including maternal and post partum care, but their access is limited.
In Misrata, Tajoura, and Zuwara we heard disturbing accounts from both adults and children of violence by guards, including beatings, whippings and use of electric shocks. Detainees in all centers said that guards treated them roughly and insulted them.
Damage to housing structures was reported to be considerable with many buildings experiencing at least minor damage, in need of shelter rehabilitation.
The most frequently mentioned priority needs were food, NFIs and health. Those who did not return to their own homes and are staying in rented apartments or with host families overwhelmingly identified shelter as their most urgent need.
Basic services related to the provision of electricity, water and sanitation were reported to be available in all neighborhoods except the old city, although only intermittently in some cases. Likewise, schools were open and health facilities reported be functional  ( but limited in the range of medical services available ) .
Approximately two thirds  ( 67% )  of the surveyed population was able to return to their previous homes while others returned to Derna but are staying with host families  ( 12% )  and in rented accommodation  ( 21% ) . Among those staying with host families or in rented accommodation, most respondents identified shelter as their most urgent priority need.
About 6,400 detainees are held in 26 official prisons but “thousands of others' are being held in facilities with little government control or “directly run by armed groups,' said the report.
Migrant children are as much at risk as adults of being detained in Libya. Human Rights Watch witnessed large numbers of children, including newborns, detained in grossly unsuitable conditions in Ain Zara, Tajoura and Misrata detention centers. They and their caretakers, including breast feeding mothers, lack adequate nourishment. Healthcare for children, as for adults, is absent or severely insufficient. There are no regular, organized activities for children, play areas or any kind of schooling. Almost 20 percent of those who reached Europe by sea from Libya in the first nine months of 2018 were children under the age of 18. Children are also not exempt from abuses; we documented allegations of rape and beatings of children by guards and smugglers.
EU institutions and member states have poured millions of euros into programs to beef up the capacity of the Tripoli based Government of National Accord one of two competing authorities in Libya, and one whose power rests largely on fungible alliances with militias and no real control over territory to intercept boats leaving Libya and detain those intercepted in detention centers where they face appalling conditions. Italy the EU country where the majority of migrants departing Libya arrive has taken the lead in providing material and technical assistance to the Libyan Coast Guard and abdicated virtually all responsibility for coordination of rescue operations at sea in a bid to limit the number of people arriving on its shores.
Fighting broke out in Tripoli in late August 2018 between armed groups linked to the interior and defense ministries of the GNA. They were competing for control of territory and access to income from vital institutions in the capital. A UN brokered cease fire on September 26, 2018, ended the clashes, which claimed the lives of at least 100 people and wounded at least 500, the majority of them civilians.8 Migrants in at least two detention centers were transferred to other facilities, still in Tripoli, while several hundred were reportedly released from a third. The fighting severely disrupted services provided by NGOs and UN agencies. Because of the insecurity, the humanitarian organization Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders  ( MSF )  temporarily reduced its staff and medical activities in DCIM centers in Tripoli
In September 2018, the UNHCR reiterated its call on all countries “to allow civilians  ( Libyan nationals, former habitual residents of Libya and third country nationals )  fleeing Libya access to their territories.' The refugee agency urged all countries to suspend forcible returns to any part of Libya, including anyone rescued or intercepted at sea, and stated that Libya should not be designated as a “safe third country' for the purpose of rejecting asylum applications from people who have transited Libya.16 UNHCR has not, however, taken a clear position on EU capacity building programs for the Libyan Coast Guard even though as a matter of policy and practice people intercepted or rescued by these forces are placed in inhuman and degrading detention that is arbitrary by virtue of being prolonged, indefinite and not subject to judicial review.
Immigration detention in Libya can be indefinite because the law does not specify a maximum term, providing only that detention be followed by deportation. There are no formal procedures in place allowing detainees access to a lawyer or any opportunity to challenge the decision to detain them. Prolonged detention of adults and children other than the period strictly necessary to carry out a lawful deportation and without access to judicial review amounts to arbitrary detention and is prohibited under international law.
Child migrants and asylum seekers, whether traveling with family members or alone, are detained in the same appalling conditions as adults. Our interviews and reporting by UNICEF, the UN agency for the rights of the child, suggest that all children rounded up in raids, stopped on the streets, or intercepted at sea are detained.141 According to UNHCR, nearly 1,200 children  ( both accompanied and unaccompanied )  were disembarked in Libya and put in detention during the first seven months of 2018.142 There are no reliable figures for the overall number of children in immigration detention in Libya.