nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Norelyz Delgado y su familia vinieron a Colombia hace cinco meses, cuando la única comida en su mesa era la que podían comprar conlos bonosque entrega el gobierno de Nicolás Maduro a los venezolanos más pobres. Antes de depender de ese subsidio,ella trabajaba en puesto de quicalla, algo así como una tienda donde vendía productos de aseo.
Unas muchachas que ya tenían los niños aquí me contaron del programa y vine a preguntar. Nos pusieron en una lista de espera porque en ese momento no había cupo y hace como dos semanas me dijeron que ya podía traer a mi hijo', cuenta. Todos los días,Norelys camina media hora con su pequeño para dejarlo en la guardería.“Esto me parece excelente, el ambiente es acorde para el cuidado de los niños', dice.
Muchas de las familias venezolanas que llegan a La Parada enfrentan múltiples necesidades.No tienen dinero para pagar un arriendo, no cuentan con familiares que los apoyen, difícilmente pueden alimentar a sus hijos, y ni hablar de brindarles atención médica, controles de crecimiento o actividades recreativas.
Desde la apertura del centro, se han presentado varios tiroteos, que han puesto a prueba no solo la capacidad de las cuidadoras sino la infraestructura del sitio.“Cuando no teníamos el techo, que lo instalaron hace un mes, se presentó un enfrentamiento fuerte, que duró como una hora y media. Los niños estaban durmiendo y nosotras en hora de almuerzo. Lo primero que hicimos fue refugiarnos en el templo de al lado. Agarramos a los niños y los sacamos. Allá llevamos las colchonetas porque los niños estaban dormiditos', cuenta María Angélica Galeano, la profesora a cargo del salón Héroes, que acoge a 20 niños entre dos y tres años.
El 23 de noviembre de 2018, la primera sede de Mi vecino protector abrió sus puertas en La Parada.Aunque la decoración, el personal y las actividades coinciden con otros programas del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar  ( ICBF ) ,la particularidad de esta guardería es que está dirigida a niños venezolanos.Con este programa, el ICBF quería atender a los menores en el sector del puente internacional Simón Bolívar, que permanecían en las calles mientras sus padres trabajaban, mercaban o hacían trámites.
con cerca de un millón cuatrocientas mil personas provenientes de Venezuela que han llegado a Colombia, de los cuales cerca del 30% son menores de edad.
Aproximadamente 190.000 niños y niñas del vecino país ya están vinculados al sistema educativo. Sin embrago, se requiere seguir trabajando para que quienes aún no están matriculados, incluidos el más de un millón quinientos mil niñas y niños colombianos, ingresen y permanezcan en un sistema educativo de calidad y disfruten de las oportunidades que esto les representa para su vida y la de su comunidad.
Actualmente se cuenta, a través de los “Círculos de Aprendizaje' con 1.200 cupos para niñas y niños por fuera del sistema que incluye población migrante y receptora en cinco Departamentos  ( 300 en Bogotá, 200 en Barranquilla, 200 en Guajira, 300 en Cúcuta y 200 en Arauca ) . UNICEF trabaja con la Fundación Escuela Nueva para garantizar la calidad pedagógica del servicio y con socios como Opción Legal, Corporación Infancia y Desarrollo y World Vision.
En este espacio, las dos entidades nacionales de gestión del riesgo, socializaron el proceso que se le ha dado a las ayudas humanitarias que llegaron tanto a Colombia como a Ecuador para atender la crisis migratoria con Venezuela, destacando las acciones implementadas para recibir y gestionar las donaciones  ( procedimientos, protocolos de recepción, clasificación, acopio, logística, priorización de lugares y entrega a la población migrante ) .
la UNGRD dio a conocer la manera en la que se dispusieron y adecuaron los Centros de Distribución Humanitaria Fronteriza en Cúcuta  ( Norte de Santander )  y en Maicao  ( La Guajira ) , resaltando las capacidades instaladas para la recepción, almacenamiento y custodia de ayuda humanitaria proveniente de Estados Unidos, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Chile, Honduras, Guatemala y Argentina.
El Presidente Iván Duque advirtió, hoy, que grupos armados ilegales como 'el Eln, ‘Los Pelusos', el ‘Clan del Golfo' están dedicados a buscar reclutamiento de menores en la frontera con Venezuela'.
“Es muy importante reconocer ese valioso esfuerzo de la Fuerza Pública' que desde enero hasta la fecha “ha rescatado a 158 menores'.
antes de emigrar estudiaba 25,1% de las mujeres y 21,7% de los hombres. Si se relaciona por grupo etario el 34% de 18 a 29 años estudiaba antes de migrar afectándose directamente su proceso educativo.
El mayor porcentaje del último nivel educativo logrado de la población que hace 5 años vivía en Venezuela fue de 31% de educación media, seguido del 28% para educación básica primaria y de 23% con ningún nivel educativo.
Jaramillo fortaleció este hallazgo al decir que la condición de migrante no tiene una relación directa con el desempleo, sino con la informalidad. En Medellín, la tasa de desempleo de la población que hace un año vivía en Venezuela está en 20,4 % y la de ocupación en 63,3 %.
Otro de los retos está en la convalidación de títulos, lo que va en contravía con su proceso de formalización, dado que, de acuerdo con Gómez, los procedimientos existentes no son factibles de cumplir y debería haber también uno alterno.
la existencia de la emergencia humanitaria ha conducido en el ámbito de la salud a que se paralicen la mayor parte de los servicios de atención médica en los centros de salud públicos disponibles, además a que hayan reaparecido y propagado epidemias que ya no existían ante las bajas coberturas de vacunación; entre ellas: la difteria, el sarampión y la malaria presentes en varios estados del país. Los reportes informan sobre la muerte de niños y niñas por las dos primeras y, en cuanto a la malaria, se registra el mayor número de casos en América Latina, ante la carencia de medicamentos para esta enfermedad.
Otro efecto de la emergencia humanitaria ha sido el agotamiento de manera extrema de los inventarios de medicinas, vacunas e insumos básicos utilizados para prevenir y tratar adecuadamente enfermedades y lesiones y atender a personas con condiciones crónicas, problemas de desnutrición, embarazadas y recién nacidos. Por otra parte, en el informe mencionado se plantea el ofuscamiento del gobierno venezolano al negar de plano, cualquier situación de emergencia,así como la negación del mismo para la recepción de asistencia y cooperación internacional, lo que ha acarreado daños irreparables en millones de venezolanos, en su integridad física y mental, así como a la pérdida de miles de vida  ( CODEVIDA, 2018 ) .
Barranquilla, 12 de Septiembre de 2019  En las últimas horas, miembros del Grupo de Policía Judicial de Migración Colombia, GAO, en un trabajo articulado con el CTI y la Fiscalía General de la Nación, lograron la detención, en la ciudad de Barranquilla, del ciudadano colombiano Freddy Alexander Castro Bowen, quien, presuntamente, sería el segundo al mando de una red dedicada a la falsificación de Permisos Especiales de Permanencia   PEP, para ciudadanos venezolanos.
This operation has been focused on, but not limited to, providing health care and complementary services without discrimination to Venezuelan migrants, Colombians returnees from Venezuela and host communities, and is now looking to expand its support to transcontinental migrants from South American countries or other continents. As at end June 2019, the IFRC has supported the Colombian Red Cross in providing more than 98,000 essential medical, hygiene, shelter and protection services to vulnerable migrants.
Important needs in shelter have been identified, in particular in border cities, as migrants lack the financial resources for lodging which results in sleeping in parks, bus terminals and other public sites. Shelter demand vastly outweighs the shelter support available, and many informal shelters have been opened by concerned communities. In line with the government's strategy outlined in its White Paper on migration published in November 2018  ( CONPES 3950 ) , it opened an Integral Centre of Attention for Migrants in Maicao, La Guajira, with an initial capacity of 350 persons.
A spontaneous response from host communities has been to make available their own homes as improvised shelter solutions. This shows the high degree of empathy and solidarity from ordinary citizens, but these shelters, most commonly found in Santander and Norte de Santander, lack basic hygiene conditions and first aid facilities.
The supply of health services is precarious in Arauca, La Guajira, Vichada, Nariño and Putumayo as health system institutions are overloaded. The Colombian Red Cross field teams report massive concentrations of people in informal human settlements in the outskirts of the urban centres, with difficulty to access traditional health centres.
Structural barriers impede the access to safe water. Adequate solid waste and excreta management systems are insufficient in informal and peripheral settlements. In Vichada, despite the proximity to one of the biggest rivers in the world, clean water is scarce, and the health unit in Casuarito  ( Vichada )  has reported that the incidence of malaria is increasing
a descriptive survey about the health of irregular pregnant Venezuelan migrants . The main findings related to food insecurity, anaemia, depressive symptoms, domestic violence and lack of prenatal check ups. In the latest Health Cluster meeting on 3 July 2019, led by the Pan American Health Organization and the Ministry of Health, the National Health Institute in Colombia indicated that the main public health cases notified in Venezuela migrants are the following: gestational and congenital syphilis, acute malnutrition in children under 5, low birth weight, extreme maternal morbidity, HIV/AIDS, dengue, AIDS mortality, maternal, perinatal and late neonatal mortality, tuberculosis, and suicide attempt. In addition, between March 2018 and March 2019, the Institute has reported 280 cases of measles.
The measure is based on Executive Decree 826 of July 25 and aims to organize migratory flows under the principles of orderly, regular and safe migration. On 23 August 2019, the Colombian municipality of Ipiales declared a state of emergency following the announcement of this measure and to respond to an increased number of people trying to cross to Ecuador. On 26 August, a sanitary emergency was declared by the municipality of Ipiales as there was no running water due to damage to an aquaduct; by the following day, the damage had mostly been repaired. In the evening of 26 August, protests at the border were reported; police were deployed to both sides of the border.
Migracion Colombia reports that on the weekend of 24 and 25 August, more than 11,000 Venezuelan citizens were able to complete the migratory process to leave Colombian territory through the Rumichaca border. In the morning of 27 August, a significant decrease in the flow of migrants between the north eastern border of Colombia and Venezuela  ( Norte de Santander )  was noted. From Ipiales, it is reported that there are very few persons crossing the border, and police presence is noted. As of the afternoon of 28 August, approximately 800 persons, including families with children, were reported around the border at Rumichaca, unable to cross.
From May 2017 to July 2019, 1,673,980 Venezuelans have entered Ecuador, of whom 341,561 have remained in the country, more than 115,000 of them with visas. As of July 25, 2019, the number of Venezuelan people that entered the country increased. Between July 26 and August 2 of this year, 13,713 Venezuelans entered the country, with an average of 1,714 people daily. From August 3 to 25, the day prior to the visa requirement, an average of 3,704 people entered the country daily.
The consequences of such a change in the regulation to enter Ecuador might increase vulnerabilities of the migrant population, especially for those requiring special protection such as women, children, and people living with disabilities. As people might increasingly try to enter Ecuador through informal border points, locally referred to as ‘trochas', the concern is particularly high with regards to protection related issues, especially as people might find themselves at increased risk of becoming victims of crime, exploitation and human trafficking, without information on how to find support or report incidents to the competent authorities. In addition, migrants often reach Rumichaca unprepared for temperatures as low as five degrees and for the altitude and extreme weather conditions of the Tulcan area.
Para capturar parte de la percepción que tienen los colombianos sobre la migración venezolana, se examinó el registro de este fenómeno en redes socia  les, particularmente el comportamiento de los trinos realizados en Twitter entre julio de 2016 y abril de 2019. A partir del análisis de 2.481 trinos6 se iden  tificaron tres tipos de percepciones: negativas, neu  trales y positivas. De acuerdo con los resultados, el 74.5% de los trinos percibe la migración venezolana de forma negativa, el 20.3%, positiva, y el 6% de ma  nera neutral.
El Gobierno de Colombia ha implementado una serie de políticas para atender la migración masiva de venezolanos. Como se mencionó en el análisis de 2018, se creó un Grupo Especial Migratorio y se ex  pidió la Tarjeta Migratoria Fronteriza  ( TMF )  para dar acceso al país a los venezolanos por un plazo de una semana, así como los Permisos Especiales de Perma  nencia  ( PEP ) , que les permiten trabajar y acceder a servicios de salud, educación y servicios financieros en el país. Sin embargo, hasta comienzos de 2018, no existía una política pública integral y articulada para hacer frente al fenómeno migratorio.
Por lo menos 2 de cada 3 colombianos en  cuestados consideran que es necesario facilitar que los migrantes se empleen y que se les otor  guen los permisos para hacerlo. Sin embargo, cerca de la mitad de los que están de acuerdo con estas afirmaciones también creen que les están quitando el trabajo a los colombianos.
La migración para Colombia puede ser una oportunidad en materia económica3. En este sentido, el 64 % de los colombianos encuestados están de acuerdo con que es ne  cesario facilitar que los venezolanos inviertan en el país. Pero el 37 % está de acuerdo en que son una oportunidad para el desarrollo de Co  lombia.
El GIFMM local en Norte de Santander reportó que el número de entradas de refugiados y migrantes provenientes de Venezuela, cruzando por los tres puentes internacionales, había oscilado entre 25.000 y 40.000 por semana, con alrededor del 90% de esta población regresando a Venezuela en el mismo periodo, lo cual se infiere al fenómeno de migración pendular. De hecho, debido a varios apagones en Venezuela, el 25 de julio fue distinguido por ser el día con el mayor número de cruces registrado desde el 22 de febrero de 2019, cuando Venezuela anunció cierre de los puentes fronterizos con Colombia
bajo los nuevos criterios del Permiso Especial de Permanencia  ( PEP )  introducidos en mayo de este año, los exmiembros de las Fuerzas Armadas y Policiales de Venezuela que se encontraban en el territorio colombiano podían solicitar una medida de protección a través de este permiso hasta mediados de julio.
A lo largo de julio se orientaron a 11.000 individuos aproximadamente, de los cuales la mayoría eran personas recién llegadas de Venezuela, en acceso a asistencia humanitaria con el fin de que contaran con el conocimiento necesario para que tomaran decisiones bien informadas.
Más de 2.600 personas lograron moverse por Colombia de manera segura gracias al transporte humanitario, y alrededor de 670 individuos en Nariño y Norte de Santander accedieron a servicios de comunicación y conectividad. Además, se entregaron suficientes kits de elementos no alimentarios  ( NFIs, por sus siglas en inglés )  para cerca de 20.000 personas necesitadas en 13 departamentos, y se expidieron transferencias monetarias multipropósito a 1.400 receptores en 10 departamentos.
Se garantizó el mantenimiento adecuado del agua, saneamiento e higiene  ( WASH, por sus siglas en inglés )  a 40.000 personas a través de la prestación de saneamiento mejorados en La Guajira, Norte de Santander, Vichada y Putumayo, así como la provisión de una fuente de agua potable a 8.900 individuos en La Guajira, Norte de Santander y Arauca, de las cuales dos fueron conforme a los estándares Esfera. Para mejorar el conocimiento general del tema de WASH, aproximadamente 5.800 personas en La Guajira recibieron formación en higiene y saneamiento, y a lo largo de varios departamentos en Colombia se entregaron casi 18.000 kits de higiene para una amplia variedad de receptores, incluyendo perfiles familiares, escolares, para madres gestantes e higiene menstrual, entre otros.
Un total de casi 20.600 personas acudieron a jornadas de información y orientación legal y o jurídica durante el trascurso de julio, de las cuales el 75% se encontraron en Norte de Santander. Por medio de dichas jornadas y otras intervenciones como la red de espacios seguros se identificaron, remitieron y atendieron, al menos, 960 individuos en seis departamentos. Asimismo, unos 19.000 refugiados y migrantes venezolanos adicionales, así como retornados colombianos, recibieron consultas sobre procesos de regularización, documentación y asilo, los cuales eran temas muy importantes durante este mes en el que se ofrecieron varios trámites migratorios específicos a los venezolanos que se encontraban en Colombia.
Los miembros del GIFMM se ocuparon del abordaje de las necesidades de protección de otros grupos en riesgo; más en concreto, cerca de 1.000 víctimas y sobrevivientes de violencia basada en género accedieron a las rutas de prevención y atención en siete departamentos. También, se orientó a más de 24.000 personas en siete departamentos sobre prevención y protección contra la trata, el tráfico y la explotación laboral, de las cuales 18.000 se encontraron en Nariño.
otras actividades relacionadas a deportes, arte, cultura y comunicación, que se realizaron con el propósito de promover los derechos humanos, fueron implementadas en La Guajira, Nariño y otros nueve departamentos y obtuvieron la participación de casi 14.600 individuos, tanto de población venezolana como personas provenientes de las comunidades de acogida.
En Los Patios, Norte de Santander, Tierra de Hombres facilita y gestiona acciones encaminadas a mejorar las condiciones de vida mediante la identificación de las necesidades de niños, niñas, adolescentes y sus familias, a través de la articulación de redes de apoyo familiar, institucional y comunitario. Los servicios incluyen la recepción e identificación de casos, la activación de rutas de atención, la remisión y coordinación de servicios y la gestión de los casos para priorizar los más urgentes. ©Terre des Hommes
En noviembre y diciembre de 2018, llevó a cabo una encuesta de 379 refugiados y migrantes venezolanos que residían en Norte de Santander y Arauca, y encontró que, de 21 posibles indicadores asociados con la trata de personas, el 19% de encuestados presentaron entre 11 a 21 indicadores. No obstante, es aún más alarmante la cifra que indica que el 9% de los encuestados declararon haber sido forzados a tener relaciones sexuales.
A medida que la gravedad de la situación sobre la trata de población venezolana se sigue revelando, cada vez es más evidente la necesidad de una respuesta distinta y específica a este problema, lo cual llevó a la creación del Grupo de Trabajo en contra de la Trata de Personas. Como una iniciativa independiente co liderada por OIM, UNODC, UNFPA y ONU Mujeres, y enmarcada en la estructura del Subgrupo de Protección, el Grupo de Trabajo tiene como objetivo utilizar la coordinación interagencial para reforzar los esfuerzos de lucha contra la trata de personas en Colombia
un total de 143 funcionarios se capacitaron en el tema de la protección a favor de personas vulnerables: 61 de ellos participaron en jornadas en Nariño y Putumayo de intercambio sobre cómo se puede brindar protección contra la trata y el tráfico y los otros 82 de cinco departamentos aprendieron los mecanismos de protección internacional para refugiados y migrantes. Con ayuda de los GIFMMs locales, al menos 60 instituciones implementaron cambios para mejorar la atención a refugiados y migrantes, así como su acceso a derechos, incluyendo la regularización de su estatus migratorio y se realizaron 130 iniciativas  ( ya sean jornadas, sesiones, talleres, etc. )  como mínimo del mismo tema.
En los departamentos fronterizos de La Guajira, Norte de Santander, Arauca y Nariño, se apoyaron 295 entidades en el diseño de planes institucionales de emergencia a nivel municipal, y además de eso, 112 funcionarios en Arauca recibieron capacitaciones, las cuales trataron del abordaje de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en contextos de migración, con un enfoque de protección y gestión de riesgos agroclimáticos.
According to humanitarian workers in Cúcuta and Bogotá, refugees and migrants crossing the area – especially children and adolescents – are exposed to a number of protection risks, including enforced disappearances, sexual exploitation and sexual violence against women and girls, and recruitment for illegal activities related to coca harvesting, which provide a relatively high income and allows them to send money back home.
Border areas between Venezuela and Colombia have historically been unsafe due to the presence of a range of armed actors, such as criminal groups involved in smuggling. In both La Guajira and the Cúcuta area – although to different extents – the smuggling of goods such as gasoline has long constituted an important part of the local economy, which is largely informal.114 In areas near Cúcuta and Arauca, moreover, there is still a considerable presence of armed groups involved in the internal armed conflict in Colombia, such as Ejército de Liberación Nacional  ( National Liberation Army, ELN )  and Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia  ( Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces, FARC )  dissidents.
No clear information exists regarding the extent to which migrant and refugee women resort to uncoerced survival sex due to the lack of access to financial resources or other livelihood options, nor about how many of them are either victims of sexual exploitation and/or have fallen prey to human trafficking networks.
They do not always find what they were looking for: the situation in Ecuador or Peru may turn out to be less favourable than they had hoped, or they may not receive the expected support upon arrival. In some cases, this leads them to travel back to Colombia; if they have to put up with difficulties, they prefer to do it closer to home.
Venezuelans with an irregular immigration status face especially precarious living conditions in Colombia. Their access to healthcare – a widespread need among Venezuelan refugees and migrants in the third migration phase – is limited to emergency care and excludes access to medical evaluation, specialized medical care, therapies and medicines. People with chronic diseases such as cancer or HIV thus do not have access to adequate treatmen
In 2017, the government created a special residence permit, the Permiso Especial de Permanencia  ( PEP ) ,67 specifically aimed at providing Venezuelan refugees and migrants the chance to regularize their immigration status. The first rounds of applications for the PEP were only open to Venezuelan citizens who had entered Colombia with their passport through a regular border crossing. Following a registration effort known as Registro Administrativo de Migrantes Venezolanos  ( RAMV ) 68 carried out from April to June 2018, the government then extended PEP eligibility Venezuelan refugees and migrants who had entered the country irregularly but had registered through RAMV.
The presence of armed groups and its impact on Venezuelan mixed migration flows is not limited to crossing the border in the Cúcuta area. Venezuelan refugees and migrants transiting Colombian territory to reach either another destination in Colombia or its southern border with Ecuador, often traveling on foot, have to pass through areas with a presence of armed actors involved in the Colombian conflict, which increases the protection risks they face.
As several media sources have reported, the healthcare system is so dilapidated that patients  ( or their families )  have to provide everything they need for treatment themselves, including surgical instruments, medicines, sterilizing solution, etc.13 This has had a severe impact on the health of Venezuelans, including an increase in maternal and child mortality.14 Human Rights Watch reported in November 2018 that “Venezuela is now routinely experiencing outbreaks of diseases that are preventable through vaccination and had been previously been eliminated in the country', including measles.15 People living with HIV registered
According to one key informant interviewed in Riohacha, the Anti Trafficking Committee in La Guajira had not identified any cases of trafficking as of June 2019. Key informants in Bogotá stated that this gap in identification and response in cases of human trafficking is linked, among other things, to the fact that Colombia has historically been a country of origin of human trafficking victims rather than a destination, meaning that neither its legal framework nor its response mechanisms are tailored for a situation of potential trafficking within the framework of a migration flow. Local actors also seem not to fully understand the difference between the concepts of survival sex, exploitation, and trafficking, for instance conflating prostitution with trafficking, or assuming that all women who engage in sex work must be forced by a third person to do it.
Key informants in Cúcuta explained that the different armed actors present in the border area are now fighting for territorial control – which would allow them to profit from irregular migration. On several occasions over the first six months of 2019 violent confrontations between these groups have occurred, including several shootings and the launch of a hand grenade on May 30 which left several Venezuelans wounded.
People with an irregular immigration status do not have access to formal jobs – yet access to a livelihood is indicated by most Venezuelan refugees and migrants in the country as their main need.134 Some employers decide not to hire people with an irregular immigration status even in areas where the economy is largely informal, out of fear of immigration inspections. At the same time, both key informants and people on the move described how most employers take advantage of people's irregular status in order to impose working conditions that amount to labour exploitation, such as salaries that are much lower than the minimum, excessively long working hours, etc.
One of them, interviewed in Tumbes, described how, while he was travelling on the back of a truck with several other refugees and migrants near the city of Cali, a group of hinchas  ( hooligans, or violent football fans )  jumped on the truck in the middle of the night, woke the entire group – which included women and children – and robbed them all. According to the respondent, when one young man tried to resist, the attackers proceeded to cut off one of his arms with a machete and threw him off the vehicle. Another young man interviewed in Lima described a similar experience, also near Cali. A key informant interviewed in Tumbes confirmed having heard of many similar cases from Venezuelan refugees and migrants who arrived in Peru after transiting through Colombia.
Finally, the departments of Nariño and Putumayo – where the two main crossing points from Colombia to Ecuador are located – have a strong presence of several armed groups.121 They constitute strategic areas for drug trafficking: Nariño, for instance, was identified as the department with the highest amount of coca crops in the country in 2017.122 Reported protection risks for the local population in the two departments include extortion, forced recruitment, targetted killings, sexual violence, trafficking and sexual exploitation.123 Little information is available on how this situation impacts on refugees and migrants transiting through these departments with the aim of crossing into Ecuador though Ipiales or San Miguel.
In La Guajira, migrants, refugees and indigenous communities have traditionally crossed the border irregularly: not least because both the Colombian and the Venezuelan sides of the peninsula constitute indigenous territory inhabited by the binational Wayuu people, who do not recognize the concept of national borders.167 For this reason, the closure and reopening of the official border crossing in Paraguachón has had a limited impact on local border crossing dynamics.
In particular, respondents cited the precarious hygiene and infrastructure conditions in hospitals, and described how the obligation to purchase medical equipment and medicines for surgery and treatment becomes impossible in a country where hyperinflation is making even the most basic things unaffordable. Refugees and migrants described how nothing is available inside hospitals but, just outside the healthcare facilities, one finds plenty of people offering to sell medicines and medical equipment  ( gloves, syringes, etc. )  at inflated prices.
choose one of two means of transportation, mainly depending on their financial resources: those who can afford it, travel by bus; while those with no financial resources continue their journey on foot  ( the so called caminantes, or walkers )  or hitchhike. Caminantes are mostly found on the road heading south from Cúcuta, while one barely sees any in La Guajira, not least because there are several cheap transportation options leaving from Maicao and Riohacha, especially heading to Barranquilla.
Access to employment for Venezuelan people remains limited even for those with a regular immigration status, for several reasons. First, the Colombian economy, especially in border areas, is largely informal and unemployment is high among citizens and foreigners alike.
xenephobia is on the rise in Colombia, and many of the people on the move interviewed for this assessment described how potential employers openly discriminated against them based on their nationality, saying that they would not hire Venezuelans because they steal or, in the case of women, because they are “husband thieves'. Consequently, many Venezuelans eke out a living as as informal street vendors or garbage recyclers.
The PEP allows Venezuelans to remain in Colombia for up to two years with access to basic rights, including employment, health, and education. Those who did not register through the RAMV or entered the country irregularly after the RAMV closed in June 2018 did not qualify for the PEP. According to the Colombian authorities, 535,650 Venezuelan refugees and migrants had obtained the PEP by the end of 2018 – roughly half of the Venezuelans nationals in the country
Another area with an enduring presence of armed groups is, as previously mentioned, the border department of Arauca.120 There is limited data on the impact of the conflict on Venezuelan mixed migration flows in this department and this assessment did not include a field visit to the area, but one of the two Venezuelans interviewed who entered Colombia through the Arauca department – a former military officer who had deserted – stated having had to flee the area and move to Cúcuta together with several fellow officers due to the fact that, in Arauca, the ELN had managed to identify them as former military officers and was calling for their assassination.
The this assessment stated not having personally faced specific risks along the trocha in La Guajira – reckless driving aside. Several clarified that the risks are limited as long as one is able to pay the extortion fees at the checkpoints. Most had however heard stories of fellow Venezuelans who were robbed, threatened, beaten and – in the case of women and girls – subject to sexual harassment and abuse if unable to pay.
Bogotá has traditionally been the main destination of Venezuelan refugees and migrants heading for Colombia: according to government data, at the end of 2018 the city was hosting 31.9% of Venezuelans in the country.111 Based on the interviews with both key informants and people on the move, the main reasons behind migrants' and refugees' of Bogotá include the existence of economic opportunities and the fact that the capital has a broader availability of public services than other areas.
In the case of Colombia, for instance, notwithstanding the above mentioned link between smuggling and armed groups, smuggling networks remain quite informal, and sometimes  ( as is common in many parts of the world )  smugglers are migrants themselves. This is the case in the Cúcuta area, with the “guides' that refugees and migrants usually hire to show them the safest way across the border or to help them carry luggage. According to Insight Crime, “ [ i ] n many cases, these individuals are young Venezuelans who themselves are in need and seeking some form of involvement of armed groups and/or organized crime in migrant smuggling is however potentially extremely dangerous for people on the move.
the lack of recognition of refugees' and migrants' education and professional background without formal certificates and previous experience in Colombia is another major obstacle in acquiring qualified jobs.
Healthcare infrastructure has deteriorated due to a lack of medical supplies, including drugs and machinery, as well as to a dearth of health professionals, many of whom have left the country.
Key informants however highlighted how, with the passing of time, Venezuelans have increasingly started travelling to other destinations for several reasons: Bogotá is an expensive place to live, and as the number of refugees and migrants in the city increased exponentially, it became harder and harder for Venezuelans to find livelihood opportunities there. More and more Venezuelans therefore started to move towards other major cities, such as Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla.
Another reason frequently cited by refugees and migrants for choosing to settle in Maicao, Riohacha and Cúcuta is their closeness to the border, which means that it would be easier for them to go back and visit their families, either during the holidays or in case of necessity. In addition to this, the fact that people on the move tend to build a basic support network upon their arrival in these cities, and the availability of humanitarian assistance at the border, also seem to have contributed to this trend.
Key informants reported another difference in the profiles of refugees and migrants they assist: a much greater number of people with both acute and chronic illnesses, pregnant women and, to a lesser extent, elderly people. One humanitarian worker in Riohacha described such people as “those people who did not plan or did not want to leave the country, but in the end saw no other option'.
Venezuelan refugees and migrants cross the border on the same trails used criminal groups and armed actors involved in the Colombian armed conflict for other purposes, including the smuggling of goods, which can create additional risks.
The options available for Venezuelans to regularize their immigration status are currently limited, as the PEP is not available anymore. Very few Venezuelans apply for asylum in Colombia for a number of reasons, including the low recognition rate and the fact that, at least until July 2019, the temporary document they used to receive during the application process – the salvoconducto – explicitly prohibited them from working
In La Guajira, refugees and migrants have to pay transportation fees to the owner of the car or truck they use to cross the border through the trocha, vehicles that are usually overcrowded and carry smuggled gasoline and other goods. Respondents who entered Colombia through La Guajira also reported having had to pay small amounts of money at several irregular checkpoints manned by indigenous Wayuu people along the trail. People on the move were not able to clearly identify the type of any connection between the drivers of the vehicles they used and the people operating the checkpoints. Key informants working in the area, however, agreed that there must be, at the very least, some sort of agreement between the two actors, as nobody crosses Wayuu territory without their authorization.
Media and news outlets have contributed to this shift, providing disproportionate coverage to negative incidents involving Venezuelan refugees and migrants, such as violent crimes  ( robberies, murders ) .128 In Cúcuta, several respondents interviewed in June 2019 reported having recently suffered or witnessed racism based on the murder committed by Venezuelan citizens in July 2018 – almost one year earlier – of the man who was giving them temporary shelter.
lack of resources has obliged Venezuelan refugees and migrants leaving the country during the third phase to travel in more precarious and more dangerous ways, having to split their journeys into several legs, in many cases covering at least part of it on foot. The conditions in which people move obviously influence their exposure to protection risks en route. Their lower education and professional skills levels – together with an irregular status – also limits their ability to adequately integrate in their destination country.
Some cities that used to be transit points are increasingly becoming final destinations for people in Venezuelan mixed migration flows, in particular the border cities of Maicao, Riohacha and Cúcuta. Due to the limited economic opportunities they offer, these cities were not popular destination choices before. This change is linked to the lower socio economic profile of those who left Venezuela during the third and current migration phase mentioned above, as well as to the increasing insecurity in border crossings between Venezuela and Colombia: according to several key informants, due to both their lack of resources and the robberies that they fall victim to, many on the move simply lack the money they would need to travel further.
In most cases, the line between survival sex and exploitation for Venezuelan women in Colombia is somewhat blurred: there is no coercion, but a third person takes advantage of a woman's desperation and/or somehow profits from it, as in the case of the many bars where waitresses end up doing sex work. In any case, even where there is no third party involvement or exploitation, resorting to survival sex is in itself a protection concern and an indicator of potential vulnerability to trafficking.125 Those considered to be most at risk are women on the move traveling with several children but without their partner or other adults, because, regardless of what happens during their journey, they need to feed their children somehow.
both the key informants and the very few Venezuelans with PEP interviewed for this assessment highlighted relevant shortcomings regarding its effectiveness. Venezuelan nationals holding a PEP face a range of obstacles in accessing healthcare, education and housing, as well as employment.
Those interviewed for this assessment consistently reported having had to stop at checkpoints manned by the Bolivarian National Guard along the route from their place of origin to the Venezuelan side of the border, and having been either extorted or robbed by Guard officers as a condition of passage.
According to interviews with key informants and people on the move, the two main factors behind choice of destination are a )  family reunification or the existence of a support network  ( friends )  and b )  the perception of the economic opportunities and living conditions they would find on arrival.
Several of the respondents in Peru reported having been robbed while crossing the border between Colombia and Ecuador. In one case, a woman who was traveling alone, by bus and with a travel agency, had all her luggage stolen while she was waiting to have her passport stamped at immigration control. Another woman, traveling with her partner and her two young nephews, was robbed at knifepoint while crossing the Rumichaca International Bridge: she described how, while she was walking on the bridge holding her youngest nephew in her arms, a woman approached her, pointed a knife at her ribs and told them to give her the dollars she was carrying. Out of fear, she surrendered all the money she had for the journey – $300   and was then left with no resources to pay for food or transportation for her family.
Many Venezuelans sell their possessions to pay for their migration.163 The vast majority of the people on the move interviewed for this assessment declared having had to sell some of their belongings – houseware, work tools, children's toys – as it is practically impossible to save money in Venezuela. A minority also borrowed small amounts of money from relatives, either before leaving Venezuela or along the journey after being robbed or running out of money.
A 2018 report published by the local NGO Fundación Ideas para la Paz whose title translates as Insecurity, Violence and Illegal Economies at the Borders – The Challenges for the New Government goes into great detail in describing the presence and activities of armed groups in each border department, and touches upon the risks that these represent for refugees and migrants from Venezuela
In November 2018, the government of Colombia adopted a Strategy for the Response to Migration from Venezuela.74 The document, however, focuses much more on the current shortcomings in the management of the mixed migration flow out of Venezuela than it does on concrete actions to overcome such shortcomings. The Strategy seems to have had very little impact in the first half of 2019. One relevant step taken by the Colombian Government for the protection of migrant children has been the decision taken in August 2019 to recognize the Colombian nationality to children born in the country from Venezuelan parents from August 2015 onwards. The policy protects migrant children from statelessness and grants them access to rights and services in Colombia.75
Such caminantes are exposed to serious health risks, including dehydration, lack of access to food and hygienic facilities, and exposure temperatures. Between the cities of Cúcuta and Bucaramanga they have to walk, often with no warm clothes or shoes, through one of the highest paramos  ( mountain ecosystems )  in the country, where night temperatures can fall to zero degrees centigrade.126 They often have to sleep in rough conditions, as there are no official shelters along the way.
Trujillo agregó que pese a que lo anterior demuestra la voluntad de la comunidad internacional en apoyar a los países que enfrentan la crisis migratoria, la movilización de recursos sigue siendo insuficiente si se tiene en cuenta que en estos 3 meses Colombia ha recibido a más de 111 mil migrantes nuevos, completando ya un total de 1.408.055.
Esta problemática no se va a solucionar cerrando la frontera con un decreto, lo que va a generar es que esta migración va a seguir llegando a nuestro país, pero no por los puntos autorizados, van a pasar por las trochas. Ahí si vamos a tener un gran inconveniente, no vamos a saber dónde están estas personas y el tema de inseguridad se va a incrementar, porque no los tenemos regularizados', dijo Krüger.
Así mismo, afirmó que gran parte de los venezolanos que viven en el país están aportando a la productividad del país, y por tal motivo, no debería cerrarse la frontera entre los dos países hermanos.
as cifras respaldan la decisión del Gobierno Nacional de regularizar a los ciudadanos venezolanos a través del PEP. El ejercicio ha sido positivo y por eso decidimos ampliar el plazo para su renovación, ya que son más de 68 mil los venezolanos que deben restaurar este documento y a la fecha, tan solo cerca del 50 por ciento lo ha hecho"
Adriana Barragán, en representación de las personas deportadas, recordó que las dificultades que enfrentan quienes se vieron forzados a huir hacia Colombia son muy grandesy agregó que son aún mayores para quienes tienen nacionalidad venezolana.
En este sentido rechazó el crecimiento de la xenofobia y solicitó a las autoridades igualdad en el acceso a los servicios de salud, viabilidad para que los venezolanos descendientes de colombianos tengan la oportunidad de legalizar su situación en el país
Si dividimos lo recibido hasta el momento por Colombia con el llamamiento de la ONU, que son USD 96 millones, por el número de migrantes venezolanos que hay en nuestro país, significa quepor cada migrante se han recibido USD 68,18 este año.
Así mismo, afirmó el Director de Migración Colombia, que el Gobierno Nacional continúa trabajando con la comunidad internacional en la implementación de políticas similares que permitan atender ésta, la segunda crisis migratoria más grande a nivel mundial.
Desde el anuncio, a finales del mes de julio, por parte de Ecuador de la exigencia de visado a ciudadanos venezolanos, más de 85 mil nacionales de Venezuela abandonaron nuestro país por Rumichaca y en la última semana fueron más de 37 mil.
Sin embargo, varias imágenes del lugar muestran que todavía hay cerca de mil venezolanos que intentan cruzar la frontera. Según autoridades presentes en el lugar, esto se debe a que, aunque Migración Colombia realizó el proceso necesario para la salida regular de los venezolanos desde el país, las autoridades migratorias ecuatorianas están desbordadas ante el flujo de hoy.
Los venezolanos encuestados en Cali serían un potencial capital humano en la búsqueda de empleo.
Pese a que las condiciones de vida de la población migrante encuestada en Cali no incluían todavía las facilidades para acceder a bienes y servicios básicos, los venezolanos no estaban seguros de querer volver a su país:
En mayo de 2019, fue designado un Coordinador Humanitario, a lo que siguió la activación de un Equipo Humanitario de País  ( en sustitución al Equipo de Coordinación de la Cooperación y la Asistencia   ECCA )  y un Grupo de Coordinación Inter Clúster. También se designó un Coordinador Humanitario Adjunto. Juntos, estos mecanismos están liderando la coordinación de la acción humanitaria basada en principios en Venezuela.
protección  ( que incluye las áreas de responsabilidad de la protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes y la violencia de género ) ; alojamiento, energía y enseres; educación; y logística. Siete clústeres están activos, y el clúster de logística está en proceso de creación.
La frontera con Colombia, que permanecía cerrada desde febrero de 2019, fue reabierta el 7 de junio, permitiendo a la población cruzar la frontera. Muchos de estos movimientos son de ida y vuelta, como medio para acceder a bienes y servicios básicos.
Durante el último año se han importado 348 toneladas de medicamentos e insumos médicos  ( incluyendo medicamentos de alta prioridad, como medicamentos inmunosupresores, para la atención de la salud materna e infantil, para enfermedades crónicas y reactivos para el diagnóstico y análisis de sangre )  que han sido distribuidos a 41 hospitales y 23 centros de salud en 18 estados.
De enero a junio de 2019, 11.940 NNA participaron en actividades de apoyo psicosocial grupal e individual organizadas en los centros comunitarios y espacios amigables, con el fin de fomentar la resiliencia, promover el restablecimiento de la cohesión social y gestionar los riesgos de la protección de los NNA
Miles de venezolanos llegaron a la frontera entre Colombia y Ecuador el fin de semana en el afán de entrar al país, antes de que se concrete el lunes la decisión de las autoridades escuatorianas de exigir una visa humanitaria para controlar el flujo migratorio generado por los que buscan escapar de Venezuela.
Las autoridades locales han expresado que el municipio se encuentra en riesgo de una emergencia sanitaria y que hay más de12.000 venezolanos que esperan cruzar,antes de la media noche de este lunes, a Ecuador, según el medio local Caracol
El Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados  ( Acnur )  y la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones  ( OIM )  estiman que cerca de4,3 millones de venezolanos han migrado debido a la crisis que vive su país.
A Ecuador han llegado más de 330.000 venezolanos, mientras que Colombia es el país con mayor recepción de los viajeros al totalizar 1,4 millones.