nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
On Monday, a ship run by Proactiva Open Arms, a Spanish charity, brought 93 people including the Eritrean to Italy after rescuing them on Sunday from an overcrowded rubber boat off Libya. The man, Segen, whose full name was not given, disembarked in Pozzallo, a port on the southern coast of Sicily.
Weighing only 35 kg  ( 77 pounds ) , the 1.70 m  ( 5 ft 7 inch )  tall Segen needed help to walk and was immediately taken to hospital, where he died less than 12 hours later, according to Roberto Ammatuna, the mayor of Pozzallo and head of the local hospital's emergency room.
People traffickers in Libya have sent hundreds of thousands of migrants to sea over the past four years, but departures have fallen dramatically since July as some local armed groups stopped smuggling and Italy and the European Union helped bolster the Tripoli based coast guard.
In 13 baladiyas across the country it was reported that only up to 20% of public hospitals were operational as can be seen in Figure 23. In 36 baladiyas on the other hand it was reported that between 81 and 100% of public hospitals in the baladiya were operational.
Data collected on education in baladiyas includes the proportion of operational public schools, students' ability to attend schools regularly, and if not, the reasons preventing regular attendance. 87 baladiyas reported that between 80 100% of public schools in the baladiya were operational as demonstrated in Figure 20. Six schools reported that between 61% and 80% of schools were operational, two reported that between 41% and 60% of schools were operational  ( Al Aziziya and Rigdaleen ) .
Reported returnee primary needs focused on access to health services. The second most cited need for returnees was related to access to education and the third access to security. In this round children were reported to be attending school regularly with four baladiyas  ( Derna and Ubari )  reporting irregular attendance due to damaged schools, safety issues and overcrowding.
87 baladiyas reported that between 80 100% of public schools in the baladiya were operational as demonstrated in Figure 20. Seven schools reported that between 61% and 80% of schools were operational, three reported that between 41% and 60% of schools were operational  ( Ubari, Al Aziziya, and Rigdaleen ) . For the remaining three baladiyas  ( Umm Arrazam, Emsaed and Misrata )  no answer was provided.
Other security issues were reported as preventing 12% of IDPs from returning to their baladiyas of origin. Damaged public infrastructure was another factor prolonging the displacement of IDPs  ( 7% ) , the threat or presence of explosive hazards was reported as hindering the return of 3% of IDPs and economic factors, which include the lack of livelihood opportunities, accounted for the continued displacement of 1% of IDPs. The reason was unknown for the remaining 2% of the IDP population.
33% of IDPs in public shelter settings were reported to be in unfinished buildings. 26% were reported to be in informal settings such as tents, caravans, and makeshift shelters and 14% in schools. Another 14% were residing in other public buildings, 10% were residing in deserted resorts, and the remaining 3% were reported to be squatting on other peoples' properties
As shown in Figure 27 water trucks were reported as the main water source for 44% of baladiyas and public networks were reported as the main water source for 44% of baladiyas. Bottles, open wells, springs or rivers and closed wells together were the main water sources for the remaining 12% of assessed baladiyas.
The 150 highly vulnerable refugees who were evacuated from Tripoli to Rome on Wednesday included children and women who had been held captive for long periods of time. This was the second evacuation from Libya directly to Italy and could not have happened without the strong commitment of the Italian authorities and the support of the Libyan Government. In total, 312 refugees have been evacuated directly to Italy. Upon arrival in Rome, refugees go through medical checks and are provided with warm clothes and a hot meal before undergoing identification procedures. The refugees are then transferred to various reception facilities.
With the cooperation of UNHCR's partners and thanks to the crucial support of the government of Niger, the 128 refugees evacuated to Niger on Tuesday, 13 February, are being accommodated in guesthouses in Niamey, where assistance and psychosocial support are made available pending resettlement or other durable solutions. So far, 770 refugees have been evacuated to Niger, including single mothers, families and unaccompanied and separated children.
Since November, UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, has evacuated over 1,000 highly vulnerable refugees out of Libya and is looking for durable solutions for them in third countries. On Tuesday, a flight departed from Tripoli bound for, Niamey, Niger, carrying 128 refugees and on Wednesday, a second plane took 150 refugees from Tripoli to Rome, Italy, bringing to 1,084 the total number of refugees evacuated since the beginning of UNHCR's operation, three months ago.
Following the Presidency Council's decree of 26 December 2017 indicating the start date for the return process, IDP families from the east, south and west of Libya attempted to return to Tawergha on 1 February. Armed groups, apparently opposing their return, blocked them from entering the city. Since then, IDPs have been gathering in the area of Qararat al Qataf  ( some 50 km southwest of Tawergha ) , in the city of Tarhuna  ( 65 km southeast of Tripoli )  and in Harawa  ( east of Sirte )
While negotiations are ongoing for their return, local civil society organizations have reported needs for shelter, food, baby items, hygiene kits, mattresses, blankets and primary healthcare. UNHCR has led the deployment of a multifunctional team composed of UNHCR, IOM, UNICEF, WHO, LibAid and the Bani Walid Association to complete a rapid assessment. Aiming to provide some initial emergency relief, UNHCR partner LibAid has set up more than 100 tents. UNHCR teams and LibAid have delivered 2,000 blankets, 500 kitchen sets, 1,000 hygiene kits, 2,000 sleeping mats, and 200 solar lamps. UNHCR continues to monitor the situation and has set up a warehouse containing non food items  ( NFIs )  for emergency purposes. On 11 February, LibAid will start distributing NFIs to IDPs currently hosted in Harawa.
On 8 February, the UNHCR Representative to Libya, Roberto Mignone, visited Misrata and met with Libyan authorities, including the mayor of Misrata, partners and civil society organisations to assess the humanitarian needs of refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs, returnees, and host communities. After this meeting, the UNHCR Representative visited an IDP settlement in the city and planned possible activities and interventions to support the population.
So far in 2018, 2,039 refugees and migrants at sea were disembarked in Libya by the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG ) . The latest operation was conducted by the LCG on 2 February, when 94 refugees and migrants were disembarked in Al Khums. In line with recent movements, the boat departed from the area east of Tripoli near the city of Zlitan. UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps identified persons in need of international protection and provided primary healthcare and hygiene kits to the disembarked.
UNHCR's quick impact projects  ( QIPs )  continue to support IDPs, returnees and host communities in Libya. This week, UNHCR began the delivery of water tanks to clinics, public medical facilities and schools in the cities of Sabratha, Azzawya, Zintan, Sirte, Al Jufra, Awal and Al Awiniyah. These projects were jointly identified by UNHCR, authorities and partners. UNHCR delivered electrical heaters and NFIs to 300 IDPs in the Janzur settlement near Tripoli as part of its winterization campaign.
On 26 January, UNHCR evacuated 134 vulnerable refugees, including 74 unaccompanied and separated children, from Libya to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Mechanism  ( ETM )  in Niger. There, they will await durable solutions, including resettlement.
On 25 January, the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Libya launched the Humanitarian Response Plan 2018 for Libya, to support the humanitarian needs of 940,000 people living in the country. The event was co chaired by H.E. Fayez al Sarraj, President of the Presidency Council, and Dr. Ghassan Salame, Special Representative of the Secretary General and Head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya. Under the HRP, UNHCR is appealing for $ 85 million.
So far in 2018, over 1,430 refugees and migrants were disembarked in Libya by the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG ) . In January 2018, UNHCR has observed an increase in numbers of rescue/interception operations conducted by the LCG when compared to the same month in 2017  ( 1,025 individuals )  and previous months such as November  ( 1,214 individuals )  and December 2017  ( 1,157 individuals ) . During January, departures were predominantly recorded in the area east of Tripoli, near Garabulli, and to a lesser extent in areas around Sabratha and Zwara. UNHCR partner International Medical Corps provided medical assistance and distributed core relief items at disembarkation points and detention centres.
Since 1 January 2018, the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG )  has rescued/intercepted 1,431 refugees and migrants at sea, including 280 women and 143 children. During the course of the week, 728 individuals were disembarked at the Tripoli Naval base. UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  provided humanitarian assistance in the form of medical attention and core relief items, both at the disembarkation point and at the detention centre where the refugees and migrants were transferred to following disembarkation. UNHCR's primary objective at disembarkation points in Libya is to save lives and to ensure the early identification and immediate protection of persons of concern to UNHCR, mainly refugees and asylum seekers.
UNHCR continues to provide humanitarian assistance to internally displaced persons  ( IDP )  and returnees in Libya. UNHCR's IDP response focuses on advocacy and promoting IDP access to rights, basic services and solutions throughout Libya. UNHCR is expanding its capacity and partnerships with national and international organisations in Libya, in order to conduct protection monitoring and respond to needs. On 15 January, UNHCR visited Janzour area in Tripoli, where some 200 internally displaced persons from Warshefana are currently living in precarious conditions. During the visit, UNHCR met with the local committee and families. Main needs include basic household items, such as heaters during winter months, and support to acquire medicines due to the lack of liquidity. UNHCR and its partner LibAid are planning joint interventions to respond to the most pressing needs in the community.
During the reporting period, over 2,060 refugees and asylum seekers visited UNHCR's Community Development Centres  ( CDCs )  in Tripoli. During the past weeks, UNHCR noted a general increase of refugees and asylum seekers visiting CDCs and requesting access to assistance and registration. An average 300 people a day visited CDCs compared to 100 in November 2017. Over 62% are Sudanese, followed by Syrians  ( 18% ) , Eritreans  ( 7% ) , Ethiopians  ( 6% ) , Palestinians  ( 2% ) , Somalis  ( 2% ) , and Iraqis  ( 1% ) .
In September 2017, UNHCR appealed urgently for 40,000 resettlement places for refugees in 15 priority countries of asylum and transit along the Central Mediterranean route. In all, 277,000 refugees are estimated to be in need of resettlement in these countries. States pledged so far less than one third of the 40,000 urgently needed resettlement places. Most of these are part of regular established global resettlement programmes and only a few represent additional places.
As of 31 January 2018, the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG )  rescued/intercepted 1,693 refugees and migrants at sea, a slight increase compared to the previous month. This week, over 262 individuals were disembarked at Tripoli Naval Base, with over 124 individuals disembarked on 29 January alone. UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps provided primary healthcare, hygiene kits and identified persons in need of international protection both at the disembarkation point and at the detention centre where they were subsequently transferred. In line with recent movements, boats departed from areas west of Tripoli near Zwara and areas east of Tripoli near Garabulli
Following the attempt of Tawergha IDP families to return to their homes from 1 February onwards, over 200 IDP families remained displaced to date  ( approximately 15 families in Hrawa and 187 families in Qararat al Qataf ) , among them are at least 339 children. They have established two new settlements in the two locations as a sign of their determination to return home.
They are facing harsh living conditions during these winter months as they are exposed to the cold and high winds. They are also lacking electricity, shelter and ambulances.
Rapid needs assessments took place during the second week of February in two locations where new IDPs are located, Hrawa  ( east of Sirt )  and Qararat al Qataf  ( 40 km from Tawergha city ) . This multi sectoral assessment was undertaken by the protection, shelter/NFIs, health, and WASH sectors. The assessment identified 187 families in the tented settlement in Qararat al Qataf and 15 families in the tented settlement in Hrawa.
Qararat al Qataf: To date, 187 families have set up tents and they have indicated that they will remain there until the situation is resolved and they can return to Tawergha. There are 276 children below the age of 5  ( 234 boys and 42 girls )  at the site and there are 155 elderly individuals above the age of 60  ( 83 men and 72 women ) . The assessment found that the families are in need of tents and ambulances, shelter/tents, latrines and bathing facilities, generators for electricity and permanent health units.
In coordination with UN agencies and local partners, UNHCR is responding to the needs of over 1,220 internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  from Tawergha stranded in Qararat al Qataf and in Harawa. Following the Presidency Council's decree of 26 December 2017 indicating the start date for the return process, IDP families from the east, south and west of Libya attempted to return to Tawergha on 1 February. Armed groups, apparently opposing their return, blocked them from entering the city. Since then, IDPs have been gathering in the area of Qararat al Qataf  ( some 50 km southwest of Tawergha ) , and in Harawa  ( east of Sirte ) .
Due to power outages, which are particularly prevalent in the south, shops require generators to maintain their cold storage capacities during electricity cuts. Such generators run on fuel, which generates additional expenses, which are ultimately reflected in retail prices of fresh commodities. Another factor that increases retail prices in the south is the added complexity of the supply chain  ( as depicted in Figure 4 ) . In Tripoli, for instance, importers sell to wholesalers, which in turn directly sell to retailers. Unlike their counterparts in Tripoli, wholesalers in Sabha do not directly purchase from importers, but from other wholesalers in Tripoli. On top of that, an outside transport company may need to be hired to transport commodities from Tripoli to Sabha. These additional actors need to cover their expenses and add their profit margin, which is reflected in the final retail price. As the bulk of trade with the south runs through Sabha, shipments to other cities in the south may require another small scale wholesaler and further transport costs.
Before the conflict, many shipments to the south occurred through air cargo, which is generally less costly. However, since the closure of the airport in Sabha in 2014, all deliveries to the south are shipped via the land route. This shift has driven transport costs upwards given all the additional expenses associated with trucking outlined above.
During the October round, dishwashing liquid was unavailable in Ubari. Apart from that, shortages were only reported from Derna. Even though NFIs were continuously available at the city level, the tightening of the military encirclement created shortages of some NFIs in certain shops.
Since August 2011, approximately 40,000 Tawerghans have been displaced from Tawergha  ( 40 KM south of Misrata ) , Tawergha has been one of the most affected areas during the Libyan crisis with schools, hospitals and shops having been heavily damaged. On 26 December 2017, an agreement on their return was signed by the presidency council of the Government of National Accord  ( GNA ) , the agreement marks the date of return as per 1 February 2018.
In addition, on 14 February, a plane took 150 refugees from Tripoli to Rome, bringing the total number of refugees evacuated since the beginning of UNHCR's humanitarian evacuation operation to 1,084  ( 770 to Niger, 312 to Italy, and two to Romania ) . The second direct evacuation from Libya to Italy was only made possible through the strong commitment of the Italian authorities and the support of the Libyan Government. Upon arrival in Rome, refugees went through medical checks and were provided with warm clothing and a hot meal before undergoing identification procedures. The refugees were then transferred to various reception facilities
In coordination with authorities, partners and civil society, UNHCR is providing support to the refugees who survived a road accident on 14 February near Bani Walid. Since the accident, UNHCR has been coordinating with authorities and local partners on the ground to ensure all necessary assistance is made available. Six individuals who are suffering from multiple injuries have been transferred to Tripoli, where UNHCR is supporting them with medical care in a private hospital. UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps are responding to the critical health conditions of an additional 18 patients in hospitals
Since November 2017, UNHCR has evacuated over 1,200 refugees and asylum seekers from Libya. The latest flight from Tripoli to Niger departed on 19 February with 127 refugees and asylum seekers on board. So far, a total of 897 refugees and asylum seekers were evacuated to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Mechanism  ( ETM )  in Niger, 312 departed to Italy and two departed to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Centre in Romania. UNHCR continues to process refugees for direct resettlement from Libya to third countries. Since October 2017, UNHCR has processed and referred 460 individuals for resettlement, out of which 333 individuals have already been submitted to different resettlement countries
On 22 February, a high level mission of the United Nations  ( UN ) , African Union  ( AU ) , and European Union  ( EU )  visited Tripoli to assess the situation of refugees, migrants and internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  in Libya. The delegation met with Libyan authorities and visited a detention centre and a Tawerghan IDP settlement in Tripoli. The UNHCR Special Envoy for the Central Mediterranean situation, Vincent Cochetel, and the UNHCR Representative to Libya, Roberto Mignone, participated in the mission. The task force acknowledged the progress made by UNHCR and IOM in supporting refugees and migrants in Libya.
On 19 February, 517 refugees and migrants disembarked in Libya, including 400 in Zwara and 117 in Tripoli. So far in 2018, 2,556 refugees and migrants were disembarked in Libya by the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG )  following a rescue/interception operation at sea. UNHCR and partner the International Medical Corps provided medical assistance both at disembarkation points and in detention centres, following the transfer of individuals.
In coordination with UN agencies and local partners, UNHCR continues to respond to the needs of over 1,220 IDPs from Tawergha stranded in Qararat al Qataf and in Harawa. Since the beginning of the crisis in early February, UNHCR staff and its partner LibAid have been on the ground in both locations and distributed non food items, winter clothing, drinking water and tents. As the lead agency for the protection of IDPs, UNHCR will continue to advocate and maximise efforts with humanitarian partners on behalf of IDPs and to provide humanitarian assistance until those displaced can find durable solutions in conditions of voluntariness, dignity and safety.
Food prices fell in all assessed locations. The largest price decreases were observed in Zliten  ( –29.2% ) , Gharyan  ( –28.1% )  and Ajdabiya  ( –27.0% ) . Nearly all monitored food items decreased in price. The price reductions were particularly pronounced for tomatoes  ( –41.7% ) , sugar  ( –35.0% ) , potatoes  ( –33.3% )  and eggs  ( –30.4% )
Fighting between rival armed groups in the southern Libyan city of Sabha has left at least six civilians dead and wounded others, including women and children, a medical official said on Wednesday.
One civilian was killed on Wednesday and at least four people were wounded, including two fighters and a child, said Wafi. The hospital had also been hit by shelling though this had not caused casualties, he said.
Sporadic clashes between the Sixth Division, which is attached to the eastern based Libyan National Army  ( LNA ) , and rival fighters from the Tebu ethnic group, started around Feb. 4, said Osama al Wafi, a spokesman at Sabha's main hospital.
The fighting has led to fears of an escalation of violence in Libya's impoverished south, where the LNA has been trying to expand its influence and has clashed with groups aligned with the internationally recognized government in the capital, Tripoli.
A Sabha resident contacted by Reuters said that some families living near the site of the most recent clashes had been displaced. Elsewhere in the city shops were open, though there was a shortage of medical supplies and fuel had only been available on the black market for the past four months, leading to long power cuts, he said.
The 21 people missing were all among the 51 on the wooden boat, and two dead infants had reportedly been discovered on board, bringing the likely death toll to 23, IOM spokesman Joel Millman told a regular U.N. briefing in Geneva. All 132 people on the rubber dinghy were rescued, he said.
A recent report by the Bundestag Research Services on SAR operations in the Mediterranean notes the support for the Libyan Coast Guard by EU and Member States in bringing refugees and migrants back to Libya may be violating the principle of non refoulement as outlined in the Geneva Convention: “This cooperation must be the subject of proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights, because the people who are being forcibly returned with the assistance of the EU are being inhumanely treated, tortured or killed.' stated Andrej Hunko, European policy spokesman for the German Left Party  ( die Linke ) . A joint statement released by SAR NGO's operating in the Mediterranean calls on the EU institutions and leaders to stop the financing and support of the Libyan Coast Guard and the readmissions to a third country which violates fundamental human rights and international law.
A total of 48,485 refugees and asylum seekers are registered with UNHCR in Libya. In early February, UNHCR opened a new Registration Centre in Tripoli with the objective of increasing its registration capacity. In February alone, UNHCR registered 2,350 refugees and asylum seekers from Sudan  ( 64% )  Syria  ( 12% ) , Eritrea  ( 11% ) , Somalia  ( 6% ) , Ethiopia  ( 5% ) , Palestine  ( 1% ) , and South Sudan  ( 1% ) , in addition to other nationalities. During that month, men represented 13% of the total registered population, while women and children accounted for 58% and 11% respectively. In the last month, UNHCR has noted an increase of Sudanese and Syrians in comparison to the month of January. Overall, Syrian nationals remain the largest registered caseload for UNHCR  ( 47%   22,613 individuals ) , followed by Palestinians  ( 15%   7,052 individuals )  and Sudanese  ( 13%   6,527 individuals ) .
In last 12 months, ongoing conflict in populated areas has directly affected an estimated 1.62 million Libyans. Affected populations across Libya continue to face protection challenges, including risk of death and injury due to indiscriminate use of weapons, freedom of movement restrictions and conflict related psychological trauma.
Violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including indiscriminate attacks targeting civilians and civilian objects, denial of access to health care, violations of children and women's rights, are widespread. Various forms of gender based violence  ( GBV ) , trafficking and smuggling of human beings, unlawful killings, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances, torture and other ill treatment, and indiscriminate attacks are among the violations committed by all parties. Civilians continue to be killed and injured. Protection concerns are heightened for civilians trapped between frontlines and for those who are unable or feel unsafe to move. Detention conditions continue to be inhumane throughout Libya, both in official and non official detention centres. Armed groups and criminal networks continue to exploit various sources of financing, such as the smuggling of migrants and fuel.
The humanitarian community faces a multitude of access challenges in Libya, predominantly resulting from an unpredictable operating environment. Continued conflict and violence, the proliferation of armed groups, the presence of explosive hazards  ( landmines, unexploded ordnance, improvised explosive devices ) , threat of abduction, arbitrary detention and kidnapping of staff, as well as arbitrary administrative requirements  ( such as confiscation of items and complex registration requirements ) , all represent key obstacles for predictable, rapid and unimpeded humanitarian access.
The protection environment in Libya remains greatly challenging. The protection space continues to deteriorate due to the absence of effective institutional capacity, breakdown of the rule of law and insecurity throughout country. The violation of human rights and humanitarian law, including violations of the right to life, and of children and women's rights, are widespread, including but not limited to various forms of gender based violence  ( GBV ) , unlawful killing, arbitrary detention, and torture, enforced disappearances and other ill treatment. Psychological distress and exploitation from criminal networks are also common. As identified in the humanitarian needs analysis, the threat of explosive hazards, which is particularly present in nine out of 22 mantikas, is an overarching protection concern and threat to civilians. Civilians continue to be killed and maimed, exposed to explosive hazards, such as landmines, unexploded/abandoned ordnance and other explosive remnants of war, and improvised explosive devices, that affect lives, physical security and access to much needed services.
The protracted conflict has damaged vital education infrastructure, and recent reports from the Ministry of Education in the east, west and southern part of Libya suggest that some 489 schools have been affected by the crisis of which 40 have been fully damaged, 423 partially damaged and 26 are accommodating internally displaced persons  ( IDPs ) . Thus, the education of 267,000 students has been affected  ( considering that the average number of children per school is 500 ) . Moreover, as per DTM round 12 there are 32,000 are refugee and migrant children in different parts of Libya who need educational support. The major humanitarian needs are access to conducive and safe learning environment, formal/non formal education opportunities for out of school children or those who are at risk of dropping out and education in emergency supplies. The needs also include teachers' capacity on education in emergency, mine risk education, handling students with disabilities and minorities, and management of overcrowded classrooms, and gender based violence guidelines.
The inadequate availability and readiness of these programmes is due to the lack of medicines, supplies and equipment in health facilities as well as the limited availability of specialised/skilled health staff. With regards to health response capacity in emergencies, the majority of hospitals do not have functional emergency operations centres, an emergency response plan or security protocols, etc. The primary health care system has no capacity in terms of triage, stabilisation and referral of emergency cases. Moreover, while the risk of spread of communicable diseases is high, the surveillance system in Libya is weak, as well as the preventive measures. Furthermore, the inadequate diagnostic capacity, shortages of medicines and restricted access to health services in certain areas intensifies the risk of outbreak.
The protracted crisis and the current economic decline, coupled with limited access to sustainable livelihood options, has resulted in a cycle of asset depletion for many Libyans, displaced and non displaced, returnees, migrants, refugees and asylum seekers, whose savings are gradually exhausted. The destruction of housing and lack of adequate shelter options have led to housing shortages and an increase in rental prices, affecting the most vulnerable population. The need for housing continues to stretch into urban areas in and around the major cities, exacerbating the difficulties in securing affordable housing and putting an increased number of families at risk of eviction.
The protracted conflict and continuous political instability in Libya has resulted in reduced access to adequate quantity and quality of water, poor sanitation and hygiene to the vulnerable population as well as weakened capacity of water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH )  institutions and private sectors. Consequently, the priority humanitarian needs include: • life saving WASH services for population affected by new or escalated crisis • access to safe environment and adequate WASH services for the most vulnerable population affected by protracted crisis particularly IDPs in collective centres, returnees with damaged WASH facilities, children in schools, migrants and refugees • essential hygiene items for the most vulnerable families and individuals • improved water and sanitation facilities in affected schools and health facilities • capacity building of the main water and sanitation institutions  ( e.g. expertise, contingency planning, essential supplies, maintenance and operational support )  • improved water quality monitoring across the country to ensure the population has access to safe water
Operating in Libya remains high risk and unpredictable. Since the evacuation of almost all UN agencies and international partners in 2014, international organisations have mostly managed their operations remotely from Tunis, but are gradually increasing systematic presence in Libya. In such a complex context, strong inter sector coordination and security management are essential to an effective, principled and evidence based response. There are some 65 humanitarian actors active in Libya, including at least 10 UN agencies, 14 international organisations and 41 national partners. Out of the total, 21 organisations are appealing for funding in the 2018 HRP.
In addition, Libyan local communities, local crisis committees and municipal authorities are key players in responding to the human costs of the conflict, violence and disruption of basic social services. Six sectors are currently active in coordinating the humanitarian response to Libya: protection, education, food security, health, shelter/NFIs and water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH ) , in addition to the coordination and common services sector. Due to the specific needs and status of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers, additional ad hoc coordination arrangements are in place for these population groups under the mixed migration working group  ( MMWG )  co led by UNHCR and IOM. A cash and markets working group  ( CMWG )  was also established in August 2016 to support inter sector coordination co led by UNHCR and Mercy Corps.
In 2017, more than 80,000 people returned to their home communities. To date, there are still around 217,000 internally displaced people in Libya, while some 278,000 people have returned to their places of origin
Apart from this, migrants and refugees are particularly vulnerable to the impact of the crisis as they are often excluded from national social protection services and safety nets. Duty bearers' limited capacity and lack of awareness of migrants' and refugees' rights are significant challenges in assisting migrants and refugees in Libya, which require continued engagement of international and national humanitarian actors.
The Rapid Food Security assessment for IDPs in September 2016 found that 24 per cent of all IDP households are food insecure. The food insecure households have poor or borderline food consumption and are not able to meet their essential food needs without engaging in severe and possibly irreversible negative coping strategies. In 2015, food insecurity was not reported. In addition to those already food insecure, 62 per cent of all the IDP households are at risk of slipping into food insecurity. The deterioration is due to the significant rise in food prices, depreciation of the Libyan dinar, as well as the lack of liquidity in the Libyan banks induced by the prolonged conflict.
Despite this, Libya continues to be a major destination and transit country for refugees and migrants fleeing poverty and conflict. However, the daily protection risks they face in Libya and, in the case of migrants, the increasing difficulty to access reliable money transfer systems to send remittances in their country of origin is a push factor towards the sea journey. While release from detention and adequate reception conditions have been raised as key priority areas, migrants and refugees continue to be stranded in detention centres where humanitarian actors face access challenges. Rescue/interception at sea requires continued engagement by humanitarian actors to provide assistance to a growing number of vulnerable rescued people.
Compared to pre crisis levels, Libyans have less cash to spend, but also less purchasing power, since the cost of living has increased substantially. Over 80 per cent of food items are imported, and prices are directly affected by currency depreciation.38 According to the Joint Market Monitoring Initiative  ( JMMI ) , food prices have increased by 16.9 per cent between June and December 2017.39 Food inflation40 averaged 9.93 per cent from 2005 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 38.9 per cent in the month of July 2016 and a record low of  12.12 per cent in the month of October 2012.More recently in September 2017, food inflation reached 33.4 per cent.
The water, sanitation and hygiene condition in most of the schools is a concern. Recent water quality assessment results indicated that 10 per cent of water samples taken from 140 schools in Libya were contaminated with harmful bacteria. The water samples are also found with high concentration of chemicals which can affect the health of children. Thirty three per cent of the schools do not have access to an improved water source. The average number of students to a functional toilet is 71, reaching up to 375, while according to Libya Ministry of Education standard, the ratio of students to a functional toilet ratio should be 25. Ninety five per cent of the schools have a hand washing facility; however, most of them do not have running water.3 The general sanitation conditions in some cities and IDP camps is precarious. Garbage disposal on streets and public areas is common in all the cities. Most of the wastewater are disposed directly into fresh bodies without prior treatment, which will have adverse effect on the public health and environment. Sewage treatment is reported only in 16 per cent of the municipalities.
Thousands of Libyans have been detained arbitrarily across the country since 2011 at official prisons as well as detention facilities controlled by armed groups. They include persons taken during and in the aftermath of the 2011 armed conflict, who have been held for periods reaching up to six years without charge, trial or the opportunity to challenge the legality of their detention. Armed groups, including those affiliated to the State, hold detainees incommunicado for prolonged periods and systematically torture or otherwise ill treat detainees, in some cases leading to death. Many are denied access to lawyers, while others have no financial means to secure legal representation. Detention conditions fall far short of international standards, and detainees have little or no access to medical care. Women are held in facilities without female guards, rendering them vulnerable to sexual abuse. Hundreds of released detainees have no access to specialised medical, psychological and rehabilitation services, let alone judicial redress.
Approximately over 278,000 returnees18 have gone back to their homes. Nearly all of these were reported to have returned to their previous homes. Other IDP communities are unable or unwilling to return home because their homes and livelihoods have been destroyed or due to fear of attacks. For instance, some 40,000 members of the Tawergha community, displaced since August 2011, remain scattered across the country, in IDP camps or with host communities.
The changing landscape of the conflict has generated further displacement  ( IDPs )  and an increased number of returnees, who continue to face challenges as they attempt to return home. In the west, 24 per cent of people are severely food insecure, with 62 per cent of the IDP population at risk of slipping into food insecurity. Areas in southern and eastern regions are also seeing a rise in food insecurity and are increasingly relying on coping strategies. WFP is currently undertaking a Rapid Food Security Assessment  ( RFSA ) , whose preliminary findings are expected by mid November, in order to provide updated information on food needs, which will allow the Food security sector to continue to focus on the areas where help is most urgently needed. The sector is also exploring the possibility of cash and/ or voucher assistance to bolster its response.
Successive faltering Libyan governments saw Sirte as a Gaddafi stronghold, and neglected to intervene as security deteriorated after 2011. Even before IS declared full control of Sirte in early 2015, residents had limited access to aid because of the extremist elements the city attracted.
The cash liquidity issue in Libya has caused increased prices of basic household items compromising the ability of the most vulnerable population, such as IDPs and returnees, to have adequate access to essential hygiene items. According to DTM report 12, 89 per cent of the problems related to access to NFIs is non affordability due to high price. Due to poor living conditions, the most vulnerable migrants and refugees living in urban settings face extremely poor hygiene standards and access to clean water. Those held in detention centres, especially pregnant and lactating women and sick persons, are also in dire need of WASH facilities.
Attacks on health care facilities and medical personnel continued across the country, including in Azzawya, Benghazi, Tripoli, Sebha and Derna, affecting the wellbeing of patients, the provision of health services and the livelihoods particularly of women, who constitute 56 per cent of employees at hospitals across the three Libyan regions.5 The Service Availability and Readiness Assessment  ( SARA ) 6 carried out by WHO and the Ministry of Health for all public health facilities, found that 17.5 per cent of hospitals, 20 per cent of primary health care facilities and eight per cent of other health facilities were not operational due to damage, lack of maintenance, inaccessibility and occupation by people and entities. The availability of some essential health services is also particularly limited. Mental health and family planning services are completely absent in the south and available in only one per cent of all health facilities across Libya.7 Most of the facilities lack a supply of post rape care kits and emergency contraceptives, while the health staff have not received any specific training on the clinical management of rape  ( CMR ) , considered a life saving intervention for sexual violence survivors.
The movement of refugees and migrants across the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean Sea towards Europe continues to have a devastating toll on human lives. As of 26 October, at least 2,824 people have died or gone missing in the attempt to cross to Europe by sea in 2017.9 Many others are thought to have died on their way across the desert in the hands of smugglers and traffickers. Since the beginning of the conflict, there has been a lack of oversight and institutional capacity in managing migration, with no system of checking or regularising stays, including through the issuance of legal documentation. In order to live, work, and have access to basic services, migrants must have necessary documentation. Whilst the majority of migrants and refugees enter Libya irregularly, some migrants enter Libya in possession of appropriate travel documents, but they are unable to renew these documents when they expire.
A recent assessment found that refugees and migrants could be particularly affected by the deteriorating socio economic environment in Libya, and to the liquidity crisis in particular.56 Almost all respondents reported receiving their salaries and realising all their economic transactions in cash. One quarter of respondents reported delays in receiving their salaries on a regular basis, and another one quarter reported that the highly dysfunctional banking system represented a key barrier to accessing their economic resources. This could be explained on the one hand by the weakening of the formal transfer system, which is likely to affect employers' ability to access cash to pay their employees. On the other hand, this could owe to refugees and migrants' inability to enforce their right to receive their salary, due to their undocumented status. In a context of limited access to economic resources, refugees and migrants' ability to meet their most basic needs could be severely affected.
Since mid 2014, fighting in populated areas continues across Libya, leading to civilian casualties, damage to civilian infrastructure and displacement. In the last 12 months, an estimated 1.62 million people¹ have been directly affected. According to the latest UN and partners' needs analysis, 1.1 million people, of whom 378,000 are children and 307,000 are women of reproductive age  ( 15 49 ) , require life saving humanitarian assistance and protection.
In addition, migrants, refugees and asylum seekers are particularly suffering from various forms of protection concerns, due to the irregular situation and absence of legal documents recognising their status inside Libya. As a consequence, access to shelter is rendered more difficult and challenging for migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. According to a recent study on human trafficking and other exploitive practices on the central Mediterranean route,1 90 per cent of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers, transiting through Libya have been held against their will during the journey. Without means for social protection or safety nets, migrants and refugees often reside in unfinished, insecure or collective shelters. Reduced livelihood opportunities prevent migrant and refugees from securing core relief items leaving them in undignified situations. Those rescued or intercepted at sea have often lost or sold all their belongings before departure and therefore require urgent provision of clothing and core relief items upon disembarkation. Those in detention centres are also deprived from their personal belongings and have no means to access them if not through humanitarian assistance.
The country remains divided between rival administrations, leaving national and local institutions largely unable to provide protection and basic services. The economic situation continues to deteriorate: inflation, the devaluation of the Libyan dinar on the black market, an acute cash liquidity shortage in the banking system have all led to reduced purchasing power of the Libyan population   especially those already affected by the conflict, further deepening vulnerabilities. Living conditions have deteriorated as availability of food, fuel, water and sanitation, electricity and medical supplies decrease and the provision of health care and public services declines. Libya's health care system struggles to deal with casualties from the conflict, rising diseases and illnesses. Weak rule of law is leaving vulnerable civilians and marginalised groups unprotected. Reporting structures for survivors of GBV are weak, due to lack of social support, fear of reprisals and lack of trust and confidence in the justice system, a lack of confidentiality and specialised staff, and physical reporting outlets. The weak structures, combined with a social stigma surrounding reporting, have resulted in widespread underreporting of violence against women and therefore impunity for perpetrators.
The protracted crisis in Libya has resulted in continued deterioration of access to safe water and sanitation services and essential hygiene items for the affected population. The main sources of domestic water in Libya is from three main sources, namely the Man Made River Project  ( over 60 per cent ) , the municipal wellfields  ( 30 per cent ) , and desalination plants  ( 10 per cent ) . Due to the declining economic situation, the Libyan water and sanitation sector lacks adequate resources and capacities to ensure continuous provision of sustainable and safe water supply particularly in the remote and conflict affected areas. Unless immediate operational maintenance of the system is provided, it is expected that the water system may fully or partially collapse, leading to additional humanitarian consequences of about 4.5 million people. Before the crisis, the water supply coverage is estimated as 100 per cent in urban communities and 95 per cent in rural populations as of 2011, and while the sanitation coverage is 60 per cent in urban areas and 40 per cent in rural areas.1 Six years after the crisis, assessments show that only 64 per cent of the affected population have access to adequate drinking water sources. The frequent electricity cut  ( four to five hours on most days ) , damages on water and sanitation facilities, and lack of maintenance and spare parts are the main drivers for inadequate access to water and sanitation services. Currently water trucking is the main source of drinking water for 43 per cent of the population,2 which comes with concerns related to poor quality of water and high price and lack of sustainability
Since 2014, the Libyan Dinar  ( LYD )  has lost over 500 per cent of its value in the parallel market, trading at approximately LYD8.5 to the dollar  ( well above the LYD1.4 official rate )  and sometimes as high as LYD10, due to increased demand for foreign currency. Security constraints, high inflation, cash shortages, lack of remuneration on bank deposits, falling confidence in the banking system and Libya's political and economic future all compound high demand for foreign currency.37 Increased demand for foreign currency, together with unpredictable hydrocarbon revenues, have led to a fall in reserves to US$73.6 billion at end 2016 from US$123.5 billion at end 2012. At this pace, foreign reserves are estimated to be completely depleted within 3 4 years.