nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
COVID 19 SCHOOL CLOSURES  ( AS OF 20 MAY )  Data on the global monitoring of school meals during COVID 19 school closures is updated frequently here. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. and other freedoms, currently are reliant on the informal sector, or humanitarian assistance to meet their basic needs.30 Many more of the people enduring hunger and malnourishment are those for whom regular, reliable, and safe access to nutritious food is blocked by factors beyond their control. They include: • At the end of May, 368 million school children were missing out on school meals for the major share of their daily nutritional needs;31 • People receiving nutritional care services such as women and children in the first thou  sand days from conception, the sick, older people, and people with special needs; • Children separated from their moth  ers or caretakers for any reason;
The interruption of value chains caused by the pandemic will have greater impact on the Brazilian and Mexican economies, which have the region's biggest manufacturing sectors.
• Women migrant domestic workers face a significant risk of abuse, leaving them trapped and unable to reach their homes as a result of increased travel restrictions.10 • Migrant women working in households caring for children, the sick, and the elderly face an increased risk of contracting the virus as they are likely to be in direct contact with persons who may have COVID 19. • Many women migrant domestic workers, cleaners and care workers in COVID 19 affected countries have had to cope with increased workloads to ensure cleanliness and hygiene and provide the necessary care, often without per  sonal protective equipment or overtime compensation. • Violations of the human rights of women migrant work  ers in domestic and care work – excessively long hours, no guaranteed days off, lack of social protection  ( i.e., ma  ternity leave, sick leave and employment injury benefit ) , sexual and gender based violence and restrictions on freedom of movement – are further exacerbated during the pandemic. • COVID 19 has increased the burden of unpaid care work on most women, including migrant women, as a result of closure of schools, kindergartens, creches and other public and social services. This extra burden of unpaid care work on women needs to be addressed as part of a comprehensive response to the pandemic. Limited freedom of movement: • Travel bans and restrictions are preventing women mi  grant workers from returning to their countries of origin as cross border travel becomes more complex and difficult. This includes screening measures and health certificate requirements for entering a country.11 Those who want to go home may decide against travelling for fear of not being allowed to return to the countries where they are working.12 • Women migrant workers who are unable to return to work due to travel restrictions may experience a complete loss of their livelihoods, in the absence of social protec  tion, as well as of their families who depend on their remittances.13 • In some countries, the impact of city/province/country lockdowns and business closures has led to mass move  ments of migrants trying to return to their countries of origin, increasing the risk of community transmission of COVID 19 and spreading the virus to areas with less pre  paredness and capacity to respond.
Lack of social protection and health care: • Migrant women, particularly those working in the informal economy, have limited or no access to social protection, health care and maternity protection, because they are generally excluded from contributory social in  surance schemes.14 • Women migrant workers lacking health insurance or with irregular migration status may be hesitant to comply with COVID 19 screening, testing and treatment procedures due to fear of documentation checks by authorities and potential fines, arrest, detention or deportation. • Women migrant workers' sexual and reproductive health is compromised by a lack of health insurance and access to health care, and even more so as health systems are stretched to the limit by COVID 19. In the United States, for example, which has a fully privatized healthcare system, an estimated 20 per cent of all migrants are un  insured  ( as compared to 8.5 per cent of the population overall )  and for those with irregular migration status the figure is expected to be even higher.15 16 • Women migrant workers without access to child or family benefits are obliged to leave their children at home, often without supervision, to go to work. • Women migrant workers in sectors requiring physical contact with other people often have limited access to per  sonal protective equipment and hand washing facilities. • Existing legal services and emergency shelters are oper  ating with limited capacity or have closed down due to COVID 19 measures and impacts. See also: UN Women's Policy Brief on access to social pro  tection for all migrant women Violence against women migrant workers: • COVID 19 exacerbates women migrant workers' increased risk of sexual and gender based violence at all stages of migration,17 particularly migrant women with irregular migration status or sexual and gender minorities who are least likely to report violence due to discrimination or fear of arrest or deportation. • Past epidemics demonstrated that women and girls, including migrant women and girls, were at heightened risk of gender based violence, intimate partner violence and sexual exploitation and abuse. The Ebola pandemic showed that multiple forms of violence are exacerbated
RECOMMENDATIONS • Women migrant workers, irrespective of their migration status, should enjoy their full human rights during the COVID 19 pandemic and beyond, in compliance with in  ternational law. This means ensuring access to essential services, such as health, police, justice and social services, for all migrant women and sexual and gender minorities, including victims and survivors of gender based violence.
Government or public transport lockdowns hindering access to the health facilities
Underinvestment in the prevention, early diagnosis, screening, treatment and rehabilitation for NCDs: Health systems unable to meet the health care needs of people living with and affected by NCDs
3. COVID 19 RELATED RESTRICTIONS ON MOVEMENT MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE AGAINST INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE. Any restrictive measures  ( such as lockdowns, quarantine, isolation and travel restrictions )  to pre  vent the spread of coronavirus adopted during a state of emergency or under other circumstances, including restrictions on the freedom of movement of internally displaced people living in camps and camp like settings, must comply with the provisions of international law. They must be lawful, nec  essary and proportionate to the objective of protecting public health, as well as non discriminatory. Authorities should take into account the potential negative impact of restrictive measures on the living conditions of internally displaced people, including on their right to adequate access to food, water and essential medical services, as well as on the ability of families to keep in touch, and should take steps, wherever possible, to mitigate that impact. Armed conflict and violence have not ceased because of the COVID 19 pandemic. People facing imme  diate danger or hardship should be able to move to safety; if necessary, they should be able to use displacement as a coping mechanism. For those unable to find protection in their own country, the right to seek asylum must be upheld and compliance ensured with the principle of non refoulement.
1. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN NATIONAL AND LOCAL PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES AND PLANS RELATING TO THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC. Internally displaced people are typically citizens or habitual residents of the State concerned and should therefore enjoy the same rights and freedoms, without discrimination, as anyone else in that country. They must be able to benefit from all measures taken by the authorities to address the risk of infection and mitigate any secondary impact. Authorities must ensure that internally displaced people have access to public health information in a relevant local language and a format that is easy to access, including for children and people with disabilities, and that they are covered by prevention and control measures. Authorities must adopt the necessary legal, policy and/or ad hoc measures to remove any barriers preventing internally displaced people from accessing health care and make sure that they have equal access to life saving testing and treatment. Ensuring the participation of internally displaced people and host communities in decision making and implementation processes is also key to the success of any national and local response measures. Internally displaced people are not a homogenous group and their specific needs, vulnerabilities, capacities and coping mechanisms may differ depending on their gender, age, physical and mental health and personal circumstances. Therefore, wherever possible, an analysis taking into account age, gender and diversity should be carried out in order to provide an inclusive response to ben  efit the entire community. Special emphasis should be placed on protecting the health and safety of internally displaced people living in camps and collective sites  ( formal and informal )  who are particularly exposed to outbreaks, including by adopting appropriate practical measures such as the use of masks and hand sanitizer, additional medical check ups and distancing. The specific needs of internally displaced people who are older or have underlying health conditions or disabilities must also be addressed. The Red Cross/Red Crescent National Societies, as auxiliaries to the authorities in the humanitar  ian field, can make a significant contribution to these efforts and should be involved in the plan  ning, implementation and monitoring processes  ( provided that the necessary protective measures are available ) .
2. AUTHORITIES SHOULD STEP UP EFFORTS TO REDUCE, WHERE NECESSARY AND FEASIBLE, CROWDING IN SHELTERS FOR INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT RELEVANT OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW, WITH THE AIM OF PROTECTING PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE SAFETY AND WELL BEING OF INDIVIDUALS. Authorities may need to implement measures to reduce overcrowding in camps and camp like set  tings and, wherever possible, re adjust site planning, to decrease the risk of infection and community transmission, taking into account broader public health considerations. Should authorities decide that relocating part of the camp population is a necessary and feasible decongestion measure, the people moved from the camps should be provided with safe alternative accommodation and dignified living conditions, in terms of nutrition, health and hygiene. Whenever possible, authorities should only use educational facilities as shelters as a last resort and should identify alternative options. Additionally, they should make every effort to ensure that families are able to stay together, in order to avoid fam  ily separation and to prevent people losing contact with relatives or going missing. Should families become separated, measures must be taken to reunite them wherever possible and without delay, in line with public health and national regulations. Should authorities seek to speed up pre existing plans to close some sites, they must provide practical alternatives for internally displaced people who cannot or do not wish to return home, by supporting their local integration or resettlement as a temporary or durable solution. Camp closures should never be considered a solution to displacement and should only been implemented as part of a broader strategy aimed at ensuring that internally displaced people are offered solutions that are voluntary, safe, dignified and durable.
5. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE MUST CONTINUE TO REACH INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE AND OTHER PEOPLE IN NEED. Authorities are primarily responsible for assisting internally displaced people within their jurisdiction, without discrimination. Many internally displaced people living in camps depend on humanitarian aid for survival. Those living outside camps mostly depend on informal livelihood opportunities and sup  port from host communities, both of which may be affected by COVID 19 containment measures and their economic repercussions. Where containment measures are imposed, authorities must organize and/or facilitate alternative methods of delivering aid and providing services to internally displaced people and host communities that protect the health of internally displaced people and humanitarian workers, taking into account the specific needs of older people, people with disabilities, children and other vulnerable groups. In camps and camp like settings, the provision of aid should be organized in line with appropriate measures for physical distancing, infection prevention and control and crowd management, to prevent too many people gathering in one place at the same time.
COMMUNITY TRANSMISSION 64% of countries disrupted services for hypertension management 62% of countries disrupted services to treat diabetes and complications 54% of countries disrupted services to treat cancer 46% of countries disrupted services to treat cardiovascular emergencies
Since the COVID 19 outbreak, people living with NCDs are more vulnerable to becoming severely ill or dying from COVID 19
6. INVESTMENT IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS MUST CONTINUE, IN ORDER TO PREVENT SOME OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT LEAD TO INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT AND TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS ON DISPLACED COMMUNITIES. Many seasonal hazards can be anticipated, based on historical patterns or hazard maps and assess  ments. Measures can therefore be taken to help communities to prepare for potential displacement using a COVID 19 “lens'  ( such as site selection with adequate space for physical distancing, advocacy to promote acceptance by the host community and pre positioning of supplies ) . Before the next cri  sis hits, authorities, humanitarian organizations and donors should continue to focus on scaling up prevention and building local preparedness capacities, in line with established approaches  ( such as disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation )  and existing plans. The use of advanced funds to establish stocks at the country level and to pre position food and other relief items in order to address food security issues before the supply chain is affected by COVID 19 measures, can help to mitigate some of the potential triggers for displacement.
The agrifood sector is key in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of contribution to the economy and employment generation. Hence, the interruption of food systems normal functioning can have severe consequences on poverty levels and food security.The ﬁrst case of COVID 19 in the region is still recent, and the ﬂuctuations in agrifood employment are not extreme; even so, we cannot be conﬁdent. We must continue to monitor the employment indicators in the sector. Only in this way can we identify the sector's risks and challenges, and implement early and appropriate measures. It should be stressed that any measures taken to ensure their effectiveness and efﬁciency in mitigating the health and economic crisis must take into account the particularities of the sector, such as vulnerable groups of workers.Bulletin 505/21/20201. Editorial 12. Key messages 23. Impacts of COVID 19 on the agrifood labour market 34. Risks for the agrifood labour market 55. Proposals to mitigate the impact on the agrifood labour market 86. Interview with the Executive Director of the Association of Commercialization and Export of Bananas of Ecuador 127. The pandemic in numbers 148. Resources 179. References 18Contents© FAO/Food systems and COVID 19 in Latin America and the Caribbean:Impact and risks in the labour market 2. Key messages • The agrifood sector is very labour intensive, and therefore essential to the regional economy. • Although it is too early to measure the impact of COVID 19 on the labour market in the region, a slight downward trend could be seen in the ﬁrst months of 2020 compared to last year. Therefore, it is necessary to continue evaluating employment related indicators, especially when a time of high labour demand is approaching for some countries. • The reduced availability of data due to restrictive measures, which affects state ofﬁcials, poses a new challenge for decision makers in designing evidence based policies. • The food sector is one with medium risk to the impacts of COVID 19, and it is considered essential by the vast majority of governments. However, if restrictive measures continue and the economic impact is accentuated, the sector is likely to be affected. • The vulnerability of the sector's employability is based on the high percentage of informality, which makes it vulnerable to layoffs, if the crisis continues. • Informality is higher among women, youth, migrants, and indigenous groups. • It is vital to maintain jobs in the agrifood sector for economic and food security reasons. • A powerful package of measures and policies is needed for the maintenance and recovery of agricultural MSME in the region. • "No one should be left behind", that is to say it is crucial not to lose sight of the most vulnerable populations in the labour market, such as informal workers, young people, women, migrants, and indigenous people. • In countries that depend on tourism and are net food importers, workers in the agrifood sector may also be affected by the crisis; such is the case of the Caribbean, where local workers and producers do not have hotels or restaurants operating to sell their agricultural or ﬁsheries products.
On February 18, the Government of Paraguay declared a State of Health Emergency throughout the country in response to the dengue epidemic for 90 days.  ( IFRC,2 Mar 2020 )
Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean is a labour intensive activity. It represents about 5 percent of GDP and accounts for about 14 percent of the workforce; a ﬁgure that can rise to 24 percent if we add workers from the rest of the food chain. Thus, according to the data, the agrifood sector is essential to the economies of the region.
Los medios de vida son los medios que permiten a una persona ganarse el sustento. Abarca las capacidades, los bienes y las actividades de las personas necesarias para cubrir o hacer frente las necesidades de la vida. Las perturbaciones y tensiones de la crisis de COVID 2019 en la región, aunque se considera principalmente una crisis de salud pública, está ya teniendo un impacto a corto y a medio plazo en la economía de los hogares más vulnerables debido principalmente a las medidas de restricción de movimientos, siendo este más severo en los paises donde el trabajo informal prima y se vive al día, y en los paises cuyas economias son altamente dependientes del sector servicios. Esto está ya provocando transtornos socioeconómicos en todo el mundo y en la región y no sólo disminuirá el bienestar y los medios de vida de las personas, sino que también socavará las redes sociales, los mercados y la seguridad alimentaria de los que depende la vida. Dado que los medios de vida son el factor clave para la resiliencia de las personas, los hogares y las comunidades, un daño masivo en el sector de los medios de vida, se añadirá a corto, medio y largo plazo a los efectos directos de la crisis sanitaria. Incluso antes de la difusión del COVID 19, la situación social en América Latina y el Caribe se estaba deteriorando, como muestran el aumento de los índices de pobreza y de extrema pobreza, la persistencia de las desigualdades y el descontento generalizado. En ese contexto, la crisis tendrá repercusiones negativas en la salud y la educación, así como en el empleo y la pobreza. El sector sanitario se está viendo expuesto a tensiones sin precedentes lo que afectará en el corto, medio y largo plazo a la salud de las personas, lo que dificultará los procesos de recuperación tras la crisis sanitaria. La interrupción de las actividades en centros educativos tendrá efectos significativos en el aprendizaje, especialmente de los más vulnerables. Los centros educativos también proporcionan seguridad alimentaria y cuidado a muchos niños, lo que permite a los padres tener tiempo para trabajar. La suspensión de las clases tendrá un impacto más allá de la educación, en la nutrición, el cuidado y la participación de los padres  ( especialmente de las mujeres )  en el mercado laboral. Alrededor de 85 millones de niños y niñas de la región reciben un desayuno, un refrigerio o un almuerzo en la escuela  ( FAO/PMA, 2019 ) .
Food Security, Livelihoods and Nutrition  Provide food assistance  ( cash and vouchers )  or food aid  ( in kind ) . Make sure to include solutions that are inclusive to elderly, PWD, pregnant women, people with chronic disease, etc. and don't expose them.  Support food production to increase availability and support income generation: provide seeds, tools, fertilisers, and focus on short cycle production. Local food production is essential for producers to ensure their food security, but also to facilitate access of other people to essential food.  Safety nets: provide assistance for basic needs and prevent assets depletion; consider top up/ expand existing social protection schemes, extend programme length to support through the crisis.  Support small businesses to adapt to digital transactions for business continuity e.g. facilitate access to digital payment mechanisms  ( mobile money, e vouchers )  and to include safe delivery services  Support saving groups to use digital transfers and explain how members can protect themselves during meetings; advise to adopt contingency measures to protect their activity and prevent exposure e.g. avoiding gatherings.  Support local markets value chain: promote buying local, the use of cash and vouchers help dynamize local economy, facilitate information and contact with other markets to avoid losses and waste of products.  Promote vegetable gardens, keyhole/ urban vertical garden to facilitate access to nutritious food. Dissemination can be done together with health messages and seeds and instructions can be made available in health centres, RC offices, through services accessible to the people.  Where markets are functional provide protection advice through CEA mechanisms and distribute protection items to market workers, traders and consumers; and hand washing facilities.  Advocacy with institutions and other organisations e.g. increasing transfer amount to people already benefiting from social assistance; update food basket; etc. Nutrition Sensitive Approach: common for all response phases Actions here are limited to the type of interventions that RCRC Movement could easily implement through FSL or other community based programmes that are not focused on nutrition specific programming as health sector  ( Refer to Nutrition IASC for nutrition specific recommendations )  Mainstream a nutrition sensitive approach: minimum level of intervention is start/ maintain nutrition awareness: Include nutrition criteria in the targeting selection criteria to prioritise those more at risk   Disseminate key messages for good nutrition, health and wash best practices: posters radio, TV. Community awareness to be avoided due to risk of infection.  Continue to encourage breastfeeding, as developing specific knowledge on linkages between nutrition and COVID 19 is still in process, but transmission between COVID  infected mother and infant has not been demonstrated.
By producing and disseminating global health metrics, these global agencies acquire considerable power to shape national health priorities, potentially taking away power from the governments of low income countries to shape their own health priorities and responses, including the response to COVID 19.
La protección social en América Latina y el Caribe ya era insuficiente antes del COVID 19. La región ya cuenta con sistemas de protección social poco desarrollados y con coberturas bajas debido a las altas tasas de informalidad, aumento del trabajo por cuenta propia y brechas en el acceso a la protección social contributiva. La actual crisis ejercerá una presión adicional sobre los países, lo que pondrá en peligro el gasto social. En 2019 solo en la Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador y Uruguay, los trabajadores del sector formal tenían seguro de desempleo. Los sistemas de protección social contributiva se verán afectados financieramente por la mayor demanda de prestaciones de licencia de enfermedad por parte de los trabajadores del sector formal; y los programas de protección social no contributiva, que se financian con impuestos, que apoyan a los más pobres, necesitarán ser ampliados para cubriri otras familias de bajos ingresos en riesgo de caer en la pobreza, lo que sobrecargará los ya limitados programas de protección social.
Poorest people tend to spend the higher percentages of their incomes in food, they don't' have savings or access to credits and an increase in prices could push them into deeper poverty.
Middle income primarily small island states highly dependent on tourism: Cabo Verde, Jamaica, Belize, Maldives, Dominica and Tonga  ( also highly dependent on remittances ) , and also Montenegro and Georgia.
The World Bank indicates that in addition to the immediate impact on health outcomes and lives, COVID 19 is likely to have long  lasting economic and social impacts of global proportions due to the direct and indirect effects of illness, the preventive behaviors of people, and governmental transmission control policies.
The agricultural sector has not yet felt the economic effects of the pandemic. According to the International Labour Organization  ( ILO )   ( 2020b ) , the risk of being affected by COVID 19 is medium low for this sector, compared to other economic sectors such as tourism and services. However, measures to halt activities, including borders closure for the passage of people, have had varying impacts on the sector. It is possible that, over time, workers will also be largely affected.
There are some targeting methods, in this case we could set socio economic based criteria, where households are targeted according to their socio economic vulnerability, the impact of the crisis and also to their capacity to restart their income generation activity. It requires a good analysis around the different wealth groups characteristics in a given context. Also, if available in country, targeting could be aligned with  ( or based on )  Integrated Social Registries.
Urban areas: urban population is totally dependent on markets as food is purchased, lack of incomes and increase in prices can put at risk of food insecurity
Labour intensity Agriculture is an intensive industry in the use of inputs, pesticides, fertilizers, machinery and labour, among others. Labour is a critical component, especially in places where it is scarce. Labour intensity also varies by subsector or crop, since, for example, fruits and vegetables demand more labour than industrial crops, which have a higher level of mechanization. An important component of the labour market in the agricultural sector depends on labour per harvest and sowing season. Labour intensity in agriculture is not constant over time; it varies by planting and harvesting season, geographical area and crop. Countries with labour intensive agricultural systems estimate that there is a risk of production disruption for three main reasons: • diseases that reduce the physical capacity of workers; • risk of exposure to the virus; and • quarantine restrictions  ( FAO, 2020c ) . Micro, medium and small enterprises  ( MSME )  Strict quarantines and road closures disrupt logistics, which can harm small and micro intermediaries involved in the collection and distribution stages, as well as small producers to trade their products. The great risk for small and medium sized entrepreneurs is in maintaining cash ﬂow and liquidity to acquire inputs and keep their businesses running, despite interruptions in the payment chain of various economic activities  ( ILO, 2020a ) . One of the measures announced by the countries to deal with the pandemic is special ﬁnancial support for MSME, other businesses and the informal sector, through renegotiation and improved bank credit conditions  ( ECLAC, 2020c ) .
Access Main constraints will be linked with economic access due to the reduction of incomes, increase of prices and limited availability may limit the access to essential food items Market access: movement restriction may limit the access to more affordable markets
Immediate impacts Medium/Long term Impacts Food Security The context: 2020 already started with an increase in food insecurity due to conflicts, drought, locust invasion and other climate change effects, with over 800 million people facing chronic undernourishment and over 100 million people in need of lifesaving food assistance, previous to COVID 19 crisis. With ongoing responses in ESA and WCA increasing numbers.  Availability:   Supply chain disrupted that leads to limited availability of essential food products in the markets   Panic buying that leads to basic needs products shortage and increase in prices  Access:   Movement restrictions limits the physical access to the markets   Reduced purchase power due to drop on households' incomes   Increase of prices of staple cereal due to the outbreak in Asia has started to impact prices in local markets countries dependant on import  Utilisation:   Prioritisation of poor nutrition quality products that are more affordable   Reduce meals as increase pressure of family members returning when left without incomes e.g. urban workers returning to the villages; or elderly to meet the basic needs of youth  Stability: long term household food security is at risk for all vulnerable populations Food security Important: the evolution of the situation must be analysed together with the monitoring of current food crisis, as for many countries this COVID 19 crisis doesn't come in normal times. In those cases, the impact should be compared with a normal year baseline and not the immediately previous situation. Impact: Poorest people tend to spend the higher percentages of their incomes in food, they don't' have savings or access to credits and an increase in prices could push them into deeper poverty. Evidence form Ebola outbreak in WCA  ( 2014  2016 )  shows that panic and quarantines led to a spike in hunger and malnutrition. Also, the increase in food prices and economic crisis in 2008 has shown that those that suffered more where poorest households, female headed households, households with high dependency ratio, casual labourers and petty traders.  Rural areas: although in rural areas people produce part of the food they consume, the reality is that in poorer countries, even the rural areas depend on incomes for food security as the food staple is many times not locally produced but purchased e.g. rice. Nevertheless, the rural population is more likely to produce part of the food basket or may have the option to rely more on own food production in times of crisis.  Urban areas: urban population is totally dependent on markets as food is purchased, lack of incomes and increase in prices can put at risk of food insecurity Availability:   International: analysis say that globally there is enough cereals staple but if outbreaks around the world are severe or continue over long
School feeding programmes for many children accounts for nearly 50% of their daily calories, with schools shutting down, this critical lifeline of food is gone
Immediate impacts Medium/Long term Impacts Case example: Import dependent countries  ( like most of Sub Saharan African countries )  are particularly vulnerable to global price hikes on staples cereals. E.g. Mauritania is 70% dependent on cereal importations to complete their cereal production; Sierra Leone is facing inflation issues since 2019 which have increased imported and local rice price to, respectively, more than 89% and 73% compared to the average of the last 5 years. The Covid 19 situation may exacerbate the food security situation of already 1.3 million people acutely food insecure in Sierra Leone  ( IPC 3 )  or 4.3. million in Zimbabwe  ( IPC 3 and 4 )      periods of time, there are likely to be serious disruptions that may reduce food availability in the markets over the medium and longer terms, influenced by border closure, transport limitation, activities stopped due to quarantine in supplier countries may limit availability in dependent countries. Local production: the impact on agriculture can affect local markets and highly impact the availability of fresh food items such as vegetables. Conflict areas: a negative impact on local production may have severer consequences for those affected by conflict that are more reliant on internal production than importation. Access   Main constraints will be linked with economic access due to the reduction of incomes, increase of prices and limited availability may limit the access to essential food items   Market access: movement restriction may limit the access to more affordable markets Utilisation   Change in food consumption patterns is one of the first coping strategy households adopt in times of difficulties: use of cheaper, less nutritious and less varied food, to reduce costs. Food related coping strategies examples from Ebola crisis:   Reduction of number and quality of meals  ( IRIN, 20/10/2014 ) . Spending a larger proportion of household income on food    ( Mercy Corps, 04/11/2014 ) .
Informal The rate of informal employment in the region's agricultural sector, considering wage earners and self  employed workers, is 82.6 percent  ( see Figure 4 ) , against 49.7 and 44.5 percent in the industrial and service sectors, respectively  ( ILO, 2020c ) . Although food is an essential commodity, and its production systems should not be affected by restrictive measures, containment and movement restrictions have begun to impact markets and agrifood supply chains  ( FAO, 2020a ) . For example, informal workers are at greater risk of losing their jobs due to the COVID 19 pandemic. Besides, informal workers are at greater risk of falling ill, as they lack the basic protection that formal sector jobs often provide as social security coverage  ( ILO, 2020a ) .
Immediate impacts Medium/Long term Impacts   Consumption of less preferred foods: substitution of rice consumption with cassava  ( WFP, 29/10/2014 ) . Incurring debt to purchase food  ( WFP, 29/10/2014 )      Adult household members limiting their food consumption for the benefit of their children  ( WFP, 2014/10/27 ) . increase the dependence on humanitarian The situation will also assistance from NGOs and UN. Nutrition    Increased mortality rate among malnourished people that have developed the disease. Increased caseload of malnourished individuals among those that can't ensure proper food intake due to illness and loss of incomes; this will add pressure on the health families and health facilities. Increase vulnerability to other diseases and malnutrition for those recovering from COVID 19 due to long term duration of recovery. It is reported that full recovery for affected people may require months, with subsequent consequences of not having full capability to work and so provide enough food for themselves and their households.  More than 6 months of inappropriate nutrition intakes can impact intellectual and physical development of children.
Migrants The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  ( FAO )   ( 2020b )  points out that migrants play a critical role in agrifood systems. Restrictive measures affecting the movement  ( internal and international )  of people and absenteeism from work due to illness or precaution will have an impact on agricultural value chains, with possible consequences for food availability and market prices worldwide. Although ofﬁcial statistics often underestimate the proportion of migrants employed in agriculture – due to lack of data and widespread informality – we know that a signiﬁcant group of migrants are employed on an occasional or informal basis, that is, they work without any kind of social protection. It is expected that fewer jobs for migrants will lead to a dramatic reduction in remittances to their countries of origin, with signiﬁcant effects on livelihoods and food and nutrition security in those countries. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean  ( ECLAC )  indicates that remittance ﬂows to Latin America and the Caribbean could contract by 10 15 percent in 2020 and that it could take four to eight years for them to recover to the levels reached in 2019  ( ECLAC, 2020d ) . In Haiti, remittances accounted for more than 30 percent of GDP; in El Salvador and Honduras, about 20 percent; and in Jamaica, Guatemala and Nicaragua, more than 10 percent. Between 80 and 90 percent of remittances are used to cover the basic needs of recipient households  ( food, health, and housing ) , so their contraction will impact consumption and the incidence of poverty  ( ECLAC, 2020d ) .
Las personas con afecciones de salud subyacentes y las personas mayores, Las personas mayores en entorno rural o urbano dependiente de las remesas de familiares y las redes sociales como principal fuente de ingresos. Los jóvenes son más vulnerables a la caída de la demanda laboral Los trabajadores de más edad eran más propensos a experimentar tasas más altas de desempleo y subempleo Las mujeres están sobrerrepresentadas en los sectores más afectados  ( como los servicios )  o en ocupaciones que están en la primera línea de lidiar con la pandemia  ( las mujeres representan el 72,8% del total de personas ocupadas en este sectorsalud en la región
Cash assistance is likely to be the default response of government led shock responsive safety nets in the face of COVID 19. This can be an opportunity for cooperation and strengthen mutual programmes.
Many of the NPIs against COVID 19 increase time spent at home with other family members, raising concerns with respect to domestic violence  ( 28 ) . While this is by no means a problem confined to LICs and LMICs, surveys of women from a number of LICs and LMICs show high reported rates of physical, emotional or sexual abuse
Women It is estimated that COVID 19 will have particularly profound impacts on rural women, as women's informal employment rates are higher than men's in lower income countries. In Latin America, in 2017, the rate of informal employment among women in urban areas was 45.4 percent, while among men it was 44.3 percent. On the other hand, in rural areas, the same rates were 78.8 percent for women and 75.9 percent for men  ( ILO, 2020a ) . According to these data, women are more vulnerable to possible dismissal, and to lower access to occupational safety measures and medical care in health centres. Besides, many women in rural communities work in sectors that have been hard hit by the economic and social consequences of the crisis, such as non essential agricultural and ﬁsheries production, or the ﬂower Bulletin 5 / 6 industry  ( FAO and UNDP, 2020 ) . Rural women account for 41 percent of the world's agricultural workforce  ( FAO, 2020a ) , a proportion that is higher in lower income countries such as Colombia or the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Changes in markets and consumption patterns could aggravate the vulnerability of this group, since reducing demand and space for selling agricultural products limits the informal income of many of these women  ( FAO and UNDP, 2020 ) . Displacement restrictions diminish their opportunities for agricultural and livestock activities, making it difﬁcult for them to obtain essential resources for their families  ( water, ﬁrewood, natural food resources, etc. ) , which puts their well being and that of their families at risk  ( FAO and UNDP, 2020 ) . Finally, because women assume primary responsibility for care in their homes, they are more likely to be burdened with additional household tasks, which increase when there are more people in the household during quarantine  ( FAO, 2020a ) .
Their more fragile income status will also mean that they are likely to be employed in occupations that are not amenable to social distancing measures, thereby further reducing their ability to protect themselves from infection.
Revise procedures for food, CVA and agricultural distribution and plan alternatives, including procurement of in kind with time to mitigate supply chain disruptions.
Link with existing social protection programmes; and advocate for flexibility of social protection programmes e.g. to remove conditionality, increase amount, share data base etc.
Children and young people According to ILO, young workers will be strongly affected by the economic consequences of COVID 19, for the following reasons: • Younger workers are often the ﬁrst to reduce their hours or be dismissed  ( mainly for lack of networks or experience ) ; • Three out of four young people work in the informal economy, for example in agriculture or small cafés, and restaurants; • Many young workers are in "non standard forms of employment", such as part time or temporary work, with little or no social protection  ( leave pay, unemployment insurance )   ( ILO, 2020d ) . In 2017, in urban areas, 55.6 percent of young people aged between 15 and 24 were in informal employment; in rural areas the same rate was 85.9 percent  ( ILO, 2020a ) . This disparity reﬂects the degree of vulnerability for young people starting their careers in the labour market, which will be exacerbated by the current crisis. Concerning children, who in most countries of the region do not have face to face schooling, FAO  ( 2020a )  warns of the possibility that their families may ask them for support in tasks related to farming, family farming or even as wage labourers, which could expose them to dangerous or age inappropriate work. Children who are already working are also likely to face greater difﬁculties and have an even greater responsibility for meeting the family's food security needs.
There are concerns that funding will be reoriented away from existing programmes and into the COVID 19 response.
Global economic slowdown. As a result of countries across the world having imposed restrictions on non essential activities, economic activity is significantly reduced. The International Monetary Fund  ( IMF )  and the World Bank are both forecasting a global economic recession, and the World Trade Organization warns of the deepest recession of our lifetime and trade to fall by between 13% and 32% in 2020 as the COVID 19 pandemic disrupts normal economic activity and life around the world. However, there is still a lot of uncertainty about the magnitude of the global economic slowdown or its duration. For example, even for the extensively studied US economy, estimates for Q2 economic contraction range from 12 30%. A Goldman Sachs report estimates that US GDP will shrink by 24% in Q2 dwarfing the previous 10% record decline in 1958, and decline by 3.8% on an annual basis. According to JP Morgan the impact on the Euro area would be more severe than the United States. This will have direct and indirect effects for low  and middle income countries.
Lockdowns, police brutality and socioeconomic concerns are fuelling resentment and non compliance with COVID related restrictions. These will likely trigger localised violent protests in key urban areas, both during and immediately after the lockdown period.
Primary commodity exporters. As a result of a global slowdown, the demand for primary commodities and thus their prices, have fallen. For example   coupled with a dispute between oil producing countries resulting in an increase of oil supply   the price for crude has dropped to a 18 year low. Copper prices dropped by 20% in the first quarter of 2020   their worst start to a year in more than three decades. This is good news for oil importers but countries dependent on the export of primary commodities will be hit by declining revenues, which will be disproportionately larger in relation to the price decline due to the structure of the profit sharing agreement. According to the World Bank, oil accounts for almost the totality of South Sudan's exports, almost all of the government revenue and more than 40% of its gross domestic product  ( GDP ) . 87% of Nigeria's exports consists of minerals and fuels, and oil revenue is an important source of revenue for the government. Angola, Iraq, Libya, Congo and Chad are also very dependent on oil exports and Zambia is highly dependent on copper exports.
Sector and supply constraints. The Institute for Supply Management, which conducts monthly economic surveys, found that nearly 75 percent of the companies it contacted in the US in late February and early March reported some kind of supply chain disruption due to the coronavirus. Similarly access to industrial input components and manufactured goods from countries imposing lockdowns has been hampered. Kenya's fresh flowers exports  ( second biggest source of foreign currency )  have taken a huge beating following last minute flight cancellations leaving tonnes of flowers to rot. Supply constraints may have knock on effects on the humanitarian situation. FAO reported on 27 March that while pilots were deployed to Ethiopia and Kenya to sustain spraying operations in response to the locust outbreak, procurement of additional planes is now in jeopardy due to the restrictions. Equally, COVID 19 related trade restrictions are affecting the supply of pesticides.
Sustained disruption of education could lead to a rise in child labour and child marriage, placing a further brake on developing countries growth. A recent IMF paper showed that child marriages reduces low income country GDP by 1 per cent.
Working parents, especially women those whose ability to work crucially depends on having childcare and schooling for their children during the hours of their employment, will be impacted by the school closures.5 Women disproportionately work in insecure labour markets and are harder hit by the economic impacts that COVID 19 is driving.
Children Out of the total population of students enrolled in education globally, UNESCO estimates that over 89% are currently out of school because of COVID 19 closures. This represents 1.54 billion children and youth enrolled in school or university, including nearly 743 million girls. Online learning substitutes are not available – and should the crisis be prolonged – there might be a serious impact on education and productivity of national work forces in the mid term. Children may also face a lack of access to nutrition and food, as many of whom rely on school to provide their only meal.
Agriculture & food Low income countries prone to rises in the triple burden of malnutrition due to pandemic induced income shocks, while disruptions to global supply chains and labour shortages pose uncertainties for agricultural production.
Domestic measures that constrain economic activity: low  and middle income countries are also themselves imposing various restrictions and researchers at the Blavatnik School of Government at Oxford University have built the COVID 19 Government Response Stringency Index measuring  [ public health ]  actions to suppress and mitigate the outbreak: The poorer the country the more stringent the response. This is likely a rational response by Low Income Countries  [ LICs ]  to the greater vulnerability they face due to the unavailability of effective public health measures. In addition, relative to wealthier countries, LIC must suspect to have more actual cases for every confirmed case due to differences in testing. LICs are also quick to close schools, and beyond 10 days after the first case, tend to shut down public transport. However, LICs are slow to cease public events.