nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
However, the percentage of respondents not having a place to sleep in the Chaguanas DTM was slightly higher than the national DTM.
Top Three COVID related Difficulties
Moreover, 15 per cent of the unemployed respondents reportedly lost their jobs in Trinidad and Tobago due to the pandemic.
On the contrary, at the national level, pandemic  induced unemployment was reported by a significantly higher percentage of respondents.
In addition, 52 per cent of the respondents did not receive support during the pandemic.
Also, 89 per cent of the interviewees indicated that they had access to essential hygiene and disinfection supplies, inclusive of masks and sanitizers.
Further to this, 82 per cent of the respondents were reportedly fully vaccinated, whilst 11 per cent were unvaccinated  ( Graph 27 ) .
Desde finales de 2019, muchos venezolanos inician su trayecto migratorio en la costa norte de su país, intentando llegar hasta naciones del Caribe. Salen principalmente de Güiria para llegar a Trinidad y Tobago o de Falcón para viajar a Aruba y Curaçao. Entre 2014 y 2020 murieron al menos 126 venezolanos mientras intentaban llegar a países del Caribe cercanos; 72 de ellos intentaban llegar a Trinidad y Tobago, 37 a Curaçao y 17 a Aruba. Todas estas muertes, excepto 6 de ellas, se documentaron después de 2019, cuando empezó la crisis presidencial en Venezuela. A lo largo de esta ruta migratoria hay grupos criminales dedicados al tráfico ilegal  ( y en algunos casos, a la trata )  de personas migrantes venezolanas.
Only 24 kilometres away, Trinidad and Tobago has become an important destination country for some of the millions of Venezuelans who have been eager to escape the country's economic meltdown and humanitarian crisis.
But in order to get there, they have to cross the Bocas del Dragón  ( Mouths of the Dragon )  – a dangerous waterway known for human smuggling, narco trafficking, shipwrecks, and even piracy – before hoping to slip past immigration officials upon landing in Trinidad.
Shipwrecks have proliferated in recent years. Three boats were reported missing in 2019, with a total of at least 80 people on board. Last December, another vessel sank in choppy waters, drowning at least 36 Venezuelans, including several children – the second such disaster of 2020. And just last week, a boat carrying 24 Venezuelans bound for Trinidad and Tobago capsized off the same coast, leaving at least 17 people dead or presumed dead.
According to official estimates, there are around 24,000 Venezuelan migrants in Trinidad and Tobago, which has a population of nearly 1.4 million people. That official number is likely low as most migrants enter the country by irregular means and never have interactions with government systems or officials. A 2019 report by Refugees International put the number of Venezuelans on the island at 40,000 and quickly growing – which would give the country the highest per capita Venezuelan population in the Carribean.
Sex trafficking Borges said the irregular nature of most migrant journeys – which entail hiring smugglers, getting jobs through brokers, and working undocumented – also “puts them at greater risk of being victims of sexual and labour exploitation'.
Asylum difficulties To be granted asylum, migrants must prove they will face credible risk in their home country. The government of Trinidad and Tobago considers all other Venezuelans “economic migrants', who are not protected under Trinidadian law. In theory, new arrivals have the right to claim asylum, but in practice there is no governmental body to enforce these rights. Describing a system in which compliance is merely voluntary for immigration officials, Henríquez said it is seen as much easier to simply deport refugees rather than be responsible for their long term care.
Increasing xenophobia In 2018, the Trinidadian government changed its response to the immigration crisis. Though immigrants were formerly granted free movement as their cases went through court, the policy became one of detention for asylum seekers. “We started to see some mass detention events after the change,' said Nakhid. “This trend accelerated in 2020, during elections.'
In July 2020, Trinidad and Tobago's security minister called Venezuelans “boat people' who “represented a serious health issue', and gave the number of a hotline for residents to report those without documentation. Police Commissioner Gary Griffith recently suggested the policy doesn't go far enough, saying the current rules promote the spread of COVID 19 and amount to a “get out jail free card'.
En 11 países del Caribe, el trabajo sexual se considera conducta criminal  ( Antigua y Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Dominica, Granada, Guyana, Jamaica, Santa Lucía, Surinam, Trinidad y Tobago ) .
Muchos migrantes temen presentarse a los servicios o desconocen dónde y cómo acceder a ellos. Una encuesta de la Organización Internacional de Migración sobre migrantes venezolanos en Trinidad y Tobago, publicada en septiembre de 2018 encontró que el 35% de las personas que requieren servicios de salud no tenían acceso a los mismos. Las principales barreras eran el desconocimiento de dónde ir  ( 32% ) , miedo a la discriminación  ( 19% )  y la negación de los servicios  ( 13% ) .
#Friends for Life' es la organización de sociedad civil más antigua de Trinidad y Tobago, que atiende principalmente a hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, así como a otros grupos de población clave, como los trabajadores sexuales y las personas trans. La organización ha estado ofreciendo apoyo y asesoría para 22 años y han actuado como implementadores del Proyecto “Linkages' de PEPFAR. El trabajo para mejorar la continuidad de los servicios de VIH para poblaciones clave es especialmente relevante en Trinidad y Tobago. Entre los grupos con mayor riesgo se encuentran los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres que tienen una prevalencia de VIH del 32%, según un estudio de 2015.
In terms of salaries, 27% of surveyed individuals were earning at least the minimum wage as mandated by Trinidad and Tobago's law, either rated hourly or monthly. On the other hand, 47% said that they were underpaid, with a salary lower than the minimum, while 26% declined to respond. 20% of the respondents received a job offer in Trinidad and Tobago, most of which were received upon arrival. A quarter of the offers included unusual contractual obligations, whereby the contractor offered to cover expenses which would then have to be repaid by the hired Venezuelan migrant. Of the job offers received, 10% were in commerce and 35% in construction. 14% of respondents complained of being mistreated at their workplaces, where justified maltreatment and threats using the migrants' irregular status as a tool for manipulation. 53% of the Venezuelan faced discrimination due to their nationality. 8% of the participants confirmed being victims of physical abuse. Although most persons indicated working willingly as a means of survival, 23% revealed being in conditions which violated the local labour laws   either not being paid or being underpaid. These cases were most common in the commerce and construction sectors.
That same night, the 30 Trinidadians were able to return from Venezuela on a charter flight which cost them US$1,000 each. The Venezuelans here had asked their embassy for help to return on the same plane, but did not get the exemption. The plane, owned by the Rutaca airline, returned empty to Caracas. Ambassador Carlos Pérez said his office has two lists with almost 200 people waiting to return to their homeland, but everything will depend on the health authorities and the Venezuelan government.
there were two major events that produced deleterious socio economic impacts to the island state. In the first instance, plummeting oil and gas prices precipitated a contraction of the country's energy sector from 2014 to 2017. This situation was further exacerbated by the 2020 COVID 19 pandemic, which inadvertently threatened the non energy sectors and labour market
The data also showed that 46 per cent of the currently employed interviewees worked in the informal sector, which was a 14 per cent reduction from the 2019 DTM. This decline may have been impacted by the Government's registration exercise that enabled legitimate Venezuelan migrant employment options.
Additionally, approximately 4 per cent of the female interviewees were pregnant, of which 40 per cent were between 18 and 25 years old and 30 per cent were single.
RI received a number of disturbing accounts from asylum seekers and refugees about police and members of the judiciary who did not understand or respect what rules exist around seeking asylum. The lack of domestic refugee legislation only adds to these difficulties. Despite its obligation under the Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees not to impose penalties on refugees because of their illegal entry or presence, the government of Trinidad and Tobago has carried out frequent prosecutions and detentions of asylum seekers and refugees for illegal entry, presence, or working. Furthermore, the judiciary has wide latitude in sentencing for immigration related offenses.
Language barriers have proven to be an additional hurdle for those who seek care. Spanish speakers have great difficulty accessing medical care in Trinidad and Tobago unless they are accompanied by an English speaker. As one Venezuelan told RI, “It is difficult to get access if you don't speak English. It depends on the health center if they will treat you. Often only if they have Cuban doctors  [ will you get treatment ] . Sometimes we're told that hospitals are only for Trinidadians – even when we have a complex, high risk pregnancy.'
Five countries in the sub region have been hosting a significant number of refugees and migrants from Venezuela: Aruba, Curaçao, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Trinidad & Tobago
IOM's study showed that of those Venezuelans who had tried to access health services, 35 percent could not do so, and one third of children under age five were not following their vaccination schedule properly. This situation presents a potential public health problem for Trinidad and Tobago. The government should address the problem by ensuring easier access to health care services through the provision of translators and training on refugees' and migrants' rights for medical and social work staff.
 Six  ( 6 )  municipalities in Trinidad were impacted and are involved in recovery: 1. Tunapuna/Piarco Regional Corporation; 2. Sangre Grande Regional Corporation; 3. Port of Spain Regional Corporation; 4. Chaguanas Borough Corporation; 5. Diego Martin Regional Corporation; 6. San Juan/Laventille Regional Corporation.  Landslides and flooding were reported in San Juan/Laventille, Diego Martin, Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo, Tunapuna/Piarco, Port of Spain, and Sangre Grande
Seventy six  ( 76 )  areas in Trinidad experienced power outages September 21 22, 2019.  Items distributed from the ODPM Warehouse: bedding kits, mattresses, tarpaulin, raincoats, mop buckets, mop heads and handles, military cots, Meals Ready to Eat.
The Tobago Emergency Management Agency  ( TEMA )  reported that the Tobago Emergency Operations Centre  ( TEOC )  has received approximately one hundred and thirty four  ( 134 )  reports of incidents as a result of Tropical Storm Karen varying from blown off roofs, fallen trees and utility poles in the roadway, flooding, landslides, strong winds and damage to residential and commercial properties. Thirteen  ( 13 )  areas in Tobago experienced power outages September 21 22, 2019.
La migración venezolana Trinidad y Tobago se ha convertido en uno de los destinos de los venezolanos que abandonan su país en busca de mejores oportunidades de vida. En la isla habitan unos 40.000 venezolanos, según cifras de la Agencia para los Refugiados de la ONU  ( ACNUR ) . La masiva llegada de esta y otras poblaciones ha causado dificultades en el sistema, según señala Avonelle, directora de la organización ITNAC. Por eso,  explica , las posibilidades para que los niños obtengan lo necesario en materia educativa son altamente limitadas.
In November 2018, the government drew a hard line when the Minister of National Security stated that the country's domestic legislation did not recognize refugee status or asylum. He said that those claiming refugee status or seeking asylum would be considered “illegal immigrants' unless the UN resettled them in third countries. Trinidad and Tobago's Attorney General, Faris Al Rawi, then suggested that the country was not yet legally required to establish systems for addressing the growing number of migrants and refugees reaching it because it had not ratified the UN Refugee Convention. In fact, Trinidad and Tobago acceded to the Convention in 2000.
The issues of employment, education, and health care all could be better addressed if there were proper data on refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants in Trinidad and Tobago. As mentioned earlier, the working number of 40,000 Venezuelans in Trinidad has not been updated for several years.
In response to the Venezuela crisis, the UN established the Regional Inter Agency Coordination Platform for Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela  ( Regional Platform )  to coordinate a regional approach. The Regional Platform is co led by UNHCR and IOM, using a joint UNHCR IOM ambassador. Within each host country – including Trinidad and Tobago – the Regional Platform is meant to take shape as a National Platform, via local coordination mechanisms and in collaboration with the government. In early December 2018, the UN issued an annual global humanitarian appeal that for the first time included the Venezuela situation.
El idioma ha sido uno de los más grandes retos, pero desde su perspectiva noble e inocente, menores como Hannah, aseguran que han disfrutado lo que viven, pese a las dificultades. "Lo diferente es el idioma, pero a lo menos, cuando llegue a Venezuela voy a estar con dos idiomas", dijo el pequeño a la VOA. A su corta edad, estos niños han vivido el desprendimiento de familiares, el descubrimiento de un nuevo entorno, un nuevo idioma, una nueva vida, pero más difícil aún, conocer su país a partir de lo que escuchan a su alrededor. Hanna, ¿qué extrañas de Venezuela?: "Lo que más extraño es Maduro porque Maduro antes era bueno, ahora significa que ahora viene a ser malo", respondió el menor de cinco años.
Arrestos, largas detenciones y deportaciones son palabras comunes y parte del dilema que enfrentan migrantes venezolanos en Trinidad y Tobago, hasta donde viajó un equipo de la Voz de América para obtener testimonios. El éxodo masivo de más de 4,5 millones de venezolanos que han salido del país para escapar de la severa crisis, ha supuesto una carga fuerte para los sistemas de atención social y de justicia de las naciones más pequeñas en la región. Para muchos de estos países, entre ellos Trinidad y Tobago, el peso es prácticamente imposible de llevar sin que medie la ayuda internacional.
Sistema carcelario Según un informe de la organización "Refugees International", unos 440 venezolanos se encuentran detenidos en Trinidad y Tobago, donde apenas hay información sobre sus casos. La mayoría de ellos han sido privados de la libertad por extensos periodos de tiempo, y apenas disponen de asistencia legal y médica. La migrante venezolana Mary Carmen Arraiz contó a la VOA lo que ha debido encarar desde el pasado 16 de abril, cuando cuatro miembros de su familia fueron arrestados en su casa y trasladados a la cárcel de Máxima Seguridad en Puerto España.
The Caribbean country perhaps most affected by the Venezuela displacement crisis is Trinidad and Tobago. It hosts at least 40,000 Venezuelans − more than any other country in the Caribbean. However, that number has been the same “working figure' for several years, with no official update. With a population of only 1.3 million people, Trinidad and Tobago has received more Venezuelans per capita than most other host countries in the region.
In recent years, migration and refugee influxes into Trinidad and Tobago have grown. In 2016, there were fewer than 100 refugees. As of November 2018, there were more than 9,000 refugees and asylum seekers registered by the United Nations Refugee Agency  ( UNHCR )  – 72 percent of them were Venezuelans, followed by Cubans, Syrians, and Nigerians. In April 2018, UNHCR criticized the deportation of 82 Venezuelans, including asylum seekers, from Trinidad.
Some 3 million Venezuelans have fled their homes in recent years, seeking to escape political repression, extreme food and medicine shortages, a lack of social services, and general economic collapse. This mass flight has presented Latin America with its largest refugee and migrant crisis in modern history. The crisis has affected not only Venezuela's immediate neighbors but smaller countries in the Caribbean, which have proven much less prepared to receive these new arrivals.
Trinidad and Tobago acceded to the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol in November 2000. The Cabinet approved a National Policy to Address Refugee and Asylum Matters in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago  ( Refugee Policy )  in June 2014,12 but is not currently implementing it. In 2017, UNHCR, the NGO Living Water Community  ( LWC ) , and the Refugee Unit of the Immigration Division agreed on standard operating procedures, which are not publicly available.
The absence of legal protection for refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants in Trinidad and Tobago also means they cannot work legally or send their children to school. In addition, they have very limited access to health care. The language barrier also poses a problem for many of them. Each of these issues makes life more difficult for vulnerable populations and, if unaddressed, could lead to longer term problems for the country.
The lack of access to education for the children of refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants is another issue of great concern. Trinidad and Tobago has acceded to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and is therefore obliged to make primary education compulsory and free to all children regardless of their legal status. Furthermore, the government's 2014 Refugee Policy states that child refugees should have access to educational opportunities.
The lack of access to education is of great concern to Venezuelan families. Some informal schools exist, but they do not enable children to graduate. In addition, children living outside of Port of Spain, the capital, have very limited access to these programs. Some Venezuelans observed to RI that when a hurricane hit Dominica last year, the children of people from Dominica who sought refuge in Trinidad and Tobago were allowed to gain access to public education. One Venezuelan woman living in Port of Spain expressed concern that “If Venezuelan children do not get access to formal education, we'll have a whole generation of children condemned to poverty.'
Trinidad and Tobago does provide access to primary health care services for asylum seekers and refugees. However, these same populations are often extremely reluctant to access those services out of fear of arrest, detention, or deportation. This is because they fear that hospital staff, as a matter of practice, often notify the police or immigration officials of their presence.
The survey responses indicated that there are Venezuelans in all fourteen regional corporations of Trinidad and Tobago. The three regional corporations which hosted the largest number of respondents in descending order were: Chaguanas  ( 129 ) , San Fernando  ( 111 )  and TunapunaPiarco  ( 73 ) . Most respondents arrived within one to three months of taking the survey. Almost half of respondents arrived within one month of completing the survey and a quarter of respondents arrived within two to three months. The remainder of respondents had been in Trinidad and Tobago for a longer period than three months.
UNICEF also continues to advocate for the protection of children on the move and is supporting the government of Trinidad and Tobago in the development of the National Child Policy and National Child Protection Implementation Plan. The situation analysis therein highlights the plight of children on the move and the need for the government to address these concerns. Given the political sensitivities around the issue, the broad policy framework addresses children in emergency situations and highlights the need for rights of all children to be upheld, despite their nationality. The Policy was approved by Cabinet and is under public consultations which has also allowed for the public discussion on children on the move.
Trinidad and Tobago has passed strong counter trafficking legislation and ratified the Palermo Protocol in 2007. In 2011, it passed the Trafficking of Persons Act and subsequently established a Counter Trafficking Unit  ( CTU )  to conduct operations. Although there have been some arrests over the past few years, no one has been convicted under the 2011 anti trafficking law. Furthermore, few victims appear to be reporting, presumably because they fear exposing their irregular legal status or being penalized for crimes that occurred during their exploitation
In addition to efforts spearheaded by the government of Trinidad and Tobago, IOM has been training police on how to address trafficking. This approach is important because there have been reports of cases of the authorities detaining Venezuelans before properly screening them for trafficking indicators.47
Enact legislation on refugees and asylum that enshrines the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, and the Palermo Protocol in domestic law, and includes a right to work and access to education.
Only seven nautical miles from the coast of Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago is currently one of the largest migrantreceiving countries in the Caribbean. An estimated 40,000 Venezuelans reside in in the island nation, nearly 3% of the overall population.20 Trinidad and Tobago has not had such numbers of inward migration in its modern history, therefore legal frameworks and institutional capacity to cope with the situation are lacking.
Traffickers are increasingly targeting vulnerable foreign young women and girls between the ages of 15 and 21. Because of deteriorating economic conditions in their home country, Venezuelans are particularly vulnerable to trafficking and there has been a large influx of Venezuelans to Trinidad and Tobago in recent years.
Trinidad and Tobago recently took the important step of registering Venezuelans living in the islands during the first two weeks of June 2019 with a view to granting them residence and work permits for up to one year. Although it is likely that at least 40,000 Venezuelans live in Trinidad and Tobago, the authorities registered only some 16,500 individuals, leaving the rest lacking legal status in the country.48 Without legal status, many victims of trafficking inevitably fear speaking to the police because they risk arrest, detention, and deportation.
It was announced by the National Security Minister Stuart Young, that 16,523 Venezuelan migrants were registered during the government led registration of Venezuelan migrants, refugees and asylum seekersin Trinidad and Tobago. The government led a twoweek amnesty process which concluded on 14 June 2019. The data has not been disaggregated and there is a noticeable disparity in the number of migrants registered by the Government and the estimations by UN partners. 32 On going work by UNICEF, other UN agencies and community partners suggests that the actual number of Venezuelans in the country is significantly higher than the figure reported by the registration process, as the government data reflect persons with regular status.
In April and May 2019, two boats sank off the coast of Trinidad with at least 50 Venezuelans presumed dead. Nine of the 10 survivors were arrested for human trafficking. The traffickers had reportedly kidnapped teenage girls from Venezuela and were transporting them to Trinidad and Tobago for forced sex work. Subsequent to the two shipwrecks, several more people have been arrested in Trinidad and Tobago for human trafficking.43 Also, there have been reports that government officials from both Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago were involved in the trafficking ring.
Trafficking of women and girls is not a new phenomenon in Trinidad and Tobago. However, with the influx of some 40,000 Venezuelan refugees and migrants in recent years, there is strong anecdotal evidence that it is on the rise. During and subsequent to Refugees International's fieldwork, humanitarian agencies on the ground repeatedly indicated seeing a large increase in trafficking cases of Venezuelan women and girls. One agency reported that in 2018 the number of referred trafficking cases spiked during the summer months, from the usual handful to close to 30 between May and July alone. Last year, all trafficking victims identified by the government were Venezuelan.
When victims do report, the CTU often lacks the resources to adequately assist victims of trafficking. This shortage holds true for accommodations and psychological support in particular. To fill this gap, one agency began providing some shelter for adult victims of trafficking. . However, agency officials told the team that many victims leave the shelters because their main aim is to send money back home to family members in Venezuela. As with all services for Venezuelans in Trinidad and Tobago, there is also a lack of adequate bilingual support and access to translators.
Perhaps the greatest challenge facing Venezuelans seeking refuge is that Trinidad and Tobago does not have an effective migration policy or refugee legislation. As a result, most Venezuelan migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees are forced into illegal situations. Many have been charged with illegal entry or presence or working without a work permit/ working illegally. However, there are currently no means for them to regularize their status. The RI team interviewed a number of asylum seekers and refugees who described how they had to live much of their lives in hiding because of the lack of clarity concerning their legal status. The current situation enables a lack of accountability for abuses of power by authorities. One refugee told RI, “We are scared to go out of our houses, and sometimes the police come into our houses. They treat us as though we are all criminals. We can't make complaints about police abuses because of our legal status.'
In contrast to Latin American states, Caribbean countries have yet to offer special arrangements for temporary residence or work permits for Venezuelans. Indeed, most Caribbean states do not have laws on asylum.4 The vast majority of refugees in the Southern Caribbean thus live in legal limbo. It is also exceedingly difficult for refugees to access basic services and obtain employment.5 To make matters worse, human smuggling and trafficking networks prey on vulnerable Venezuelans. Both boat arrivals and deaths at sea are on the rise in the Caribbean. There is also good reason to believe that Caribbean states have engaged in the refoulement, or forcible return, of Venezuelans.
The current government's approach to refugees and migrants has essentially led to the criminalization of the refugee and migrant population from Venezuela and other countries. Indeed, there were approximately 440 persons who are known to be in need of international protection in detention in Trinidad and Tobago as of November 2018. The government's 2014 Refugee Policy calls for immigration detention to be used only as a last resort for asylum seekers, and for no longer than 10 days.16 However, the practice is frequently used for asylum seekers and other migrants – at times for prolonged periods. Furthermore, fear of the Immigration Detention Center  ( IDC )  has a serious impact on the lives of refugees and asylum seekers in Trinidad and Tobago.
Cash based interventions reached 1,651 vulnerable individuals in Aruba, the Dominican Republic and Trinidad and Tobago since the beginning of the year. In July, in collaboration with the Region based Environmental Health Department of Guyana, 1,106 Venezuelans  ( including 442 children )  were reached through community participation WASH interventions in six communities in the border area of Region 1.
On 26 July, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago began issuing registration cards to Venezuelans who had registered in the twoweek exercise that was conducted from 30 May to 14 June 2019. The registration cards will allow Venezuelans to work legally for six months, after which a renewal for another six months can be granted. Card holders still require a visa to travel between Trinidad and Venezuela. Although the registration card is not an identity document, at least one bank in Trinidad and Tobago announced that it will accept it as one of two forms of identification needed to access banking services  ( savings accounts and ATMs ) .
In Trinidad and Tobago a coalition of partners developed a new programme, “Equal Place/ Espacio de Equidad,' which aims to provide access to free accredited education for children of ages 5 17 who are refugees, asylum seekers, nationals or non nationals who cannot access the local education system. .
At 5:00 am today, the National Hurricane Center, Miami upgraded an area of low pressure located to the East of Trinidad and Tobago into Tropical Storm Karen. At that time, the centre of the system was located at 11.9°N latitude and 60.2°W longitude or approximately 80 kilometres Northeast of Tobago. As a result of this, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago placed Trinidad and Tobago under a Tropical Storm Warning. Tropical Storm Karen is currently moving towards the West Northwest at 15 km/h and this general movement is expected to continue today. Maximum sustained winds are at 65 km/h with higher gusts expected. Tropical storm force winds extend to approximately 120 km from the centre.
Pull factor to TnT persists as jobs remain accessible to the interviewed migrants, although not necessarily within their requisite fields
Francia Blanco es tía de Winder Blanco, un joven desaparecido el 16 de mayo de este año, cuando intentaba llegar desde Güiria, estado Sucre, en el oriente del país, hasta Trinidad y Tobago. Allí quería conseguir trabajo y poder mantener a sus tres hijos. Por hacer el viaje pagó 300 dólares al capitán del bote Ana María, Alberto Abreu, quien prometió un acceso legal a la isla. "El sacrificio que hizo la familia para que él se fuera para que mi sobrino ahora no aparezca. Y nadie nos dé razón", lamentó Blanco en declaraciones la Voz de América.
At the time of survey collection, the Order of Supervision is the only form of documentation any refugee or asylum seeker may receive from the Government, and served as an alternative to detention. Only a fraction of the Venezuelan population received documentation from the government in the form of an Order of Supervision, which does not give them legal status but allows them to move freely without fear of arrest, and which constitutes an alternative to detention.
A través de su socioLiving Water Community, facilita la entrega de ayuda humanitaria, el acceso a la asistencia legal, la educación y otros tipos de apoyo, por medio de iniciativas dirigidas al empoderamiento y la solidaridad con grupos académicos, no gubernamentales y otros, comoSticks in De Yard.
trinidad's minister of national security, Stuart Young, has said that after one year refugees will be expected to return to Venezuela. Concerns have been expressed about how the government will handle the data and whether it will be shared with the Maduro regime.
Early unconfirmed reports from local news agencies stated that at least two children were on board the Jhonnaly Jose when it set off. The governments ofVenezuela and Trinidad and Tobago have close ties, largely because of commercial deals over the off shore oil reserves that bolster both countries' economies. The diplomatic situation has coloured Trinidad's approach to the refugee crisis, with the prime minister, Keith Rowley, thus far refusing to recognise Venezuelans living in Trinidad as refugees.
La legislación actual del país no permite a las personas refugiadas y migrantes trabajar o acceder al sistema escolar oficial. Sin embargo, muchos trinitenses están recibiendo a las personas venezolanas y a otros solicitantes de asilo, ayudándolos a integrarse a través de actividades como elMoko Jumbie  las caminatas con zancos   una tradición traída al país por los pueblos africanos durante la esclavitud.
Los vecinos recién llegados enfrentan la incertidumbre de un futuro sin papeles, la amenaza de la deportación y el recelo de la población local. La BBC visitó Trinidad y habló con venezolanos y trinitenses sobre el impacto que la llegada de miles de desplazados está teniendo sobre la isla.
El Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados,ACNUR, estima que “la población de preocupación' en Trinidad y Tobago comprende a más de 10 000 personas  800 refugiados y 9985 solicitantes de asilo, la mayoría de Venezuela.
A Caribbean nation of just 1.4 million, Trinidad and Tobago has struggled to deal with the influx of people from Venezuela, whose coast is just a few miles away. Some 40,000 have entered the country, according to the United Nations refugee agency  ( UNHCR )  – a drop in the bucket of the 4 million Venezuelans who have left in recent years.
But Trinidad and Tobago doesn't have its own national laws about refugees, unlike many host countries for Venezuelans. That means little capacity to comply with these international agreements – and it's created a dangerous gray zone where many of asylum seekers' rights have been violated, refugee advocates say.
As of November, there were approximately 440 people “known to be in need of international protection' in detention in Trinidad and Tobago, according toa report from Refugees International; most of them were Venezuelan.
The Caribbean nation of just 1.4 million has absorbed more Venezuelans per capita than nearly any other country. And it's been home to some of the strongest pushback against the Venezuelan exodus – in part because, unlike many host countries, Trinidad and Tobago does not have a refugee law.
But the lack of welcome has a deeper root. Unlike many host countries, this island country lacks a refugee law. It often treats the newcomers as illegal migrants, despite being party to international law on refugees. It's a reminder of the disconnect asylum seekers can face between international protections in theory, and in practice – particularly in such a small country.
In June, the government offered Venezuelans a two week window to report to authorities in return for a temporary work permit – a somewhat positive but short term step, advocates say, toward recognizing their international rights. Thousands flocked to Trinidad's cities to register, and others tried unsuccessfully to avoid the crowds in smaller Tobago. Some locals handed out hot meals, while others stared in disbelief at hundreds of applicants lining up or napping along the sides of the road, baking under the hot sun.
With businesses re opening, family tensions are expected to reduce as migrants return to work and household incomes recover; this will be supported with the September re opening of CFS. As noted, much will depend on the strength and speed of the recovery and how it affects migrants' employment. But this too can increase the risk of children being left unattended or with inadequate care at home.
• Extend coverage of food support programmes targeting the neediest migrant households. • Ensure that children who missed their vaccinations during the lockdown period are identified and immunized, and that screening programmes for nutritional deficiencies are re established. • Strengthen interventions to reduce barriers related to language and transportation so that migrant parents and children can access the health care services they require
Venezuelans conƟnued aƩempts to enter T&T irregularly, facing detenƟon by authoriƟes and deportaƟon. In one tragic incident, the bodies of over 30 Venezuelans, including children, were found 6.3 nauƟcal miles from the city of Güiria, within Venezuela's jurisdicƟon, aŌer the boat in which they were aƩempƟng to enter T&T territory sank.
Deporta%ons con%nued from Trinidad and Tobago, and repatriaKon flights for Venezuelans started across the subregion, in coordina%on with Venezuelan authori%es.
In Trinidad and Tobago, 93 Venezuelan refugees and migrants who had entered irregularly by boat were deported on 18 September and 13 more were detained on 27 September for illegal entry into the country, including five children, and a three month old baby.
En Trinidad y Tobago  ( TyT )  las personas refugiadas y solicitantes de asilo en edad escolar no pueden asistir a la escuela pública debido a las barreras administrativas y lingüísticas
Se ha surgido un ambiente de gran miedo debido a los recientes casos de detenciones, deportaciones, desalojos y un ambiente de xenofobia intenso en general, incluido un caso de agresión física grave contra una solicitante de asilo venezolana
{Trinidad and Tobago Police Service  ( TTPS ) } Child Protection Unit  ( CPU )  2.21. The CPU is mandated to protect the rights of children under the law.
Trinidad and Tobago tripled the number of cases to reach 4531 cases and 76 deaths.
Number of Migrant Workers 3.31. The MoLSED reported a lack of data on the estimated number of legal and illegal migrants employed in Trinidad and Tobago.
SEXUAL EXPLOITATION Number of Cases of Sexual Exploitation 3.51. For the period 2016 to 2019 the TTPS was in receipt of 421 reports of sexual exploitation  ( sexual, forced labour and domestic servitude )  with 119 confirmed victims.
3.6. The LWC advised that for the months of January to February 2020, further increases to these numbers were recorded as follows:  204 are of ECCE age;  181 are eligible for primary education and;  102 eligible for secondary education.
Labour Complaints received by the MNS 3.44. The MNS noted that should cases of labour exploitation be detected during the screening process by an Immigration Officer, the matter was referred to the CTU and/or MoLSED's Labour Inspectorate along with a report.
The National Child Policy highlighted that children were engaged in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking
With reduced operations continuing for certain economic sectors in Trinidad and Tobago, many refugees and asylum seekers continued to face challenges in October with accessing basic needs, particularly rent and food.
In Trinidad and Tobago, pandemic restrictions were further loosened, and new guidelines surrounding the repatriation of nationals implemented.
Rental, food support, and birth registrations  ( for Venezuelans born in T&T )  faced constraints.
Deportations of Venezuelans continued in November with over 200 persons recorded as returned by authorities from Trinidad and Tobago  ( T&T )  to Venezuela.
El ACNUR tiene conocimiento de al menos 13 solicitantes de asilo que dieron positivo por COVID 19 y fueron puestos en cuarentena en instalaciones del estado.
{EL  ACNUR} También dio seguimiento a un caso de VSG en el que una persona de nacionalidad venezolana resultó fallecida, y un caso de una ciudadana venezolana que dio positivo por COVID 19 después de ser detenida por las autoridades durante 38 días, a pesar de haber dado negativo en su arresto
Instances of sexual and gender based violence continued to be reported, with one Venezuelan woman being murdered by her partner
r. In Aruba and Curacao, schools re opened on a shiF system basis, observing hygiene protocols, while classes in Trinidad & Tobago and Guyana resumed via remote modali%es.
Furthermore, a young Venezuelan woman was reportedly murdered by her partner, highligh%ng the risks of Gender Based Violence faced by Venezuelan women. S
En otro incidente, las imágenes de las menores venezolanas que escaparon de un centro de cuarentena fueron publicadas en las redes sociales por las autoridades.
Healthcare Basic healthcare, which offers access to emergency services without considering migratory status, is guaranteed in all countries except for Trinidad and Tobago, where free public primary and emergency room services are only offered to migrants with permanent visas, or to those who have a temporary registration card granted to Venezuelan nationals in 2019. T
Meanwhile, detenƟons and deportaƟons to Venezuela conƟnued in December, with persons being returned. The authoriƟes arƟculated there will be no second registraƟon exercise, however suggested that Venezuelans registered with the government would likely have their documentaƟon renewed into 2021; official noƟce of this is yet to be released.
In December 2020, approximately 28 children and adults died or went missing following a shipwreck off the coast of Venezuela, according to the UN. 32 The boat was believed to be en route to Trinidad and Tobago.
Allegations were also made that the US government had deported persons back to Venezuela via T&T, however local authorities have denied that these allegations are true.
75 percent indicated that either they or other household members were reducing the quanƟty of their food intake.
s. Trinidad & Tobago  ( TT )  loosened restricƟons on inter island flights and opened the way for naƟonals to return
Trinidad and Tobago announced minor relaxaƟon of some measures, including increased numbers for public congregaƟons moving from 5 to 10 persons and increased inter island flights, but churches, restaurants and bars remain closed.
In the cases of geographic targeting, the migrant students are initially eligible for the school feeding programs in the areas in which these are implemented. In the cases in which targeting is individual or is performed based on income levels or livelihood components, the students must belong to poor or low income families to gain access to school feeding programs. This is the case with the School Nutrition Programme in Trinidad and Tobago, where the poverty level is subjectively evaluated by the schools.5
With regard to school feeding programs, access to education without restrictions due to migratory status as a fundamental right of children plays a determining role in the provision of this benefit, as is the case in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, and Peru. In the countries that are the subject of this study and as mentioned previously, only Trinidad and Tobago limit access to education by requesting the submittal of a student permit, which is only available to the sons and daughters of immigrants who hold a legal work permit. This requirement thereby excludes access by the undocumented.55
Education Education is a fundamental right of every boy, girl, and adolescents without restrictions due to their migratory status or origin in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, and Peru. Actually, of all the countries studied, only Trinidad and Tobago limits access to education by requiring that a student permit be submitted, which is only available to the sons and daughters of immigrants who have a legal work permit. This measure excludes the undocumented from having access.3 The right to education also provides, in the majority of cases, access to school feeding programs, although this depends on the target criteria for each program, as is explained further in section 4.1.
The 9 countries of the study feature cash transfer programs as pillars of their social protection systems, and access by the Venezuelan migrant population to them varies. Therefore, the main programs such as the Universal Allocation Per Child in Argentina, Bolsa Família in Brazil, the Ethical Family Income in Chile or the Disability Assistance Grant in Trinidad and Tobago  ( although this one is only available for disabled individuals )  do anticipate access by migrants to the programs, as long as they fulfill the eligibility requirements which include legal migration status, identification documents, and socioeconomic classification. Other programs such as the Human Development Bonus in Ecuador are only available to nationals.54
In other countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, migrants are negatively impacted by a sizable regulatory gap that directly affects the exercise of their rights. The only agreement that has been identified, on CARICOM pensions systems, was signed in the year 1996 and guarantees contributive social security rights to immigrant workers from Caribbean countries  ( Robles & Vargas, 2012 ) . Nevertheless, access by foreigners from other regions to the social security system is poorly regulated and extremely limited.
A series of more flexible measures, such as submitting expired passports for migratory regularization processes were implemented in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. On a parallel level, however, the number of countries  ( Chile, Peru, Ecuador, and Trinidad and Tobago )  that moved to require visas from Venezuelan nationals increased between 2018 and 2019.
In other countries, limitations already begin with their legal status. This means that the migrant population cannot access public services if they only possess regular migratory status, such as in Peru, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago. Although the Political Constitution in Colombia mentions protection and equal rights without discrimination, it does not explicitly state the guarantee of social rights to the migrant population  ( Maldonado et al., 2018 ) . This is evident in the limitations that exist to the access of Venezuelans to contributive social protection programs, even though some of them are included in social records and could qualify under the socioeconomic classifications, as we will show later on.
In terms of gender, the migratory flow for Colombia and Peru tends to be 51 52 per cent male and 48 49 per cent female, respectively in each country  ( Government of Colombia, 2020d; Government of Peru, 2019 ) . According to data compiled by the 2019 DTM5 surveys, 60 per cent of respondents were women in Guyana and Brazil, while in Chile and Trinidad and Tobago they were 42 per cent  ( Chaves González & Echeverría Estrada, 2020 ) . In regard to the most vulnerable groups, international organizations have alerted of the presence of single parent families; pregnant and nursing women; families with young children; unaccompanied children and those who have been separated from their families; elderly adults, and disabled individuals  ( R4V, 2020h ) .
On the other hand, there are barriers associated with their migratory status. The transfer programs that allow the access of migrants require them to have regular status. Other non contributive system programs, such as social pensions depend on the length of residence. This is the case with social pensions in Trinidad and Tobago  ( the Senior Citizens' Pension ) ; Argentina  ( Universal Pension for Elderly Adults ) , and Chile,  ( Basic Solidarity Old Age Pension ) , which require residence in the country for twenty years prior to applying for it. The Basic Solidarity Disability Pension in Chile asks for accreditation of residence in the country for five years, or programs for mothers or families with children such as the Pregnancy Allowance of Universal Allowance Per Child in Argentina, which require two years of residence in the country
In Trinidad and Tobago, on the contrary, Venezuelans with work permits and formal sector jobs are excluded from social security. The permits granted by the government to Venezuelans in 2019, which were extended in 2020,established that said migrants were unable to enter the system  ( Beazley and Ciardi, 2020 ) . This exclusion left migrants in formal sector jobs unprotected in the face of certain risks, and at the same time created questionable incentives: it is more advantageous for companies to hire qualified Venezuelan migrants than less qualified local citizens, because they do not have to make social security contributions for migrants, which may lead to social tensions.