nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Across northeast Nigeria, some 1.8 million people remain homeless and rely on aid agencies for food, shelter, healthcare and clean water.
Chukwu said three Boko Haram trucks were destroyed and one other vehicle recovered in the latest attack in the area.
At least three soldiers were killed and another six others were wounded in a Boko Haram raid in northeast Nigeria, the military said on Sunday, in the latest attack in the restive region.
The Boko Haram terrorist insurgency in Nigeria has precipitated humanitarian tragedy on a scale comparable only to theNigerian civil war ( 1967  1970 )  and arguably the worst in Nigeria's history. At one point, the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre estimated that up to 3.3 million people were internally displaced due to the insurgency. This is one of the largest displacements of people within one country in the world.
Boko Haram's decade long uprising to establish a hardline Islamic state in remote northeast Nigeria has killed more than 27,000 people and displaced 1.8 million from their homes.
The raids came a day after 30 people were killed on Sunday in a triple suicide bombing in the region that also bore the hallmarks of Boko Haram.
On August 29, IS affiliated Boko Haram jihadists claimed to have killed “several' Nigerian soldiers in mortar strikes on the Arge military base. The claim could not be independently verified.
Yet civilians remain vulnerable from hit and run raids and an increased use of suicide bombers: this week, at least 50 people were killed in Adamawa, when a teenage boy set off his explosives at a mosque in the town of Mubi.
On Friday, 23 Nigerian soldiers went missing after Boko Haram ambushed a convoy outside Bama, leading to the loss of several military vehicles.
Boko Haram jihadists also on Sunday attacked two military bases in northeast Nigeria's Borno state, near the border with Cameroon, injuring six soldiers, two military sources told AFP on Sunday.
Hundreds of Nigerian troops are missing after Boko Haram jihadists overran a military base in the remote northeast, security sources said Sunday, in the second major assault on the armed forces in two days.
People are forced to live and sleep out in the open, exposed to the elements and to severe protection risks, and with no access to essential assistance such as food, water, health and sanitation. With the rainy season fast approaching, a fear of a mass cholera outbreak due to overcrowded conditions and planned military operations that will further displace populations, the situation is expected only to deteriorate in coming months.
It was also confirmed that 14 others wounded during the procession are currently receiving treatment at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Hospital.
A decade of conflict has severely affected food production systems in northeastern Nigeria, with the worst affected states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe experiencing high displacement, enormous human, social and economic losses and severe levels of food insecurity and malnutrition.
Round 25 identified 2,026,602 IDPs which was in keeping with the steady increase in number of IDPs observed over the last few months. In August 2018  ( Round 24 ) , the number of IDPs identified was 1,926,748. Prior to this, a two per cent increase was recorded in the 23rd Round of assessment compared to Round 22  ( published in April 2018 )
Attacks on the health facilities in the 10 year old humanitarian emergency in north eastern Nigeria has resulted not only in two thirds of health facilities being completely or partially destroyed but the healthcare workforce have also drained drastically leaving functional health facilities and staff overburdened and sometimes compelled to handle tasks beyond their capacities. In 2018 alone, 13 attacks on health facilities led to 17 deaths and 12 injuries involving healthcare workers. According to Public Service International, an estimated 177 health workers  ( Borno: 168; Yobe: 9 )  have been killed by insurgents in Borno and Yobe states since the insurgency started in the region in 2009.
Of the 1.9 million IDPs, who face significant food and livelihood challenges in the three northeastern states  ( DTM IOM, January 2019 ) , more than 80 percent are in Borno. Due to the influx of IDPs and the tense security situation, host communities have reduced access to land and other resources for food production, leading to high levels of poverty and malnutrition.
While IDPs and returnees displayed a low proportion of households with unmet nutrition needs, it appeared that all of those households were also vulnerable. Non displaced households were more affected by unmet nutrition needs and 2 out of 5 households were also deemed vulnerable.
The affected victims are currently staying with friends and relatives within the camps, and are in need of food items, Shelter, and Non Food Items  ( NFIs ) .
There continue to be urgent, unmet humanitarian needs in Rann  ( Kala Balge LGA ) , where security risks remain high and access is severely constrained. Of particular concern is the deterioration of the nutritional situation of young children. A rapid MUAC  ( middle upper arm circumference )  screening of children under five by UNICEF's community mobilizers revealed that 263 out of 460 children screened were suffering from severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM ) .
Planning is underway for the second phase of a measles vaccination campaign in the second week of May. A total of 2,657 measles cases were recorded in the three northeast states during the reporting period, which represents a 40% drop from the previous month.
Many other LGAs are only partially accessible, and the number of armed clashes and attacks remains consistently high across the state. A marked deterioration in road security has further increased humanitarian actors' reliance on UNHAS helicopters to reach many locations, including Monguno  ( where there are significant humanitarian needs following the arrival of nearly 15,000 newly displaced persons over the past six months ) . Humanitarian actors consider it unlikely that the security situation in the majority of LGAs of Borno will allow for any population return in the near future, either of IDPs or refugees
The urgency of overcrowding and congestion of camps is rising as the rainy season approaches, particularly in Maiduguri and Monguno where more than 20,000 people are still sleeping under open skies. Negotiations with civilian and military authorities have resulted in the promise new land in Monguno, for which humanitarian partners are still awaiting final approval.
The members of the Security Council reaffirmed that acts of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security.
Since the beginning of the outbreak, 578 confirmed cases including 129 deaths have been recorded from 21 states as at 26th of May 2019.
Displacement has direct adverse impact on health condition of population especially during an active measles outbreak in the region. As rainy season has already started another dangerous risk is cholera outbreak which can further exacerbate the situation especially in IDPs camps facing overcrowding and weak sanitation infrastructure. 80% of the displaced families are sleeping outside at GSS camp  ( Government Secondary School ) . This situation will impact the health of children, pregnant women, elderly and other vulnerable groups exposed to harsh weather conditions.
He said it was painful to know that 60 percent of the more than 10 million out of school children in Nigeria are girls.
Yobe witnessed an increase in IDP numbers recording 133,003 IDPs. This is a nominal  increase of 5,146 IDPs compared to Round 26. Other states including Adamawa, Bauchi, Gombe and Taraba registered minor reductions in the number of IDPs observed in Round 27.
Due to the ongoing harvest during the dry season, the prices of red beans, maize flour, and local and imported rice, have remained either stable or reduced considerably in most markets across Borno and Yobe states, compared to the past three months.
The Lake Chad Basin area, which includes parts of Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon, is facing one of the most severe humanitarian crises of our times. The crisis is characterized by displacement of at least 2.5 million  ( IDPS, refugees and, returnees )  because of protracted conflict, effects of climate change resulting in poverty
Some of the victims are abducted from Nigeria, including those that arrive in school uniforms.
At a presentation to the ECOWAS Parliament during its First Ordinary Session on Saturday, NAPTIP Director General, Julie Okah Donli told members of parliament that Nigerian girls were being sold for between N210,000 and N240,000 to work as prostitutes.
“There are more than one million Nigerians residing in Mali. About 20,000 of these Nigerians are girls believed to be victims of trafficking and the number increases by 50 per day.
The traffic madams are well known to the Nigerian community but they are afraid to report them because of the complicity of the Malian security agencies in human trafficking, especially the gendarmerie who assist the traffickers to carry out their activities.
Jihadists killed five soldiers at a northeast Nigerian army base hit in a string of weekend attacks, the military said Tuesday as IS linked Boko Haram claimed responsibility for the multi pronged assault.
Insecurity, poor/damaged infrastructure, and increased humanitarian activity have placed significant demands on logistics capacities in the three affected states, with Borno State being the most heavily impacted. Movement of humanitarian assistance into key operational areas remains limited, access for humanitarian staff is restricted, and some areas remain completely inaccessible due to active hostilities. Given the prevailing security conditions, most of the existing  ( or proposed )  humanitarian activities are supported by the Nigerian Armed Forces  ( NAF )  providing security.
From 01 January to 19 May 2019, a total of 575 confirmed cases including 129 deaths were reported from 82 Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  across 21 states  ( Edo, Ondo, Bauchi, Nasarawa, Ebonyi, Plateau, Taraba, FCT, Adamawa, Gombe, Kaduna, Kwara, Benue, Rivers, Kogi, Enugu, Imo, Delta, Oyo, Kebbi and Cross River ) .
The protracted conflict also continues to have a direct impact on people's nutrition status that is further exacerbated by food insecurity, destruction of basic services, as well as meltdown of socioeconomic and development structures.
In Guzamala, the most common sectoral combination was shelter/NFI and food security needs  ( 82% ) , and of these households many also face needs in education  ( 84% ) , protection  ( 71% )  and health  ( 61% ) .
Households without access to farmland were more food insecure  ( 36 percent )  compared to those with access  ( 22 percent ) . Moreover, among households with access to farmland, a correlation exists between food security and the expanse of land cultivated. Households that cultivated more hectares of land were found to be more food secure.
FGDs with IDPs further showed that majority of them arrived with few or no items at the point of displacement, due to the spontaneous nature of the attacks by the bandits. Newly arrived IDPs often stayed in informal settlements such as schools and halls for a few weeks before being integrated into host communities and they face series of challenges relating to food, nutrition, shelter, WASH and health during this phase
The nutrition situation has steadily deteriorated throughout the crisis, with 2.7 million children and women in need of immediate nutrition services. Global acute malnutrition  ( GAM )  in children aged 6 59 months remains highly concerning, with over one million children having malnutrition rates exceeding the WHO threshold of 10 per cent.
Waste was burned in 76 per cent  ( down by 6% )  of sites and garbage pits were used in 13 per cent of the identified sites, while there were no waste disposal mechanisms in 11 per cent  ( down from 12% )  of sites. Open defecation was observed in 33 per cent of sites  ( down from 2% )  and fully functioning drainage systems were evident in only 1 per cent of the sites.
Food security and shelter needs  ( 77% )  were the most common sectoral needs combination in Monguno. Of these households, many also had needs in livelihoods  ( 77% ) , and education  ( 73% ) . Livelihoods and education  ( 46% ) , and livelihoods and health  ( 21% )  were other common sectoral needs pairings.
Prior to 2009, north east Nigeria was plagued with high levels of poverty, inequalities, including gender, underdevelopment, unemployment, poor governance, political marginalization, weak justice systems and ecological degradation.
Restrictions on IDPs' freedom of movement in/out of camps and settlements as well as of out of most LGA headquarters towns limits IDPs' and returnees' ability to engage in livelihoods, undermining opportunities to support their self reliance and durable solutions to displacement.
The reactive measles vaccination campaign continued throughout May, with 800,666 children  ( 97% coverage )  vaccinated in 13 LGAs. So far, the outbreak has claimed at least 85 lives in Borno, with 2,217,885 suspected cases.
About 60 per cent of the displaced population are staying with host communities, placing an additional strain on already vulnerable communities. Ongoing displacement, including new arrivals from inaccessible areas, continue to exacerbate the situation, increasing social tensions between host and displaced communities.
An estimated 30,000 people are in acute need of shelter and other basic necessities in the northeastern Nigerian town of Monguno after fleeing fighting between government forces and armed opposition groups, the international medical humanitarian organization Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières  ( MSF )  said today, calling for a coordinated aid response ahead of the rainy season in May.
Conflict related damages are colossal, with two third of the damages in Borno State, followed by Adamawa and Yobe states. 75 per cent of damages have been reported on agriculture  ( US$ 3.5 billion )  and housing  ( US$ 3.3 billion ) , in a country where the agriculture sector employs half of the workforce, providing livelihood for about 90 per cent of the rural population.
Secondary displacement, loss of property and livelihoods and limited access to basic services have undermined the capacity of more than 150,000 caregivers to cater for children under their care.
At least 60 people were killed following the 28 January devastating Boko Haram attack on Rann, a border town in Borno state, northeast Nigeria, Amnesty International has confirmed.
Since 2012, conflict, armed violence and intercommunal clashes have displaced more than 3 million people within their own countries and forced a million more to flee to neighbouring countries. In Mali alone, nearly 600 people have been killed in the first half of 2019.
New insecurity developments have been noticed in the North West of Nigeria over the past quarter of 2019, prompting new displacements from the Zamfara State. A similar situation of insecurity and humanitarian needs prevails in Chad's Lake region, Cameroonian border areas and Niger's Diffa and Maradi regions.
All forms of GBV are chronically under reported. Survivors  ( women, girls, boys and men )  are deterred from reporting sexual violence due to the risk of stigmatisation, discrimination, reprisals and/or marginalisation from the community and a lack of confidence in the capacity of the judiciary to bring perpetrators to justice.
Women formerly associated with NSAGs are ostracized and stigmatized by community members hampering reintegration efforts and leading to further isolation which in turn hinders access to adequate social protection and assistance. These negative effects are often magnified for children born from sexual violence.
In the past few months, shelter and NFI needs have continued to increase as Borno State has recorded a high number of new arrivals  ( some 240,000 – including 61,300 boys; 74,300 girls; 51,800 women; 41,100 men; 6,100 elderly women; and 5,300 elderly men )  from inaccessible areas.
The most vulnerable IDPs are living in densely populated camps without shelters or with self made/makeshift shelters. The most acute needs have been reported in Borno State  ( Maiduguri, Jere, Ngala, Nganzai, Damboa, Dikwa, Monguno, Magumeri, Kukawa, Konduga, Gwoza, Mafa and Kala/Balge LGAs )  and in Adamawa State  ( Michika and Madagali LGAs ) .
823,000 individuals  ( 254,800 girls; 210,200 boys; 177,600 women; 141,100 men; 21,000 elderly women; and 18,200 elderly men )  from inaccessible areas have been prioritized for shelter and NFI support, in addition to almost one million people  ( 275,900 girls; 227,700 boys; 192,300 women; 152,800 men; 22,800 elderly women; and 29,900 elderly men )  remaining in their areas of origin who will need shelter assistance and two per cent who will need NFIs.
The crisis has also exacerbated pre existing conditions of malnutrition, driven by a number of inter related factors, including: weak health infrastructures; poor infant and young child feeding  ( IYCF )  practices; limited access to safe water and health and sanitation services; prevalence of water borne diseases; poor hygiene conditions; and seasonal food insecurity.
The number of returnees went up by 64,850 to take the total number to 1,622,908  ( or 265,649 households )  from 1,558,058 returnees that were assessed in the last round of assessment conducted in January 2019. An increase of 4 per cent was thus recorded in the number of returnees assessed during DTM Round 27 assessments in the most affected north eastern Nigerian states.
In January 2019, the Governments of Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria reaffirmed their commitment to the Abuja Action Statement on civilian protection in the Lake Chad Basin region. The agreement comprises a range of actions to enhance protection and respond to the most urgent needs of refugees, internally displaced persons and other affected populations.
In 2018, six aid workers were killed in Nigeria and one is still held captive. The prevailing insecurity has forced the suspension of operations and withdrawal of humanitarian workers in some locations, leaving affected communities without access to basic services and assistance.
At the peak of the lean season this year, around 3.5 million people are projected to face food insecurity at “crisis' and “emergency' levels in the conflict hit areas of Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. Malnutrition is also persistently high: 426,000 children are projected to suffer severe acute malnutrition this year, slightly lower than in 2018 when around 500,000 children were at risk of severe acute malnutrition.
In Adamawa, Borno and Yobe, 7.1 million people – 53 per cent of the population in the three states – are in need of humanitarian assistance. This represents an eight per cent drop compared to 2018 mainly due to bolstered and sustained aid that has helped stabilise many communities.
In January, up to 100 civilians were reportedly killed in several attacks on Rann town near the border with Cameroon. In the attacks, the humanitarian hub was badly damaged. Premises of WFP, ICRC and NGO Médecins Sans Frontières were burned and looted. It was the first deliberate attack on humanitarian assets. National and International humanitarian partners have not been able to resume humanitarian operations in Rann, hosting approximately 42,000, since January due to insecurity. Reports indicate that people in Rann are in dire need of humanitarian assistance, including shelter, food and safe water.
Vulnerable people, particularly women and children, arriving from inaccessible areas are in critical need of access to nutritious foods and those who remain in the inaccessible areas have not been assessed and thus not yet assisted by any humanitarian interventions.
Millions of people in north east Nigeria rely on humanitarian assistance to survive. Despite significant improvements in 2017 and 2018, the food security and nutrition situation remains fragile in the north east, with 2.7 million2 people in the BAY states needing food assistance in 2019. More than 5 million people need health assistance, with two thirds of health facilities in the BAY states having been damaged by the conflict. Basic survival needs are compounded by access and security impediments.
One in four of the internally displaced people are under five, and 80 per cent are women and children. However, some 1.6 million people have returned home since August 2015, indicating that conditions in some locations have improved. Humanitarian organisations are not able to meet all needs in the north east; more than 800,000 people in Borno State are estimated to be in areas that are inaccessible to humanitarian organisations.
Twenty five per cent of sites where returnees have settled had markets nearby. In Borno, it was 26 per cent. Twenty five per cent of markets were functional.
The increased prevalence of water borne diseases during the rainy season further increases health complications that lead to both moderate and severe acute malnutrition  ( MAM/SAM ) , particularly in children under 59 months. Critically low funding for the treatment of MAM is particularly concerning as MAM cases left untreated worsen and become severe. As o of July, a mere two per cent of the 390,000 children targeted for MAM treatment have been reached, while the Nutrition Sector has only received 39.9 per cent in funds required to reach two million people targeted for assistance.
Madagali: 553 arrivals and 2,097 departures were recorded in Madagali LGA of Adamawa state. These include 27 arrivals from Duhu/Shuwa ward and 28 arrivals from Wagga ward of Madagali LGA tracked at Bebel and Madagali wards of Madagali LGA. Other arrivals include 165 arrivals from Namtari and Mbamba wards of Yola South LGA, 176 arrivals from Muchalla and Mayo Bani wards of Mubi North LGA, 22 arrivals from Gwapopolok ward of Shelleng LGA, 41 arrivals from Imburu ward of Numan LGA, 29 arrivals from Lamurde ward of Mubi South LGA, 38 arrivals from Shangui and Kwakwa'a wards of Hong LGA, 13 arrivals from Guyaku ward of Gomi LGA and 14 arrivals from Ribadu ward of Fufore LGA.
Following an increase in the number of new cases reported since the beginning of the year, NCDC declared on 21 January 2019 an outbreak of Lassa fever  an acute viral haemorrhagic illness that occurs in West Africa transmitted to humans via contact with food or household items contaminated with rodent urine or faeces.
Any IDP or refugee returns must be voluntary and carried out in safety and in dignity, and coupled with a scale up of early recovery and resilience activities that support durable solutions. The Tripartite Agreement between UNHCR, Nigeria and Cameroon, signed in March 2017, also requires further operationalisation.
The recent increase in security incidents triggered further displacements. Partners registered 8,421 new arrivals across seven receptions centres throughout July. The largest number  ( 1,992 individuals )  arrived in Ngala, Borno State, with the majority of new arrivals citing increased violence and fear of being cut off from food assistance during the rainy season as the main triggers for their displacement.
The most common form of WASH assistance provided were communal boreholes  ( provided in 34% of sites – down from 37% ) , followed by handpumps  ( in 27% of sites   up from 24% ) , communal wells  ( 11%   down from 19% )  and public toilets  ( 1%   down from 5% ) . On the other hand, 90 per cent of WASH facilities were functioning and catering to 708,407 returnees.
Acute respiratory infection: In Epi week 22, 5,505 cases of acute respiratory infection were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 267 were from INTERSOS Health Facility Fulatarin in Dikwa, 236 were from PUI mobile clinics in MMC, and 189 were from Ngaranam PHC MMC and 188 were from Herwa Peace PHC in MMC. No associated death was reported.
 Suspected Yellow Fever: Three suspected yellow fever cases were reported through EWARS in week 22 from Damasak MCH in Mobbar. Two additional cases were reported through IDSR* from Nganzai  ( 1 )  and Kwaya Kusar  ( 1 )  LGAs, making a total of 5 cases. No associated death was reported.
Most markets are either not functioning or functioning at a very limited scale, impeding food security. Movement restrictions and security concerns have reduced the number of markets, and limited the availability of food and agricultural inputs at those that do exist
The Teachers' Village Camp became congested due to the arrivals from Kukawa and Monguno LGA. As a result of that, the Stadium Camp was constructed and 7,384 individuals  ( 1,611 households )  were relocated from Teachers' Village Camp to the newly constructed camp. Biometric registration of those who were relocated to the Stadium Camp was done in order to ascertain the details of the individuals. The registration was conducted between 1   12th of March 2019
WHO estimates that more than half of the recorded deaths in Borno State in 2018 were due to malaria combined with malnutrition – more than all other causes of death combined, including cholera, measles and hepatitis E.
The increase in violence also directly affected humanitarian actors who have increasingly become targets of attack. On 18 July, six humanitarians were abducted and one driver lost his life after an attack by armed groups near Damasak, Borno state. The Humanitarian Country Team renewed its calls on all parties to the conflict to ensure the protection of aid workers and unimpeded access for humanitarian assistance.
One of the militants used the mobile phone of one of the farmers to say they had killed four and abducted two others, local resident Usman Gana said.
In Magumeri LGA, households had low access to vaccination  ( 58% of households with at least one child without any immunization ) , and high distance to health facilities  ( 47% ) . In Damboa high numbers of households reported having a sick family member the two weeks prior to data collection  ( 38% )  and health facilities that are farther than 2 km away  ( 34% ) .
Six fire incidents were reported in Damboa, Gajiganna and Monguno LGAs of Borno State where over 3,300 shelters were affected. Over 90 per cent of these shelters were completely burned down. Sector partners responded with emergency shelters, shelter and reinforcement kits, NFIs and core relief items. An estimated 800 families in Gajiganna still need both shelter and NFI support.
Based on sector data, 801,653 children are out of school in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states of which more than 50 per cent are girls. The sector is still underfunded, based on the Financial Tracking Service  ( FTS )  data, and the Education Sector is in need of an additional $30 million funding to cover the gap.
Children make up over half of the affected population and child protection needs are acute, including more than 32,000 children who are unaccompanied or have been separated from primary caregivers. Among this group, and following sustained advocacy by UNICEF, the Nigerian military released from its administrative custody a total of 1,588 children  ( 962 boys and 626 girls )  to Borno State Government between September 2016 and December 2018.
Girls and boys are exposed to elevated levels of risks due to the emergency, however, girls are more vulnerable to SGBV and Child Marriage, as well as abductions.
Forty six per cent  ( 46%: 2,655 )  of the caseload require assistance in area of Access to Learning/Education support for reintegration, forty one per cent  ( 41% )  respectively require PSS assistance  ( 2,388 )  and FTR services  ( 2,366 ) , and thirty two per cent  ( 32%: 1,842 )  are in need of Livelihood assistance. Other reintegration needs include Vocational or skills training  ( 26%: 1,518 ) , Alternative Care such as kinship care and informal foster care  ( 19%: 1,119 ) , Business Management Skills  ( 14%: 830 ) , Employment Services and Work Placement  ( 6%: 359 )  and Functional Literacy and Numeracy  ( 5%: 316 )
School attendance among the children was more than half, at sixty six per cent. Of the 5,575 children, 3,815  ( 66% )  children were attending school, while 1,942  ( 34% )  were not attending school.
On 21 May 2019, the Nigerian military commenced a unilateral relocation of civilian populations from Sabon Gari, a border community in Damboa LGA of Borno State to the Government Science Secondary School  ( GSSS )  and Unity camps for internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  in Damboa Town, located some 85 kilometers south west of Maiduguri, the state capital, citing safety and security reasons.
Since the start of the conflict, more than 27,000 people have been killed in the BAY states and thousands of women and girls have been abducted. As of April, the United Nations and humanitarian partners reached 1,600,000 people with humanitarian assistance.
The phenomenon of trafficking of Nigerians, especially women and girls, to Europe for the purpose of sexual exploitation has been going on since the late 1980s. During the 1990s, Benin City in Edo State, in particular, evolved into a hub for international organized crime, where “sponsors' and “madams' covered women's travel from Nigeria to Europe in exchange for them being exploited into prostitution after their arrival.
As of February 28, approximately 1,400 households at Teachers Village lacked shelter due to limited available land for shelter construction.
A widespread characteristic of the Nigerian trafficking system is the use by traffickers of threats of “voodoo curses'  ( juju in Nigeria )  to manipulate victims, especially women and girls, and force them into exploitative situations. Once arrangements for the victims' trips abroad are completed, traffickers seal the deal by taking the victims to the shrines of voodoo priests for a traditional ceremony of oath taking. During the ritual, in which body parts such as fingernails, blood and/or pubic hairs are collected, the woman is made to swear an oath to repay her debt, never to report her situation to the police or reveal the identities of her traffickers. Fear of breaking the oath is so strong that it creates a powerful hold over the victims and impedes them from seeking help or cooperating with law enforcement. About 90 per cent of the girls trafficked to Europe are reportedly taken to shrines for “oaths of secrecy'
Nigerian women and girls are also widely exploited in Libya by traffickers, who keep them in so called connection houses, where they are sexually exploited and raped by up to 20 men a day without receiving any contraception, often become pregnant and are forced to pay for unsafe abortions. Men and boys are also increasingly subjected to rape and other forms of sexual abuse, as demonstrated by a rise in 2018 in cases of men and boys receiving treatment and support for the physical and psychological consequences of sexual abuse.
Due to the extent of the flooding and the damage to infrastructure, it has not been easy to reach out to the affected communities. During food and NFI distributions, some communities would only be reached using hired engine boats. The ongoing activities in some affected communities also require boats to reach them out. Some areas are also very far from the Branch offices and operation teams need to sleep over in order to access the affected communities.
Following extremely violent attacks by Boko Haram, hundreds of women and girls from north eastern states were abducted. Some of them were subjected to domestic servitude, forced labour and sexual slavery through forced marriages to Boko Haram militants. To date, the whereabouts of many of the victims are unknown.
During her visit, the Special Rapporteur was informed of the existence of “baby factories', often disguised as orphanages, maternity homes or religious centres, where women are held against their will, raped and forced to carry and deliver a child. The children are then sold, sometimes with the intent to exploit them in forced labour and sex trafficking. In February 2017, the special task force of the Nigerian army in Plateau State arrested 12 suspects for allegedly running a baby trafficking ring in Jos.
Both global and severe food insecurity highest in Northern and central parts of Borno due to conflict, displacement and influx of new arrivals. Displacement from these northern areas into capital cities like Maiduguri, Jere and Monguno continues to put pressure on already stretched resources within such areas;
Flash flooding has created a humanitarian emergency in areas of north eastern Nigeria already complicated by insurgency, internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  and a fragile health system. Now rising is the threat of waterborne diseases, such as cholera and acute watery diarrhoea, which are easily spread through contaminated floodwater.
Food insecurity remains driven by increased incidence of hostilities as well as communal conflicts between farmers and herders, limited access to farming and grazing land including livelihood opportunities, stretched communal resources due to increased dependency from IDPs and returnees, extended dry spells and high food prices;
As of 2017, Nigeria accounted for 14.3% of the global population of people that required LF treatment as an estimated total of 128,342,058 people in 583 out of 774 LGAs required preventive chemotherapy for LF. In 2018, 79,831,396 people had been reached with treatment for LF at least once. LF treatment is supposed to be taken once yearly for five years.  ( Source: WHO Preventive Chemotherapy Data Portal 2017 ) .
Nigeria had presidential elections in February and governors' election in March 2019 and the floods have coincided with the peak of the campaign period. This affected the implementation of activities because of the anticipated violence in some of the Branches. The security situation in Nigeria is still not very stable especially in the North East, there is also incidents of kidnapping in Delta and Anambra which is a threat for the safety of the Red Cross staff.
In Damboa, nearly three in four households included an adult with no identity documentation  ( 70% ) , the highest across the state. One fifth of households also reported missing a family member  ( 19% ) , the third highest across the state, and 44% of households reported experiencing a security incident the two months prior to data collection, also the highest across the state. In Mafa, one in five households included adults without identity documentation  ( 21% ) , and one in four experienced movement restrictions  ( 28% ) . Magumeri included one of the one of the highest rates of wards where key informants had reported previous explosive incidents  ( 86% ) .
Limited access to land for displaced persons is seriously curtailing humanitarian actors' ability to provide assistance and protection to those who have fled violence. In Damboa, authorities have continued to deny permission for the construction of temporary shelters or latrines, which has left 10,358 people without shelters and with only 19 drop holes. The establishment of a new camp is now underway; however, IDPs are living in very dire conditions in the meantime.
As a result, many of these remote health facilities are poorly staffed and services are unavailable.
1,799 IDPs arrived in Damboa town from 3 January to 26 June 2018, while 6 departed from the location.3 This is a notable decrease as compared to the departures documented in the last quarter of the previous monitoring period.
People leaving Nigeria, and arriving in Niger's Maradi Region, speak of witnessing extreme violence unleashed against civilians, including machete attacks, kidnappings and sexual violence. The majority of the new arrivals are women and children.
Since the beginning of 2018, violence within the Diffa region perpetrated by elements of Boko Haram has also significantly escalated with a record number of civilian casualties and unprecedented secondary movements within the region.
Niger is currently hosting over 380,000 refugees and asylum seekers from Mali and Nigeria as well as its own internally displaced population. The country has also provided refuge to some 2,782 asylum seekers airlifted from insecurity in Libya, while awaiting durable solutions.
Military forces engaged Boko Haram in Mayo Sava and Logne Et Chari counties, two reported fatalities.
As of 27 May 2019, a total of 9,432 individuals from Sabon Gari community were moved by the Military to Damboa town. The displaced population arrived in batches: 3,767 arrived on the May 21, 2,809 arrived on May 22, and 1,134 arrived on May 23 and the remaining 1,722 arrived within the period of May 24   27
LGAs of Madagali, Michika and Mubi South showed 12% to 21% of households reporting that their shelter was completely destroyed. 20% of households in Mubi North and 23% in Madagali reported that they were at risk of eviction, and the average number of families living in the same dwelling in those four most affected LGAs was consistently superior to 4 per household – an average higher than all other LGAs in Adamawa.
IDP and returnee households were more likely to be in need of shelter and NFI, those needs were in general more severe than those of the non displaced households, and they had a higher prevalence of vulnerable households. The ratio of households in need and those in need and vulnerable was similar across the state and in both domains, across population groups.
In Northern Yobe, non displaced and returnee households were three times more likely to have a malnourished child than IDP households  ( 7% vs. 2% ) . Households in Yusufari  ( 9% )  and Yunusari  ( 7% )  reported the highest nutrition needs within both the domain and the state.
Fufore had the highest proportion of households in the state reporting not owning basic school supplies  ( 95% )  and the third highest proportion of households having at least one child who never attending formal education, 65%, behind Shelleng LGA with 66% and Mubi North LGA with 70%.
Malnourished children are extremely vulnerable. Increased diarrheal incidence due to a lack of sanitation, hygiene, and water exacerbate the ability of individuals to absorb nutrients.
The findings of the assessment showed that girls  ( particularly from poorer households in rural, remote and hard to reach settings )  are less likely to have access to money for user fees, laboratory fees, and purchasing of medicines and commodities. Financial constraints were also found to be a major barrier for adolescent girls by the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013  ( 7 ) .
The assessment shows that the total estimated woodfuel consumption over the period 2013 to 2016 is 732 663 tonnes in Auno and Dusuman while the observed degradation corresponds to an amount exceeding 450 861 tonnes for the period 2013 to 2016. Therefore, the loss in woody biomass represents 61.5 percent of the local woodfuel consumption. It shows that the woodfuel consumed by the local population is in large part sourced from outside the AOI.
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control has confirmed four cases of yellow fever in Bauchi State. Three of the confirmed cases are residents of Alkaleri Local Government Area  ( LGA )  and the fourth case is a tourist who was visiting Kano State and also visited the Yankari Games Reserve in the same LGA in Bauchi State.
In both North East Nigeria and the Central African Republic healthcare delivery continues to be affected either through directly targeted attacks or as a result of collateral damage. This leads to disruption of services to individuals, worsening of outbreaks of epidemic prone diseases and a continuation of the ongoing humanitarian crises.
The humanitarian crisis in northeast Nigeria remains critical as attacks on military and civilian populations by insurgents have continued. The sixth mid term Joint Operations Review of the humanitarian emergency involving the Ministries of Health at national and state level, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC ) , WHO and partners was conducted in Abuja between 29 and 30 April 2019.
In week 19  ( week ending 12 May 2019 ) , the leading cause of morbidity was malaria, accounting for 33% of all reported cases, while malnutrition was the leading cause of mortality accounting for 24% of reported deaths. A total of 212 of 270 reporting sites submitted their weekly reports, translating to both a timeliness and completeness of reporting of 77%  ( target 80% ) . Ninety one indicator based alerts were generated, of which 90% were verified with none requiring any public health response
Pastures and availability of water for livestock have improved in May compared to previous months in the main grazing areas of the country. The animal health situation is overall stable. It is noteworthy, however, that there was an outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza  ( HPAI )  in Plateau and Bauchi states between January and April 2019, which has been contained with the support of FAO Nigeria. The conflict in the northeast and armed banditry in Zamfara and Katsina states continue to limit the access to normal grazing land for pastoralists.
Recent outbreaks of measles highlight gaps in protection against the disease among children and adults. All travellers should check that their vaccination status is up to date and ensure that they have received two doses of measles vaccine.
Based on the survey, we can estimate that only 36 percent of fuel wood is sourced from within the AOI. This amount corresponds to the proportion of respondent households which primarily collect their firewood. With this proportion of consumption from the local environment, the consumption  ( 100 085 tonnes in 2017 )  is equal to 67 percent of biomass losses over the period 2013 to 2016. The total available biomass for the study site was 913 919 tonnes in 2016. The average woodfuel consumption over the period corresponds to 27 percent of the biomass available.
As of April 2019, the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )  identified over 1.9 million people that have been displaced, of which 92 percent by the insurgency in northeastern states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe. Heightened tensions in recent months have triggered further displacements, with new arrivals mainly in northern and eastcentral Borno State, Geidam and Gujba  ( Yobe )  as well as Madagali  ( Adamawa ) .
In May, the dry season was coming to an end and the rainy season began. This cross over between the two seasons affected camp sites simultaneously. For example, in the International School Camp in Ngala LGA, Borno State, a fire broke out on 20 May, yet hours later the onset of rains damaged shelters, leaving 169 households homeless  ( 36 households from the fire and 133 households from the rain )  with shelters totally or partially destroyed.
According to several reports, three children   two girls and a boy  ( ages unknown )  – were used to detonate explosives that killed 30 people and injured 40 others at a community football viewing centre in Konduga, Borno today. UNICEF sends its condolences to all those who have been killed or injured in this horrific incident.
According to the March 2019 ‘'Cadre Harmonisé'' analysis, about 2.05 million people were estimated to be in need of food assistance from March to May 2019, with a significant decrease from the 3.71 million food insecure people in March May 2018. The reduced caseload is largely due to the improved security conditions compared to last year. This number is expected to increase to 4.95 million people during the June to August 2019, if no mitigation actions are taken.
Nigeria has been experiencing a large outbreak of measles since the beginning of the year, affecting all 36 States and the Federal Capital Territory  ( FCT ) . In total, 28,796 suspected cases have been recorded from 660 Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  with 89 deaths. Borno is the most affected State with 15,237 suspected measles cases reported including 75 associated deaths across 37 internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  camps in 22 LGAs.
Nigeria has an emerging HIV epidemic, particularly in the North Central zone, which is disproportionately affecting adolescents.
Haemoglobinopathies  ( such as sickle cell anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia )  figure prominently within chronic physical illnesses, and rates of obesity are rising in both sexes.
Specifically for IDP camps in Borno, global food insecurity was highest in IDP camps located in Bama, Konduga and Monguno, due to the recent upsurge of attacks leading to increased displacement and influx of IDPs into these locations. Host communities were more food insecure in Monguno, Maiduguri, Ngala, Damboa and Gwoza.
There was very limited time to fully explore the extent to which humanitarian crises had an effect on adolescent malnutrition including wasting, underweight or micronutrient deficiencies; inadequate assistance, treatment and care of adolescents with disabilities or injuries; violence, such as that as experienced by child soldiers who are primarily boys, and survivors of sexual exploitation and abuse  ( including early or forced marriage, and female genital mutilation )  who are primarily girls and women; HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, early pregnancy, maternal conditions, unsafe abortion, and general sexual and reproductive health needs such as access to condoms and other forms of contraception; water, sanitation and hygiene needs, including materials and facilities for menstrual hygiene management; and mental health problems such as anxiety or trauma  ( 14 ) .
Regarding disadvantaged adolescents, the literature review revealed insufficient services targeting out of school adolescents and other high risk adolescent groups  ( for example, street children ) , and a lack of/weak cross sectoral services addressing drivers of inequities in exposure to risk factors such as adolescent marriage and/or gender inequality.
Conflict in Borno State is ongoing and several communities, such as Konduga, have been designated humanitarian crisis zones for years
According to Demographic and Health Survey data from 2013, 12% of adolescents aged 10–14 years are orphaned or at risk or being orphaned due to illnesses among adult household members, and that figure rises to 16% for adolescents aged 15–17 years.
Key informants in the Bayelsa State Ministry of Health described seasonal health care access barriers for some adolescents living in riverine communities who travel to offshore fishing camps with their parents for months at a time. Others are flooded out of their homes during the rainy season, and frequently relocate to communities on higher ground where they may not be familiar with the location of facilities. Many of the interior rural riverine communities do not have health centres.
Early marriage often goes together with early childbearing: 20% of women in Nigeria  ( 45.7% in the North West and 8% in the South West )  have had a live birth before the age of 18, with higher rates found among rural  ( 38.2% )  than urban  ( 17.3% )  adolescent girls  ( 48 )
A number of parents interviewed in both urban and rural communities in Bayelsa, in the south, stated that when adolescents get pregnant the girl or her relatives may be slow to seek professional help – even if there are complications – because of cultural stigma against caesarean section
Male children are often preferred over their female siblings, who are given comparatively less access to money, food, affection and so on  ( 54 ) . As shown by the National Nutrition and Health Survey  ( 2015 ) , female adolescents are four times more likely than women aged 20–49 years to be severely malnourished at the time of pregnancy and childbirth  ( 54 ) , increasing the likelihood of complications from ante , intra  and postpartum haemorrhage.
The population of street boys was thought to be on the rise due to high unemployment rates for older adolescents in the current economic climate. According to focus group participants in Sokoto and Bayelsa, street boys are frequently recruited to carry out acts of violence or criminality
Female adolescents, especially those aged 10–14 years living in rural northern communities, are more likely to deliver their children at home without the assistance of skilled personnel
Sabon Gari community, home to over 9,000 people, is a border town linking Damboa LGA with Biu LGA and has witnessed an escalation of attacks and clashes between non state armed groups  ( NSAGs )  and government forces in recent weeks. The spate of attacks has led to a temporary closure of Damboa Biu road and the Damboa weekly market by the military.