nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
In terms of perceptions of safety along the migration routes, 29% of migrants from Chad who were interviewed in Libya reported to have not felt safe during their journey. However, 57% felt relatively safe and 13% reported feeling safe; 1% did not want to answer this question
In total, 278 women were detained, including 184 nonLibyans, and 109 children were held in prisons in the custody of the Judicial Police. Others were detained in facilities nominally under the control of the Ministry of the Interior or the Ministry of Defence, or in facilities directly operated by armed groups. Those held still had little opportunity to challenge the legality of their detention or to seek redress for violations suffered.
Minimum response is in place with rehabilitation/refurbishment of health facilities as only 2 health facilities were supported  ( Aljafra and Almargeb ) .
Most migrants  ( 94% )  from Egypt reported to have entered Libya directly by crossing the Egypt Libya border while 3% reported to have travelled through Sudan and 2% reported transiting through Tunisia. Those who reported to have transited through Tunisia, reported travelling by air to Tunis to continue onwards to Libya. The remaining 1% reported other routes.
4% of migrants from Egypt interviewed in Southern Libya reported to have travelled to Libya through Niger, while 1% reported to have travelled through Chad. 9% of those interviewed in Western Libya reported transiting through Sudan, whereas 5% had transited through Tunisia, whereas slightly less than 1% reported to have transited through other countries.
The most common route reported by migrants departing from Mali  ( 41% )  was through Algeria while 38% reported to have travelled through Niger. A significant number of migrants  ( 21% )  reported to have transited through Burkina Faso before travelling through Niger to reach Libya.
The Embassies of Algeria, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States along with the Delegation of the European Union and the Governments of Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates call on all parties in the Libya conflict to declare an immediate, humanitarian cessation of hostilities.
The rights to the freedoms of expression, association and peaceful assembly remained restricted. From 1 January to 30 November, UNSMIL/OHCHR documented nine incidents involving violations of the right to freedom of expression. These incidents included the killing of at least one journalist and the injuring of two others; the arbitrary arrest and detention of three others; and acts of intimidation and harassment against at least 12 journalists.
In a statement released earlier Saturday, the center said it received a total of 476 suspected samples, of which 461 tested negative and 15 positive.
As precautionary measures to prevent infections and fight the pandemic, Libyan authorities closed the country's borders, suspended schools and mosques, banned public gatherings, and imposed a curfew.
Out of the 5,659 4Mi surveys of refugees and migrants conducted in Libya between May 2017 and October 2019, 627 refugees and migrants were Sudanese  ( 11% )  and an additional 483 had passed through Sudan, mainly from Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia  ( a combined total of 1,110 respondents; 19.6% of the sample ) . All the Ethiopians in the 4Mi Libya sample had passed through Sudan  ( n=63 ) . All but two of the Eritreans in the sample had passed through Sudan  ( n=363 v. 365 )  and all but one Somali had passed through Sudan  ( n=20 v. 21 ) .
For instance, on 15 September, in Tarhouna, the Al Kaniyat armed group, affiliated to the Libyan National Army, attacked the house of a civilian and opened fire, killing 16 members of a family  ( 11 men, two women and three children ) . Reports indicated that the attack was retaliation for the celebrations relating to the death of Mohsen al Kani, a senior leader of the Al Kaniyat armed group. Between April and August, UNSMIL documented the summary execution of at least 17 ex combatants from different armed groups by Tarhuna armed groups.
While the recorded number of attempted crossings have decreased, migrants and refugees attempting to transit to Europe are at extreme risk, including if intercepted by authorities during the crossing37. In 2019, the Libyan Coast Guard has returned more than 9,000 migrants and refugees, the majority to detention. As of January 2020, 3,200 migrants and refugees are estimated to be in detention centers, where conditions are characterized by severe overcrowding, insufficient access to toilets, food, or clean water and where torture, SGBV and other grave violations against detainees have been recorded.
Libya remains a patriarchal society in which women and girls face discrimination in law and in practice and have unequal access to basic freedoms and rights. Libyan women still have limited access to political participation and remain underrepresented in official institutions. Refugee and migrant women have specific vulnerabilities, based on a combination of risks linked to their irregular status and social issues related to both sexism and racism in Libya and neighbouring transit countries. In both official and unofficial detention centres they are at extreme risk of SGBV.
The protracted armed conflict, multiple displacements and wide spread violence also takes a heavy toll on the lives of children. Among the affected population, children represent 45 per cent of the displaced population39. The priority child protection risks affecting the physical and mental well being of both Libyan and non Libyan children include, mental health and psychosocial distress, GBV, physical and emotional maltreatment, family separation and recruitment and use by armed groups. Additionally, arbitrary detention and child labor disproportionately affect migrant and refugee children due to the lack of legal status and civil documentation.
The complex crisis has impacted migrants in Libya, as well as reducing the resilience of Libyan citizens. The crisis has led to fluctuations oil production, with regular clashes near oil facilities causing suspensions in their production, and revenue. This has in turn influenced unemployment rates. Although the situation has improved compared to the beginning of the crisis. Latest records show that the unemployment rate had steadily decreased, from 19 per cent in 2012 to 17.7 per cent in 201740. In 2019, the Libyan dinar strengthened against the US dollar, which increased people's purchasing power with regard to basic commodities. However, access to cash in southern Libya remains a challenge.
The average cost of the minimum expenditure basket  ( MEB )  in September 2019 was 706 LYD, a drop of 9 percent from 2018. While prices have reduced in the east and west, prices in the south continued to rise. Clashes in Murzuq contributed to price increases in the south, with many local markets forced to close, and displacement of tens of thousands to neighbouring towns and cities driving up local food prices: these were up 62 per cent in Algatroun, 60 per cent in Ubari and 44 per cent in Wadi Etba.
Critical infrastructure and vital installations that provide water, electricity and other essential services to the population have been damaged by the conflict. Deficits in water and electricity supplies have been aggravated by the fighting and attacks targeting the Man Made River facilities, which provides around 60 per cent of Libya's annual water supply.
Accordingly, household data show considerable geographical variation in the impact of the crisis is having on people's coping ability; 2019 saw overall improvement in households' ability to meet basic needs, with only 40 per cent of households reporting challenges in obtaining enough money to meet needs, compared with 61 per cent in 2018. However, many areas in the south have seen a deterioration.
Food, shelter, health, non food items and WASH are the most identified needs by affected communities in Libya. For IDPs and returnees, food is the number one priority need  ( 26 per cent and 21 per cent respectively while health is the overwhelming need for migrants and refugees  ( 83 per cent ) . Shelter is the second highest priority need for IDPs and migrants, most likely to live in sub standard shelter. Returnees identified non food items as the second highest priority need. Other priorities included WASH, which was ranked fifth for IDPs, third for returnees and fourth for migrants and refugees.
Approximately, 202,000 IDPs, 270,000 non displaced Libyans, 63,000 returnees and 293,000 migrants and refugees face critical problems related to physical and mental well being. The conflict has increased individuals' exposure to the devastating consequences of urban warfare. The escalation in fighting in 2019 particularly increased risks for Libyans living or displaced in and around Tripoli, as well as for migrants and refugees in urban communities and in detention centres.
The increasing use of explosive and heavy weaponry in densely populated areas is placing civilians at high risk of indiscriminate harm. From 1 January to 30 November, the United Nations Support Mission in Libya  ( UNSMIL )  and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights  ( OHCHR )  documented 647 civilian casualties  ( 284 killed and 363 injured ) , including 26 women and 67 children, compared with 188 civilian casualties in 2018.
Conflict and insecurity remain the main drivers of displacement. In 2019, more than 170,000 people were newly displaced, mostly due to clashes in Murzuq and in Tripoli. This brings the total number of people displaced in Libya to more than 343,000.
.Around 16 per cent of IDPs live in public buildings and schools, three per cent in informal camp settings and two per cent in abandoned buildings. Many Tawerghan and IDP populations from Benghazi, Derna and Sirt, report being displaced due to their political affiliation and remain unable to return home. These groups also report protection challenges during displacement, including denial of access of basic services, harassment, detention, loss of civil documentation, and threat of eviction.
Continued fighting has further degraded the already dysfunctional health system, restricting people's access to health care and the movements of health workers, with insufficient numbers of mobile teams to meet needs. As a result, many trauma patients do not receive timely medical assistance due to the lack of ambulances and the disrupted emergency referral system.
Several interviews with farmers and vendors of food commodities confirmed that food prices have steadily increased since the beginning of the crisis in 2011. The reasons behind this increase are attributed to poor security, resulting in higher transport costs, and are exacerbated by shortages and high fuel prices. Most of the imported food as well as fuel distributed throughout the Fezzan region comes from the more distant northern Tripolitania region. Food vendors also attributed the price increases to the instability of the LYD against the USD
Many of these patients may suffer lifelong disabilities, and there is a severe shortage of physical rehabilitation services in the country. Childhood vaccination programmes have been interrupted and there have been reports of vaccine stock outs. Measles and rubella outbreaks have been reported, as well as increasing rates of pertussis and acute jaundice syndrome53. Between 1,500 and 2,000 cases of acute diarrhoea are reported each week, and the possibility of a cholera outbreak remains high54. The clear threat of outbreaks of vaccine preventable and other diseases is compounded by poor disease surveillance.
Refugees, migrants and asylum seekers face extreme protection risks including arbitrary detention, human trafficking, unlawful killing, torture, SGBV, forced labor, armed robbery, harassment, and kidnapping. Violations have been documented in official and unofficial places of detention.
However, many households continue to adopt negative coping strategies to afford food, including relying on less expensive food, reducing the number of meals eaten per day, reducing the size of meals, or selling assets61. On average, 47 per cent of Libyan and 31 per cent of migrant and refugee household expenses are on food.
Around 3,200 migrants and refugees are in detention centres, living in overcrowded conditions, with unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene services, and inadequate nutrition. These conditions are contributing to the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis  ( TB ) . An estimated 2,000 migrants are detained in centres exposed to, or in close proximity to, the fighting in and around Tripoli. The acute risk posed by this proximity was demonstrated by the deaths of 53 migrants and refugees when the Tajoura detention centre was hit in an airstrike in July.
Refugee and migrant children, of whom 35 per cent are unaccompanied and separated children58, are traumatized throughout their journey and stay in Libya, experiencing or witnessing abuse, killing, torture, and sexual exploitation. Migrant and refugee children are also disproportionately affected by the worst forms of child labor, particularly for boys who constitute 73 per cent of migrant children.
Due to difficulties in the country   where Turkish contractors had undertaken their first overseas projects   projects worth $19 billion remain unfinished, Karanfil indicated.
Karanfil explained that Turkish contractors currently had a total of $4 billion in receivables due to losses including collateral, machinery and equipment.
The MSNA found that 65 per cent of non displaced Libyans, 69 per cent of migrants and refugees and 79 per cent of IDPs surveyed reported adopting at least one negative coping mechanism, including skipping or delaying rent, begging for money or food, early drop out of school, child marriage, and household adult and minor members accepting socially and degrading, exploitative, high risk or illegal work.
“More than 60 missiles dropped on Mitiga on Friday and 60 others dropped on Tripoli on Saturday, so now Haftar begins his attack,' Bashagha said, adding that GNA's defense will also move to attack because there is no hope for the ceasefire.
During clashes on 22 February, approximately 50 people were reportedly killed and 200 houses damaged in the southern region.
In a statement earlier this week, GNA's Health Ministry said 21 civilians were killed, including women and children, and 31 injured in attacks by Haftar's militias from January 9 to February 20.
The internationally recognized GNA has been under attack by Haftar's forces since last April, with more than 1,000 lives lost in the violence.
In a statement Thursday, the UN mission in Libya strongly condemned the continued violations of the armistice by Haftar forces, including the repeated bombing of Mitiga International Airport.
The Missing Migrants Project of the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )  said that the death toll of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea has risen to more than 20 thousand since 2014.
“The NOC confirms that there has been a drop in production as a result of the blockade of ports and pipelines,' NOC said in a statement.
Two Libyan families whose members were extrajudicially killed and tortured by the forces of Khalifa Haftar, who is waging a rebellion against the UN recognized government Tripoli, took legal action against the warlord in U.S. courts Tuesday
This increase of attacks has caused a new influx of displaced residents from those neighborhoods, he added.
The director of the International Center for Immigration Data Analysis of the IOM stated that at least 91 people disappeared after a boat sank off the Libyan coast on the ninth of last February in the last case of a disappearance of migrant boats travelling to Europe.
Girls and boys in particular are exposed to high levels of psychosocial distress, trauma and protection risks due to the ongoing conflict and persistent insecurity. This has an immediate and long term psychological and social impact for children and their caregivers who experience displacement, death of or separation from family members, discrimination, and movement restrictions. Approximately six per cent of households with children have observed negative behaviours and emotional changes in their children, with internally displaced children showing a higher prevalence62.
GBV remains underreported in Libya. Of the total number of people in need, an estimated 166,000 people, of whom 88 per cent are women and girls, are at risk of GBV. Migrants, refugees and asylum seekers are particularly at risk of SGBV perpetrated by smugglers, traffickers and criminal gangs. Of surveyed respondents, 231 migrants and refugees who transited through Libya to Tunisia in 2018, 83 per cent disclosed experiencing violence or abuse in Libya63. The existence of discriminative laws that allow victims to be prosecuted, widespread stigma attached to GBV, and mandatory reporting all undermine and create barriers for victims to access justice and support.
As of 13 March, 2,267 refugees and migrants have been registered as rescued/intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and disembarked in Libya.
Explosive hazard contamination continues to pose a serious threat in terms of safety, mobility, and access to services and livelihoods. Armed conflict has left many areas contaminated with explosive hazards, putting people living in these areas at risk, as well as hindering the safe return of IDPs, restricting access for humanitarian workers, and hindering early recovery.
On 12 March, UNHCR evacuated a total of 128 vulnerable refugees and asylum seekers from Tripoli to the Emergency Transit Mechanism  ( ETM )  in Niger. The group who comprised 103 men, 12 women and 13 children included refugees living in urban areas of Tripoli and others recently released from detention
Nine per cent of returnees and eight per cent of IDPs reported the presence of explosive hazards in their neighbourhoods and over three per cent of households reported at least one member of their household either killed or injured as a result64. All major frontline areas in the greater Tripoli area, as well as many other locations that experienced the outbreak of hostilities, including Benghazi, Derna, Murzuq, Sebha, and Sirt, remain heavily contaminated, presenting risks to Libyans, refugees, migrants and to humanitarian responders.
Libya is at high risk of the spread of COVID 19 given its growing levels of insecurity, political fragmentation and weak governance systems. Libya is in its ninth year of instability and conflict. The Libyan health system was already overstretched, under resourced and unlikely to be able to respond to the pandemic.
Reduction of industrial, oil and tertiary services production affecting domestic consumption, and international trade. • Impact on food systems including production  ( availability )  and access  ( physical and economic/prices ) . • Rise of under employment and unemployment.
95% of migrants from Sudan interviewed in Libya, reported entering Libya directly, whereas 4% reported to have transited through Chad and 1% through Egypt.
Decreased income and purchasing power due to loss of jobs and work opportunities, restricted mobility  ( internal and international ) , loss of access to productive inputs, loss of access to markets, decreased productivity because of sickness, increased health expenditures.
Lack of consideration to specific groups such as IDPs, migrants and some refugees; increased xenophobia.
As Libya relies heavily on imports to meet the needs of its domestic market, the closure of land borders has already led to reports of doubled fruit and vegetable prices in some local markets. Suppliers are also expecting to see a severe shortage of produce across the country in the near future.
Darfur's non Arab civilians, many of whom have been displaced since 2013, have been forced to cope with diminished international aid both in Darfur itself and in refugee camps in Chad.
The incidents documented by UNSMIL/OHCHR included attacks against civilians, including internally displaced persons, migrants and refugees, health care workers, community and religious leaders, journalists, human rights defenders and government officials, and attacks on civilian objects, such as detention centres, schools, residential homes, factories, health care facilities, water and electricity supplies and airports.
As of 31 January 2020, the Libyan Coast Guard rescued/intercepted a total of 1,040 people in different locations along the Libyan coast. Over the same period last year, the LCG rescued/intercepted a total of 469 refugees and migrants at sea. So far in 2020, Libyan local authorities have reported missing of 2 people while attempting to cross the Mediterranean towards Europe
All schools across Libya remain closed as a preventative measure. Education sector partners are supporting the Ministry of Education to carry out distance learning, such as through TV and the internet.
In Ghat, further to the south, many small businesses had to close, and employees were laid off. Ramadan Baba Amr runs a small computer training center which also offers services like scanning and printing. He fears if the shutdown lasts longer, he will have to let people go.
The Health Minister of the Libyan parallel government in eastern region, Saad Agoub, said they had registered three suspected cases of Coronavirus for people coming from Italy, Iran and Egypt, saying the World Health Organization is now aware of the Italian case that is being isolated in a quarantine in one of the oil fields.
IDPs are more likely to face serious protection risks and challenges in accessing basic services and commodities including food and essential household items, than other Libyan groups. These risks are particularly acute for women, children, people with disabilities, the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses.
One man has been killed and two of his sons were injured in heavy artillery shelling on Ain Zara's Kehaili area in southern Tripoli by Khalifa Haftar's forces, just hours after announcing accepting a humanitarian halt of hostilities to allow authorities to implement preventive measures against Coronavirus outbreak in the country.
Today, Zainab and her husband have been jobless for almost two months. They can't pay rent and can only afford the very basic essentials.
Libya is a country that relies entirely on imports to meet the needs of its domestic market. For years, Libya has witnessed continuous fluctuations in the prices of food due to the ongoing war and the constant movement of the exchange rate of the local currency, dinar, against the US dollar. According to the Libya Joint Monitoring Initiative March 2020 Report, the decision to close land borders has led to spikes of food prices in some local markets, since they have to be imported from abroad. Suppliers are also expecting to see a severe shortage of produce across the country in the near future, as most of the agricultural lands around the capital, as well in the southern region have become battlegrounds since last year.
Four years ago, Zainab's home burned down amidst fighting in western Libya. She and her family fled, and for years moved to multiple locations in Libya, and just as they started to feel settled once more, COVID 19 came, plunging their survival once again into jeopardy.
Water Borne Diseases: By week  ( 9 : 2020 )   The Number of The Reported Acute Diarrhea  ( AD )   ( 772 )  cases.  The Number of The Reported Bloody Diarrhea  ( BD )   ( 12 )  Cases  ( 1 )  Benghazi,  ( 4 )  Ghat, and  ( 7 )  Baniwaleed.  The Number of The Reported Acute Jaundice Syndrome  ( AJS )   ( 19 )  Cases:  ( 4 )  Baniwaleed,  ( 5 )  Igdabya,  ( 7 )  Almarij, and  ( 3 )  Alkofra.
In May, 85 per cent of people interviewed by the ICRC reported that they had no savings to cope with the crisis, while 52 per cent said that their livelihoods have suffered because of COVID 19, resulting in reduced income.
While global markets for basic cereals are well supplied and prices generally low, commodities need to move from the world's ‘breadbaskets' to where they are consumed. Commodities in Libya are imported by sea through the Libyan ports of Tripoli, Misrata and Khoms serving western and southern Libya and Port Benghazi serving eastern Libya. The COVID 19 related containment measures have started to make this more challenging: all air, land and sea borders are affected, with exemptions for cargo, chartered, humanitarian and government entities.
Restrictions such as curfews and border closures, while important in curbing the spread of the disease, are driving prices of staple foods and other essentials up and threatening people's lives, livelihoods and food security.
Most of Libya's oil is onshore and with limited storage capacity and no export routes, production will have to be cut, according to Mr Sanalla.
In April, according to a market survey, prices of staple food increased by around 20 percent, and prices of some commodities such as flour more than doubled in some areas. Hand sanitizers, latex gloves, and products that help stop the spread of COVID 19 are all reported to be in short supply. In remote areas, commodities can be hard altogether to come by due to restrictions of movement in the country.
10 March, Bani Waleed General Hospital announced the suspension of the hospital's ambulance and emergency departments following the security incident related to the extensive use of gunfire inside the hospital by unidentified group of people
With Ramadan expected to begin around 24 April, the current inflation of food prices due to COVID19 is likely to increase in April. In some locations, food prices have more than doubled, as some local merchants attempt to take advantage of the current shopping panic. Ramadan may also bring COVID 19 exposure risks, as the month is considered a social and community gathering time. It will be difficult to impose the current curfew in Ramadan, and it's possible that curfew times will change to allow more mobility during the evening hours when people are not fasting.
Despite continuing violations of the ceasefire in Libya, violence remained at lower levels. Indiscriminate shelling, resulted in civilian casualties, as Government of National Accord  ( GNA )  and Libyan National Army  ( LNA )  forces regularly traded airstrikes and heavy artillery. On Monday, the Libyan 5+5 Joint Military Commission – including high level members of both the GNA and LNA – convened for that first round of UN brokered in Geneva
Since the COVID 19 entered Libya in early March and the subsequent measures taken by authorities around the country, there are some similarities in the changing situations in Tripoli, Benghazi and Sebha. According to WFP Libya Conflict Sensitivity Forum, daily wage workers have been hardest hit, as have those less well off and working in the private sector. For now, support provided by WFP and other organisations appears to have avoided any major worsening of conditions for those most in need.
For the majority of IDPs, 60 per cent, that live in private rented accommodation, increasing rental costs and lack of access to cash, has made it more difficult for families to make rent payments, putting them at greater risk of eviction by authorities or landlords, particularly those without official rental agreements65. Results from the two most recent displacement tracking rounds indicate an uptick in IDPs staying with host families  ( 2 per cent increase ) , rather than in rented accommodation, pointing both to an erosion of coping capacity and the increasingly protracted nature of displacement that is impacting on families' ability to continue paying for rented accommodation.
Since April 2019, UNSMIL received reports of hundreds of enforced disappearances, torture, killings and displacement of entire families in Tarhuna city by the 9th Brigade “al Kaniyat' of a wide variety of persons, including private individuals, state officials, captured fighters and civil society activists. In particular UNSMIL verified numerous summary executions at Tarhuna prison on 13 September by the 9th Brigade. UNSMIL also received dozens of reports of enforced disappearances and torture of civilians, including, but not limited to, civil society activists, journalists, migrants, and state officials by the “Nawasi' and the Special Deterrence Force  ( SDF ) .
UNSMIL expresses deep concerns over the recent increase in abductions and enforced disappearances in towns and cities across Libya conducted by armed groups with total impunity. The Mission renews its call for the full respect of international human rights law and international humanitarian law by parties to this conflict.
Approximately, 152,000 IDPs, 160,000 non displaced Libyans, 32,000 returnees and 250,000 migrants and refugees face critical problems related to meeting minimum living standards. The protracted nature of instability, continued escalations in conflict, and weak governance structures resulting in a deterioration of public service delivery, directly effects people's ability to pursue their normal productive and social activities and to meet their basic needs.
However, prices are rising everywhere, with food prices up 20% in Sebha and at least 30% in Tripoli. Some shops are low on supplies and other food shops have had to close as new stock cannot be moved. Panic buying has been happening everywhere and there is a widespread concern about the lack healthcare capacity and infrastructure, with some businesses even trying to step in and support, and the military in Benghazi repurposing a facility for the COVID 19 response.
Conflict has caused significant destruction and damage to homes and infrastructures across Libya. A lack of adequate shelter options and rising demand in areas of displacement has led to housing shortages and an increase in rental prices.
Ejkherra, Aujala, Derna, Emsaed, Jalu, Ejdabia Overall, residents of these municipalities were also reported to be negatively affected by the restrictions on mobility as they faced challenges in going to work, or for grocery shopping, with significant impact reported on those residents dependent on daily wages.
Access to essential services, such as health, education and water, sanitation and hygiene remains a significant challenge for many people. Severe shortages of health and teaching staff, supplies and equipment, have been compounded by years of under investment and lack of maintenance. Furthermore, hospitals, schools and water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH )  facilities have been the target of direct attack by armed groups or have been indirectly damaged due to proximity of fighting.
A deteriorating security and economic situation in Libya have left migrants living in urban areas along main migratory routes, such as Bani Waleed, Benghazi, Misrata, Sabha, Algatroun, Zuwara, and Tripoli particularly vulnerable and in need of assistance. Migrants in these areas are often stranded while trying to find work, with limited access to basic services and limited ability to meet their food needs. COVID 19 puts these vulnerable populations at even greater food security risk, particularly migrants who rely on daily labour opportunities which have been significantly reduced during this pandemic.
More than 22 per cent of health care centres have been closed, and those that remain open, 26 per cent offer no essential services67 and only 6 per cent provide all essential services. Access to clinical management of rape services is severely limited and case management and psychosocial support are only available in four out of 22 mantikas68. Equally, mental health and psychosocial support remain chronically neglected, with only two public mental health hospitals in the entire country. As a result, 24 per cent of Libyans and 80 per cent migrants and refugees, reported challenges accessing health services. Reproductive, maternal and child health services have been equally affected by the lack of specialised health workers and essential medicines.
In addition to higher food prices, an increase in unemployment, especially for unregistered migrants  ( who often work unofficially in daily jobs )  is expected to reduce their households' disposable income to meet their food and other basic needs. This population is also more vulnerable since, due to protection concerns, would not access the national health facilities fearing capture, and thus would spend more on health clinics.
Across Libya, 219 schools are destroyed or damaged and require rehabilitation for both classrooms and WASH facilities69. Functioning schools take in students from closed ones, resulting in overcrowded classrooms, hindering the quality of learning. While only three per cent of children are reportedly not enrolled or attending schools, 35 per cent of households with children enrolled reported challenges when attending school.
A UN Women rapid response survey on COVID19 response in Libya in March showed that the situation is even worse for the displaced women as their needs increase and their economic responsibility increases as a result of the accumulation of rent and other needs in the absence of a source of livelihood. 60% stated the emergence of financial difficulties that the family will face, especially in the absence of salaries or liquidity, and in light of the steady rise in prices. To cope with the situation, 48% of the women said that they will be forced to eat food that they do not like, or that it is cheaper; 42% will resort to reducing their portion of the meal; and 60% would work to reduce meals.
UNSMIL/OHCHR also documented summary executions in Benghazi. On 3 October, an unidentified armed group abducted a Sudanese woman from the market area. Her body was found in the Al Hawari neighbourhood three days later. The body of another Sudanese woman, who had also been abducted from the market area, on 7 October, was found with gunshot injuries in the Jilyana area of the city on the following day. Reports indicated that both victims were killed for allegedly practicing witchcraft.
Approximately 25% of Sudanese, Eritrean, Ethiopian and Somali respondents cited the use of a smuggler along their journey  ( country specific breakdown can be found in Figure 2 ) . This contrasts with the rest of the 4Mi sample in Libya, predominantly traveling along the Central Mediterranean Route from West African origin countries, of which 75% cited using one or more smugglers. A significant difference between these two groups was determined  ( t test: p=0.00 ) .
According to information received, migrant women and girls continue to be disproportionately affected by rape and other forms of sexual violence.
According to the 2020 Humanitarian Response Plan for Libya, 900,000 people in the country need humanitarian assistance. Of these, 336,000 are food insecure, 65 percent of which are Libyans – whether displaced, returnees, or host communities – and the remaining 35 percent are migrants and refugees.
During the reporting period the number of migrants present in Aljufra had significantly increased  ( by 63%, from 8,550 in round 27 to 13,911 migrants during round 28 )  from the previous round. The municipality was identified to be a key internal transit point during round 28, connecting Southern Libya to the urban coastal municipalities of Western and Eastern Libya.
WFP signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Libyan Ministry of Education  ( MoE )  in January 2019 to implement a School Feeding programme. Since July 2019, WFP has been working with the MoE through its WFP trained school officials to bring daily snacks to the over 18,000 schoolchildren enrolled in 58 primary schools located in four municipalities in southern Libya: Ghat, Alkufra, Alqatroun, and Alsharqiya. Specific schools are not publicly listed for safety.
Between 1 January and 30 November, the armed conflict resulted in 77 child casualties  ( 35 deaths and 42 injured )  from the use of indiscriminate weapons, including mortars, rockets, grenades, explosive remnants of war and airstrikes in civilian populated areas.
Almost all migrants from Niger who were interviewed in Libya reported to have directly crossed the Niger Libya border to arrive in Libya. Less than 1% of the migrants who reported to have departed from Niger also reported going to Algeria first before reaching Libya. 22% of the migrants from Niger who were interviewed in Libya reported to have not felt safe during their journey to Libya.
UNSMIL/OHCHR has received reports of children arbitrarily detained and deprived of liberty, including in several detention centres and prisons, without charge or trial, on account of their alleged family's links with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant  ( ISIL )  fighters. UNSMIL/OHCHR followed up on the cases of 62 children held at Al Jawiya prison, whose mothers were reportedly charged with membership of ISIL.
The general security situation in Murzuq was reported as volatile during the reporting period. Furthermore, the economic situation was reported to have been adversely affected due to the prevailing insecurity and migrants were reported to be struggling to find casual work or daily labour opportunities.
Around 58 per cent of municipalities depend on water trucking and household dug wells, that are being drilled on a regular basis, are affecting groundwater aquifers71. Around 36 percent of households report limited/poor access to an improved and sufficient drinking water source72. Most household toilets have no/limited connection to main sewerage lines, wastewater treatment plants are not functioning and there is limited management of solid waste, resulting in huge piles of garbage making it a favorable environment for vector breeding.
Around 40 per cent of households reported facing challenges obtaining enough money to meet their basic service needs74. Women face particular barriers to accessing services due to limits on their freedom of movement, as they require permission from a male member of the family.
In an increasingly worrying trend, attacks against health infrastructure has increased sharply since last year. In 2019, more than 61 conflict related incidents, including direct attacks, have been recorded on field hospitals, health care workers, ambulances and medical supplies, killing at least 75 people and injuring 52 others. This is almost double the number of attacks recorded in 2018.
In response to the Covid 19 pandemic, Libyan authorities initiated public health measures in March 2020 aimed at curbing the spread of COVID 19. These measures include travel and mobility restrictions due to the closure of airports, points of entry  ( POE )  along land borders and maritime boundaries, as well as domestic movement restrictions.
Inability to access essential services is also linked to lack of civil documentation. For those Libyans that reported to not have or to have lost their legal documents, 24 per cent reported being unable to access health services, and 32 per cent were unable to access education services75. Among Libyans, IDPs were the group that most reported an inability to access education and health services due to a lack of documentation.
Additional barriers exist for migrants and refugees in accessing basic services. Around 13 per cent of migrants and refugees reported being denied treatment at health facilities, while 25 per cent reported not being able to access education due to lack of documents, language barriers and discrimination.
14 March, Mr Sarraj, the Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya and prime minister of the Government of National Accord  ( GNA )  announced a state of emergency in Libya.
99% of the migrants departing Nigeria who were interviewed in Libya reported to have transited through Niger. The remaining 1% reported to have used various routes through Chad, Egypt and Sudan. A majority of the migrants from Nigeria reported to have travelled in a group, while only 3% reported to have travelled alone.
While only 1% of the migrants from Sudan interviewed in Eastern Libya reported to have transited through Egypt, around 24% of those surveyed in Southern Libya reported entering Libya through Chad. Whereas, 2% of the Sudanese migrants interviewed in Western Libya reported transiting through Chad, while 1% reported to have travelled through Egypt.
30 March, 8 confirmed cases of COVID 19 are reported in Libya. Until present, a total of 120 cases were tested for COVID 19 with 125 people on quarantine
Health sector does not have service delivery coverage in the following districts: Nalut, Sirt, Tobruk, and Ubari. No service provision was registered in terms of support with outpatient consultations, referrals, trauma/injury related, mental health and disability related consultations, vaginal and caesarian support.
Number of outpatient support is at minimum in Al Jufra, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Almarj, Derna, Murzug, and Wadi Ashshati.
In 2019, a total of 9,225 migrants were rescued and subsequently returned to Libya by the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG ) . Among the rescued migrants there were 400 children as well as 644 women.
Mental health consultations are not provided in most of districts  ( with the exception of Al Jabal Al Gharbi, Misrata, Sebha, and Tripoli ) .
Migrants and refugees in Libya continued to be routinely subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, including sexual violence, abduction for ransom, extortion, forced labour and unlawful killings. Perpetrators of these violations and abuses have in an overwhelming number of cases not been held to account, and include State officials, members of armed groups, smugglers, traffickers and members of criminal gangs.
The increasing impact of the fighting on civilians and civilian infrastructure has raised concern over possible serious violations of international humanitarian law. In 2019, 75 people were killed and 52 injured in 61 separate attacks on health care workers, health facilities and ambulances.
While the number of households abandoning agricultural activities in 2019, some areas, particularly Murzuq and Sebha still reported households abandoning crop and livestock production due to the conflict. Of the more than 15,000 Libyan households estimated to have abandoned agricultural activities: 46 per cent abandoned crop production due to inability to access or afford land, fertilizers and pesticides, 33 per cent due to increased insecurity and 31 per cent due to crops stolen, seized or destroyed.
Around households abandoning livestock production reported doing so due to lack of labour  ( 35 per cent ) , lack of access to pastures and feed  ( 20 per cent )  or slaughtered animals for their own consumption  ( 20 per cent ) . Nine percent of households abandoned fisheries mainly due to insecurity.
As at 29 November, 4,500 migrants and refugees, including hundreds of children, were being held without any judicial process in official detention centres run by the Government and in unofficial detention centres controlled by armed groups.
UNSMIL/OHCHR is concerned regarding reports that these children may be subjected to arbitrary detention, together with a lack of medical care, hygiene and proper food.
Of the 893,000 people identified as being in need in 2020, more than 345,000 are identified as acutely in need. These are people that have met the ‘extreme' and ‘catastrophic' severity categories  ( indicating acute severity )  as a result of a partial or total collapse of living standards and basic services, increased reliance on the use of negative coping strategies, and widespread physical and mental harm.
An estimated 2,790 are exposed or in close proximity to the fighting in and around Tripoli. An additional unknown number of persons are reportedly held in other informal detention facilities in insecure situations across the country.
Overall, the most severe and compounded needs are found in those mantikas that are experiencing direct conflict, such as Tripoli, or are hosting the highest number of IDPs, such as Azzawya, Benghazi, Ejdabia, Misrata and Sebha. At the mantika level, Tripoli has the highest total number of people in acute severity, as well as the highest number of people across both humanitarian consequences.
Among the 654,081 migrants identified by DTM in round 28 data collection, a total of 45,460 migrants were from countries in Asia  ( including Middle East ) .
Among the population groups of concern, some 216,000 IDPs continue to have unmet needs with consequences on their well being and living standards. The majority of displaced are identified in Tripoli and locations along the coastal line of western Libya, although conflict and insecurity also drive displacement in southern areas. Persistent conflict and insecurity will continue to influence displacement trends, with many people being unable to return home.
The majority of IDPs  ( 34 per cent )  have been displaced since 2014, demonstrating the impact that the protracted situation is having on people's lives. IDPs are more likely to face challenges in access basic service, like health and education, compared with returnees and non displaced households.
The region of origin analysis for migrants in Libya shows that migrants from countries in North Africa  ( including Egypt and Sudan )  constitute the majority of migrants in eastern Libya  ( 54% ) , whereas migrants from the countries of origin located in the geographical area of Sub Saharan Africa  ( such as Niger and Chad )  constituted a majority in the southern and western regions of Libya  ( 89% and 67% respectively ) .
Improvements in security have enabled localized returns. In 2019, locations seeing the highest number of returns are those that have seen a relative improvement in the security situation, such as Benghazi, which accounts for 42 per cent of overall returnees and Sirt, whichaccounts for 17 per cent78. But explosive hazard contamination in many of these areas poses grave risks to people's well being, living standard and livelihoods. Those areas with the most severe needs in terms of Mine Action assistance are many of the same areas that have seen the highest returns, such as Benghazi, Derna and Sirt. Other locations in urgent need of emergency Explosive Hazard Risk Education and clearance are all the major frontline areas in the greater Tripoli area, as well as those that recently experienced armed conflict, including Sebha and Murzuq in the South
Between 01 January and 31 December 2019, a total of 11,471 migrants were reported to have arrived in Italy via the Mediterranean Sea, representing a decline by half in comparison to the arrivals reported in 2018  ( 23,370 individuals ) . The highest number of migrants arriving in Italy during 2019 was recorded for the month of September
Tripoli KIs in Tripoli did not report any food shortages, but did indicate severe shortages in medical alcohol and hand sanitizers. Food items reportedly increased in price by about 40%. Hygiene items have reportedly increased in price by at least 60%, with price spikes for gloves and masks going up to 200%.
There are only 40 PHC facilities which were assisted with no support in the following districts: Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Aljufra, Almarj, Azzawiya, Derna, Murzug, Nalut, Sebha, Sirt, Tobruk, Wadi Ashshati and Zwara.
People's ability to meet their needs in Libya is often correlated to their ability to access cash, which is limited due to the economic decline and liquidity issues. While reforms improved economic conditions since 2018, their impact has varied geographically, and people in the south face greater challenges in obtaining cash due to dependence on distributions from the central government. Both Ubari and Ghat saw an increase in the number of households reporting challenges in obtaining enough money to meet their needs79. Overall, around 66 per cent of surveyed households reported adopting negative coping mechanisms, such as skipping rent and reducing expenditure on essential non food items, health or education.
Bani Waleed In Bani Waleed, masks and gloves were reportedly scarce. Since the start of the COVID 19 restrictions implemented by authorities, food and hygiene items have been subject to 70 100% price spikes. The KI also claimed that local authorities in the city have imposed a 24h curfew.
Around, 80 per cent of migrants and refugees reported challenges accessing health care, far higher than for Libyans80. Furthermore, refugee and migrant children are far more likely to report no access to education, which is particularly acute in the south, where 59 per cent of respondents reported that their children did not have access to education.