nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Tres principales razones por las que reportaron una disminución en su ingresos4: Menos oportunidades para encontrar nuevos trabajos diarios debido a las medidas 11 oficiales aplicadas como resultado de COVID 19: 70% Terminación de mi actual empleo debido a las medidas oficiales aplicadas como 22 resultado de COVID 19: 35% Dificultades para acceder a nuevas oportunidades de ingresos sin transporte 33 público: 19% 4 De los 502 consumidores que reportaron disminución del ingreso. Por favor, tener en cuenta que los encuestados pueden elegir varias opciones de respuesta. 5 Del 10% de los encuestados que reportaron no haber tenido acceso al mercado cuando se recogieron los datos, 81% reportó tener acceso a otra tienda o mercado en un radio de 5KM. 6 De los 52 consumidores que reportaron razones para no tener acceso al mercado en el momento de la recolección de datos. Por favor, tener en cuenta que los encuestados pueden elegir varias opciones de respuesta.
Women It is crucial to integrate the gender perspective into the generation of information, design, and monitoring of measures to deal with the pandemic. Indeed, the overload of domestic and care work, the low incidence in formal markets, and the limited access to goods and services has been a historical reality among Latin American and Caribbean women in general, and in rural women in particular  ( FAO and UNDP, 2020 ) . Given the effects of this crisis, it is therefore essential to ensure that "no one is left behind" and that special attention is paid to those who are most vulnerable, such as women. To date, these are the initiatives promoted by governments to address the crisis in three thematic areas related to employment, and to promote women's autonomy, and gender equality: • Household tasks and care in a context of containment: campaigns for joint responsibility for care in the home, travel for care in compulsory isolation period, domestic workers' rights, care for dependent persons. • Employment protection and measures for women workers in certain sectors: care leave, paid leave, employment protection, protected employment for women in situation of violence. • Beneﬁts, transfers and other social protection measures for women in their diversity: transfer of speciﬁc bonds as in Argentina, Brazil, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama, Peru, Uruguay and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. • Measures to protect against domestic violence against women: quick reporting mechanisms, legal measures to distance partners or acquaintances with cases of violence. When developing policies focused on women, it is necessary to ensure the incorporation of the gender perspective in macroeconomic, social protection and employment policies, among others. The Montevideo Strategy contributes to gender mainstreaming in policies to address COVID 19 and its consequences. These measures are  ( ECLAC, 2020b ) : Communication: promote campaigns to widely disseminate the services available to guarantee women's rights. Cooperation: promote regional, subregional and bilateral cooperation initiatives in technical, ﬁnancial, labour and rights matters. Bulletin 5 / 10 Information systems: have data concerning the impacts on people and the economy, disaggregated by sex, and prospective studies. Participation: encourage, through virtual platforms, consultations with women's and feminist organizations on strategies to deal with the pandemic. Financing: expand the ﬁscal space to mobilize sufﬁcient public resources to address COVID 19 from a gender perspective.
Government capacity to enforce containment measures Data on the government measures implemented across the world is generally available  ( ACAPS, 05/2020 ) . However, an understanding of the extent to which governments have the capacity to enforce these measures is less clear. Capacity will vary between and across countries depending on the presence of law enforcement agencies. Different local authorities within the same country will likely apply the rules slightly differently.
En Haití,el número de personas con inseguridad alimentaria severa podría aumentar de 700.000 a 1,6 millones. Asimismo, la población de inmigrantes venezolanos en Colombia, Ecuador y Perú que no saben de donde vendrá su propia comida potencialmente aumentará de 540.000 a más de un millón. En el Corredor Seco de América Central, la situación no es mejor, ya que el número de personas con inseguridad alimentaria severa tiene el potencial de aumentar de más de 1,6 millones a cerca de tres millones. Estosin contar con la temporada de huracanes en el Caribe comienza en junio, un riesgo adicional para el cual los gobiernos deben prepararse.
Children and young people Young workers are more likely to be impacted by the COVID crisis at work. However, the responsibility of economic recovery will mostly fall on them in the medium and long term, and they will be a key element in an inclusive recovery  ( UN, 2020 ) . Currently, social protection measures such as cash transfer payments, unemployment support, paid sick leave, and access to health care are being extended temporarily. If such measures are to "leave no one behind", it is crucial that they take into account the particular concerns and needs of young people. In this sense, governments and the private sector are partnering with young people interested in launching initiatives that support their communities, through voluntary initiatives, such as in the distribution of food and medicine, or in supporting innovation centres working on technological measures to address COVID 19, as has happened in Nigeria and New York  ( UN, 2020 ) . During a crisis, measures should not only safeguard the livelihoods and ﬁnancial security of young people in the short term but also serve to build resilient social safety nets in the long term. Hence, the recommendations are to  ( UN, 2020 ) : • Provide universal health coverage, including for unemployed or informal youth, including mental health services  ( containment measures have been shown to affect their mental health. The impacts that they may have on mental health in the long term are not known ) . • Promote the dissemination of public health information through various communication tools and empower young people to make evidence based decisions. • Ensure that social protection systems include all young people, with a special focus on those who are not covered by current social protection. • Support young innovators who are responding to the pandemic through projects with social impact. This type of policy, in addition to providing economic dividends, provides a way for young people to contribute and demonstrate their solidarity in a time of crisis. • Distance learning, labour training, and specialization programs. • Professional placement programs in areas where there is a demand for labour force. Bulletin 5 / 11 6. Interview with the Executive Director of the Association of Commercialization and Export of Bananas of Ecuador
Contribuir con las políticas post emergencia promovidas por el gobierno central y los gobiernos locales que contribuyan a superar las desigualdades, la violencia basada en género. Estas políticas podrán incluir un enfoque intersectorial para mejorar la autonomía económica de las mujeres, asegurar el empleo pleno, promover cambios en la división sexual del trabajo, garantizar el acceso a servicios de salud de calidad.
En épocas de emergencias, las respuestas deben orientarse a la promoción, garantía y protección de los Derechos Humanos de las mujeres y personas en mayor situación de vulnerabilidad; lo cual se traduce en respeto a las libertades fundamentales y garantizando el acceso a los servicios de salud, alimentación y protección frente a la violencia contra las mujeres, en apego al principio “pro persona' que obedece a un debido y oportuno cuidado a la población, incluyendo la salud mental  ( CIDH; REDESCA, 2020 )   [ 3 ] .
La adopción de APP en el sector de la salud presenta desafíos importantes para los países y los sistemas de salud en su conjunto a la hora de responder a una emergencia sanitaria como la del COVID 19. En este momento de crisis, muchos de los problemas centrales del modelo de APP se están manifestando en los países desarrollados y deberían servir como una señal de alerta para los países latinoamericanos. Por ejemplo, la crisis del coronavirus está revelando las innumerables formas en que los recursos han sido desviados de la salud pública a fondos privados.
Decisive leadership has proven crucial for implementing wide ranging lock  downs, and for the immediate commitment to social assistance. The presidents of Argentina and Peru stand out as examples of fast and coordinated responses.
Once the peak of the acute health emergency is overcome, Europe and Latin America will need strong multilateral initiatives to revive their ties in a world that has seen an unprecedented breakdown of global trade, travel, and coordina  tion.
All of them are losing family and relatives in the context of widespread violence and intentional injuries. They are also losing homes, belongings, and becoming asylum seekers and refugees if they manage to escape to other countries. When they do not manage to cross borders, they are internally displaced persons  ( IDPs ) . Refugees and IDPs face a range of common challenges.
These measures and the proper support and advice from scientiﬁc societies, such as the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, in addition to the international organizations, such as the Pan American Health Organization  ( PAHO )  and the WHO, adequately applied, will help to slow the number of new cases expected, will help to decrease them.
The COVID 19 pandemic, however, is presenting humanitarian organizations, governments, and millions of women, men, children, elderly and disabled people caught up in conflicts, with even greater health and human rights challenges.
A critical component for this analysis is the recognition of migration as a social determinant of health, which acts as a major risk factor for populations subjected to violence, trauma and forced exile3 while in the face of a global pandemic.
Similarly, Médecins Sans Frontières  ( MSF )  has appealed to the Mexican authorities to end migrant detention following a riots ignited by the unsanitary conditions and absence of COVID 19 medical preparedness in two facilities in Tabasco and Chiapas2
Además, las medidas extraordinarias de prevención y contención de casos de COVID 19 que llevaron al Gobierno a cerrar fronteras, tanto aéreas como terrestres y la implementación de centros de cuarentena  ( CC )  para la cuarentena obligatoria de todos los y las salvadoreño/as que regresan al país, están afectando la capacidad de asistencia del país.
Hay cinco canales externos a través de los cuales el COVID 19 afecta a la región: i )  la disminución de la actividad económica de sus principales socios comerciales y sus efectos; ii )  la caída de los precios de los productos primarios; iii )  la interrupción de las cadenas globales de valor; iv )  la menor demanda de servicios de turismo, y v )  la intensificación de la aversión al riesgo y el empeoramiento de las condiciones financieras mundiales
The World Bank anticipates that Latin America's economy will suffer a 7.2 per cent contraction in 2020, its greatest contraction on record by nearly 5 per cent. According to these projections, the most affected countries will be Peru  ( 12 per cent contraction ) , Brazil  ( 8 per cent ) , Mexico  ( 7.5 per cent ) , Ecuador  ( 7.4 per cent )  and Argentina  ( 7.3 per cent ) .
La pobre calidad del aire en la región, debida a los incendios forestales, las prácticas de quema de tierras y la capa de humo y cenizas generado por las erupciones volcánicas, es otro factor de preocupación porque causa enfermedades pulmonares que ponen las personas expuestas en mayor riesgo ante la pandemia.
Entre los grupos en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad, el clúster ha identificado a la población guatemalteca retornada – siendo muchas personas indígenas, niñas, niños y adolescentes no acompanados en muchos casos, – por el limitado acceso a mecanismos y protocolos de protección diferenciada y modalidades adecuadas de cuidado alternativo, bajo condiciones de dignidad y seguridad, y atención de salud apropiada.
Personas que padecen enfermedades crónicas: Conforme a la última encuesta de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles  ( ENECA ) , el 39 por ciento de la población mayor de 20 años  (  ( 1.648.856 personas )  es hipertensa, el 12.5 por ciento de la población  ( 528.480 personas )  es diabética y el 27.3 por ciento de la población  ( 1.154.200 personas )  sufren de obesidad.
Organización Internacional del Trabajo  ( OIT )  estima que la crisis económica asociada a la pandemia del COVID 19 impactará a 1,3 millones de empleos en El Salvador lo cual equivale al 46.6 por ciento del total de los trabajadores en el país. A nivel económico, las proyecciones de decrecimiento van desde  2 por ciento y  4 por ciento según el Banco Central de Reserva en 2020 y hasta  5.4 por ciento según el FMI.
Desde marzo el país aplica medidas de protección social para la población en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad anunciadas para enfrentar la pandemia, sin embargo, existe incertidumbre ante la posible falta de solvencia económica para atender la crisis sanitaria y económica, lo que afectara aún más a los más vulnerables.
Por otro lado, y considerando que se tiene necesidad de contar con agua para combatir el contagio del virus a través del lavado de manos, hay que decir que los servicios de agua, saneamiento e higiene  ( WASH ) , además, están casi ausentes o son deficientes. Solo alrededor del 61 por ciento de la población nacional tiene acceso a agua. Esta cifra disminuye dramáticamente en las zonas rurales y pobres.
Según la Organización Panamericana de la Salud  ( OPS ) , la inversión pública en salud debería ser de al menos 6 por ciento del PIB para lograr la salud universal. Guatemala invierte solamente un 2 por ciento del PIB en salud. Por lo que los niveles de preparación a la pandemia fueron categorizados por la OMS a inicios de marzo en nivel 2, lo que significa que Guatemala tiene menos de 40 por ciento de capacidades de respuesta. Las capacidades de vigilancia epidemiológica son mínimas y deben ampliarse.
Según una encuesta de análisis de impacto realizada por CARE en la parte central y nor occidental de Guatemala, un 98 por ciento de personas informó que su mayor necesidad es la provisión de alimentos. En el orden, las personas también destacaron la necesidad de contar con productos de higiene  ( 91 por ciento )  y agua segura  ( 61 por ciento ) .
Esta crisis y las medidas adoptadas por el Gobierno ha tenido un efecto directo en el sistema educativo con el cierre de 34.718 centros educativos públicos que registran más de 2,9 millones de estudiantes. También se han visto afectados más de 1 millón de estudiantes por el cierre temporal de 17.562 centros educativos privados. Un total de 53.380 centros educativos están cerrados y más de 4 millones de niñas, niños y adolescentes no cuentan con el servicio educativo.
La movilización y compra de insumos, principalmente equipos de protección personal y medicamentos se están viendo afectada por la reducción del transporte aéreo de carga y el cierre de fronteras. Así como por la escasez sustancial de equipos de protección personal, lo que está teniendo un impacto en salvar vidas. No hay suministros disponibles localmente, las existencias regionales son limitadas y no se han recibido existencias de la disponibilidad a nivel mundial.
Los trabajadores informales, que representan el 70 por ciento de la populación económicamente activa, se verán afectados por las medidas de contención de la propagación de la COVID 19, principalmente al no contar con mayores recursos de protección social o recursos propios excedentes para hacer frente a situaciones de emergencia, donde la mayoría vive de los ingresos que percibe en el día.
Se requiere, además, equipamiento médico para las salas especializadas que atienden los casos en los diferentes hospitales y centros médicos habilitados, en especial ventiladores mecánicos para los casos críticos. El seguimiento epidemiológico en el nivel regional requiere de la habilitación de Equipos de Respuesta Rápida para brindar una vigilancia epidemiológica y seguimiento de casos más eficaz.
El confinamiento social decretado por las instituciones gubernamentales tiene un impacto importante en la microeconomía y en la disponibilidad de efectivo, sobre todo de la población viviendo en las zonas urbanas y periurbanas que en su gran mayoría dependen de ingresos diarios para satisfacer sus necesidades, que en su mayoría se resumen al contexto alimentario. La situación se agrava debido a que estas zonas son de alta vulnerabilidad social y carecen de servicios básicos.
De acuerdo con el monitoreo de vulnerabilidad mVAM44  ( 6.183 hogares en los 18 departamentos )  realizado por el Programa Mundial de Alimentos  ( PMA )  para identificar el impacto de la COVID en los hogares, todas las actividades económicas, generadoras de ingresos han sido afectadas en el país debido a las restricciones implementadas para controlar la propagación del virus, afectando especialmente los rubros de comercio, servicios, el empleo informal con paga diaria, turismo y pesca artesanal en las zonas pesqueras; teniendo un impacto de una reducción de un 51 por ciento en el empleo de la población. La falta de disponibilidad y acceso a alimentos ha llevado a que el 40 por ciento de los encuestados, en promedio, enfrenten vulnerabilidad económica severa. Gastan más del 75 por ciento de sus ingresos en la compra exclusiva de alimentos, disminuyendo su inversión en otras áreas de necesidad básicas como salud, educación, vivienda, agua e higiene.
En el contexto de la contención de la epidemia y de las medidas que se están tomando, existe una fuerte probabilidad de agravamiento de las desigualdades de género existentes, aumentando el daño y los riesgos para mujeres, niñas y personas de la diversidad sexual, tanto en el hogar como en la comunidad.
En Honduras, el sector educativo es uno de los sectores más afectados por la pandemia, la suspensión de clases presenciales ha dado lugar al confinamiento, la falta de acceso a servicios complementarios como alimentación escolar, apoyo psicosocial, servicios de salud, sumado a la falta de acceso a recursos económicos que impiden el acceso a internet  ( solo el 42% de la población )  y por ende a la continuidad educativa propuesta a través de plataformas digitales. La suspensión de clases ha interrumpido los procesos educativos y formativos de niños, niñas y adolescentes  ( NNA ) . Esto pone en riesgo la vida escolar de muchos NNA  ( que quizás no vuelvan por el impacto de la crisis en la economía familiar ) , el logro esperado en el desarrollo de sus habilidades para la vida  ( académica, laboral, etc. ) , y su estabilidad emocional
Entre las personas más afectadas están aquellas que viven en condiciones de marginalidad y pobreza extrema en el área urbana y que se dedican a empleos no formales con pago de jornal diario  ( no agrícola ) , no percibiendo ingresos y gastando sus limitados ahorros tales como rubros de: construcción, transporte, textil entre otros; los agricultores de subsistencia afectados por la sequía, que se encuentran más expuestos a contraer el coronavirus. Las situaciones de cuarentena representan un alto riesgo en cuanto a la violencia y abuso sexual contra mujeres, niñas y niños. El personal de la salud, las mujeres embarazadas, migrantes retornadas, mujeres desplazadas, vendedoras informales, mujeres privadas de libertad, mujeres rurales, así como también los adultos mayores  ( mayores de 60 años ) , personas con enfermedades crónicas, viviendo con VIH u otras síndrome de inmunodeficiencia, miembros de la comunidad LGBTIQ+ y los pueblos indígenas y afro descendientes son especialmente vulnerables a la COVID 19 dado que con frecuencia tienen difícil acceder a centros, bienes y servicios de salud de calidad.
Oxfam enfatiza en el informeTiempo para el Cuidadopublicado en enero de 2020, que la pesada y desigual responsabilidad del trabajo de cuidados que recae sobre las mujeres perpetúa tanto las desigualdades económicas como la desigualdad de género.Frente al cierre de las escuelas y de los servicios, la pobreza de tiempo crecerá enormementeporque las jornadas de trabajo serán excesivamente largas. Las pocas privilegiadas que no serán despedidas y podrán trabajar desde su casa, lo tendrán que hacer con el sartén, la escoba en la mano, pero además asegurar un mínimo de recreación en casa.
The Guyanese Government has relaxed entry requirements for Venezuelans, allowing them to apply for a three month residence permit at border entry points by presenting identity cards. Additionally, persons can be processed and request documents from Guyana, provided they can prove relations to persons in Guyana.
Guyana currently hosts migrants from various countries of origin, including South Africa, Cuba, Haiti, Pakistan, and Venezuela. Due to the economic and health crisis in neighbouring Venezuela, the number of Venezuelan migrants in Guyana has seen a particularly significant increase in recent years. An estimated 12,000 Venezuelans reside in the country, over 9,000 of whom have registered for asylum to date.
A majority enter outside of established border crossings, through the country's porous borders in Regions 1 and 7 alongside Venezuela or through Region 9 along the border with Brazil. The situation in remote border regions is very different from the situation in the capital city, Georgetown. Human trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation purposes is particularly prevalent in border regions and has increased in the capital city.
The Guyanese Government participated in the IV International Technical Meeting of the Quito Process, which took place in Buenos Aires on 4 and 5 July, and signed both the Quito IV Declaration and Roadmap adopted during the meeting. The Quito Process aims to harmonize policies and practices of countries in the region, coordinate the humanitarian response and improve the enjoyment of the rights of refugees and migrants from Venezuela.
Guyana: Limited access to communities due to COVID 19 restriction and travel bans. GRCS is liaising with partner organizations present in the community to explore the possibility of a joint response.
The main reason for migration from Venezuela was due to the economic crisis, as indicated by 98 per cent of responses  ( Graph 11 ) .
Graph 13 shows the mode of transport used by respondents to enter Guyana, the majority entered by sea  ( 62% ) , 17 per cent entered by river, 15 per cent by land and six per cent by air.
Graph 26 shows that 67 per cent of respondents did not send resources home, 32 per cent said they send remittances and one per cent said they send Non Food Items inclusive of clothes and medicine
Graph 28 shows that the majority of respondents, 97 per cent indicated not having any disability while three per cent of respondents stated that they are persons with disabilities.
Fifty six per cent of respondents stated they have not experienced discrimination, while 43 per cent said yes, one per cent gave no answer.

The reasons for discrimination, it can be seen that a majority  ( 75% )  of respondents indicated that their nationality was the main reason for discrimination, 13 per cent stated for just being a migrant, five per cent by the way of speaking and five per cent by their sex.
Given the situation in Guyana, respondents were asked if they considered returning home, 49 per cent said no, 43 per cent said yes, seven per cent was considering it and one per cent gave no response
In Graph 44, respondents were surveyed on a scale of 1 to 10 on their hearing, speaking, writing and reading abilities of the English language.
The highest frequency of responses were on the scale of 0 to 3  ( lower end ) , from 4 to 7 the frequency of responses ranged from 21 per cent to 25 per cent and lastly from 8 to 10 it was seen that hearing had 26 per cent, speaking with 24 per cent and reading and writing with 16 per cent each.
the different groups of respondents; 83 per cent Venezuelans, 11 per cent Guyanese Returnees and six per cent Indigenous peoples, mainly Warao communities.
In Table 1 the respondents who indicated no education level  ( Graph 8 )  is disaggregated by Regions; Region 2  ( 29% )  had the highest frequency of responses followed by Region 1  ( 27% ) .
The DTM done in Mabaruma which is another part of region 1 also highlighted this issue, it was observed that the Warao communities tend to be the ones with no education.
In Graph 14, the analysis shows that a plurality of respondents entered Regions 2, 3, 4, and 7 by sea; Region 1 borders the Delta Amacuro state of Venezuela as such river was the main mode of transport used followed by sea, in Region 9, the area surveyed was Lethem which has an official land border crossing with Guyana and Brazil.
Region 7 borders the Venezuelan state Bolivar and has a series of unofficial terrestrial and riverine entry points.
Regions 2, 3 and 4 are located on the coast of Guyana, respondents indicated that Charity is a major flow monitoring point in Region 2, it is the first point of entry for persons travelling from Venezuela via the Atlantic Ocean.
Respondents were surveyed on how the COVID 19 pandemic affected their integration in the areas of education, culture, health and employment.
In Graph 41 shows how much the respondents were affected before the pandemic whilst in Graph 42 shows how much they have been affected during the pandemic.
Their responses were grouped in three categories, high, low and medium, these categories represent the levels of integration expressed by the respondents.
The highest frequency of responses have indicated medium or moderate effect of the pandemic before vs during, on integration in the following areas: education  ( 69% vs 60% ) , culture  ( 67% vs 59% ) , health  ( 63% vs 56% )  and employment  ( 69% vs 52% ) .
the access to electricity and potable drinking water was surveyed, 35 per cent of respondents stated no access to electricity while 65 per cent said they had access.
In terms of their access to drinking water, 42 per cent of respondents said no while 58 per cent said yes.
Graph 37 shows that 56 per cent of respondents stated that they were renting a house, 15 per cent indicated other which includes squatting, 14 per cent said shared housing, six per cent said they have their own home, one per cent said they lived in a boarding house  ( shelter ) , four per cent said hostel, one per cent said hotel and street respectively.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As part of the Venezuelan Response Plan, IOM Guyana is supporting the Ministry of Citizenship, in particular, the Civil Defense Commission  ( CDC )  to identify, plan and implement a most strategic approach to respond to the emerging needs of Venezuelan migrants in country. Under the government directive of integrating migrants coming from Venezuela  ( including Guyanese returnees ) , the State of Guyana is issuing a 3 month permit to Venezuelan migrants to regularize their situation, and have access to health and other benefits and basic services. However, food, income generating activities and shelter are still priorities to be addressed. The Venezuelan migrants who enter across the border to Region 1 by boat are coming from different areas  ( Tucupita, Valencia, etc )  and have different profile, characteristics and needs. On one hand, 1 indigenous Waraos come all family members and settle themselves within the same ethnic group in Guyana both inland and in communities along the river. Guyana indigenous leaders  ( Toshaos )  are providing them land for the construction of houses. However, food, sanitation, livelihood  ( materials for farming, fishing, crafts' manufacturing )  and specific construction supplies are still some of the main needs. Other Venezuelan communities coming from urban areas are actually facing specific protection needs related to settling in port areas where shelter  ( temporary accommodation ) , abuse and exploitation  ( low wages for informal jobs, prostitution, etc )  are among main concerns. At national level, in order to provide temporary solutions to the migrant influx, the government is exploring the possibility of creating a big camp located in the middle of the forest, in an old army base. This project is under consideration. However, with the purpose of reflecting about the humanitarian consequences of such initiative, IOM organized a shelter management training to raise awareness about sectoral principles and standards, including the identification of roles and responsibilities and the use of global tools to ensure that national authorities are able to make an informed decision in this regard. The shelter management training provides the opportunity to discuss about protection risks of encampment, the increased vulnerability that displaced people may face in such environments and also the possibility of protracted dependency on external aid. The 3 day training was hosted in the CDC facilities in Georgetown, and attended by a wide range of government institutions, in addition to community leaders from Region 1, UN agencies, NGOs and the Red Cross. The training event was positively evaluated by participants 9.13 over 10, feedback from participants show reflection and understanding about the need for a rights based approach of government response to migrants' situation.
Access to information  ( permits, visas, etc )
Guyana announced the re opening of the country's borders to international traﬃc, closed since March.
Guyana partners underscored the particularly limited access to health care, water and sanitation in the country and worry that lack of funds will also increase the vulnerabilities of refugees and migrants to Gender Based Violence  ( GBV ) , Traﬃcking, Sexual and Labour Exploitation.
In Aruba and Curacao, schools re opened on a shiF system basis, observing hygiene protocols, while classes in Trinidad & Tobago and Guyana resumed via remote modalities.
All Sub regional R4V countries stepped up measures to deal with the latest waves of the COVID 19 pandemic which led to continued job loss and reduced access to basic needs among refugees and migrants, who are in dire need of ﬁnancial support, shelter, safe accommodation and food security.
On 11 December, an enabling environment and political stability in the country encouraged the European Union to disburse €19.8 billion  ( approximately US$92 million )  to Guyana, to aid in inclusive and sustainable development as the country moved to create a “better life for all'.
Although pandemic measures continue to have socio  economic impacts on the host community and refugees and migrants, Guyana's fast ascension to the rank of petroleum prompted positive outlooks its government who announced plans to establish a world  class petroleum institute and training centre in Guyana.
In certain cases, countries opt to follow geographic or individual targets, or a combination of the two, to offer nutrition at all school levels. The National School Feeding Programme in Guyana has a geographic focus, offering nutrition to all nursery and primary schools in specific regions
The area in which families are living was heavily littered with garbage that washed up on the river.
Imbotero ▪ There are 27 Venezuelan families  ( a total of 132 people ) .
Training of Government officials such as immigration officers, health officials, social workers and civil society actors was a primary focus, with 444 individuals trained in Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana.
In Guyana, the National Platform closely coordinates with the government led multi agency national committee for the Venezuela response, which brings together several public institutions, ministries and UN agencies to coordinate the response to the Venezuela Situation.
Guyana and Venezuela share a border approximately 743 kilometers in length with a limited number of official immigration posts. Venezuelans and returning Guyanese are using various routes to enter into Guyana: the most common of which include by boat to Charity in Region 2, then to Bartica and the mining area in Region 7 and Georgetown in Region 4. Others will travel by boat to Port Kaituma and Mabaruma in Region 1 or by car to San Martin de Turumbán to reach Bartica and the mining area in Region 7. A reduced number of Venezuelans cross into Guyana by road or plane from Brazil. The latter is reportedly the safest route but one of the most expensive.
To Region 4, Demerara Mahaica Based on the interviews conducted in Region 4, 85 per cent of Venezuelan citizens travelling to Georgetown from their country of origin paid over 400 USD to arrive. An additional 7 per cent indicated that they paid between 300 and 400 USD. The primary mode of transportation used to arrive in Region 4 was by sea  ( 95% ) .
23 per cent of persons interviewed in Regions 1 and 4 confirmed to have suffered some form of difficulty during their trip. The difficulties reported in Region 1 were: Health issues  ( 1% ) ; lack of food/water  ( 8% ) ; lack of place to sleep  ( 4% ) ; lack of economic resources  ( 3% ) ; lack of transportation  ( 6% ) ; security issues  ( 1% ) .
Employment status in the country of origin 32 per cent of persons interviewed in both regions were unemployed in their country of origin. 60 per cent were either employed or working independently and 5 per cent were students.
Of those interviewed in the region, 4 per cent worked without receiving payments, 9 per cent obtained less than initially agreed and 7 per cent did not answer. This population worked in varioussectors, including commerce, construction, agriculture and mining.
37 per cent of those interviewed in Region 4 declared that they had received a job offer. Of those interviewed in Georgetown, 5 per cent worked without receiving payment, 6 per cent obtained less than agreed and 21 per cent chose not to respond.
There exist groups of personsin mobility that may be more vulnerable than others. During the analysis, it was identified that: • 49 per cent of women interviewed have at least one child. • 12 per cent of women interviewed are single mothers.
Health • 59 per cent of the persons interviewed mentioned having access to health services. • 4 per cent of interviewees identified specific health conditions while 5 per cent indicated that they require daily medical attention. • 19 per cent mentioned that they had suffered some infectious or contagious disease over the past year.
Kamwatta ▪ There are 8 Venezuelan families  ( 43 people, 27 of whom are children )  living in Kamwatta. There are approximately 400 other inhabitants  ( host community ) .
Smith's Creek : Residents primarily make a living by selling fish and crab. Some do informal jobs like cleaning, construction and farming  ( paid for one day at a time ) .
Smith's Creek Health concerns include diarrhoea and malaria. There are 3 latrines, but they are not generally used.
Hygiene and sanitation at the improvised shelter at the dock is problematic as many are using the water from the river for bathing, cooking, washing and disposal of human excreta. There were reports of water borne diseases such as diarrhea as well as cases of malaria and dengue fever.
Hammocks provided by CDC/IOM were visible, but more are needed. ▪ Latrines and clean water are provided in the central area of the village by the school.
Children showed visible signs of malnourishment or parasites, coughing, and symptoms of cold or flu.
One male  ( one of the few who spoke Spanish )  shared that he was studying education in Venezuela but dropped out when he could no longer afford it. He finally left Venezuela alone when his wife and baby died after not having appropriate medical care.
At least two households noted that some of them have the right to Guyanese citizenship because a parent is a Guyanese national, but they have not gone through the legal/administrative process because they do not have the requisite documents.
The Toshao has given each migrant family 30 rods  ( 1 rod equals 12 feet )  of land for domestic and farming purposes within the village.
State of origin In Region 2, most of the interviewed population originated from Bolívar  ( 90% )  among others such as Delta Amacuro  ( 3% ) , Anzoategui  ( 2% ) , Distrito Capital  ( 1% ) , Sucre  ( 1% ) , Portuguesa  ( 1% ) , Cojedes  ( 1% ) , Carabobo  ( 1% )  and Apure  ( 1% ) . Similarly, in Region 7, most of the interviewees originated from Bolívar  ( 72% )  followed by Anzoategui  ( 5% ) , Carabobo  ( 4% ) , Distrito capital  ( 3% ) , Barinas  ( 2% ) , Portuguesa  ( 2% )  among others. Ninety nine per cent of those interviewed in Region 2 travelled to Guyana by sea compared to 97 per cent in Region 7.
The assessment mission concluded that  ( 83.45% or 373 )  Venezuelan school aged children were not enrolled in school. . However, some schools are already filled beyond capacity, and unfortunately, additional children cannot be registered. Schools are understaffed and the school feeding program at some schools does not meet the current and future enrolment levels. Communities noted that many children are not attending school due to the language barrier  ( as classes are in English only ) . The migrant children speak mainly Spanish while some speak the Warrau language. The teachers at the various schools in host communities speak and teach in English.
Of those interviewed in Region 2, 55 per cent worked independently before arriving in Guyana, 21 per cent employees, 19 per cent unemployed and 2 per cent were students. In contrast, 44 per cent of those interviewed in Region 2 are currently working independently, 32 per cent currently unemployed while 15 per cent are employed. In Region 7, 80 per cent worked independently before arriving in Guyana, 5 per cent were employees and 13 per cent unemployed. In comparison, 87 per cent currently work independently in Guyana compared, 7 per cent of those interviewed are unemployed and 2 per cent are employees.
The assessed population often relied on agricultural activity, but have not yet established the means to do so in Guyana  ( to purchase the seeds and supplies ) . Some communities suggested that they would appreciate support to develop agricultural activities and livestock, such as chickens.
White Water ▪ While in White Water, the Field Assessment Team also spoke to multiple families from a neighbouring village, Black Water who had come to White Water to speak with the team. Black Water residents also attend the White Water Primary School. The distance is an approximate one hour walk. The White Water Primary School is beyond capacity. There are seats for 140 students, yet 210 are enrolled. The school feeding program provides for 181 students.
PROTECTION RISKS • Two per cent of women interviewed had at least one child. • Two per cent of the women interviewed are single mothers. • Two per cent of women interviewed are pregnant.
A young woman from Venezuela shared that her 8 year old niece was raped in White Water / Black Water multiple times by a family member and was diagnosed with HPV. The perpetrator has since left the community, but it is believed that he first paid off authorities to stay quiet and stole the girl's documentation. The family wishes for the crime to be prosecuted  ( action has allegedly not been taken by the police )  and for the girl to receive specialized care and therapy. The woman noted that she believes there are other cases of sexual violence in the community, but there is a lack of resources for reporting and receiving specialized counselling, which she was familiar with in Venezuela.
UNICEF funded and participated in a government led multi agency needs assessment mission to the border gateway community of Kaikan in Region 7, from 25 to 27 June involving interactions with migrants at six sites. Limited data had been available for the national coordination mechanism prior to this mission, other than anecdotal references to a steady transient flow across the border. All 70+ migrants engaged had travelled for a minimum of three days from urban areas without accompanying family, and were between the ages of 20 to 40, with most having children left in Venezuela often located just across the border that relied on the income they were generating
Smith's Creek ▪ The local population  ( host community )  is about 218 people. It was first estimated that about 40 Venezuelans were in the community, but the Field Assessment Team travelled around the community by boat and counted 55 individuals, 21 totalling 11 households.
Incidence of diarrhea and tuberculosis is rising. Currently the health facility knows of two confirmed cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. They facility has received requests for STI testing and they have noticed an increase in demand for condoms. They also reported a number of cases of vaginal infection.
Smith's Creek: A “LifeSaver' water purification system was installed by the Guyana Water Incorporated and is used by the community. They fetch water from a nearby spring and put it into the LifeSaver for filtering. The community requested that a shed/roof be built over the LifeSaver  ( which is in the open air )  because the UV rays seem to be damaging the plastic.
The Primary Top Up School  ( up to grade 8 )  has 56 children  ( including the Venezuelans )  and they can't fit any more. There are 2 teachers in total. She noted that the school is in need of more teachers and a Spanish speaking teacher as well. ▪ Venezuelan children cannot be absorbed under the current circumstances. The school does not have a latrine – this has been raised with the Chairman multiple times but there has been no progress.
12 per cent of the population of interest in Regions 1 and 4 confirmed suffering some form of difficulty during their trip. The difficulties reported were: lack of economic resources  ( 27% ) ; lack of means of transportation  ( 25% ) ; lack of food/water  ( 23% ) ; not having a place to sleep  ( 8% ) ; health issues  ( 7% ) ; insecurity/robbery  ( 7% )  and arrest and detention  ( 5% )
Of the interviewed population in Region 2, 63 per cent are between the ages 18 30, 29 per cent between 31 45, 5 per between 46 59 and 2 per cent 60 years and older. In Region 7, 62 per cent of the mobile population interviewed are between the ages of 18 30, 35 per cent between 31 45 and almost 3 per cent between the ages of 46 59. Overall, a greater percentage of the interviewees are females between the ages of 18 45 years old. In total between the two regions, 63 per cent are between the ages of 18 and 30, 32 per cent are between 31 and 45 and approximately 6 per cent are older than 45 years.
In Region 1, Barima Waini, 83 per cent of the surveyed individualsin round 2 were unemployed. Only three per cent of the interviewees reported being employed, while 13 per cent reported working independently.
• Thirty three per cent of the population of interest reported having experienced some form of discrimination in Region 4.
intended destination. Of In total, 98 per cent of persons interviewed stated that Guyana was their those interviewed in Region 2, 64 per cent selected Pomeroon  Supenaam  ( Region 2 )  as their final destination, 14 selected Region 4  ( Demerara Mahaica )  and 9 per cent specifically identified Georgetown as their final destination. In Region 7, 93 per cent selected Cuyuni Mazaruni  ( Region 7 )  as their intended destination. An additional 3 per cent selected Region 4 as their intended destination with 2 per cent specifically choosing Georgetown.
In Port Kaituma, local authorities... They also indicated that the number of Venezuelan women arriving in the town was higher than the number of men, due to the already existing sex work business in the town and the mining area.
Surveyed individuals were asked about the type of assistance or support they needed the most. In Region 1, respondents indicated that employment or income generating activities was their greatest need  ( 31% ) . Food was also an important need in Region 1  ( 27% )  followed by document assistance  ( 18% )  to gain legal status. The surveyed population was also asked about their second most important need, and their responses were: Income generation/employment  ( 33% ) ; Food  ( 30% ) , Non Food Items  ( 15% ) ; and Education and training  ( 12% )
• Thirty nine per cent of those interviewed in Region 2 indicated that they did not have access to health services compared to forty three per cent in Region 7. • Five per cent of interviewees identified specific health conditions while three per cent indicated that they required daily medical attention. • Fourteen per cent mentioned that they had suffered some infectious or contagious disease over the past year.
In port Kaituma, The police station currently has two  ( 2 )  female police officers to assist in addressing any reports made by Venezuelan women. According to the police officer in charge, there are some officers in the station who are able to understand Spanish.
VII. Summary It is important to reiterate that convenience sampling was used and the results are only indicative of the characteristics of the surveyed population. It is not possible to establish a probabilistic generalization for all Venezuelan citizens or Guyanese returnees in the country. • 602 Interviews were conducted in Region 2 and Region 7 combined. • Sixty seven per cent of those interviewed are females and thirty three per cent males. • Sixty three per cent of those interviewed in Region 2 are between the ages of 18 30 compared to sixty two in Region 7. • Eighty four per cent of the interviewed population are single in Region 7 compared to sixty five in Region 2. • Fifty one per cent of the mobile population in Region 7 have secondary education forty six in Region 2. • Forty one per cent of interviewees in Region 2 and fifty per cent in Region 7 have the 3 months stay permit. • Forty per cent of those interviewed in Region 7 do not have the 3 months stay permit compared to twentysix per cent in Region 2. • Ninety per cent of the interviewed population in Region 2 originated from Bolívar state compared to seventy two per cent for Region 7. • Income generating activities and employment is a primary need among the interviewees. • Eighty seven per cent of the interviewees in Region 7, work independently. • Thirty two per cent of the interviewees in Region 2 are unemployed. • Twenty one per cent in Region 2 and eighteen per cent in Region 7 of interviewees have experienced some form of discrimination. • Sixty seven individuals travelled with at least one child to Region 2 and Region 7, and fifty individuals indicated that they do not have access to education for their children.
Food and financial assistance are also provided to the victims of trafficking. If the victim is a Guyanese then assistance with livelihood activities will be considered and provided, As for the Venezuelans, it is challenging if they don't speak the language and don't have the residency or work permit required to open their own business in Guyana. The success rate of the initiative of finding livelihood activities for victims of trafficking has been low.
Venezuelan migrants who enter across the border to Region 1 by boat are coming from different areas  ( Tucupita, Valencia, etc )  and have different profile, characteristics and needs. On one hand, 1 indigenous Waraos come all family members and settle themselves within the same ethnic group in Guyana both inland and in communities along the river.
The vast majority of Venezuelans did not hold a valid passport. Some had a cedula  ( Venezuelan Identification Card )  or birth certificate while others face challenges of having no documentation at all or having conflicting documentation. 57% or 609 Venezuelan migrants are not documented by the Immigration Office in this region. 40% or 428 migrants are documented by the Immigration Office. Such gaps in documentation raised concerns that they will not be able to register with immigration for the stay permit or a work permit.
In recent years, five countries in the Caribbean have been hosting growing numbers of refugees and migrants from Venezuela: Aruba, Curaçao, the Dominican Republic, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. It is estimated that around 146,9001 have arrived by air, land and sea to date, including some Guyanese returnees in Guyana. Caribbean countries vary in terms of their geography, linguistic, legal and socioeconomic backgrounds, which results in diverse local operational environments and humanitarian responses.