nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
The ongoing clashes, along with COVID 19 restriction measures, hamper humanitarian access and the free movement of medical and other humanitarian personnel, as well as humanitarian assistance across the country. For the month of March, humanitarian agencies have reported 164 access constraints related to COVID 19  ( 19 per cent of all reported access constraints ) . This was due to measures imposed by the authorities in Libya, such as curfews and limitations on movement, but also due to precautionary measures taken by humanitarian agencies to avoid transmission. For example, agencies have reported not being able to dispatch trucks to deliver assistance over long distances to the curfew conditions. Negotiations are ongoing with the relevant authorities to issue exemptions for humanitarian movements and activities so that assistance is delivered during this critical time.
Around 1,500 refugees and migrants remain in government run detention centres  ( an unknow number remain in unofficial detention centres ) . Living in conditions of severe overcrowding, with insufficient access to sanitation facilities, food, or clean water, and where there are wide spread reports of human rights violations, they are also at risk of the potential spread of COVID 19. While there has been recent efforts of the Directorate of Combatting Illegal Migration  ( DCIM )  to reduce the number of migrants in detention, in light of the COVID 19 threat, the Humanitarian Country Team  ( HCT )  continues to advocate for the further decongestion of detention centers to prevent the potential spread of COVID 19 in overcrowded facilities.
Libya's oil exports and production has been blockaded again, the National Oil Corporation  ( NOC )  confirmed today. It announced that it has declared force majeure again on all its oil exports. It condemned the renewed blockade and blamed the UAE for being behind it.
Mattresses, blankets, warm clothes, hygiene kits, and food parcels were provided to 242 persons, including families, in dire need of assistance. The distribution was coordinated by OCHA with the participation of IOM, MSF, DRC, and UNHCR.
While at least 1,500 people are in detention in Libya, thousands of others remain in the hands of smugglers and traffickers in even worse conditions where humanitarian aid cannot be provided.
Albawanees, Aljufra, Ghat, Brak, Algatroun In all five municipalities, curfew and mobility restrictions had reportedly affected all residents, as they could not go to work and faced challenges in accessing markets or grocery stores for shopping. In Ghat, Brak, and Algatroun residents dependent on daily wages were also reported to face challenges due to the mobility restrictions put in place.
It said that Libyan oil exports ‘‘restarted on Friday 10 July with the loading of the oil tanker Kriti Bastion at Es Sider. However, Khalifa Hafter's armed forces on 11 July ordered a halt to further exports, reversing their cooperative posture in negotiations. NOC has been informed that the instructions to shut down production were given to Khalifa Hafter's armed forces by the United Arab Emirates.
This is gravely disappointing, especially following repeated statements by very senior representatives of the UAE last week in support of international efforts to restart oil production in Libya. Wagner and Syrian mercenaries now occupy Es Sider oil port and Wagner and Sudanese mercenaries are camped within the vicinity of the Sharara oil field, preventing Libyan oil from flowing''.
Hostilities continue unabated in the capital Tripoli this week, damaging civilian infrastructure, including one of the few functioning health facilities in the city, Al Khadra hospital, where COVID 19 patients are being treated. A health worker was also injured in Monday's attack.
Daily life is becoming increasingly difficult for people across conflict torn Libya. Libyan civilians as well as refugees and asylum seekers face tough challenges in accessing basic goods and services or finding work. Rental, food and fuel prices have spiked and people are facing serious difficulties accessing their basic needs.
The lockdown shuts all mosques, education institutions, cafes, restaurants, wedding halls, parks, clubs and stores as well as bans all funerals and weddings and public transports.
UNHCR is particularly concerned at the growing lack of affordable housing and the rise in rental prices, as more displaced or secondarily displaced Libyans have been forced to leave their homes and are seeking new places to rent.
The 24hr curfew imposed by the Government of National Accord  ( GNA )  ended on 26 April 2020 and a partial curfew from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m has been implemented for 10 days. In the East, in areas controlled by the Libyan National Army  ( LNA ) , the curfew remains 6 p.m to 6 a.m.
A deplorable strike like this, resulting in senseless damage of a most needed medical facility, cannot be justified. As of March 2020, a total of 27 health facilities have been damaged to varying degrees due to proximity of clashes, including 14 health facilities that have been closed and another 23 which are at risk of closure due to shifting lines of conflict.
 Information on designated locations and hospitals assigned to care for COVID patients regularly changes.
All schools remain closed until the end of May as a preventative measure, impacting the learning of 1.3 million students across country.
While distance learning is being implemented through TV and internet this is only for limited grades.  Power cut for longer hours has also affected the distance learning sessions.
Sebha, Taraghin, Alsharguiya, Ubari The restrictions on freedom of movement implemented in the municipalities of Sehba, Taraghin, Alsharguiya, and Ubari were reported to be not severe. Sebha and the surrounding municipalities saw a spike in the number of confirmed COVID 19 cases during the data collection period  ( May 2020 ) , as the trend continued in the early days of June.
“We appreciate greatly the efforts of the United Nations, and the US to restart Libyan oil production and avert an escalation in the conflict,' said NOC Chairman Mustafa Sanalla. “If these efforts fail, as it appears they will, there must be consequences for the actions of the handful of states that are undermining the rules based international order and destroying Libya. They pose a grave threat to Libyan and global security.
Sebha, Taraghin, Alsharguiya, Ubari Migrants were observed to be present at street side work recruitment points looking for casual labour in all four municipalities. While jobs were reported to be available for the migrants, an overall reduction in the job availability was reported. Overall migrants were reported to be negatively affected by the general slowdown in economic activities. Mobility restrictions had also negatively affected the residents of Sebha, Taraghin, and Asharguiya during the assessment period, especially those dependent on seeking casual labour and dependent on daily wages.
Over the last two days, the National Center for Disease Control said 240 samples had tested negative, which made Libya register no new Coronavirus cases over the last three days.
72% of migrants who rely on daily casual labour stated that it had been difficult to find work in the past seven days prior to the survey
Tripoli   More than 200,000 people have been displaced in the year since the conflict reignited in Libya according to new data compiled by the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM ) . Tripoli accounts for approximately 150,000 of recorded new displacements, but people were also forced to leave their homes in other conflict affected areas in the country, including Murzuq, Sirt and Abu Gurayn.
Flash Update | Monitoring violence against healthcare Health Sector | Libya Date: July 04, 2020/ Time of the incident: Evening / Location : Yefren municipality, Al Jabal Al Gharbi district / Attack type : Gun fire /The ambulance affiliated to Yefren general hospital was attacked on 4 July, while it was on a duty mission to transport a patient in critical condition, through an intense shooting from an unidentified vehicle on the road. No injured were reported. The ambulance vehicle was damaged.
As of 5 April 2020, the Libyan National Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  has reported 18 confirmed cases of COVID 19 reported in Libya. This includes Libya's first COVID related death of an 82 year old woman. There are a total of 312 tests performed and 307 suspected cases in quarantine. Of the confirmed cases, the majority are in Misrata and Tripoli. WHO continues to work with the Ministry of Health  ( MoH ) , the NCDC and other authorities to ensure early identification of cases and their contacts, isolation of cases and quarantine of contacts.
A total of 305 isolation rooms and 542 quarantine and stabilization rooms have been identified across the country. But reports of community resistance to health centres being used to isolate and treat suspected cases continues, increasing the likelihood of security forces being used maintain law and order. There is a need to build up PCR laboratory capacity across the country, particularly in the South, as currently tests need to be transferred to Tripoli.
Despite calls for a global ceasefire to focus on fighting COVID 19, clashes continue in Libya, particularly in and around Tripoli and near Sirt. The Humanitarian Country Team  ( HCT )  in Libya supports the Secretary General's call for a global ceasefire and continues to advocate and call on all parties to the conflict in Libya to immediately cease hostilities and redirect all efforts in preparing and responding to the COVID 19 pandemic
The ongoing clashes, along with COVID 19 restriction measures, hamper humanitarian access and the free movement of medical and other humanitarian personnel, as well as humanitarian assistance across the country. In March 2020, humanitarian agencies reported 164 access constraints related to COVID 19  ( 19 per cent of the total 851 access constraints reported for March ) .
In the East, a total of 366 humanitarian access constraints were reported by humanitarian agencies, which is approximately 36% of all reported access constraints during May. This constitutes an increase of 35 access constraints compared to those reported in April, which is an approximate 11% increase in access constraints reported in the Eastern Region. Out of the 366 constraints/incidents, 271 are in some form linked with the COVID 19 related restrictions
During the reporting period an increase in the number of migrants arriving to Hai Alandalus was observed, as the number of migrants present in Hai Alandalus increased to 7,790 in round 29 from 7,520 in round 28. Most of the newly arriving migrants were reported to be from Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Côte d'Ivoire and were reported to be looking for work opportunities
In 7% of assessed locations, residents and host community members were reported to be unable to move freely within the municipality  ( due to the mobility restrictions / curfew )
The GNA retook seven towns and two cities from putschist Gen. Khalifa Haftar's forces Monday, including Sabratha and Sorman, and controls the area along the country's western coastline.
Immediate needs include support to rapid response teams managed by NCDC, procurement and distribution of personal protective equipment  ( PPE ) , establishment of labs and procurement of lab diagnostic kits and supplies, establishment and support to isolation sites and wards  ( within or outside public hospitals ) , provision of training, health education and awareness materials.
Migrants seeking better lives in Europe often land in Libyan detention centers after perilous journeys at the mercy of traffickers who hold them for ransom from their families.
Immediate needs include support to rapid response teams, procurement and distribution of personal protective equipment, procurement of laboratory diagnostic kits and supplies for COVID 19, establishment of and support to isolation sites and wards  ( within or outside healthcare facilities ) , provision of training and capacity building, distribution of awareness materials and health education.
On 6 April 2020, as a result of heavy shelling in Tripoli, the Al Khadra General Hospital was hit, injuring at least one health worker and damaging the fully functioning 400 bed medical facility. All patients were evacuated from the hospital with the exception of emergency cases. The hospital was one of the potential COVID 19 assigned health facilities. Since the beginning of the year, there has been at least eight recorded conflict related incidents affecting field hospitals, health care workers, ambulances and medical supplies, killing at least four people and injuring 12 others.
At least 277 migrants were not allowed to disembark in Tripoli for safety concerns, the IOM said, citing Libyan officials without elaborating.
Derna The KI stated that were only minor food shortages in Derna. More evident were the noted shortages in face masks and latex gloves. There was an initial spike in food and hygiene prices after news of the virus reached Derna. An intervention by the authorities have corrected the price increases related to COVID 19.
Inability to access livelihoods and the resulting loss of income continues to be a major issue for communities in Tripoli. Almost all community representative KIs stated that members of their community had not been able to access work and were not receiving an income in the 14 days prior to data collection. The loss of income continues to impact people's ability to cover basic needs and pay rent. This is consistent with the findings of the previous round.
Migrants in Swani Bin Adam have been affected by the armed conflicts in the municipality during the reporting period. Explosions near migrants' workplacesas well as lockdown procedures during the month of April further worsened their living conditions as food and Non Food Items price spikes were recorded.
Almarj Since the COVID 19 measures were implemented, a range of food items in Almarj had been in short supply, including chicken, rice, bread, water, and milk. Accordingly, food prices rose by as much as 900% on some items. Shortages are also noted for cleaning products and sanitizers containing alcohol. It was stated that many of the food shortages could be attributed to consumers hoarding supplies.
Overall, migrants who have recently arrived in Libya  ( less than one year )  and those who are reliant on casual labour with informal arrangements consistently reported worse food security outcomes.
Zwara The price of the majority of food items were reported to have increased by 50% and vegetable prices by 85%. Standard hygiene items increased by 30%, whereas latex gloves, masks and medical alcohol items have witnessed price increases of 100%. consumer behaviour, at around 100% higher than before. Shortages were reported for milk, antibiotics, masks, and hygiene products containing alcohol.
Ghadamis A range of hygiene and food products, specifically wheat and vegetable items, were reported to be scarce in Ghadamis. According to the KI, shortages were particularly notable in medical alcohol products and vegetables. Hand sanitizer was rarely available. Vegetable and fruit prices increased by 100 150%. Vegetable prices could be attributed to the closure of roads to the Tripoli region. The price of gloves rose by 200%; for masks the price spike amounts to a 300% increase.
Those migrants, hungry and exhausted after 72 hours at sea, remained stuck on a crowded coast guard ship after being denied entry to Tripoli. The heavy bombardment of the port area prevented them from disembarking.
With the arrival of the first cases of COVID 19 in Libya, authorities have implemented curfews and closed all stores, apart from groceries and pharmacies. Consequently, prices for most staple goods have doubled and shortages for key items persist. REACH has conducted a rapid assessment in Libya to provide a brief city level overview of market functionality, with a focus on shortages and price spikes for basic food and hygiene items.
Ejdabya Shortages related to the COVID 19 crisis were reported for diapers, antibacterial soap, masks and latex gloves. The availability of pharmaceutical items, such as paracetamol and baby formula, had reportedly decreased. KIs reported that the prices of food and pharmaceutical items initially increased by 100 300%. After an intervention by the authorities to impose price controls, the cost of staple goods had subsided, but was still 20 30% higher than before.
Ubari Most products associated with COVID 19 protection, such as gloves and masks, are reported to be scarce in Ubari. The KI reported that prices for food items such as vegetable oil, wheat, rice and vegetables increased by roughly 40%. There were no reports of shortages of food yet, although shortages were feared as supplies from Sebha were seemingly decreasing.
In Sebha, medical alcohol, masks, latex gloves, and hand sanitizer were all noted to be in short supply. One KI indicated that some hygiene items were being distributed for free by local authorities. Shortages of vegetable oil and milk were reported, but price spikes of 20 50% were common. KIs reported further that some fuel vendors were selling an 11 kg cylinder of cooking fuel for 300 LYD, as compared to the median price of 100 LYD in March, or 40 LYD in January 2020. sanitizers were in short supply. Health centres are reportedly also struggling to obtain these items. Shortages and price spikes are expected to continue and worsen with the ongoing road closures. Many shops had been forced to close due to very minimal supply.
Soon after news of COVID 19 reached Tragen, significant hoarding of hygiene items took place. According to the KI, latex gloves and masks were still experiencing shortages. Food products such as oil, tomatoes, and wheat products were also claimed as scarce. These products were approximately 50% more expensive than before the spread of news. According to the KI, overpopulation, due to an influx of displaced families fleeing the conflict in Murzuq, likely increased Taraghin's susceptibility to shortages.
Hundreds of thousands of Libyans are caught in an intensifying conflict as COVID 19 threatens to spread and debilitate the country's fragile health system. The International Committee of the Red Cross  ( ICRC )  fears that the virus will compound the suffering of conflict affected families, who are already struggling to meet basic needs, from shelter to food, water, and medical care.
It added that 51 other migrants, including women and children, had been picked up by a ship and transferred to the Libyan coastguard, which took them to detention centers.
Libya has confirmed 26 cases of the virus and one fatality.
A joint market monitoring survey, conducted from 1 to 9 March 2020, stated that unofficial liquified petroleum gas  ( LPG )  as well as prices of essential items continue to fluctuate, with prices of hygiene items having increased by 6.2 per cent since February 2020.
Comparative analysis shows significant variation in the number of migrants using different types of accommodations between rural and urban migrant populations. A larger proportion of migrants in the urban locations  ( muhallas )  were living in rented accommodations in comparison to rural locations, whereas the proportion of migrants in collective accommodations was higher for migrants reported in rural locations.
Food coping strategies were widely adopted by 63 per cent of migrants due to a lack of food or means to buy food  ( in the seven days prior to the survey ) .
97% of the migrants from Bangladesh interviewed in Libya between September 2019 and February 2020, who shared details of the migration routes they took, reported to have travelled to Libya by air. This included transiting through major airline hubs of Turkey and the Middle East before reaching Libya via connecting flights, or transiting through one of Libya's neighbouring countries including Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, and Niger.
The measures implemented to curb the spread of the virus also resulted in a rise in food prices and scarcity of some types of food in certain areas, which can negatively impact the food security, safety and wellbeing of migrants, refugees and IDPs.
22 May, Clashes between two armed groups reportedly took a place inside Albrayga hospital in Ejdabia district. Indiscriminate shooting took place inside the hospital. As a result, one hospital staff, and two patients were reported injured. A woman broke her leg while she tried to escape through the hospital windows. The director of the hospital was assaulted. A separate flash update was issued
In Ain Zara, a rocket hit a house and one child was killed while four other civilians were wounded, the State of Emergency and Rescue Council under the Health Ministry of the Government of National Accord  ( GNA )  said in a statement.
As of 20 April 2020, the Libyan National Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  reported 51 confirmed cases, including one COVID related death, in Libya. Around 11 people have recovered and 39 are under follow up. A total of 808 tests have been performed. Most new confirmed cases are people who have come into contact with others who have previously tested positive, confirming local transmission. However, few of the confirmed COVID 19 patients have been hospitalized and there are no clear criteria for hospitalizing patients.
Two civilians were killed late Sunday in attacks on civilian settlements in the south of Libya's capital by militias loyal to warlord Khalifa Haftar. In Sidi Selim, a woman was killed by a rocket attack, said the Abu Selim Municipality in Tripoli.
All schools remain closed until the end of May as a preventative measure, impacting on children's learning.
According to the recent assessment, 48 per cent of assessed cities reported food shortages and 86 per cent of assessed cities reported food price spikes.  Migrants and refugees in detention centres and urban settings are particularly in need of food assistance.  Food Security partners continue to receive requests for food assistance from different municipalities.
Additionally, UN Women conducted a flash survey with 290 women across Libya to capture the pandemic's specific impact on women. The survey found that current COVID 19 prevention measures have negatively affected women's livelihoods, especially for self employed women. Around 52 per cent of surveyed women indicated that their work had been affected, and 26 per cent believed that their source of livelihood would be affected if curfews were extended. Respondents reported fears of increased violence due to pressures from curfews and 70 per cent reported needing support from male family members to access medical services. Many respondents reported being involved in more domestic work including in educating children and more housework arising from continuous sterilization.
The survey also highlighted difficulties in meeting needs of people with disabilities, with 49 per cent of respondents having a person with a disability in the family and reporting barriers in obtaining necessary healthcare. Health services for women were also expected to be more difficult, with 71 per cent of the sample expressing concerns regarding their access to healthcare, particularly for pregnant and post partum women, due to lack of capacity in health facilities. The survey highlights the need to include women in decision making and for responding organizations incorporating a gender perspective when developing and implementing activities to combat COVID 19, including women frontline responders, women leaders and women networks. Activities need to respond to the varied needs of different groups and ensure that all groups, particularly women, have equal access to social protection policies, outreach and other services.
As much of the world has hunkered down, militias in the south of the capital Tripoli have kept firing bullets, mortars and grenades at each other, the explosions echoing across the city.
Libya's public health system has been undermined by years of armed conflict and insecurity including attacks on medical facilities, the exodus of qualified medical personnel and frequent militia interference in the provision of medical services. In addition to these general risks, pre existing discrimination against ethnic minority groups such as the Tabu and Tuareg create additional barriers to their access to healthcare.
In Murzuq, two medical sources told Amnesty International that only four ventilators were available, with no one trained to use them, as well as a shortage of personal protective medical gear for health workers.
Furthermore, 12% of the migrants  ( 78,044 individuals )  were reported to be living in other collective accommodations with other migrants. A significant number of migrants  ( 47,809 individuals; 7% )  were reported to be living in their workplaces.
In the southeastern city of Kufra the main medical facilities, themselves inadequately equipped to deal with the COVID 19 pandemic, are in an area controlled by the Arab Zwai tribe. The clinics controlled by the Tabu are more poorly equipped and unprepared to deal with the virus outbreak. Tabu residents in the city told Amnesty International that they refrained from going to the main medical facilities located in areas controlled by the Zwai tribe as they fear violence and instead have to rely on a smaller clinic in the Tabu controlled area of the city.
Conflict continues to impact civilians and civilian infrastructure, increasing the risks of COVID 19 and hampering effects to fight the threat. In recent weeks, around 745 families  ( 3,700 individuals )  have been forced to flee their homes, particularly in Abusliem Municipality, and from the neighbourhoods of Salah Eddin and Al Hadba due to the deteriorating situation. The majority of those displaced moved to safer areas within Abusliem or to adjacent Hai Al Andalus, Tajoura, Suq, Al Jumaa and Janzour. Most displaced families are reportedly staying with host families and in rented accommodation. Priority needs in displacement locations include food and non food items, water, sanitation, hygiene, and health assistance.
Fears of the spread of COVID 19 in southern Libya expose the vulnerable circumstances of minority communities who have long struggled to enjoy equal access to health care. Owing to years of armed conflict, insecurity and neglect, the Libyan south as a whole is woefully unprepared for the pandemic, as it lacks adequate testing facilities, protective equipment and qualified health workers. The situation of minorities is of particular concern, as they face additional hurdles in accessing the two largest and best equipped hospitals in the area.' Said Diana Eltahawy, MENA Deputy Regional Director
Some members of the Tabu and Touareg communities face additional barriers in accessing health care as they do not possess identity documents or family identity booklets to prove Libyan citizenship, necessary to access the free public health system. The lack of documentation has also had serious economic consequences, and many cannot afford to privately pay for medical expenses. Neither the internationally recognized Government of National Accord based in Tripoli, nor the self styled Libyan National Army in control of eastern Libya and parts of the south have announced any measures to guarantee access to the public health care system for members of the Touareg and Tabu communities without identity documents.
Land Ownership: The situation is slightly different for women involved in agriculture as in most cases women do not own land unless their husband passes away and there is no close relative to inherit the land.
Concerning the accommodation of migrants present in Libya, DTM's Mobility Tracking Multi Sectoral Location Assessment found that 70% of the migrants  ( 457,801 individuals )  were reported to be living in rented accommodations of various types. Of those living in the rented accommodations, 57% of the migrants  ( 374,203 individuals )  were reported to be paying for their own accommodation, whereas 10%  ( 64,732 individuals )  were living in housing rented by their employers, and 3%  ( 18,866 individuals )  were living in rented accommodations paid for by other people who were not their employers.
A section of the Flow Monitoring Survey  ( FMS )  is aimed at determining the general status of interviewed migrants' health conditions, and access to health services. In response to the question on diagnosed medical conditions, during the months of January   Feburary 2020, 3% of the migrants assessed reported to have been diagnosed with chronic illnesses. Of these migrants who reported to have been diagnosed with chronic illnesses, 46% reported suffering from high blood pressure whereas 44% reported to have diabetes mellitus.
There is still a total of 35 recovered cases and three deaths. However, the NCDC has been conducting wide screening over the last few days in line with WHO advice. It reported 4,092 tests up to yesterday
The number of migrants in the Derna significantly increased during the reporting period  ( from 7,220 migrants in Round 28 to 8,570 migrants in round 29 ) . The security situation was reported to have remained relatively stable over the past several months. While, an increase in the number of work opportunities in the sectors of services, sales, construction and agriculture was reported to have resulted in a higher number of migrants arriving in Derna than was previously observed.
As per the findings of the Flow Monitoring Surveys  ( FMS )  conducted between January   February 2020, around one in ten migrants interviewed  ( 11% )  reported lack of access to sufficient drinking water. This challenge was observed among migrants interviewed in Western Libya to a higher extent  ( 20% )  than the migrants in other geographical parts of Libya.
85% of the migrants from Bangladesh interviewed reported to have travelled to Libya in a group, including 16% who reported to have travelled along with their family members, whereas the remaining reported to have travelled in groups comprised of fellow migrants. Only 15% of the migrants from Bangladesh reported to have travelled alone.
Three new Coronavirus / Covid 19 cases announced by Libya's National Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  over the last two days  ( one on Wednesday 20th and two on Thursday 21st May )  has brought the country's total cases to 71.
As increased restrictions on freedom of movement as a public health measure to counter the spread of Covid 19 are put in place, the risk of pushing migrants towards increased unemployment and its associated negative humanitarian consequences such as food insecurity.
Almost all migrants from Chad interviewed in January and February 2020 in Libya reported to have travelled directly from Chad to Libya across the border.
Furthermore, migrants are at increased risk of facing constraints in accessing health care during the Covid 19 outbreak, as 71% of the migrants interviewed in January   February 2020 had reported to have either limited or no access to health services.
During the reporting period a decrease in the number of migrants arriving to Emsaed through informal routes was observed, as restrictions at the official border crossing point remained in place. Upon confirmation of first case of Covid 19 in Egypt, the authorities in Emsaed were reported to have initiated health screening campaigns at the official border crossing point during the last two weeks of Feburary.
The number of migrants present in Ghat during January   Febuary  ( round 29 )  slightly increased to 15,615 migrants in comparison to 14,715 migrants present during round 28 data collection. Most of the migrants present in Ghat were identified to be migrant workers looking for casual / daily work opportunities, while a smaller proportion of migrants were also reported to be transiting through Ghat. The general lack of access to adequate medical facilities in the municipality and infrequent supply of drinking water continues to negatively affect the situation of migrants in Ghat.
During the reporting period Sebha remained an important destination for migrants in Libya as the number of migrants present in Sebha was reported to have increased due to continued arrivals  ( 53,370 migrants were present during round 29 in comparison to 50,980 in round 28 ) . However, during the reporting period, an increase in general insecurity due to criminal activity was reported, and migrants were also reported to have been negatively affected by it. Furthermore, the general economic situation of the municipality was also reported to have deteriorated as migrants were reported to be affected by increase in the prices of food items and medical services.
Migrants on the outskirts of Abusliem were reported to have displaced towards the centre of the Abusliem municipality as a result of ongoing clashes that intensified during the month of February, 2020. Main nationalities present in the municipality are Chadian, Sudanese and Nigerian and most of them are reported to intend to stay until the security situation stabilizes and they can return to their usual places of residence in Libya.
As the conflict in south of Tripoli continues, migrants are increasingly being displaced to safer areas along the western coast of Libya such as Zwara. During the reporting period 18,711 migrants were reported to be present in Zwara, an increase of 10% from 17,060 migrants reported in round 28. Similarly, more migrants were observed to be present at work recruitment points searching for casual labour during the months of January and February 2020 than during the previous months.
87% of the migrants from Algeria who shared details of their migration journey, reported to have directly crossed border between Algeria and Libya. The remaining 13% reported to have travelled through Tunisia; 40% of these migrants reported to have not felt safe during their journey. 23% of the migrants from Algeria in this sample were interviewed in Western Libya, 58% in the Southern and only 18% in Eastern Libya. The average cost of journey to Libya reported by migrants from Algeria was 805 USD per person.
In terms of perceptions of safety along the migration routes, 30% of migrants from Chad who were interviewed in Libya reported to have not felt safe during their journey. Concerning means of transport, 96% of the migrants reported using trucks or cars to reach Libya.
Similar to previous data collection cycles, the vast majority of migrants from Egypt  ( 94% )  reported to have entered Libya directly by crossing the Egypt Libya border, while 2.5% reported to have travelled through Sudan and 2.4% reported transiting through Tunisia. Those who reported to have transited through Tunisia, reported travelling by air to Tunis to continue onwards to Libya. The remaining 1% reported other routes.
Compared to migrants, IDPs generally have good access to agricultural land because they possess Libyan nationality and can rent or purchase land much more easily. The lack of liquidity to access land and conduct agricultural activities remains an issue. Therefore, the majority of IDPs work full time for larger farm owners or as seasonal casual labourers. Some IDPs confirmed residing on the farms where they permanently work, while most of them reported living outside the farms or the agricultural areas where they work in. Considering the unreliability and high cost of transportation, and the security issues the country is facing, many people cannot easily travel daily to their workplaces
The most common route reported by migrants from Mali interviewed in Libya was through Niger  ( 69% ) , while less than a third  ( 29% )  reported to have travelled through Algeria. A significant number of migrants  ( 21% )  also reported to have transited through Burkina Faso before travelling through Niger to reach Libya. Nearly all  ( 98% )  of the migrants from Mali interviewed in Libya reported to have utilized cars, trucks, and buses as means of transportation.
99% of the migrants departing Nigeria who were interviewed in Libya reported to have transited through Niger. The remaining 1% reported to have used various routes through Chad, Egypt and Sudan. The majority of Nigerian migrants reported to have travelled in a group, while only 3% reported to have travelled alone. The average cost of journey reported for migrants departing Nigeria was recorded at 1,500 USD to reach Libya.
During round 29 DTM Mobility Tracking data collection  ( January   February 2019 ) , 653,800 migrants were identified in Libya. 93% of the migrants in Libya were reported to be adults, whereas 7% were reported as children. The majority of adult migrants were reported to be male  ( 89% ) , whereas 11% of the adult migrants in Libya were reported to be female. Furthermore, of the 7% migrant children reported, 23% were reported to be unaccompanied children.
The main concern raised by the municipalities is the overall unpreparedness of health facilities to manage patients with severe or critical COVID 19 disease due to shortage of medical staff trained in COVID management, lack of ICU equipment, PPE supplies and isolation units.
Mobility Tracking identified migrants in Libya originating from a diverse range of countries. Migrants from Niger  ( 135,530 migrants, 21% ) , Chad  ( 103,291 migrants, 16% ) , Egypt  ( 100,368 migrants, 15% ) , Sudan  ( 76,911 migrants, 12% ) , Tunisia  ( 6,279 migrants, 1% )  and Algeria  ( 1,474 migrants, 0.2% )  represent 65% of the total migrant population in Libya, indicating that geographical proximity and historical cross border connections, including well established migrant networks play a strong role in shaping the population trends and dynamics of migration to Libya.
Despite calls for a global ceasefire, fighting continues particularly in and around Tripoli. Between 1 January and 31 March 2020, United Nations Support Mission in Libya  ( UNSMIL )  documented 126 civilian casualties  ( 63 deaths and 63 injured )  due to ongoing clashes and shelling. This constrains people's ability to access basic supplies and services and for humanitarian organizations to reach people in need. Indiscriminate attacks continue to impact civilians and civilian infrastructure, such as the attack on Al Khadra hospital in Tripoli on 7 April 2020, a 400 bed hospital that was one of the COVID 19 assigned facilities, and the attack on the Man Made River Project that cut water to more than 2 million people, including 600,000 children. in a moment where access to water is a must to have any chance against COVID 19. The conflict must stop immediately if Libya is to have any chance against COVID 19.
Identified healthcare facilities assigned for confirmed COVID 19 patients and suspected cases changes frequently due to resistance from local communities or armed groups to have these health facilities in their areas, as well as health workers' refusals to care for COVID 19 patients without sufficient personal protective equipment  ( PPE ) . While high level advocacy has been successful in the release of critical funds for the national COVID 19 preparedness and response plan and back pay of salaries for health workers, adequate financial resources to combat the pandemic continues to be a challenge.
As Libya relies heavily on imports, for food and other essential commodities, diminished exports from other countries will limit the availability of food and other goods and lead to higher prices. A rapid assessment on market functionality from 30 March to 1 April reported food price spikes in the majority of cities directly after the COVID 19 measures were implemented. In some cities in the eastern and southern regions, authorities reportedly intervened to correct these price spikes. Shortages of basic food items, such as eggs, vegetables and wheat products were most frequently reported. Hygiene products, latex gloves and masks are commonly reported as scarce, at times also with significant price spikes. Across the country, hand sanitizers and cleaning products are also reported to be in short supply.
The agriculture sector, mostly in the South, has been impacted by shortages of labour due to movement restrictions, curbing production, and transport interruptions. Quarantine measures limit farmers' access to markets, resulting in increased food prices. Shortages of agricultural inputs, seeds and vaccines for zoonotic diseases, and reported outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever and Foot and Mouth disease are worsening the food security situation. This particularly impacts those who rely on agriculture for their livelihoods, such as smallholder farming families and migrants who engage in daily labour. Up to 75 per cent of the food farming families consume comes from their own production. Women are also at more risk of lost income as a large amount of women's income is earned through the informal economy which has been impacted by movement restrictions and shutdowns.
Women and girls tend to bear caregiving responsibility for ill family members, increasing their risk of exposure to COVID 19. Essential services for women, such as sexual and reproductive health, may be deprioritized by health facilities to concentrate on COVID 19 response, thereby putting women and girls at risk of other health problems. Libya remains a patriarchal society in which women and girls face discrimination in law and in practice and have unequal access to basic freedom and rights, including mobility that will be compounded by movement restrictions when seeking services.
Furthermore, women and children may be at increased risks of abuse while in home or genderbased violence  ( GBV )  incidences due to socio economic, psychological tensions and constraints as a result of lockdown/curfew. The reduced access to case management services and referral to specialized services, in addition to movement restrictions, will result in limiting their ability to access essential services
Many IDPs, and some returnees, live in sub standard housing, informal settlements or camp like settings hindering their ability to adopt social distancing measures and limiting access to functional basic services and essential household necessities. With increasing prices of basic food and commodities, IDPs may struggle to afford goods in addition to pay the rent, putting them at higher risk of eviction given that 60 per cent of IDPs who rent often have informal rental contracts.
There is increasing anxiety about the disease with many people seeking information on COVID 19, how to prevent it, or what to do if displaying symptoms. The Emergency Telecommunications Sector  ( ETS )  managed Common Feedback Mechanism is supporting the NCDC by serving as a COVID 19 hotline and as of 12 April 2020 has so far received more than 9,500 COVID related calls. While initially the majority of calls were from people seeking information, in early April there has been a sharp increase in the proportion of calls from people reporting symptoms.
Schools are closed as a preventative measure affecting all students. The Ministry of Education  ( MoE )  has been attempting to carry out distance learning, such as through TV, but this is only for limited grades and many students, particularly those from poor families or vulnerable groups, such as migrant families, are not able to access these services. Heightened parental anxieties and frustrations may lead to an increase in violence against children at home. If caregivers are infected, quarantined, or pass away, it could lead to protection and psychosocial concerns for children.
Access to cash continues to be limited across the entire country, with a lack of functioning cash machines and banks for money withdraw. The lack of confidence in the banking system, and instability in exchange rate has resulted in an ongoing liquidity crisis. In addition, people's inability to access revenue streams, such as those in the informal economy and day labour lead to an increased number of people who are unable to meet their needs.
Libya relies on oil exports for its economy, but oil production has dropped to roughly 80,000 barrels per day  ( bpd )  by the end of March, from an average of 1.2 million bpd in 2019. This is largely due to forced closure of ports and oil fields since 17 January 2020 costing more than $3.8 billion dollars in revenues. As such, official and parallel market fuel prices may rise in the coming months. Moreover, by mid March, the parallel market exchange rate reached 5 LYD/USD, which is the highest recorded figure since December 2018. During the first three weeks of March 2020, the Central Bank of Libya blocked official access to foreign exchange, making it difficult for importers to pay for shipments of goods into the country.
Outbreaks of measles and rubella and increasing rates of cutaneous leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, pertussis and acute jaundice syndrome highlighted Libya's vulnerability to large scale disease outbreaks. Between 1000 and 1500 cases of acute diarrhoea have been reported each week. The clear threat of outbreaks of vaccinepreventable and other diseases is compounded by poor surveillance. Only 84% of the country's 125 sentinel sites are sending regular surveillance data to the disease early warning and response system, which has very limited capacity to detect and respond to disease alerts.
The number of attacks on health care rose sharply, from 36 in 2018 to 62 in 2019. A total of 76 people were killed and scores more were injured. More people were killed in Libya as a result of these attacks than in any other country worldwide. Most attacks occurred in and around Tripoli, Which was the scene of intense fighting in 2019. International humanitarian law  ( IHL )  strictly prohibits attacks against hospitals and other medical facilities, medical personnel and medical transport. WHO has repeatedly condemned these attacks as egregious violations of IHL.
Several municipalities have indicated that they have identified isolation sites, and some municipalities are already preparing these for the clinical management of COVID 19 patients.
IDPs can legally access agricultural land through leasing, renting, as well as buying. However, most of them reported not having enough cash and therefore choosing the option of sharecropping. On the other hand, migrants cannot own land due to their foreign nationalities. Considering this, migrants usually choose sharecropping or work on farms owned by Libyans for cash.
Libya is struggling with divided institutions, dysfunction, corruption, a struggling economy and very few or no oil revenues coming in. According to the U.N., since the blockade was imposed around mid January, the country has lost $4 billion at least in oil revenues while the country also faces a new threat: COVID 19.
The 10 day lockdown imposed by the GNA will end on 26 April. Thereafter, a partial curfew  ( 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. )  will be imposed for another 10 days. o The fighting continues. GNA forces have launched “Peace Storm Operation' against Libyan National Army  ( LNA )  soldiers in Tarhouna  ( 80 km south of Tripoli ) . Shelling continues near Mitiga airport in Tripoli. According to the MoH, four health staff have been abducted from a hospital in Sirte. o The residents of greater Tripoli continue to be affected by severe water shortages.
As of 24 April, 3,078 refugees and migrants have been registered as rescued/intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and disembarked in Libya. So far this year, 809 persons of concern to UNHCR mainly from Sudan but also Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, South Sudan and Palestine have disembarked in Libya.
The MoH Tripoli issued a statement about the disappearance of 4 health staff  ( 2 doctors, 1 nurse and 1 administrative support )  of the hospital in Sirte.
Cities of Sabratha and Sorman were affected during the latest military clashes. Numerous reports of attacks on health care  ( e.g. theft of hospitals' assets )  are shared. Most of private and public health clinics, including laboratories remain closed. Following the change of lines of conflict and replacement of authorities  ( councils )  on the ground, it is anticipated that certain changes in response plans on COVID 19 would take place.
Situation with the displacement in Garabulli municipality is of concern. More than 2,000 families are reported to be displaced. 3 local school buildings were opened to host IDPs. Garabouli rural hospital can provide only limited obstetric, gynecological, pediatric and general medicine services. 9 PHC centers function. 3 PHC centers are under maintenance. 6 PHC centers are closed due to the local clashes. There is a reported need for supplies  ( including trauma ) , health specialists.