nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
While Nigeria's national HIV prevalence is 1.4% among adults aged 15–49 years, women aged 15–49 years are more than twice as likely to be living with HIV than men  ( 1.9% versus 0.9%. )  The difference in HIV prevalence between women and men is greatest among younger adults, with young women aged 20–24 years more than three times as likely to be living with HIV as young men in the same age group. Among children aged 0–14 years, HIV prevalence according to the new data is 0.2%. Significant efforts have been made in recent years to stop new HIV infections among children.
Given that Lassa fever is endemic in Nigeria, it is likely that the country will continue to record cases of Lassa fever.
In West Africa, children remain the most vulnerable to trafficking.
Among conflict affected households in northeastern Nigeria, including IDPs and returnees, the demand for food and livelihood support is still high. The region hosts more than 1.6 million returnees, who are eager to resume their livelihood activities and who face agricultural production challenges owing to a loss of assets and income in the last decade.
Child survivors of Gender Based Violence  ( GBV )  especially sexual violence require specialized support, techniques and treatment appropriate for their age, sex, culture and context especially keeping in mind the need to protect their physical and psychological well being in the short and long term.
However, notwithstanding CBN's misguided generosity, banks have clearly still failed to service the real sector with cheap, loanable funds, which could stimulate industrial rejuvenation, economic growth and increasing job opportunities; indeed, over 30% of all bank credit still goes to Government, while another 33% are loans for fuel imports.
One hundred and two patients are currently being managed at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital ( ISTH )  treatment Centre  ( 34 ) , Federal Medical Centre Owo  ( 40 ) , Bauchi  ( 5 ) , Plateau ( 8 )  Taraba ( 3 )  Ebonyi ( 6 )  and Others ( 6 )  States
Since Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, at least35,000 peoplehave been killed. Attacks across the wider Lake Chad region – which encompasses parts of Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria – have seen some 2.5 million people displaced, including 1.9 million internally in Nigeria and some 250,000 Nigerian refugees.
It was found that almost all the houses in Rann went through various levels of damage due to the violence during the insurgencies.
The deteriorating security situation affects freedom of movement of people and impact on people's access to livelihood opportunities. Freedom of movement for staff especially for hard to reach teams is a big challenge as many areas are facing insecurity. The newly displaced population living in congested IDPs camps may face serious health consequences as they are more exposed to unstable living conditions. Malnutrition rates are high among the new arrivals. Due to cold weather during the night, children are more vulnerable to pneumonia and other illnesses
In Rann, clashes on 14 and 27 January reportedly caused dozens of civilian casualties and have forced the entire population  ( estimated at 40,000 people )  to flee on foot towards the Cameroonian border. According to UNHCR, an estimated 9,000 refugees were forcibly returned into Nigeria after their first attempt of crossing into Cameroon
The high degree of hostilities observed between Nigerian security forces and non state armed groups in December 2018 has continued into the first month of 2019. Fighting has prevented humanitarian actors from providing assistance in Kukawa and Kala Balge  ( Borno State ) , and temporarily affected civilian and humanitarian movements in several other parts of Borno and Yobe. As the dry season continues, the security situation is expected to remain volatile, with attacks expected to continue into February and beyond
Acute respiratory infection: In Epi week 34, 10,982 cases of acute respiratory infection were reported through EWARS. Of the reported cases, 1,083 were from PUI mobile clinics in MMC, 653 were from Ngaranam PHC in MMC, 606 were from INTERSOS Health Facility in Fulatarin, 471 were from FHI360 clinic Banki in Bama, and 469 were from Herwa Peace PHC in MMC. No associated death was reported.
The organization also analyzed satellite imagery which shows hundreds of burned structures in the town. Many of the destroyed structures only date back to 2017, suggesting they were shelters for internally displaced people who came to Rann seeking protection.
“This attack on civilians who have already been displaced by the bloody conflict may amount to possible war crime, and those responsible must be brought to justice. Disturbingly, witnesses told us that Nigerian soldiers abandoned their posts the day before the attack, demonstrating the authorities' utter failure to protect civilians.'
Most oil producing nations of the world experienced the most rapid surge, in percentage terms within the first week after the Yom Kippur War between Arab countries and Israel in 1973. Suddenly, crude oil which fetched thirty cents a barrel skyrocketed to $3  ( 1000% ) , $4  ( 1333% )  and $5  ( 1667% )  on account of drastic supply reduction imposed by the Arab countries.
IDPs reside in host communities and informal sites  ( schools, uncompleted and unallocated buildings )  remotely managed by the local government authorities. Living conditions at the sites are very poor and characterized by lack of privacy, insecurity, poor hygiene and sanitary conditions, limited healthcare services, poor management
During interviews with local government officials, traditional rulers and IDPs across the states, it was gathered that various serious human rights violations were being committed by the bandits. There were testimonies of women being raped, sets of young girls being kidnapped as brides, and later returned to their villages, and another set of young girls abducted in their place.
Across the 3 states, the team observed long queues and crowds of IDPs needing medical attention in front of the on site clinics. The clinics are managed by the local government, with support from the state government and NCFRMI. Health workers are engaged by the local government to provide primary healthcare in the camps.
Humanitarian and health actors face a number of challenges in providing healthcare services to the Nigerian population in the northeast of the country. These include both constraints related to the existing healthcare system and the difficulty of accessing those in need.
Suspected measles outbreaks reported and investigated in Ganye, Hong, Song and Yola North LGAs. 84 measles cases reported in March 2019 bringing the total number of suspected measles cases to 273
A minority  ( 6% )  of IDPs, residing primarily in Kano, Nasarawa and Kaduna states, were displaced as a result of the insurgency by Non State Armed Groups  ( NSAG )  currently affecting North East Nigeria. The insurgency was the reason for the displacement of 64 per cent of IDPs in Kano and 33 per cent in Nasarawa.
In Goronyo LGA, Sokoto state, the team also observed many children with skin infections due to the consumption of contaminated water, and severe malnutrition. The health workers in the camp informed that the IDPs were commonly diagnosed with diarrhoea, malaria, malnutrition and skin infections like scabies.
In the formal camps, restrictions on freedom of movement undermine opportunities for self reliance and prevent people from farming or growing crops, making them heavily dependent on humanitarian assistance for survival. This is compounding the long term physical and psychological traumas of having lived through a decade of violence.
Due to threats of abductions, rapes and killings while out working on farmland or fetching firewood, individuals specifically in Banki, Bakassi Camp, Ngala, Monguno and Katarko noted that they are fearful of going about their normal activities.
Extremely high temperatures also contribute to the spread of respiratory diseases such as meningitis and vector borne diseases such as malaria and Lassa fever
Of the 90 Nigerian returnees surveyed, the majority had returned from Italy  ( 34.4% ) , the UK  ( 16.7%, N=15 ) , and the Netherlands  ( 14.4%, N=13 )   ( see Figure 6 ) . More than one third of the respondents  ( 37.8% )  reported still having family members living in Europe
Macro economic situation: The year on year inflation rate declined slightly from 11.44 percent in December 2018 down to 11.37 percent in January 2019. The central bank of Nigeria continues to provide direct foreign exchange intervention into the foreign exchange market to stabilize the naira. Interbank foreign exchange market is currently at 306.85 naira/dollar in January while the Bureau de Change rate is at 360.94 naira/dollar. OPEC continues to cut down the production quota of crude oil aiming to increase price in February above $64/barrel.
The results also include 23 children from neighbouring Cameroon and Republic of Niger  ( 2 children moved to Bama, 12 to Mobbar and 9 to Ngala ) ; out of the 23 children measured, none was in the red category with 18 in the green category and the remaining 5 in the yellow category. All children found with acute malnutrition have been admitted for treatment.
As of early 2019, an estimated 1.8 million internally displaced persons resided in Nigeria's Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe states. Additionally, nearly 240,000 Nigerian refugees have sought shelter and protection in neighboring Cameroon, Chad, and Niger, the UN reports.
In Yobe State, food insecurity conditions remain high in the Southern Yobe where security threats from Non State Armed Groups  ( NSAG )  remain a disruptive influence on livelihoods and agriculture and access constraints affect the delivery of humanitarian assistance.
Since the beginning of 2019, the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control has reported more than 22,000 suspected cases of measles, more than half in conflict affected Borno State  ( 13,753 suspected cases and 72 deaths ) , including in 37 internally displaced persons  ( IDP )  camps 11 Local Governmental Areas  ( LGAs ) .
Youth unemployment is very high: 17.6 million young Nigerians are unemployed, and this figure is set to rise in the next five years
The November 2018 CH underlines also that the under five mortality rate  ( U5MR )  is still high in BAY States with the incidences ranging from 0.05/10,000 to 2.35/10,000 children
Children of north east Nigeria have borne the brunt of this conflict. They have been used by armed groups in combatant and non combatant roles and witnessed death, killing and violence. This participation in the conflict has had serious implications for their physical and emotional well being.
In Kukawa LGA in Borno, which witnessed the most intense fighting during this period, five wards could not be assessed. Two wards in Guzamala LGA were inaccessible to humanitarians.
Four farmers have been killed in a suspected Boko Haram attack in northeastern Nigeria, civilian militia and residents said Monday.
Those proxy indicators reveal a serious nutrition status and an urgent need to improve WASH conditions which are key to cutting malnutrition rates, as exemplified in malnutrition diarrheal diseases cycle.
The 3 locations still face an active threat from non state armed groups. 22% of FGDs/KIIs  ( 25 out of 112 )  reported moderate to high risk of attacks or bombings with more attacks happening in Madagali. In Gulak  ( Madagali ) , the sound of gunshots coming from neighboring communities could be heard 2 hours before the arrival of teams conducting the protection assessment.
Borno State witnessed the most security incidences in the North East, 620 individuals were either killed, wounded or abducted. The highest levels of lethality from security incidents that have impacted IDPs in Borno State were PBIED/IED attacks, with Jere and Konduga LGAs being most affected  ( 201 and 209 casualties respectively involved ) . This involves suicide bomb detonations that occurred in host communities or IED incidents associated with road movements.
At the domain level, crude mortality rates ranged from 0.31 to 1.11 deaths per 10,000 people per day with highest rates recorded in Southern Adamawa  ( 1.11 deaths per 10,000 people per day ) , Central Borno  ( 0.91 deaths per 10,000 people per day )  and Northern Yobe B  ( 0.84 deaths per 10,000 people per day ) .
In Adamawa State, the security incidents that have impacted the state are mainly PBIED and herdsmen attack. The latter are attacks where herdsmen attack farming and sometimes non farming communities. In many cases, these are followed with retaliatory attacks on mainly Fulani communities. Both are usually lethal.
People are reportedly fleeing due to multiple reasons, including clashes between farmers and herders of different ethnic groups, vigilantism, as well as kidnappings for ransom in Nigeria's Sokoto and Zamfara States.
Certain adolescent populations were found to be more at risk, as came out of the qualitative study where street boys were said to be denied access to clinics by workers because of drug and substance abuse issues
7,123 IDPs arrived in Dikwa town from 3 January to 26 June 2018, while 67 departed from the location.3 This is a notable decrease as compared to the arrivals documented in the last quarter of the previous monitoring period.
Neonatal death: Three neonatal deaths were reported through EWARS in week 17 from Gora dispensary  ( 2 )  in Shani, and Sauki clinic  ( 1 )  in Biu.
The spontaneous return of 1,400 Nigerian refugees from Niger to Damasak, Borno State has been reported. A cross border Tripartite Commission is expected to meet in May to discuss the voluntary return of Nigerian refugees and draft a tripartite agreement.
Since the conflict between Nigerian security forces and armed opposition groups  ( AOGs )  escalated in 2013, more than two million individuals have been displaced.1 Most were displaced within Borno State, particularly to urban centres in accessible Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )
High numbers of out of school children, with many children found begging for money within the sites and in host communities. This places them at serious risks of exploitation and violence.
An attack on military positions in Cross Kauwa, Borno State left two soldiers and 52 NSAG members dead. Several others were injured in the attack, which took place approximately 135 Kilometres northeast of the Borno State capital Maiduguri. Humanitarian access to various LGAs remains limited with UN helicopters the only means of transportation to some of the affected populations outside of Maiduguri.
Maiduguri Metropolitan Council  ( MMC )  which already hosts the highest number of IDPs recorded the highest increase in number of IDPs to take the total number of displaced persons in the LGA up by 29,010  ( from 234,045 to 263,055 ) . Most of the new arrivals were from Guzamala and Kukawa. Some of the new arrivals were from Jere and Konduga as well
Of the 41 Nigerian nationals surveyed in the Netherlands, half had left Nigeria for Europe before 2014  ( 26.8%, N=11 )  or in 2014  ( 24.4%, N=10 ) .
In the reporting week, 154 suspected cases of AFP were reported from 135 LGAs in 33 States and FCT
Abduction, killings and rights violations are also widespread. Humanitarian response has been accelerated over the past three years, with many more affected people receiving assistance.
Monguno and Jere LGAs also received IDPs from LGAs that were most affected by the recent spate of increased insecurity with 7,212, 4,172 and 4,119 displaced persons arriving in their already overcrowded camps.
Refugees also complained that lack of adequate means of livelihoods; low payments are offered for labour/jobs conducted by refugees while nationals receive higher payments. Refugees have faced discriminated situation.
Dr. Allen Menessah, the director of media and communication for the Kibaku Area Development Association, an organization of indigenous groups in the Chibok area, told Human Rights Watch that the destroyed Chibok Girls' Secondary School is yet to be completely rebuilt.
3,765 IDPs arrived in Mafa town from 3 January to 26 June 2018, while 0 departed from the location.3 This is a notable decrease as compared to the arrivals documented in the last quarter of the previous monitoring period
As of April, 1,400 Nigerian refugees who sought refuge in Niger have been registered as returnees in Damasak, Borno State. Returns have primarily been influenced by changes in the security situation along the border areas.
Previous malnutrition screenings recorded an estimated 400 SAM cases, and more than 1,000 MAM cases. This simplified protocol approach involves treating SAM and MAM with the same product  ( RUTF )  yet at different dosages.
A total of 894 children, including 106 girls, were released from the ranks of the Civilian Joint Task Force  ( CJTF )  in Maiduguri, north east Nigeria today, as part of its commitment to end and prevent the recruitment and use of children.
The situation is still extremely fragile as the majority of IDPs remains largely dependent on food assistance and would face a rapid deterioration of their food security and nutrition, if food and livelihood assistance are interrupted.
An Amnesty International investigation has exposed sexual violence against children and women by security agents and inmates at two high security prison facilities in Borno State, Nigeria.
Due to damaged shelter in which PoCs resides, women and girls are being raped because they do not have privacy and are exposed to more risks of sexual violence and harassment in Pulka, Gwoza, Banki, Monguno and MMC.
Nutrition screening for children among the new arrivals commenced on 22 May, and there is a need for replenishment of ready to use therapeutic food  ( RUTF )  stock and expansion of the stabilization center to treat cases of malnutrition.
Amnesty International also documented the sexual assault of a 16 year old boy by an adult inmate in Giwa Barracks in or around January 2018, six months before all children were released from the facility.
As a result of farmer pastoralist clashes in the Middle Belt, 1,205 people died in 2014; in 2017, the number went down to 314 deaths, but it then spiked again in 2018, with 1,476 deaths  ( Harwood 2019 ) .
In the ongoing armed conflict in north east Nigeria, more than 3,500 children were recruited and used by non state armed groups between 2013 and 2017. Others have been abducted, maimed, raped and killed.
Clashes between farmer and pastoralist communities in Nigeria's Middle Belt states are becoming increasingly violent and taking on religious and ethnic overtones that divide these communities even further.
3,765 IDPs arrived in Mafa town from 3 January to 26 June 2018, while 0 departed from the location.3 This is a notable decrease as compared to the arrivals documented in the last quarter of the previous monitoring period.
Clashes between non state armed groups and the Nigerian military in Michika town continued to leave a trail of damage to buildings until it was recaptured by the Nigerian army in January 2015.
In addition to these children, 432 children were killed and maimed, 180 were abducted, and 43 girls were sexually abused in north east Nigeria in 2018. Meanwhile, more than 100 of the abducted Chibok girls remain missing.
Partners commenced psychosocial support and counseling services on 22 May, but a shortage of dignity kits and limited access to the new arrivals due to military restrictions on freedom of movement are major challenges.
40 per cent of camps and camp like settings across Borno State remain over congested.
Ongoing hostilities in north east Nigeria has caused the displacement of 1.8 million women, men and children, hampering their access to vital resources including water.
According to the Humanitarian Response Strategy for Nigeria 2019 2021, an estimated 7.1 million people affected by the conflict are in acute need of protection and life saving assistance in the region.
The ongoing conflict and displacement exacerbate the risk of trafficking, especially for female and child headed households, unaccompanied and separated children and youth. These groups are at high risk of gender based violence, abduction and recruitment in armed groups.
As of 20 January 2019, the estimated number of IDPs in Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe States was 1,948,349 or 382,296 households. The total number recorded represents a decrease of 78,253  ( 4% )  as against the previous round of assessment that was published in November 2018. Prior to the dip in this round, the numbers of IDPs has been steadily raising since beginning of 2018 as can be noted from Figure 1.
The violence has disproportionally affected borderlands and caused the temporary closure of borders, resulting in the restriction of border trade and migration movements primarily caused by those fleeing violence. An estimated 26 million people are affected by violence related to the on going hostilities in the Lake Chad Basin
In Nigeria, shelter conditions were also assessed in areas of return. Analysis demonstrates that 71 per cent of the shelters were not damaged, 23 per cent were partially damaged and five per cent of the shelters assessed were makeshift shelters.
Within Borno, Kala Balge, Kukawa and Guzamala LGAs could not be assessed by DTM due to insecurity. In the last round, Kala Balge had recorded 76,389 IDPs while 13,521 displaced persons were recorded in Kukawa and 1,845 in Guzamala in the last round of assessment
Cameroon, Niger, and Chad are equally experiencing high levels of displacement, including hosting 231,50416 Nigerian refugees, as well as 638,843 IDPs and returnees.
As a result of the conflict, ethnic, religious and social tensions increased remarkably, partly due to the impact on the economy. Inter communal tensions and heightened violence regarding access to resources has led to the emergence of stigmatization and rivalry over the control of economic activities and land ownership
This violence has impeded food production and threatens to create a food shortage  ( Hailemariam 2018 ) .
According to the World Bank, the economic impact of the crisis is substantial. In September 2017, infrastructure damages were reaching nearly 9 billion USD in Nigeria alone
4.2 million Children in need of humanitarian assistance  ( Humanitarian Response Plan, 2019 )
The number of measles cases has increased sharply across Borno State, especially among children arriving from hard to reach areas. Over 2,000 cases have been reported in 18 LGAs and 18 IDP camps, with 6 LGAs accounting for most cases.
Most of the health facilities are either partially destroyed by insurgents or over stretched as a result of population displacements in the north east region,' Dr Collins Owili, WHO Emergency Manager in the north east disclosed.
There have not been many incidents affecting IDPs and refugee returnees in Yobe State. The most significant incident in 2018 was the abduction of 110 girls from a school in Dapchi Bursary LGA Yobe State. Although 104 of the girls were released back to the community, the attack resulted in the death of at least 5 of the girls and 1 still in captivity.
In Borno, where cholera is a recurring threat, the main source of drinking water was piped water in 73  ( up from 65% )  per cent of sites, followed by hand pumps in 16  ( down from 21% )  per cent of sites and water trucks in six  ( down from 9% )  per cent of sites
Borno continues to host the highest number of IDPs  ( more than 1.4 million ) 1. During the reporting period  ( IOM ETT Reports 104 108 ) , over 14,873 new arrivals were registered in Borno and Yobe states with Monguno, Maiduguri, Gwoza and Ngala registering the highest numbers of new arrivals. The key drivers behind these population movements are conflict/military operations, fear of attack, poor living condition, and voluntary relocation. The priority needs for the returnees and the IDPs remain shelter, access to water and sanitation, health and nutrition services and provision of food.
Radio was cited as the most preferred medium for receiving information in 26 per cent of sites, followed by word of mouth in 30 per cent, telephone voice calls in 4 per cent and community meetings in 3 per cent
More than 25,000 are currently sleeping under open skies, and will not be able to move into new shelters until additional land for the creation of camps is identified. The planned relocation of new arrivals in the overcrowded Teachers Village Camp to the newly established Stadium camp is now underway, following some initial challenges linked to the premature movement of IDPs in advance of the official starting date.
For communities in Yobe, one of the major concerns was access to farm land. Respondents requested that stakeholders advocate with local government authorities to provide or allocate land for farming especially as most IDPs are in the process of integration with no intention to return to their communities of origin. Also in Yobe, there is a readily available market for farm produce
The number of measles cases has increased significantly across Borno State, especially among children arriving from hard to reach areas where coverage of routine immunization is believed to be low and where the nutritional situation may be worse. Over 2,000 cases have been reported in 18 LGAs and 18 IDP camps, with 6 LGAs accounting for most cases.
A total of 1,558,058 returnees  ( or 254,829 households )  were recorded, a decrease of 82,852 or five per cent since the Round 25 report published in November 2018, when 1,642,696 returnees were identified. Prior to this, every assessment had shown a trend of steady increase in the number of returnees since DTM started recording data on returnees in August 2015  ( Figure 53 )
During the reporting period, 9,840 children with severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM )  were admitted for treatment2 in 562 UNICEF supported treatment facilities in the three north east states. A total of 21,467 children with SAM  ( 13.3 percent of UNICEF target )  have been admitted in the programme since January 2019 with 94.3 percent cure rate, 3.9 per cent defaulter rate, 0.8 per cent death rate and 1.0 per cent non respondent
According to recent WHO assessment on the availability of health resources in the north east region, 46% of health facilities are either fully destroyed or damaged in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states where nearly two million women are at reproductive age and 1.6 million men are sexually active.
Agriculture continues to remain the predominant means of livelihood the three states, albeit at a limited scale when compared to pre insurgency period. Households were as well involved in skilled and salaried employment, petty trade, transport business and or other forms of trade and commercial activities. In Borno State, households engaged in precarious income earning activities such as agricultural casual labor and begging.
As was discussed in Thematic Area 2, Nigerians mainly migrated because of a lack of jobs and livelihoods. When observing the overlaps between the causes for migration and choice of intended destination country, to the existing network of family and friends reveal the importance of transnational networks.
In February 2019, UNICEF continued to highlight the urgent needs of children and women affected by the conflict; advocating for protection of their rights to both domestic and international audiences.
In 2019, 7.1 million people  ( 2.3 million girls, 1.9 million boys, 1.6 million women and 1.3 million men )  are in need of humanitarian assistance in north east Nigeria as a result of a crisis that is now in its tenth year.
Women and children are the most affected and those arriving from inaccessible areas are extremely vulnerable as they have not accessed humanitarian services prior to their arrival at the reception sites.
Insurgence in the northeast has displaced almost 2 million people over recent years. The conflict has had different impacts on women, men, boys and girls, and women and girls have been marginalized in the post conflict peace building process
Further, it was reported during the PA exercise that refugees without documentation are at higher risks than those with refugee identity cards. However, refugees reiterated that refugee identity cards are not always recognized by the various institutions namely Immigration officials, financial service providers, thus hampering access to services, sometimes facing discrimination especially in health facilities and restrictions on freedom of movement of refugees
Respondents to the FGDs mentioned the following impacts of the crisis on livestock activities: abandon, killing, looting, confiscation, rustling, burning of animals; destruction/ closure/ disruption of livestock markets, feedlots and slaughtering houses by NSAGs; shortage of livestock feed.
Small scale farmers require immediate assistance to boost their resilience ahead of the forthcoming lean season  ( June– August ) , as close to 2.7 million people will face severe food insecurity if humanitarian efforts do not continue.
Nearly 13 million Nigerians are still affected by hunger, with wide disparities across geopolitical zones and between urban and rural areas.25 Food insecurity is particularly widespread in the northern Sahel states
In Nigeria alone, violent communal clashes between members of semi nomadic herder communities and native farmers have resulted in at least 3,641 deaths in the past three years, whereof 57 per cent occurred in 201834, and about 300,000 individuals were forced into displacement.35 Villages were burned, and food supplies were stolen by attackers.
There were 17 suspected cases of Cerebrospinal Meningitis  ( CSM )  reported from nine LGAs in five states  ( Borno – 1, Edo – 2, Kaduna – 1, Katsina – 12, Yobe – 1 ) . None was laboratory confirmed and one death was recorded
The overall majority, ninety two per cent of the caseload reported that they had experienced family separation, indicating high prevalence of family separation as a result of the emergency
A fire outbreak in Stadium Camp in Monguno town on 7 February burned down more than 900 makeshift and transitional shelters and claimed the lives of two children and one elderly woman. Nearly 8,000 internally displaced people in the camp were affected, as the fire destroyed their belongings, household items, and food.
In their fight against Boko Haram Nigerian security forces have often been accused of human rights violations. On 10 September Human Rights Watch reported that the Nigerian military arrested and detained at least 3,600 children for suspected involvement with Boko Haram between January 2013 and March 2019.
On 21 January 2019, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control  ( NCDC )  declared an outbreak of Lassa fever following an increase in the number of cases.
In Sokoto State, the majority of respondents reported that although health facilities are available to cater to the general populace, there is a lack of manpower, equipment and commodities
Poor hygiene and sanitation conditions in IDP camps, high influx of new arrivals at reception centres and the outbreak of measles have resulted in persistent elevated levels of acute malnutrition especially in Bama LGA of Borno State.
The results of this survey have revealed that nearly 60% of tuberculosis patients live below the poverty line; 89% of multi drug resistant  ( MDR )  patients faced catastrophic costs compared to 69% of drug susceptible  ( DS )  TB patients. In addition, over 54% of TB patients were unable to pay for TB treatment from their income alone and had to rely on loans or selling their assets to afford treatment.
12 per cent of IDPs residing with host communities did not have identification documents  ( down from 45% in the November round of assessment ) .
Hundreds of thousands of civilians have lived in displacement sites and refugee camps for years, grappling with extreme hardship and deprivation. Many civilians have suffered abuse and rights violations and are deeply traumatised by the violence.
Rural areas experience workforce shortages due to the reluctance of health workers to work in places where social amenities are limited.
Parents do not want their female children to go to school. Girls are engaged into survival sex. Girls/women are exchanging sex with food or money. Some girls do not have access to senior education section after completing the junior section, and are thereafter sent to the street by parents for hawking. In Ngala, Bama, Banki girls don't go to school, they are involved in livelihood activities to support their parents who are lacking income, the parents are not engaged in economic activities and cannot afford to send their children to school. Highest physical protection risks/incidents reported in Monguno were there is presence of released civilians from NSAG abduction, destruction of property and attacks/bombings.
Results of the survey showed that TB patients and their households incur high costs and lack financial protection due to delayed treatment of the disease. Some of the major costs drivers include non medical expenses such as purchasing additional food and travel.
Borno has the highest number of returnees living in makeshift or emergency centers at 63 per cent. 47 per cent of returnees in Borno are living in walled buildings and 34 per cent are living in traditional shelters like Bukka, Gidan zana, thatched roofs, etc.
According to a report by the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )  in 2017, an estimated 80 per cent of girls arriving in Italy from Nigeria, most of whom are between 13 and 24 years old, are potential victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. The majority of them come from Edo State but some also from other parts of the country.
As Borno State is affected by an on going measles outbreak, WHO, UNICEF and Gavi – the Vaccine Alliance completed a campaign that successfully vaccinated more than 1.2 million children between 6 and 71 months with lifesaving vaccine against measles.
As the dry and windy  ( harmattan )  season continues, fire incidents were reported in Shewari Camp  ( Dikwa LGA of Borno State )  and Stadium Camp  ( Monguno LGA of Borno State )  that affected 22 households and 802 households, respectively.
The recent Cadre Harmonise  ( June 2019 )  confirmed that an elevated number of households continue to face Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity and humanitarian needs remain high for the more than 1.7 million IDPs and poorest host populations.
Now in its tenth year, the crisis in Nigeria continues to uproot the lives of thousands of children, women and men and is adding to the long history of marginalisation and chronic under development. Up to 2.1 million people have been forced to fee their homes at the height of the conflict. 1.8 million of them are still internally displaced and close to 200,000 people have sought refuge in Cameroon, Chad and Niger.
In 2018 a new trend was observed with refugee returnees arriving from Cameroon to Pulka, an informal entry point. As at the end of June 2018, 509 households/1,558 individuals have been recorded in Pulka.
In Mubi, excessive fees imposed by NIMC were cited as the biggest hurdle preventing access to identification cards. In locations like Muvur, Machala, Vintim, and Gude, participants reported that NIMC officials were soliciting between 500 and 1000 Naira. When asked about the situation, NIMC officials in Vintim stated that this was an arrangement made with the leader of the community
More than 600,000 people are staying in highly congested displacement camps across North East Nigeria. Consequences include lack of access to basic services, aid dependency, cyclical cholera outbreaks, rampant fires and deep protection concerns.
In the wake of the military relocations, about half of Sabon Gari's civilian population of over 18,000 people fled to neighbouring communities and there are likelihoods that they may move to GSSS and Unity camps in the coming days, further exacerbating the situation. Nearly half of these populations were IDPs living in host communities across Sabon Gari, and are now facing secondary displacement.
A total of 16,256 individuals or 4,020 households arrived in Teachers' Village within the period of November 2018   February 2019 as a result of the recent hostilities in Kukawa LGA and some parts of Borno state.
The Military has approved the relocation of IDPs living in the open space to Technical Secondary School to stay temporarily once WASH facilities are upgraded and installed. IOM ETT has so far registered 2,017 households or 9,432 individuals.
As of July 2019, the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM )  identified over 1.9 million people that have been displaced, of which 92 percent by the insurgency in northeastern states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe. In addition, flash floods beginning in the month of August 2019 and expected to continue towards the end of September, have affected close to 1 000 hectares of farmlands and resulted in livestock losses
Within the period of 11   17 March 2019, a total of 2,276 movements were recorded, including 2,169 arrivals and 107 departures. Arrivals were recorded at loca�ons in Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Chibok, Damboa, Dikwa, Gwoza, Jere, Konduga, Maiduguri, Mobbar and Ngala Local Government Areas  ( LGAs )  of Borno state and loca�ons in Demsa, Fufore, Maiha and Numan LGAs of Adamawa state. Departures were recorded at Askira/Uba LGA of Borno state, Fufore and Maiha LGAs of Adamawa state.
An increasing number of people are trafficked from rural communities in Oyo, Osun and Ogun States in the south west, Akwa Ibom, Cross River and Bayelsa States in the south, Ebonyi and Imo States in the south east and Benue, Niger and Kwara States in the middle belt to cities such as Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Kano, Kaduna, Calabar and Port Harcourt. This type of trafficking regions is predominantly for exploitative domestic work, farm labour and prostitution, with incidents of forced labour particularly prevalent in Lagos.
Sabon Gari community is a border town linking Damboa LGA with Biu LGA and has witnessed an escalation of attacks and clashes between non state armed groups  ( NSAGs )  and government forces in recent weeks. The spate of attacks has led to a temporary closure of Damboa Biu road and the Damboa weekly market by the military
The results of the November 2018 Cadre Harmonisé  ( CH )  analysis7 indicated that around 2.7 million people may still face high levels of severe food insecurity between June and August 2019 in Adamawa, Borno and Yobe States  ( Phase 3 and above of the Cadre Harmonisé's five phase scale )  if no adequate assistance is provided on time.
Generally, 2.7 million women and children in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states need nutrition support including 310 000 children in need of treatment for severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM )  and 250 000 who suffer from moderate acute malnutrition.
Since mid 2018, a deterioration of the security situation was observed including an increasing number of attacks from NSAGs, provoking additional displacements and new humanitarian challenges  ( restriction of movement, humanitarian access, humanitarian principle, among the others; cf. figure 1 ) . In the latter half of 2018, NSAG activity also increased, with a series of significant and deadly attacks against Nigerian Armed Forces in areas such as Gudumbali town in Guzamala Local Government Area  ( LGA ) .
In April, protection partners reached 10,831 individuals  ( 906 girls; 871 boys; 5,897 women; 3,076 men; 53 elderly women; and 28 elderly men )  in sites for internally displaced people and host communities with protection messages on human rights, access to protection services through sensitizations, and community based initiatives. Some 2,830 vulnerable IDPs, IDP returnees and refugee returnees were screened, registered and monitored across the BAY states, while 1,589 individuals were provided with legal aid and services.
Since 2012, non state armed groups in northeast Nigeria have recruited and used children as combatants and non combatants, raped and forced girls to marry, and committed other grave violations against children. Some of the girls become pregnant in captivity and give birth without any medical care or attention.
The current conflict has also conducted to lengthy delays, hindering the movement of humanitarian cargo along Damboa road. Regular engagement with the Nigerian Armed Forces to de‐conflict movements and humanitarian activities are still ongoing. After several months of being cut off during the rainy season, as of mid‐November, humanitarian cargo trucks are able to access Rann.
Women and girls face high risks of sexual and gender based violence, sexual exploitation and abuse primarily by armed groups, but also by men in uniform. Thousands of civilians have also been killed or abducted and many families separated.
A military source said five troops were killed at a base in Marte in Borno state.
Some 1.7 million people are internally displaced in Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states. Since the beginning of the year, there have been significant new displacements/new arrivals from hard to reach areas, with over 60,000 reported so far. With the continuous influx of displaced people, especially in Borno – due to armed attacks and military operations – reception centres and IDP camps are overstretched.
Refugees reported that they face a number of risks due to lack of registration and documentation and these include: 1 )  arrest and detention by State authorities, namely Immigration and sometimes police at the State levels; 2 )  not access to job opportunities, financial services including banking; 3 )  not access to relief supplies and other services both in the refugee settlements and in local facilities.
In December, around 20,000 people arrived in Teachers Village, a camp in Maiduguri, raising its population to 30,000. The site has a maximum capacity of between 8,500 to 10,000 internally displaced people. The influx has overstretched resources, especially shelter. Thousands of people sleep in the open and survive in deplorable conditions.
Bama: 560 arrivals were recorded in Bama LGA of Borno state. These include 20 arrivals from Banki IDP camp in Buduwa ward tracked at GSSSS camp in Shehuri ward of Bama LGA and 540 arrivals from Marwa in Cameroon.
Several localities in Chad's western Lac region and in Niger's south eastern Diffa region have suffered a spate of armed attacks in recent months. The raids have displaced more than 18,000 people from Gueskérou and Chétimari villages in Diffa. Humanitarian organizations are working to step up assistance to the newly displaced. As of May, there were around 249,000 displaced people in Diffa, according to the Directorate of Civil Registry, Refugees and Migration
In late February, an estimated 30,000 Nigerian refugees returned from Cameroon to Rann town in Kala/Balge LGA of Borno State. Due to ongoing insecurity however, partners have not been able to access Rann since 17 January 2019 to provide urgent protection services.
In 2019, it is envisage that there will likely be continuation of hostilities between NSAGs and Government Security Forces which will continue to impact on IDPs and refugee returnees. With the forthcoming general elections, an anticipated surge in PBIED incidents expected by NASG who could attack political rallies using suicide bombers especially in the first quarter of 2019 when elections are schedule to hold. Similarly, the attacks and killings of farmers especially persons of concern is still unabated in some communities in Borno and Adamawa States which is usually aimed at discouraging livelihood activities such as farming and will continue to impact on host communities forcing them to be dependent on humanitarian assistance.
In Rann  ( Kale Balge LGA ) , an estimated 40,000 people remain highly vulnerable and without humanitarian assistance. This population had fled into Cameroon as a result of attacks on 14 and 27 January. However, at the request of Nigerian and Cameroonian authorities, most of the population returned to Rann in late February
Alawiye Adams and Babatunde  ( 2013 )  indicate that many of these adolescents live under very poor conditions, are not able to feed themselves, and often turn to street begging to survive  ( 6 ) . Such children cannot pay for the cost of transporting themselves to the primary health clinic or referral facilities; their severe poverty drives many to opt for traditional alternatives
Structural, institutional and sociocultural gender inequalities are both a cause and a result of food insecurity and undernutrition, including through the limited land rights and opportunities of women  ( SDG 5 ) . Poor health and limited access to reproductive health and HIV/AIDS services hamper the fight against malnutrition  ( SDG 3 ) . Climate change and desertification contribute to increased conflict and food insecurity  ( SDG 13 ) .
Awareness of legal options to migrate to Europe was varied, with 86 per cent of Nigerian potential migrants, 16 per cent of Nigerians in Niger, 44 per cent of Nigerians in Greece, 17 per cent of respondents in the Netherlands, and 83 per cent of returnees reported to have such knowledge. The most known legal option to migrate to Europe was the Schengen visa, with Nigerians in the Netherlands being significantly more aware of the Schengen visa as a legal option to migrate to Europe than their counterparts.
As of 30 August 2019, an estimated 21 000 households have been displaced across the three states as a result of flooding. Heightened tensions in recent months have triggered further displacements, with new arrivals mainly in Askira Uba, Bama, Gwoza, Ngala and Damboa in Borno State. Most of the displaced households are heavily dependent on humanitarian assistance
The worsening security situation in northeast Nigeria continues to exacerbate humanitarian needs. Of particular concern is the situation of an estimated 40,000 people who fled from the town of Rann  ( Kale Balge LGA )  into Cameroon following attacks on 14 and 27 January, in which dozens of civilians were reportedly killed. The majority of this population returned to Rann at the end of February, after being encouraged to do so by Nigerian and Cameroonian authorities.
IDP and refugee returnees also face specific challenges, including difficulties in accessing housing, land and property; family separation; and community tensions due to perceived affiliations with parties to the conflict.
Even though malaria control in Borno State remains a public health challenge, there are suboptimal availability and use of prevention and treatment interventions, such as insecticide treated bed nets and accessibility to health facilities for diagnosis and treatment using quality assured artemisinin based combination drug therapy.
On 15 June two vehicles belonging to an International NGO were attacked near Maine Soroa in the Diffa region  ( Niger )  by a group of armed men. Two people were killed, including one humanitarian worker.
A bomb explosion, yesterday, killed three persons in Eziorsu community, Oguta Local Government Area of Imo State.
The previous round had identified 2,026,602 IDPs, which was in keeping with the increases in numbers of IDPs observed over the previous rounds. To illustrate this, for Round 24  ( conducted in August 2018 ) , the number of IDPs identified was 1,926,748 and prior to this, Round 23, conducted in June 2018, recorded 1,918,508 IDPs, a two per cent increase in the number of IDPs as against the number identified in Round 22  ( published in April 2018 ) .
The survey findings also showed that children living in areas where the campaign did not take place are at higher risk of malaria infection  ( at 16% ) , compared with children who received the treatment  ( at 5% ) .
President Muhammadu Buhari, who came to power in 2015 on a pledge to end the Islamist insurgency, is seeking re election in the February 16 polls.
On 16 June at least 30 people were killed and more than 40 injured by a bomb attack in Mandarari, in the Borno State of Nigeria. One local community volunteer from an international non governmental organisation was killed during the attack.
Meanwhile, more people have fled the town of Rann, near the border with Cameroon in northern Borno state, where 14 people were reportedly killed in a Boko Haram attack on January 14.
Late on Saturday fighters from the same faction attacked another base in Logomani village near the town of Gamboru, leading to a fight that left six soldiers injured.
On Wednesday and Thursday the jihadists attacked three bases in Borno and neighbouring Yobe states, stealing weapons and burning the bases.