nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Relations between the federal government and member states deteriorated, leading to a stalemate over federal election modalities, and fighting on occasion caused civilian casualties, notably in the Gedo region. An agreement was reached in September on the electoral framework paving the way for another restricted electoral process in late 2020 and early 2021.
Disruptions to the basic services have affected some humanitarian programmes, including the provision of cash assistance and remote monitoring through call centres.
Recurring climate shocks  ( droughts and floods )  and decades of armed and inter clan conflicts has resulted in 2.6 million Somalis displaced internally and living in 2,000 overcrowded settlements.
The team in Dolow handed over to the District Social Affairs the newly constructed Women Centre  ( by UNHCR ) . The Women Centre serves as a safe house for women and a place where women receive support to combat SGBV including counselling, legal support, livelihood support
As at 30 April, 265,844 Somalis refugees live in Kenya, of whom the majority  ( 209,306 )  are living in Dadaab in a protracted refugee situation for nearly three decades. Before the launch of the repatriation programme  ( by UNHCR Somalia and Kenya )  , the population of Somali refugees in Kenya had reached nearly 460,000.
It is likely that sustained, large scale humanitarian food assistance and government support since July 2020 have mitigated the magnitude and severity of the food insecurity.
On 12 May, UNHCR Somalia and Kenya held a cross border meeting on repatriation of Somali refugees from Kenya and reviewed the “Updated Strategy for Voluntary Repatriation of Somali Refugees from Kenya to Somalia and their Reintegration' for the period from 2020 22. Since the beginning of repatriation from Kenya, 84,974 Somali refugees returned home.
As of 31 May, 130,510 Somali returnees from 13 countries of asylum: 91,821 have been repatriated with UNHCR support, while 38,689 Somalis returned on their own. There has been no repatriation, assisted or unassisted, of Somali refugees in May due to the COVID 19 pandemic movement restrictions.
There is a need to fast track responses to ensure all school children return to school and have access to a safe learning environment through re opening messaging awareness, the provision of psychosocial support, improved hygiene and sanitation, and COVID 19 supplies such as face masks.
During May, UNHCR recorded an increase in complaints by refugees and asylum seekers expressing concern over difficulty meeting their basic needs mainly food and paying rent.
Floods have affected nearly one million persons, displaced 412,000 and killed 26 persons. Gu rains have brought abnormal rainfall totals of more than four times the average. The 2020 Gu floods have affected more persons compared to the 2019 Deyr floods.
When asked whether they have heard or encountered unusually large numbers of unaccompanied minors 41% of the respondents indicated that they have not while 40% said they have. Regarding the Unaccompanied children 26% of the respondent said that there are more unaccompanied girls than boys while 13% indicated that there are more unaccompanied boys than girls and 22% of the respondents indicated that unaccompanied children are mainly between 5 and 14 years old.
11  ( 73% )   ( of Point of Entries assessed by IOM )  did not have Infection Prevention and Control  ( IPC )  measures in place, such as handwashing and hygiene materials and facilities  ( 2 of the 3 domestic airports, the 3 international airports, 4 of the 6 land border crossing points and 2 of the 3 sea border crossing points )
IDPs may suffer from the lack of clan protection, weakened social cohesion and organised security, with some evidence that IDP sites have been the locus of conflict between groups as well as targets for recruitment to armed groups like Al Shabaab.
IOM assessed a total of 48 PoEs  ( Point of entries ) as follows : 12 domestic airports, 6 international airports , 22 land border crossing points, 8 sea border crossing points .  ( to respond to the current COVID 19 pandemic )
A total of 2.6 million internally displaced persons in Somalia continue to face serious risks of marginalization, forced eviction and exclusion.
Since 16 March 2020, 4,690 laboratory confirmed cases of COVID 19, including 127 associated deaths, have been reported in Somalia. The large majority  ( 83 per cent )  of confirmed cases have been aged between 20 and 60 years, with a median age of 33  ( ranging from 1 to 110 years ) , and 74 per cent have been male. The cumulative positivity rate, since the start of the outbreak, has declined gradually and stands at 6.4 per cent, whilst the cumulative case fatality rate stands at 2.7 per cent.
Most of the households who were interviewed indicated they would require additional livelihood assistance to boost their crop and livestock production during the three months following the assessment. As shown by Figure 33, households in all areas had a strong preference for cash transfer programmes, with the highest number of households indicating that cash represented their most urgent assistance need in all areas.
In addition, the 3 million people in a situation of Stressed food insecurity  ( IPC Phase 2 )  require livelihood support programmes to protect their livelihoods and prevent future deteriorations to their food insecurity levels.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  88% and 77% of households of IDP settlements and Non IDP settlement reported no child friendly spaces in their community.
These reports from interviewed households are in line with the results of the 2020 post Gu assessment, conducted by FEWS NET and FSNAU Somalia, which found that cereal production in southern Somalia would be 74 000 tonnes – 40 percent below the 1995–2019 average  ( FSNAU Somalia/FEWS NET, 2020b ) . In the northwest, the expected November 2020 Gu/Karan cereal harvest was previously forecasted at 22 500 tonnes – 45 percent below the 2010–2019 average.
In order to ensure that food supply chain actors are not at risk of COVID 19 transmission, locally dedicated awareness raising at distribution points and markets should be undertaken. Additionally, revised modalities for agricultural extension and protocols to comply with hygiene and safety measures during planting, harvesting and selling will need to be implemented. The support on the implementation of sanitary and phytosanitary measures in the downstream value chain, such as at animal slaughterhouses, trade points and during transportation of food )  should also be strengthened and intensified.
Close to 500,000 people have been displaced and more than a million affected, by recent floods in Somalia's central regions; a severe locust infestation which threatens food security and nutrition; and at the same time, as the country is responding to the spread of COVID 19.
Number of children, parents and primary caregivers provided with community based mental health and psychosocial support: 1,271 of 100,000  ( 1% )
Number of children supported with distance/home based learning: 116,612 of 360,000  ( 32% )
Number of children 6 59 months admitted for treatment of severe acute malnutrition  ( SAM ) : 13,139 of 97,500  ( 13% ) .
Number of children and women receiving essential healthcare, including prenatal, delivery and postnatal care, essential newborn care, immunization, treatment of childhood illnesses and HIV care through UNICEF supported community health workers and health facilities: 101,374 of 478,899  ( 21% ) .
The survey further sought to build a culture of safety and flood resilience among the vulnerable communities in the three districts by creating awareness on best practices on flood preparedness before, during and after the hazard. Four thousand, five hundred  ( 4,500 )  flood preparedness leaflets were distributed through meetings and in collaboration with the local authorities.
Over 778,000 Somali refugees in host countries also continue to rely on protection, assistance and support in the search for durable solutions, including voluntary repatriation in safety and dignity.
89 complaints were made in Kismayo related to the quality of items/services delivered. Mostly, such complaints were related to ration size being insufficient for recipient households.
In turn, continued high levels of violence impede the ability of authorities to exercise control, guarantee order, and deliver aid to populations in need.
The presence of desert locusts in Puntland is now the main challenge affecting many communities because an estimated 60 to 70 per cent of livelihoods rely on nomadic pastoralism. Overall, around 685,000 persons have been affected by desert locusts.
With 2.1 million people facing a food insecurity situation of Crisis or worse  ( IPC Phase 3+ ) , they require urgent action to prevent food consumption gaps and acute malnutrition. Populations in Stressed or above food insecurity levels  ( IPC Phase 2 )  also require livelihood support programmes to protect their livelihoods and prevent future deteriorations in their food security. To this end, interviewed households in all areas indicated a strong preference for cash programmes.
Increased psychological distress is brought about by the immediate impact of the pandemic  ( such as fear of the new disease, infection, death or loss of loved ones and consequences of physical distancing )  and other consequences like loss of livelihoods, being separated from families and caregivers, restriction of movements and access to basic services.
Conflict and instability continue to plague the country, disrupting livelihoods and driving population displacements. As shown by Figure 3, ACLED data shows that fatalities from conflict have decreased slightly compared to 2016 and 2017 but remains high. Figure 4 shows that conflict events resulting in fatalities occurred across the country in 2020, though the majority of these events took place in southern areas. An addition to flood related displacements, conflict and insecurity drove the displacement of 193 000 people this year  ( UNHCR, 2020 ) .
Although relations are fluid and constantly evolving, by and large, civil society remains fractured along clan  and group identities. Conflicts between and amongst clans and communities, lead to a further marginalisation of groups already deprived of capital and resources, which in turn contributes to increasing their vulnerability and exposure to risks
Notwithstanding their critical contributions and responses to crises, women and girls are often excluded from the decision making processes that shape response strategies to crisis. It was an interesting topic in the discussion, women started raising their comments about decision making and participation in the community.
COVID 19: The socio economic impacts of COVID 19 have led to increased food prices, a decline in remittances, and fewer employment/ income opportunities in urban areas.
In addition, 36,266  ( 17,472 girls )  children are being supported with safe drinking water. The education partners have constructed and rehabilitated 72 learning spaces
Since its first COVID 19 case in March 2020, the Federal Government of Somalia and Federal Member States have introduced several precautionary measures in response to the pandemic, including a ban on large gatherings to ensure social distancing, in addition to the closure of academic institutions and religious schools, the establishment of a curfew in Mogadishu and Garowe, the suspension of international and national passenger flights and the closure of borders with Kenya and Ethiopia  ( FAO, 2020d ) .
Lesson Learned: Single sourcing  ( request and approval )  of the FSP was a very innovative procurement action   made it possible to meet the needs of beneficiaries without further delays.
Lesson Learned: UMCT is a conflict sensitive option where unforeseen delays in delivering relief commodities in circumstances where humanitarian needs are changing fast.
Lesson Learned: All 1500 Household Heads had a functioning mobile phone, an indication of reliable telecommunication networks. No beneficiary had to be taught how to use the service.
Sustained and large scale humanitarian assistance and government support are currently preventing a more severe situation in many areas. Desert locusts continue to pose a serious risk of damage to both pasture and crops at least until the end of 2020. In the current period, between July and September, the number of people in high acute food insecurity  ( IPC Phase 3 or above )  was estimated at 1.3 million.
In November, WFP's Humanitarian Air Service  ( UNHAS )  transported 2.3 MT of COVID 19 related supplies to key locations across Somalia, including PCR laboratory reagents, PPE kits and testing equipment.
Due to the combined effects of widespread and severe flooding, desert locust infestation, socio economic impacts of COVID 19, and the cumulative impacts of previous shocks, up to 2.1 million people across Somalia are expected to face high levels of acute food insecurity  ( IPC Phase 3 or above )  through December 2020 in the absence of humanitarian assistance. In addition, 849,900 children under the age of five are likely to be acutely malnourished through August 2021.
The delivery of humanitarian assistance to poor households and IDPs in the districts of concern has improved significantly since April in response to multiple and growing threats such as floods, desert locusts, COVID 9, etc. Food assistance reached 1.6 million to 2.3 million people between April and August 2020, or an average of 1.8 million people per month. Nutrition assistance to acutely malnourished children and pregnant and lactating women  ( PLW )  reached 253,200 to 321,700 people between April and August 2020, or an average of 293,700 people per month.
The cluster supported the MoH and the Office of the Prime Minister with the development of an easy to use cargo tracking tool for COVID 19 donations, stocks and dispatches. This was handed over to the MoH in July
The current nutrition situation is likely to deteriorate between October to December 2020 among some population groups  ( Addun Pastoral, Guban Pastoral, NW Agropastoral, Hargeisa Urban, Burao Urban, Baioa IDPs and Hiran region )  due to seasonal factors as well as an expected deterioration in food security conditions  ( access to milk, declining household cereal food stocks and a likely increase in cereal prices ) . All other livelihoods are likely to sustain their current IPC AMN classification phases.
Based on Mid Upper Arm Circumference  ( MUAC )  assessments, Critical  ( IPC AMN Phase 4 )  levels of acute malnutrition were observed among women of child bearing age in the following population groups: East Golis Pastoral, Bossasso IDPs, Hawd Pastoral of Central, Galkacyo IDPs, South Gedo Pastoral, South Gedor Riverine, South Gedo Agropastoral, and Elberde Pastoral of Bakool. Based on the results of the 2020 Post Gu assessment, approximately 326,900 children under the age of five across Somalia are acutely malnourished, including 55,200 children who are severely malnourished.
Exceptions were IDPs in Garowe, Mogadishu, Dollow and Baidoa, which had serious levels of CDR and/or U5DR. Measles vaccination and Vitamin A supplementation are low in several of the IDP population groups. However, household access to clean water and sanitation is high in most of the displaced populations.
On the other hand, the nutrition situation among IDPS has shown no improvement. There are as many IDP population groups with Critical  ( IPC AMN Phase 4 )  and Serious  ( IPC AMN Phase 3 )  GAM as in previous three seasons. SAM prevalence has increased in most IDP population groups compared to the previous three seasons
There has also been some improvement in the overall nutrition situation among urban populations, compared to the 2019 Deyr season: fewer population groups with Critical  ( IPC AMN Phase 3 )  or Serious  ( IPC AMN Phase 3 )  GAM/SAM, lower median GAM/SAM. Relatively lower morbidity and humanitarian assistance during the current season are likely contributing factors. Morbidity rates were high  ( ≥ 20% )  among urban populations in Garowe, Mogadishu, and Baidoa. The Crude Death Rate  ( CDR )  and the Under Five Death Rate  ( U5DR )  were low across most urban population groups, with the exceptions of Garowe Urban which had a serious level of CDR. Measles vaccination, Vitamin A supplementation, and household access to clean water and sanitation are high in most of the urban populations surveyed, also better compared to coverage among both rural and displaced populations.
Morbidity rates were high  ( ≥ 20% )  among some rural population groups: East Golis Pastoral, Coastal Deeh Pastoral, Shabelle Agropastoral and Bay Agropastoral. The Crude Death Rate  ( CDR )  and the Under Five Death Rate  ( U5DR )  were low across most rural livelihoods. Exceptions were W. Golis Pastoral and East Golis Pastoral, which had serious levels of CDR  ( 0.5 1/10,000/day ) . Measles vaccination, Vitamin A supplementation and household access to clean water and sanitation remain low in many rural livelihoods.
Results from FSNAU's 2020 Gu  ( July August )  season SMART nutrition assessments indicate that the median prevalence of Global Acute Malnutrition  ( GAM )  has remained Serious  ( IPC AMN Phase 3 )   ( 10–14.9% )  over the past three seasons  ( 11.8% in 2020 Gu, 13.1% in 2019 Deyr and 13.8% in 2019 Gu ) . During the 2020 Gu season, a Critical  ( IPC AMN Phase 4 )  prevalence of Global Acute Malnutrition  ( GAM ≥ 15% )  was observed in seven out of 37 population groups  ( based on Weight for Height Z Scores ) : Garowe IDPs  ( 18.8% ) , Mogadishu IDPs  ( 17.1% ) , Bosaaso IDPs  ( 15.8% ) , Galkacyo IDPs  ( 15.6% ) , East Golis pastoral  ( 16.2% ) , Shabelle Riverine  ( 16% ) , and Beletweyne urban  ( 15.4% )
Overall, WFP Somalia is facing a funding shortfall of US$ 214.6 million from September   February 2021. To continue providing lifesaving food and nutrition assistance to the most vulnerable populations, including internally displaced persons  ( IDPs ) , WFP urgently requires US$ 148.4 to address a 67 percent shortfall under Activity 1  ( Relief )  and US$ 33.5 to address a 54 percent shortfall under Activity 1 and 3  ( Nutrition )  for in kind commodities and cash based transfers
During the projection period  ( October December 2020 ) , the food security situation is expected to deteriorate for most population groups due to multiple risk factors: a likely below average to average rainfall between October and December 2020 across most parts of Somalia leading to a decline in agricultural employment opportunities and income, desert locust infestations threatening pasture and crops across Somalia at least through the end of the year, below average 2020 Gu season harvest leading to reduced food stocks among poor households, a likely increase in local staple cereal prices through December 2020, and the continued socio economic impacts of COVID 19  ( decline in remittances and knock on effects on economic activities in urban areas )  on urban populations, including IDPs.
Accordingly, between the current period of July and September 2020, in the presence of humanitarian assistance, most rural livelihoods are classified in Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 ) , with the exception of East Golis pastoral and Coastal Deeh pastoral of northeast regions and Juba riverine livelihoods which are in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 ) , and Southern Inland Pastoral of Hiran, Shabelle, Bakool, Bay and Juba, which are classified in Minimal Acute Food Insecurity  ( IPC Phase 1 ) . For the current period, most urban and displaced populations are also classified in Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 ) , except Internally Displaced Persons  ( IDPs )  in Garowe and Kismayo which are in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 ) . The estimated number of people facing high levels of acute food insecurity  ( IPC Phase 3 or above )  in the current period is 1.3 million, in the presence of humanitarian assistance.
Household surveys conducted by FSNAU indicate that up to 6% of IDP households, 10% of rural households, and 28% of urban households received remittances between April and August 2020. The majority of the three groups reported a 10 30% decline in the amounts received compared to what they normally receive. Declines in aggregate remittance flow to Somali households and businesses were also reported in April and May.
63 per cent  ( 30 of the 48 )  of the PoEs  ( Point of entries )  assessed reported presence of medical personnel.  ( to respond to the current COVID 19 pandemic
Between January and August 2020, approximately 893,000 people were internally displaced, mainly due to floods  ( 71% )  and insecurity/conflict  ( 20% ) . Most of the displacements occurred between April and August, mainly driven by floods. Although flood related displacements tend to only last 1 3 months, they have a lasting impact on the food security and livelihoods of those who have been affected.
Excessive rainfall has also led to riverine and flash floods in April and May, with flooding continuing between July and September in some areas. Severe riverine and flash flooding in April and May have caused significant population displacement, damages to property, infrastructure, farmland, as well as planted crops. There has also been continuing riverine flooding and flood related damage since July, as river levels continued to rise to moderate or high flood risk/bank full levels, exacerbated by broken and weak river embankments in multiple locations.
Often men are away from homes even at night, which also contributes to insecurity. Women stated while solar lights have helped, the number of lights installed has been inadequate to cover the lighting needs of the sites.
Prior to the installation of lights, due to poor lighting and shelter conditions, women living in Bilcil, Dildilshi and Arshein Dhahar district reported that they faced security incidents in the camps during night such as theft, harassment, abuse, and attempted rapes.
Finally, there is no place where women and girls can meet and raise their voice to report issues or challenges they face such as inequality and insecurity cases, apart from times they meet in one of their homes in private.
75% of the respondent felt that more girls are being targeted for sexual violence than boys and 71% indicated that mostly younger children  ( under 14 )  are targeted for sexual violence. 72% of the KI indicated children who experienced sexual violence would seek help.
The extensive telecommunication coverage has important implications for outreach to communities in both urban and rural areas, and is an important instrument for community engagement and interaction between various actors and affected populations.
In Mozambique and Somalia, UNHCR supported the dissemination by community protection workers and IDP leaders respectively of door to door messages on COVID 19 prevention and access to services in IDP neighbourhoods.
5 out of the 8 sites have no access to education services – meaning the majority of girls have no access to school. In Bilcil ACTED is constructing temporary school via Cash for Work under the 27DVB  ( OFDA )  project. TASS is also constructing a temporary school. However due to an inability to pay teachers' salaries, neither are currently functioning. Some girls reported they support their mothers and they can afford to pay their school fees.
[ EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  90% of IDP settlement and 87% of non IDP settlement households found with a Education Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG ) .
Poverty has a direct negative impact on peoples' ability to acquire and retain assets, to ensure any form of financial saving and ultimately to sustain their livelihoods and increase their resilience. Around one fifth of Somali households live on overseas remittances, which represents an important source of income and drives some financial sector enterprises
With widespread flooding across the country and a resurgence of the locust infestation already in parts of Somalia, and the existing humanitarian and socio economic needs before the COVID 19 crisis started, Somalia is facing a triple threat for which urgent support and assistance is required to ensure gains made over the past decade do not unravel.
Despite all these burdens women have played active roles in sustaining communities in Somalia. During conflict, women became the breadwinners for most families. They now head about half of all households, a percentage that continues to increase.
The girls are called the assistant to their mothers. Sometimes they fetch the water from the nearest water sources, despite there being potential risks from other humans that negatively affected vulnerable people.
Women and girls in Somalia have faced enormous burdens throughout the country's history of civil war. Conflict and displacement caused by clan tensions, drought, and floods have aggravated high levels of sexual and gender based violence.
The ACTED CCCM team conducted the second round of safety audits from 6 to 12 July 2020 in 8 IDP sites in the Sanaag Region. The safety audits are site level assessments aimed at identifying risks associated with camp layout, provisions of critical shelter arrangements and information on WASH which aims to identify the impact of the vulnerability and risks, particularly on the protection concerns of IDP women and girls and come up with actionable measures to address the identified risks and vulnerabilities.
Promote access to education, particularly for girls, through the construction of school facilities closer to the IDP sites and awareness raising in the community. Creating a safe school environment through the provision of gender segregated sanitation facilities and distribution of dignity kits to girls is also key to promote girls' education and tackle the dropout rates
Sensitize community leaders  ( elders, religious leaders, district authority leaders, women group leaders )  on human rights in relation to harmful practices, norms, and values that affect women and girls.
[ SHELTER & NON FOOD ITEMS  ( SNFI )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  96% of IDP settlement and 80% of non IDP settlement households found with a Shelter and non food items Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG ) .
The urgent need to tackle COVID 19 risked damaging the health gains made for mothers, children and other vulnerable people in Somalia. In the past 6 months, the lockdown and social distancing measures raised fear in health care workers providing routine essential health care, such as immunization for children, care of pregnant and breastfeeding women, and care of malnourished children.
We also launched a Facebook messenger health alert and WhatsApp chatbot in the Somali language.In past 6 months, over 30 000 active users have accessed these messages every day. These platforms have helped manage misinformation about COVID 19 and disprove myths
These forums  [  Coordination meetings with the national and local health authorities and other United Nations  ( UN )  agencies ]  allowed collective decisions to be taken that were based on the data. We regularly monitored the effectiveness of the public health interventions in order to guide the government led response with appropriate evidence informed interventions to slow the progression of the outbreak and limit its spread and thus minimize the public health impact.
Through these meetings  [  Coordination meetings with the national and local health authorities and other United Nations  ( UN )  agencies ]  and to support other agencies in the response operation, we shared information on the trajectory of the epidemic, projections on transmission, the ongoing response and the resource gaps.
Livestock prices: Prices increased or declined slightly in January 2021 across the country due to mixed trends in livestock body condition and demand during the jilaal dry season.
In South West State, a sustained increase in river levels in River Shabelle, particularly along Afgooye, Hirshabelle and Jowhar areas, has resulted in overflow and river breakages, inundating 5,000 hectares of farmland in six villages.
The majority of the displaced population comes from rural villages in Bay and Bakool regions, the pushing factors for displacement in these areas are the prolonged drought mixed with diffuse insecurity in South West Regions of Somalia
In Jubaland State, overflow from River Dawa has inundated 5,000 hectares of farmland and affected about 10,000 people in Dollow and Belet Xaawo districts.
On TT Vaccinations  ( TT1 5 )  targeting reproductively active women, a total of 966  ( 479 pregnant and 487 nonpregnant )  women accessed these services from the two Emergency mobile clinics over the DREF period of 5 months.
Girls reported that they support their mothers for the domestic work such as collecting firewood, cleaning houses, clothes, washing dishes and fetching water from the water source.
On January 28, 2020, Jubaland's security minister, Abdirashid Hassan Abdinur “Janan,' implicated in serious crimes in the Gedo region, escaped detention in Mogadishu. In March, forces loyal to Abdirashid Janan fought with federal government forces in Gedo. According to the UN, the clashes killed five civilians and displaced 56,000. The presence of federal forces in Gedo continued to create tensions between the government in Mogadishu and Kismayo.
Women, girls, and disabled individuals are amongst the most vulnerable groups in the community because they are at highest risk of being affected by issues such us rape, insecurity due to the poor shelter, and a lack of market services to meet their needs. Most of the women and girls reported they don't have equal opportunities when compared to men.
The rest of the sites, Xadhka dheere, Ceel lahelay, and Gal Ciidle have no access to market and the nearest market is more than 40kms away from the sites.
In Hirshabelle State, roads linking Jowhar to Mogadishu and the road to the airport were reportedly flooded. This has impacted transport for passengers and essential supplies, including foodstuff from Mogadishu to Jowhar town. Although river levels along the lower reaches in Jowhar are slightly high, the levels of the Shabelle River in the upper reaches of Belet Weyne and Jalalaqsi remain within the normal levels.
To support the inclusion of the most vulnerable populations in livelihood activities and c, UNHCR, the World Bank's Partnership for Economic Inclusion and 13 non governmental organizations are scaling up the “graduation approach' through the Poverty Alleviation CoalitionOf the 35 countries targeted by the Coalition, funding is confirmed in Bangladesh, Ecuador, Jordan, Kenya, Peru, Somalia and Mozambique, for which the main donors are PRM, GIZ, GAC, DFID, EU Trustfund and DEVCO, Novo Nordisk Foundation and OSF.
Girls reported that they don't use the communal latrines at night due to fear associated with the distances they need to walk and the limited number of lights. They feel that cases of theft and rape are more likely to happen around latrines and the pathways leading to them.
[ Recommendations: Preventing and responding to child labour and exploitation ]  Awareness raising for families regarding the risks associated with certain types of work.
Recommendations  [ family and community based approaches to child protection ]  Ongoing support to children and their caregivers through family based interventions such as parents' meetings and mother and child sessions.
Destruction and damage of key infrastructure, including roads and residential areas, has been reported in multiple locations. Heavy rains on 6 November caused flash flooding and landslides in Goofgaduud Buurey, 30km north of Baidoa, Bay region. Two houses were destroyed and more than 50 people temporarily displaced to higher ground in the village.
Marka which is a coastal city is one of the districts in Lower Shabelle region in south central Somalia. During the month of December, it was reported that most of the displaced population moved to IDPs camps in Marka district.
Most of the population displacements occurred in Hiran, Lower Shabelle, Middle Shabelle, Gedo, Bay, and Banadir regions. While most population displacements are internal  ( within regions ) , there have also been displacements to other regions, e.g. from Shabelle to Mogadishu  ( Banadir ) . Flooding and insecurity/conflict related displacements have contributed to lower crop production in Hiran, Middle, and Lower Shabelle regions.
Continued tightening of health referral pathways and collaborative activities with health Rapid Response Teams  ( RRTs ) , such as augmenting trainings for camp management committees  ( CMCs )  and other site level governance structures, is a synergy that is still required.
In Banadir, partners report that at least 730 houses occupied by IDPs and 250 latrines have been damaged by the flash floods. Stagnant water is seen in most low lying areas creating a high risk for water and vector borne diseases such as malaria and acute watery diarrhoea outbreaks.
More than 6,000 people in Dollow and nearly 3,800 people in Belet Hawo districts, Gedo region, have been affected. In the last two weeks, flash floods in Lower Juba region have affected 2,000 IDPs in Danwadaag settlement in Dhobley and exposed them to the risk of water borne diseases. The airstrip at Dhobley was flooded and flights suspended for a week, but it has since re opened.
Deyr seasonal rains, often experienced between October and December in Somalia, have caused widespread flooding resulting in displacement, suspected deaths and destruction of key infrastructure including roads, houses and farmlands, according to humanitarian partners. At least 73,000 people have been affected by the widespread rains and floods, mainly in Banadir, Jubaland, Hirshabelle, Galmudug and South West region.
However, within 3 weeks of the first case being confirmed, the first PCR machine and other laboratory equipment organized by WHO had arrived and a national testing laboratory for COVID 19 was established in Mogadishu. Within the next few weeks, we established two more laboratories with PCR capacity in the country
Somalia is highly susceptible to the effects of climate change and extreme weather. Without anticipatory preventive approaches, these factors are likely to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities and reduce the people's livelihood options, which in turn may have negative impacts for stability and security in Somalia.
Among those affected are more than 53,000 internally displaced people  ( IDPs )  and members of the host community in Baidoa town, in South West State, whose living conditions were already dire. An estimated 4,000 people have been temporarily displaced from their homes in the town, of whom one third have been evacuated to higher grounds in northern Baidao.
OCHA is working with humanitarian partners to respond to the needs of the affected people. Humanitarian partners have prioritised urgent assistance in food, emergency shelter, non food items, mosquito nets, hygiene/sanitation facilities and safe drinking water in all affected areas.
In Puntland, local authorities and communities in areas where the Deyr rains have delayed are increasingly concerned about water availability prospects in the coming days.
Through at least mid 2021, Desert Locust will continue to pose a serious risk of damage to both pasture and crops across Somalia.
Persons with disabilities in Somalia face additional barriers and risks and are often excluded from humanitarian assistance either due to lack of exploitation, pre existing discrimination and stigma or due to lack of adequate consideration, .
The Federal Government of Somalia  ( FGS )  and Federal Member States  ( FMS )  need to adapt and enhance their analysis and coordination mechanisms, to prevent climate related inter group tensions from becoming violent and Al Shabaab and other armed groups from taking advantage of climate impacts.
Severe weather, locust infestations, and Covid 19 worsened the humanitarian crisis, with over 620,000 new displacements due to flooding, adding to the country's 2.6 million internally displaced.
In Somalia, challenges related to the physical environment constitute a substantial element that complicates humanitarian access. Obstacles related to terrain or climatic events, and the condition of infrastructure such as roads and bridges, substantially limit humanitarian access. For instance, in November 2020, obstacles related to the physical environment that limited or prevented road access amounted to roughly one third of all access challenges reported across Somalia. During this month, flooding affected several districts in Banadir, Lower and Middle Shabelle as well as Lower Juba, limiting or preventing access along the main routes that connect Jowhar to Mogadishu and Afgooye to Wanla Weyn towns.
Deforestation caused by charcoal burning, fencing and vegetation clearing by overgrazing are very common, and can easily cause soil erosion. As a result, exposed and loosened soils can be washed downstream, resulting in gulley formation and badlands.
[ WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE  ( WASH )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Most commonly reported barriers to accessing water by household of IDP settlements were water points are too far  ( 23% ) , Water points are difficult to reach  ( especially for people with disabilities )   ( 19% ) , insufficient number of water points / waiting time at water points ( 13% ) .
Violence against children, both inside and outside of the home has reportedly increased and is made worse by the lack of avenues through which to report abuse and seek adequate assistance, according to a Child Protection COVID 19 Survey. Negative coping mechanisms, including child labour and child marriage have been reported, with boys at higher risk of recruitment into armed groups. Child Protection Area of Responsibility partners' staff continued to raise awareness on child protection and COVID 19 risks with community leaders. clinical management of rape, psychosocial support, and legal aid remain the priority needs for GBV survivors.
Urban centres already bear the burden of large influxes of displaced households which further increase the strain on the availability and access of public goods and services, whereas in rural areas infrastructure and public services are quasi non existent. Moreover, the lack of basic infrastructure such as paved roads, coupled with widespread insecurity, makes the delivery of basic services to rural areas difficult for government authorities and humanitarian actors alike.
The lack of basic infrastructure, such as piped water systems, sewage systems, and waste disposal, have consequential ramifications for the health and well being of the population, the planned development of cities and towns, and the delivery of basic services
The lack of adequate provision of basic goods and services further degrades the living standards in densely packed urban areas, notably impacting the environment, health, and well being of the population.
The practice of different forms of livelihood activities, environmental profile, levels of infrastructure, and insecurity are closely tied to the differences in poverty rates between rural and urban areas.
Structural and social inequalities are a significant driver of vulnerability and marginalisation, and especially more so when coupled with the limited development and widespread poverty rates that are a characteristic feature of the country
Structural inequalities further entrench the disparities between groups; in particular, women and girls, children and the elderly, minority groups, groups without any clan affiliation, and people living with disabilities – especially those with sensory, mental, intellectual, and psychosocial difficulties. These groups tend to have relatively lower levels of political, economic, and social capital and resources that they can mobilise to sustain their standards of living.
All parties to the conflict committed violations of international humanitarian law, some amounting to war crimes. The militant group Al Shabab conducted indiscriminate and targeted attacks on civilians and forcibly recruited children. Inter clan and intra security force violence killed, injured and displaced civilians, as did sporadic military operations against Al Shabab by Somali government forces, African Union Mission in Somalia  ( AMISOM )  troops, and other foreign forces.
The impact of the devastating conflict continues to influence the structure and development of Somali society, politics and economy to date. Although Somalia continues to make progress in its recovery from the effects of the protracted crisis, the gains remain tenuous and susceptible to deterioration in face of sudden shocks or lack of access to basic services. A number of latent factors exacerbate or mitigate the primary and secondary effects of the drivers of the crisis.
According to available information from OCHA in late June, the positive test rate is 43 percent, while the observed case fatality ratio is 3.1 percent.
The situation  ( According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network outlook report of August 2020 )  is likely to be even worse in conflict affected areas, where persons are displaced from their land or face involuntary and illegal taxation by Al Shabaab, reducing incentives for agricultural production.
The inability to deliver aid would deprive civilians of the essentials to survive, while compounding the risk that the humanitarian situation will deteriorate.
In the context of potential instability, with elections in 2021 and plans for a handover of security responsibilities to the Somali National Se curity Forces post 2021, millions of vulnerable Somalis cannot afford an interruption of, or a reduction in, humanitarian assistance.
a long term decline in rainfall performance and preliminary climatological research suggest an elevated likelihood of below average rainfall in the season that runs from March to May 2021. Two consecutive poor seasons would likely result in rapidly worsening acute food insecurity in 2021.
diligence activities implemented jointly include combined monitoring visits organized between the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Risk Management Unit, joint audits and capacity assessments – of UNICEF, the United Nations Population Fund and the United Nations Development Programme – and close collaboration between the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and UNICEF on common partners and information sharing.
By the end of June, most of the restrictions had been eased, either officially or de facto in terms of movements, except for domestic and international passenger flights, which resumed in August.
Confirmed daily COVID 19 cases continue to decline. Somalia has confirmed 4,229 with 3,247 recoveries and 107 death as of 31 October. Most cases are 20 to 60 years old, and 74 per cent are male.
While staff rotations and recruitments were put on hold, humanitarian cargo was exempted. Social distancing and directives to work from home have resulted in the greatest restrictions, adding a layer of complexity that contributed to the reduction, suspension or cancellation of humanitarian projects and programmes.
Although the air strikes  ( during party conflicts )  have had no direct impact on humanitarian operations to date, the risk to operations located in the affected regions remains, in particular for vehicles moving supplies and personnel, which might be targeted in error.
In Kismayo, the first two positive cases of COVID 19 were recorded on 13 April 2020. One originated in the Kenyan port city of Mombasa, while the second case was registered as a contact. Since then, the number of positive cases has risen to 134, with five deaths recorded as of 30 May.
Parties to the conflict have continued to carry out air strikes in some areas in Jubbaland State, South West State and Puntland. The targets have mainly been assets and personnel of Al Shabaab and ISIL located outside residential areas or within isolated areas under their control
The UN documented over 100 cases of conflict related sexual violence, mostly against girls. The UN Security Council Panel of Experts on Somalia found that on April 6 two Somali National Army officers raped a woman and a girl during the takeover of Janaale town.
Temperature: Median daily maximum temperatures in Somalia range from 30°C to 40°C. The country has experienced a gradual and continuous increase of 1°C to 1.5°C in median annual temperatures since 1991. Long term projections predict a continued increase of between 3.2°C and 4.3°C by 2100.3
Clan conflicts remain a major concern, in particular in Hiraan, Galmudug, Shabelle Hoose, Shabelle Dhexe and Sool regions, where clan violence costs lives and livelihoods and displaces families. Humanitarian programmes in the affected locations are often suspended until the conflict is resolved.
Politicians on both sides have been fuelling the conflict with inflammatory statements. The heightened tensions and the level of preparedness demonstrated by both parties have elevated the risk of a full fledged escalation of armed hostilities and continue to restrict safe, timely and unimpeded humanitarian access to the area.
Conflict between “Somaliland' and Puntland over control of parts of Sool and Sanaag regions continues, with hostilities around Tukaraq in Sool region. Both sides maintain troops deployed against the other along the front line.
Water  ( 65% ) , Food  ( 33% )  and Cash  ( 55% )  were identified by respondents as the most immediate needs of communities across all areas.
In March, a military operation including AMISOM forces and led by the Somali national armed forces was conducted in Shabelle Hoose to remove Al Shabaab and stabilize the area around Jannaale, resulting in the temporary displacement of 23,000 persons.
Farming communities reportedly continue to be obliged by Al Shabaab to pay “taxes' to tend to their fields after good rains, with both money and livestock being provided as zakat or a “voluntary jihad' contribution.
In Marka, in Shabelle Hoose, taxation continues to be imposed on donkey carts supplying or collecting commodities. In many areas, traders are now forced to pay double taxation, both to Al Shabaab and to the Government, which renders small businesses non lucrative and has led to an increase in prices for consumers.
Persons in Somalia faced a triple crisis through May of COVID 19, riverine and flash flooding caused by Gu rains, and infestation of desert locusts all of which were compounded by ongoing armed conflict.
Trucks using the main supply routes in Hiraan continue to be subjected to Al Shabaab attacks, a longstanding situation resulting from the group's enforcement of its economic blockade of government controlled towns.
The reopening of the supply route connecting the two parts of Galkayo is expected to enhance socioeconomic development, security and humanitarian access in Gaalkacyo. Operations to remove unauthorized checkpoints along other main access roads continue; however, armed actors adjust by creating non static checkpoints.
The United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia  ( UNSOM )  recorded at least 596 civilian casualties, including 296 killings, by early August. The majority were due to Al Shabab targeted and indiscriminate attacks using improvised explosive devices  ( IEDs ) , suicide bombings, and shelling, as well as targeted assassinations. Al Shabab continued to execute after unfair trials individuals it accused of working or spying for the government and foreign forces.
[ Recommendations: Support to unaccompanied and separated children  ]  Community/family based care support for unaccompanied children including child headed households  ( mentorship and supervision support ) . Support children to find, and assess, alternative care options, and ensure safety and appropriateness of care.
The combination of floods, COVID 19 and the desert locust infestation, along with protracted conflict, is increasing protection challenges because families lose their socioeconomic safety net and the capacity to cope with such shocks.
In addition, reproductive health services remain a priority need for IDPs.
Due to the large population of Internally Displaced Persons  ( IDPs )  in Somalia 2.6 million in displacement camps across the country, half of them in Mogadishu the pandemic poses a substantial threat.