nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Lack of access to housing or appropriate accommodation results in increased vulnerability of migrants to potential exposure to harmful environmental elements, especially during the winter months, and to other forms of harm due to lack of safety and security.
Of the migrants reporting to have school aged children in Libya, 47% of the respondents  ( 157 migrants )  reported that their school aged children could not access education in Libya. In subsequent questions, these migrants reporting lack of access to education for their children were asked to report the underlying reason because of which their children could not go to school.
In 2019 to date, 2,184 refugees and asylum seekers have departed for solutions out of Libya, including 774 under resettlement and 1,410 under the evacuation programme.
Out of the total number of migrants identified in Round 27, 403,301 originated from Sub Saharan countries. Among Sub Saharan migrants, the most common nationalities identified were Nigerien  ( 129,245 ) , Chadians  ( 97,160 ) , Nigerians  ( 49,283 ) , Ghanaian  ( 35,522 )  and Malians  ( 32,518 ) .
On 25 November 2019, the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970  ( 2011 )  concerning Libya held its seventh informal consultations of the year.
Reported priority needs included food, health, water and NFIs  ( mattresses, blankets and hygiene kits ) . Additionally, those staying in open areas outside Ghat were reported to be also in urgent need of shelter and WASH services.
Of the 636,426 migrants identified in Round 27, 8%  ( 47,638 individuals )  originated from Asian and Middle Eastern countries. Migrants from Bangladesh represented the majority of Asian and Middle Eastern nationalities recorded  ( 21,694 individuals or 46% of Asian & Middle Eastern migrants identified ) .
94% of Egyptian migrants entered Libya directly, 3% reported entering through Sudan and 2% entered through Tunisia, usually through travel by airplane to Tunis and then onwards to Libya. The remaining 1% reported other routes.
Following the Libyan National Army incursion on the Government of National Accord in Tripoli in April 2019, the violence escalated and 128,000 people were displaced. There have been widespread violations of international law, including attacks on health, water and education facilities and humanitarian workers.
There are 301,000 internally displaced persons, including nearly 145,000 children and 447,000 returnees. Some 267,000 people require water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH )  assistance, 93,000 children are in need of education support, 554,000 people require health assistance and 134,000 children need protection services
When asked about how safe the journey to Libya was, 28% of the Chadians assessed reported that journey was not safe, 59% felt relatively safe and 13% reported the journey was safe for them. The remaining 1% didn't want to answer this question.
92% of migrants departing Burkina Faso reported travelling through Niger while 7% travelled to Mali first and then to Algeria to reach Libya. The remaining 1% reported other routes.
Detained migrant and refugee children are held in inhumane conditions and detention centres have been hit by airstrikes. In 2019, over 300 migrants and refugees, including children, died crossing the Mediterranean from Libya.
Ten percent of people surveyed between May 2017 and June 2019 reported being detained in Libya, and the proportion of respondents experiencing detention increased over time
As of 19 December, the number of refugees and migrants rescued/intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and disembarked in Libya remains at 8,848.
In a detention system where extortion serves as an important motivating factor, how easily refugees and migrants can be shaken down or exploited for their labor can influence their likelihood of being detained
We have grave concerns about the impact the conflict is having on densely populated areas such as Abu Salim and Al Hadba, where an additional 100,000 civilians are at risk of being displaced, on top of the 343,000 who already have been.
Journalists, media workers and human rights defenders continue to be subjected to violence, threats and harassment.
Visible presence of UXOs was reported in 7 municipalities. Residents were reported as not being able to move safely within their area of residence in 17 municipalities. In municipalities where movement was restricted, the main reasons were insecurity  ( 11 municipalities )  and road closures  ( 7 municipalities )
Between January and November, more than 8,600 migrants were intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and returned to Libya, which of course cannot be considered by any stretch of the imagination as a safe port for disembarkation.
To date in 2019, an estimated 8,813 individuals have been held in 28 official prisons under the authority of the Ministry of Justice, of whom an estimated 60 percent were in pre trial detention.
Following the uptick in violence in the Southern municipality of Murzuq in August 2019, UNICEF as part of the inter agency response, provided four interagency emergency health kits to three hospitals and health care facilities sufficient to support 24,000 people for three months and distributed 1,025 hygiene kits to 5,125 displaced persons, including 2,050 children.
Benghazi An estimated 220 migrants arrived in Benghazi looking for work opportunities, especially in the construction sector
Over seven years of conflict in Libya has impacted 1.6 million people. Out of these, of which 823,000 people across the country including 241,000 girls and boys need humanitarian assistance.1 The majority of the people in need are located in urban areas, primarily in the western and eastern regions of the country while there has also been a deterioration of the humanitarian situation in southern Libya.
A total of 128,150 people fled from their homes – some of these IDPs are being hosted by extended families or in rental accommodations while less advantaged displaced persons found refuge in the IDP shelters in and around Tripoli.
As you know, the treatment of migrants and refugees in Libya has been a matter of huge concern over the past few years, and they continue to be routinely subjected to violation and abuses, including extrajudicial and arbitrary killings, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances, torture, sexual and gender based violence, abduction for ransom, extortion, and forced labour , by State officials, traffickers and smugglers.
Children and women have been reported to suffer from psychosocial stress due to the ongoing conflict and children. While Libya does not have a formal United Nations Security Council Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism  ( Security Council Resolution 1612 )  nor a Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Arrangement  ( MARA )  on conflict related sexual violence  ( Security Council Resolution 1960 ) , Libya is a situation of concern for grave violations against children and conflict related sexual violence.
Ethnic violence between two tribes located in the southern municipality of Murzuq also increased in August 2019, resulting in 90 civilian deaths and 200 civilian injuries and uprooting 16,700 individuals from their homes,6 bringing the total number of IDPs in Libya to 301,407.7 Frequent electricity cuts and damage to infrastructure were reported, preventing hospitals from operating normally while public water and sanitation services are mostly unavailable.
At the time of the drafting of this report, more than three thousand migrants were in detention centres situated at locations that are considered at risk of being directly or indirectly affected by the ongoing armed conflict, whereas several thousands of migrants outside detention are also determined to be in the areas that are indirectly affected by conflict.
More than 128,000 Libyan nationals have been forced to leave their homes becoming internally displaced persons  ( IDPs ) , while conflict has also affected migrants and refugees held in the detention centres in proximity to the sites of armed conflict  ( IOM 2019b, 2019c ) .
Cooking fuel and vehicle fuel were almost completely unavailable in Derna. KIs also reported widespread shortages of fresh vegetables, fruits, milk, flour, tomato paste and many types of meat.
At the time of data collection, according to KI estimates, these central mahallas consisted of 20 30% IDPs and 55 70% non displaced persons. The outlying mahallas of 400, As Sahil and Embakh, meanwhile, consisted of 85 95% non displaced persons.
In the case of migrants originating from Middle East the largest country of origin cohort interviewed was from Syrian Arab Republic  ( 222 migrants ) , where 85 migrants identified war or conflict and 25 targeted violence and persecution as their two main reasons for leaving Syria.
Informal entry and exit points were largely inaccessible due to armed group activity
As of 1 November, over 8,155 refugees and migrants were rescued/intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and disembarked in Libya. In October, 1,113 refugees and migrants disembarked in Tripoli  ( 703 individuals ) , Al Khums  ( 183 individuals ) , Tajoura  ( 179 individuals ) , and Zwara  ( 48 individuals ) .
Overcrowding affected well over half the IDP population in Derna's central and western mahallas, according to KIs in these areas. By comparison, less than half of the non displaced population was reported to live in overcrowded conditions.
Continuing clashes and a deeply unstable security and economic situation cause deep rifts in the country, making certain areas difficult to access for WFP and its partners and challenging the implementation of projects that require stability.
All departures took place from the airport in Misrata  ( 180 km east of Tripoli )  and were coordinated with IOM. Another 23 urban refugees were prevented to board the plane in Misrata airport yesterday  ( on their way to the ETC in Romania )  due to conflicting instructions from within DCIM.
As of 25 October, 7,863 refugees and migrants were rescued/intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and disembarked. So far in October, 821 refugees and migrants disembarked in Tripoli  ( 456 individuals ) , Al Khums  ( 183 individuals )  and Tajoura  ( 179 individuals ) . This week, 362 individuals were disembarked in Tripoli.
KIs also reported widespread damage to the city's electric, water, sewage and road networks. Government buildings in western mahallas were additionally targeted, along with the Al Amal school, the Abu Huraira mosque and the Wadi Derna bridge.
KIs reported widespread shortages of fresh vegetables, fruits, milk and many types of meat. Flour and tomato paste were also subject to localised shortages, though these were least frequent in mahallas with functional markets
The presence of explosive remnants of war  ( ERW )  was reported in all assessed mahallas.
Clashes broke out in southern Tripoli in mid January 2019, killing several people and injuring others. The UN Support Mission in Libya  ( UNSMIL )  condemned the fighting, warning against violations of the ceasefire agreed in September 2018. While WFP distributions were not affected in the capital, movement restrictions further south meant that the WFP distribution in Bani Walid was delayed by one week.
In Tajoura, near the outer perimeter of a military camp, an LNA air strike on the morning of 15 June 2019 damaged two nearby houses and injured two young women from the Msallem family, Marwa, 24, and Dhikra, 21.
This week, a total of 72 refugees  ( 14 men, 40 women and 18 children )  departed from Libya to the Emergency Transit Centre  ( ETC )  in Romania.
As of 21 October 2019, a total of 45,977 asylum seekers and refugees are registered with UNHCR in Libya. A total of 3,139 individuals have been identified by UNHCR and its partners to be currently in one of the accessible Libyan detention centres.
In Tripoli, LNA air strikes on civilian homes likewise have caused civilian casualties. Amnesty International investigators documented three strikes that killed one and wounded four civilians.
Militias on both sides continue to launch indiscriminate strikes, often using inherently inaccurate weapons, which they know are likely to harm civilians and damage civilian property. Both sides have shown utter disregard for the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law  ( the laws of war ) , which forbid such attacks.
At the time of the strike, hundreds of migrants and refugees, most of them from sub Saharan African countries, were held in disused warehouses. Shortly before the strike on the migrant detention facility, a militia's vehicle repair workshop, approximately 100 metres away across an empty space, was also bombed, apparently causing no casualties.
A majority of women and children temporarily left the Tawerghan IDP camp Al Fallah 2 after shelters in the camp were struck by mortar fire in early September
One of the rockets struck the entrance of a three storey building in Hay al Intissar, killing a 68 year old woman, Aziza Omar Ghuma, and her two daughters, Karima Abu Qse'aa, 51, and Mufida Abu Qse'aa, 54.
KIs in 12 assessed mahallas, as well as in the Al Fallah 2 camp for Tawerghan IDPs, reported that shelters in their mahallas had been recently damaged since 26 August.
Recent damage to the water network was reported in all assessed baladiyas. Disruptions to Ain Zara's water supply were reported in early September, but by the time of data collection, KIs reported that the network was again functioning.
One of these attacks, on 1 September 2019, damaged a civilian plane as it landed full of pilgrims returning from Haj, injuring at least two crew members.44 The airport was closed soon after and remains shut down.
As of 18 October, 7,404 refugees and migrants were rescued/intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and disembarked in Libya during 93 sea operations.
This week, 260 refugees and migrants disembarked in Tajoura  ( 179 individuals )  and Al Khums  ( 81 individuals ) . UNHCR and its partner, the International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  provided medical assistance and core relief items  ( CRIs )  to persons at the disembarkation points.
4Mi data reveal that 44% of respondents encountered one or more protection incidents during their journey. Figure 2 displays the percentage of refugees and migrants experiencing and/or witnessing different protection incidents, disaggregated by gender.
Equally disturbing are attacks against medical facilities and health workers which are a growing phenomenon in the Libyan conflict that goes to the heart of violations of international humanitarian law. There have been 57 attacks on healthcare facilities in 2019 which resulted in the death of 13 healthcare workers and injury of 47 others in Libya.
In September 2019, UNHAS flights to Tripoli ceased after an increase in shelling and air strikes against Mitiga Airport. Commercial flights have been diverted to Misrata Airport. Tripoli International Airport has been closed since 2014. Tripoli can be only accessed by road from Misrata and Zuwara airports, 200 and 125km away, respectively.
On 26 December and in Al Zawiya, two civilians were killed, and eight others injured with public and personal property destroyed by airstrikes, conducted by General Haftar's forces. On 27 December, attacks in Abu Salim resulted in the death of one civilian and the injury of six civilians, including two children. Also on 24 December in Tajoura, airstrikes resulted in a number of casualties among civilians.
Today, the Institute of Applied Engineering, located in the proximity of Al Nasser Migrants Center in Al Zawiya, where hundreds of migrants are being held, was attacked by an airstrike. Fortunately, no casualties have been reported in today's airstrike.
Prior to the above incidents, UNSMIL and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights  ( UNHCHR )  announced that at least 284 civilian deaths and 363 injuries have been documented in 2019 as a result of the armed conflict in Libya – an increase of more than a quarter over the number of casualties recorded during the same period last year. Airstrikes were the leading cause of civilian casualties, accounting for 182 deaths and 212 injuries, followed by ground fighting, improvised explosive devices, abductions and killings.
As elsewhere in Libya, residents of Derna still relied primarily on stores and markets for their food, but this norm had begun to break down due to market shortages. Borrowing food from others was reportedly widespread, along with relying on stored food and own production, all of which were much rarer strategies six months ago.
On 29 May, Derna's main water desalination plant, located near the Karsah gate, suspended operations due to nearby clashes and insecurity affecting its staff. As a result, the main water network largely stopped functioning throughout the city, except in Sheiha, where the network was fed partly by wells.
Explosive remnants of war  ( ERW )  were reported in all assessed mahallas, and landmines were reported along the main roads leading out of Derna. KIs in all assessed mahallas reported injuries or casualties attributable to explosive hazards.
Across most Derna mahallas with IDP populations, 40 50% of IDPs were reportedly being hosted by family or friends  ( in El Bilad and Al Maghar, this percentage rose to 80% ) . An additional 10 40% were renting their own accommodation, with a greater concentration of rental properties in Bab Tubraq, Dheil el Wadi, and El Fataih.
The largest proportion of the 3,845 recently displaced Libyan households reportedly came from conflict affected areas of Ain Zara, with the next largest proportions coming from Mashroua Al Hadhba and Salaheddin. According to IOM, roughly half of these households traveled to other cities to the south and east, while at least 1,950 households were displaced within the city of Tripoli.
KIs reported an increase in robberies, killings, and other types of crime in conflict affected mahallas as a direct consequence of insecurity, raising concerns about residents' safety.
Roughly half of these households were displaced to other cities to the south and east, with the largest numbers heading to Bani Waleed, Tarhuna, and Garabolli. Meanwhile, at least 1,950 households were displaced within the city of Tripoli.3 Those from Ain Zara were likely to travel to the city centre or Qasr Bin Ghasher, but those from Mashroua Al Hadhba and Salaheddin generally travelled to Abusliem baladiya, itself a site of heavy clashes suggesting that some of these households may have lacked access to resources that would have enabled them to reach safer areas.
Food and sanitation were the top reported needs in these ad hoc shelters; local authorities had been able to fill some, but not all, of the stated needs
Disruptions to the electrical grid had become much more frequent, with daily power cuts lasting for long periods of time. Official sources from the General Electricity Company of Libya  ( GECOL )  stated that the grid had been damaged by conflict and was close to collapse, which had led to multiple blackouts affecting most of west and south Libya.
Among both IDP and refugee/migrant populations, KIs reported that across Tripoli, the most needed health service was treatment for chronic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart and kidney problems, and the like. Refugees and migrants were also reported to lack access to common antibiotics.
All assessed mahallas had functioning markets. However, a majority of KIs in 5 mahallas  ( Ain Zara, Mashroua Al Hadhba, Salaheddin, Al Wadi Al Gharbi, and Al Minshiyah ) , as well as in Suq Aljumaa baladiya, reported that recently displaced IDPs were unable to consistently access these markets
Across all assessed mahallas, the top reported need for recently displaced IDPs was cash, followed by safety/security and food. KIs also cited electricity, access to healthcare, and access to water as areas of significant need.
KIs reported that refugees and migrants' most essential need was cash, followed by food  ( particularly bread and flour )  and shelter. Safety/security, access to water, and access to healthcare were also cited as important needs.
Since the onset of armed conflict on 04 April 2019, clashes have continuously been reported in densely populated areas in South Tripoli and throughout the reporting period, triggering displacement of civilians to safer neighborhoods in Tripoli, the Nafusa mountains and along the coastal line in Western Libya.
In June and July 2019, the number of IDPs identified in Libya increased from 268,629 to 301,407 IDPs by the end of Round 26. New displacements during the reporting period were primarily due to continued conflict in South Tripoli and related population movements, and to a lesser extent due to localized displacement triggered by floods in Ghat in June, affecting over 5,000 individuals.
Following heavy rainfall in early June, Ghat and surrounding areas were heavily affected by floods, with water levels reaching up to two meters in affected areas. Subsequently, over 5,075 people were displaced from flood impacted areas. Over 1,850 IDPs, accounting for one third of the population displaced from Ghat, were sheltered in collective shelters in Ghat and Ubari, with the remaining IDPs staying with host families and in open areas in the desert outside Ghat.
Availability of health services was reportedly severely constrained due to health facilities being affected by floods, including Ghat hospital. Reportedly, IDPs displaced to areas outside Ghat were also constrained in their ability to reach health facilities due to distances exceeding 5 kilometers to the closest facility. Availability of medical supplies in local markets was reported to be very limited, including unavailability of medicine for chronic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressures.
Other economic reasons for migrating, indicated by less than 10% of the interviewed migrants, were business or trading  ( 4% respondents, 534 migrants )  and those engaged in seasonal migration, transhumance, or agropastoral activities  ( 3% respondents, 336 migrants ) .
A majority of respondents who were aware of the risks identified being robbed while in transit  ( 61%; 3,515 migrants ) , transport accidents such as vehicle crashes  ( 58%; 3,344 migrants )  and risk of being detained  ( 57%; 3,270 migrants )  as major risks of concern. Other risks such as facing physical violence  ( 25%; 1,455 migrants ) , forced labour  ( 23%; 1,334 migrants ) , involuntary return  ( 22%; 1,239 ) , and sexual violence or exploitation  ( 3%; 183 migrants )  were also identified as migration related risks.
Overall, 81% of the respondents reported that they had access to sufficient drinking water, whereas the broader geographical variation in responses shows that a quarter of the respondents in Southern Libya reported to not have access to sufficient drinking water  ( Figure 34 ) . In the region  ( mantika )  of Sebha 43% of the respondents reported not having access to sufficient drinking water  ( Figure 35 ) .
The migrants interviewed under the health module of the FMS were also asked about acute illnesses at the time of interview; data on this question was collected through syndromic self reporting of respondents in the context of pre diagnostic surveillance. Slightly more than 3% of respondents  ( 209 migrants )  interviewed with the health module between January and August 2019 reported suffering from acute illnesses at the time of the interviews. The most commonly acute illnesses as reported by 31% of those reporting suffering from acute illnesses were respiratory infections, closely followed by 29% reporting urinary tract infections, and 28% reporting skin diseases.
MSF teams have been caring for migrants and refugees in Libya since 2017. They have witnessed the desperate situation of thousands of people, trapped in endless cycles of violence and condemned to languish in detention centres or left to survive alone outside.
October 2019: As the conflict outside intensified, over 400 detainees fled the Abusalim detention centre to seek refuge in the UNHCR gathering and departure facility  ( GDF )  in the hope that they would be evacuated or resettled. To date 38 detainees remain held in the detention centre, which is located in south west Tripoli. It is close to the shifting frontlines and to military warehouses, and is at risk of being caught in the crossfire.
26 April 2019: Refugees and migrants in Qasr Bin Gashir detention centre are shot at and injured. At the time, over 700 unarmed men, women and children were trapped there.
In contrast to this limited evacuation system, the European state sponsored system of forced return to Libya is working at full capacity. From January to November 2019, 2,142 refugees were evacuated out of Libya by UNHCR. In contrast, nearly 9,000 people were forcibly returned there after being intercepted while attempting to flee by sea.
There are currently 4,400 people trapped in Libyan detention centres  ( UNHCR )  where they are held indefinitely and without trial. More are forcibly returned every day and as a result, the demand for evacuation and resettlement places will continue to outstrip availability. Whether someone is returned to a detention centre or left on the streets to fend for themselves, Libya has never been a more dangerous place for migrants to be.
Tragically, almost 700 others are known to have died or gone missing in the Central Mediterranean in 2019. These are just the people we know about. In 2019, it is estimated that for every 18 people that reached Europe, one died attempting the crossing. There is an urgent need for dedicated search and rescue capacity in the Mediterranean.
Between January and October 2019, migration flows across Niger doubled compared to the same period last year; from an estimated 266,590 in 2018 to more than 540,000 this year  ( IOM ) . The number of people who died during those journeys remains unknown.
The migrants, refugees and asylum seekers arrive on foot, with nothing but the clothes they are wearing, often exhausted and disorientated. They are usually picked up off the streets in Algeria, then put into detention centres where minimum standards of living conditions, judicial guarantees and protection are allegedly not being granted. Later they are dropped at ‘Point Zero' close to the border with Niger, from where they have to walk around 15 kilometres to reach the village of Assamaka, in Niger.
The Foreign Affairs Committee of the Turkish Parliament approved on Monday the memorandum of understanding signed last month between Libya and Turkey on security and military cooperation.
U.S. forces said on Friday they killed 17 suspected militants in their third air strike in a week on southern Libya.
The sustained use of air strikes and artillery shelling in the vicinity of areas inhabited by civilians continues to negatively impact the safety and lives of the civilian population in Tripoli and surrounding areas. Since the start of armed conflict in South Tripoli on 04 April 2019, over 140,000 individuals have been displaced to relatively safer neighborhoods around Tripoli, the Nafusa mountains and along the coastal line in Western Libya. IDP families displaced to locations close to areas of conflict remain at risk, along with host community members providing them with shelter.
The top four priority needs identified for IDPs were food assistance, shelter, health services and non food items  ( NFIs ) . For returnees, key priority needs were found to be food assistance, followed by non food items, support in provision of water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH )  services, and health services.
Comparison between data collected in round 26  ( June   July )  and round 27  ( August   October )  indicates that IDPs are increasingly staying with host families  ( without paying rent )  rather than in accommodation rented by themselves. This trend also points towards an erosion of coping strategies as several IDPs have been unable to return to their places of origin due to the increasingly protracted nature of ongoing armed conflict and are unable to continue paying for rented accommodation. Furthermore, reports on increases in rental prices of accommodation in areas considered safe from conflict were also received.
Access to livelihood opportunities  ( 35% ) , access to humanitarian services  ( 31% ) , and availability of basic services  ( 29% )  were also found to have impacted IDP families' decisions of choosing specific locations of displacement.
In Round 27, the number of internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  identified in Libya increased from 301,407 IDPs to 343,180 IDPs. New displacements during the reporting period were primarily due to continued conflict in Tripoli and to the outbreak of clashes in Murzuq, Southern Libya, since August 2019
When asked about the main challenges faced by the residents, IDPs and returnees in accessing adequate drinking water, the most cited obstacle was related to access to water being “too expensive'. In 23 municipalities the water available was reported as not safe for drinking or cooking per the chart below
82% of returnees were reported to be back in their own homes at their area origin. The remaining returnees are in rented accommodation  ( 9% ) , with host families  ( 8% )  and other shelter arrangements  ( 1% ) .
The majority of key informants reported that IDPs and returnees in need were unable to meet their basic needs such as food and non food items due to reported price hikes  ( inflation )  and limited or irregular supply of the needed items on the market. The health services were reported to face challenges related to irregular supply of medicines.
In 99 municipalities local markets were reported to be the primary source of food for residents, including IDPs, returnees and the host community. Whereas in 16 municipalities food distributions by charity and aid organizations were identified as a major source of food supply for vulnerable populations
Visible presence of UXOs was reported in 8 municipalities. Residents were reported as not being able to move safely within their area of residence in 16 municipalities. In municipalities where movement was restricted, the main reason was insecurity  ( 14 municipalities ) , road closures  ( 7 municipalities ) , and presence of unexploded ordinance  ( at least 1 municipality ) .
Garbage disposal services, electricity, and operational water networks were the most commonly available municipal services reported in Round 27, although electricity was often available only intermittently. Out of the 100 assessed municipalities, 62 municipalities reported garbage disposal services as being operational, electricity was regularly available in 51% of assessed locations, and water networks were fully operational in only 44% of the municipalities assessed.
During August a rapid deterioration in the security situation in Murzuq due to armed conflict, including the use of precision airstrikes in areas inhabited by civilians, resulted in the displacement of over 5,643 families  ( 28,215 individuals )  in search of safety. The majority of the IDP families were displaced to surrounding areas in Southern Libya, however arrivals were also observed in more distant locations along the coastal municipalities in the Eastern and Western regions of Libya.
In the context of ongoing armed conflict in and around south Tripoli since April 2019, and the protracted cases of previously displaced households, the municipalities of Tripoli collectively host 78,948 IDPs.
Similarly, a majority  ( 66% )  of interviewed key informants indicated that IDPs moved to their respective locations of displacement due to better security prospects in these areas. Most key informants  ( 58% )  also reported that the presence of relatives, or existing social and cultural bonds at the locations of displacement played a role in IDP families' decision making where to seek safety. These findings further reinforce that the deterioration of the security situation due to armed conflict is the most significant driver of displacement in Libya.
Out of the 100 municipalities covered in Round 27, key informants in 99 municipalities reported that between 51 100% of public schools were operational. Similarly, more than half of private schools were reported to be operational in 83 municipalities.
In nine municipalities between 0 to 50% of private schools were reported to be operational. Additionally, during the reporting period, 24 schools were reported to be used as shelters for the IDPs displaced from Tripoli in the majority of the cases. Whereas, 47 schools were also reported to be totally destroyed and in need of rehabilitation.
DTM in support of the Rapid Response Mechanism  ( RRM ) * conducted a needs assessment of families displaced from Murzuq to the coastal municipalities in Western Libya, where shelter, food, and non food items  ( NFIs )  were identified as the top three priority emergency needs. 80% of the households assessed were sheltered at rented accommodations, whereas 13% were hosted by the host community at the locations of displacement.
Following the escalation of the security situation in Murzuq at the beginning of August, over 28,000 individuals were displaced in the following weeks to other locations in Southern Libya, such as Wadi Etba, Sabha, Ubari, Tragan, Wadi Alshati and Al Gatroun, but also to more distant locations in Western and Eastern Libya. The majority of IDP families from Murzuq sought shelter with relatives and in rented accommodation and rapid assessments identified humanitarian priority needs to be food, NFIs, WASH and medical supplies.
Overall, the Tripoli region  ( mantika )  currently hosts the largest number of internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  in Libya. In the context of ongoing armed conflict in and around south Tripoli since April 2019, and the protracted cases of previously displaced households, the municipalities of Tripoli collectively host almost 79,000 IDPs. In Round 27 no significant return movements were identified in Libya.
During the crisis in Tripoli, DTM conducted a rapid profiling exercise of displaced households to better understand the demographic composition of IDP families. To this end, DTM enumerators gathered demographic data from a sample of 6,000 IDPs displaced from South Tripoli in July 2019. Notably, a slight majority of sampled IDPs were female  ( 51% ) , while almost half of the surveyed population were children  ( 48% ) .
During the round 27 data collection cycle a relatively small number of IDPs were identified to have returned to their places of origin, further indicating the negative impact of the overall deterioration of the security situation in Libya. As in previous rounds of data collection, the highest number of returnees  ( IDPs who had returned to their habitual place of residence )  were identified in the regions of Benghazi  ( 189,025 individuals ) , followed by Sirt  ( 77,510 individuals )  and Tripoli  ( 61,920 individuals ) .
Since early April, the security situation in conflict affected areas in south Tripoli has remained volatile. During the round 27 data collection period, DTM identified an additional 2,397 displaced families  ( approximately 11,983 individuals ) , bringing the total number of internally displaced persons from South Tripoli to at least 28,027 families  ( approximately 140,133 individuals )  who have been forced to leave their homes due to armed conflict since the start of hostilities on 04 April 2019. The number of IDPs forced to leave their homes due to armed conflict in Tripoli since April 2019 now constitutes 40% of the total displacement in Libya.
Across Libya, only 63% of all health facilities were reported to be operational, while 32% were partially operational and 5% were not operational at all. Across all municipalities, 55% of hospitals were operational, 38% were partially operational and 7% of hospitals were non operational. Furthermore, range of health services available in operational facilities was often limited while in some instances also shortages of medical supplies, particularly for chronic diseases, were observed.
During the reporting period, Murzuq region was identified to host the fourth largest population of IDPs in Libya  ( 27,280 individuals ) . A majority of the IDPs displaced in Murzuq region  ( 54%, 14,850 individuals )  were identified to be displaced within the region since August 2019 due to deterioration of the security situation in Murzuq city. A significant number of IDPs displaced from Murzuq region  ( 11,615 individuals )  were also identified to have displaced to various municipalities in the neighboring regions of Aljufra,
Political instability and widespread violence, including direct attacks on public infrastructure, have severely disrupted people's access to public services, like health, education, water and sanitation.
Ongoing conflict and economic crisis has impacted people's ability to secure their wellbeing and livelihoods, resulting in the most vulnerable increasingly relying on negative coping mechanisms to cover basic needs.
The humanitarian situation in Libya is increasingly complex. The protracted nature of the conflict severely impacts on people's wellbeing and livelihoods. Political stalemate has resulted in a governance vacuum, and coupled with widespread violence and insecurity, including direct attacks on public infrastructure, have disrupted the economy and public service delivery across the country. Furthermore, spikes in violence, such as the escalation of conflict in Tripoli since April 2019 and clashes in Murzuq in August 2019, have resulted in increased civilian casualties and further displacement.
The ongoing conflict has increased the vulnerability of migrants present in these areas, led to decreases in reported work opportunities for migrants, exacerbated humanitarian needs and triggered movements of migrant groups to nearby areas in Western Libya
Airstrikes were the leading cause of civilian casualties, accounting for 394  ( 182 deaths and 212 injured ) , followed by ground fighting, summary executions, improvised explosive devices, abductions and killings. During the same period, the World Health Organization documented 61 conflict related attacks [ 1 ] against health care facilities and personnel, a 69 per cent increase compared to the same period in 2018 [ 2 ] . These attacks impacted 18 health facilities, 20 ambulances, and 40 health personnel.
The sustained use of air strikes and artillery shelling in the vicinity of areas inhabited by both Libyans and migrants continues to negatively impact the safety and lives of the civilian population as the conflict has become protracted.
In terms of humanitarian needs, access to health services continues to be reported as major constraints for migrants in Libya. Between January and September 2019, over 8,700 migrants were surveyed through DTM's Flow Monitoring Survey Health Module with 75% of respondents reporting only having limited or no access to the health services in Libya when needed  ( 75% ) ; constraints were reported to be particularly critical in Southern Libya
While Libyan host population was also found to be affected by limited health services in several locations, migrants were reportedly facing additional access issues to public health facilities
North African migrants accounted for 26% of the total number of migrants identified in Libya  ( 185,158 individuals ) . Among them, 53% were Egyptians and 40% Sudanese, followed by Tunisians  ( 3% ) , Moroccans  ( 3% )  and Algerians  ( 1% )
Access to health services was reported as major constraint for migrants in Libya. The majority of the assessed migrants reported only having limited or no access to the health services in Libya  ( 75% ) .
Out of the 636,426 migrants identified, 93% were reported to be adults and 7% children. The majority of adult migrants were reported to be male  ( 90% )  and the remaining 10% to be female. Of the minors, 74% were reported as accompanied and 26% as unaccompanied.
71% of the migrants identified  ( 449,819 )  were living in rented accommodations out of which 58% were reportedly paying for their own accommodation, 9% were living in accommodation rented by their employer and 3% were living in rented accommodation paid by others.
Between 01 January and 30 September 2019, the total number of arrivals to Italy was recorded at 7,633 individuals, representing a steep drop in comparison to reported arrivals in 2018  ( less than one third of number of arrivals recorded in the same period in 2018 ) . Almost half of the arrivals  ( 3,766 individuals )  were recorded between the months of August and September which can be explained by the favorable weather to attempt crossing the Mediterranean Sea as well as the volatile security situation in Tripoli.
A total of 7,192 migrants were returned by Libyan coast guards between 01 January and 30 September 2019. Among the rescued migrants there were 311 minors as well as 437 women.
The armed conflict in Libya escalated in 2019, and as a result, some 880,000 people require humanitarian assistance. Children in Tripoli, Derna and urban areas in the west and south are particularly vulnerable.
IOM reports that a majority of the IDPs have fled to other areas in southern Libya, including more than 9,300 individuals to Wadi Etba and nearly 4,500 individuals to Sabha city. Authorities in Wadi Etba declared a state of emergency due to humanitarian needs of IDPs fleeing the violence; relief organizations are providing emergency food commodities, health care, shelter supplies, and access to clean drinking water, according to IOM.
Since April, the UN has reported nearly 50 attacks on health facilities and health workers that have killed at least 11 health care workers and adversely impacted operations at nearly 20 hospitals. Additionally, hostilities in Tripoli have impeded access to health care services for the district's residents
Critics contend that EU policies are increasing refugees' and migrants' risk of abuse and detention by keeping them in Libya – which UNHCR does not consider to be a safe third country for asylum seekers25 – and encouraging local authorities and armed groups to expand their enforcement efforts.
The Humanitarian Coordinator in Libya Mr. Yacoub El Hillo condemns in the strongest possible terms the airstrikes that took place in the past few days in different parts of Libya, causing the death of civilians, the majority of whom were children and women.
Continuing clashes and a deeply unstable security and economic situation cause deep rifts in the country, making certain areas difficult to access for WFP and its partners and challenging the implementation of projects.
On 18 November, several airstrikes hit a civilian manufacturing site in southern Tajoura, killing at least seven civilians and injuring at least 35 others*. The sustained use of air strikes and artillery shelling in the vicinity of areas inhabited by civilians continues to negatively impact the safety and lives of the civilian population as the conflict has become protracted.
More than 200 civilians have been killed and more than 128,000 people have fled their homes since the conflict began on 4 April. More than 135,000 civilians remain in frontline areas, and an additional 270,000 people live in areas directly affected by conflict.
Over the past days, the number of civilians killed and injured has been rising and many families are leaving the areas impacted by the shelling. A further escalation of ground fighting in these densely populated areas would lead to disastrous humanitarian consequences.
A biscuit factory in the Wadi Rabi'a neighbourhood of Tripoli was hit by an air strike, according to early information. The attack has caused what we currently believe to be ten fatalities and over 35 injuries.
Migrants and refugees continue to be at risk of unlawful killings, torture and other ill treatment, arbitrary detention and unlawful deprivation of liberty, rape and other forms of sexual and gender based violence, slavery and forced labour, extortion and exploitation.
Hundreds of civilians have died in clashes in Tripoli since the latest round of violence began in April, including 53 migrants killed in an airstrike on the Tajoura detention centre in July.
The strongest migration drivers identified among respondents were economic reasons, followed by insecurity, persecution and conflict, limited ability to meet food needs, environmental degradation and climate related shocks. According to the web based survey, six out of ten respondents expressed having had a choice to leave their country of origin, while four reported not having a choice but to leave based on their own perception.
Food coping strategies were adopted by 57 percent of migrants due to lack of food or means to buy food. Most concerningly, one in four migrants reported to have gone a whole day without eating in the past month.
Migrants who come from East African and South/Southeast Asian countries were found to be more vulnerable to food insecurity than other migrants. Unaccompanied minors are of particular concern. Moreover, those interviewed along migration routes in Central and Eastern Libya as well as those who arrived more recently also significantly showed more vulnerability to food insecurity.
With another spike in conflict, in and around the Tripoli region, as well as the ongoing deterioration of the economic situation, many migrants are faced with major human security and livelihood risks as well as increasing burdens in meeting their food needs.
Political instability has led to a deterioration of macroeconomic fundamentals, currency devaluation, and the inflation of food and fuel prices.
Furthermore, as women continue to face limitations in their freedom of movement due to insecurity and are at risk of being exploited, they are less visible.
Typically, socio economic disparities are the main factors pushing populations to migrate. Such disparities cause a range of other factors that encourage migration, including precipitating and facilitating factors15. These push factors include events that trigger concerns for the local populations and determine the feasibility of migration
The crisis has led to a drop in oil production and revenue which in turn led to a high unemployment rate, but the situation has relatively improved compared to the beginning of the crisis.
While some migrants may choose to eat less to save money to meet other pressing needs, not having enough food to eat was still found as a significant source of stress for these groups
Main push factors were found to be lack of work, insecurity and conflict, the inability to meet food needs as well as climate related shocks and discrimination and persecution. Most often, it is a combination of multiple factors that ultimately compel people to leave, however this finding highlights the critical role that food insecurity plays in migrant decision making.
The U.N. mission in Libya said four projectiles struck the civilian parts of the airport Sunday, with one hitting an airplane carrying pilgrims coming back from Saudi Arabia.
On 17 February 2019, also in Murzuq, the LNA launched an airstrike at night, hitting Zawiat Zala's block 17, killing at least one male civilian and injuring two children.
More than 1,000 migrants and refugees have died in the Mediterranean Sea this year, the sixth year in a row that this "bleak milestone" has been reached, the United Nations said on Tuesday.
More than 18,000 people have lost their lives in Mediterranean crossings since 2014, according to figures from both the UNHCR and the website of the U.N.'s International Organization for Migration  ( IOM ) .
The bodies of five migrants were found on Morocco's Atlantic coast near Casablanca on Monday, bringing to 12 the number killed when their boat capsized on Saturday, the state news agency reported.
The internally displaced civilian count in Tripoli since the beginning of the war has risen to 199,925 people, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees  ( UNHCR )  confirmed Sunday.
Over the past few days, UNHCR has registered persons who are detained in the central region, particularly in Kararim and Al Khums detention centres. So far this year, UNHCR has registered 7,179 individuals, including 3,523 in detention centres.
Since DTM's last update on 27 August 2019, an additional 1,953 internally displaced families  ( approximately 9,765 individuals )  were identified, bringing the total number of internally displaced persons from Murzuq to at least 5,293 families  ( approximately 26,465 individuals )  since the beginning of August. In September, incidences of armed conflict, including airstrikes, continued to be reported in Murzuq city.