nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
COVID 19 restrictions and the economic contraction have placed pressure on markets and the movement of goods. South Sudan relies predominantly on commercial imports of basic commodities, including cereals. COVID 19 outbreak strained commercial activities in neighbouring countries and the free movement of commodities, which, compounded with a devaluating local currency, contributed to the significant spike in prices for both cereals and other commodities.
Protracted and continued conflict and flood induced displacement limit access to WASH infrastructure and places an extra burden on existing WASH infrastructure in displacement sites. The flooding destroyed a fifth of women and girl friendly spaces countrywide.  [ In 2020 ]
The IPC analysis conducted in October/November 2020 has projected that the number of people likely to be severely food insecure during the 2021 lean season will increase by 10 per cent to 7.24 million people. This represents 60 per cent of the South Sudanese population.
The plummeting global oil prices and lower non oil tax revenues seen in 2020 are expected to result in a significant fiscal deficit in 2021 that will place pressure on future government services and efforts to promote inclusion.
The mid 2021 lean season is projected to be the worst ever in terms of severity, with 20 per cent of the population likely to be in Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  and 1 per cent of the population in Catastrophe  ( IPC Phase 5 )
An additional 2.2 million South Sudanese are refugees in neighboring countries. While most of them fled South Sudan during the earlier years of the conflict, people continue to flee, and some 26,000 South Sudanese individuals sought asylum in countries in the region between January and October 2020. The main causes of refugee flight in 2020 were insecurity, floods and food shortages.
Internal returnees since 2016= 1.1M  ( IOM DTM as of September 2020 )  Spontaneous refugee returnees since 2017= 335K  ( UNHCR as of October 2020 )  Refugees and asylum seekers in South Sudan= 310K  ( UNHCR as of October 2020 )
7 May   The Presidency announces a relaxation of COVID 19 measures as of 8 May 2020 including a curfew from 10pm 6am and the loosening of other congregation restrictions without their complete repeal.
27 April 2020   Security forces put the UNMISS base and Malakal PoC site under lockdown due to COVID   1 9 in Malakal County.
13 April   The Government has suspended passenger flights as well as public and private iner state transport for up to two weeks effective from midnight Wednesday 15 April 2020  ( Communication from the presidency 25, HLTF 13 April 2020 )
29 May 2020   One health care worker dies of COVID 19 representing the first front line fatality in South Sudan.
20 May   Some 24 people escaped quarantine in Kapoeta South County due to limited food supplies
Preliminary analysis shows that more than 230,000 people displaced to a new location during the first nine months of 2020, including new displacement and movement of existing IDPs to the new areas of displacement
5 May 2020   The Government begins the forceful quarantine of COVID 10 patients who did not adhere to stay at home orders.
South Sudan hosts some 310,000 refugees and asylum seekers, 93 per cent of whom are from neighbouring Sudan. The country has maintained its open door policy during COVID 19 pandemic with more than 2,100 people seeking asylum in South Sudan in 2020, mostly from Sudan's South Kordofan State, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic.
Series of consultations with IDPs showed that IDPs are very much concerned about the overall security situation in the country. Many expressed dissatisfactions with the overall transparency and progress on the implementation of the peace agreement leading to the perception of general unpredictability of situation across the country
Insecurity, access to housing, land, and property, risk of gender based violence and lack of basic services in areas of potential return continue to constrain returns in larger numbers.
Week 1, 2021  (  January 4   January 10 )  :Malaria was the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for 53.7% of all morbidities and 20.4% of all mortalities this week. There was no county with malaria trends that exceeded the threshold  ( third quartile of trends for the period 2013 2017 )  and these include the following: In the PoC sites; malaria is the top cause of morbidity in Bentiu  ( 10% ) ; Juba  ( 64% ) , and Wau  ( 13% )  PoCs, in Malakal PoC malaria accounts for  ( 12% )  of OPD consultations, respectively
Kapoeta East county is classified as a high risk of cholera from the cholera hotspot mapping. Kapoeta East reported 2,106 cases including 26 deaths during the 2016/2017 cholera outbreak. Two rounds of oral cholera vaccination campaigns were conducted by WHO in Kapoeta East in 2017 with coverage of 88% and 78% respectively
Reactive measles campaign was concluded in Ibba with total of 11,896 children age 6 59 month been vaccinated and coverage of 96%.
The implementing NGOs,  ( Action Africa help  ( AAH )  responded through enhanced routine vaccination outreaches to the affected and at risk villages but these were not optimized due to resource constraints
On 19 August, the HLC, led by the Presidential Advisor on Military Affairs, Daniel Awet Akot, organised another meeting in Bor with militia elements returning from GPAA. HLC thanked them for accepting the appeal for peace and pledged to organize a peace conference in Juba within three months. Similar consultations were organized in Yuai and Waat in September.
3,662 confirmed COVID 19 cases in South Sudan; > 85% in Juba with 63 deaths and a case fatality rate  ( CFR )  of 2.0%. Total 9,727 contacts identified, quarantined, & undergoing follow up
Implement other critical activities to prevent the risk of cholera importation into South Sudan
Between 19 and 22 July, led by Vice President Wani Igga, the HLC carried out its first consultations in Bor and urged traditional chiefs to convince Dinka elements to stop attacking the Murle community and withdraw from GPAA. Around this time, Dinka armed elements in Maruwa Hills and Ververth began to retreat.
Left without access to the protective environment of school by the pandemic, the risk of children being neglected, abused or exploited increases significantly. The COVID 19 pandemic poses enormous risks to children, women, girls, families and communities including mental health and psychosocial distress, intimate partner violence, family separations, violence against children, physical and emotional maltreatment, and risk of exploitation including child labour among others.
COVID 19 related restrictions on humanitarian organizations limited provision of protection services in 2020, including legal assistance, psychosocial support and case management.
On 26 February, a few weeks after the surge of armed violence in Jonglei and GPAA, President Kiir and his newly appointed Vice Presidents met to discuss the security situation in these regions. A statement issued after this meeting condemned the violence but did not recommend specific actions to deescalate tensions.
According to HRD's findings, at least 738 persons were killed  ( 540 men, 149 women, 49 children )  and 320 others were wounded  ( 257 men, 29 women, 34 children )  during these three distinct phases of violence. Men comprised the majority of casualties  ( 75 per cent ) , followed by women  ( 17 per cent )  and children  ( 8 per cent ) . Fifty four per cent of casualties resulted from the actions of the coalition of Dinka and Nuer community based militias, while the remaining 46 per cent can be attributed to Murle groups. It should also be noted that eight humanitarian workers were killed in the context of this violence.
To Government authorities in Jonglei and GPAA, and SPLA IO/RM representatives in northern Jonglei: • Promptly intervene to facilitate the tracing, unconditional release and reunification of all abducted women and children and take steps to prosecute sexual and gender based crimes while ensuring that survivors receive reparations.
By early March 2021, their number had reached 19  ( 11 women and eight children ) . In parallel, between January and March 2021, following peace dialogues amongst leaders of the Murle, Dinka and Nuer communities, the Chief Administrator of GPAA recovered at least 35 women and children who had been abducted by Murle armed elements over the past few years, in anticipation of a planned exchange of abductees with the Nuer and Dinka communities agreed upon as a result of the peace dialogues.
In this volatile context, UNMISS Force also provided protection to humanitarian actors to carry out their life saving activities, in particular during food distribution. At the end of February, 23 humanitarian workers were urgently evacuated by UNMISS from Waat due to ongoing clashes between community based militias.
As of week 49, 2020, a total of 3,422 cases including 100 deaths  ( CFR 2.92% )  have been reported from three regions – SNNP, Oromia, and Gambella. Two of the affected regions, SNNP and Gambella, share borders with South Sudan  ( Akobo county in Jonglei state; Pochalla and Boma in Greater Pibor Administrative area; and Kapoeta East in Eastern Equatoria state ) .
OCV campaign in Pibor will start on 16th January 2021 targeting 93, 250 people one year and above in Pibor, Lekuangule, Verteth and Gumuruk by WHO. – Pibor: the campaign ended on 21st January, a total of 24, 912  ( 90% )  people one year and above were vaccinated. – Gumuruk; the campaign ended with total of 26,281  ( 95% )  people one year and above were vaccinated. – Verteth: the campaign ended with a total of 6,767  ( 57% )  individuals one year and above.
Oral cholera campaign was conducted in Bor where over 63000  ( 88% coverage )  people  ( one year and above )  were vaccinated during the first round of the campaign that ended on 20 December 2020 by WHO.
The second round of the campaign ended on 14th January 2021 with over 56, 615  ( 78.8% )  people  ( one year and above )  were covered by WHO.
To address the shelter needs of affected households, emergency shelter kits to be distributed as a shortterm measure  ( plastic sheet, nylon rope ) . Guidance on shelter construction should be provided to the local population  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
There is an immediate need for NFI provision targeting displaced communities. Due to limitations of NFIs at the existing markets, direct NFI kits distribution is the most required for IDPs in three camps. Priority items include mosquito nets, plastic sheets, kitchen sets, sleeping mats, blankets and solar lamps.  [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
At the state level, perceptions of lack of safety were most commonly reported in Lakes, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Warrap and Western Bahr el Ghazal in both periods of analysis. These are the states that have experienced intense episodes of sub national violence that displaced more than 200,000 individuals.
People's perception of safety varied by month and region. From April to June 2020, on average 41% of assessed settlements across South Sudan reported that most people did not feel safe most of the time. This decreased marginally in July September 2020, which could be attributed to the seasonal reduction in violence that is sometimes seen during the rainy season in locations experiencing flooding
Other Wash intervention like increasing the access for clean water and improving the water storage in the affected individuals should be made urgently by distributing the water storage containers that will be the only way to mitigate this problem and stop the HEV outbreak.
In December, six United Nations Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS )  corrections officers were deployed to Wau and Kuacjok to provide case based mentoring and other technical support to the National Prison Service of South Sudan, facilitate improved prison operations, promote secure and humane conditions of detention and forge stronger links with the entire national justice chain in order to expedite the review of pending cases, including through bail and other alternatives to pretrial detention.
Furthermore, the United Nations police, in cooperation with the South Sudan National Police Service and other stakeholders, conducted nine radio awareness programmes intended to raise public awareness of community safety, democratic policing, sexual and gender based violence, conflict related sexual violence, gender equality and human rights.
As at 1 February, the United Nations Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS ) force conducted 54,594 patrols, including 1,170 short duration patrols, 389 long duration patrols, 101 dynamic air patrols and 26 riverine patrols. Women were included in 312 of the patrols. A total of 9,460 patrols were conducted in and around protection of civilians sites. Through its regular patrols, the UNMISS force continued to provide protection to women and girls.
United Nations Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS )  also continued to support the national criminal justice chain in promoting accountability across the country.
During the month of November, UNICEF was engaged in the coordination of IRRM  ( Integrated Rapid Response Mechanism )  activities with WFP and FAO, no missions were conducted during the reporting month.
United Nations police also conducted 925 technical assistance sessions with the National Police Service during which 5,120 officers, including 1,316 women, received information on those topics. The training programmes are aimed at building the capacity of the National Police Service and other law enforcement agencies, thereby enhancing professionalism, accountability and the community oriented disposition to further guarantee and foster the protection of civilians and build durable peace.
In support of the implementation of the peace process at the grass roots level, local conflict management, reconciliation and social cohesion, United Nations Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS )  conducted 22 workshops, community dialogues and peace campaigns and disseminated local and national peace agreements in addition to providing capacity building assistance to traditional authorities, women and young people. A total of 1,883 participants  ( including 614 women )  were reached through such activities.
The United Nations police continued to expand its outwards protection posture and footprint beyond the protection of civilians sites, focusing on deterring and mitigating violence against civilians and building confidence. A total of 170 confidence  and trust building patrols, 44 short duration patrols, 23 long duration patrols, 17 dynamic air patrols and 287 high visibility patrols was conducted. Of those 541 patrols, 290 included women.
Solutions Working Group and ICCG consider the operationalization of the support to returns to agreed areas  ( agreement should be reached with regards to IDPs from Atar and Khorfulus since they were not supported in 2019 and raised their concerns about that )   [ IRNA Report:  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ] |
The Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System  ( FSNMS )  co led by WFP, FAO, IOM and UNICEF remains the most extensive household level assessment in South Sudan, informing the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification. It was partially expanded in 2020 to include indicators from other sectors as well as by extending overage to major urban areas and IDP camps, and may be further expanded in 2021 to include further core indicators from selected sectors.
Due to the new reality of COVID19, risk communication and community engagement requires continuous efforts to ensure a two way dialogue with refugee and host communities and inclusion of COVID 19 messaging through various platforms and feedback mechanisms, including rumour tracking mechanisms and addressing misinformation.
The participation of women in refugee committees' decision making processes is still low. ( 2020 )
Close and frequent monitoring of conditions is essential as people's needs are likely to evolve during 2021 due to variations in conflict intensity, natural disasters, disease outbreaks, food availability, macroeconomic conditions and the effectiveness of the humanitarian response, among other factors.
The situation for livestock with many endemic diseases has significantly worsened in the past two years due to the effects of unprecedented and extensive flooding creating conditions for the spread of diseases, reduced access to pasture and with instances of starvation and associated morbidities  ( lack of access to milk, blood, meat and cash to purchase cereals )  and mortalities.
Economic contractions aggravated by COVID 19 including the drop in oil price and non oil revenues, is expected to continue to impact the macroeconomic situation. Prices are averaging $50 per barrel at the end of 2020. The US Energy Information Administration expects oil prices to reach $56/barrel in 2021.
Changes in the situation and humanitarian needs must be communicated in a timely manner to operational partners and decision makers for programming and funding decisions.
In Abyei County  ( Amiet ) , the official land border to sudan there were no disruption in movement of cargo as of 14 June and no movements of persons as of 14 June. Into/out of point during reporting period daily average was 8/5 and there was temperature screening and hand washing stations. There was risk communication. There was no Isolation/quarantine area. There were increased security forces. Save the Children have visited Amiet to monitor ongoing screening activities.  [ Mobility Update Week 11  ( 1 14 June 2020 )  ]
Thirty nine per cent of IDPs live in settlements reporting conflict related incidents, including both instances of armed conflict and – more commonly – localized conflict over land and resources.
IDPs in Western Equatoria, while comparatively few in numbers, nevertheless face some of the highest intersectoral levels of need in relative terms. Compared to DTM's previous multi sector location assessment in June 2019, needs have increased the most in 2020 in IDP communities in Lakes, Jonglei and Unity
In Juba County  ( Juba PoC3 ) , the size of the population was 22,778 and Average daily flow in/out was 2,407/2,380. Approx. % travel overnight was unknown. Approx. % travel out of county for overnight travel was unknown. There was Congregation restrictions. There was Temperature screening and Hand washing stations. There was risk communication. As of 5 June 2020, 5 COVID 19 cases confirmed in PoC 3 Site.  [ Mobility Update Week 11  ( 1 14 June 2020 )  ]
In a series of seven focus group discussions facilitated by UNICEF and the Government with children and other stakeholders in South Sudan, education provision was strongly highlighted as an urgent need, especially by children themselves.
More than 200,000 returnees live in settlements with over 50 per cent of collapsed shelters or shelters in danger of collapse. Some forty two per cent of returnees from situations of internal displacement live in settlements reporting conflict related incidents during the previous six months, including both instances of armed conflict and more commonly localized conflict over land and resources
Food security drove the analysis in 48 counties, representing 67 per cent of people in need. Access to water determined the needs in 25 counties, representing 29 per cent of people in need. In 5 counties, protection needs were the highest and determined 4 per cent of the people in need. A total of 54 per cent of the people in need are children, 24 per cent are women, and 22 per cent are men.
Many pupils arrive at school hungry and walk long distances to school. Only 1 in 4 children  ( 24.7 per cent )  report having eaten before school
While accessible WASH facilities, including water points, latrines and bathing shelters are available in Malakal PoC site, they are not easily accessible to all persons with disabilities. There is a lack of assistive devices as well as a lack of compatibility between them and available facilities. For some, the facilities can only be accessed with the assistance of a caregiver.
Some communities have reportedly blocked access for humanitarians with the aim of enforcing losses on opposing sides in the violence. Public facilities including health clinics and water points have deliberately been targeted denying rival communities of access to basic services and destroying resources that could have been used to serve other communities in need of emergency assistance.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
During subnational violence reported between 10 13 February, over 30 civilians including women and children were reported killed and the fighting forcing a humanitarian organization to relocate 20 humanitarian workers from Marial Lou to Wau.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
HEALTH PRIORITY NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS : Creation of public awareness about probable outbreak of communicable diseases
HEALTH PRIORITY NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS : Expanded program on immunization intervention e.g. measles, meningitis and polio vaccination should be conducted plus the routine immunization outreach teams should also conduct vaccination with all of the other antigens.
There are no health services in the area except the MSF clinic in Old Fangak which is far away from the IDP settlement.
In response to the cVDPV2  (  Circulating Vaccine Derived Polioviruses )  outbreak, the country has conducted 2 rounds of mOPV2 (  live type 2 oral polio )  vaccine campaigns, the first on 10 Nov 2020 vaccinating 1,489,826 under five children with an administrative coverage of 96%, and a post campaign evaluation coverage of 90%. The second round was conducted from 8 11th December 2020 targeting 34 counties vaccinating 1,057,590 under five children with an administrative coverage of 88% and a post campaign evaluation coverage of 92%.
A pre emptive oral cholera campaign  ( OCV )  was concluded in Bor by Health Cluster where the second round of the campaign ended on 14 January 2021. Preliminary data indicates that 56,615 individuals were vaccinated out of the targeted 71,852  ( 78.8% ) . A coverage of 88%  ( 63 280 people vaccinated )  was achieved during the first round of the campaign.
Measles outbreaks confirmed in 2020 : 8 counties – Tonj East, Magwi, Bor, Kapoeta East, Tonj South, Wau and Pibor Locations with ongoing measles transmission •Ibba County
At least six additional Mobile Child Friendly Spaces are required to scale up mental health and psychosocial support services in Pibor, Verteth, Gumuruk, and Likuangole to reach children in deep field locations.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Access challenges impacted the movement of critical Protection frontline staff and affected partners' capacity to provide regular case management and psychosocial support  ( PSS )  activities.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
WHO mobile teams are conducting outreaches in floods affected locations in Pibor,
The first round oral cholera campaign  ( OCV )  began on 16 January 2021 in Pibor where 93 250 individuals are targeted. The campaign is expected to be conducted in Mangala and payams bordering the regions of Ethiopia with ongoing cholera outbreak by health cluster.
The Logistics Cluster and IOM common transportation service  ( CTS )  are offering road cargo transportation to Aweil South, Tonj North, Tonj East and Tonj South from Wau. Even though physical road conditions are improving during the 2021 dry season, physical access to the priority counties remains challenging, especially in Jonglei. UNHAS  ( United Nations Humanitarian Air Service )  continues to provide humanitarian passenger movement services to ensure the deployment of rapid response teams. However, the Cluster funding is insufficient to provide dedicated aircrafts for cargo and passenger transportation.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
In January  ( 2021 ) , UNFPA advanced $142,528 for the procurement and delivery of 4,454 dignity kits to help partners distribute to women and girls in Pibor, Aweil South, Tonj North, Tonj South, and Tonj East.
Insecurity and sub national violence have impacted the delivery of services and movement of critical frontline staff. Some humanitarian workers have indicated concerns about operating in areas in Tonj East where their own community is involved in violence, due to the fear of being targeted.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Since January  (  2021  ) , 1 partner is implementing health activities in Tonj East through 12 functional health facility with limited capacity. The health partner is rehabilitating four health facilities that were affected by the recent flooding. An additional emergency health partner has been identified to scale up the services in the county. A total 7,141 people were reached with health services.
The Inter Cluster Coordination Group  ( ICCG )  continues to re prioritize planned activities, re allocating resources and reprogramming, and using other supply stocks to accommodate the new caseload. The ICCG has expressed deep concern that without additional funding, continued reprogramming and re prioritization of all resources to the 6 Priority 1 counties, would likely cause other counties in IPC Phases 3 and 4 to slide into further vulnerabilities later.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Pibor and Akobo airstrips recently became accessible for fixed wing aircrafts and are now served from Juba.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
A marked escalation in sub national violence has been taking place in recent years, especially in 2019 and 2020. The security situation at the sub national level deteriorated in 2020, with complex conflict among ethnic groups operating along increasingly fractious, and shifting alliances and targeted military/armed campaigns being carried out
Although people across the country are impacted by the protracted humanitarian crisis, states such as Jonglei, Upper Nile, Unity, Lakes and Warrap continue to face multiple shocks, further deepening extreme levels of vulnerabilities.
UNICEF funding for support to 13 health facilities in the six counties was running out. UNICEF received a $3 million internal emergency loan to extend support for three months. More funding is urgently needed to sustain services and keep health facilities operational.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
An estimated US$68.5 million is required to scale up response operations to meet the urgent needs of 105,000 most vulnerable people targeted in the six Priority 1 counties.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Since 29 January  ( 2021 ) , the Logistics Cluster airlifted 65 MT of assorted emergency FSL, WASH, Health, Logistics, and Protection supplies to Pibor and Akobo on behalf of 15 partners.
Deployment of Protection mobile teams to speed up interventions to support the scale up of static partners and effectively re establish protection presence in the area.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
According to military and local administration sources, in addition to the casualties documented above, at least 593 armed elements were killed during these attacks as well.
Protection cluster has additional requirement of 1,041 Dignity Kits for Tonj South which is yet to be met.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
As a consequence, only few people were reached with WASH assistance during the reporting period  ( as of 26 February 2021 ) .
Previously existing resource constraints for protection have led to relatively low partner presence in Tonj South County. Due to funding constraints, WASH partners have been unable to launch immediate response scale up of more semi permanent solutions in parallel to temporary response since January.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
One Nutrition Cluster partner is delivering nutrition activities in Tonj South running 10 sites across the country. Since January, all nutrition facilities were operational and 1,211 people including 483 children under age 5 and 808 pregnant and lactating women were reached with nutrition assistance.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
In the five year period from 2013 to 2017, Government forces and armed groups occupied 161 educational institutions, and a further 800 educational institutions were targeted in attacks. Over 900 students and education personnel were harmed in attacks on education, including several hundred students who were abducted into armed groups from their schools.
More than 70 per cent of primary level teachers are untrained or underqualified. Teacher motivation in general is very low due to irregular and low pay, difficult working conditions with large classes and scarce equipment.
By 18 February, a large number of these Lou Nuer armed elements converged along the Nanaam river in the Likuangole area. Between 19 and 22 February, these assailants attacked settlements in Lokoromach payam, before crossing east of the Lolit river in the direction of Gie payam. Upon learning of this attack and the movement of Lou Nuer, Murle militias from Pibor regrouped and attempted to repel them at Kirmith  ( 30 km north of Likuangole )  on 26 February. However, these Murle groups were outnumbered, overpowered, and sustained heavy casualties during the clashes. The Lou Nuer elements launched a major attack on Likuangole village the following day, where they did not encounter substantial resistance. They then took control of Likuangole and simultaneously launched short incursions into surrounding villages and settlements along the Lilibok river until 3 March, when they began to retreat to their counties of origin.
National access to safe water is at 35 per cent13 and only 10 per cent of the population has access to improved sanitation
South Sudan's economy is heavily oil dependent, with oil accounting for 90 per cent of government revenue and nearly all exports. According to the World Bank, remittances of $1.3 billion account for a third of South Sudan's gross domestic product, the highest share in sub Saharan Africa.
Early marriage is common, with half of South Sudanese girls getting married before the age of 18
Life expectancy is among the 10 lowest in the world at 57 years. South Sudan has one of the highest under five mortality rates  ( 90.7 deaths per 1,000 live births )  in the world.
In addition, closure of schools because of insecurity increases trauma and affects the morale of pupils, teachers and the community.
Delays in implementing the revitalized peace agreement risk postponement of national elections.
Armed forces continue to abandon training centres and cantonment sites due to lack of food, medicine, and other essential services. There has been no progress on key accountability measures, such as the establishment of the Hybrid Court for South Sudan
The Transitional Legislative Assembly has not been reconstituted, hindering progress on the constitution and passing of necessary laws.
However, progress on key components of the revitalized peace agreement remains slow and South Sudanese people are not yet experiencing a lasting peace.
Different groups within South Sudan's population face unique challenges in terms of out of school children, including children living in conflict affected and remote areas  ( including children of internally displaced persons ) , children with disabilities, child labourers, children in street situations, girls and pastoralists.
A total of 65 students from Tonj North who completed their studies at the University of Bahr el Ghazal in 2021 fear returning home. . The students said some of their parents and relatives were killed and displaced by the ongoing sub national violence and they may be targeted in revenge attacks. Humanitarian organizations and UNMISS in Wau are advocating for the student's protection.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Rising violence in Tonj North has impacted the delivery of services and movement of critical staff. Some humanitarian workers have concerns about operating in areas where their own community is involved in violence and fear that they may be targeted. . The level of fear, stress, and stigma have risen sharply among staff members working in the county.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
CP  ( Child Protection )  partners reached 25 children with services, including case management, family tracing, and referrals. Due to funding challenges, the CP Sub Cluster has not started implementation of the response scale up in Tonj North, but has provided minimal services through an existing programme.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
GBV Sub Cluster partners have distributed 900 Dignity Kits in Tonj North, of a total of 1,140 Dignity Kits allocated for distribution.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
GBV partners also trained 106 frontline workers in Tonj North.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Protection Cluster reported that 150 women and girls were reached with protection services in women and girls friendly space  ( WGFS ) , through 2 newly established Women and Girls' Friendly Spaces  ( WGFS ) .  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Since January  ( 2021 ) , 703 people have been reached with nutrition assistance including 398 children under age 5 and 305 pregnant and lactating women.
Due to logistical challenges and insecurity, only Marial Lou Hospital has received medical supplies.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
As of 15 February  (  2021  ) , the 14 health facilities have reached 5,493 people with health services.
The Health Cluster reported that one humanitarian partner is present in Tonj North and managing 14 health facilities.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
In February  ( 2021 ) , 25,000 people were reached with emergency food assistance.
Some 1,290 other households were reached with livelihood assistance including vegetable kits, farming tools and fishing kits.  ( Situation Report No. 3  ( as of 26 February 2021 )
In January  ( 2021 ) , 24,333 people  ( 97 per cent of the target )  received emergency food assistance.
The FSL Cluster has one implementing partner operating in Tonj North.  ( Situation Report No. 3  ( as of 26 February 2021 )
Children in South Sudan work in farming activities, construction, restaurants and slaughterhouses, as well as touts in public transport and food stands, among others, and they are engaged in the worst forms of child labour, including armed conflict, gold mining, brickmaking and cattle herding.
HRD has established that Dinka, Nuer and Murle community based militias involved in this armed violence had capacities to conduct planned and organized operations, and that they had established command structures enabling them to exercise degrees of control over their members.
On 18 February  (  2021  ) , renewed sub national violence continued between Luacjang and Marial Luo communities in Tonj North. 4 people were reportedly killed and 16 others wounded. The Marial Luo referral hospital is struggling to attend to the wounded without a surgeon and the hospital has limited medicines. Referral of patients to other neighbouring health facilities is difficult due to insecurity
Marial Lou Referral Hospital in Tonj North was partially closed with only 4 health workers remaining to attend to emergency cases. This has left some 50,000 people in the area with access to very limited health services.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Verify figures and emergency needs of people recently displaced in Tonj East.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Resume response activities as soon as security permits.  (  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
On 20 February  ( 2021 ) , an FSL partner suspended livestock vaccination and treatment in Tonj East due to insecurity.
Nutrition Cluster has been unable to deliver CSB++ for treatment of pregnant and lactating women to 12 nutrition sites in Tonj East due to insecurity.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Some communities reportedly blocked access for humanitarians with the aim of enforcing losses on opposing sides in the violence.  ( Situation Report No. 3 , as of 26 February 2021 )
Additional funding is needed to allow for response scale up to include case management, awareness raising, and mental health and psychosocial support through static and mobile teams.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Since January  ( 2021 )  , all nutrition sites were operational and have reached 1,858 people including 542 children under age 5 and 1,316 pregnant and lactating women with assistance.
Nutrition Cluster partner is implementing nutrition activities in Tonj East, supporting running 12 nutrition sites across the county.  ( as of 26 February 2021 )
The WASH Cluster has one implementing partner delivering WASH activities in Tonj East and has reached 25,583 people with WASH services in January.  ( 2021 )
Child Protection partners have reached 3,848 children and their caregivers with psychosocial support and counselling services, case management, and messages on CP risks and services in Wechnyang, Denjok, Nyandit, Gakdong, and Bilkey payams, including through 3 child friendly spaces in Wechnyang, Dengjok, and Gakdong.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Re establish protection presence and deploy mobile teams to speed of interventions and support static partners.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Previously existing resource constraints for the Protection Cluster have led to relatively low partner presence in parts of the county. Delays in the procurement of Indian Mark II handpump items, menstrual hygiene management  ( MHM )  kits, soaps, and water storage containers have constrained the delivery of WASH assistance.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
A total of 475 dignity kits have been allocated for distribution in Aweil South, with an additional need of 499 Dignity Kits.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Mobile protection teams are needed to ensure rapid and effective response scale up to the affected populations.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Two rapid response mechanisms  ( RRM )  sites have been established in Gakrol payam and Tiar Aliet payam to expand the response scale up.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
The Nutrition Cluster has one partner implementing nutrition activities and running 10 nutrition sites in Aweil South. Since January, As of 15 February, all nutrition sites were operational and 2,712 people including 978 children under age 5 and 1,734 pregnant and lactating women were reached with nutrition assistance.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
In January  (  2021 )  , WHO delivered 20 cartons of Pneumonia kits, 10 cartons of diarrhea kits, 5 cartons of triple packages and 5 cartons of face masks to Aweil South to support response scale up.
Since January  ( 2021 ) , Health Cluster partners reached 3,852 people with health assistance in Aweil South.
In February  ( 2021 )  , FSL partners have reached 27,800 people with emergency food assistance.
The cluster reached 12,833 households with livelihood assistance including vegetables seeds, farming tools and fishing kits.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
To improve physical access to Akobo, three road rehabilitations projects in Jonglei are ongoing and are expected to be operational from early March 2021  ( Bor to Ayod; Duk Padiet to Nyirol and Walgak to Akobo ) . The roads will allow for more aid to reach people in need.
• The prepositioning of protection NFIs is ongoing in Akobo.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
On 10 February  (  2021 ) , one person was shot and killed in the market area of Akobo town in a suspected revenge killing. Violent clashes broke out later the same day, three people were killed and four others wounded. Humanitarian organizations were forced to temporarily suspend services and movement to Akobo town and this hampered movement of some community nutrition volunteers  ( CNV )  to Nyikaan and Wechgoak payams for fear of revenge attacks.
Lack of physical access in Alali payam have impacted the delivery of services and movement of staff particular in areas where fighting persists. It has limited partners' capacity to scale up response. Nutrition sites in Akobo West are not fully accessible due to very poor road conditions; Don Khan and Padoi are the only sites currently accessible.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
In addition, 134 girls and boys, including 7 unaccompanied and separated children, were reached with management services. GBV partners trained 106 frontline workers in Akobo. An additional 2,477 Dignity Kits are needed for distribution in Akobo.
3,198 incoming persons 20.1 average group size 32 outgoing persons 4.6 average group size from South Sudan to Ethiopia  ( January 2021 )
A partner opened nine static sites and three mobile sites to scale up efforts in nutrition prevention and treatment. Nutrition RRM  (  Rapid Response Mechanism  )  teams are supporting the scale up of multi sector response and capacity strengthening of partners.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
On the border with Uganda, contextual reports indicate that the economic pressure induced by the pandemic on refugee communities, together with frictions with host communities in camps, contributed to the wave of returns that started in the summer and gathered momentum in September and October. Outgoing movements have remained low as restrictions continued to be place in Uganda for longer term migration, although operational issues at Nimule Border FMP may have resulted in an underestimation of outgoing flows since October 2020
Between February and July 2020, humanitarian presence was severely limited in Pibor due to the relocation of 144 staff as a result of high insecurity following sub national violence. Humanitarians were only able to return to the area in August 2020. This lack of sustained presence affected organizations' ability to reach people in need, as well as the affected people's access to assistance and services, and contributed to deteriorating humanitarian conditions in the area.
While the common reliance on alternative routes and informal crossings to avoid closed official border crossings has been an essential lifeline for informal livelihoods in cross border communities, it has exposed traders – often women – to increased risks of gender based violence as well as abuse and extortion by security forces, as denounced by civil society actors in recent media reports .
Evidence collected in Northern Bahr El Ghazal by the Rift Valley Institute, in line with contextual reports received through DTM's enumerators network, shows that the imposition of border restrictions on both sides of the border with Sudan promoted the development of local smuggling networks and informal taxation systems.
In particular, the restrictions had an important impact on informal trade networks which did not benefit from the official exemption. This disproportionately affected female economic mobility, particularly on the border with Uganda – where male economic mobility at monitored FMP ( Flow Monitoring Points )  approximately halved while female economic mobility virtually stopped – but also along that with Sudan
Since January, all nutrition sites are functional and 2,524 people including 560 children under age 5 and 1,964 pregnant and lactating women have been reached with nutrition services.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
3 Nutrition partners are implementing nutrition activities in Akobo and running 23 nutrition sites including 2 static OTP sites and 2 outreach sites in Bilkey and Dengjok payams.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Protection Cluster partners have trained 312 community volunteers and frontline workers  ( 157 women and 155 men )  on Child Protection in Emergencies  ( CPiE )  in Bilkey, Dengjok, and Nyandit in Akobo county.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Since January  (  2021 )  , a WASH Cluster partner has conducted water point assessments and disinfected 50 boreholes in Bilkey payam  ( 10 ) , Gakdong payam  ( 3 ) , Nyandit payam  ( 5 )  and Dengjok payam  ( 7 ) . The boreholes provide clean drinking water to 2,950 people. The partner also reached 2,100 households with WASH NFI kits  ( consisted of bucket, soaps, gloves, solar lamp, dignity kits and mosquito net )  across the county
In February  (  2021 ) , WHO prepositioned eight Interagency Emergency Health Kits  ( IEHKs and Cholera Investigation Kits  ( CITs )  to support the response scale up. Health partners have raised concerns over funding and the lack of laboratory equipment.
The Health Cluster reported that 10 health facilities are functional and 2 facilities  ( Aguka and Manyiel Thony )  were not functional due to insecurity.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 ) .
4,165 incoming persons 2.7 average group size1,856 outgoing persons 4.3 average group size from south Sudan to Democratic Republic of Congo  ( January 2021 )
As of 20 February, there were 25 partners including 12 INGOs, 8 NNGOs and 5 UN operating in Akobo.
4,455 incoming persons 4.0 average group size, 1,998 outgoing persons 2.6 average group size from South Sudan to Sudan
In January  (  2021 )  , FSL Cluster reached 43,794 people  ( 100 per cent of the target )  with emergency food assistance.
The latest food security analysis projected that 11,000 people  ( 5% of the county population analysed will likely face catastrophe levels of acute food insecurity in Akobo between December 2020 to March 2021.
Reason for displacement by direction of travel: Due to conflict, Outgoing  ( n=285 )  was 2.5%, Internal  ( n=403 )  was 16.6% and Incoming  ( n=191 )  17.3%. Due to natural disaster, Outgoing=29.8%, Internal= 64% and Incoming= 4.2%. Due to Food insecurity, Outgoing= 67.7%, Internal=19.4% and Incoming= 78.5%
Replenishing FSL pipeline supplies, in particular fishing kits items  ( twines and monofilaments ) .  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Prepositioning of emergency supplies to Pibor and other locations including Gumuruk, Likunagole and Manyabol.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
On 18 February, violent clashes were reported between Lango and Kureen age set groups in Melegenya payam in Verteth. 12 people were reportedly killed. On 20 February in Gumuruk County, unidentified people looted a food truck and stole 24 cartoons of supplementary food and a bag of sorghum. The items were recovered on 21 February with efforts from the local authorities, RRC and local community leaders.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
On 15 February, three UN contracted drivers who were deployed on mission from Bor to Pibor were threatened by youth groups based on their identity. They had to be relocated back to Bor for their own safety. Humanitarian workers from certain identity groups are now fearful to deploy in the area.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
On 25 January, violent clashes related to age set fighting broke out in Langos and Nyalongoro payam in Pibor. One person was killed and another person injured. With the fear for renewed fighting, humanitarian organizations had to restrict movement in Pibor town. In previous incidents, humanitarian workers were targeted in revenge violence.
In January, looting has occurred in Pibor and at a nutrition center.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
Livestock have been moved away from Pibor in search of grazing lands making it difficult for partners to provide assistance. Some pipeline supplies, in particular fishing kits items  ( twines and monofilaments ) , have run out of stock. Other FSL partners have been mobilized but are unable to respond due to funding constraints.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
There is a lack of partner presence in the hard to reach areas of Manyabol, Gumuruk, Boma, Mewun and Labarab.  ( Situation Report No. 3, as of 26 February 2021 )
As of 15 February  ( 2021 ) , 10 humanitarian organizations including 4 INGOs, 3 NNGOs and 3 UN were operating in Tonj South.