nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
The overall proportion of IDPs and returnees living in settlements without access to a local NFI market increased by 6.7 percentage points, or 67,465 individuals, for IDPs, and by 2.6 percentage points, or 55,286 individuals, for returnees. At the state level, the largest increases for IDPs took place in Lakes  ( +24.5 p.p., or +41,795 individuals ) , Warrap  ( +24.9 p.p., or +26,588 individuals )  and Northern Bahr El Ghazal  ( +13.7 p.p., or +24,060 individuals ) , and for returnees in Upper Nile  ( +21.1 p.p., or +52,384 individuals ) , Western Equatoria  ( +11.6 p.p., or +15,556 individuals )  and Central Equatoria  ( +8.9 p.p., or +14,128 individuals ) .
Among the subset of locations for which a damage ratio could be computed in both round 6 and round 91 , there was an overall decrease in the proportion of IDPs  (  10.6 p.p., or  54,018 individuals )  and returnees  (  9.4 p.p., or  19,348 individuals )  living in settlements with over 50 per cent of collapsed shelters or shelters in danger of collapse. This improvement was driven by Lakes  (  21.2 p.p. for IDPs and  11.9 p.p. for returnees ) , Upper Nile  (  27.3 p.p. for IDPs and  47.6 p.p. for returnees )  and Central Equatoria  (  46.8 p.p. for IDPs and  38.7 p.p. for returnees ) , while the situation worsened markedly for IDPs in Western Equatoria  ( +43.6 p.p. ) . Since this comparison excludes new IDP and returnee settlements, it does not account for new locations of displacement that may have resulted from seasonal flooding in the rainy season of 2019
Reasons for food price increases include the economic crisis  ( weak local currency ) , and the cumulative effect of the protracted conflict. The cost of food was exceptionally higher than the 5 year average as well as the pre conflict  ( 2012 2013 )  and pre economic crisis period  ( July 2015 )  when the local currency began to rapidly depreciate. Other reasons for the high price levels were tight supplies, a fragile security situation underlying slow recovery of livelihoods, poor markets functionality and trade flows and high transport and fuel costs.
Logistics Cluster received 19 per cent of funding needed to provide the logistical scale up support needed  ( costs evaluated to cover the costs for two dedicated flood response helicopters for i )  passenger movement ii )  cargo transportation ) .
Over 250 organizations  ( UN agencies, international and national NGOs, etc. )  are in need of common logistics service provision to ensure cargo and passenger movement to flood affected locations.
IOM's MHPSS unit discussed difficulties faced by communities during the COVID 19 pandemic and activities which could help address the challenges.
The flood which coincided with hunger forced Some family members to migrate with their children to the adjacent country of Sudan.
During the same period, infant and young child feeding counselling servicesby UNICEF reached a total of 1,491,174 pregnant women and caregivers of children 0 23 months  ( >100 per cent of the target ) .
The Logistics Cluster facilitated on behalf of Catholic Relief Services  ( CRS )  the departure of a humanitarian road convoy towards Mingkaman, Lakes State, which enabled the transportation of over 30 mt of WASH materials to be distributed to flood affected populations.
The nutrition sector response is ongoing in all the flood affected counties as per the comprehensive response plans at state levels. Communities continued to collaborate with implementing partners in the flood response by reinforcing physical infrastructure at nutrition sites including improving drainage by digging ditches among other key interventions.
WFP is grateful to the European Union for their contribution of EUR 6.1 million to strengthen the resilience of vulnerable communities in Northern and Western Bahr el Ghazal. The contribution will support a four year project aiming to transform the lives of 10,000 vulnerable households through capacity building and the provision of agricultural inputs and tools to increase production, reduce food loss and enhance access to markets.
UNHAS transported 1,960 passengers and 79 mt of light humanitarian cargo to 54 destinations across South Sudan. UNHAS performed three medical evacuations on behalf of three organization from Nyal Pibor and Rubkona to Juba. UNHAS transported eight COVID 19 suspected samples from Agok, Akobo and Rubkona to Juba.
Anna, the team leader of the Sanitation Committee can attest to the positive changes in the community since these interventions took place. “Before having latrines, many families and I used to walk for an hour for open defecation. We also used to walk half an hour to collect water before these two boreholes were drilled and repaired. If there were many people looking for water, it would take even longer as I would have to line up for even more than two hours' says Anna who was spending most of her time walking to the bush for open defecation and looking for water whilst having additional responsibilities waiting for her at home. On the impact of having latrine, Anna says that “having pit latrines close to our houses has really improved our lives and now the family and I take a maximum of five minutes to latrine, I can access the latrine at late hours without fear of harassment and rape. Diseases have also scaled down. The village is open defecation free, the environment is clean, and women and girls are safe.'
In relatively stable communities in Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Eastern Equatoria, community led total sanitation  ( CLTS )  is being implemented as the approach to improve the sanitation coverage by UNICEF.
Travel restrictions alongside the curtailment of face to face interactions is currently limiting assessments of perennial crisis events triggered especially by intercommunal violence, desert locusts and renewed flooding hindering the ability of actors to determine needs and respond in a timely manner.
As a result of not having pit latrines, the entire community used to practice open defecation and there was only one borehole, which was far from the settlement. This brought problems such as diseases like diarrhea, women and girls not feeling safe, not having privacy, and being exposed to sexual harassment, rape and beating by their husbands' due to delay at the water point, as well as conflict among women and girls themselves, as result of long queuing
76,225 people in need of nutrition response in flood affected areas
In October 2019, after IOM finalized the construction of a water yard in Joppa, a festive celebration in marked the official handover of the borehole to the community. However, the festive mood was short lived when days after the handover ceremony, a heavy duty lorry drove over one of the pipes cutting off the water supply.
To account for the COVID 19 outbreak in South Sudan, IOM scaled up its COVID 19 preparedness and response activities, in urban areas  ( Juba and Wau )  and cross border points  ( Nimule, Wau and Juba International Airport )  by implementing Infection Prevention and Control  ( IPC ) /WASH, as well as Risk Communications and Community Engagement  ( RCCE )  activities.
Emergency shelter and non food item  ( ES/NFI )  related needs were already high due to new displacements and returns from the neighbouring countries prior to the virus threat. PoC and collective sites, informal settlements and host communities continue to receive newly displaced and returning people who are in need of emergency shelter and NFIs. Shelter requirements are also high to support primary health care centres, particularly in PoC sites.
Following the school closures, the Education Cluster has reprioritized interventions to facilitate distance learning through radio teaching and other alternative program until schools reopen . At the same time, education partners de prioritized activities from existing HRP projects which include massive construction and rehabilitation of Temporary Learning Spaces  ( TLS ) , provision of school supplies, school WASH services, and training of teachers and community members.
Gaps & Constraints • Inability to respond to the entire needs of the displaced and host communities • Insecurity and inaccessibility restrictions relating to road access • Access to land for possible expansion and cultivation • Funding constraint   Camp management despite its criticality has not received the requisite funding to implement its activities
To support Government's efforts to contain the disease and prevent further spread, the Education Cluster and partners developed the COVID 19 preparedness and response strategy that outlines the joint strategic response approach to the outbreak during school closure and beyond.
26 partner meetings & consultations held. 23 governance meetings held.
183,246 people reached with CCCM services in Q2. 6,993m roads rehabilitated in Wau, Bentiu, and Malakal PoCs. 4,726m drainage rehabilitated in Wau, Bentiu and Malakal PoC sites.
Through robust community engagement, IOM CM worked with community leaders in conducting an empty shelter mapping exercise that revealed 299 empty shelters that could be re allocated to vulnerable and large households to enhance observance of social distancing and curb the potential spread of the virus. In coordination with the IOM protection team and community leaders, 63 households  ( 231 individuals )  were mobilized and supported to relocate to empty shelters throughout the PoC. In their new shelter, households can practice social distancing and have more privacy. As a result of this exercise, the CM operation team was able to dismantle unauthorized structures blocking WASH corridors and some other communal shelters in Zones A, B, and C of PoCAA
The stunting among boys was 17 percent and 13.2 percent among girls. A comparison of stunting rates between boys and girls showed significant difference  ( P<0.001 ) . ( December 2019 )
Closure of schools has meant a scale down of school feeding programmes in learning centres and cancellation of distribution of education supplies and training sessions. Longer term WASH activities have been replaced with quick impact activities integrated with broader protection centered emergency response, such as restoring access to safe water. Public messaging on hygiene have been nuanced to address COVID 19 preventative measures.
The COVID 19 emergency and associated risk mitigation measures put in place to stop the spread of the virus have resulted in either the halting of a number of ongoing humanitarian activities or re purposing others to focus on the COVID 19 response.
Cash and voucher assistance  ( CVA ) , especially multipurpose CVA, is a rapid, efficient and flexible tool to respond to the diverse needs for vulnerable people, including displaced and returning people, during the COVID 19 related health and economic crisis, while supporting local markets. CVA can protect vulnerable women and girls from GBV, including sexual exploitation and abuse, and survivors of GBV to escape abusive partners and reduce costs related to medical care or psychosocial support such as transportation. CVA would also assist women and girls in stocking up menstrual hygiene management products such as sanitary pad if they will go into quarantine/physical distancing/restricted movement. Clusters should continue to coordinate closely with the inter agency Cash Working Group to ensure common approaches and principles.
In general, the households facing moderate and severe hunger were more generally affected by agro meteorological shocks during the previous growing season than those with slight or no hunger. The proportion of the households that reported crop destruction by floods was 38 percent for the those with severe hunger and 27 percent for the moderate hunger. Flood impact on crops among those with slight or no hunger was 16 percent each. Similarly, 18 percent of the households with severe hunger reported reduced incomes compared to 11 percent for those facing moderate hunger, 10 percent for those facing slight hunger and 6 percent for those who reported no hunger.
Limited availability of critical medicines and hospital supplies, Personal Protective Equipment  ( PPE ) , masks and other consumables constrain response. PPE procurement is ongoing but the very limited stock of PPEs in country is severely hampering the response. Furthermore, efforts by the humanitarian partners to distribute COVID 19 household kits targeting hard to reach areas, has been hampered by lack of funding and timely sourcing of supplies.
Relief, food and cargo flights are excluded from the government issued travel restrictions. However, food airdrops were affected due to the administrative processes required prior to flying and the delays in dispatching of Drop Zone Coordinators to airdrop sites.
The restrictions on movement, both at a national and state levels, have a significant impact on the ability of humanitarians to reach people in need. Border closures, international flight suspensions, quarantine policies and visa restrictions around the world put a halt to or significantly hindered the movements of humanitarian actors. Some critical staff are still stranded outside of their duty stations, and staff are unable to rotate. The surge response capacity by humanitarian actors is particularly challenged by these measures, with a few actors having been able to send staff before the suspension of international flights and border closure. The rapidly evolving situation and the pace at which new measures or policies to curb the spread of the virus are being put in place continues to delay implementation of humanitarian activities.
One of the methods that have proven effective as a significant source of information for the PoC population in Bentiu are the talk shows on Kondial FM, as cited by women and youth groups through the FGDs. This was attributed to the inclusivity of messaging through Kondial FM to reach community members who are not able to read IEC materials and messages posted on notice boards and reaches populations with visual and mobility impairments. While more work is needed to ensure greater access to radios within Bentiu PoC, radio programmes have been a significant platform to reach out to community members within a short period.
Mass communication, talk shows on local radio, awareness raising through mobile loudspeakers, distribution of Information, Education and Communication  ( IEC )  materials, door to door sensitization, messaging through community leadership and at distribution points, and a series of Focus Group Discussions  ( FGDs )  have been common platforms for collecting relevant information and disseminating verified information on COVID 19 infection, prevention, and control measures.
COVID 19 has magnified pre existing access constraints and aggravated their impact on humanitarian operations, including the COVID 19 response. Some of these constraints include bureaucratic impediments, violence against humanitarian personnel, restriction on movement, and insecurity as a result of intercommunal violence and roadside ambushes.
This spread of misinformation promotes erroneous practices that increase the spread of the virus, and contributes to increased protection risks in the PoC sites
The most food insecure states are Jonglei, Unity, Upper Nile, Lakes, Warrap and Northern Bahr el Ghazal where more than 50% of their respective populations are facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity.
Immediate scale up of multi sectoral humanitarian assistance is needed to save lives and avert total collapse of livelihoods in the affected counties, particularly those with populations in Catastrophe  ( IPC Phase 5 )  and Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 ) . Furthermore, urgent action is required for populations in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  to protect livelihoods and reduce food consumption gaps.
IOM continued to support IPC/WASH activities at five IOM operated PoEs  ( Wau, Nimule Ground Crossing, Wunthou  ( Renk ) , Amiet  ( Abyei ) , and Juba International Airport ) .
Human rights must lie at the heart of the Government's public health and recovery strategies. The Government must ensure that fundamental rights, including economic, social, and cultural rights as well as civil and political rights are protected throughout the process. This requires the Government to integrate a rights based approach to tackling the pandemic.
To date, a total of 737,748 people have been reached with critical WASH supplies which include soap, buckets and water purification tablets to reduce the risk of COVID 19 by UNICEF.
Teachers use classrooms as teachers room in Abwong and Khor adar primary school.  [ Melut IDP settlements, Upper Nile ] ,  [ 12 13 January 2021 ]
The continuing currency depreciation and associated impacts on commodity prices and incomes coupled with the effects of COVID 19 continue to erode the purchasing power of vulnerable households who rely on markets to purchase food and other basic needs.
77.9 percent of households had children under 5 years of age while 39 percent of households had adults over 60 years of age. As a result, 70.9 percent of households with children under 5 years are food insecure as compared to 68.1 percent of households without children of this age group. ( December 2019 )
23,749 individuals reached with MHPSS services. 1,633 at risk individuals provided with psychosocial support. 1,520 caregivers supported through home visits, support groups & counselling. 3,323 individuals provided with psychosocial first aid  ( PFA ) . 58,502 individuals participating in social, creative & recreational activities.
In addition, 25 social workers, staff members of the Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare in Wau, Western Bahr el Ghazal were trained in May on Social Casework skills and competencies to enhance the quality of interventions aimed at building self reliance of beneficiaries, versus nurturing dependency oriented attitudes.
COVID 19 cartridges have been dispatched by the Ministry of Health to Western Equatoria. This will allow the testing for the local population, including refugees living in the Makpandu refugee camp.
IOM continued COVID 19 awareness and hygiene promotion activities to communities at Bentiu and Malakal PoCs, as well as outside the PoCs in Nimule, Wau, Renk, Abyei, and Juba. Hygiene promotion sessions were held at water points and through house to house campaigns, including through the utilization of megaphones, reaching 444,499 individuals  ( 92,777 girls, 89,600 boys, 129,248 men, 132,874 men, including 35,881 PSNs )  country wide, with key messages including signs and symptoms and prevention measures, all aligned with the Risk Communication and Community Engagement Technical Working Group guidance. In addition, IOM displayed awareness messages on COVID 19 at the 713 IOM installed handwashing stations.
School closures because of COVID 19 movement restrictions interrupted education activities, hindered children's access to essential basic needs and services including school feeding, health information on disease prevention, protection and access to clean water and sanitation services and impacted livelihoods.
Furthermore, UNICEF was one of the lead agencies to develop the UN's socio economic response plan for COVID 19, which includes a focus on social protection safety nets through cash transfers including child grants for vulnerable households.
Consumption improved compared to December 2018, as households had on average, 5.29 days of cereals compared to 4.75 days and 2.09 days of vegetables compared to 1.53 days. Vegetable consumption was highest in the Greater Equatorial region. Households consumed on average pulses for 1.59 days and dairy products for 1.49 days. However, the consumption of foods rich in protein remained low at 0.85 days almost like the 0.82 days in December 2018. ( December 2019 )
Out of 3.4 million people in need, 806,000 people are targeted for education in emergencies services.
A total of $19.6M million is needed for activities planned for 2021.
53  ( 68% )  counties are classified as IPC Acute Malnutrition  ( AMN )  Phase 3 and above. Out of this, 29 counties are in IPC AMN Phase 4, and 24 counties in IPC AMN Phase 3. Of the counties in IPC AMN Phase 4, nearly 80% are in Greater Upper Nile followed by Greater Bahr el Ghazal. Counties in Jonglei  ( 31% ) , Upper Nile  ( 31% ) , Unity  ( 17% ) , and Warrap  ( 10% )  and parts of Eastern Equatoria  ( 3% ) , Northern Bahr el Ghazal  ( 3% )  and Lakes  ( 3% )  are in IPC AMN Phase 4.
Overall, 38 percent of households across the country consumed 0 to 2 food groups and had inadequate diets, a slight improvement compared to 44 percent in December 2018. Similarly, 37 percent consumed 3 4 food groups, compared to 31 percent for the same period last year. Households with good quality diets or diverse diets consuming more than 5 food groups remained at 25 percent for the two periods. ( December 2019 )
As would be expected, inadequate food consumption was higher among IDPs  ( 80 percent )  and returnees  ( 85 percent )  than among residents  ( 68 percent )  and refugees  ( 45 percent ) . ( December 2019 )
Further deterioration of the nutrition situation is projected during the lean season of April to August 2021.
A partnership programme with 40 radio stations broadcast 3,502 radio jingles and held 70 talk shows on COVID 19 in 10 widely spoken languages in the country. Communication materials focusing on signs and symptoms of COVID 19 prevention and proper use of facemasks were printed in 5 languages and distribution is ongoing by UNICEF.
6.48 million people  ( 55% of the population )  facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity  ( May July 2020 )  0 in Catastrophe 1.745 million in Emergency 4.735 million Crisis
Hence, a higher proportion of food insecure households are reliant on assistance  ( 8 percent ) , gifts from friends and family members  ( 3.3 percent )  and gathering of wild foods  ( 7.3 percent ) . Furthermore, a higher proportion of food insecure households were affected by loss of livelihoods and reduced income, insecurity and violence, the impact of livestock disease outbreak and crop destruction by floods.
Although some IDPs have returned to their areas of origin or places of habitual residence, the majority of IDPs remain in camps and camp like settings including outside camps. Therefore, they continue to rely on humanitarian assistance due to their limited access to resources and livelihood opportunities. Consequently, this leads to the adoption of negative coping mechanisms, further exacerbating their vulnerability
Children reported that we are lacking sleeping material ( 2021 ) .
The most urgent needs included provision of temporary learning structures, repair and maintenance of classrooms and WASH facilities and provision of education supplies.
There is security concern among the IDPs in Paborkoi, as it's reported that the host population left site because of insecurity
• Some 250,000 flood displaced people were in need of CCCM services. ( As of 31 January 2021 )
10 % of population have access to improved sanitation
Food assistance, Fishing Kits, Livestock treatment, dry season seeds to Both IDPs and affected population
There is only one bore hole which is none functional and far from the IDPs settlement and other source of water are ponds and River Nile water which are preferred by both IDPs and Host community.
Jonglei IDPs in Tombek need urgent emergency general food distribution{GFD} as short term assistance for the period of 6 Months to response to the shock.
Establish GFS  ( Global Forecast System )  and CFS  ( Climate Forecast System )  in Tombek
Strengthening MYCN services across the communities as a preventive package.
Health risk have been noted infections malaria and water borne diseases may increase
180 individuals reached with peacebuilding activities.
IOM supported women to organize a two day workshop in Abyei, which was implemented in two sessions with 10 and 12 women participants, respectively. In the workshop, women analyzed the situation of children, vulnerable groups, fellow women, and youth in the COVID 19 period and developed an action plan to mitigate conflicts as a result of COVID 19.
In partnership with implementing partner Community Empowerment for Progress Organization  ( CEPO )  and local youth, Transition and Recovery Unit  ( TRU )  developed peace messages for radio programmes which were approved by the State Ministry of Health. IOM and partners conducted the first radio talk show on the roles of youths in responding to COVID 19. In addition, IOM and CEPO conducted a community theater to provide youth a platform to share their experiences through drama and songs.
In Abyei Administrative area, Transition and Recovery Unit  ( TRU )  supported a pre conference forum to negotiate access to water and pasture at the onset of the dry season. TRU also trained 21 women community facilitators who will coordinate, mobilize, and moderate community dialogues, and follow up on the implementation of action points reached on issues affecting their respective communities.
To create a conducive learning environment, Transition and Recovery Unit  ( TRU )  completed the rehabilitation of three semi permanent buildings in Awal primary school and constructed new semi permanent blocks of two rooms in Abyei Girls Secondary school and Majbong primary school. IOM also successfully upgraded the hand pump in the water yard in Abyei and completed construction work at the Agok traditional court.
In Bentiu, Transition and Recovery Unit  ( TRU )  completed and handed over a Milk Bar to the community, which was built to support youth socioeconomic activities and integration in Unity State. The Milk Bar will strengthen cooperation amongst youth from conflict communities in the four targeted counties of Mayom, Rubkona, Guit, and Koch. The Milk Bar facility was equipped with a solar fridge, saucepans, tables, chairs, fire extinguishers, water, and kitchen utensils. The project also supplied two motorcycles for use in milk supply and delivery
The high levels of food insecurity are driven by continued by isolated incidence of insecurity, which caused population displacements and livelihood disruptions; the worst floods in years led to crop destruction that impeded households' access to various food sources such as wild foods, fish and livestock products. Furthermore, high prices of food commodities and sustained depreciation of the South Sudanese pound against the United States Dollar has reduced the purchasing power of vulnerable households who are mostly dependent on markets to meet their food and other basic needs.
The slight decrease in livestock ownership is attributed to the impact of the extensive floods between October and November 2019 which resulted in livestock losses for pastoral households due to the outbreak of diseases. ( December 2019 )
While agricultural households in South Sudan typically rely on the cultivation of cereals for their own consumption, local production is mostly not adequate to meet the consumption needs of the entire population as more than half of those households produce at subsistence level and significant imports are required to cover the deficit.
Despite the improving security situation and increasing proportion of households engaged in crop cultivation, the low proportion of households which had own produced food stocks is clearly related to other constraints affecting agricultural production. The incidence of pest and diseases, floods, shortages of seeds and lack of agricultural inputs are the key challenges that constrained agricultural production during the last growing season.  ( December 2019 )
Despite the impact of insecurity on the livelihoods, most households continue to rely on agriculture  ( 37.62 percent ) , sale of livestock  ( 12.6 percent )  and the sale of firewood and other natural resources  ( 7.7 percent )  as their main sources of income.
Most households who adopted these strategies ( 56.2 percent of households across the country reported using emergency  ( 43.3 percent )  or crisis coping strategies  ( 12.9 percent )  while 10.5 percent used stress coping strategies  )  had their crops destroyed by floods during the last growing season or faced constrained access to food due to high market prices and conflict related food security challenges. ( December 2019 )
The disruption of livelihoods and reduced agricultural activities associated with conflict conditions, along with low purchasing power has compelled households to resort to the use of livelihood based coping strategies which have the tendency to erode the future resilience and productivity of those households ( December 2019 )
731,856 individuals reached by IOM Water, Sanitation and Hygiene services. 183,404 individuals reached with handwashing facilities as a response to COVID 19. 578,506 individuals reached with COVID 19 risk communications & community engagement activities. 5,967 individuals that have successfully built their own latrine through CommunityLed Total Sanitation. 512 handwashing devices built. 4,971 WASH NFI kits distributed benefitting 39,768 individuals. 3 Points of Entry supported with IPC/WASH services. 105,887 individuals benefitting from community managed water supply services.
On average, household consumption of cereals and vegetables was 5.3 days and 2.94 days respectively while the consumption of protein rich food was 0.85 days in December 2019. This reflects some slight improvement over December 2018, when households consumed cereals for 4.8 days, vegetables for 1.5 days and protein rich foods for 0.82 days on average ( December 2019 )
The country aimed to reopen schools in November for the first time since the pandemic hit, however, the flood has prevented that. The risk of drop out is much higher in flood affected counties and children particularly girls may not return to schools if education facilities remain closed. • Education partners lack funds to support the rehabilitation of learning facilities and provision of essential education supplies. Education partners lack funds to support the rehabilitation of learning facilities and provision of essential education supplies.
410 schools are no longer in use as they have been flooded, damaged or used a shelter by IDPs.
Gaps & Constraints: No funds to support the CCCM robust response in the early phase of the emergency.
Funding to support people affected by the floods was leveraged through existing, yet limited, financial resources, and some dedicated funding allocations. Based on findings of several needs assessment to evaluate the flood impact, the ICCG undertook a prioritization exercise, and identified in September, some 60,000 households as those most in need for support with an estimated ask of $43.6 million. The total requirement for the current response was estimated at $81.9 million.
The ICCG  (  Inter Cluster Coordination Group  ) approach enabled a first phase flood emergency response package, consisting of a variety of commodities and services provided by clusters to support affected households: mosquito nets, plastic sheets, rubber ropes, face masks, aqua tabs, PUR sachets, collapsible jerry cans, filter cloth and soap, fishing kits, general food distribution and lean season support and dignity kits for women and girls. At the same time, health facilities are being replenished with essential supplies.
An additional 178,000 displaced people were then targeted for emergency flood response in 22 ‘priority 2' counties. Women and children were identified as among the most affected.
The Multi Sector Survival Minimum Expenditure Basket  ( MSSMEB )  food basket was most expensive in Akobo Town, Akobo, Jonglei  ( 66,620 SS£ )  and least expensive in Jamjang, Pariang, Unity  ( 16,434 SS£ )
The share of IDPs living in settlements where no more than half of the children are attending primary education is highest in Lakes  ( 86.3% of IDPs, or 158,189 individuals ) , Western Equatoria  ( 68.9% of IDPs, or 39,032 individuals )  and Jonglei  ( 63.9% of IDPs, or 124,765 individuals ) , while for returnees it is highest in Unity  ( 78.2% of returnees, or 115,336 individuals ) , Lakes  ( 77.9% of returnees, or 51,979 individuals )  and Northern Bahr El Ghazal  ( 77.2% of returnees, or 96,080 individuals )
As in 2018, malaria remained the most prevalent selfdiagnosed water or vector borne disease  ( 40 percent for children and 23 percent for adults ) , followed by fever  ( 36 percent for children and 15 percent for adults )  then Acute Watery Diarrhea  ( AWD )   ( 10 percent for children and 3 percent for adults ) . When broken down into age groups, as in 2018 it was more commonly found that children under 5 years of age would fall ill as opposed to adults.
Households in South Sudan generally do not produce enough food to meet their need even in very good years as production is typically at subsistence level and the number of feddan cultivated are few. As a result, own produced stocks of cereals tend to be depleted a few months after the harvest and dependence of markets purchase or assistance becomes the main source of households' sustenance ( December 2019 )
UNHCR is participating in the National COVID 19 Steering Committee and its various technical working groups, headed by the Ministry of Health and WHO. Refugee response partners are working to ensure that refugees, refugee returnees and other persons of concern are included in the national response plan.
Refugees and asylum seekers lack sufficient economic resources to access health care and are almost fully dependent on UNHCR and its partners for the provision of essential and life saving services.
While latrine use is high in Western Equatoria, many states reportedly have very limited use of latrines and access to sanitation facilities. Only 3 per cent of households in Warrap, 4 per cent in Lakes and 5 per cent in Northern Bahr el Ghazal have access to latrines. This indicates that households may find it difficult to separate people suspected of having COVID 19 from others in many parts of the country.
Case management and referrals, along with individual protection assistance, for persons with specific needs, potentially need to adapt to a remote modality even for existing cases and new cases arising from the COVID 19 response.
Budgetary and programmatic changes have been necessitated for many protection interventions due to the restrictions posed by COVID 19. Adjustments to modalities for General Protection partners have included changing from a group to an individual modality; changing from in person to remote; and where remote intervention is not possible, increase in hygiene measures to ensure the safety of the implementing partners and beneficiaries
In addition, the existing vulnerabilities of women and girls are anticipated to further multiply and pre dispose them for serious implications that go beyond COVID 19 time. Besides, most women lose their means of livelihood, especially those engaged in the informal economic sector, such as the small businesses that are closed. It would lead to conflict at homes, resulting in intimate partner violence.
The serious malnutrition rates were mitigated through strong and continuous treatment programme that ensured malnutrition did not escalate beyond the normal trends. Nutrition cluster and partners were also keen to monitor the flooding and coordinated activities that ensured continuity of treatment ( December 2019 )
Multi Sector Survival Minimum Expenditure Basket  ( MSSMEB )  key items were most expensive in Akobo, Jonglei  ( 92,608 SS£ )  and least expensive in Ajuong Thok RC, Pariang, Unity  ( 31,035 SS£ )
 Urgent need to response by S/NFIs cluster through distribution of NFIs in all the sites of IDP population to avoid malaria and cool.  Urgent needs for distribution of emergency food ration to unregistered people.  Need for dignity kits to women and girls of reproductive age.
 The majority of IDPs are from Ayueldit villages, Padiet villages, Twic East, Ayod and parts of Duk county.  The IDPs problems are mixed up with huger and floods affected, but they leave peaceful at the sites.  Some IDPs families get services from partners working at the ground.
( 21 September – 4 October 2020 ) IOM managed PoE sites conducting COVID 19 screening 5
IDPs from Ayod starts arrival on 22nd July 2020, while IDPs from Twic and other parts of Duk county were arrived on DEC 2020, as the flowing continues from than up to now in 2021, as the arrival parentage of HH per day estimated as from 2 to 5 families. When they left their areas their crops at the stage of maturity all destroyed by flood. Their livestock was affected by flood, some of the livestock had left to the neighboring who were willing since animals death is increasing as they States that no impact on the availability and consumption of milk. Children and elders who are mainly depending on milk have been affected badly.
 Provision of medicine to treat and to prevent Malaria and other disease.  Needs of mobile clinic.  Clearing of the bush around to avoid snakes from reaching site.
Immediate repair and drilling of water points to increase access to safe drinking water is needed.  Dig family/communal shared emergency latrines.  Distribution of household hygiene kits including jerry can, soap, filters clothes, point of use water treatment chemicals and buckets )  is necessary.
Physical deposits of feces were observed during transect walks in the settlements, an indication of poor excreta disposal and management in all of the resident's areas.
87% of older people have at least one disability    ( 2020 )  Remembering and concentrating: 61% Sight: 58% Self care: 57% Communication: 54% Walking: 53% Hearing: 45%
Currently the Ministry of Education estimates that over 2.2 million previously enrolled in formal and non formal schools have seen their education disrupted due to closure of schools nationwide to prevent transmission of the disease. Such measures used to prevent and control the spread of COVID 19 including school closures can negatively impact children and their families, disrupting children's routine and social support systems. Left without access to the protective environment at schools, the risk of children being neglected, abused or exploited increases significantly.
 There is a need for provision of hand washing items as this population is vulnerable to any infections including corona virus.  There is need for immediate humanitarian agencies intervention to provide basic needs such as food ration, WASH facilities, S/NFIs, and counseling services on mental health and psychosocial support to the affected populations
New Fangak, Fangak: DFC IRNA  ( 29 – 30 Jan ) ; 27,000 estimated floodaffected people. Need for multi cluster response scale up, especially food, ES/NFI and Health, with support from Bor / Juba
 There is a need for Dignity Kits/Sanitary materials for women and girls of Reproductive age.  Need for awareness of GBV.  Need for distribution of protection emergency lifesaving NFIs
There is need for provision Full Shelter and NFI kits to Tombek IDPs and loose items mainly blanket and mosquito nets to protect them, especially the children, elders, and pregnant and lactating mothers including those with chronic infections from further infections of malaria and other water borne diseases.
While shortage of rains negatively affected farming activities of most households in Lakes  ( 65.5 percent ) , Unity  ( 40 percent )  and Western Bahr el Ghazal, field crops were destroyed by floods or too much rain in Central Equatoria  ( 41.8 percent ) , Jonglei  ( 90.9 percent ) , Northern Bahr el Ghazal  ( 85 percent ) , Upper Nile  ( 70.5 percent )  and Warrap  ( 80.5 percent ) . ( December 2019 )
Nationally, the key challenges which affected a substantial proportion of farming households were shortage of rain, floods/too much water, pest and diseases, heavy weed infestation and shortage of agricultural tools. These challenges contributed to a reduction in the area under cultivation, reduced crop harvest or the destruction of field crop which ultimately undermine the food security situation of the affected households. ( December 2019 )
In Nasir, the main shocks leading to food insecurity included high food prices, floods that destroyed crops and shelters, inaccessibility of markets due to flooding, and low crop production because of the floods.
 Many children reported that their cattle and goats they used to depend on died due to flooding  Children reported they are lacking playing material such as football etc  The IDPs infants are malnourished due to lack of milk domestic animals mainly goats and cows have died.  Lack of food as many women were seen during the assessment time cooking local trees leaves and fish.
Inadequate of food as people eat once a day or not completely for the whole day. ( 2021 )
Service Provision:  Juba IDP Camps  ( 1 & 3 )   WASH is a huge gap, such as no dislodging of latrines, no garbage collection, shortage of water, no latrines cleaning and no Hygiene promotion activities available in the camps Bor IDP Camp  Gaps in WASH and Health services Naivasha IDP Camp  All the sectors are operating with minimum footprint with remote management approach Bentiu PoC  Gaps in WASH services reported Malakal PoC  All the sectors are operating with minimum footprint with remote management approach  [ As of 15 February 2021 ]
The current locations where IDPs are, is congested and there is lack of privacy since the men, women, and children sleep together in open places.
 During the mass movement from Villages to villages or county to county, some children drown in deep water.  Children are traumatized and stressed due to the situation they are facing; some children isolate themselves due to stress they are going through
During this period, all counties in Upper Nile State will be classified in Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 )  acute food insecurity except for Malakal and Maban counties which are classified in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  acute food insecurity.
 Lack of basic family items like plastic sheets, blankets, mosquito nets.  Lack of toilets and bath room.  Lack of privacy since the women, men and children sleep open places.  Lack of playing materials for the adolescent girls.
 Hand pump is needed especially in Paborkoi where the IDPs fetch water from the river  Women reported lack of personal hygiene items which are costly in the market.  The women have also expressed fear of insecurity as they go to fetch water and collect firewood eg on 6th Feb 2021, a woman was beaten by unknown bush men.
The key drivers of food insecurity included COVID 19 related loss of employment and income, flooding that destroyed crops and affected livestock, pockets of insecurity, high food prices, and markets that are not functioning optimally.
 The places where the IDPs are sheltering are congested.  Poor hygiene, especially places of Tea and small hotels.
No humanitarian's response has been done since Nov 2020, up to date 2021, especially IDPs from Twic and Ayod
Majority of the displaced population are women, children and elderly persons. Lack of food, and IDPs depend on support from fishing activity and some fruits. According to some of IDPs families who are holding WFP general food distribution cards complained of not receiving food ration for many times due to their damages, lost and missing cards
IDPs from Twic and Ayod have reported that, host community donated 15 bags of sorghum to support the most affected and People with specific needs at all the sites.
Since the signing of Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan  ( R ARCSS )  in September 2018 that resulted in the formation of transistional Government of National Unity the security situation in the country has significantly improved, resulting in increased return movements of IDPs to their former homes or places of habitual residence
The severe acute food insecurity situation was driven by insecurity incidents, COVID 19 related restrictions of movement that resulted in loss of jobs and impacted on markets and trade, hyperinflation stemming from the devaluation of the South Sudanese Pound  ( SSP )  and unprecedented levels of floods that affected crops and destroyed homes and infrastructure.
According to available data from the World Food Programme  ( WFP ) , the site ( Mangala )  hosts more 24,500 IDPs who were registered for humanitarian assistance together with some 6,000 host community members in need of support.
From April to July 2021, the food security situation is expected to deteriorate across the region as households will increase dependency on the markets following the depletion of their harvested food stocks.
Likewise, the Ministry of Health has warned of a second wave of the coronavirus pandemic after having registered an increase in positive cases in recent weeks. The Director of the Public Health Emergency Operations Centre at the Ministry of Health Dr. Mathew Tut Moses reported to Eye Radio: “It seems the number of positive cases is increasing and that is an indication that the disease is still with us'. “So, people don't need to relax and think that COVID is over and feel complacent,' Dr. Tut added.  ( Source: Eye Radio ) . Additionally, the Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention  ( Africa CDC )  warned the continent to brace for a second wave of the coronavirus as cases surge in Europe and some African countries  ( Source: CNN ) .
Based on findings of food security and nutrition projections for 2021 reflected in IPC reports and external reviews released in December 2020, humanitarian organizations in South Sudan commenced a scale up of lifesaving operations. The multi sectoral response focuses on vulnerable people in areas of most severe acute food insecurity in the six counties of Pibor, Akobo, Aweil South, Tonj East, Tonj North and Tonj South.
All the six counties in the State are classified in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  acute food insecurity. During this period, even as majority of households are enjoying access to harvests, insecurity is likely to continue in Kajo Keji, Morobo, Yei and Lainya counties, thus affecting food security in these counties.
South Sudan COVID 19 Incident Manager Dr. Richard Lako has sounded a warning for the increase of coronavirus cases in the past weeks, predicting a second wave of the virus in the country. Lako attributed the increased rate of the virus to the recent influx of refugees from the neighboring countries Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda. “From last months, we nearly received new additional 90 imported cases that came from neighboring country Uganda and these are South Sudanese who are returning homes,' Dr. Lako said: “The concern was that these 90 cases from returnees in the country would generate new infection into the community'  ( Source: Radio Tamazuj ) .
Poor access to WASH services and goods combined with high levels of food insecurity has a detrimental impact on the health of the most vulnerable, as seen through the high prevalence of malnutrition and water borne diseases, with 72 percent of households reporting members being affected by a water or vector borne disease. The most commonly self reported diseases were malaria, fever and acute watery diarrhea. ( December 2019 )
Security incidents are impeding access in Tonj despite safety assurances received from the state government
Following the completion of the major harvest of crops in October and November 2019, the food insecurity situation across South Sudan has decreased slightly, while rates of malnutrition have increased marginally as compared to December 2018
Worldvision published a report which highlighted how teenage pregnancy has increased significantly during the COVID 19 outbreak.It stated: “this report spotlights one particular vulnerability that is known to be exacerbated by school closures in times of crisis and risks the continued education of vulnerable children: teenage pregnancy'
Analysis based on feedback collected indicated that there were more rumors gathered from Lakes State and that Northern Bahr el Ghazal had more concerns about COVID 19 that other parts of the country. Central Equatoria had more concerns and suggestions about COVID 19 related issues than any other part of South Sudan. The state with the least rumors was Eastern Equatoria.
During this reporting period, DTM successfully relocated a Flow Monitoring Point from Elegu, Uganda, to Nimule, South Sudan, replacing the former Elegu FMP, which was operated in collaboration with IOM Uganda.