nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
[ EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  14% of the households of non IDP settlements reported that it takes less than 15 minutes to reach to the nearest education facility while 33% and 22% of the households of non IDP settlements reported it takes 15 30 minutes and 30 60minutes to reach to the nearest education facility respectively. Only 1% of the households of non IDP settlements reported that it takes more than 3 hours to reach to the nearest education facility and 5% reported that it takes 1 3 hours.
It is of particular concern that children constitute over 60 per cent of those in need in Somalia, and malnutrition rates among children remain among the worst in the world. Close to 1 million children in Somalia are estimated to be acutely malnourished, including 162,000 under 5 suffering from life threatening severe malnutrition.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  5% of households of both IDP settlements and Non IDP settlement reported areas in their community where girls or women do not feel safe.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Most commonly reported areas in the community where girls and/or women do not feel safe were On the way to markets  ( 23% ) , When leaving settlement/town  ( 45%  ) , At water points  ( 20% ) .
445,000 persons benefited from education services by humanitarian actors
288,000 persons were provided with nutrition support, including 166,000 boys and girls  ( 6 59 months )  suffering from Severe Acute Malnutrition  ( SAM ) .
Gaps & Constraints: Service disruption and closure of services centres due to COVID 19.Limited specialized service providers in remote locations with population with Gender Based Violence  ( GBV )  needs.
Water sources in Somalia are drying up at a rapid rate as a looming drought intensifies, leaving 70 percent of families across the country without access to safe drinking water. Thousands of children are now reliant on emergency water trucking and unprotected wells or are forced to leave their homes in search of water, according to a new assessment by Save the Children.
Emergencies often disrupt support services including healthcare and this further exposes vulnerable women and children to GBV related morbidities. People with mental health disorders, including pre existing chronic ones, often see their condition worsening during emergencies due to additional stressors and limited regular medical treatment and family support.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Most commonly reported areas in the community where boys or men do not feel safe were: On the way to markets  ( 24% ) , When leaving settlement/town  ( 82% ) , humanitarian aid distributions points  ( 6% )
Displaced households tend to have fewer educational qualifications within the household relative to non displaced households, with approximately 20 per cent more IDP households having no educational qualification than non displaced households. IDPs also tend to have more children dropping out of school; both IDPs and host communities report costs as the main reason for school drop outs, followed by drought and the need to support the household.
Proper access to education is limited by several factors including an overall lack of learning facilities, as well as the practice of child labour for girls through household chores. Girls are challenged by additional barriers to education, given the socio cultural norms that severely restrict girls' mobility, in combination with safety concerns and supply related challenges, such as a lack of trained female teachers and gender segregated latrines.
A Somali woman will face a 1/22 chance of dying from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth. Somalia has the sixth highest maternal death risk  ( 732 deaths per 100,000 live births )  in the world, despite most maternal deaths being preventable. Moreover, care for expectant mothers throughout their pregnancy remains particularly poor, with only 33 per cent of births attended to by skilled health personnel.
An additional 4.2 million people are expected to be Stressed  ( IPC 2 ) , bringing the total number of people facing acute food insecurity to 6.3 million. This represents a high number of people relative to the total population of Somalia, and is indicative of their vulnerability and limited resilience capacity. This group will likely experience worse food insecurity outcomes if the next rainy season performs poorly.
Communities living in conflict areas are severely impacted by armed violence. Civilians bear the brunt of the ongoing conflict through death and injury, destruction of property, taxation of communities  ( including through forced child recruitment ) , land grabbing, destruction of livelihoods, limited freedom of movement and limited access to services and humanitarian assistance.
Reduced water availability in northern and central pastoral livelihood zones is a major concern and has triggered earlier than normal water trucking at high prices. Although acute watery diarrhea  ( AWD )  cases were declined from 197 cases in August to 107 recorded cases in September, overall outbreaks of communicable diseases will likely increase as a result of the potential drop in water quality and availability.
Limited mental health resources are a main challenge in addressing the needs of the population. People with mental health and people with psychosocial/psychiatric needs are stigmatized, discriminated against and socially isolated and, consequently, the burden of care is left to the family and local communities. People living with disabilities and special needs face profound vulnerability due to a lack of services and support.
Over the last three years, there has been a steady decrease in the proportion of people who say they know how to make a complaint – from 49 per cent in 2017 to 44 per cent in 2018 and 37 per cent in 2019. This is compounded by a fragmented health system that is under resourced and ill equipped to provide urgently needed lifesaving and preventative services. Somalia has reached less than 40 per cent of its target of two health facilities per 10,000 people, and has only 19 per cent of its target skilled health workforce. Maternity services are lacking in 74 per cent of IDP settlements.
The absence of healthcare or a social protection system, coupled with a lack of educational opportunities, has further marginalized people with disabilities from nutrition services, making them dependent on others for care, or forcing them into negative coping mechanisms such as begging.
Children under the age of five and PLWs are among the most vulnerable people in the event of humanitarian crises, being particularly susceptible to micronutrient deficiencies and to the risk of malnutrition in the first 1,000 days of life.
Shortfalls in productivity further exacerbate food insecurity and continue to drive high levels of acute malnutrition, most notably in the poorest communities.
Although figures show that nutrition services were successfully delivered last year, with a 30 per cent decline in the overall burden of SAM cases  ( from 231,800 in 2017 to 178,000 in 2019 ) , Somalia is still facing high levels of acute malnutrition due to conflict, rising food insecurity, displacement, diseases, the lack of access to clean water and good sanitation, and the declining availability of health services.
People with disabilities face additional vulnerabilities. Whilst there is a lack of reliable data on disability, it is assumed to be above the global estimates of 15 per cent. People with disabilities are at heightened risk of violence, abuse and exploitation, as well as discrimination within communities. Moreover, people with disabilities have largely been left out of humanitarian assistance in Somalia, with a lack of support given to disabled IDPs a good example. Many have assistance stolen from them, or are victims of forced evictions, simply due to discrimination by other IDPs
Clan disputes, protests, and violent conflicts contribute to insecurity and instability across the country. IDPs and rural/urban non IDPs constitute the majority of the people in need. Food shortages, conflict and insecurity, as well as heightened protection risks, are the main factors driving humanitarian needs in Somalia.
Military operations by security forces, inter clan clashes and natural disasters may further exacerbate the protection environment in return areas. Notwithstanding the existing pressure on basic services, as well as limited absorption capacity in areas of return, many returnees choose not to return to their areas of origin, preferring instead to settle in urban areas.
Refugees and returnees also face challenges in the form of insufficient livelihood options, lack of proper legal, psychosocial and physical support, insecurity at their current residential address and the threat of physical and sexual assault, particularly towards women returnees.
A lack of education and skills among many refugees and asylum seekers reduces their economic opportunities. As a result, they engage in informal manual labour that further exposes them to abuses from the host community, and in many instances they do not receive payment for services rendered.
Refugees and asylum seekers face a range of protection problems, including xenophobia, risk of refoulment, arbitrary arrest and detention, sexual violence, exploitation and abuse, and lacking protection linked to clan affiliation. In theory, they have access to the justice system, but many disputes in Somalia are settled through the clan system, and refugees and asylum seekers accessing the formal legal system often face retaliation.
The absence of a comprehensive and up to date federal legal and policy framework for refugee protection increases their vulnerability considerably. While a Refugee Act is in place in Puntland, its implementation is either lacking or unclear. Refugees and asylum seekers mostly live in urban or peri urban areas among host communities, with a significant proportion residing in areas housing the urban poor.
Despite insecurity and regular climatic shocks, Somalia hosts 41,820 refugees and asylum seekers and 108,000 refugee returnees, including 17,000 “new' residents in 2020, and 91,000 "new" registrations over the past five years.
In addition, 3.4 million vulnerable rural and urban non IDPs continue to suffer from the impact of decades of violence, recurrent climatic shocks and governance challenges
Another 2.3 million people in need, including 1.6 million displaced people, live in districts hosting large number of IDPs  ( both in total and compared to the local population ) , including those displaced in 2019, where conflictrelated risks for physical safety and insecurity remain very high  ( child recruitment, deaths and injuries, and sexual violence in particular ) .
The increasing frequency and intensity of climate events is leaving people with no alternative but migration to already swollen cities or refugee camps with the hope of finding pasture and water for their animals, or to join the militant groups for survival
Climate change has been wreaking havoc on Somalia's four seasons , and more broadly on the Horn of Africa, fuelling conflict and pushing one of the world's most resilient communities to the edge.
In the second quarter of 2019, during the below average Gu season  ( AprilJune 2019 ) , the increase in food prices  ( due to the poor harvest )  furthered inflation in the country. Significant price increases were also seen in the health and education sectors. Monetary and non monetary poverty are higher among rural residents  ( 75 per cent )  and IDP communities  ( 88 per cent ) , particularly in hard to reach areas. Poor households do not have the means to adequately cope with natural, social, and economic shocks resulting in losses to income, assets and food production
As in 2018, insecurity  ( 29 per cent )  and drought  ( 18 per cent )  are the main reasons households left their area of origin or previous location, followed by lack of livelihood opportunities  ( 13 per cent ) , with absence of conflict  ( 25 per cent )  and availability of work/income opportunities  ( 19 per cent )  being the main pull factors attracting households to the new location.
Markets and services have been significantly disrupted. Traditional markets in Somalia have been disrupted by the protracted conflict, geopolitical upheaval and severe drought, with critical infrastructure gaps such as roads and irrigation systems eroded as a result of neglect, especially in rural areas.
On the upside, the forecast for and initial performance of the 2019 Deyr rains  ( October December )  has been positive, which would lead to improvements in food security. The Somalia Drought Impact and Needs Assessment  ( DINA ) , completed in January 2018, found that there had been over $3 billion done in damages or losses due to the 2016 2017 drought. This represents approximately 50 per cent of the annual GDP
Late and erratic rains during the 2019 Gu cropping season, coupled with low river levels, resulted in the poorest cereal harvest since 2011, which shattered the already fragile food security context in the country. According to the 2019 post Gu results, cereal production was up to 70 per cent below average in the southern areas for the cropping season. If timely assistance is not provided, some 2.2 million people are expected to be in Crisis  ( IPC 3 )  or Emergency  ( IPC 4 )  through December, and one million children are projected to be acutely malnourished in 2020, including 180,000 who are likely to be severely malnourished.
Climatic shocks, conflict, natural disasters, widespread poverty, insecurity and vulnerability have trapped millions of Somalis in severe hunger and malnutrition for years.
Overall, 2.6 million IDPs continue to face serious risks of evictions, marginalization and exclusion across the country.
Due to the lack of sanitation systems, approximately 83 per cent of the rural population practices open defecation, putting people at risk of water borne and sanitation related diseases. For the past 25 years, the incidence of diarrhoea among children under five years of age has remained at an alarmingly high 23 per cent.
Roads connecting farming districts to markets have long become unusable due to a lack of maintenance, and often become impassable during the rains. The rainy season also has an impact on market trends, as agricultural products are at greater risk of spoiling.
Armed violence and military operations, including airstrikes, pose a risk to people's lives, physical safety and integrity as a result of widespread child recruitment and conflict related sexual violence. They also contribute to psychological trauma and subsequent mental health and/or psychosocial support needs.
The presence of non state armed actors or active fighting severely constrains safe humanitarian access in these areas. With limited access to life saving assistance, crisis affected communities are disproportionally affected by food insecurity, malnutrition, disease outbreaks and inadequate WASH services.
This is the first year that REACH's annual Joint Multi Cluster Needs Assessment  ( JMCNA )  has provided data  ( not disaggregated )  concerning disability in Somalia. According to the assessment, four per cent of people with disabilities reported difficulties in carrying out daily activities independently, needing permanent assistance and attention.
Those with disabilities face pre existing discrimination and stigmata, which are further exacerbated by conflict and protracted displacement. There are also reports of people with disabilities being targeted by Al Shabab for recruitment as suicide bombers, with promises of support to their families after their death. Clan related conflict is a major concern, particularly in Hiraan, Galmudug, Lower and Middle Shabelle, and Sool.
Political and socioeconomic factors are the major drivers of the crisis and have a profound impact on humanitarian needs in Somalia. The general elections scheduled for 2020 2021 bring hope to the country's future, being the first universal suffrage polls in half a century. This shift is seen by many as a significant improvement from the clan based election system adopted during the last three presidential elections  ( 2009, 2012, and 2017 ) , which reportedly marginalized young people, women and some ethnic groups. However, the risk of violence prior to elections raises serious security concerns, based on the recent experience from the South West State and Jubaland State elections, held in December 2018 and August 2019 respectively.
100% of displacements were due to droughts in Jariban district
The assessment, which covered 632 households across eight regions in Somalia, shows reduced rainfall and severe water shortages are also killing livestock, causing crop failures and diminishing household incomes, leaving children with fewer meals per day and less nutritious food.
In Beletweyne, there is water scarcity in remote villages such as Dusmo, Ceelcade, Guricade, Ceel Idad Samow Waraxunshe, Warqumaye, Walalow, Burqaniiyo, Xeyndab, Banaaney, Hiiran Bile, Indhacad, Towfiq, Xujub, Dameerlays, Faaqgumare, Xuduley, and Caadley and water trucking started. Water prices increased by $1 to $1.5 depending on the distance from the water point.
Internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  are particularly vulnerable to identity related conflicts and armed group recruitment.
Precipitation: Rainfall is erratic, with interannual and intra seasonal variability. Conditions are hot and arid in the north  ( <250 mm rainfall )  and wetter in the south  ( ca. 400 mm )  and south west  ( ca. 700 mm ) .
Morbidity among children was high  ( ≥20% )  in 11 out of 19 population groups surveyed with the highest prevalence reported among Baidoa IDPs  ( 41.7% ) , Baidoa Urban  ( 33.6% )  and Galkacyo IDPs  ( 32.1% ) , followed by Garowe IDPs  ( 28.3% ) , Dollow urban  ( 26.9% ) , and Garowe urban  ( 25.2% ) .
Ninety seven percent of families interviewed in the assessment said they had experienced at least one locust infestation.
Mohamud Mohamed Hassan, Country Director for Save the Children in Somalia, said: “In the communities where we work, Save the Children is seeing wells drying up, families rationing their water, crops and pastures dying and people moving away from their communities in search of water and food for their livestock. In some locations, the price of water has skyrocketed. Those who cannot afford to pay for water are forced to use unsafe water sources, thereby putting children at risk of deadly diseases such as cholera.
Based on household survey responses in late 2020, up to 22 percent of urban households, 12 percent of rural households, and 6 percent of IDP households received remittances, but the values received remain well below normal.
Over the course of 2020, partners have scaled up the COVID 19 response and reached more than 718,000 children with access to education in emergencies.
Minimal service delivery packages such as co located maternal, child health and nutrition services, tied to infection protection and control improvements, can help to ease burdens on families and caregivers, ultimately improving the very low utilization rates and improve safety and privacy for families during their care.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  17% of the households of IDP settlements reported that it takes less than 15 minutes to reach to the nearest health facility by foot while 28% and 23% of the households of IDP settlements reported it takes 15 30 minutes and 30 60minutes to reach to the nearest health facility by foot respectively. 19% reported to reach nearest health facility by foot in 1 3 hours and 13% of the households of IDP settlements reported that it takes more than 3 hours to reach to the nearest health facility by foot .
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Three most commonly reported problems encountered when accessing health services or treatment: Cost of services and/or medicine was too high  ( 39% ) , have not tried to access medical services  ( 23% )  and did not get qualified health staff at the health facility  ( 10% ) .
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  54% of Households of non IDP settlements have not been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection while 46% of Households of non IDP settlements have been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  28% of the households of non IDP settlements reported that it takes less than 15 minutes to reach to the nearest health facility by foot while 33%, 17%, 11% of the households of non IDP settlements reported it takes 15 30 minutes, 30 60minutes and 1 3hours to reach to the nearest health facility by foot respectively. Only 7% of the households of non IDP settlements reported that it takes more than 3 hours to reach to the nearest health facility by foot .
[ NUTRITION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Among households of IDP settlements with children, 12% household reported their child ( ren )  having been enrolled in a nutritional centre/therapeutic feeding centre in the 6 months prior to data collection while 9% household of non IDP settlements with children reported their child ( ren )  having been enrolled in a nutritional centre/therapeutic feeding centre in the 6 months prior to data collection.
[ NUTRITION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Among households of IDP settlements with children , 18% households reporting having access to mobile nutrition team able to assess for malnutrition in the 6 months prior to data collection . While among households of non IDP settlements with children , 15% households reporting having access to mobile nutrition team able to assess for malnutrition in the 6 months prior to data collection.
Acute malnutrition among children aged 6 59 months is a direct outcome indicator of recent changes in nutritional status. The 2020 Deyr season nutrition assessment conducted in November 2020 shows Critical nutritional status  ( GAM≥15% )  in three out of 19 population groups  ( IDPs and urban )  in: Mogadishu  ( 16.7% ) , Garowe  ( 15.8% )  and Bosasso  ( 15.8% ) .  [ See Figure 1 and Table 2 ] . Serious GAM prevalence  ( GAM 10 14.9% )  were recorded in eight out of 19 assessed population groups: Galkacyo IDPs, Galkacyo Urban, Mogadishu Urban, Baidoa IDPs, Dolow IDPs, Dolow Urban, Kismayu Urban, Kismayu IDPs. Alert levels of GAM  ( ≥5 % to <10 % )  were seen among IDPs in Hargeisa  ( 9.2 )  and Burao  ( 5.8% ) , Hargeisa Urban  ( 6.4% ) , Bosasso Urban  ( 7.5% ) , Garowe Urban  ( 5.2% ) , Dhusamareb Urban  ( 5.8% )  and Baidoa Urban  ( 9.0% ) . 2020 Deyr assessment recorded Serious SAM prevalence  ( ≥2.5 4 )  in only two out of 19 assessed population groups  ( Mogadishu IDPs and Bosasso IDPs ) . Alert SAM prevalence  ( 1.1 2.4 )  were recorded among IDPs in in 13 out of 19 assessed population groups  ( 7 IDPs and 6 Urban )  amongst IDPs in Hargeisa, Burao, Garowe, Galkacyo, Baidoa, Dolow,and Kismayo .
An estimated 1.1 million children need education assistance due to the COVID 19 outbreak in 2020. Over one million school aged displaced children disproportionately affected by the impacts of the ongoing crisis are in need of education assistance. There is also a need to fast track the response to ensure all school children return to schools and have access to a safe learning environment.
The humanitarian crisis in Somalia continues to be one of the most complex, fragile and protracted in the world. At least 5.2 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance through 2021, due to the impact of recurrent climatic shocks, armed conflict and insecurity, protracted displacement, political and socioeconomic factors, amid the global COVID 19 pandemic. About 2.6 million people live in protracted displacement.
[ EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  64% and 85% of households of IDP settlement and Non IDP settlement reported all school aged children in their household who were previously attending school are continuing learning activities remotely since schools have been closed.
The Government has continued the gradual reopening of different sectors of the economy, following a decrease in the number of reported COVID 19 cases. Health partners including the Federal Ministry of Health  ( MoH )  have however reported gaps in the geographic coverage of COVID 19 testing, with some districts reporting no confirmed cases in September due to lack of testing capacity. Therefore, analysis of the trends is not conclusive.
FAO and the Federal Government have surveyed 380,000 hectares between January and September in Somaliland, Puntland and Galmudug, and sprayed 73,097 hectares with bio pesticides. Despite ongoing control operations, the latest FAO forecasts indicate that the situation remains critical with immature adult locust populations persisting in the northeast and northwest regions. Cross border movements by several swarms have been reported between Ethiopia and northwest Somalia. Control operations are being scaled up with increased aerial capacity, vehicles and additional biopesticide stock delivered.
A desert locust infestation since January continues to pose a serious risk of damage to both pasture and crops at least until the end of 2020, according to FAO. In February, the Somalia's Agriculture Ministry declared the locust invasion a national emergency and a major threat to the country's fragile food security situation. The infestation has been mostly confined to northern and central regions, causing significant damage to crop  ( cereals and vegetables )  and fruit trees, especially in Togdheer and Woqooyi Galbeed. The heavy 2020 gu season rainfall in April through mid May and hagaa/karan rains in July September however moderated the impact and replenished pasture and browse across most regions.
Food Security partners have recommended sustained support through December 2020 to address the urgent needs of the people who are likely to be in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 ) , and livelihoods for people in Stressed or worse  ( IPC Phase 2 or higher ) , who are likely to slide into Crisis or Emergency when they are unable to cope with shocks. Urgent nutrition and health support is required to address the needs, including for areas with high prevalence of acute maternal malnutrition.
The 2020 gu season exhibited erratic performance, with rains starting as early as late March in many parts of Somalia, then intensified in April, with heavy rain leading to riverine and flash floods through September, impacting food security according to FSNAU. The 2020 Gu harvest in southern Somalia is reportedly 40 per cent lower than the long term average for 1995  2019, mainly due to successive and severe flooding, erratic rainfall, a prolonged dry spell and protracted insecurity/conflict.
The median Severe Acute Malnutrition  ( SAM )  prevalence in 2020 Deyr is Alert  ( 2.1% ) , similar to 2019 Deyr  ( 2.0 % ) , but an improvement from Serious SAM in 2020 Gu  ( 2.7% ) . However, the nutrition situation among Garowe IDPs in Nugaal region  ( northeast )  region has shown increases in GAM since November 2019  ( Deyr season ) , although the increases is not statistically significant. Possible reasons for the increase are increased morbidity and decreased humanitarian assistance.
Emergency and essential services must be tied to secondary and specialized referral services. Care for expectant mothers throughout their pregnancy remains particularly poor, with only 32 per cent of births attended by skilled health personnel  ( SHDS, 2020 ) ; these gaps in reproductive health services along with appropriate referral care is essential to prevent the high incidence of maternal and infant death.
[ EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  26% of the households of non IDP settlements reported that it takes less than 15 minutes to reach to the nearest education facility while 36% and 18% of the households of non IDP settlements reported it takes 15 30 minutes and 30 60minutes to reach to the nearest education facility respectively. Only 2% and 1% of the households of non IDP settlements reported that it takes 1 3 hours and more than 3 hours to reach to the nearest education facility.
According to the 2020 Post Gu Seasonal Food Security and Nutrition Analysis for September  ( FAO/FSNAU ) , an estimated 1.3 million people are facing Crisis or worse  ( IPC Phase 3 or higher )  outcomes through September 2020, even in the presence of humanitarian assistance. This number is expected to increase to 2.1 million people through December 2020, in the absence of humanitarian assistance. An additional 2.5 million people are Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 ) , bringing the total number of people experiencing acute food insecurity to 3.8 million. In addition, 849,900 children under the age of five years face acute malnutrition over the next 12 months  ( September 2020 to August 2021 ) , including 143,400 likely to be severely malnourished.
Overall, the median GAM  ( WHZ )  prevalence among Internally Displaced Populations  ( IDPs )  in 2020 Deyr is Serious  ( 12.9% ) , reflecting a slightly improved but sustained  ( Serious )  nutrition situation since late 2019  ( 13.1% and 14.5% median GAM in 2019 Deyr and 2020 Gu, respectively ) .
Gaps in service availability should be identified and urgent needs addressed though rapid humanitarian action, linked to follow on sustainable service delivery models supported by development strategies.
While displacement levels are consistently high in Somalia, IDP numbers are difficult to estimate due to several reasons, including security concerns and volatile environment, logistical and accessibility limitations, fluid and constant movements and limited funding available for displacement data collection exercises, among others. To address this issue and contribute to the creation of a displacement baseline in Somalia, IOM deployed in 2016 the Mobility Tracking component of DTM, an area based assessment to capture information on displacement locations and stocks of IDPs.
In November 2020, as part of the 2020 Post Deyr seasonal assessment, the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit  ( FSNAU )  conducted 19 surveys among displaced and urban populations across Somalia. The survey results show Critical prevalence of acute malnutrition  ( Global Acute Malnutrition  GAM ≥ 15% )  in three out of 19 population groups surveyed
The following are considered areas of concern and are in need of urgent nutrition and health support interventions. They currently have or are projected to have a GAM prevalence of Critical, indicated by a weight for height z score of 15 29.9 percent or by a mid upper arm circumference below 125 mm of 10 14.9 percent: Shabelle Riverine, Mogadishu IDPs  ( Banadir ) , Juba Riverine, Southern Inland Pastoral  ( Elberde ) , Xudur urban/IDPs, Bay Agropastoral, Baidoa IDPs, Beletweyn, Jalalaqsi, Buloburte, and Mataban districts, Bosasso IDPs, Garowe IDPs, Galkacyo IDPs, and Hawd Pastoral  ( central regions )
In summary, 2.7 million people across Somalia are expected to face Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse outcomes between April and June 2021 without sustained humanitarian assistance.
From April to June 2021, food insecurity is expected to deteriorate among poor rural, urban, and displaced populations due to the impacts of anticipated, below average 2021 Gu  ( April June )  season rainfall, the high risk of continued Desert Locust infestation, likely continuation of the socioeconomic impacts of COVID 19, and protracted conflict
From July to December 2020, assistance reached more than 1.8 million people per month on average, which likely prevented more severe food security and nutrition outcomes across many parts of Somalia
[ Based on the results of household surveys and field assessments conducted in November and December 2020 ]  An additional 2.5 million people are Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 ) , bringing the total number of people experiencing acute food insecurity to 4.1 million.
UNHCR, through partners, reached more than 153,000 IDPs, returnees and host community members with combined SGBV prevention and Covid 19 awarenessraising sessions, carried out in IDP settlements and surrounding host communities across the country, involving community leaders
Between 2018 2020, over 1.6 million Somalis were displaced by flooding, which constituting by far the largest driver of displacement in 2020, while severe droughts occurred in 2007/2008, 2011/2012, and 2015/16/17.
Approximately 840,000 children under the age of five are likely to be acutely malnourished, including nearly 143,000 who are likely to be severely malnourished.
Rural populations are experiencing multiple declines in food and income sources. In pastoral areas, below average rainfall in parts of the North, adjacent areas of central Somalia, coastal areas, and Gedo region has led to water scarcity and pasture shortages, prompting atypical, earlier than normal livestock migration to distant grazing areas. As a result, milk availability for consumption and sale is limited.
Dolow experienced AWD [ /Cholera ]  cases beginning in Mid April, with a total of 430 cases admitted in health care facilities. There is no stand alone CTC  [ Cholera Treatment Center ]  in Dolow District. Partners, including HDC, Trocaire, and CEDA, have responded swiftly in terms of enhanced early case management and distributing essential supplies to the IDPs as the most affected resulting to the decline in AWD cases.
According to the results of 36 separate nutrition surveys conducted by FSNAU  [ Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit ]  and partners in November and December 2020, the overall median Global Acute Malnutrition  ( GAM )  in Somalia remained Serious, indicated by weight for height z score of 10 14.9 percent or by a mid upper arm circumference below 125 mm of 5 9.9 percent. The drivers of acute malnutrition include high morbidity, low immunization, and vitamin A supplementation, reduced access to milk, and food insecurity.
Similar to airports, the most utilized measures at Land Border Points to ensure safe movements was the presence of a Ministry of Health  ( MoH )  representative  ( 43% ports ) , while 27 per cent had Standard Operating Procedures  ( SOPs )  in place to managing flows, though only 19 per cent of these had staff trained in occupational health and safety of staff  ( Infection Prevention Control, IPC ) , and detection  ( health screening ) , registration, notification, management and referral of ill travellers.
To better understand how COVID 19 affects global mobility, IOM has developed a global mobility database to map and gather data on the locations, status and different restrictions at Ports of Entry  ( PoEs ) , globally.
In 28 per cent of  [ Land Border ]  ports, the staff was also able to provide information to passengers on steps to take in case symptoms develop, and were able to provide information on how the traveller could seek health care in case symptoms worsened.
Kismayo cases of AWD [ /Cholera ]  were first reported on 01 May, with 165 cases recorded by partners conducting AWD [ /Cholera ]  management in Kismayo health care facilities.
To effectively control outbreaks, public health authorities must strengthen surveillance to assess risk and target disease control efforts.
The 2017 drought brought on by El Niño, for example, displaced an estimated 892,000 people, representing the biggest cause of displacement that year
Only one  ( 1 )   [ Blue Border Point ]  port in Somalia was estimated to remain at current level of restrictions for less than 14 days.
Like in airports, risk mitigation measures for Blue Border Points to ensure safe movements included the presence of a Ministry of Health  ( MoH )  representative  ( 40% ports ) , equipped handwashing stations  ( 39% ports ) , traveller screening on site  ( 26% ports ) , functioning referral systems in places  ( 26% ports ) , and provided information about COVID 19 to travellers in the form of posters, leaflets, announcements on prevention, handwashing, symptoms, where to go if unwell, etc  ( 27% )
About 61 per cent of airports had handwashing stations on site, all of which were equipped, and 59 per cent had isolation rooms to quarantine suspected cases.
The staff in 66 per cent of airports was also required to provide information on how the traveller could seek health care in case symptoms worsened.
Most airports had some level of restrictions imposed on them, and only one  ( 1 )  in Somalia
Majority of the Ports of Entry  ( PoEs )  had some level of restrictions imposed on them. A total of 154 PoEs  ( 50% )  were partially closed, while 102  ( 33% )  were closed for both entries and exits, and 39  ( 13% )  were open for travel on both directions. Another 13 PoEs  ( 4% )  had unknown restrictions.
On 29 March, Somalia imposes suspension on local flights.
Movement of people to and from the country along the coastline is also restricted.
Over the last two decades, Somalia has seen a rise in the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events  ( floods and droughts. In 2020, this manifested in subsequent major flood events including Cyclone Gati – which made landfall in late November in the north east. The significant damage caused by the cyclone affected the livelihoods of thousands and resulted in the loss of 63 000 livestock.
Pasture and crop losses due to the upsurge have adversely impacted crop and livestock production, further threatening the livelihoods of vulnerable farmers and pastoralists. The highest level of risk, “Dangerous', has been extended into early 2021 as new generations are expected to form swarms, with some possibly moving southwards.
Patients are primarily admitted  [ for cholera ]  in Bayhaw CTC, under the State MoH with support from partners which include SAMA, MSF and SCI. Bay Regional hospital has also been admitting cases but was closed by MoH on 21st June.
Samples were taken to the National laboratory for confirmation of which 17 samples tested positive for Vibrio Cholerae leading to declaration of cholera outbreak by MoH.
Over half  ( 60% )  of affected areas reported manifestations in the population of increased psychosocial needs.
There is a need to increase availability and access to Mental Health and Psychosocial Services  ( MHPSS )  during floods.
People living with disabilities, women and children face significant barriers to access health services during this flooding season as compared to other groups. Women and children are reported to be experiencing worse situation in terms of access to health care services than men. Increased exposure and cases of physical and sexual violence on women have been witnessed within the displaced population due to the floods.
Nine health care facilities  ( HCF )  in eight districts  ( Afmadhow, Afgoye, Baidoa, Beletwayne, Doolow, Hobyo, Kismayo and Qardo )  were affected; restricting access to the health services for 275,300 people.
[ Accountability to Affected Populations ]  Top three most commonly reported priority needs: Shelter  ( 43% ) , Food  ( 28% ) , Healthcare  ( 27% ) .
The Government of Galmudug State declared the current desert locust infestation as an emergency on 12 December. WFP provides food assistance through quarterly CBTs to around 86,000 people across six states including Galmudug  ( OctoberDecember quarter ) .
The integrated project  [ Health and GBV response activities ]  awarded USD 300,000 to an International NGO working in the south central area of Somalia supporting two GBV centers; targeting approximately 4,000 beneficiaries. The Health Cluster and GBV Sub Cluster continue to advocate for future resources for integrated Health/GBV services.
Following the COVID 19 outbreak in Somalia in March 2020, the Health Cluster changed to online meetings, and increased to weekly meetings to ensure timely information sharing and coordination of activities in response to the Pandemic.
Somalia has 16 isolation facilities with 300 functional beds, and while utilization rate has been low, individual centres may experience spikes in cases that overwhelm their capacity.
[ Health Cluster ]  Partners are supporting the establishment and operations of isolation centers for the treatment of COVID 19 patients. WHO is working with Health Authorities and partners to assess Isolation Centers as the Case Management Pillar lead. By the end of June there were 18 isolation facilities with 376 functional beds which WHO have verified.
Since the onset of the COVID 19 outbreak in Somalia, a total of 2,878 COVID 19 cases have been laboratory confirmed including 90 associated deaths; as of 27th June 2020. The large majority  ( 81% )  of cases are aged between 20 and 60 years; and Case Fatality Rate  ( CFR )  3%. with 869 recoveries.
Apart from recurrent flooding, one of 6 the key factors exacerbating the situation is the insufficient access to clean drinking water in IDP camps Augmenting partner support for AWD/Cholera case management at CTCs  [ Cholera Treatment Centers ] , Cholera Kits were distributed by WHO to State MOH in Hirshabele, Jubbaland and South West States. Partners continue to manage cases in CTCs  [ Cholera Treatement Centers ]  and HCFs  [ Health Care Facilities ]  as well as supporting surveillance and community engagement and risk communication.
Mogadishu, 6 February 2021 – Somalia has one of the highest rates of female genital mutilation  ( FGM )  in the world. According to the latest Somali Health and Demographic Survey, 99 per cent of women between the ages of 15 and 49 have been subjected to this extremely harmful and unacceptable practice.
The COVID 19 pandemic prompted UNICEF partners to deliver services through remote modalities such as distance counselling, hotlines and social media. Partnerships with the Ministry of Defence and the Defectors Reintegration Programme resulted in the release and handover of 1,735 children formerly associated with armed forces and armed groups to UNICEF. These children received rehabilitation and reintegration support, such as safe shelter in 6 interim care centres, career orientation, vocational training, formal education, medical care and MHPSS. There were 11,778 registered unaccompanied and separated children  ( UASC )  supported with family tracing and reunification services.
Overall, the number of ante natal care  ( ANC 1 )  consultations and assisted deliveries increased by four per cent through the year and ANC 4 by three per cent despite decreases seen in May and June. There were 64,292 mothers and their new born babies supported with post natal care  ( PNC 1 )  and 58,645 from PNC 2+ consultations.
Throughout 2020, UNICEF and implementing partners ensured the continuation and accessibility of essential health services to affected people in Somalia. Out patient clinic consultations  ( OPD )  and the expanded programme on immunisation  ( EPI )  service uptake decreased due to the impact of the pandemic  ( OPD by 11 per cent, EPI by 22 per cent )  from April to June.
Throughout 2020, UNICEF and implementing partners ensured the continuation and accessibility of essential health services to affected people in Somalia. Overall, the number of ante natal care consultations and assisted deliveries increased by four per cent through the year.
41 youth were registered in the return support centre  ( RSC )  for coaching, counseling and provision information on the available opportunities at the centre. BY UNHCR
In the central regions, most livelihood zones received no rainfall during the December 11 20, but localized, light showers were reported in Cowpea Agropastoral and Coastal Deeh Pastoral livelihood zones of Hobyo, Xarardheere, and Elder districts. Due to average to above average deyr rainfall in October and November, rangeland conditions are well above normal. However, the ongoing desert locust infestation is reversing the gains in vegetation across most livelihood zones.
As part of regular SGBV response activities, a total of 316 SGBV survivors were provided with medical assistance, 310 survivors were provided with legal assistance, 479 survivors with material assistance such as dignity kits, and 336 survivors received psychosocial counselling. Furthermore, 40 survivors with specific needs accessed the UNHCR partner facilitated trauma relief sessions at a safe space for GBV survivors in Dhobley, Gedo region.
Heavy rains destroyed shelters made of sticks and fabrics of some 1,051 IDPs living in Kahda and Daynile Districts of Banadir, Mogadishu, according to partners' reports. The most affected PoCs are elders, persons with disabilities, women and children. Rains washed away latrines and valuable household materials for persons of concern  ( PoCs ) , including NFI items.
The cyclone, which brought along heavy rains with above average strong winds, mainly affected Bossaso and Hafun regions in the north eastern Puntland State, also causing flooding in the UNHCR Field Office in Bossaso.
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees  ( UNHCR )  has said that there are greater infection risks posed to IDPs living in camps due to the challenges associated with some of these locations. These include poor housing conditions affecting their ability to self isolate or implement social distancing, in addition to little access to required water and sanitation facilities as indicated by COVID 19 response guidelines.
Cyclone Gati, one of the worst cyclonic storms, struck Somalia on 23 November, destroying roads, houses, fishing boats, communication masts, and power lines, as well as resulting in the death of at least eight fishermen. Authorities estimate that 180,000 people were affected by the cyclone, with 42,000 displaced from their homes
Humanitarian concerns: Across the country, the Somali Red Crescent and ICRC are seeing an alarming decline in health care visits among children and pregnant women during the COVID 19 pandemic, a worrying trend that could lead to lives being lost to preventable and treatable issues such as malaria, diarrhea, and malnutrition or complications in childbirth.
Humanitarian concerns: Cases of Acute Watery Diarrhoea are rising in South West State, Banadir, Jubaland and Galmadug even as rains gradually diminished. The outbreak is fueled by limited access to safe drinking water, poor sanitation, and population displacement because of floods. More cases of AWD are being reported in children under five years old, who are particularly vulnerable to disease, especially if their immune systems are compromised by malnutrition.
Between May and July 2020, more than190,000 peoplein the riverine areas have been affected by floods, while more than650,000 peoplehave been forced to leave their homes due to floods since the beginning of the year. Safe drinking water and food are both limited, putting families at risk of malnutrition and waterborne disease.
Somalia's economic growth is forecast to contract significantly due to the negative impacts of COVID 19  ( coronavirus ) , the locust infestation and extreme flooding. The economy is projected to contract by 1.5 percent in 2020, down from earlier estimate of 3.2 percent before the pandemic.
Ongoing armed conflict and insecurity continue to drive displacement, with an estimated 242,000 Somalis displaced by conflict/insecurity in 2020, compounding the humanitarian situation and causing high levels of need and protection concerns
Women and girls who are survivors of SGBV face significant challenges in accessing competent health services that respond to their needs in a dignified manner.
Based on feedback from Logistics Cluster partners and cluster members, the Logistics Cluster continues to factor in the overall impact of logistics challenges to response operations and adapt and/or scale up its support accordingly.
It is expected swarms of Desert Locust will continue to cause crop and pasture losses through to at least May 2021, especially in central and south central Somalia.
WFP has also transitioned from in kind to cash based transfers through Home Grown School Feeding  ( HGSF )  in Somalia; implementation is already ongoing in Banadir and Gedo regions. The HGSF model enables schools to purchase food items to prepare hot meals from local markets and retailers, contributing to the local economy
After nearly six months of COVID 19 related school closures in Somalia, the Government reopened schools starting 15 August.
The Food Security Cluster will mobilise additional resources as the current funds are insufficient for the needs on the ground. Health Cluster partners are providing mobile health and nutrition services to the affected areas targeting over 10,000 households