nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
APolice Sergeant, Idoko Sunday, was Sunday night shot dead by some political thugs who attempted to snatch election results that were being conveyed to Ilaro, in Ogun State.Late Sergeant Sunday, attached to the Police Special Protection Unit, SPU was escorting officials of the Independent National Electoral Commission , INEC from Ipokia to Ilaro, when they were ambushed. The armed thugs opened fire on the vehicle conveying the team, in an apparent attempt to hijack the vehicle conveying election results.Though Sergeant Sunday and another Police escort, as gathered, attempted to prevent the move by engaging them in a gun battle, Sunday was shot in the chest and ribcage. Vanguardgathered that teams of Military and Police personnel who were alerted on the attack, repelled the hoodlums, forcing them to abandon their mission and escaped, when it became obvious that they had been overpowered.Some INEC ad hoc staff in the vehicle sustained varying degrees of injury in the ensuing stampede.
Nigeria's current crises have both climate  and fragility related components. In 2017, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network  ( FEWS NET )  identified severe food insecurity and emergency conditions in northeastern Nigeria and projected food stress across all of the northern states, as well as Nassarawa, Taraba and Adamawa States in the Middle Belt  ( FEWS NET 2017 ) . Nigeria's current crisis in the North, however, reflects emergency conditions and famine risks caused not by climate factors alone, but by longstanding environmental stress coupled with poor national management of the security, economic and social conditions in that region. While the North endures chronic aridity and high overall exposure, its exposure levels are not the highest in the country, 2 and this famine risk appears to be primarily driven instead by political violence disrupting harvests and aid supplies rather than by climate factors alone  ( Greenwood 2016 ) . The environmental context could be an increasing source of tension, however, if scarcity persists over the longer term
Despite challenges of poor yields from existing water points, partners have scaled up water trucking activities reaching a daily average of about 104,000 litres since 27 May. This however does not meet the required threshold of 15 litres per person each day, as additional 50,000 litres are needed each day. At least 152 emergency latrines are required at the reception centre, while a 60,000 litres water storage tank is needed at TSS site where some of the populations currently without shelters will be moved. Additional WASH services including a scale up of water trucking and construction of latrines are planned for the coming days by partners.
Risk of SGBV was reported high for women and girls especially at night and during the process of fetching water and firewood in the surrounding bushes. Almost all the locations assessed do not have formal toilets or bathrooms, women and girls go out in the bush to defecate, except in a few urban locations like Ikom where formal toilets and bathrooms do exist, even though female and male toilets are in very close proximity and lack proper lighting, thereby exposing women and girls to risk of SGBV at night.
50% of asylum seekers in Utanga I and Utanga II communities consume on average 2 meals a day, while 70% of asylum seekers in Akor, Bajua and Ikom admitted to consuming an average of 2 meals per day. 100% of the asylum seeker communities have not received distribution of infant milk product  ( although less than 1% have been given infant formula )  for infants who have been weaned off breast milk. The women reported that weaned infants are being fed with Custard or maize porridge  ( commonly called ‘Pap' )  as a substitute for infant formula.
Results show that the average daily number of individuals observed in September, at the FMPs in Nigeria, was 1,193. This represents an 11 per cent decrease compared to August 2019. The decrease was attributed to the recent border control measures at the Nigeria – Niger border. In September, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon were the main countries of departure and intended destination for individuals passing through FMPs. In addition, the main types of flows identified were: short term local movements  ( 41% of all flows ) ; economic migration of more than six months  ( 39% of all flows ) ; seasonal migration  ( 14% of all flows ) ; and tourism  ( 6% of all flows ) .
November 12: Sectarian violence resulted in one death in Wukari, Taraba. November 12: Kidnappers abducted four immigration officers in Eleme, Rivers. November 12: Gunmen killed three policemen in Sanga, Kaduna.
The Sokoto FMP observes the cross border flows of migrants between Nigeria and Niger. The Sokoto FMP has been collecting data since March 2017, covering three migratory routes in Illela, Gada and Sabon Birnin. Six enumerators, two in each location, carry out the task of monitoring flows travelling through the FMP. Results show that the average daily number of individuals observed in September 2019 at the FMP of Sokoto was 132, this represents a 54 per cent decrease compared to August 2019. The decrease was because of the closure of Nigerian borders at Gada, Illela and Sabon Birni border points. Tahoua  ( 46% ) , Maradi  ( 44% ) , Dosso  ( 3% ) , Niamey  ( 3% ) , Diffa  ( 2% ) , Zinder  ( 2% )  in Niger were the main regions of departure of individuals passing through Sokoto, whereas Maradi  ( 64% ) , Tahoua  ( 20% ) , Dosso  ( 6% ) , Niamey  ( 4% ) , Zinder  ( 3% )  and Diffa  ( 3% )   ( all of which are located in Niger )  were the regions of intended destination for the observed population.
Thearmed insurgency in northeastern Nigeriahas resulted in the disruption of fishing livelihoods, an important source of food and income, especially for households dependent on the Lake Chad, a large and shallow lake spanning Chad,Cameroon,Niger and Nigeria's Borno State. The crisis has resulted in decreased access to fishing grounds for fisher folk due to military activities and volatility in the communities bordering the lake. For households affected by the insurgency, on 2 April 2019, FAO launched the first in a series offish farming clusters across Borno, the worst affected state innortheastern Nigeria.
November 13: Electoral violence resulted in the deaths of one journalist, one policeman, and six others in Nembe, Bayelsa. November 13: The Nigerian Air Force killed "a few"  ( estimated at five )  ISWA  ( Boko Haram )  militants in Abadam, Borno.
Nearly 2.5 million people are forcibly displaced in the Lake Chad Basin region due to the ongoing conflict, and new displacement continues. Resorting to terror, widespread sexual and gender based violence  ( SGBV ) , exposure to traffickin including abductions, forced recruitment and suicide bombings, extrajudicial executions, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances and attacks on civilians persist. The context of ongoing insecurity poses particular challenges to ensuring an appropriate protection environment. The situation is further compounded by the fragile socio economic context of the Sahel, which includes chronic poverty, harsh climatic conditions, recurrent epidemics, poor infrastructure and limited access to basic services.
The protection issues are many and complex. Persistent insecurity and Non State Armed Group's  ( NSAG )  attacks on civilian – including the targeting of settlements – remain serious security and protection risks. The security context and cross border expansion of NSAG has also led to restrictive measures by states' security organs around border areas, and refugee and IDP locations, such as border closures, interdiction of using motorcycles, banning some specific livelihood activities and severe limitations on freedom of movement. Many persons have been displaced multiple times, which further erodes the self protection capacities of individuals.
Access to rights is being limited, including the right to seek and enjoy asylum. Arrests and detention are also on the rise as civilians, including refugees and IDPs, are suspected of collaborating with NSAG. Children have also been the target of arbitrary arrests and detention caused by suspicion of ties with extremist groups . At the same time, in preparation for military interventions and due to insecurity, Governments have organized the relocation of civilians from border areas. In fact, cases of forced returns and relocations of IDPs, as well as of refugees and asylum seekers to Nigeria, in violation of the principle of non refoulement, continued to raise concerns in 2018.
Maintaining the civilian character of refugee and IDP hosting areas is an important protection standard, with broad implications on other protection issues, such as physical protection from sexual and genderbased violence, protection from forced and child recruitment and access to assistance. A deteriorating security situation in areas where refugees and IDPs seek refuge can furthermore affect overall conditions for host communities. The response from the authorities may therefore be to restrict access to asylum, resort to arbitrary detention or even refoulement.
Risks are also posed by the presence of mines and unexploded improvised devices in all affected countries. Ongoing hostilities have in turn resulted in the emergence of self defence and vigilante groups , who also commit violations against civilians, including child recruitment and GBV. Meanwhile, many IDP sites as well as return areas in Nigeria are managed by military, rather than civilian authorities, and protection monitoring activities report cases of military forces restricting IDPs movement even in/out of IDP camps, harassment of IDPs and sexual exploitation and abuse. Those new arrivals to military managed IDP camps who are kept in detention are not allowed to be registered by humanitarian or civil authorities increasing the risk of forced disappearance.
Many families have been separated during displacement, and there are a high number of unaccompanied or separated children, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation. In north eastern Nigeria, Borno State, ten per cent of displaced households in report having separated or unaccompanied children. Family tracing and reunification has been a challenge in part because the low levels of documentation and birth registration make it difficult to establish family links.
93% of all confirmed cases are from Edo  ( 37% ) , Ondo  ( 30% ) , Ebonyi  ( 8% ) , Bauchi  ( 7% ) , Taraba ( 6% )  and Plateau  ( 5% )  states  Predominant age group affected is 21 40 years  ( Range: >1 month to 97 years, Median Age: 34 years )   The male to female ratio for confirmed cases is 1:1  In the reporting week 32, no new health care worker was affected. A total of eighteen health care workers have been infected since the onset of the outbreak in ten States – Edo  ( 6 ) , Ondo  ( 4 ) , Ebonyi  ( 1 ) , Enugu  ( 1 ) , Rivers  ( 1 ) , Bauchi  ( 1 ) , Benue  ( 1 ) , Delta  ( 1 ) , Plateau  ( 1 )  and Kebbi  ( 1 )  with two deaths in Enugu and Edo States.
In rural areas of northeastern Nigeria,women play a critical role in agro economic activities and are central to areas such as food processing. Already facing significant gender biases, which undermine their access to productive resources  ( land, seeds and water ) , the decade long crisis has reinforced limitations on women's productivity. The region's main vegetable farmers and keepers of small ruminants, women have had their livelihoods shattered, in turn worsening their food security and nutrition conditions.
In the reporting week 32  ( 5 th   11th August, 2019 )  five new confirmed cases were reported from three states – Edo ( 2 ) , Ondo  ( 2 )  and Bauchi  ( 1 )  states, no new death  From 1 st January to 11th August, 2019, a total of 3402 suspected cases have been reported from 22 states. Of these, 656 were confirmed positive, 18 probable and 2728 negative  ( not a case )   Since the onset of the 2019 outbreak, there have been 145 deaths in confirmed cases. Case fatality ratio in confirmed cases is 22.1%  Twenty two  ( 22 )  States  ( Edo, Ondo, Bauchi, Nasarawa, Ebonyi, Plateau, Taraba, FCT, Adamawa, Gombe, Kaduna, Kwara, Benue, Rivers, Kogi, Enugu, Imo, Delta, Oyo, Kebbi, Cross River and Zamfara )  have recorded at least one confirmed case across 83 Local Government Areas.
One hundred and Nine  ( 109 )  samples were positive for bacterial meningitis  Neisseria meningitides serogroup C  ( NmC )  accounted for 32.1%  ( 35 )  of the positive cases  So far, 65 deaths  ( CFR=7.3% )  have been recorded among all suspected cases  In the last four weeks  ( Epi Wk15 to Epi Wk18,2019 ) , one LGA {Shinkafi LGA} is in the alert threshold  Media messages have been developed and disseminated via conventional and social media  Monitoring of situation continues across the high risk states.
 Years of conflict perpetuated by Boko Haram and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria West Africa have triggered a humanitarian crisis in Nigeria and surrounding countries in the Lake Chad Basin, including areas of Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. The violence including deliberate attacks on civilians and relief workers has displaced an estimated 2.4 million people; hindered agricultural production, livelihoods, and cross border trade; prevented delivery of humanitarian assistance; and restricted affected populations from accessing basic services in the four countries.  The UN estimates that nearly 11 million people in the region require humanitarian assistance, including approximately 7.7 million people in northeastern Nigeria's three most affected states Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe. Populations in the Lake Chad Basin remain highly dependent on emergency food assistance to meet basic food needs, in addition to requiring emergency health, nutrition, protection, shelter, and WASH interventions.
Predominant age group affected is 21 40 years  ( Range: >1 month to 89 years, Median Age: 32 years )    Figure 6  The male to female ratio for confirmed cases is 1.2:1   In the reporting week 17, one new health care worker was affected in Kebbi State. A total of eighteen health care workers have been infected since the onset of the outbreak in eight States – Edo  ( 7 ) , Ondo  ( 3 ) , Ebonyi  ( 2 ) , Enugu  ( 1 ) , Rivers  ( 1 ) , Bauchi  ( 1 )  Benue  ( 1 ) , Plateau  ( 1 )  and Kebbi ( 1 )  with two deaths in Enugu and Edo States  Thirteen  ( 13 )  patients are currently being managed at various treatment centres across the country: Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital ( ISTH )  treatment Centre  ( 1 ) , Federal Medical Centre Owo  ( 6 ) , Taraba  ( 3 ) , Kebbi ( 2 )  and Plateau  ( 1 )   A total of 7219 contacts have been identified from 20 States. Of these 680 ( 9.4% )  are currently being followed up, 6475  ( 90% )  have completed 21 days follow up, while 8 ( 0.1% )  were lost to follow up. 116 ( 1.6% )  symptomatic contacts have been identified, of which 56  ( 0.8% )  have tested positive  National Lassa fever multi partner, multi sectoral Emergency Operations Centre ( EOC )  continues to coordinate the response activities at all levels
In this reporting week, 25th February – 3rd March, 2019: o Eighty eight suspected cases were recorded. o Two new presumptive positive cases were recorded: § NCDC Central Public Health Laboratory  ( CPHL )  reported two new presumptive positive cases from Edo State   2  ( Uhunmwode LGA )  § No new confirmed case from the Institute Pasteur  ( IP )  Dakar. o Last IP Dakar confirmed cases were 20th February 2019 o Eighteen States have recorded at least one confirmed case from Institute Pasteur Dakar since the onset of the outbreak in 2017 o Yellow fever response activities are being coordinated by the Yellow Fever Technical Working Group  ( YF TWG ) .
A yellow fever outbreak has been active in Nigeria since September, 2017: From 2017 to 2018, 139 cases were confirmed in 17 States: Kwara  ( 8 ) , Kogi  ( 10 ) , Kano  ( 1 ) , Zamfara  ( 19 ) , Kebbi  ( 7 ) , Nasarawa  ( 3 ) , Niger  ( 1 ) , Katsina  ( 2 ) , Edo  ( 69 ) , Ekiti  ( 2 ) , Rivers  ( 1 ) , Anambra  ( 1 ) , FCT  ( 10 ) , Benue  ( 1 ) , Delta  ( 1 ) , Ondo  ( 2 )  and Abia  ( 1 ) : in 46 Local Government areas  ( LGAs ) . From September 2017 to December 2018, 276 samples  ( presumptive positive   239 and inconclusive   37 )  were sent to IP Dakar for re confirmation. All Nigerian states  ( 36 + FCT )  reported 4,100 suspected cases in 604  ( 78.0% )  LGAs. Of all suspected, probable and confirmed cases, 80 deaths were recorded with 29 deaths among confirmed cases.
The case fatality ratio  ( CFR )  for all cases  ( suspected, probable and confirmed )  is 2.0%, and 21.0% for confirmed cases • Yellow Fever preventive mass vaccination campaign  ( PMVC )  has been completed in 12 states, led by NPHCDA: o 2013 PMVC phase 1 Nasarawa, Cross River, Akwa Ibom. o 2018 Phase 2a: Kogi, Kwara and Zamfara and in 58 political wards in 25 LGAs in Borno State. o 2018 phase 2b PMVC: Sokoto, Kebbi, Niger, FCT, Plateau and Borno  ( 3 LGAs  ( Askira/Uba, Chibok, Konduga )  States. o Yellow fever Reactive vaccination campaigns were implemented in Katsina  ( Danja LGA ) , Edo  ( 13 )  LGAs and Benue  ( Vandekeiya )  o 2019 phase 3 PMVC will be implemented in all LGAs where no YF campaigns have been implemented in Edo, Ekiti, Katsina and Rivers States
From 1st January – 3rd March, 2019: Three hundred and sixty four suspected cases have been reported in 177  ( 22.9% )  LGAs. All suspected cases had blood samples collected. o Fourteen presumptive positive and one inconclusive cases from 4 states in 10 LGAs: Edo  ( 8 ) , Ondo  ( 4 ) , Kebbi  ( 1 )  Imo  ( 1 )  and the inconclusive case from Imo  ( 1 ) . Five confirmed cases were reported from 2019 samples sent to Institute Dakar  ( Edo  ( 2 )  Ondo  ( 2 )  and Imo  ( 1 )  .No death has been recorded.
There has been multiple and widespread displacement of a highly vulnerable population due to a significant increase of violence. According to a recent UNICEF assessment, the total number of internally displaced persons in the two states is estimated at 70,000 and 85,000 people  ( approximately 50,000 to 60,000 in Zamfara and approximately 20,000 to 25,000 in Sokoto ) , which is slightly higher than the IOM estimate of July 20195 . According to the UNICEF report the urgent needs of the communities are food security and livelihood, education, nutrition, health and WASH  ( for IDPs in schools/unfinished building ) .
Moreover, the northwest Nigeria states of Katsina, Sokoto and Zamfara have consistently demonstrated a poor nutrition situation. The prevalence of global acute malnutrition  ( weightfor height z scores )  in the three states has ranged from 15 to 17 percent  ( MICS 2017 )  to 12 to 21 percent  ( NNHS 2018 )  in children 6 to 59 months.6,7 In general, child malnutrition prevalence  ( wasting, stunting and underweight )  are higher than in the South and North Central geopolitical zones of the country.
Findings from FGDs confirmed that some IDPs were fully settled within the host communities due to perceived safety and in some cases, coupled with livelihood opportunities in such places. Some IDPs have however started returning back to their places of origin either fully to resettle or partially to cultivate and return back to the assessment areas. The steady restoration of peace in previously troubled areas due to the ongoing amnesty programme for bandits in Zamfara was reported to underscore the reason for gradual returns of IDPs to their places of origin, albeit, fears of attack remain persistent as such people “sleep with one eyes closed' based on the account of some of the IDPs interviewed. There are ongoing efforts to replicate similar initiatives in Sokoto and Katsina States.
For the record, from the onset of the outbreak in September 2017 to December 2018, 3,902 suspected cases were reported from all 36 States and the FCT in Nigeria. Out of the 3,295 samples collected and tested, 185 were presumptive positive in country and were sent for confirmation to the Institute Pasteur  ( IP )  Dakar for further testing. From the results, 78 positive cases from 14 states  ( Kwara, Kogi, Kano, Zamfara, Kebbi, Nasarawa, Niger, Katsina, Edo, Ekiti, Rivers, Anambra, FCT, and Benue States )  were confirmed at IP Dakar  ( Source: NCDC ) .
Despite the Nigerian state maintaining that the Islamist group is substantially defeated, its menace has not stopped. There are occasional attacks on military outfits and the civilian population. The resulting consequences are enormous. With farming the major occupation in the region, farming seasons and patterns have been disrupted.Hitherto existing social amenities have been turned to piles of ruin. While the people are faced with menacing insurgents, the humanitarian problems that lurk around are unimaginable. On one hand, terrorism is terminating lives; on the other, hunger, diseases, lack of shelter is making existence impossible for people.
 In June, 119 new suspected cases were reported from Adamawa and Bayelsa states with no new death  As at 30 th June, 2019, a total of 744 suspected cases including 18 deaths  ( CFR = 2.42% )  were reported from five states  ( Adamawa, Bayelsa, Ebonyi, Delta and Kano )  since the beginning of 2019  During the month, 51 samples were collected, 23 tested; 11 RDT positive and 12 confirmed through stool culture  Of the confirmed cases, 39.7% are aged 1   4 years  Among all suspected cases, 55.6% are female and 44.3% male
Active transmission of Cholera is ongoing in three states  ( Kano, Bayelsa and Adamawa )  since week one, 2019. Cases in Bayelsa state have been on a decline in the last three weeks.  This is the period of the year with an increased risk of cholera across the country.  The Adamawa State Ministry of Health  ( SMOH )  declared an outbreak of cholera on 18th June, 2019 in three LGAs of the state. Since the declaration of an outbreak, a total of 145 suspected cases have been reported with one death; the state team is leading response activities.
Agriculture is key to Nigeria's economy; it is the main source of income for 80 percent of rural poor and contributes more than 20 percent to national gross domestic product  ( GDP ) . Despite growing a wide range of crops, Nigeria is a major importer of food and struggles with malnutrition and food insecurity due to low productivity. Floods, erosion, and soil loss are key concerns in the south. These same hazards, in addition to declines in precipitation and increased temperatures, threaten crops and livestock in the north. Crop failures are already occurring due to intense rain storms, flooding, and a shifting exposure to pests – all issues that will intensify with climate change
Most populated areas of the country are close to freshwater resources, but only 30 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water in the north – the region most at risk of extreme temperatures and reduced rainfall. Rising sea levels are causing saltwater intrusion, damaging coastal aquifers and coastal industry. Changing water availability, combined with increasing demand, has the potential to increase political tension around water ownership and use
Flooding has both direct and indirect effects on health, ranging from loss of life resulting from extreme weather events, to disruptions to food production, water contamination, and increased risk of vector  and/or waterborne diseases. In 2017 a cholera outbreak in Lagos was linked to floodwaters contaminated by septic overflows entering water supplies. Nigeria's water and sanitation infrastructure is not well prepared to handle the projected increase in intense precipitation; in rural areas only 44 percent have good sanitation and 39 percent access to potable water. Almost 130,000 deaths per year are attributed to household air pollution from indoor burning of cooking fuel. Extreme heat intensifies ground level ozone, which combines with fine particulate pollutants  ( soot and dirt from coal combustion, diesel engines, or fires )  and chemicals like carbon monoxide or sulfur dioxide to reduce air quality, especially in urban areas. Malaria, the number one cause of death for children under 5 in Nigeria, is spread by the Anopheles mosquito, which is sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall. As with much of West Africa, areas of endemic malaria are projected to contract as the disease carrying mosquito is unable to survive in higher temperatures
March 2: Herdsmen killed sixteen in Gwer West, Benue. March 2: Gunmen killed two soldiers in Akuku Toru, Rivers. March 3: Bandits killed forty in Shinkafi and Anka LGAs in Zamfara. March 3: Bandits killed twenty three members of the CJTF in Tsafe, Zamfara. March 5: Bandits killed thirty members of the CJTF in Shinkafi, Zamfara. March 6: Five were killed by a landmine suspected to have been planted by ISWAP in Maiduguri, Borno. March 6: Nigerian troops killed seven Boko Haram militants in Shani and Mafa LGAs in Borno.
Although Nigeria is endowed with large oil, gas, hydro, and solar resources, daily production remains at only 30 percent of installed megawatt capacity, leading to insufficient supply  ( resulting in load shedding, blackouts, and a reliance on private generators )  and leaving approximately 93 million people without access to electricity. The largest proportion of produced and exported energy is derived from oil and gas, whose coastal production is vulnerable to sea level rise, storm surges, and coastal flooding. For example, the oil production sector incurred over $630 million in losses from the 2012 flood event due to lost production and infrastructure damages.e. Increased evaporation, more extreme heavy rainfall events, and reduced river flows in some areas, however, are projected to increase flood damage to dams and turbines, reservoir evaporation and siltation, and river flow variability, challenging hydropower development
▪ IDPs and Key informants reported incidence of rape, kidnapping and forced marriage of women and girls during raids. Specific risk factors identified in some locations include: women and girls reported to walk 3 4 kilometres to collect firewood or fetch water; makeshift toilets without doors and lighting shared by male and females; and lack of basic hygiene needs notably sanitary towels and dignity kits to manage to manage personal and menstrual hygiene. Sector specific assessment is however required to determine the scale of other threats to ensure early action.
Local government officials in Gusau LGA,  ( Mada District )  Zamfara state, reported growing tension between the host community and the IDPs, fuelled by perception within the host community that the IDP are complicit in the recent attacks on the community.Across the 3 states, majority of the IDPs have their permanent voter's card as the only means of identification except in Goronyo LGA  ( Sokoto state ) , where the IDPs had fled their villages with nothing.
Across the 3 states, it was reported that most school age IDP children are not enrolled in school. It was noted that some IDP parents prioritize their children's participation to livelihood activities over education. Some IDPs complained that though education is free, they cannot afford the school materials; uniforms and books required for their children to attend the local schools in the host community. There were no reported obstacles to the children being enrolled in the local school.
During the rainy season  ( April to October ) , rainfall is usually high and floods occur. Nigeria suffered its worst flooding in 2012, affecting 7.7 million people. In 2018, the continuous rainfall between July and September, caused two major rivers the Niger and the Benue to overflow into the surrounding communities, leaving approximately 80% of the country flooded, with unprecedented high water levels. At that point, the government of Nigeria declared a state of emergency in four states, namely in Kogi, Niger, Anambra and the Delta. In October, the state of emergency expanded to a further five states, including Adamawa, Taraba, Bayelsa, Rivers and Kebi.IFRC identifies six main risk factors, all of them with high impact, influencing the humanitarian access and capabilities to intervene in Nigeria. Lack of safety and security as well as proximity of 2019 general elections are at the top of the list, followed by the probability of deteriorating socio economic situation, fluctuation of prices for relief items, inadequate funding and high staff turnover.
Families in northeast Nigeria are often separated while fleeing attacks. Others have had loved ones abducted or detained and do not know their whereabouts. The ICRC works with the Nigeria Red Cross and other Red Cross and Red Crescent societies in the region to trace missing people by showing photographs, calling out names, and going door to door in camps and communities. So far, 367 cases have been solved since ICRC received its first cases in 2013, underscoring the immense challenges that come with finding missing people and reconnecting them with their families in Nigeria. Large swathes of the northeast of the country remain completely inaccessible to humanitarian organisations. People have also been displaced by fighting many times, making them harder to find.
While the ICRC has worked extensively in the North East over the last nine years to meet humanitarian needs, the armed conflict still poses a range of challenges especially in the areas of security and access. The abduction and murder of two of our midwives threatened an already fragile health care system of the North East and slowed down humanitarian response in key areas to people who needed it the most. The ICRC offers support to 15 Primary Health Care Centres  ( PHCs )  in the North East, however, due to the high level of insecurity this year, 4 of the PHCs in the North East have been unable to establish a functional referral system.
Most of the emergency shelters provided by UNHCR and other humanitarian actors are too old as they were designed for only 6 to 12 months and no periodic maintenance has been done in most of the LGAs.  In some areas of high return such as Bama, Banki, Gujba and Pulka, IDP returnees' shelters were fully damaged by the insurgency thus leaving POCs with no option other than sleeping outside.
For now, the 35,000 Nigerian refugees are safe in Cameroon, although many are once again putting themselves at risk by returning to Rann on foot, to collect a few personal possessions which were not looted or burnt,' UNHCR said. The UN agency said the people had fled Rann in the last two weeks after Boko Haram extremist fighters repeatedly attacked the town. “The outlawed terrorist group has been active in this impoverished corner of north east Nigeria for over a decade. Thousands of people not just in Nigeria but over the border in Cameroon and Chad, have been killed, many summarily executed. “The livelihoods of tens of thousands of others have been destroyed in the insurgency, as regional governments struggle to put an end to the ongoing violence.
From 1 January through 10 February 2019, 327 cases of Lassa fever  ( 324 confirmed cases and three probable cases )  with 72 deaths  ( case fatality ratio = 22% )  have been reported across 20 states and the Federal Capital Territory, with the majority of cases being reported from Edo  ( 108 )  and Ondo  ( 103 )  states. Twelve cases have been reported among healthcare workers in seven states – Edo  ( 4 ) , Ondo  ( 3 ) , Ebonyi  ( 1 ) , Enugu  ( 1 ) , Rivers  ( 1 ) , Bauchi  ( 1 )  and Benue  ( 1 )  including one death in Enugu. The number of confirmed cases reported across Nigeria remains high. In week 6, 2019  ( week ending 10 February 2019 ) , 37 new confirmed cases including 10 deaths  ( case fatality ratio = 27% )  were reported from nine states across Nigeria. The majority of cases were reported from Ondo  ( 12 )  and Edo  ( 10 )  states. The number of confirmed cases reported in week 6, 2019 represents a slight decrease compared to week 5 when 68 confirmed cases were reported  ( Figure 1 ) .Ninety one case patients are currently in admission at treatment centers across the country. The case patients are being treated with standard supportive care.
Lack of physical safety: People in the camp feel very unsafe due to possible non  armed group attack in the camp. This is further compounded by their perception that the security personnel provided to protect them are insufficient. In Banki, the persons of concern feel that they are not safe because of the lack of proper fencing of the camp, and in some areas the fencing is weak. Due to lack of sufficient shelters in Banki, the people felt exposed as they are forced to sleep in open spaces. In Ngala, the security personnel sometimes test their rifles at night, which scares the camp residents
In Banki women stated that their husbands and parents had been detained.  In Fori, the residents stated that they live in fear of burglary and theft as their shelters do not have locks.  In Arabic Camp in Ngala, windstorms have caused loss of lives and properties. Refugee returnees stated that they suffered harassment perpetrated by security agents for lack of identification documents.
Lack of privacy due to congestion and overcrowding was a major concern for PoCs staying in reception centres and camps especially in Banki and Pulka.  In Kukareta settlement, the girls aged between 8 to 17 years old expressed the concern about the coldness of their emergency shelters and requested for provision of additional CRIs and transitional shelters made of blocks.
Discrimination in access to assistance was reported consistently in host communities leading to domestic violence and lack of accountability on the part of community/IDP leaders.  Some PoC have not received any NFIs, while those who received said it does not have all the items they needed, for example there were no clothes and Vaseline  ( body cream )  as such, girls engage in survival sex in order to get the missing items.
Young girls and their families are not safe to report cases of SGBV because nothing is done to the perpetrators and the perpetrators live within the community; Young girls and/or their families are threatened and mocked by perpetrators of SGBV.  Denial of resources specifically the humanitarian assistance distributed per Household. When the assistance is given to one spouse especially the men, they do not use it for the household rather they sell it and this causes problems between the spouses. And if the assistance is given to the woman and she uses it for the HH, the man would want the assistance for himself
Many women are not enjoying their conjugal rights because shelters for men and women are separate and as such causing PoC to have multiple sex partners thereby putting PoC at risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases or having more children than they can take care of.  Absence of livelihood activities, inadequate food security and land for farming in and around the settlement coupled with fear of attack by NSAG while in far deep farms sometimes leads to IDPs' starvation in Kasaisa, Damaturu LGA, Yobe State.
Some IDPs complained that they are not being provided birth certificate and that the process seems to be discriminatory. They do not know how the selection process is done.  Some IDPs indicated that the lack of documentation is limiting their freedom of movement. For example, a group of IDP women in Gwoza indicated that they at times bribe the CJTF to easily get pass to go fetch firewood.
Sunday's suicide bombings occurred in the town of Konduga, 38 kilometres from Maiduguri. The attacks appeared to be the work of a Boko Haram faction loyal to longtime leader Abubakar Shekau. Boko Haram violence has spilled over into neighbouring Niger, Chad and Cameroon, prompting formation of a regional military coalition to defeat the jihadist group.\
Abuja, 21 February 2019  Engagement of community informants for Acute Flaccid Paralysis  ( AFP )  surveillance has yielded positive impact in Borno State.Following nearly a decade of insurgency, many local government areas  ( LGA )  in Borno State have become access compromised, making it difficult for the local population to access basic health services and quality healthcare. Infants have been one of the main victims of this situation as health workers in some areas have been unable to distribute vaccines or provide much needed routine immunization services. In this context, children are particularly at risk of vaccine preventable diseases such as polio.Key to rapidly detecting any poliovirus that might be circulating, and thereby enabling a rapid outbreak response, is the timely detection and investigation of all cases of acute flaccid paralysis  ( AFP )  – in other words, any child who develops sudden weakness of the limbs. Such AFP surveillance is the backbone of the global polio eradication effort. However, the current insecurity across the North East has made it challenging to carry out effective identification of all AFP cases and thereby, fully verify the absence of poliovirus in the area.
From 31 January till 31 December 2018, the community informant initiative has helped to significantly strengthen the disease surveillance capacity in key areas, including hard to reach areas.“This year, a total of 17 AFP cases have already been reported from hard to reach settlements while one out of the 17 AFP cases is from a hard to reach settlement in the Lake Chad Islands,' states Dr Sule Mele, the Executive Director, State Primary Health Care Agency, Borno State, Nigeria.
The Nigerian Center for Disease Control has reported almost 6 000 cases of measles and 15 deaths in Nigeria since the beginning of 2019, twice as much as last year for the same period. With more than 3 600 cases, the vast majority among children under five, Borno State is the most affected by the outbreak. Despite the vaccination campaign conducted in February, the number of cases continues to rise.
In the reporting Week 06  ( February 04 10, 2019 )  thirty seven new confirmedi cases were reported from Edo ( 10 ) , Ondo ( 12 ) , Ebonyi ( 4 ) , Plateau ( 4 ) ,Taraba ( 3 ) , Benue ( 1 ) , Gombe ( 1 ) , Rivers ( 1 )  and Kebbi ( 1 )  States with ten new deaths in Edo ( 2 ) , Ondo ( 2 ) , Ebonyi ( 4 )  and Plateau ( 2 )   From 1st January to 10th February 2019, a total of 947 suspectedi cases have been reported from 20 States and FCT. Of these, 324* were confirmed positive, 3 probable and 620 negative  ( not a case )   Figure 1  Since the onset of the 2019 outbreak,there have been 69 deaths in confirmed cases. Case fatality ratio in confirmed cases is 21.3%  Twenty States  ( Edo, Ondo, Bauchi, Nasarawa, Ebonyi, Plateau, Taraba, FCT, Adamawa, Gombe, Kaduna, Kwara, Benue, Rivers, Kogi, Enugu, Imo, Delta, Oyo and Kebbi )  have recorded at least one confirmed case across 54 Local Government Areas  Figure 1  In the reporting week 06, three new healthcare workers were affected in Benue, Bauchi and Rivers State. A total of twelve health care workers have been affected since the onset of the outbreak in seven States – Edo ( 4 ) , Ondo  ( 3 ) , Ebonyi  ( 1 ) , Enugu ( 1 ) , Rivers  ( 1 ) , Bauchi  ( 1 )  and Benue ( 1 )  with one death in Enugu.
The farmer/pastoralist conflict in the northcentral states continues to disrupt markets and main livelihood activities, causing population displacement in Kaduna, Nasarawa and Niger states. Most of the displaced households are heavily dependent on humanitarian assistance. Another dimension to the threat to food security is the armed banditry and cattle rustling ravaging northwestern states of Zamfara, Katsina, Kaduna and Sokoto. Rural farmers in these states are unable to cultivate their land essentially because of the threat of kidnapping and banditry attacks. Households have been displaced due to destruction of their houses and food stocks.
The nine year long conflict in northeast Nigeria has caused a large scale humanitarian crisis across the worstaffected states of Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe, with 7.7 million people in need of life saving assistance in 2018. An estimated 1.8 million people are internally displaced across the three states in the northeast; livelihoods have been lost, commercial markets and trade have been disrupted, host community resources are depleting, and large areas of Borno State remain inaccessible for humanitarian actors due to the volatile security situation.
An estimated 20,000 refugees have reportedly returned to Rann town, Kala/Balge local government area, from Cameroon today, 28 February 2019. This brings the total number of Nigerian refugee returnees to Rann since yesterday to 30,000 individuals. These civilians are among 40,3861 Nigerian women, men and children who originally fled Rann following deadly attacks in December 2018 and January 2019. Reports from sources on the ground indicate that these people are in dire need of humanitarian assistance, including shelter, food and safe water.
An estimated 5,000 Nigerian refugees remain in Goura, Cameroon, and are expected to return to Rann tomorrow, 1 March 2019. The remaining 5,000 of the original 40,386 refugees have reportedly traveled to Maiduguri, the Borno State capital, or to other unknown locations. Rann has been attacked four times since 7 December 2018 by non state armed groups. In the attacks a medical clinic, warehouses with humanitarian supplies and a humanitarian hub for aid workers were looted and/or destroyed, and the market and shelters in the camp were burned down. There have also been unconfirmed reports of up to 100 civilian deaths. Civilians continue to bear the brunt of a conflict that has led to widespread forced displacement and violations of international humanitarian and human rights law.Rann was also attacked by non state armed groups on 1 March 2018. Three aid workers were killed and three were kidnapped. Two of the kidnapped aid workers were subsequently executed by their captors, and one is still being held. International and national humanitarian organizations have not been able to return to Rann to provide humanitarian assistance due to ongoing insecurity since 17 January 2019
o Three  ( 3 )  new cases were reported from 27th November to 6th December, 2019 from Yola North and Yola South LGAs. o Total case count now stands at 839 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.48%
Isolated security incidents were reported in Borno and Yobe states in the early morning hours of 23 February. In Maiduguri, more than a dozen loud explosions were heard when non state armed groups  ( NSAGs )  fired artillery pieces into the town reportedly killing a soldier and injuring several others. One of the rocket bombs landed but did not explode in the vicinity of the Teachers Village Camp of internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  – less than a kilometre from the UN House  ( Red Roof )  in Maiduguri. No casualties were reported. In Gwoza Local Government Area  ( LGA ) , two separate incidents were reported when a rocket landed in one community – injuring three civilians and another one partially destroying a mosque. In Yobe State, security forces also clashed with NSAGs in Geidem and Gujba LGAs, disrupting polls in the two areas. The polls were later conducted when the situation was brought under control and relative calm restored later in the day.On 25 February, there were reports of skirmishes between supporters of the two main political parties – the ruling All Progressive Congress  ( APC )  and People's Democratic Party  ( PDP )  as the election results were being announced.
Challenges related to lack of documentation were noted in Madagali, Michika, and Mubi. Residents described being exposed to harassment at checkpoints, at times facing detention, when travelling without proper documentation. They also mentioned difficulty accessing services that require documentation. For instance, in Gulag and Shuwa  ( Madagali ) , children who have lost their parents reported not benefitting from distribution due to lack of identification cards.  Individuals who successfully applied for documentation talked about delays, ranging from several months to years, before receiving their documents.
o Five  ( 5 )  new cases were reported from 4 th September to 11th October, 2019 from Yola North and South LGAs o Total case count now stands at 787 with 4 deaths. CFR=0.51%
 In the reporting Week 08  ( February 18 24, 2019 )  twenty three new confirmedi cases were reported from Edo ( 11 ) , Ondo ( 2 ) , Bauchi ( 1 ) , Nasarawa  ( 2 ) , Taraba ( 4 ) , Gombe ( 1 ) , Kaduna  ( 1 )  and Cross River  ( 1 )  States with six new deaths in Edo  ( 1 ) , Ondo ( 1 ) , Bauchi  ( 1 ) , Nasarawa  ( 1 ) , Taraba  ( 1 )  and Cross River ( 1 )   From 1st January to 24th February 2019, a total of 1249 suspectedi cases have been reported from 21 States including FCT. Of these, 381* were confirmed positive, 15* probable and 858 negative  ( not a case )  Table 1. However, 1279 suspected cases have been reported from 32 States including FCT  Figure 1  Since the onset of the 2019 outbreak, there have been 83*deaths in confirmed cases. Case fatality ratio in confirmed cases is 21.8%  Table 1
 Twenty one States  ( Edo, Ondo, Bauchi, Nasarawa, Ebonyi, Plateau, Taraba, FCT, Adamawa, Gombe, Kaduna, Kwara, Benue, Rivers, Kogi, Enugu, Imo, Delta, Oyo, Kebbi and Cross River )  have recorded at least one confirmed case across 66 Local Government Areas  Table 1, Figure 1  In the reporting week 08, two new health care workers were affected in Edo State. A total of fifteen health care workers have been infected since the onset of the outbreak in seven States – Edo  ( 7 ) , Ondo  ( 3 ) , Ebonyi  ( 1 ) , Enugu ( 1 ) , Rivers  ( 1 ) , Bauchi  ( 1 )  and Benue ( 1 )  with one death in Enugu
In 57 per cent of sites  ( up from 54% ) , health facilities were on site and located within 3 kilometers  ( Figure 36 ) . For 26 per cent of sites  ( up from 27% ) , health facilities were off site but located within 3 kilometers, in 8 per cent of sites the health facilities were off site but more than 3 kilometers and in 7 per cent of sites the health facilities were off site but less than 3 kilometers away.
In 40 per cent of sites  ( up by 5% ) , between 25 and 50 per cent of children were attending school. In 33 per cent of sites  ( up from 34% ) , between 50 and 75 per cent of children were ttending school. In 20 per cent of sites, less than a quarter of children were attending school. In 5 per cent of sites  ( down from 7% ) , more than 75 per cent of children attended school. The scenario in Borno mirrored the overall picture  ( Figure 40 ) .
The number of LGAs assessed for returnees saw an increase from 39 to 40 during this round of assessment. But the number continues to be less than the 41 LGAs that were assessed by DTM prior to the recent escalation of hostilities between the Government security forces and NSAGs. The LGAs that could not be assessed by any humanitarian actor as well as DTM enumerators during the assessment period include Guzamala, Kala/Balge and Kukawa.
An assessment carried out in 679 sites hosting returnees  ( up from 665 sites assessed in last round of assessment )  65 per cent did not have any health facility. Figure 60 showsthe Statewide breakdown of available health facilities. Overall, there was a decrease in Primary Health Care Centre  ( 14% drop ) , clinic  ( 2% drop ) , mobile clinic  ( 5% drop )  and General Hospital  ( 2% drop ) .
The five year anniversary of the Chibok school abduction is a reminder that schoolchildren remain vulnerable to attacks and abductions by Boko Haram fighters in Nigeria's beleaguered northeast region. The lack of information on the whereabouts of 112 of the schoolgirls, as well as hundreds of other children abducted from Damasak, underscores the continued suffering of their families and the continued risk of new abductions.
Twenty nine  ( 29 )  new cases reported from 9 th to 14th August, 2019 from the 3 LGAs  ( Yola North, Yola South and Girei )  bringing total case count for all four LGAs  ( including Song )  to 615. o No new death reported within the reporting period  ( CFR=0.65 % ) . o No new ward affected. Total number of wards which reported at least one suspected case stands at 18. o No increase in number of water points chlorinated
o Eighteen  ( 18 )  new cases reported from 14th to 16th August, 2019 from the 3 LGAs  ( Yola North, Yola South and Girei )  bringing total case count for all four LGAs  ( including Song )  to 633. o No new death reported within the reporting period  ( CFR=0.63 % ) . o No new ward affected. Total number of wards which reported at least one suspected case stands at 18. o No increase in number of water points chlorinated