nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Due to limited port access and road blockages, food imports into Libya have dwindled, causing food prices to skyrocket. The prices of many staple food items, such as rice and wheat flour, have increased by as much as 200 percent when compared to pre conflict levels.
UNHCR continues to call for solutions in third countries for refugees and asylumseekers in Libya. Since November 2017, UNHCR evacuated 2,082 individuals out of Libya  ( 1,675 to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Mechanism in Niger, 312 to Italy and 95 to the Emergency Transit Centre in Romania ) . Since September 2017, another 930 individuals were submitted for resettlement to seven States  ( Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland )  directly from Libya. Of these, 70 individuals departed on resettlement from Libya to Canada, France, the Netherlands and Sweden.
ABU SLIM Around 3,925 individuals returned to their homes in Abu Slim, including some families in need of shelter and NFI assistance due to damage to their homes. Furthermore, an estimated 3,000 migrants also returned to Abu Slim following the end of hostilities
UNHCR estimates that 5,893 individuals are detained in Libya, of whom 3,964 are of concern to UNHCR. On 7 October, UNHCR visited Abu Slim detention centre to deliver humanitarian assistance and address the concerns of refugees and asylumseekers held in the facility. UNHCR distributed non food items including blankets, hygiene kits, dignity kits, sleeping mats and water to all detained individuals. UNHCR carried out a Q&A session with refugees and migrants to discuss UNHCR's activities and possible solutions for persons of concern. Security permitting, UNHCR will resume its registration activities in detention centres over the coming days, targeting all persons of concern
Humanitarian partners are providing assistance to new IDPs staying in schools and urban areas, as well as to the Tawergha IDP community. Recent response activities include provision of food, NFIs, health support. protection support, and water and sanitation. Partners have provided health emergency kits and first aid kits to the Tripoli Central Hospital. Reproductive health kits have also been delivered. Some additional deliveries of emergency health equipment are delayed by the suspension of operations at Mitiga International Airport. Violence has led to a breakdown of basic services. Water shortages and electricity cuts are leading to limited access to water.
Mali Migrants departing Mali use two main routes to reach Libya; 42% travelled to Libya through Algeria and 37% travelled through Niger. The remaining 20% travel through Burkina Faso and then Niger to reach Libya. The chosen routes depend significantly if the migrant enters through an official or unofficial border crossing point; More than half of those who entered Libya officially have travelled directly from Mali by air  ( 52% ) , while 28% entered through Algeria. The remaining 20% entered through Niger. Among those who reported entering through unofficial border crossing points, 42% entered through Algeria, 38% through Niger. The remaining 20% crossed Burkina Faso first, then Niger before entering Libya.
When asked what refugees and migrants did to minimize their exposure to the reported heightened risk of robbery and kidnapping, they reported moving as little as possible and diversifying the ways of saving cash, to minimize the risk of it being stolen all at once.All refugee and migrant respondents reported only leaving home during the day, when the streets are busy and only leaving the house to go to work and come back. As part of this, seeking a job where accommodation and food is provided at the work place was also reported as a coping mechanism, as by living at the work place, respondents needed to leave the house less, minimizing their exposure to risk. The majority of refugees and migrants reported not carrying their savings with them and never displaying any sign of wealth, such as a mobile phone, in public. However, some refugees and migrants reported always carrying a bit of cash with them, in case of being assaulted on the street, to be able to give some money to the assailant and protect themselves from further harm
In urban areas, non food items were the fifth most cited Top 3 priority need, mentioned by 19% of surveyed families. Some families managed to take  ( some of )  their belongings with them during the eviction from Trig Al Mater camp while others failed to do so. Reported NFI needs by those affected were primarily blankets & mattresses  ( 43% )  and clothing  ( 48% ) .
Medical facilities in Libya are characterised by a lack of vaccines and deteriorating facilities; 17.5 percent of hospitals, 20 percent of Primary Health Care facilities and 8 percent of other types of health facilities are not operational. 3 In addition, a measles outbreak has been reported in various cities in Libya, with the National Centre for Disease Control reporting over 80 cases at the end of June. 4 UNICEF is coordinating with the health sector to implement a nationwide measles immunization campaign.
The majority of the internally displaced persons in Libya do not live in formal camps, but instead cluster in informal settlements such as abandoned factories, or stay in homes to escape or hide from potential sources of persecution. Moreover, many internally displaced persons are displaced in urban areas,13 where their plight is less visible. This must not lead to complacency about the situation of these hundreds of thousands across the country who are still trying to rebuild their lives. The impact on their lives is immense and the vulnerability and suffering that they endure is devastating, and this must be recognized and addressed consistently by the Government of Libya and its national and international partners.
Since 17 September, the city of Sebratha has witnessed clashes between armed groups. While the fighting has temporarily ended, the situation remains volatile. UNICEF is supporting the humanitarian response in Sebratha to specifically address the needs of all vulnerable children. IOM's Displacement Tracking Matrix  ( DTM ) 3 estimates that between January and February 2018, Libya hosted a total of 704,142 migrants, 10 per cent of whom are minors  ( 59 per cent accompanied and 41 per cent unaccompanied ) , which is a significant increase from last year  ( 400,445 migrants ) .4 In addition, around 51,519 refugees and asylum seekers were registered in Libya as of March 2018.
Shelter and accommodation remain an issue of concern. The majority of Benghazi IDP families are accommodated in rented houses in various areas in the country. The main concentration areas are Tajoura and Misrata where the cost of the rented houses has been covered by several groups including the “Supporting Committee', the crises group' and a group of wealthy businessmen. In Misrata, 144 families who live in the Al Aman resort in Misrata is at risk of eviction as the resort management provided them with note to leave by June 2018.
Of the estimated 700,000 to one million migrants and refugees in Libya, UNHCR has registered 51,519 refugees and asylum seekers, including nearly 2,300 asylum seekers and refugees held in detention centers to which UNHCR or its partners have access. Refugees and asylum seekers fleeing other conflict ridden countries are beyond UNHCR's reach. So too are people who face persecution on other grounds such as their sexual orientation but who are not members of one of the seven nationalities that UNHCR is permitted to assist.
Official prisons overseen by the justice ministry hold an estimated 6,500 inmates and thousands more are in facilities nominally under government control but run by armed groups, the report said. The detention facility at Mitiga airbase in Tripoli is run by the Special Deterence Force  ( SDF )  armed group, allied to the Government of National Accord, and is probably the largest in western Libya with 2,600 detainees.
Some 5,700 individuals are detained in official detention centres, out of which 2,637 are persons of concern to UNHCR. At the detention centres, UNHCR and its partners provide medical assistance, and advocate for release from detention, enhanced access to screening, identification and registration, as well as for measures preventing risks of sexual and gender based violence. The basic assistance UNHCR provides in detention facilities aims at alleviating the suffering of detainees through an improvement of detention conditions. So far in 2018, UNHCR conducted 486 visits to official detention centres throughout Libya. In addition, over 1,006 refugees and asylumseekers have been released from detention following UNHCR's intervention in 2018
24 January   Tripoli: The coastal road that links Tripoli to cities and districts in West Libya was closed for 10 days by Fursan Janzour brigade. The closure of the road affected tens of thousands civilians who were not able to reach Tripoli to have access to services, mainly hospitals, go to work, or banks. Reportedly, many civilians had to take alternative unsafe roads to reach Tripoli.
On 25 April, UNHCR evacuated two unaccompanied children from Misrata, Libya, to Switzerland, as part of family reunification efforts to reunite the children with their mother. UNHCR appreciates the cooperation with authorities in Libya, Tunis and Switzerland, who facilitated the departure and safe arrival of two refugee children to Switzerland. The children were identified by UNHCR during its registration activities in Karareem detention centre in Misrata  ( 200 km east of Tripoli )  in February
UNHCR continues to provide humanitarian assistance to IDPs and returnees, including basic assistance as core relief items  ( CRIs )  and cash based interventions  ( CBIs ) . UNHCR is the lead agency for three working groups/sectors, including Shelter/NFIs, Protection and the Cash & Markets working group. In 2018, UNHCR distributed CRIs to 8,399 IDPs and returnees, as well as CBIs to over 12,320 households. All UNHCR activities are implemented with a systematic approach in protection mainstreaming including Age, Gender and Diversity Mainstreaming  ( AGDM ) .
In the case of Derna, elevated prices can be attributed to the city's ongoing military encirclement, which has led to interruptions to the supply chains and shortages.
Based on humanitarian assessments conducted throughout 2017 and underpinning the HNO analysis  ( two household multi sectoral needs assessments, WHO's Service Availability and Readiness Assessment and IOM's displacement tracking matrix ) , humanitarian actors estimate that 1.1 million people, of which 378,000 are children and 307,000 are women, are in need of humanitarian assistance and protection. The most severe and critical needs across multiple sectors are concentrated in areas of ongoing conflict or areas with large numbers of returnees, internally displaced persons  ( IDPs ) , migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. Many of these areas are suffering from challenges in terms of food security, livelihood, water, sanitation and health care.
UNHCR and UNFPA continue to distribute assistance to displaced women and girls in Libya. After conducting an assessment, a distribution of 8,500 dignity kits is taking place in over 16 locations including Tripoli, Misrata, Sabha, Nafusa Mountains, Bani Walid, Janzour, Ubari and Murzaq. These kits are meant to provide an immediate relief in sites where access to clean water and sanitation is difficult.
On 4 February, local authorities in Bani Walid issued a request for humanitarian assistance to approximately some 90 families present in the area. Moreover, during the day, tensions increased at the IDP temporary site Qararat al Qataf  ( 40 km from Tawergha ) . A local armed group positioned there forcefully dismantled tents that had been erected by the IDPs, briefly detained a number of Tawergha IDPs and confiscated an accompanying ambulance  ( which was later returned ) . Shots were fired, but no injuries were reported.
Bangladesh 99% of Bangladeshi nationals surveyed reported travelling by air. 92% reported coming to Libya directly  ( with only few hours of transit in other countries )  while 6% reported transiting through Egypt before continuing their journey to Libya. The remaining 2% reportedly transited through other countries.
Ongoing conflict and subsequent displacement in Libya continues to impact health services and infrastructure, disrupting access to and investment in health facilities. Vaccination programmes for children have been particularly affected. A measles outbreak has resulted in over 591 cases  ( September 2018 ) , mostly among children. UNICEF is concerned that a continued lack of functioning health services will result in the spread of the disease and is working with the Ministry of Health and WHO to implement a measles vaccination campaign as well as strengthening the capacity of the public health system.
MISRATA Around 170 Families returned to Tawergha, however not all of them are permanently staying there due to lack of basic services. An estimated 500 to 1,000 migrants arrived and transited during the reporting period.
Burkina Faso 93% of migrants departing Burkina Faso reported travelling directly through Niger, 3% travelled to Mali first then to Niger to reach Libya. Another 3% travelled first to Mali and then to Algeria before entering Libya. The remaining 1% reported other routes. The routes used by migrants departing from Burkina Faso variate significantly depending on where migrants were surveyed in Libya. 99% of those surveyed in the South reported travelling to Libya through Niger, the remaining 1% travelled to Nigeria first then to Niger before entering Libya. Those surveyed in West use more diversified routes; 60% travelled through Niger, 17% travelled to Mali first then to Niger, 16% travelled to Mali and then Algeria, 3% travelled to Nigeria and then to Niger, 2% travelled to Mali then to Niger and entered Libya through Algeria. The remaining 2% used other routes.
Due to the insecurity, many international organisations have suspended their activities in Tripoli and relocated their staff to safer locations inside and outside the country;   Infrastructure, civilian and public properties and governmental institutions were also affected, including houses, electricity, water and telecommunication networks, heath facilities, education institutions, was also affected and
Among households in urban areas, health care and medical supplies were not among priority needs for most households, however 3 cases in need of medical care were identified and one case in need of psycho social support. In informal settlements, cost to access to health services was reported as constraint as well as lack of suitable food for infants
On 3 June 2018, Misrata and Tawargha officials signed a reconciliation treaty ending a seven year long conflict allowing the return of displaced Tawargha residents to their city. Although Misratan officials confirmed that displaced families could start returning, the timeframe is not clear, and the security situation needs to be considered especially in regard to mines and unexploded ordinances. UNICEF's assessment of the 25 educational facilities in the deserted city revealed that six schools and two training centres have been destroyed, while 15 schools and two vocational institutes require extensive repairs at an estimated cost of over $US 21 million.
The last week of June saw a bread crisis in Tripoli, with bakeries closing for the first three days of the week and prices subsequently increasing  ( from 1 Libyan Dinar buying 4 loaves of bread to only buying 3 ) . A shortage of cooking oil also reportedly began just after the holy month of Ramadan. WFP's regular assistance in Tripoli includes vegetable oil and wheat flour, helping to relieve the dearth of these two staple items. More information is currently being collected.
No verified figures are available regarding the total number of Libyans who are displaced in cities such as Tripoli and Benghazi, partly because many internally displaced persons avoid being registered, out of fear for their safety. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that this aspect of displacement in Libya is therefore relatively less attended to, both nationally and internationally.
Security or “conflict related' detainees are most vulnerable to torture, particularly in the initial period of their detention, and during interrogations. They usually appear to be tortured with the aim of extracting “confessions' or other information, to punish them for alleged offences and to degrade or humiliate them. In some cases, former detainees reported being transferred from their regular place of detention to other facilities for interrogations and to be allegedly tortured.
Along the western coast, respondents reported that after the armed clashes in Sabratha in September 201715 there had been an increase in smuggling in neighbouring coastal towns, notably in Alkhums, Garabolli and Zliten. This was also found in two other studies on smuggling in the region, published in December 2017 and March 2018 respectively.
UNHCR and its partners IMC and CESVI continue to register, provide primary health care, psychological support and cash assistance to refugees and asylumseekers at its Community Day Centres in Tripoli. So far in 2018, 3,746 medical consultations and 533 medical referrals were provided to persons of concern.
Since 2017   Derna The military encirclement of Derna continues since July 2017. More than 100,000 civilians including IDPs, returnees and host communities remain trapped in the city and face increasingly deteriorating humanitarian conditions and protection concerns.
Since the beginning of the year, UNHCR has directly implemented quickimpact projects in 16 cities and municipalities throughout Libya. UNHCR supported local authorities, hospitals and schools that are hosting IDPs, returnees and refugees. UNHCR distributed water tanks, solar street lights, medical assistive devices, computers, and waste management items in order to support the peaceful coexistence and integration between communities. Projects were implemented in cities such as Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte, Azzawya, Sabratha, Ubari and to communities in the Nafusa Mountains.
The high food prices in the eastern city of Al Kufrah are likely driven by the remoteness of the location. The city can be reached overland only via an 800 kilometre road through the desert from Ajdabiya. The prices thus reflect the associated transport costs
Ghana The main route reported by migrants departing Ghana was through Burkina Faso and Niger  ( 78% of surveyed migrants departing Ghana ) , 5% reported travelling through Togo, Benin and then Niger before entering Libya while another 5% reported transiting through BurkinaFaso, Mali and then Algeria. The remaining 12% disclosed other routes. Disaggregating routes by the region in Libya where migrants were surveyed revealed that 95% of Ghanaian migrants surveyed in the South reported travelling through Burkina Faso and subsequently Niger, while only 69% in the East and West took this route.
In total, 212 schools are reported to be partially damaged, 14 schools used as shelters for Internally Displaced People  ( IDPs )  and 53 schools have been fully destroyed across Libya during the covered period. 4 Despite this, UNICEF continues to provide educational support to children through scaling up equitable access, enhancing the quality of education services and strengthening the wider education system. In August, around 1,900 Internally Displaced People  ( IDPs )  were evicted by force from Tariq al Matar Camp by a local militia and 94 residents were arrested. This is considered to be the largest camp, hosting more than 370 families, originally from Tawergha city, who were living there since 2011.
ZLITEN 15 individuals reportedly left Suq Alkhamis and arrived in Zliten; reported needs include food and clothing.
Bangladesh All Bangladeshi nationals surveyed reported travelling by air. 93% reported coming to Libya directly  ( with only few hours of transit in other countries ) , 3% reported transiting through Egypt before continuing the journey to Libya. The remaining 1% reportedly transited through other countries.
As of 21 June, more than 5,800 individuals are detained in official detention centres in Libya, out of which 2,589 are persons of concern to UNHCR. At the detention centres, UNHCR and its partners provide medical assistance, advocate for release from detention and conduct screening and registration procedures. So far in 2018, UNHCR conducted 660 visits to official detention centres in the country. As of 21 June, 1,396 refugees and asylumseekers have been released from detention following UNHCR's advocacy
All key informants in the centre and north of the country reported a decrease in attempted boat departures since early 2017 due to the increase in controls along the coastal area. However, smugglers in Bani Waleed reported that the increase in controls along the coast had not led to a decrease in refugees and migrants they were holding in warehouses helping to travel to Italy. Rather, smugglers reported that they had to hold refugees and migrants for longer in warehouses, waiting for green light to transfer individuals to other warehouses along the coast. Reportedly, this led to refugees and migrants spending long amounts of time in several warehouses in poor conditions and with limited freedom of movement, as the coordination between different smugglers to send refugees and migrants on boats took longer due to the increased controls along the coast. This has increased refugees' and migrants' protection risks and vulnerability.
The main humanitarian needs continue to be: medicine and medical supplies  ( to manage casualties from conflict and the chronic medical needs ) ; access to cash; fuel to ensure the continued functioning of critical installations, such as hospitals and water installations, spare parts for the desalination plant, and food items. At least 100,000 people are deemed to be affected by the current situation.
Access to basic services in urban areas is one of the main challenges for IDPs from Benghazi. This is mainly because they are not sharing any detailed information about their exact locations of displacement and information details on their numbers  ( disaggregated by gender, age group, special needs, etc. )  due to their fear of prosecution from militia and members of the neighbourhood, or due to their fear that Benghazi authorities will know about them and then harm their family members who remain in Benghazi. Not having the aforementioned information will hinder the humanitarian assistance process, weaken the quality of the response and eventually lead to poor identification of the most vulnerable individuals who need protection and humanitarian assistance.
at the Mitiga detention facility, detainees were crammed into small overcrowded cells lacking light and ventilation, adequate washing and sanitation facilities. None of the detainees had beds at the time of HRD's visit in May 2016, and some were not provided mattresses or blankets. Detainees reported having to sleep in shifts given the lack of space. Some detainees, particularly those accused of “terrorism' related offences, were held in solitary confinement cells for prolonged periods of time and denied access to basic necessities.
Since January 2018   Sebha The ongoing tribal conflct in Sebha since January has left 40 civilians dead or injured due to the indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas. An initial report suggested that more than 400 families have been displaced and are in need of humanitarian assistance.
LIVELIHOODS Participation in labour force: • Percentage of assessed households with at least one adult  ( >18 )  in the workforce: 71% • Percentage of assessed households with at least one child  ( <18 )  in the workforce: 0%
The city of Zwara was the most expensive assessed location in the west. Possible explanations for this are twofold: first, the city is known to host a segment of the Libyan population with a relatively high socio economic status, meaning that food item prices might reflect the higher purchasing power of local consumers. In addition, crossborder smuggling to Tunisia, due to the city's proximity to the border, may further drive up prices by increasing demand in local markets
Data was gathered at the muhalla level on the shelter settings for migrants. The majority of identified migrants  ( 72% )  were reported to be residing in self paid rented accommodation; a notable portion of migrants were also reported to be residing in accommodation paid by their employer  ( 8% ) .
Qararat al Qataf: • The WASH sector through UNICEF and its implementing partner Libyan Society has provided 300 hygiene kits and 15 emergency latrines and installed 25 storage tanks. In consultation with the Bani Walid Water Authority/Municipality, UNICEF has also delivered 13 trucks of water, containing 10,000 litres of water each. Coordination is carried out through the municipality and response is done according to needs. Libyan Society has also since 1 February distributed 40,000 litres of water using water trucks in coordination with Bani Waleed Water Authority/ Municipality. • The health sector through WHO and the Ministry of Health established on 16 February a makeshift clinic with five doctors and is providing health services. The clinic has enough supplies and medicines for at least one month to treat diabetes, hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases. • On behalf of the food security sector, WFP with its implementing partner STACO has provided in kind food assistance  ( pasta, rice, wheat flour, chickpeas, sugar, tomato paste and oil )  to the 187 families in the Qararat al Qataf IDP tented settlement. The food distribution is part of WFP regular assistance to IDPs, and not an emergency food distribution. The shelter/NFI sector through UNHCR and its implementing partner LibAid has provided 70 tents and distributed NFIs to all the families residing at the site. Furthermore, the sector through IOM and Ayady Al Khair Society  ( AKS )  and in coordination with LibAid and the Ministry of Defence provided mattresses, pillows, family hygiene kits and diapers to 170 families in Qararat al Qataf
Nigeria 99% of migrants departing Nigeria travelled through Niger. The remaining 1% used routes through Chad, Niger and Algeria or reported reaching Libya directly by air plane.
Ghana The main route taken by migrants departing Ghana is through BurkinaFaso and Niger  ( 77% of the surveyed migrants departing Ghana ) , 5% reported travelling through Togo, Benin and then Niger before entering Libya, another 5% reported transiting through Burkina Faso, Mali and then Algeria. The remaining 13% disclosed other routes. Disaggregating routes by the region in Libya where migrants were surveyed revealed that 94% of Ghanaian surveyed in the South reported travelling through Burkina Faso and subsequently Niger, while their percentage in the East and West did not exceed 65%.
IDPs from these areas had generally been displaced to the city's western mahallas, in particular Al Jadidah, Al Mahdia, Al Minshiyah and Soukra. Al Gardah, though itself a conflictaffected area, hosted recently displaced IDP households as well.
Food Security • KIs in every assessed mahalla except Bab Tubraq and Dheil el Wadi reported that local residents were unable to access food consistently over the two weeks prior to data collection. • As elsewhere in Libya, residents of Derna still relied primarily on stores and markets for their food, but this norm had begun to break down due to market shortages. Borrowing food from others was reportedly widespread, along with relying on stored food and own production, all of which were much rarer strategies six months ago. • KIs in El Bilad, Dheil el Wadi and El Jebilah, and to a lesser extent in Al Maghar and EshShabiya, reported that neighbourhood groups were offering limited food assistance to residents in need.
Handicap International outreach teams identified and assisted 319 persons with physical disabilities by the provision of Home based physical therapy, guidance and PSS. Among them, 184 persons were referred to external health and rehabilitation services. Furthermore, 26 persons with physical disabilities were identified and assisted by the provision of assistive devices.
During the reporting period, 37,800  ( 23,148 girls and 14,652 boys )  students received school in a bag kits through UNICEF partners Ekraa and Breezes in Benghazi to help students continue education and enhance quality learning. Following the clashes in Sebratha towards the end of 2017, UNICEF procured 442 school in a bag kits and 22,513 school bags to be distributed in April 2018 through UNICEF's partner Afaq in the city.
Coastal cities without extenuating circumstances are in general less expensive, in both the west and east. The cities in coastal areas, such as Tripoli, Zliten, Sirte, Ajdabiya, and Benghazi, were among the assessed locations with the lowest food price levels. Among the more expensive locations in the west were the inland cities of Gharyan, Zintan and Nalut, all of which are located in the Nafusa mountain range, as well as Ghadamis.
Around 2,500 to 3,000 heads of households, especially people who used to work in the private sector or their employment files managed by the local government in Benghazi, have not received their salaries since the start of displacement in 2014. Some had to use all their savings to survive. Others are working in alternative professions; mostly as drivers to provide for their families. For IDPs who are displaced in the city of Benghazi  ( approximately 1,400 families )  and are living in rented houses, their return is pending the reconstruction of war damaged houses
Top 3 sources of household income: Government  ( salaries, pensions, etc. )  1 2 Daily labour 3 Contract employment
Furthermore, as access to SMC has become difficult due to its proximity to the areas where clashes are taking place, safe passage is needed to allow access to the hospital for those who have been caught in the fire and mobile clinics to be located outside the city to deal with cases coming from detention centres or elsewhere with a need for urgent medical attention. Also, both SMC and Murzuq hospital are facing shortages in medical supplies with the latter also facing shortages in trauma personnel. Murzuq hospital is being used as an alternative by those who cannot reach SMC.
Hrawa: • The health sector has recruited a doctor to partially cover the most urgent health needs for one month starting from 16 February.
The main sources of food were predominantly purchasing on markets with cash  ( 95.3% of households )  followed by purchasing on credit  ( 25.4% ) , as Libya remains a heavily cash based economy. 2 IDP households were also reportedly more reliant on external assistance   19.5% of households indicated food assistance as a main source of food, highlighting a higher vulnerability and dependency on external support.
Cameroon The main route disclosed by migrants departing Cameroon was through Nigeria and then Niger  ( 71% of the surveyed sample ) . 22% reported transiting through Chad before reaching Libya while the remaining 7% reported other routes.
This week alone, over 210 refugees and migrants  ( 165 men, 39 women and nine children )  were disembarked at the Al Khums Port  ( 94 individuals )  and the Tripoli Naval Base  ( 119 individuals ) . UNHCR and partner International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  provided humanitarian and medical assistance at disembarkation points.
On 27 August, due to the deteriorating security situation, the detention centres in Salaheddin and Ain Zara were abandoned by staff. Of the 915 refugees and migrants being held in Ain Zara and the 400 being held in Salaheddin, about two thirds immediately departed for other areas, including a group of 100 that was transferred from Salaheddin to the detention centre at Tariq Al Matar. However, a group of about 400 detainees remained in the Ain Zara detention centre for several days afterwards, largely without food or water, until being released or transferred to the detention centres at Tariq Al Matar and Abusliem
• Derna's remaining markets tend to be concentrated in commercial districts. KIs in 8 out of 11 assessed mahallas, aside from the central mahallas of Dheil el Wadi, El Jebilah and Bab Tubraq, reported that there was no functional market in their mahalla. • In most assessed mahallas, just one quarter to one half of traders were reportedly still operating, with this number falling close to zero in the heavily affected outer mahallas of 400, As Sahil and El Fataih, as well as in Bab Tubraq and El Bilad. • Where markets and stores were still operating, KIs reported frequent barriers to access. Markets tended to close altogether during times of heavy conflict, and residents often found it difficult to physically reach them, due sometimes to road damage and blockages and sometimes to a lack of transport or petrol to get there.
In Sirte, 31 teachers  ( 5 female and 26 male )  were trained on Education in Emergencies, Mine Risk Education and Psychosocial Support through UNICEF partners Quduratty and Ekraa. The training enhanced the skills of teachers to ensure the continuation of children's right to education in emergencies and post crisis reconstruction. Building the capacity of these teachers benefited 1,741  ( 961 girls and 780 boys )  primary school age students that are mainly returnees.
On 21 March UNICEF distributed educational supplies to Derna and surrounding areas via its partner the Libyan Red Crescent Society  ( LRCS )   ( 400 recreational kits  ( benefiting 36,000 girls and boys ) , 630 school in a box kits, 25,194 school bags  ( benefiting 25,194 students ) , 65 ECD kits  ( benefiting 3,816 children ) . On 17 April, 1,000 hygiene kits were also distributed by UNICEF/LRCS in Derna.
• The bulk of IDP households in these mahallas arrived more than 4 weeks ago, having been displaced towards the beginning of the current clashes. Some had previously been displaced to Sebha from other parts of Libya, with reported areas of origin including Ubari, Taraghin, Al Jufrah, Bani Walid and Tripoli. Recently displaced IDPs came from diverse ethnic communities, though Tuaregs were the most commonly reported group. Some IDPs in Al Jadidah and Al Gardah were reported to be Tawerghans. • Most arrived as part of a full male headed household, though KIs also reported the presence of some female headed households, single males and elderly people traveling alone.
400K Estimated people internally displaced as a result of the nationwide renewed conflict since 2014
LIVELIHOODS Participation in labour force: • Percentage of assessed households with at least one adult  ( >18 )  in the workforce: 66% • Percentage of assessed households with at least one child  ( <18 )  in the workforce: 0%
Income and debt: • Median estimated monthly household income: 450 LYD • Do most households receive enough income to cover their basic needs? No • Percentage of assessed households reporting that they are in debt: 38% • Most common debt burden among households in debt: > 1,000 LYD
Food price levels within different neighbourhoods of Tripoli were found to be fairly similar. Slightly higher food prices were found in Hai Al Andalus, a neighbourhood with a relatively well off population, while Abusliem, an area with a significant number of IDPs, as well as Central Tripoli, had marginally lower food prices.
83% of IDPs who were multiply displaced were originally from Sirt and were residing mainly in Bani Waleed, Sirt itself or Ejdabia. 9% were originally from Ubari and were residing in Algatroun or Ghat. 3% were from Benghazi and residing in Zliten, and a further 3% were from Misrata and residing in Ain Zara, Bint Bayya and Al Maya.
The humanitarian community is providing assistance to those who have been newly displaced: • The Ministry of Health  ( MoH )  has sent an emergency mobile team to SMC and WHO has provided SMC with one mobile clinic. • UNFPA, ICRC and Al Salama NGO and some other NGOs have supported SMC with some medical supplies and medication. • The MoH has supported in transferring serious cases that cannot reach SMC to Tripoli for treatment. • The Libyan Red Crescent, who reportedly are one of the few humanitarian actors allowed access to all areas, have provided food assistance, hygiene items, NFIs  ( blankets and mattresses )  to IDPs taking shelter in schools and have opened a mobile clinic for patients being transferred from the central hospital. • STACO  ( Sheikh Tahir Azzawi Charity Organisation )  has also supported the displaced families with NFIs. • OHCHR is closely monitoring the situation
The Sa'ad Ben ‘Ubada mosque in Benghazi remained closed for about a week for repairs following the IED explosions on 9 February. In February, the Sabha Medical Centre was hit on two occasions by stay bullets, leading to civilian casualties. In particular, on 6 February, a 60 year old patient was injured in her hand while in the internal medicine wing. On 12 February, a 35 year old woman sustained injuries to her legs while at the pediatric wing. Patients and hospital personnel were evacuated from the two wings. Ongoing clashes in the vicinity of the hospital also led to staff shortages, further impacting the already strained health services in the city. On 22 February, a mosque in the Tayouri area of Sabha was hit, reportedly by mortar fire, causing material damage.
TOBRUK The security and economic situation in Tobruk was reported to be stable in Round 22. In Emsaed, a municipality close to the Egyptian border, around 3,700 Egyptian migrants were observed entering through both official and unofficial border crossing points in September. In October, the number of recorded entries increased to 4,500, with the majority of migrants reportedly using unofficial border crossing points to enter Libya.
In response to the emerging humanitarian needs of Tawarghan IDPs in Qararat al Qataf, UNICEF in partnership with the Libyan Society for National Reconciliation and Charity Works, provided basic WASH services to 1,845 IDPs  ( 735 men, 753 women, 195 boys, and 162 girls ) , including the installation of 15 emergency latrines and 40 1,000L water storage tanks, distribution of 440,000 litres of safe drinking water and 300 hygiene kits7 , and hygiene promotion. Work was also carried out to separate the latrines by gender and equip them with adequate lighting to ensure their safe use and mitigate the risk of gender based violence to 1,845 IDPs.
With the exception of Derna and Al Kufrah, where prices were relatively high as explained above, prices in the east did not vary by a wide margin. Benghazi, Ajdabiya and Al Marj were found to have some of the lowest food price levels of all assessed locations, while prices in Al Bayda and Tobruk were slightly higher.
Libya has experienced several waves of armed conflict and displacement movements since the 2011 Revolution between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to overthrow his Government. Libya has since suffered from political instability and clashes between rival armed groups, which escalated in 2014, triggering armed conflicts in Benghazi, Tripoli, Misrata and other cities, and causing widespread destruction of property, civilian deaths and massive displacement. An estimated 400,000 people  ( equivalent to 6 to 7% of the population of Libya )  became internally displaced as a result of the nationwide renewed conflict from 2014 onwards and many still suffer the effects of this displacement
Top 3 sources of household income: Government  ( salaries, pensions, etc. )  1 2 Daily labour 3 Humanitarian assistance
61% of identified IDPs were in the West of Libya. 28% were in the East and the remaining 11% were in the South during this round. The mantikas  ( regions )  with the highest reported presence of IDPs were Benghazi  ( 46,210 individuals ) , Misrata  ( 37,704 individuals )  and Tripoli  ( 25,800 individuals ) .
The ongoing liquidity crisis – a financial situation characterised by a lack of cash flow – impacted most Libyan households: 18.0% of households across all assessed mantikas were reportedly unable to withdraw hard currency during the previous month. Among those that could, 38.4% could only access less than 600 Libyan dinars  ( LYD ) . Limits on withdrawals were especially acute in Ghat, Al Margab and Al Jabal Al Gharbi. While most households reported having access to banks  ( 66.0% )  and informal financial service providers  ( 43.3% ) , queuing for hours in front of financial service providers was common, and many respondents reported feeling insecure while waiting. Across all locations and population groups, the most reported coping mechanisms used in the 30 days prior to data collection to cope with lack of cash or income/resources were spending savings  ( reported by 56.5% of households ) , selling gold  ( 36.2% )  and borrowing money  ( 21.9% )
School based psychosocial support will commence with the start of the school year in October. A total of 809  ( 379 girls and 430 boys )  children survivors of violence, including gender based violence in Tripoli, Benghazi and Sebha received specialized child protection including case management, referrals and specialized psychosocial support services through UNICEF partner, Essafa Centre for Mental Health. In Zintan, 164 children/adolescents  ( 70 girls and 94 boys )  were reached with psychosocial support and reintegration services including life skills. A total of 25 adolescents released from armed groups in 2017 continue to receive support through UNICEF local partner in the city, Al Tadhamon for Rehabilitation and Psychosocial Support.
Cases of malnutrition were also reported to be present in 15% of baladiyas mainly in the West and South of the country.
More than half of schools have insufficient and poor quality drinking water and sanitation facilities   and over two thirds have limited drinking water, according to a nationwide study. Despite health ministry standards of one toilet per 25 students, the assessment also revealed the average number of students to a functioning toilet is 71. Some schools were found to have no functioning toilets at all.
In partnership with Emdad organization, UNICEF provided access to safe water and sanitation facilities in nine schools in Sirte and two schools in Tripoli, benefitting 5,923 children  ( 3,373 girls and 2,550 boys )  through the rehabilitation of water and sanitation facilities, hygiene promotion, and distribution of soap to school children.
Thanks to the generous funds from Germany wand Italy, UNICEF implemented an inclusive child health programme in Libya in 2017. The UNICEF health programme activities during 2017 were mainly focused on the Support and Strengthening the Expanded Programme of Immunization; Strengthening the cold chain system in Libya by the procuring 550 Ice lined refrigerators and 550 voltage regulators. Additionally, 1,830 cold boxes and vaccine carriers were supplied to further strengthen the cold chain system in Libya. This equipment was distributed throughout the country and specifically in the most disadvantaged areas.
Since December 2015, HRD has consistently received allegations of deaths in custody due to alleged torture or summary executions across Libya. In October 2013, UNSMIL and OHCHR published a joint report, Torture and Deaths in Custody, highlighting deaths in detention centres under the nominal authority of the State, but effectively under armed groups' control. In response, the then Minister of Justice, Salah al Marghani, made a commitment to investigate the allegations and bring those allegedly responsible to justice.87 However, OHCHR/UNSMIL is not aware of any member of armed groups brought to trial for committing or ordering torture, including when it resulted in fatalities. This climate of impunity has allowed such violations and abuses to continue unabated.
All participants expressed urgent needs and suggested a range of interventions to address them. The most frequent pertained to Health, WASH, NFI and shelter, namely  Access to secondary health services and provide medicine to people with chronic diseases;  Provide more and higher quality segregated sanitation facilities  Immediate access to drinking water;  Access to hygiene materials;  Provide fire extinguisher to fight fires;  Create Flood/wind Barrier from sand to protect the site form flood and strong wind;
The protection activities of the international community have been conducted remotely from Tunis since 2015, thus complicating the operations, the engagement with the communities, engagement with local authorities, and the collection of more comprehensive information on the protection and legal issues around displacement and return. Operating in Libya remains hazardous and unpredictable. This is due to multiple factors, such as presence of mines and explosive devices, threats of abduction and kidnapping of international personnel, proliferation of armed groups with no clear chain of command, and continued conflict and violence.
Income and debt: • Median estimated monthly household income: 700 LYD • Do most households receive enough income to cover their basic needs? No • Percentage of assessed households reporting that they are in debt: 19% • Most common debt burden among households in debt: > 1,000 LYD
Fuel – First and foremost, transporters face significant fuel costs. Since the start of the conflict, fuel shortages have occurred frequently and prices have risen, particularly in the south, where one is often forced to obtain fuel from the parallel market. Some trucks furthermore require cooling systems in order to protect certain food items, such as dairy products and meat, from the hot Saharan climate. As these systems run on fuel, transporters are even more exposed to the fuel price increases.
Round 11 data indicated that children  ( 0 18 )  accounted for 54% of the IDP population  ( see Figure 6 ) . Adults  ( 19 59 years )  made up 36% of the IDP population and older adults  ( 60+ )  were the remaining 10% of IDPs. Across all age categories males made up 48% of the sampled population and females accounted for 52%.
Displacement movements are still ongoing in Libya with multi faceted causes: • Tensions leading to armed clashes in urban areas • Lack of access to basic services • Conflicts related to housing, land and property  ( e.g. IDPs in Nafusa mountains )  • Political persecution • Attacks based on alleged terrorist or party affiliations • Tribal and ethnic clashes
Salaries – Salaries for transport workers range from 1,000 and 3,000 LYD per shipment depending on the transported commodities. On top of their regular salaries, most drivers charge an extra fee to be compensated for the security risk.
ALKUFRA As the harvest season for dates started during the reporting period, many migrants were observed departing to work in oasis regions in Ejdabia such as the municipalities of Ejkherra Aujala and Jalu.
MURZUQ During the reporting period, the number of arrivals increased due to lack of security patrols on the border as reported by field observers. 2,464 individuals were observed arriving at the FMPs with the majority coming from Niger and Nigeria. However, the number of departures decreased due to the clashes in Sebha. 1,959 individuals, mostly Chadian and Nigerian, came from Agadez  ( Niger )  and departed towards Sebha. Their final destinations were recorded as Germany and Italy.
In response to the humanitarian needs of Tawarghan IDPs in Qarat al Qatif and host community, UNICEF in partnership with Libyan Society for National Reconciliation and Charity Works distributed 415 boxes of high energy biscuits to Tawerghan children and families  ( 1,6038 children under five, 176 pregnant women, and 217 breastfeeding ) .
ALKUFRA During the reporting period, 2,119 individuals  ( mostly from Sudan and Somalia )  were observed arriving at the Al Kufra and up to 3,405 individuals, mostly of Somalian origin, coming from Sudan were recorded as departing towards Zwara and Ejdabia. Their final destinations was recorded as Libya. According to the field observer, a decrease in the flow migrants through Al Kufra has been recorded due to the security situation.