nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Agricultural production: Cash crop production is estimated at 19,000 MT of sesame, 7,250 MT of cowpeas, and 13,700 MT of other cash crops  ( including rice, groundnuts, onions, peppers, tomatoes, and watermelon ) . In response to high demand in urban areas, farmers increased sesame production by 43 percent above the five year average. However, cowpea production fell by 26 percent and other cash crops declined by 8 percent due to the impacts of below average rainfall and desert locust
To this end, WFP together with OCHA established a Community Engagement and AAP Working Group  ( CEAWG )  which established a Technical Working Group  ( TWG )  that was co led by WFP and Norwegian Refugee Council  ( NRC ) . The TWG undertook various consultations, including surveys, which culminated in identification of data categories that now comprise the Collective Accountability Information Management System.
Driven by waning La Niña conditions, a below average gu rainfall season is forecast from April to June. A second consecutive season of below average rainfall, coupled with the ongoing desert locust upsurge, is anticipated to lead to progressively widespread Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  outcomes through September.
The recent below average deyr harvest, marginal seasonal improvements in livestock production, and sustained humanitarian food assistance are supporting widespread Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 )  and Stressed!  ( IPC Phase 2! )  outcomes. Although food assistance is mitigating the magnitude of the acutely food insecure population, available evidence indicates at least 1.6 million people across Somalia still have food consumption gaps or are using negative coping strategies indicative of Crisis  ( IPC Phase )  or Emergency  ( IPC Phase 4 ) .
In 2020, the shelter cluster partners reached 360,059 people with shelter interventions and 452,698 people with NFI interventions. In fact, all the shelter and NFI interventions contribute to reduce the COVID 19 transmission mainly through decongestion at settlement and shelter levels.
Between March and December 2020, a total of 22,139 individuals received shelter assistance and 30,881 individuals received NFI assistance in high risk IDP sites
Due to the ongoing COVID 19, schools were closed until October 2020.There has been an increase of Child Protection emerging needs as reported by our Somalia Child Protection AoR members. Violence against children, both inside and outside the home has reportedly increased as families have been in a confined space, with limited resources and heightened stress.
[ NUTRITION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  60% of the households found with nutrition living Standard Gap  ( LSG ) . 20% found to be extreme severe, 46% severe, 33% stress, 1% no or minimal.
Gaps & Constraints : The Child Protection AOR supported the adaptation of a Guidance Note for Remote Case Management as well as standardization of child protection and child friendly messages, positive parentings tips, PSS learning kits for different age groups, as well as Tip Sheets for case management volunteers. Online orientation sessions ensured that Child Protection partners were familiar with these guidance notes and could use them effectively. Coaching, mentoring and debriefings further enhanced the capacity of case management volunteers and social workers, which helped to ensure continuity of care, quality services and the effective use of web based referral pathways service mapping.
Case Management services provided to 25,727  ( 42 per cent girls )  children from March – Dec 2020, either directly through daily field presence of caseworkers or remotely adapted to COVID 19 situation.
51,245  ( 39 per cent girls )  children, adolescents and parents/caregivers received psychosocial support in the form of structured psychosocial sessions adapted to the COVID 19 situation. COVID19 limited delivery of MHPSS services due to precautionary measures of physical distancing and restrictions on staff to travel to the field. To address this impediment child protection actors adapted distance counselling, use of hotlines and social media to reach children and caregivers in need of PSS.
The Child Protection AoR partners reached a total of 495,695 people  ( 296,496 children )  with various child protection services like child protection messaging, Psychosocial Support Service  ( PSS ) , case management, Family Tracing and Reunification  ( FTR ) , alternative care and reintegration of children associated with armed forces and groups  ( CAAFAG )  adapted to the COVID 19 situation.
As at December 2020 Child Protection needs continued to remain high due to COVID 19 and the ongoing armed conflict and insecurity as well as climatic shocks continue that have had a devastating impact on the protection of children.
[ NUTRITION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  100% of IDP settlement and 68% of non IDP settlement households found with a nutrition Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG ) .
Gaps & Constraints: Underfunding has affected the implementation of some key Housing, land and property  ( HLP )  interventions such as strengthening tenure security among IDPs and eviction response both prevention and remedial actions in Afgooye, Beledweyne and Hirshabelle. In addition to this, Housing, land and property  ( HLP )  specific support previously provided to the eviction monitoring unit of the Banadir Regional Administration i.e. capacity building has been affected by the reduced allocation. This has also impacted advocacy around the moratorium, especially given the strategic role of Banadir Regional Administration  ( BRA )  in engaging with the FGS.
Overall, the Housing, land and property  ( HLP )  observed a significant decline in forced evictions at sub national level, registering a total of 69,500 preventions from January 2020 to date
Mediation and negotiation with landlords in Banadir, Bay, Bari and Waqooyi Galbeed; including on extension of payment deadlines, on potential for instalment payments, on reduction of rent fees and accumulated debt, and Housing, land and property  ( HLP )  related disputes.
The Housing, land and property  ( HLP )  and Protection, Shelter and CCCM sectors are working closely to strengthen linkages for a more sustainable and holistic approach to the evictions issue. Modalities for prevention and response are being reviewed under the Centrality of Protection strategy, and the Housing, land and property  ( HLP )  AoR aims to strengthen coordination with other AoRs.
Increases in the incidences of GBV is more likely as women and young girls are exposed to GBV risks as they travel long distance to collect water and fuel; use toilets and seek casual jobs for survival.
Forced evictions and eviction threats are a critical risk affecting IDPs and other vulnerable populations in Somalia. An increasing number of families are currently threatened with eviction, with a total of 171,266 evictions recorded in 2020.
Gaps & Constraints : According to the Somalia COVID19 Rapid Assessment Survey Report by Save the Children, people with disabilities are often left out of COVID 19 communication and continue to be at high risk of contracting the disease. There is a need to ensure disability sensitive dissemination approaches.
Provision of protection oriented support to people with specific needs or heightened vulnerability by Protection Cluster partners. Total reached 13,955 individuals  ( 2,076 women, 7,811 men, 2,500 girls, 1,568 boys )
Protection Cluster partners provided COVID 19 related mental health and psychosocial support activities  ( MHPSS ) . Total reached 1,454 individuals  ( 5,34 women, 725 men, 73 girls, 122 boys ) .
A concerning 5 per cent of households request their children, especially girls, to walk long distances and/or fetch water more frequently than when water is more available, leading to a high risk of protection and GBV issues.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  14% of IDP settlement and 14% of non IDP settlement households found with a health Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG ) .
Areas of Innovation: Several partners have maximised the use of mobile money transfers to reduce travel distances and associated risks for the people receiving cash based assistance. WFP has also added a home delivery feature on the WFP online mobile shopping application, eShop. This is now operational across Somalia and enables registered WFP beneficiaries to order items online and request for home delivery at checkout, thereby reducing movement and enhancing physical distancing in line with the Government's requirements.
Areas of Innovation: Due to movement restrictions, WFP is shifting to remote monitoring mechanism  ( through phone calls )  for food security and markets monitoring to cover areas where physical or on site monitoring is not currently feasible. WFP is currently conducting real time food security monitoring done via computer assisted telephone interviewing.
Areas of Innovation: Partners have adjusted programming to minimise as much as possible, risks of exposure to and transmission for recipients of assistance. This includes redesigning of distribution centres in line with hygiene and social distancing guidelines, provision of multiple rations  ( starting April )  to reduce travel to distribution points, and the provision of PPE and hygiene materials
The combined Food Security Cluster  ( FSC )  response focusing on improving access to food for people affected by the triple shock in 2020 reached 1.7 million on average  ( March to December )  with a peak of 1.9 million in December
Logistics Cluster partners also reported challenges in the transportation of humanitarian cargo, into and within Somalia, due to delays in tax exemption approvals. These delays had a particular impact on the ability of urgent health items to be dispatched as rapidly as needed.
The Logistic Cluster supported the MoH and the Office of the Prime Minister with the development of an easy to use cargo tracking tool for COVID 19 donations, stocks, and dispatches. This was handed over to the MoH in July.
Between March December 2020, UNHAS transported 58.4 MT of COVID 19 related supplies to 21 locations
Just in February 2021, 1,075 new cases reported Positivity rate: 10 per cent from the 5 per cent of outbreak start.
[ NUTRITION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  23% of the households of IDP settlements reported that it takes less than 15 minutes to reach to the nearest nutrition facility while 38%, 28% and 9%of the households of IDP settlements reported it takes 15 30 minutes, 30 60minutes and 1 3 hours to reach to the nearest nutrition facility respectively. Also, 1% of the households of IDP settlements reported it takes more than 3 hours to the nearest nutrition facility:
In December, WFP's Humanitarian Air Service  ( UNHAS )  transported 1.3 MT of COVID 19 related supplies to key location across Somalia, including PCR lab reagents, PPE kits and testing equipment
Since the onset of the COVID 19 response in Somalia, the Logistic Cluster has facilitated the transportation of over 114 MT of COVID 19 related supplies to Dhusamarreeb, Kismayo, Baidoa, Jowhar, Hargeisa, Belet Weyne, Garowe, Guriel and Barawe, on behalf of eight organisations. In December, the Cluster facilitated the movement of over 7 MT of COVID 19 related items on behalf of three organisations.
Jointly with WFP's humanitarian air service  ( UNHAS ) , the Logistic Cluster has been supporting the transportation of Ministry of Health medical teams, blood samples and COVID 19 medical supplies to key locations across Somalia
Girls 83,958 and Boys 91,023 reached Emergency school feeding programme in phase Q2 and Q3.
Almost 319,812 children have been provided with safe teaching and learning materials and more than 334,006 children have been assisted with emergency school feeding. A total of 1,682 temporary learning spaces have been established to expand access to children by partners.
Education programmes must be adequately supported as they are critical to survival and to breaking the cycle of vulnerability. Currently 1.4 million school aged children require assistance, with a focus on increased access to quality education, school retention and sustainability
Due to security concerns or limited transport infrastructure, WHO set out in August and September 2020, to deploy a specialized RRT to investigate and assess the ongoing circulation of COVID 19 in the accessible 44 districts with the objective of assessing ongoing circulation of COVID 19 in these “silent' districts. Some 44 RRTs comprising 107 district level health staff were trained and deployed in the silent districts, where they collected and tested 1,082 samples.
Displaced children are also disproportionately affected by the impacts of the ongoing crisis and over 1 million displaced school aged children need education assistance.
Education is a critical component of lifesaving and resilience building. Somalia has one of the world's lowest enrolment rates for primary school aged children. Out of school children  ( 3 million )  in Somalia face extra protection related risks, including forced recruitment, abuse, child labour and early marriage; thus, access to protective education can provide children a safe space during this crisis.
The Education Cluster estimates that approximately 1.4 million school aged children are in severe need of assistance to stay in school or access education. Furthermore, children constitute approximately 1 million of the 2.6 million IDPs in Somalia Children are the most vulnerable and are either food insecure, displaced or both.
The persistent drought in addition to armed conflict and COVID19 restrictions ensure food crisis among families especially female head households. Women and children headed households are the hardest hit during food crises which is precipitated by the current drought situation in Somalia.
Gaps & Constraints: The CCCM cluster's COVID 19 funding requirement remained 68% unfunded. Further funding that focuses on COVID 19 RCCE mixed with WASH hardware activities is vital to ensure that behavioural changes are occurring.
Food scarcity and increasing food prices compel poor families to use up all their income for meeting basic food needs leaving little or no possibilities for meeting the basic social services and reproductive health including maternal and new borns health needs of the affected populations
Some Somalis have access to their own household latrines  ( 48 per cent )  or share with one or two other households  ( 13 per cent ) . Other people either share their latrine with three households or more  ( 5 per cent )  or do not have access at all  ( 14 per cent ) .
Gaps & Constraints: There continues to be a need for service providers to target 508 IDP sites across the country that are critically at risk of widespread COVID 19 transmission due to overcrowding, gaps in water access and lack of exposure to humanitarian information.
The COVID 19 situation within Somalia has spiralled drastically since March of 2020. While residents believe that COVID 19 is a danger to their families and communities, IDP beneficiaries are no longer prioritizing social distancing or mask wearing. As such, there is a need for RCCE resources to be revised aiming to address these issues.
Site decongestion activities in Yaaqle and Bacaad IDP sites in Daynile district to enable more adequate spacing between shelters further minimizing the risk of COVID 19 transmission. The activities started on August 2020 and will continue through May 2021.
As a result of disruption of incomes, restricted mobility, lack of access to labour, land and capital women lack the capacity to sustain basic survival for themselves and their families
Among toilets/latrines, 48 per cent are improved and 52 per cent are un improved and pose a risk to public health.
High food prices and food scarcity may lead women and young girls to sell or exchange sex for food and other basic household needs. There is a likelihood that consumption pattern will change in families if the food crises persist which may lead gendered discrimination in access to food, malnutrition and encourage women to practice altruism. This is particularly dangerous for pregnant women and lactating mothers.
It also highlights that only 38 per cent of households reported access to latrines with walls and locks on doors, while only 17 per cent reported having access to latrines with internal sources of light. Lack of locks and less solid structures do not allow privacy and increase risks of GBV, especially for women and girls.
From March to December 2020, a total of 183,247 people was reached through house to house visits, health facility awareness sessions, community meetings, mosque announcements and sound truck announcement. Radio spots highlighting COVID 19 prevention messages aired throughout Somalia reaching an estimated 10 million people. In addition, IEC materials for mass media engagement, social media channels were also used to convey similar messaging
Containing the spread of COVID 19 requires a robust strategy and system to detect suspected cases, test, isolate confirmed cases and trace their contacts.
According to the Joint Multii cluster Need Assssment ( JMCNA  )  2020, over half of all IDPs reportedly face challenges in terms of access to WASH services like soap and handwashing facilities.
In addition, WHO published a weekly situation report in collaboration with the Federal Ministry of Health and Human Services. Partnership and collaborations between health authorities was scaled up in order to fund and implement critical components of the response to the outbreak, including purchasing and transporting vital equipment, medical supplies and COVID 19 samples throughout Somalia.
The protracted crisis in Somalia, compounded by COVID 19, floods and droughts, has resulted in massive challenges in meeting the WASH needs of the Somali population.
Considering Somalia's debt distress rating and the expectation that it will start honoring due debt repayments by 2024, the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries  ( HIPC )  negotiations on debt restructuring should aim for comparability of treatment by non Paris Club creditors to allow Somalia to secure a 9% debt to GDP ratio in 2024 when it is expected to reach the completion point of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries  ( HIPC )  initiative.
Growth has also been affected by reduced foreign direct investment, as investors shied away during contentious elections that were postponed, a shrinkage in remittances because of the global recession, and bans on livestock exports by the Gulf countries.
Poverty and unemployment are expected to increase due to reduced remittances, which will disproportionately affect women, youth, and displaced persons.
At the national level, a strategic coordination platform was set up between WHO and Somalia's health authorities, the UN, donors and partners. A technical incident management system team was created within the WHO Somalia country office and the team supported the creation of similar technical and management structures in the Federal Ministry of Health and Human Services.
As of February, since March 2020: 7,300 reported cases 243 deaths Most new cases are from Banadir region, Somaliland, South West, Hirshabelle and Galmudug states.
Ongoing training of health and non health staff on basic psychosocial support skills for COVID 19 response and provision of supportive sessions to COVID 19 responders.
There is need to increase isolation rooms to keep suspected cases awaiting transportation to COVID 19 referral hospitals or centers.
WHO also supported 694 health facilities to report COVID 19 alerts through early warning and alert response networks.
Active surveillance and supervision to these health facilities were conducted by district teams deployed by WHO.
[ WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE  ( WASH )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ] The main drivers of WASH living Standard Gaps  ( LSGs )  were found to be: Households without access to an improved water source  ( 49% ) , Households without access to sufficient quantity of drinking water  ( 16% ) , Households without access to soap at home  ( 46% ) , Households without access to a functional and improved sanitation facility  ( 59% )
Shelter repairs and NFIs remain unaffordable to most people, with a sub set of 94 per cent of non IDP households with damages to their shelters reporting that they did not have the funds to conduct household repairs, and 53 per cent of those with damaged shelter reporting that they lacked construction tools.
According to the 2020 JMCNA, shelter is a top priority need for more than half of the non IDP population.
The Shelter Cluster estimates that 1.3 million non IDPs require shelter and non food item  ( NFI )  assistance, mainly due to inadequate conditions and related living standards like overcrowding and economic hardship.
[ NUTRITION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  64% of the households found with nutrition living Standard Gap  ( LSG ) . 17% found to be extreme severe, 46% severe, 35% stress, 2% no or minimal.
In 2020, 3,327 community health workers visited 3.28 million households for case finding and contact tracing.
Food security: Most respondents felt that within the previous one month  ( 78% ) , as well as over the past three months  ( 93% )  the food security situation deteriorated either significantly or slightly, but that there was a marked consideration across the districts that by and large the availability and accessibility of food was strained.
Food sources and cash programming: Respondents in 5 out of 9 districts identified the presence of unconditional cash transfer  ( UCT )  assistance or programming. However, the proportion of respondents overall was around one third  ( 34% ) .
Health: Most commonly reported barriers for accessing healthcare by assessed settlements were cost of services  ( 52% ) , Distance  ( 60% ) , Absence of qualified personnel  ( 39% ) .
Food Security and livelihoods: 28% of the assessed settlements reported that it takes less than 30 minutes to reach the functional market by walking while 38% reported it takes 30 60 minutes to half a day to reach the functional market by walking.
Education: Most commonly reported barriers to access education for girls from the assessed settlements were cost of studies  ( 28% ) , cultural reasons  ( 8% ) , Need to support family  ( 9% ) .
Communication: 83% of the assessed settlements reported lack of electricity as a barrier to accessing information while 32% and 36% of the assessed settlements reported lack of mobile signal and no credit as a barriers to accessing information respectively.
Protection/GBV: KIs from 67% of assessed settlements reported protection incidents that happened to women in their settlement of origin.58% of the assessed settlements reported the most common type of protection incidents that happened to women was marriage under 18.Similarly 23% and 10% of the assessed settlements reported the most common type of protection incidents that happened to women were physical violence and killing respectively.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Five most commonly reported illnesses or injuries household members of IDP settlements had in the past two weeks prior to data collection were fever ( 12% ) , Diarrhoea  ( 4% ) , Cough with fast or difficult breathing  ( 2% ) , skin infections  ( 2% ) , eye infections  ( 0% ) .
Access to GBV services by survivors also remains limited compared to the large population in need.
Food Security and livelihoods: 74% KIs reported increase of price for food compared to the previous month while 19% KIs reported no any changes in the price of the food compared to the previous month.
Displacement: Lack of job  ( 17% ) , no consensus  ( 29% ) , no services  ( 36% )  were most commonly reported secondary reason for non displaced population leaving.
Displacement: Flooding ( 23% ) , Conflict ( 13% ) , Drought ( 47% )  were most commonly reported primary reason for population leaving the settlement of origin.
Access and Humanitarian Assistance: 97% of assessed settlements where people were reportedly not receiving any humanitarian assistance.
WASH: 21% of the assessed settlements reported that it takes less than 30 minutes to fetch water including walking, waiting and return while 40% and 23% of the assessed settlements reported it takes 30 60 minutes and 60minutes to half a day to fetch water respectively.
Shelter: 25% of the assessed settlements reported flooding was the main cause to destroy or seriously damaged the shelter while 15% of the assessed settlements reported conflict or looting was the main cause to destroy or seriously damaged the shelter.
Shelter: KIs from 38% of assessed settlements reported that shelters were destroyed or seriously damaged in the month prior to data collection.
Loss of livestock and strain on pastoral livelihoods due to drought conditions persists in negatively impacting household resilience, income and food security particularly regarding household water access and availability.
[ EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  95% of IDP settlement and 95% of non IDP settlement households found with a Education Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG ) .
By December, CCCM Cluster partners had established CCCM mechanisms in 1,009 IDP sites and assisted nearly 1.3 million people with site improvement activities. In response to COVID 19, partners completed ongoing risk communication activities in 909 IDP sites out of 2,400 IDP sites nationally, covering 1.1 million people in need  ( 43 per cent of the total caseload ) .
In addition, market price instability  ( price inflation )  for basic and staple commodities has contributed to food insecurity.
Due to the lingering effects of the drought in Jubaland, humanitarian partners have recorded the movement of IDPs and pastoral communities since late 2020.
Across the country, displacement tends to be large scale, protracted and concentrated in informal settlements around urban and peri urban areas. From January to December 2020, an estimated 1.3 million people were displaced in Somalia, of whom more than 200,000 were new and secondary displacements due to conflict and violence, while more than 930,000 were displaced due to natural disasters.
Internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  in Somalia are struggling to cope with forced evictions, lack of opportunities, harsh livelihoods, water shortages and inadequate health services. The country is a home to over 2.6 million IDPs. There are close to 3,000 IDP settlements, with the vast majority of IDPs living in overflowing and under serviced sites where access to basic services is very difficult and malnutrition is high.
Across the country, about 80 per cent of the IDP sites lack accessible water points especially in Banadir, South West and Jubaland State.
The majority of newly displaced people, according to the Camp Coordination and Camp Management  ( CCCM )  Cluster, complain of lack of food and poor shelter conditions.
[ MUTLI SECTORAL NEEDS ]  100% of the households found with Multi sectoral needs. 24% found to be extremely severe, 50% extreme, 26% severe.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  8% and 7% of households of IDP settlements and Non IDP settlement reported areas in their community where girls or women do not feel safe.
[ EDUCATION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  The most commonly reported preferred types of remote learning modalities were School textbooks  ( 66%  ) , Reading books  ( 54%  ) , Radio classes  ( 23% ) .
LIVELIHOODS/PASTORALISM: Asked if the drought affects and pasture depletion were creating intercommunal tensions, the majority  ( 87% )  either did not reply or answered “no'. However, about one third to one half of respondents from El Afwayn, Dhahar and Buhodle  ( 50%, 33% and 36% respectively )  answered that drought conditions were creating tensions between communities.
In 2021, more than 60 per cent of the total IDP caseload  ( about 1.6 million )  are considered to be the most vulnerable and require life saving humanitarian assistance.
A recent inter agency assessment, conducted with the support of the South West State  ( SWS )  authorities in Xudur district, found that the majority of people can only afford one meal a day. Only about 5 per cent of the population had enough food to eat. Acute malnutrition was noted among children and access to nutrition services was difficult.
Poor performing Deyr rains in late 2020 in Sool, Sanaag and Togdheer have led to concerns that many communities who are already experiencing elevated IPC1 classification at crisis  and/or emergency needs, will also face drought conditions and water scarcity in 2021, further exacerbating dire humanitarian conditions on the ground.
Bakool region of South West State  ( SWS )  has an estimated population of 320,000, with over 75 per cent living in rural settings as pastoralists or agro pastoralists. While the region has faced food insecurity for many years, the humanitarian situation has significantly worsened recently, largely due to insecurity, intimidation and a blockade, as well as disruption of economic and commercial activities, and restricted humanitarian access owing to insecurity related to the presence oarmed non state actors.
Compounding the various challenges, food prices have rapidly increased. According to food security partners and local authorities in Xudur town, imported food items such as sugar, pasta, dates, rice and vegetable oil now cost almost 100 per cent more compared to Baidoa town.
[ MUTLI SECTORAL NEEDS ]  The 100% households found to have an overall MSNI of 3 and above, this score was most commonly driven by extreme LSGs in WASH, Education, SNFI AND Nutrition  ( 14% ) , followed by WASH, Education AND SNFI  ( 9% ) , or WASH, Education, SNFI, Nutrition AND Food security  ( 9% ) .
According to the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit  ( FSNAU ) , over 2.7 million people across Somalia are expected to face crisis or emergency levels of food insecurity by mid 20212. However, humanitarian partners estimate that this number will likely continue to grow in the latter half of the year.
The number of people in need has consistently increased over the last three years, from 4.2 million in 2019 to 5.2 million in 2020 and 5.9 million in 2021. This is further reflected in the number of displaced people in 2020; Somalia recorded the highest number over the past three years at 1.2 million displaced people, compared to 884,000 in 2018 and 770,000 in 2019.
Based on an assessment carried out in Hargeysa and Burao in Somaliland in 2020, the INGO found that 42 per cent of adults believed that being out of education increased a girl's risk of undergoing FGM, which traditionally took place during the school holidays. Some 61 per cent of respondents said they believed FGM had increased as a result of the pandemic.
On the one hand they are backing a president who has long seemed keener to hold on to power than to build democracy. In 2019 he expelled the UN's top envoy for questioning whether the arrest of the leading candidate in a regional election was legal. The president has also picked fights with neighbouring Kenya. And he has drawn closer to Eritrea and its ruthless dictator, Issaias Afwerki.
According to WHO Somalia, midwives and nurses have a double perspective on Female Genital Mutilation  ( FGM )  . At work, they see girls and women living with the health and psychological consequences of undergoing this harmful practice. As community members, they understand the social norms that sustain Female Genital Mutilation  ( FGM )  as a rite of passage, whether through traditional practitioners of FGM or even sometimes by health workers themselves.
The poor and erratic rainfall in late 2020 will therefore likely serve as one of the primary drivers of food insecurity across Sool, Sanaag and Togdheer in 2021, with as many as 2.7 million people facing IPC Phase 3 or above through mid 2021 without humanitarian assistance  ( FSNAU Technical Release, February 2021 ) .
Somalia continues to grapple with the COVID 19 pandemic despite reports of fewer cases in the recent period. As of 1 February, Somalia has recorded over 4,780 confirmed cases including 3,700 recoveries and 130 deaths since the onset of the pandemic in March 2020. While the number of positive COVID 19 cases has dropped by 90 per cent since April June 2020  ( the peak of the outbreak thus far ) , the outbreak is far from over.
The latest World Bank Somalia Economic Update says COVID 19 has impacted all sectors of the economy leading to declines in revenue for both Federal and state governments. The pandemic has limited livestock exports, trade taxes and remittances, with direct impact on poor households, services and core government functions. The authorities have launched a coordinated national response to the crisis. In the short term, the government prioritized containment of the pandemic's spread through promoting social distancing, restrictions of large public gatherings, a partial domestic lockdown, and strengthening disease surveillance and health interventions.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  53% of Households of IDP settlements have not been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection while 35% of Households of IDP settlements have been able to access healthcare facilities in the six months prior to data collection.
The 2020 Deyr  ( October December )  rainfall season is likely to be below average to average across the country, which could lead to drought and trigger a worsening of the humanitarian situation if the 2021 Gu  ( April June )  season rainfall is also delayed or performs poorly
Accordingly, during the projection period of October December 2020, most rural livelihoods are expected to remain classified in Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 ) , with the exception of Guban pastoral, Toghdeer agro pastoroal, East Golis pastoral of Sanaag, and Coastal Deeh pastoral of central regions, Hiran riverine, Middle Shabelle and Lower Juba riverine livelihoods and Bay Bakool low potential agro pastoral, which are classified in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 ) , and Southern Inland Pastoral of Hiran, Shabelle, Bakool, Bay and Juba, which are classified in Minimal Acute Food Insecurity  ( IPC Phase 1 )
The rhythm of Somalia's development is dictated by the patterns of rainfall which govern the recurring cycles of drought and flooding, the growth of vegetation, the practice of traditional livelihoods, and the growth of the economy.
[ PROTECTION LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  4% of households of IDP populations score 4+  ( extreme+ )  Protection Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG )  severity score and 4% score 4 (  extreme )  Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG )  severity score . Similarly, 2% of households of non IDP populations score 4+  ( extreme+ ) Protection Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG )  severity score and 3% score 4  (  extreme )  Living Standard Gaps  ( LSG )  severity score .
People with disabilities face physical, communication, attitudinal and policy barriers which mean they can be inadvertently excluded from receiving appropriate humanitarian assistance or being able to engage in decision making or accountability processes.
Somalia's large diaspora community sends home approximately US$ 1.4 billion per year. The World Bank estimates remittances will fall 17% in 2020 due to a reduced financial capacity of the Somali diaspora and increased difficulties of moving funds into Somalia, potentially accelerating a more longer term decline as second or third generation diaspora are less connected to relatives in Somalia.
Population movement: Respondents in Aynabo, Badhan, Burao districts also observed that new camps were being created to deal with the influx of newly displaced households. However, respondents viewed that these new camps  ( named: Alla Amin, Ceeg and "15" )  generally as being underequipped and with significant water needs.
Food security: Furthermore, there was also significant feedback regarding the observation of continued food price inflation making it more difficult to purchase foods in addition to unavailability or shortages of many common staples 61% of respondents observed that prices had increased compared with the previous month.
The crisis is aggravated by climatic shocks, widespread poverty, and long term vulnerability. Climate related events, mainly drought and flooding, have increased in frequency and intensity, compounding humanitarian needs in the last three decades, and undermining community resilience
In all of the reported cases of cholera, the individual did not receive the oral cholera vaccination.
In Southwest, prices of essential food items and fuel remain high in most markets and availability is low.
There is low acceptance of local Somali shilling currency notes in the main markets of Puntland due to devaluation.
In addition, 849,900 children under the age of five years face acute malnutrition over the next 12 months  ( September 2020 to August 2021 ) , including 143,400 likely to be severely malnourished.
While large scale humanitarian food assistance and government support since July 2020 is likely to have mitigated the magnitude and severity of food insecurity, the situation is expected to deteriorate towards mid year among poor rural, urban and displaced populations. The situation will likely be exacerbated by erratic weather patterns which are expected to continue in 2021, including La Niña in the first quarter of the year, with drought conditions forecast due to a harsh Jilaal dry season  ( January March 2021 )  and possible delayed or poor Gu rains  ( April June 2021 ) .
The conclusions of the assessments called on authorities and partners to establish emergency preparedness mechanisms to mitigate the likely impact of drought related shocks. It urged the humanitarian community to explore the possibility to mobilize resources for anticipatory and early actions as well as to adapt current programming to contribute to drought preparedness.
Food insecurity is expected to worsen in 2021 across Somalia, driven by the effects of localized floods, below average rainfall and a worsening Desert Locust infestation.
[ In Galmudug ]  Some 39 out of 61 communities also reported that the majority of community members had reduced water consumption in the previous four weeks due to water scarcity. Five communities  ( Afweyne Banaan, Baladul Amiin, Mirawled, Qalqaloocan and Shaxshaxley )  reported having neither functional boreholes, shallow wells with water nor a water trucking/piped network.
WASH/Water access: Respondents identified that around one third of their communities' households do not have sufficient water access. The largest proportion of Respondents identified that 88% of the water points did not produce sufficient water for drinking, with 83% not producing enough water for any other purpose as well.
In addition, Cyclone Gati caused significant damages and livestock deaths in northeastern coastal areas in November. Furthermore, recurrent floods between July and early November displaced people and damaged crops in riverine areas of Hiraan, Shabelle and Juba regions.
A total of 2,350 children in local schools in IDP camps in Banadir, Gedo and Lower Juba regions received explosive ordnance risk education  ( EORE ) . Messages were also broadcasted reaching over 104,000 listeners in Doolow, Luuq, Beled Hawa and Mogadishu.
Food Security: 83% of respondents Identify the shortage of water during the Deyr rains as contributing the food shortages and general deterioration in food security.
Service delivery modalities were through structured and non structured activities such as group counselling, psychological first aid, play therapy and peer to peer support. Children's right to a family was achieved through identification, registering, tracing, family reunification of 1,119 unaccompanied and separated children.
In January, the communication team marked the International Day of Education and highlighted the importance of skilled teachers and every child's right to an education especially in emergencies through various materials. The team emphasized the importance of empowering young people, continued to share messages on key COVID 19 prevention measures, showcased key results from 2020 and provided visibility to donors through the Country Office's Facebook, Instagram and Twitter feeds
During January, 19,887 children were supported with a comprehensive education in emergency package. To improve the infrastructure and services in schools, UNICEF supported the construction or rehabilitation of 23 classrooms and 30 WASH facilities  ( latrines ) .
Social mobilization campaigns were conducted in all supported communities, which led to an increase in the number of enrolled children in schools, especially girls and children with disabilities.
Parts of Somalia are currently facing severe water shortages following the poor performance of 2020 short rains  ( Deyr )  and the subsequent abnormally high temperatures, heightening fears of a deepening humanitarian crisis in coming months. The current water shortage is likely to exacerbate in the coming months especially in Sool, Sanaag, parts of Galmudug, Bay, Bakool and Lower Juba where their main sources  ( shallow wells and Berkad )  have already dried up, resulting a sharp increase in water prices.
Puntland report on the Humanitarian situation estimates population affected 1,876,624 persons. Out of the total population it is estimated that 469,156 women and girls  ( 25 percent of women and girls of reproductive age )  are impacted by the drought events. In Gedo region of Jubba land a total estimate of 133, 310 women and girls have been reported to be impacted by the droughts in Garbaharay, Badera, Beltheawa, Elwak, Dolow and Luuq.
WASH/Sanitation: On average, less than one third  ( 28% )  of latrines were viewed as “usable', while 31% were viewed as “accessible'. The proportion of community members practicing open defecation was identified at 63% on average.
UNICEF and implementing partners provided essential health services to vulnerable people in prioritised South Central areas, of which 16,133 children under 5 years and 12,402 women received curative out patient clinic consultations  ( OPD ) . There were 3,006 children under 1 year who received Penta 3 and 4,112 children who received measles vaccinations.
Preventive nutrition services are one of the core components of the UNICEF programmes with 18,951 pregnant and lactating women reached with preventative services through supplementary nutrition services. There were 77,996 primary caregivers of children under two years who received appropriate counselling on infant and young child feeding.
During a 25 January visit to Garowe, the capital of Puntland, Swan met with Puntland President Said Abdullahi Deni. Speaking to the media after the meeting, Swan said that there was a “need for constructive compromise between the Federal Government and Federal Member States to reach agreement over implementation of the electoral process' given that it is “in the national interest'. Speaking to the Council on 23 November 2020, Swan called for the country's political consensus to be “preserved and indeed deepened
According to FAO/FSNAU, it is expected that 838,860 children under the age of five years will likely suffer from acute malnutrition in 2021. The results from FSNAU show a critical prevalence of acute malnutrition amongst internally displaced people  ( IDPs )  camps in urban settings which underscore the underlying vulnerability of IDP populations.
The humanitarian response plan for 2021 has identified 5.9 million people in need in Somalia, an increase from 5.2 million in 2020.
The February 2021 draft GBVIMS  [ GBV Information Management System ]  report for Gedo indicators an increase from 4 percent for Female genital mutilations ( FGM )  in 2019 to 6 percent. Families are anxious to secure economic security and reduce the burden of feeding by undertaking FGM to ensure marriageability of their female children.
In a 25 January letter to the the African Union ( AU ) , the Kenyan government warned of large scale displacement of civilians and further destabilisation in the region if the fighting in the area continued.
Destitute households including women, girls and elderly have moved to remote villages as safe haven with limited GBV services. There are unconfirmed reports of rape incidents at the border by both combatants.
In health facilities there were 419 frontline health workers equipped with gowns and face shields and 921 workers with gloves and masks for COVID 19 triage and essential health service continuity.
UNICEF continued its COVID 19 response and extended supplementary COVID programme agreements to March 2021 for 46 Somaliland and 27 South Central health facilities, 95 per cent of whom have established hand washing and triage stations outside.
[ SHELTER & NON FOOD ITEMS  ( SNFI )  LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  The highest percentage of households per SNFI LSG severity score, per population group for IDP settlement was 53% for extreme and lowest was 0% for no or minimal. Similarly highest percentage of households per SNFI LSG severity score, per population group for Non IDP settlement was 67% for severe and lowest was 0% for no or minimal and extreme+.
Protection and Safety: General safety concerns were not identified as being prevalent, with over 80% of respondents reporting that they did not have any safety or security issues in accessing food  ( i.e. going to market, fetching water, etc. ) . However, the nearly 20% of respondents who did identify safety concerns almost always identified the threat of SGBV against women who travel outside of the home to conduct any of the previously mentioned activities
In a recent South West State assessment; majority of the respondents reported that everyone in the community wasn't able to access basic obstetric care, reproductive health services and safe home delivery. Only 2.4% percent reported having the access to Basic Obstetric care, only 9.5% to Reproductive health services and 17.4% have the access to safe home delivery.
The shortages of safe drinking water have led to an increase of acute watery diarrhoea  ( AWD )  /cholera cases in some areas of the country. According to the Ministry of Health and Human Services, a total of 78 new suspected cases of cholera were reported in the last week of January from Bay and Banadir regions with no deaths
Similarly, efforts to harmonize taxes across the federal and state governments, remove internal trade barriers, and clearly define revenue sharing need to be intensified along with deepening the fiscal federalism agenda and dialogue. Such measures will increase the fiscal space of both the federal and state governments.
LIVELIHOODS/PASTORALISM: Lack of rains, locusts and flooding were cited as the top three  ( 3 )  reasons for pasture erosion  ( 44%, 41% and 44% of respondents respectively ) . Overgrazing was identified by 21% of respondents as a reason for pasture depletion.
Providing large scale and sustained humanitarian assistance and livelihood support is critical to close the debilitating food consumption gaps that threaten vulnerable Somalis. There is an urgent need to protect their livelihoods and strengthen their resilience.
Humanitarian needs are likely to continue to increase as the onset of La Niña approaches. Two back to back seasons of poor or failed rainfall could trigger a major humanitarian crisis as observed in 2010/2011 and 2016/2017.
Delayed and irregular rainfall throughout the year, particularly during key agricultural seasons, resulted in poor crop production, inadequate replacement of pasture and water resources and displacement, eroding the livelihood assets and resilience of rural communities
2.65 million people projected to be in high acute food insecurity in between April  June 2021.
In riverine areas of Hiiraan, Middle Shabelle, Lower Juba, and Middle Juba, where flooding caused significant crop damage, limited agricultural labor, displaced households, and increased water borne disease incidence, poor households are in Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 ) . Most face food consumption gaps and spend much of their time working on other farms to earn some income to purchase food. In northwestern agropastoral areas, Stressed  ( IPC Phase 2 )  outcomes exist.
[ HEALTH LIVING STANDARDS GAP  ( LSG )  ]  Five most commonly reported illnesses or injuries household members of IDP settlements had in the past two weeks prior to data collection were fever ( 3% ) , Diarrhoea  ( 1% )
Pastoralists in central livelihood zones also face the highest risk of damage from growing desert locust populations and have low access to humanitarian assistance
In 2019, more than 260,000 people were forcibly evicted from their homes, including over 150,000 in Mogadishu alone.