nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
In Chibok LGA, nearly half of households reported high water collection times  ( 45% ) , and a third of households reported not having any access to an improved water source  ( 33% ) . A similar pattern was seen in Kwaya Kusar, Askira/Uba, and Hawul of a lack of improved water sources  ( 41%, 40% and 38% respectively )  and high water collection times  ( 37%, 33%, 39% ) , with unprotected wells being the main water source reported for these LGAs  ( 42%, 43% and 42% respectively ) . Overall, about half of households in southern Borno that had a need for WASH support, were also vulnerable, with the majority of these vulnerable households having PLWs.
Over one tenth of IDP households reported missing a family member  ( 13% ) . LGAs displaying the highest protection needs were Mobbar, Guzamala and Kukawa LGAs with 96%, 69% and 67% of households showing protection needs respectively. The trends were similar across these LGAs, with about half of households having no adult member with identity documentation  ( 56% in Guzamala, 48% in Mobbar, and 42% in Kukawa ) , and half of households having faced movement restrictions  ( 54% in Mobbar, 50% in Guzamala, 52% in Kukawa ) . Of all households in Northern Borno with protection needs  ( 80% ) , over half had at least one type of vulnerability  ( 52% ) , and of those households, one fourth was female headed  ( 25% ) , or was with a PLW  ( 26% ) , and one fifth displayed high age dependency ratio  ( 18% ) .
In Magumeri, the most commonly observed sectoral needs combination was food security and education  ( 80% ) , with many of these households also facing Shelter/NFI  ( 61% ) , livelihoods  ( 53% ) , health  ( 46% )  and protection needs  ( 44% ) . Other sectoral pairings of note include Shelter/NFI and Livelihoods needs  ( 32% ) . A lower rate of households with any vulnerabilities was observed in Magumeri  ( 39% )  compared to Borno  ( 53% ) , with the most common vulnerabilities being female headed households  ( 21% )  and PLWs  ( 19% ) .
Non displaced households overall had fairly good access to improved water sources  ( 4% with no access ) , with their main concerns being lack of latrine access  ( 25% )  and soap in the household  ( 29% ) . Returnees had the highest rate of reporting high water collection times  ( 34% ) . The worst WASH needs were noted in Bama  ( 17% )  and Gwoza  ( 16% ) , with Bama showing the most severe WASH needs in the state  ( 5.8 )
Overall in the state and in both domains, returnee and non displaced households were likelier to spend savings compared to IDP households – respectively 42% and 39% vs. 28%. On the other hand, 4% IDP households in Northern Adamawa reported having resorted to selling productive assets, and 3% reported not being able to do so anymore, suggesting they were left without any productive assets.
LGAs most affected at the time of data collection included Demsa, Mayo Belwa, Lamurde, Shelleng, Guyuk, Yola South and Girei in Southern Adamawa. Out of those, two LGAs reported a high proportion of households in very high or high needs: 67% with high or very high needs in Lamurde and 52% with high or very high needs in Numan. In addition to high reports of households in need of education and health services, LGAs affected by the farmer / herder conflict also recorded high needs in food security, and in Numan where the conflict has been the highest, more than 23% of households had high protection needs. Of households reporting security incidents in Numan, 94% reported killings/violence, 57% reported destruction of property and 41% reported armed attacks.
In Magumeri LGA, over one in three households showed “high' or “very high' multi sectoral needs  ( 35% )  with greater needs in food security  ( 94% ) , protection  ( 44% )  and health  ( 48% )  as compared to other Central Borno LGAs. While the overall severity of needs in Magumeri  ( 20.1 )  was above the state average  ( 15.5 ) , the severity was comparable across Central Borno.
Among the 23% of IDP households in Yobe who had “high' or “very high' multi sectoral needs, need for support in education  ( 83% )  and food security  ( 82% )  drove IDPs' unmet needs. The third most contributing sector among IDPs was health  ( 69% ) . Returnees reported similar sectors driving their overall needs, with the 27% of households with “high' or “very high' multi sectoral needs, driven by 74% of households in need of health support and 72% of households in need of food security services. Notably, 71% of returnee households in Yobe reported the presence of a household level vulnerability, driven by particularly high rates of pregnant or lactating women  ( 36% )  and high age dependency ratios  ( 13% ) , both of which indicate household members who may need ongoing or frequent health related attention. Among non displaced households in Yobe, 23% had “high' or “very high' multi sectoral needs, driven by 77% of households in need of education support and 72% in need of health support.
Fufore LGA was particularly affected by unmet needs in education. 95% of households were found to be in need of education support in the LGA, which was also the case for several other LGAs such as Demsa, Hong and Lamurde. However, what characterised Fufore LGA was the severity of education needs – the average severity score reached 8.2 out of 10, which was the second highest in the state  ( only Mubi North showed more severe needs with a severity score of 9.6, but 76% of households were found to be in need ) .
Reports of households experiencing very high or high needs were overall very high – domains in Admawa demonstrated the highest needs of any domains assessed in this study  ( 42% ) , driven by Mubi North and Michika, the two LGAs where households reported the highest needs  ( respectively 72% and 69% of households in very high or high needs ) .
Among the non displaced, one fourth of households had no access to cash  ( 23% )    the lowest access rate across the state. Nangere LGA recorded the highest livelihoods needs overall  ( 56% ) , mostly due to over three in four households reporting a decreased income  ( 76% ) . Indebtedness was also common in Nangere LGA  ( 72% ) , as well as in Fika  ( 77% ) , where households were the most likely to report having debt. In Fika and Fune LGA nearly one in ten households reportedly turned to crisis/emergency coping mechanisms  ( 9% ) , while one third of households lacked access to cash in Gulani, Potiskum, Gujba and Fune.
In Gwoza LGA, which showed one of the highest overall shelter/NFI need across Borno State  ( 84% ) , 88% of households reported not owning at least half of the basic NFI kit items, three in four households reportedly sharing shelter with another family  ( 72% ) , and one fifth of households having partially damaged or completely destroyed shelter  ( 21% ) . This pattern was similarly observed in Dikwa and Bama LGA, with most households lacking more than half of the basic NFI kit items  ( 85% in Dikwa and 91% in Bama ) , and three in four households sharing shelter with another family  ( 77% in Dikwa and 75% in Bama ) .
Food insecurity in Yobe state, like Borno and Adamawa, poses a significant burden to IDP, returnee and non displaced populations. Although food security was a primary need in all three states, the proportion of households in Yobe that reported food insecurity, at 71.9%, were higher rates reported in both Borno  ( 61% )  and Adamawa  ( 66% )  states. Overall high rates of food insecurity were driven by two indicators, the percent of households reporting a barrier to accessing food  ( 92.3% )  and those reporting an insufficient fuel source as the most common fuel sources used for cooking  ( 92.7% ) .
Across Yobe state, three fourths of households reported education needs  ( 77% ) , with minor differences across geographic areas. Among the population groups and across domains, IDP households had the highest and most severe education needs  ( 83%, 7.6 ) , due to children not attending school  ( 71% ) . Over two thirds of households had at least one child who never attended formal schooling  ( 67% ) , and almost all households lacked school supplies  ( 94% ) . Returnee households were the most likely to report at least one barrier to accessing education services  ( 73% ) .
Among the non displaced households with nutrition need, one in four was also vulnerable  ( 27% ) , with PLWs. Households in Bama  ( 19% )  and Gwoza LGAs  ( 15% )  displayed the highest needs, followed by Ngala  ( 7% )  and Dikwa LGAs  ( 6% ) .
Sixty percent of households had at least one child not attending formal or informal school, and close to half of households had at least one child who never attended formal school  ( 45% ) . Of all households in Borno State with education needs, roughly one in three had at least one type of vulnerability  ( 37% ) , with nearly one in five having PLW  ( 18% ) , or a female head of household  ( 17% ) . In Borno State, households facing the highest education needs were observed in Southern and Central Borno  ( 74% and 73% ) .
High humanitarian needs persisted at the time of data collection in the state of Adamawa as stated above, with an overall 42% of households reporting high or very high needs. These high needs were driven primarily by widespread unmet needs in education  ( 88% )  and health  ( 87% )  followed to a lesser extent by unmet needs in food security  ( 66% )  and WASH  ( 62% )
Across Borno State, 5% of households were in need, with IDPs being more affected. One in ten IDP households had a severely or moderately malnourished child, with 26.2% of IDP households in Borno state demonstrating moderate acute malnutrition.
As mentioned in the education sector, it is not unusual to observe that IDP households are more vulnerable in general; this is nonetheless a worrying observation when it comes to protection concerns: IDP households, which generally tend to include more vulnerable members will de facto be more subjected to protection concerns.
Southern Borno had the highest health needs across the state, with nearly three fourth of households in need  ( 73% ) . Almost half of these households were vulnerable  ( 41% ) , among which one fifth were female headed  ( 22% ) . Non displaced and returnee households showed the biggest challenges, due to quality and distance related barriers, and a high number of sick family members. Among the returnee households with health needs, 41% were also vulnerable, among which high numbers were with PLW  ( 21% ) , chronically ill members  ( 6% ) , and separated or unaccompanied children  ( 3% )
Meanwhile, 49% of non displaced households in Northern Yobe reported vulnerability. There are inherent risks that arise when a family does not have access to a latrine – having to go out alone at night to use the restroom, the risks to privacy, and sexual and gender based violence  ( SGBV )  risks that are easily compounded when the person at risk is already vulnerable.
State wide, returnees in Yobe demonstrated the second highest proportion of households in need of food security support. However, the driving force of this proportion is distinctly related to returnees in Southern Yobe of whom 100% reported at least one barrier to accessing food, 90.7% reported a barrier to accessing markets and 88.6% did not have sufficient water for cooking. While these needs are basic and dire, they are concentrated in a geographic area with a specific population and should therefore inform responses to returnee needs in the southern part of the state.
Roughly three in four households in Central Borno had education needs  ( 73% ) , though the highest needs were observed among non displaced  ( 80% )  and returnee households  ( 76% ) . High education needs were mostly the result of households reportedly not having access to school supplies  ( 93% ) . Over half of households reported having at least one child who never attended formal school  ( 52% ) , the highest in Borno State. By LGA, two of the LGAs in Borno State with the highest education needs were recorded in Central Borno: Magumeri  ( 85% )  and Konduga  ( 85% ) .
Higher needs for returnees in this domain were driven by higher proportions of households reporting not owning basic school supplies  ( 88% of households ) , and experiencing barriers to accessing education services – 86% of returnee households in Southern Adamawa vs. 73% of returnee households in Northern Adamawa. While 89% of households were found to be in need of education support in Southern Adamawa, 45% of those were also considered vulnerable. The ratio of households in need and vulnerable especially for IDP and returnee households was lower in Southern Adamawa compared to the Northern domain and the state overall.
2019 marks an important milestone in the political landscape of Nigeria as elections will take place early in the year for the Presidency, Governorship, as well as national and state legislatures. They follow elections from 2015, which – although widely considered a success – afterwards saw episodes of unrest notably in the Northeastern States. In many places, it is expected that the post election period could have consequences in the state of Borno.
The most affected LGAs in Central Yobe  ( and across the state )  were Jakusko  ( 76% ) , Bursari  ( 66% )  and Bade LGAs  ( 65% ) . In Jakusko, high needs were driven by the highest prevalence of inadequate shelters  ( 38% )  in the state, and households lacking more than half of the basic NFI kit items  ( 81% ) . Over one in ten households were also at risk of eviction  ( 11% ) . In Bursari and Bade the shelters of nearly one third of households were reported to be damaged or completely destroyed  ( 31%, 30% ) . Bade LGA also hosted one of the highest proportions of households at risk of eviction  ( 18% ) .
Lack of school supplies was most reported in Yusufari, Nguru Machina and Karasuwa, while dropout rates were the highest in Yunusari, Karasuwa and Yusufari. Within the state, Yusufari had the lowest formal schooling rates  ( 75% ) , followed by Karasuwa and Yunusari. Generally, IDP and non displaced households were the most affected  ( 81% of households had education needs ) . By LGA, Karasuwa  ( 83% ) , Nguru  ( 81% ) , and Yusufari  ( 80% )  had the highest education needs, closely followed by Yunusari  ( 79% )
Shelter/NFI needs in Monguno, the third highest across Borno State, were mainly due to more than three in four households lacking more than half of the basic NFI kit items  ( 87% ) , living without adequate shelter  ( 79% ) , and sharing shelter with another family  ( 75% ) .
Across Borno State, a lack of latrine access, long water collection waiting times, lack of soap in the household and low household water consumption were similar across population groups, however with notable geographic differences. A higher proportion of non displaced households had WASH needs compared to IDPs or returnees, mostly due to lesser proportion of non displaced households reporting access to improved water sources  ( 28% ) . At the state level, WASH severity was modest overall  ( 4.6 ) , with no major difference between groups.
Across population groups, the main indicator contributing to unmet health needs was the proportion of households reporting at least 1 quality related barrier to accessing health services  (  77% of returnee households, 79% of non displaced households and 80% of IDP households ) . However, the second indicator contributing to unmet health needs  ( a long distance to nearest health facility ) , differed greatly across population groups.
There was little difference in the state of Adamawa across population groups for health needs. The proportion of households with unmet health needs was 82% for returnee households, 84% for IDP households and 87% for non displaced households. The severity of health needs was higher for non displaced and returnee households compared to IDP households  ( respectively 5.6 and 5.8 vs. 5.2 ) . While the two main indicators feeding into the health needs analysis were similar for non displaced households as for overall in the state, IDP and returnee households were most affected by barriers to accessing health services  ( respectively 77% and 68% ) , and by members being sick in the 2 weeks prior to data collection  ( respectively 63% and 64% ) .
Four in five households in Northern Borno had protection needs  ( 80% ) , the highest across Borno State, with notable differences between population groups. While overall the proportion of IDP households in need was lower than that of returnee households  ( 76% vs. 93% ) , their protection needs were more severe  ( 4.8 vs. 4.3 ) , probably due to returnees being smaller in number in the north. The indicator driving the severity of needs was a high proportion of households located in wards where explosive incidents were reported  ( 91% ) .
In Central Yobe, needs and trends were similar to Northern Yobe, with over two in three households having health needs  ( 67% ) , with non displaced households being the most affected. By LGA, Bursari had the most households displaying health needs both in the domain and in the state  ( 74% ) . Health needs in Bursari were largely due to quality related barriers  ( 56% )  and low vaccination rates  ( 44% ) . Distance to health facilities was the most commonly reported barrier in Jakusko LGA, with over seven out of ten households reporting the facility being over 2 km away  ( 71% ) .
As flooding can damage infrastructure, displace populations to inadequate shelters, and swamp latrines, waste management and drinking water into a single stream, the presence of cyclical floods amplifies the risk and spread of water borne illnesses. In communities with few resources to care for one self, and little civic infrastructure including accessible, quality health facilities, an instance of water borne illness can easily cause death and damage family units. Cholera outbreaks can occur in locations where water supply and/or sanitation is inadequate and access to health services is challenged and do occur, nearly yearly, during the rainy season in the BAY states. Set against aforementioned floods, poverty, and insecurity this highly communicable disease exacerbates a conglomeration of crises.
Two barriers were most commonly cited that impeded the populations' ability to get information in Adamawa, with the lack of electricity  ( 58% )  being the most reported reason by households overall, followed by the lack of mobile network affecting 29% of households. For IDP households overall and especially in the Southern Adamawa domain, the lack of resources to buy phone credit was also commonly reported  ( 23% ) , shedding light on a potentially poor financial situation for this population group compared to others. About one third of households overall were satisfied with how they got information, stating there were no barriers to receiving information  ( 32% ) .
Needs for education were remarkably high across all states and all population groups   the highest of any given sector. In Borno, 70% of households reported education needs with a state wide average severity of 6.1/10. Needs were fairly uniform across population groups, with non displaced and returnees showing only slightly higher proportions of households in need than IDPs. In Adamawa 88% of households demonstrated an unmet need in education with an average severity score of 7.3/10. Again, needs were generally uniform across population groups. In contrast to the uniformity of education related needs among population groups in Borno and Adamawa, IDPs in Yobe demonstrated higher and more severe education needs than returnees or non displaced, with 83% of households having unmet education needs with an average severity of 7.6.
The other two main indicators feeding into high needs were related to access to services: 77% of households reported at least one barrier to accessing educations services, and 73% reported that at least one child in the household was not currently attending formal education or had dropped out. Households do not have access to basic school supplies and in addition can scarcely access education services, raising alarming concerns related to the state of education in Adamawa.
Guzamala households demonstrated the largest needs within Northern Borno for education, shelter/NFI, WASH, health, nutrition, and food security, in addition to large protection and livelihoods needs. The majority of households reported having at least one vulnerability  ( 60% ) , with pregnant and breastfeeding women  ( 33% ) , female headed households  ( 28% ) , and households with high age dependency ratios  ( 16% )  being the most common.
In Madagali, Michika and Mubi North LGAs, 78%, 75% and 73% of households were found to be in need of recovery and livelihoods support   the highest proportions across the three states assessed in this MSNA. In addition, Mubi North presented the highest severity score across the state in this sector with 5.9 out of 10. Similar to the state and domain overall results, high needs in those LGAs were mainly driven by change in income level and household debt
State wide, IDPs and returnees had the same overall proportion of households in need  ( 14% ) , but had different driving indicators. For IDPs, 28% of households at the state level reported needing more than 30 minutes to collect water. This indicator was most frequently reported by IDPs in Northern Yobe, with 42% reporting needing more than 30 minutes to collect water   the greatest proportion of any population group in the state to report this obstacle.
In Borno, flood prone areas are primarily located in the east and central part of the state. Key informant interviews highlighted areas where multiple floods occurred during the last rainy season, ultimately pushing many to abandon their shelters. In East Borno, two thirds of KIs reported multiple floods  ( 66% ) , while 13% reported one flood taking place that resulted in the loss of shelter or forced displacement, with Gwoza, Dikwa, Ngala and Kala Balge being most affected. In Gwoza, 83% of KIs reported greater than two thirds of households being abandoned due to flooding, while one fifth of households reported a partially damaged or completely destroyed shelter  ( 21% ) . In Ngala, the majority of respondents reported between one third and two thirds of households as abandoned  ( 45% ) .
Compared to the overall state analysis, needs reported did not vary much from one domain to another. The average severity of needs in the sector was found to be slightly higher in Northern Adamawa with 6.2 compared to Southern Adamawa with 6.0. Households in Northern Adamawa reported a higher proportion of households not able to access the land or water for agricultural livelihoods: 38% households in the North were reported not being able to access the land necessary for cultivation, compared to 23% of households in Southern Adamawa; 60% of households in Northern Adamawa reported not being able to access the amount of water needed for cultivation as compared to 46% of households in Southern Adamawa.
A variety of barriers impede the population's ability to get information in Borno State, with a lack of electricity  ( 29% ) , and an inability to buy phone credit  ( 14% )  stated as the most common obstacles. For IDP households, illiteracy was shown to be another challenge as information is often provided in written format but respondents are frequently illiterate  ( 25% ) , particularly in Monguno  ( 45% ) , Mafa  ( 34% )  and Nganzai  ( 33% )  LGAs. About one fifth of households were satisfied with how they got information, stating there were no barriers to receiving information  ( 21% ) . Written information presented in the wrong language was reported as an issue among returnee populations in Central Borno, specifically in Gubio  ( 23% )  and Mafa  ( 20% )  LGAs. This issue was also cited in several other LGAs, including Askira/Uba  ( 32% ) , Dikwa  ( 26% ) , Hawul  ( 25% ) .
Partially damaged or completely destroyed shelter, and risk of eviction was most commonly observed among returnees  ( 24% and 27% ) . Returnee households had the least access to the basic NFI kit with only 62% of this population groups having access to at least half of the items of the basic NFI kit.
Multi sectoral need in Adamawa were driven by unmet needs in education  ( 88% ) , health  ( 87% )  and WASH  ( 62% ) . Unmet needs in the education and health sectors most frequently co occurred, with 76% of households across population groups in Adamawa needing simultaneous support in these two sectors. Sixty percent of households state wide had dual needs in food security and education, therein demonstrating a mix of needs between both life saving and life enhancing support. During a preliminary review of 2018 MSNA data with sector leads, it was suggested that needs in health and WASH are compounding and contributing to unmet needs in education as schools lack water points and latrines, which discourages proper hygiene for children inside the classroom and in turn attendance for children outside the classroom.
Overall protection needs were not among the highest reported needs in Borno State with nearly one in four households found to be in need  ( 23% ) , and considerable differences were observed across geographic regions and population groups. While one in three households across the state were located in a ward where key informants reported experiencing explosive incidents in the three months prior to data collection  ( 33% ) , returnees were twice as likely to be located in such a ward  ( 68% ) .
As such, only 15% of IDP households reported not accessing improved water sources  ( vs. 52% and 30% for non displaced and returnee households )  and 8% of households reported not accessing functioning latrines  ( vs. 50% and 26% for non displaced and returnee households ) .
In Southern Adamawa, a higher proportion of households were found to be in need of WASH as compared to Northern Adamawa, with 66% of households affected vs. 51% in the Northern part of the state. While the proportion of households in need was higher, the severity of those needs remained consistent across the domain  ( 5.2 ) .
A slightly higher proportion of displaced population groups reported that their level of income in the three months prior to data collection had decreased – 80% of returnee households and 73% of IDP households affected vs. 70% of non displaced households affected. While 48% of households overall were found to be in need of recovery and livelihoods support, 46% of those were also found to be vulnerable. In line with the analysis above, displaced population groups were also found to have a higher ratio of households in need and vulnerable at the same time, with IDP households presenting the highest need and vulnerability ratio: 59% of those IDP households found to be in need of recovery and livelihoods support were also vulnerable.
Three in four returnee households reported having a household member being sick the two weeks prior to data collection, the highest proportion in the state  ( 74% ) . LGAs with notably high health needs in Northern Yobe included Yusufari LGA  ( 72% ) , in part due to common reports of far distances to health facilities  ( 70% ) .
High needs in Southern Adamawa were driven by 92% of returnee households in Southern Adamawa in need of food and agriculture support. While the proportion of returnee households having poor or borderline FCS was lower than for IDP households, there was a much higher proportion of returnees resorting to food related coping strategies  ( 73% vs. respectively 55% and 43% for IDP and non displaced households ) . IDPs were more likely to not have been able to plant or cultivate during the dry season prior to data collection  ( 81% )  than non displaced  ( 65% )  or returnee households  ( 55% ) .
In Central Yobe, returnee households were twice as likely to have protection needs  ( 28% )  than IDP households  ( 13% ) , mostly due to KIs reporting UXOs related incidents in the wards where they were located  ( 51% ) , and movement restrictions  ( 44% ) . Non displaced persons reported similarly high levels of movement restrictions  ( 44% ) . Overall, lacking identity documents was most commonly reported in Central Yobe across domains, with one in five households reportedly not having any adult with personal legal documentation  ( 23% )
Across Yobe state, over half of the population displayed shelter/NFI needs  ( 55% ) , with similar level of needs across population groups. However, the severity of the needs was the highest among IDPs  ( 5.1 ) , due to the highest levels of needs across almost all indicators: lack of adequate shelter  ( 21% ) , risk of eviction within a month  ( 20% ) , lacking more than half of the basic NFI kit items  ( 62% ) ,43 and sharing a household with another family  ( 66% ) .
Geographically, the highest multi sectoral needs were found in Central Yobe and Northern Yobe where 26% of households in both domains had “high' or “very high' needs. Of these high needs groups, 15% in Central Yobe and 16% in Northern Yobe also had at least one household vulnerability. Both of these domains are home to LGAs that had particularly substantial needs. The highest proportions of households with “high' or “very high' multi sectoral needs were observed in Yusufari  ( 32% )  and Karasuwa  ( 30% )  LGAs in Northern Yobe, followed by Jakusko  ( 40% )  in Central Yobe with all three displaying similar trends to state level trends in that education and food security were the main drivers of multi sectoral needs.
In Northern Borno, over one in three households had health needs  ( 39% ) . Nearly three fourths of IDP households had at least one child without immunizations  ( 73% )    the worst in Borno state. By LGA, Guzamala showed the highest health need, with nearly two third of households in need  ( 60% ) . This was mostly due to low child vaccination rates  ( 68% ) , the distance of health facilities  ( 37% ) , and delivery without skilled birth attendant  ( 14% ) .
As was the case for the other domain or for the state overall, there was little difference in health needs across population groups in Southern Adamawa. The proportion of IDP households found to have unmet needs was 86%, compared to 88% of non displaced households and 89% of returnee households. As in Northern Adamawa, non displaced and especially returnee households in Southern Adamawa had more severe health needs than IDP households  ( respectively 5.6 and 5.8 vs. 5.3 ) .
Health needs were particularly high in Adamawa, with 87% of households reporting unmet health needs, with an average severity of 5.6 across the state and little differentiation between population groups. Similar to the driving factors identified in Borno, respondents reported quality related barriers to care  ( 76% of households state wide )  and distance away  ( 77% of households state wide )  as key obstacles to serving health needs. In Yobe, 71% of households were found to be in need of health assistance, with an average severity of 5.1. Needs were uniform across population groups for nearly all indicators, with the majority of households reporting that the nearest health facility was greater than 2km away  ( 62% state wide ) , a household member was sick in the two weeks prior to data collection  ( 59% )  and at least one quality related barrier to care  ( 42% ) .
Main drivers for the needs in those LGAs most affected included a much higher proportion of households reporting security incidents in Mubi North in the three months prior to data collection – with 45% of households affected – with the main type of security incident reported being killings / physical violence. Another driver was households reporting movement restrictions in their area in the two months prior to data collection, with 86%, 77% and 73% of households affected respectively in Madagali, Michika and Mubi North. Finally, the LGAs of Michika  ( 10% )  and Madagali  ( 8% )  reported missing people in their households. This paints a worrying portrait of LGAs in Northern Adamawa, demonstrating serious protection concerns at the time of data collection.
In every domain in Yobe state, IDPs reported the highest food security needs of any population group. Irrespective of domain, these reports stemmed from roughly the same four indicators: high reports of the use of coping strategies via the rCSI index, reports of using a three stone fire as the primary cooking method, reports of using either firewood, animal dung, agricultural waste, or no sources as the primary fuel source for cooking, and reports of experiencing at least one barrier impeding market access.
Furthermore, cooking on a three stove fire often produces substantial smoke inhalation, which can have knock on effects for respiratory health. In the face of these intricacies, even such indicators that measure incidences beyond classic food security, are worthwhile to note in planning comprehensive aid. Furthermore, 80.2% of IDP households in Southern Yobe described the use of at least one non sustainable coping strategy in the face of reduced access to food   the highest of any population group state wide.
Due to this rural inclusivity, WASH needs appeared to be greatest in Southern Borno as access to improved water sources and functional latrines was poorer compared to the rest of the state. Cholera outbreaks in MMC and Jere and parts of Central and Southern Borno have been exacerbated by the 2018 rainy season, and highlight the seriousness of the WASH needs. Poor latrine access and low access to improved water sources have likely contributed to these outbreaks. As of mid September 2018, the most affected LGAs included Magumeri, Chibok, MMC, Konduga, Kaga, Damboa and Shani LGAs.
Finally, six in ten households in Yobe reported at least one household member who was sick the two weeks prior to data collection  ( 59% ) . In case of medical needs, the distance to health facilities could potentially aggravate the situation, as 62% of households reported that health facilities are further than 2 km away. Furthermore, over one in five households did not have access to an improved water source  ( 23% ) , and 12% had no soap   making the ability of households to mitigate their personal exposure to cholera extremely challenged.
The population group of highest concern overall were the non displaced households, with two thirds in need  ( 67% ) . By LGA, Karasuwa displayed the highest needs  ( 72% ) , due to the high proportions of households lacking most of the basic NFI kit items  ( 81% )  and having damaged or destroyed shelter  ( 29% ) . Similarly, Machina and Yusufari LGAs also reported high rates of damaged or destroyed shelters  ( 28%, 25% ) . Nguru LGA had the highest reports for risk of eviction across the state  ( 23% ) .
While overall 39% of households in Northern Borno had livelihoods needs, non displaced were considerably more affected with over half of households in need  ( 57% ) . The higher need of these households was mostly due to high levels of decreased income  ( 81% ) . Additionally, among those households who had livelihood needs, 40% was also vulnerable, among which one in four households was with PLWs  ( 26% ) , and one in ten  ( 10% )  had high age dependency ratio.
A slightly higher proportion of households were found to be in need of food and agriculture support and considered vulnerable in Northern Adamawa – where 46% of households in need were also vulnerable – compared to Southern Adamawa – where 42% of households in need were also vulnerable. This could be explained by a higher vulnerability ratio of households in need within the IDP population in Northern Adamawa, which displayed the highest ratio of needs and vulnerability in this sector across the state: 62% of IDP households in Norther Adamawa who were in need of food and agriculture support were also vulnerable.
IDP households in Southern Yobe were also the most likely across the state to experience family separation  ( 10% ) . The highest proportion of households in need of protection assistance was found in Gujba LGA  ( 22% ) , which also had the second highest protection needs across Yobe state. Apart from family separation, movement restrictions  ( 15% ) , security incidents  ( 9% )  and households located in wards were KIs reported incidents related to UXOs  ( 69% )  were the main drivers of the high needs in Gujba.
Likely due to difficulties in carrying out usual livelihood activities, households reportedly turned to coping strategies which will have a long term affect on the economic well being of the household. Over one in four households reported exhausting savings  ( 27% )  with all population groups being nearly equally affected. Returnee households were more likely to turn to selling productive assets  ( 7% ) , or selling land or property  ( 1% )  as a livelihood coping mechanism.
In Yobe state health needs were similar across population groups and geographic areas, with nearly three in four households having health needs. Returnee households were most likely to report quality related barriers to healthcare  ( 65% ) , sick household members  ( 69% ) , and delivery without skilled birth attendant  ( 20% ) , while non displaced households were the most affected by a lack of immunization  ( 32% of households with at least one child without any immunization )  and distance to health facilities  ( 63% of households reported the nearest health facility to be farther than 2 km ) . The highest proportion of households with health needs was found in Southern Yobe.
Education needs among IDP households in MMC and Jere were the highest in state, with almost two in three households reporting barriers to accessing education services  ( 61% ) , having at least one child without formal schooling  ( 63% ) , and three in four households having at least one child that was notattending school at the time of data collection  ( 73% ) . By LGA, similar levels of education needs were observed in both Maiduguri  ( 69% )  and Jere LGA  ( 67% ) .
East Borno households displayed large multi sectoral needs, with over one in four households having either “very high' or “high' needs  ( 29% ) , with non displaced households most frequently demonstrating these needs. As accessible non displaced populations in East Borno were limited, these results are almost exclusively representative of Ngala host community.
Displaced population groups were much more affected that non displaced households when it came to shelter and NFI in Adamawa state. While 47% of non displaced were considered in need of shelter and NFIs, this proportion went up to 67% for returnee households and 70% of IDP households. Those two population groups were also found to have a slightly higher severity of needs compared to non displaced households – respectively 4.6 and 4.7 for returnee and IDP households vs. 4.4 for non displaced households.
In addition, a higher proportion of returnee households reported having experienced a security incident in their area in the three months prior to data collection – raising concerns on the safety of areas of return, and on potential renewed displacement, should those incidents persist in the future
Bursari LGA had the highest education needs across Yobe state  ( 89% ) , mostly due to having the highest proportion of households with at least one school aged child not attending formal schooling  ( 78% ) , the highest proportion of households that reported at least one barrier to accessing education services  ( 50% ) , almost no households who had school supplies  ( 95% ) , and high drop out rates  ( 83% ) . Households in Jakusko LGA displayed similar tendencies, with 79% needing education services, and similarly one of the highest proportions of households that reported at least one barrier to accessing education services  ( 47% ) .
Several common profiles of co occurring sectoral needs were observed. Education and food security were the main drivers of multi sectoral needs in Borno, with nearly half of households facing both issues simultaneously  ( 46% ) . Of these households in need of food assistance and education, more than half also have needs in shelter/NFI  ( 60% ) , health  ( 56% ) , and livelihoods  ( 54% ) .
These WASH needs were primarily driven by high reports of households not able to access improved water sources  ( 65% )  and households without access to functioning latrines  ( 58% ) , which were two critical components of the WASH composite indicator, and indicative of serious WASH needs in general. Following those two indicators, close to 40% of households reported needing more than 30 minutes to collect water, the higher the time needed indicates potentially a further distance to the water point and potentially higher security concern for the household members collecting water, especially if those were more vulnerable household members such as women or children.
While shelter/NFI needs were lower in Southern Yobe, close to half of households were still in need  ( 46% ) . The population group of highest concern were returnees  ( 51% in need, 4.8 severity ) , due to half of households reporting a partially damaged or completely destroyed shelter  ( 52% ) , and one fifth facing risk of eviction  ( 22% )  – both the highest within the state. By LGA, Gujba and Gulani LGAs had the highest overall Shelter/NFI needs  ( 59% and 58% respectively ) . Both LGAs reported high risks of eviction, with one fifth of households being affected  ( 19% and 20% respectively ) . Households in Tarmua LGA were among the most likely to report inadequate shelter  ( 27% )  in Yobe state, while households in Fika LGA were among the most likely to report damaged or destroyed shelters  ( 31% ) .
Overall in Northern Adamawa, while 51% of households were found to be in need of WASH, 45% of those were also deemed vulnerable households. In this domain, returnee households were found to be most affected by the combination of WASH needs and households vulnerabilitties, with 55% of households in need including vulnerable members. The presence of vulnerable households should be a focus for return strategies in areas that continue to be affected by the crisis and that might experience persistent lack of basic services.
Health and education represent the most common sectoral needs co occurrence in Southern Adamawa with 79% of households affected. Needs in WASH and education were the second most commonly reported sectoral needs pairing. The first most common combination of three sectors in Southern Adamawa was represented by needs in WASH, health and education, for 54% of households – this same proportion demonstrated needs in food security, health and education.
Of all households in Borno State with WASH needs  ( 14% ) , roughly half had at least one type of vulnerability  ( 50% ) , and of these households, nearly one third had a PLW  ( 33% ) , followed by almost one fifth as female headed households  ( 18% ) . Given the context of water borne diseases, households with PLWs and WASH needs are particularly concerning due to the risk of Hepatitis E29. This disease is characterized by a high mortality among pregnant women, and several outbreaks have previously been recorded in Borno
Non displaced households demonstrated the highest state level WASH need – nearly 50% higher than IDPs or returnees. This was driven by a high proportion of households reporting no access to an improved water source  ( 25% )  and water collection time greater than 30 minutes  ( 28% ) . Non displaced persons reported higher incidence on these two indicators in each Yobe domain. Over 60% of non displaced households in Northern Yobe reported that they do not have access to a functioning latrine, a drastically higher proportion than for other population groups that should call for further investigation.
While more than half of the households shared shelter across all three population groups, it was most commonly reported among returnee households where over two in three households  ( 69% )  reported shared shelters. Of all households in Borno state with shelter/NFI needs  ( 48% ) , roughly a quarter had at least one type of vulnerability  ( 26% ) , among which PLW  ( 13% )  and female headed households  ( 13% )  were the most commonly reported. Shelter/NFI needs showed high geographic differences, with Central  ( 70% ) , Eastern  ( 69% )  and Northern Borno  ( 66% )  showing the highest needs
Three frequently reported indicators drove up those needs: 38% of returnee households reported living in wards where incidents related to UXOs happened. In addition, 29% of those households reported experiencing movement restrictions in the two months prior to data collection, and 20% reported a security incident in their area in the three months prior to data collection. This demonstrates that, at the time of data collection, returnee households in Southern Adamawa were living in a very challenging and dangerous environment, thereby posing concerns about the capacity of households in this location to safely return to areas where basic services and safety and security would be ensured. There is little secondary data available to demonstrate that these needs have changed since data collection in July 2018.
In Southern Yobe, three in four households displayed health needs, with returnees having the highest and most severe needs  ( 78% of households in need with an average severity score of 5.5 ) , mostly due to facing an illness in the two weeks prior to data collection  ( 71% )  and quality related barriers to healthcare  ( 72% ) . The proportion of households facing quality related barriers was the highest in the state. Delivery without a skilled birth attendant was most commonly reported in Yobe among Southern Yobe IDPs and returnees, with one in four households affected  ( 25% and 24% respectively ) . LGAs with the highest health needs were Fika  ( 83% )  Tarmua  ( 82% ) , and Nangere  ( 82% ) , closely followed by Potiskum  ( 77% )  and Fune  ( 76% ) .
In Adamawa, 48% of households were in need of shelter and/or non food items. As in Borno, this was driven by households not owning at least half of the basic NFI kit items  ( 63% )  and sharing their shelter with another family  ( 54% ) . Needs were considerably higher among displaced populations, with 70% of IDP and 67% of returnee households in need, as compared to 47% of non displaced. However, unlike Borno state, the proportion of households who reported not having adequate shelter was very low   less than 5% for all population groups. Similarly to Borno and Adamawa, over half  ( 55% )  of households in Yobe had an unmet shelter/NFI need. This was again driven by households lacking at least half of the basic NFI kit items  ( 61% )  and sharing a shelter with another family  ( 54% ) . However, in Yobe, there was no substantial difference in the proportions of households in need between IDPs  ( 56% ) , non displaced  ( 55% )  or returnees  ( 50% ) .
IDP households in MMC and Jere demonstrated common co occurrence of needs in food security and education  ( 70% ) , of which many also faced shelter/NFI  ( 60% ) , health  ( 50% ) , and livelihoods needs  ( 46% ) . More than a quarter of IDP households were observed to simultaneously face food security, education, shelter/NFI and livelihoods needs together  ( 27% ) .
Overall in the state of Adamawa, 48% of households were found to be in need of recovery and livelihoods support. The average severity of those needs was of 4.4 out of 10, which was one of the lowest of all sectors assessed. A very low proportion of households not having access to physical cash in Adamawa drove household needs as well as severity. The main driving indicator in the state overall was that 70% of households reported that their level of income had decreased in the three months prior to data collection.
Following the high proportions of households in need of aid that were found in Southern Yobe, both Central and Northern Yobe had similar proportions of households reporting needs. In both Central and Northern Yobe, IDPs had the most prevalent food security needs, followed by non displaced and then returnees.