nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
La asistencia escolar es un factor relevante, pues está correlacionada con retención escolar y probabilidad de terminar la educación secundaria  ( Hancock et al., 2013; Gottfried, 2010; U.S. Department of Education, 2016 ) . Si se compara la asistencia promedio por nivel de enseñanza entre los inmigrantes y los locales, se advierte que, para todos los niveles de enseñanza básica, los inmigrantes presentan porcentajes más altos que los locales. Este efecto desaparece en la enseñanza media. Mientras la asistencia promedio de los locales oscila entre 90,5 y 92,8 por ciento dependiendo del grado, la asistencia de los inmigrantes oscila entre 89,95 y 93,5 por ciento. La brecha promedio es de 0,3 puntos porcentuales a favor de los inmigrantes.
Si desagregamos los resultados del Simce de los inmigrantes en función de los años que llevan viviendo en nuestro país, se advierte que los inmigrantes con más años viviendo en Chile obtienen mejores resulta  dos. Tanto en lenguaje como en matemática, el promedio Simce de los inmi  grantes que llevan menos de cuatro años en Chile es inferior al de los locales. Sin embargo, los inmigrantes que llevan cuatro años o más obtienen pro  medios Simce en lenguaje y matemática más altos que los escolares locales  ( gráfico iv.8 ) . Un fenómeno similar se observa con las notas en los distintos grados de la enseñanza escolar
But security concerns are paramount right now in Tripoli.
In June, WFP reached 78,883 people in need
The city of Zuwara was put on high security alert in the past two days, after monitoring suspicious military movements in the south of the city, specifically in the vicinity of Al Wutya Air Base controlled by pro Dignity Operation forces.
But money in the banks can be scarce. Many keep cash at home as they do not trust banks or play the black market. To undermine street dealers based just behind the Tripoli central bank headquarters and gold merchants doubling as currency traders, authorities slapped a 183 percent fee on commercial hard currency deals in September, moving the rate to 3.9.
Search and rescue ship Aquarius, which has saved tens of thousands of migrants from drowning in the Mediterranean, has ended its operations, the charity that runs the ship, Doctors without Borders  ( MSF ) , said on Friday. MSF and its partner SOS Mediterranee said they were forced to terminate its operations due to a “smear campaign' by European governments.
"Several detention centres in Tripoli are on frontlines and thousands of desperate people are still trapped inside. There is a real risk of mass casualties as a result of indiscriminate shelling and artillery fire," said Ibrahim Younis, MSF's head of mission in Libya.​ "The supply of food and water has broken down and is now only being provided on an ad hoc basis. Medical care is wholly insufficient as this is mostly provided by international organisations now forced to suspend activities due to the current insecurity.'
A number of people have been reportedly killed, and dozens injured, including civilians. DG ECHO's partners have provided medical supplies to hospitals in Tripoli and the Libyan Red Crescent to treat 200 casualties. However, the most affected areas remain inaccessible to emergency services and relief actors as indiscriminate fighting continues.
On 1 February, families from the east, south and west of Libya attempted to return to Tawergha following the signing of a decree on 26 December 2017 by the Presidency Council  ( PC ) which indicated the start date for the return process. Upon attempting to return, people were blocked from entering Tawergha by armed groups apparently opposing return.
The protection and human rights activities of the international community have thus been restricted since 2014, which has complicated many operations and activities, engagement with communities, and engagement with local authorities, as well as attempts to collect comprehensive information. Operating in Libya remains hazardous and unpredictable, due to multiple factors such as presence of mines and explosive devices, threats of abductions and the kidnapping of international personnel, proliferation of armed groups with no clear chain of command, and continued conflict and violence.
Security and access constraints are the major operational challengesforresponding organisations, especially around Tripoli and in the east and the south of the country, and are impacting the ability of organisations to deliver relief items in an effective and efficient manner.
“The survivors were all suffering from complete dehydration and exhaustion after being stranded at sea for days,' said IOM physician Dr. Mohamed Abughalia. “People suffered from trauma, severe malnutrition and burns sustained from the boat's engine fuel.'
Many medical facilities have been destroyed and essential medicines are often unavailable. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of people living in major cities are at high risk of serious injury due to explosive remnants of war and unexploded ordnance. The most vulnerable people have few or no coping mechanisms to protect and support themselves. Access to essential household goods such as food has been reduced due to insecurity, inflation and limited cash availability.
Three months ago, Libya filed an application with international organisations to help them cope with a serious shortage of vaccines,' said Badereddine al Najjar, head of the National Center for Disease Control. “The answer… was quick,' he said, adding that Germany had financed the vaccines. UNICEF has also played a role in importing and distributing vaccines, he added.
The UN backed Government of National Accord  ( GNA )  has faced major difficulties with its vaccine supply, over which the state has a monopoly. Nearly a year's worth of vaccine shortages have pushed many Libyan parents with newborns to travel to other countries or to import drugs themselves.
During the reporting period, the humanitarian situation in Libya has significantly deteriorated. Fighting which engulfed the Libyan capital Tripoli since August 26, ended on September 26, leaving 117 people dead and 581 injured including many children. 1 At least 5,065 families  ( 25,325 individuals ) 2 have been displaced since the start of the clashes, the majority of whom originate from conflictaffected areas in Southern Tripoli. UNICEF estimates that forty per cent of them were children3 . Although families are starting to return to Tripoli following the cessation of fighting, the security situation remains precarious with the start of the academic year delayed from October 3 to October 7 and the fact that some schools were being used to shelter displaced families.
These suicide attacks come less than a day after an operation to free 22 Libyans, who were held by ISIS. According to the Khalifa Haftar led self styled army, during the operation, several ISIS militants were killed.
In a 2017 briefing Médecins Sans Frontières, which visits seven centres in and around Tripoli, described the conditions as inhumane: “cells without light or ventilation, horrible hygiene and sanitation, often less than 2 litres of water per person, and a calorie intake as low as 800 calories per day.The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has also reported on the inhumane conditions in the detention centres, including overcrowding and poor hygiene conditions, which has led to the spread of disease.
Consequently, the numbers in the centres today have led to severe overcrowding in already horrid conditions. These centres hold women, men and children, some of them sick or elderly, sometimes altogether, depending on the physical structure of the centre. All rooms, including those housing women, are guarded by men. In some cases, the physical structure is nothing but an abandoned warehouse or factory.
The routes reported by migrants departing Burkina Faso varies significantly depending on where migrants were surveyed in Libya. 99.5% of those surveyed in the South reported travelling to Libya through Niger, the remaining 0.5% travelled to Nigeria first and then to Niger before entering Libya. Those surveyed in West use more diversified routes; 58% travelled through Niger, 17% travelled to Mali first then to Algeria, 15% travelled to Mali and then Niger, 5% travelled to Nigeria and then to Niger, 2% travelled to Mali then to Niger and entered Libya through Algeria. The remaining 3% used other routes.
Following the start of clashes between armed groups in southern Tripoli on 27 August, at least 1,171 households  ( approximately 5,866 individuals )  have been displaced to other areas in and around Tripoli. Conflict affected neighborhoods include Ain Zara, Salah Eddin, Qasr Ben Gashir and Khalla Al Furjan.
UNHCR and its partners implemented over 110 quick impact projects  ( QIPs )  with the active participation of host communities and IDPs and in consultation with national authorities. During the year, UNHCR supported many municipalities, hospitals and schools with sport kits, school desks, computers, medical equipment, water tanks, generators, solar street lights and waste management items. QIPs have so far helped over 57,500 persons in Libya.
The Libyan House of Representatives, in the last week of November, passed two amendments to the August 2011 Constitutional Declaration, one to fortify the constitutional referendum law against legal challenge and the other to reshape the Presidency Council of the Government of National Accord that was formed in accordance with the Libyan National Agreement signed by Libyan factions in Skhirat, Morocco, in December 2015. Until now, the House of Representatives has refused to approve the Government of National Accord and, indeed, the Skhirat Agreement. The amendments will throw more spanners into the UN plan for Libya and, most immediately, the plan for a nationwide dialogue conference that UN Special Representative to Libya Ghassan Salame hopes to organise in January 2019.
ALJFARA As clashes between armed groups took place in the capital Tripoli and surrounding areas in August and September, the number of migrants transiting through flow monitoring points in the municipality of Qasr Bin Ghasheer decreased substantially. However, following the end of hostilities in late September, observed movements normalized as the security situation improved. Reportedly, in the municipality of Janzour, the economic situation was challenging for migrants during the reporting period as a decrease in available job opportunities was reported.
Unicef said Monday that “over 1,200 families have been displaced in the past 48 hours alone as clashes intensified in southern Tripoli' That brings the total number of people displaced by the recent fighting to over 25,000, half of whom are children, Unicef said.
UNHCR's Community Day Centres in Tripoli provided more than 26,870 refugees and asylum seekers with psychosocial support, medical assistance, cash and NFIs. UNHCR and partners conducted over 1,374 monitoring visits to Libyan detention centres and advocated for the release of POCs. As a result, in 2018, 2,709 persons in need of international protection were released from detention following UNHCR's intervention
After two major shipwrecks claimed over 560 lives on 3 and 11 October 2013, in the latter case partly due to delays in rescue operations stemming from disagreements between the rescue authorities of Italy and Malta as to which country should intervene,42 Italy launched the Mare Nostrum mission on 18 October 2013.
The bodies of 34 Ethiopian Christians executed in Libya by Islamic State  ( IS )  in 2015 have been exhumed from a mass grave, Libyan authorities said on Monday. The grave was unearthed on Sunday, after information was obtained during investigations of arrested IS members, the interior ministry's Criminal Investigation Department  ( CID )  said on its Facebook page.
Negotiations to resolve the conflict in Libya showed signs of progress in early July 2017 when Libyan National Army  ( LNA )  leader General Khalifa Haftar and Libya's head of the presidential council and prime minister of the UN backed Government of National Accord  ( GNA ) , Fayez Serraj, agreed on a ceasefire and to hold elections in 2018. The agreement calls for a ceasefire with the exception of the LNA and GNA combating IS.
The Libyan people across the country celebrate on Monday 24/12/2018 the Day of Independence as the 67th anniversary . Libya gained its Independence in 1951 when King Idris I of Libya announced the news in Benghazi after the UN adopted a resolution of independence of the Libyan state. Libyans have been given a public holiday to mark the anniversary.
The exchange rates of foreign currencies in the Libyan black market fell sharply on Tuesday hours after the terrorist attack on the Libyan Foreign Ministry. The black market saw the dollar fall into $1 to LYD4.27 after closing on Monday at LYD4.58 and closing last week at LYD4.70.
21st December 2018, Tunis, Tunisia The World Health Organization  ( WHO )  organized an intensive training in Tunis on Cutaneous Leishmaniosis  ( CL )  for seven Libyan doctors from Tawerga City who are taking care of Internally Displaced Populations  ( IDPs )  from Tawerga, and in the IDP camps in Benghazi and Tripoli. The training was conducted by one of World leading experts in the field.
• Following a sharp appreciation of the Libyan dinar  ( LYD )  on the parallel market between September and October1 , the LYD began to depreciate again in November against the US dollar  ( +6.1% )  and the euro  ( +2.8% ) . Due to shops not immediately needing to restock some goods, prices continued to decrease regardless of this trend.
• In November, the overall median price of the Minimum Expenditure Basket  ( MEB )  was 840.73 LYD, 40.05 LYD less than in October, representing the greatest monthly decrease since May 2018. It is also the first time there was a decrease in median prices in all three assessed regions in Libya. Since September, the economic reform imposing a 183% fee on foreign currency transactions probably impacted prices . Among the 34 assessed items, 17 monitored food and non food items decreased in price between October and November, and 13 remained stable, with green tea, chicken, pasta and dishwashing liquid being the only exceptions
The Head of the Libyan Presidential Council Fayez Al Serraj and the Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte met in the Libyan capital Tripoli on Sunday and discussed bilateral relations and cooperation. According to a statement issued by the Libyan PM's information office, Serraj briefed Conte on the current political situation in Libya and the government's economic and security reforms.
IS abducted and detained members of opposing armed groups and civilians, including foreign nationals employed in the oil industry, migrant workers and refugees.
Libya's oil exports have been suspended as bad weather conditions forced the OPEC country to shut all its export terminals, a local shipping agent and a Libyan oil source told Reuters on Thursday. The agent said adverse weather conditions began to impact loadings from Libyan ports in the afternoon of Dec. 31.
 Food prices continuously increased in the last year: the cost of main food commodities increased on average by 15 percent in October 2018 when compared to the same month in 2017. However, recent economic reforms already show signs of having a positive impact on imports and food prices.
Libya recorded a trade surplus of LYD 6.7 billion in 2017 after 3 years of negative balance  ( Graph 3 ) .6 The country runs trade surpluses as a result of significant exports of oil. Export levels more than doubled in 2017 when compared to 2016, while imports increased only slightly by 9.3%. Increase of export and trade balance could have positive effects on the exchange rate. On the other hand, Libya is highly dependent on the import of food and other consumption commodities. The imports indicator is one of the key indicators used to estimate consumption in the country. Despite the increase in the amount of imports in 2017 to LYD 13.2 billion, it is much less than what it was in 2015  ( LYD 22.7 billion )  or 2014  ( LYD 38.6 billion ) .
In September 2018, the Central Bank of Libya imposed a new 183 percent tax / levy on the official sale of foreign currency.8 The levy applies to official foreign currency sales and does not apply to the black market exchange rate. The new foreign currency levy in effect devalues the Libyan dinar and raises the exchange rate of 1 USD to LYD 3.90 from the official LYD 1.38 per dollar exchange rate. Following modifications of the exchange rate policy coupled with increasing oil exports, the value of the Libyan dinar appreciated on the parallel market to 5.3 against USD in October 2018.
Local sources reported hours of clashes between police officers, supported by locals, and the terrorists who abducted the head of Tazirbu Security Directorate, Colonel Abdul Hamid al Snoussi, and his brothers from their homes. The head of Tazirbu's Elder Council, Allafi Badr al Din, also reported the kidnapping of deputy of the municipal council, Mohammed Hassan Khairallah. Ambulance and emergency service in the city listed eight people, including a Sudanese national, noting that ten others were injured, eight of whom were taken to treatment in the city of Ajdabiya.
Persons of Concern to UNHCR in Libya As of 10 December 2018, a total of 57,323 asylum seekers and refugees are registered with UNHCR in Libya. A total of 3,656 individuals have been identified by UNHCR and its partners to be currently in one of the accessible Libyan detention centres. Evacuation from Libya Since the start of the evacuation operation from Libya in late 2017, a total of 2,776 persons  ( including unaccompanied children )  have been evacuated to Niger  ( 2,202 ) , Italy  ( 312 )  and the ETC Romania  ( 262 ) . There are 260 evacuated unaccompanied children remaining in Niger
ALZINTAN During the reporting period, around 300 migrants reportedly arrived in Alzintan; most of them are planning to continue their journey to other destinations.
Hrawa Approximately 40 individuals returned to their homes in Hrawa after having been displaced to Aljufra and Ejdabia in 2016; reported priority needs of the returnees include NFIs and access to cash. Furthermore, an estimated 350 migrants arrived to Hrawa from Ejdabia, Aljufra and Alkufra; some looking for job opportunities while others plan to continue their journey to other destinations.
SWANI BIN ADAM Reportedly, around 180 migrants arrived in November looking for work opportunities in Swani bin Adam and surrounding areas.
ALJUFRA Following an attack on the town of Al Fogha on 05 November by suspected extremist militants, an estimated 320 individuals left their homes to the nearby towns of Houn, Wadden and Sakkneh. Humanitarian actors provided assistance in November to affected population.
ABU SLIEM Around 50 households returned to Abusliem from Alzintan  ( where they had been displaced to following the 2014 clashes in Tripoli )  in November. The 50 families have returned to their previous homes. At least 3,800 migrants also arrived to Abu Sliem in November; some include new arrivals looking for work while others are returning to resume their previous jobs prior to the escalation of hostilities in September.
AL AJAYLAT Reportedly, around 20 IDP families are in need of NFIs and food.
While we were able to negotiate the evacuation of 39 vulnerable and medical cases to the Aquarius, out of concern for the safety of the 253 people already on board from the past two rescues, and the Aquarius crew, we were unable to complete the rescue. At 13:52 the Aquarius was ordered to move away from the scene by the Libyan coast guard, leaving dozens of people still on the rubber boat. At 14:09 these people were taken by the Libyan coast guard back to Libya.
• In December, the value of the Libyan dinar  ( LYD )  appreciated against the US dollar  ( +10.0% )  and the Euro  ( +9.5% )  on the parallel market, compared to November. Between September and December, the gap between USD/LYD official and parallel market exchange rates narrowed by 30.6%1 . Since the introduction of economic reforms in mid September 2018, the increased supply of hard currency has resulted in the appreciation of the LYD2 . It also allowed merchants to import goods from abroad at a lower price3 , and consequently to sell products in Libyan shops more cheaply.
On 19 December, UNHCR evacuated 103 vulnerable refugees and asylumseekers from Libya to Italy, including 88 individuals hosted in the Gathering and Departure Facility  ( GDF )  in Tripoli. This marks the second evacuation conducted from the GDF since its opening on 4 December. Refugees and asylum seekers were previously detained in five detention centres. The remaining 15 refugees who departed to Italy were living in the urban community. Since November 2017, UNHCR has evacuated 2,793 refugees out of Libya including 2,202 to Niger, 415 to Italy and 176 to Romania.
IN FOCUS: RETURN OF TAWARGHA IDPs On 26 December 2018, the Libyan Government of National Accord ratified an agreement that allowed the return of the displaced population of the city of Tawargha to their area of origin, to take effect and allow the return as of 1 February 2018. The agreement was concluded after seven years of forced displacement of around 40,000 Tawarghan from their area of origin  ( the city of Tawargha ) .
Throughout 2017, another 15,810 migrants and refugees were brought back to Libyan shores following interception or rescue by the LCG. 22 Between 1 January and 28 September 2018, the LCG rescued or intercepted over 13,575 migrants and refugees. The consecutive annual drops in arrivals in Italy reflect, in part, efforts by the European Union and its Member States to stem migration by gradually shifting search and rescue operations in international waters to the LCG and restricting the work of humanitarian rescue vessels. The annual drops in arrivals may also be due to reductions in departure attempts from the Libyan shores
Despite the decrease in arrivals in 2018, the journey has become more dangerous, with over 1,200 migrants and refugees making the voyage perishing at sea by 31 August 2018, with June being the deadliest month in 2018. Thus, in 2017 one in 43 people died crossing the Mediterranean Sea; in 2018 one in 18 people died crossing the Mediterranean Sea, more than doubling the risk of perishing at sea.
In response to increased tragedies at sea, the Government of Italy established the Operation Mare Nostrum in October 2013 with the mandate to save human lives and combat human trafficking and migrant smuggling in the Central Mediterranean Sea. 26 The Italian Navy rescued some 150,000 people in Libyan and international waters through Operation Mare Nostrum, until it ended in October 2014.
The European Union and its Member States have prioritized enhancing the operational capacity of the LCG, while at the same time restricting the lifesaving search and rescue activities of humanitarian NGOs through a series of measures, including a code of conduct imposed by the Italian Government in 2017; 44 accusations of collusion with smugglers; 45 the impounding of rescue ships; 46 and ordering rescue ships to not obstruct the activities of the LCG.
ISIS claimed early Wednesday responsibility of the attack on the Libyan foreign Ministry in Tripoli. Reuters reported that Amaq news agency – the terrorists' news wing – had posted a statement saying three of its members carried out the attack, adding that they killed two people inside the Foreign Ministry. Three ISIS attackers stormed Tuesday morning the headquarters of the Foreign Ministry in Tripoli, killing two employees and a Presidential guard before two of them had been gunned down and the third exploded himself. The Health Ministry said 21 people had been injured.
Migrants and refugees generally enter Libya after enduring long and treacherous journeys through the desert.94 Many have witnessed other travellers' deaths from harsh conditions, dehydration and violence by smugglers or traffickers. 95 Reaching Libya does not provide them with a respite but rather compounds their suffering.
Despite the well documented patterns of abuse against migrants and refugees by smugglers and traffickers and the frequent recovery, across Libya, of bodies of unidentified Sub Saharan migrants and refugees bearing gunshot wounds, torture and burn marks, the Libyan authorities have appeared largely unable and unwilling to address or even recognize crimes committed against migrants and refugees.
As of 24 December 2018, a total of 57,273 asylum seekers and refugees are registered with UNHCR in Libya. A total of 3,591 individuals have been identified by UNHCR and its partners to be currently in one of the accessible Libyan detention centres. Evacuation from Libya Since the start of the evacuation operation from Libya in late 2017, a total of 2,879 persons  ( including unaccompanied children )  have been evacuated to Niger  ( 2,202 ) , Italy  ( 415 )  and the ETC Romania  ( 262 ) . There are 231 evacuated unaccompanied children remaining in Niger.
Resettlement processing in Libya  ( Group 1 )  Since 1 September 2017, 1,064 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 7 States  ( Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland ) . A total of 318 individuals have departed on resettlement from Libya directly or through the ETC in Romania to Canada, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. A total of 130 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Libya directly or through the ETC Romania to Canada  ( 38 ) , France  ( 4 ) , the Netherlands  ( 1 ) , Norway  ( 81 )  and Sweden  ( 6 ) . A total of 638 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Libya.
Migrant and refugee women and girls, particularly those travelling without male relatives, are further vulnerable to forced prostitution and sexual exploitation in conditions amounting to sexual slavery. Women and girls are compelled to engage in sexual acts against their will and are under the absolute power and control of their captors. In particular, Nigerian women and girls appear to be vulnerable to trafficking by multinational criminal networks in their countries of origin. They embark on their journeys believing office work awaits them in Europe but find themselves in socalled “connection houses'  ( “brothels' )  in Libya.
Migrants and refugees, particularly those in an “irregular situation' in Libya, have little to no access to public health services, including emergency services. Limited resources and the general breakdown of public health services have been suggested by various sources as possible reasons for the exclusion of migrants and refugees from public health services. 214 Others also cited unfounded fears of the spread of infectious diseases, a reflection of commonly held misperceptions and stereotypes regarding migrants' health.
Since 1 September 2017, a total of 3,500 individuals have been submitted for resettlement from Libya and Niger to 12 resettlement States. A total of 1,271 individuals have departed on resettlement from Libya and Niger. A total of 595 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Libya and Niger. A total of 1,311 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Libya or Niger.
Evacuation from Libya Since the start of the evacuation operation from Libya in late 2017, a total of 2,344 persons  ( including unaccompanied children )  have been evacuated to Niger  ( 1,937 ) , Italy  ( 312 )  and the ETC Romania  ( 95 ) . There are 219 evacuated unaccompanied children remaining in Niger.
Resettlement processing in Libya  ( Group 1 )  Since 1 September 2017, 987 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 7 States  ( Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland ) . A total of 114 individuals have departed on resettlement directly from Libya to Canada, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. This includes 10 individuals who departed via the ETC Romania to France. A total of 245 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure either directly from Libya to Sweden  ( 6 ) , to Canada  ( 154 )  or via ETC Romania to Norway  ( 85 ) . A total of 653 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Libya.
Resettlement processing of refugees registered in Niger  ( Group 4 )  Since 1 September 2017, 948 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 6 resettlement States  ( Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Sweden and Switzerland ) . A total of 192 individuals have departed on resettlement from Niger to Finland, France, Sweden and Switzerland. A total of 104 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Niger to Belgium, Canada and France. A total of 438 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Niger.
Total resettlement processing in Libya and Niger  ( Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 )  Since 1 September 2017, a total of 3,335 individuals have been submitted for resettlement from Libya and Niger to 12 resettlement States. A total of 1,166 individuals have departed on resettlement from Libya and Niger. A total of 550 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Libya and Niger. A total of 1,322 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Libya or Niger.
An estimated 1.1 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance. Displaced populations, refugees and migrants are amongst the most vulnerable.
In the night of Wednesday to Thursday, 23 24 May 2018, approximately 140 individuals from Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia managed to escape captivity from the notorious trafficker Mousa Diab in Bani Walid. While the majority sought refuge in Wahd Kamsin Mosque 51, in the Atas Nia area of Bani Walid, approximately two dozen severely injured persons were brought to the public hospital in Bani Walid for treatment. Some sources attribute the injuries to torture during captivity, while others attribute them to armed attempts by the smugglers to recapture the individuals. There are also accounts of some casualties. While there are unconfirmed reports that traffickers managed to recapture some who were in the hospital, others claim those individuals were instead taken to different hospitals.
In November 2018, ACTED commenced its first round of e card distributions in Libya with support from the UN Refugee Agency  ( UNCHR ) . As a new and improved mechanism of ACTED's multi purpose cash assistance, e cards enhance service delivery to vulnerable households. ACTED Libya's multi purpose cash programme has been expanded to include e card distributions an alternative to the traditional bank transfer method used since 2014. With e cards, beneficiaries can avoid long bank queues and access their cash assistance quicker, making it easier to meet basic needs.
Inflation rate in February 2018 went down to 18 percent year on year. Cost of food increased 30.9 percent in February of 2018 over the same month in the previous year, while in January 2018 food inflation was recorded at 44.5 percent level.
The collapse of both tax revenue and oil output, and concurrent increases in current spending, during the conflict have led to soaring budget deficits. However, the fiscal situation is gradually improving; the Economist Intelligence Unit estimates that the country's budget deficit was around LYD 10.7bn  ( 17.6% of GDP )  in 2017, down from LYD 24.3bn in 2016. The improved performance has been driven by a revival in oil output and a pick up in global oil prices.
• Following the new tax on foreign currency transactions imposed since 19 September 2018, the value of the Libyan dinar appreciated against the US dollar on the parallel market, a rise by 26.9% from September to October.
Relations between returnees and baladiya residents were reported to be excellent in 58% of baladiyas, good in 39% of baladiyas, and unknown for the remaining 3% of baladiyas with returnees  ( see Figure 17 ) . Returnees were reported to have a positive impact on the labour market in 27% of baladiyas of return, contributing to a revitalized economy  ( Figure 18 ) . In 58% of baladiyas they were reported to have no impact on the labour market, in 6% their impact was unknown and in the remaining 9%  ( Ghat, Misrata and Rigdaleen baladiyas )  they were reported to have a negative impact as jobs were scarce.
International human rights and humanitarian law violations are widespread and committed by all parties to the conflict in Libya. Kidnappings, hostage taking, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances, denial of access to health care, torture, rape and other sexual violence, unlawful killings, including summary executions, restrictions on freedom of movement, attacks targeting civilians and civilian objects, and indiscriminate attacks are among the many violations frequently committed. In addition, armed groups and criminal networks continue to draw on illegal sources of financing, such as the smuggling of fuel, drugs and weapons, human trafficking, and forced prostitution of migrants. Some of these networks are identified along the western coastline and extend through the southern borders. 1 Prevalence of GBV is underreported as a result of weak reporting structures, cultural attributes and practices that link to shame, stigma, and fear of retaliation, a general lack of trust among service providers, and the lack of a multi sectorial GBV referral system and coordination mechanism. At the same time, services for women and girls who have experienced violence have been found to be insufficient.2 Furthermore, the notion of domestic violence is regarded as a private matter, which explains family and community non intervention and a culture of impunity.3 Female survivors predominantly use informal channels to access legal justice, out of fear of being exposed and publicly shamed or blamed if they choose to use the formal justice system. It, however, remains unclear to what extent a woman's wishes and rights are respected in this informal justice system, which are often comprised of family members
The general security situation in this reporting period remained calm. Several families returned to their homes following the September armed clashes that led to multiple displacements. Some families were however unable to return due to the severe damages to their shelters. In Tajoura, a total of 250 families returned to their homes. Furthermore, an estimated 700 migrants arrived to Swani Bin Adam most reportedly in transit to other locations. In addition, around 3,925 individuals returned to their homes in Abu Slim. Furthermore, an estimated mated 3,000 migrants also returned to Abu Slim following the end of hostilities while around 170 Families returned to Tawergha, however not all of them are permanently staying there due to lack of basic services .
Water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in most schools are a concern. Recent water quality assessment results indicated 10 per cent of water samples taken from 140 schools in Libya were contaminated with harmful bacteria  ( E Coli bacteria ) .26 The water samples also contained a high concentration of chemicals which can affect the health of children. The average number of students for each functional toilet is recorded at 71 and reaches up to 375. According to the Libya Ministry of Education standards the ratio of students to a functional toilet should be 25. Some 95 per cent of schools have a hand washing facility; however, most of them do not have running water.
Libyais said to have one of the largest irrigation projects in the world. About 3,000km of an underground pipeline system carrying fossil freshwater is meant to supply water to millions. But many cities are still running dry. So, many residents are finding alternative ways that include digging deep in their backyards to find water. Workers say that the drilling process isn't easy and that water from underground is, in most cases, mixed with harmful chemicals.
UNICEF has responded to the needs of the affected population by providing recreational and psychosocial activities through both child friendly spaces and mobile teams. In coordination with local partners in Janzour, Central Tripoli, AinZara and Tajoura, UNICEF has reached 2,053 children, over 20 per cent of the affected children.
FOOD AND ESSENTIAL HOUSEHOLD ITEMS ● The ICRC, often in partnership with the LRC, responded to several humanitarian emergencies arising in various parts of the country in the first six months of 2018. ● Food was distributed among more than 181,000 people, including the displaced, returnees and other vulnerable sections. ● Cash assistance was given to 14,400 people, enabling them to buy their daily needs. ● Essential household and hygiene items were given to 162,000 people, including the displaced, returnees and other vulnerable people
On the 8th January 400 families returned to Benghazi from Thawra Echaabia
TAJOURA As the security situation remained calm during the reporting period, 250 families returned to their homes. 13 families are still displaced in Tajoura following the clashes in September, unable to return due to severe damage to their homes.
SWANI BIN ADAM An estimated 700 migrants arrived to Swani Bin Adam in October, most reportedly in transit to other locations.
Persons of Concern to UNHCR in Libya As of 3 December 2018, a total of 57,398 asylum seekers and refugees are registered with UNHCR in Libya. A total of 3,616 individuals have been identified by UNHCR and its partners to be currently in one of the accessible Libyan detention centres. Evacuation from Libya Since the start of the evacuation operation from Libya in late 2017, a total of 2,476 persons  ( including unaccompanied children )  have been evacuated to Niger  ( 2,069 ) , Italy  ( 312 )  and the ETC Romania  ( 95 ) . There are 259 evacuated unaccompanied children remaining in Niger.
Tripoli –10 October 2018: The Health Information Center, Ministry of Health in partnership with World Health Organization  ( WHO ) , UNICEF and IOM started implementation of District Health Information System  ( DHIS2 )  by training the statistic staff at facility levels. The first end user training workshop was held in the premises of the Health Information Center, Tripoli. The workshop was attended by 20 data entry personnel's representing 14 hospitals, 2 polyclinics, 2 kidney dialysis centers, one referral laboratory and one blood bank. The staff of WHO, UNICEF and IOM present on the occasion assured their full support in implementation of the district health system
The brigades under the Government of National Accord in Tripoli have issued a statement announcing their unity under a Tripoli Protection Force, citing the need to face conflict parties which wish to carry out military operations in the western region. The brigades voiced support for stability and welcomed the holding of the National Conference in next January in Tripoli, saying they support the efforts of the UNSMIL.
A group of 13 NGOs has called on Malta and other EU countries not to send back to Libya 12 migrantsrescued by a trawler. The trawler is currently stranded in the middle of the Mediterranean, awaiting instructions on where to disembark the migrants. The #DontLetThemDrown group of NGOs said it was extremely concerned about reported negotiations between European Union states and Libya regarding the possible disembarkation in Libya of the migrants rescued some days ago.
The main problem associated with access to food was that it was too expensive as reported in 96 assessed baladiyas
Nigeria 99% of migrants departing Nigeria travel through Niger. The remaining 1% use secondary routes through Chad, Niger and Algeria or have reached Libya directly by air plane.
37% of the sample population stated that they were aware of return assistance packages with 63% reporting a lack of awareness. 155 households, 81% of the 37% who identified awareness, were offered return assistance packages by the IDP Committee  ( a group of IDPs who take decisions on behalf of their community ) , 13 households by humanitarian workers, 8 households by community elders, and 7 families by political authorities. 8 households  ( 4% of 37% )  were not offered any return assistance packages. Information on return assistance packages was provided to a total of 191 households. The analysis identified the IDPs Committee as the most common source of information  ( 77% )  with community elders identified as the second most common source  ( 9% ) . Humanitarian workers, the media, political authorities and family members informed a total of 20 households  ( 11% )  with 5 households  ( 3% )  receiving no information on return assistance packages.
Access to services and aid  When asked about services that help most venerable persons to cope with the current situation in the site, participants answered that the services provided did not cover all the needs of the IDPs;  Participants identified distance to the secondarily medical services as the main concerns, IDPs have to travel at least 70 KM to access to secondary health services;  Female participants identified a lack of information on services and aid distribution;  Participants identified that the groups facing the most difficulties in accessing aid and services are those with restricted mobility, such as female headed households with small children, pregnant women, the elderly, and women without men in the family. All male FGD participants expressed concerns about the fact that they had not yet received any Government support.
Civilians continue to be killed and maimed: according to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project  ( ACLED )  this year alone, 1,289 people were killed.1 From 1 January 2017 to 30 September 2017, UNSMIL has documented at least 128 deaths and 164 injuries among civilians. Given limitations on access and information flow from conflict affected areas, the actual casualty figures are very likely to be significantly higher. The presence of explosive hazards, including landmines, improvised explosive devices, unexploded ordnance and other ERW has been a persistent threat to everyone in Libya.2 The threat of violence and insecurity due to the presence of armed groups is reported as the main reason for people to flee their homes.3 Armed groups on all sides continue to take hostages, carry out unlawful killings, torture and enforced disappearances and unlawful deprivation of liberty, including of civilians. Individuals are targeted on the basis of family or tribal identity, gender, affiliations and political opinions, as well as for ransom or prisoner exchange.
a )  People living in conflict affected areas, or in areas contaminated with explosive hazards, or in hard to reach areas where freedom of movement and access to services remain extremely limited and challenging. As of October 2017, priority conflict affected areas were: Sebratha  ( Zwara ) , Benghazi and Derna  ( Derna )  Estimates indicate that between 2011 2016, there have been 5,891 recorded deaths and injuries from violence. Of these, 66 per cent  ( 3,895 death and injuries )  were civilians. Given limitations on access and information flow from conflictaffected areas, the actual casualty figures are likely to be higher. The presence of explosive hazards, including landmines, improvised explosive devices, unexploded ordnance and other explosive remnants of war has been a persistent threat to the Libyan population.1 The presence of UXO in June July 2017 was reported in nine out of 22 mantikas
The country remains divided between rival administrations, leaving national and local institutions largely unable to provide protection and basic services. The economic situation continues to deteriorate: inflation, the devaluation of the Libyan dinar on the black market and an acute cash liquidity shortage in the banking system have all led to reduced purchasing power of the Libyan population   especially those already affected by the conflict, further deepening vulnerabilities. Living conditions have deteriorated as availability of food, fuel, water and sanitation, electricity and medical supplies decrease and the provision of health care and public services declines. Libya's health care system struggles to deal with casualties from the conflict, rising diseases and illnesses. Weak rule of law is leaving vulnerable civilians and marginalised groups unprotected.
 Clashes in Tripoli have led over 2,000 households to flee their homes. A total of 61 people have been killed, with another 159 people injured, according to the Libyan Ministry of Health.  Most newly internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  have sought shelter with family and friends, although some makeshift shelters exist in schools.
Persons of Concern to UNHCR in Libya As of 31 December 2018, a total of 57,276 asylum seekers and refugees are registered with UNHCR in Libya. A total of 3,584 individuals have been identified by UNHCR and its partners to be currently in one of the accessible Libyan detention centres. Evacuation from Libya Since the start of the evacuation operation from Libya in late 2017, a total of 2,879 persons  ( including unaccompanied children )  have been evacuated to Niger  ( 2,202 ) , Italy  ( 415 )  and the ETC Romania  ( 262 ) . There are 229 evacuated unaccompanied children remaining in Niger
Resettlement processing of evacuees from Libya in Niger  ( Group 2 + 3 )  Since 1 September 2017, 1,634 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 11 resettlement States  ( Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States ) . A total of 995 individuals have departed on resettlement from Niger to Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 264 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Niger to Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 255 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement country in Niger.
Resettlement processing of refugees registered in Niger  ( Group 4 )  Since 1 September 2017, 1,021 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 6 resettlement States  ( Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Sweden and Switzerland ) . A total of 285 individuals have departed on resettlement from Niger to Canada, Finland, France, Sweden and Switzerland. A total of 109 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Niger to Belgium, Canada, France and Sweden. A total of 378 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Niger.
Persons of Concern to UNHCR in Libya As of 19 November 2018, a total of 57,213 asylum seekers and refugees are registered with UNHCR in Libya. A total of 3,527 individuals have been identified by UNHCR and its partners to be currently in one of the accessible Libyan detention centres.
Libyan security forces forcibly removed 79 migrants and asylum seekers on November 20, 2018 from the Panama flagged cargo ship Nivin in the port of Misrata in Libya, after they refused to leave the ship for 10 days, Human Rights Watch said today. Security forces reportedly used force and tear gas. An unknown number of people were taken to hospital, and others were taken to the al Karareem detention center in Misrata.
Libya's National Oil Company  ( NOC )  said on Monday it had declared force majeure on exports from Sharara oilfield – Libya's largest – after the facility was seized by local protesters identifying themselves as Fezzan Rage Movement.
U.S. commercial crude inventories fell by 1.2 million barrels in the week through Dec. 7, the U.S. Energy Information Administration reported. Analysts in a Reuters poll had expected a decrease of 3 million barrels. The drop was also far less than the American Petroleum Institute indicated on Tuesday. API had reported that U.S. crude inventories dropped by 10.2 million barrels last week.
The Libyan oil output has been hindered by protests. Oil prices rose on Wednesday, supported by a report showing a drop in U.S. crude inventories, a cut in Libyan exports and an OPEC led deal to trim output.