nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
The pull towards Libya remained strong, as several civil wars raging in Africa were pushing thousands northwards and migratory routes to and through Morocco and Tunisia were proving more difficult for migrants to access.
Over a three year period, following the uprising and the end of al Gaddafi's regime in 2011, Libyan government institutions gradually weakened and fractured, exacerbating the problems of refugees and migrants even further. Today, three governments, divided along geographical and ideological lines, compete for power, each with limited control over parts of the country. The collapse of state security institutions left a gap that was filled by armed groups and militias. As part of attempts at security sector reform between 2011 and 2014, these militias were incorporated into or affiliated with the ministries of interior and defence, without thorough vetting, sometimes without any vetting.26 Over the past three years, these militias have increasingly targeted lawyers and judges, threatening and intimidating them to the point where they have been unable to carry out their functions and leaving the judiciary severely weakened.27 In addition, these groups continue to be responsible for the blocking of oil production and state run services, such as the disruption of water supplies and electricity, alongside large scale corruption, which has all but brought the economy to a halt. This environment has allowed armed groups, criminal gangs and militias to carry out crimes in total impunity, with many finding a highly lucrative business in trafficking and the illicit smuggling of fuel and people
Total people in need: 1.1 million Total children  ( <18 )  in need: 378,000
As a transit and destination country for economic and other temporary migrants from neighbouring countries and West Africa, Libya is also currently hosting an estimated 400,000 migrants and refugees, including 33,000 children, of which nearly 13,000 are unaccompanied. These children are at risk of abuse and human rights violations, and vulnerable to armed groups engaged in smuggling, trafficking and the exploitation of children.
In 2017, UNICEF worked with partners to respond to emergencies by strengthening the provision of WASH, health, child protection and education services for refugees, migrants, internally displaced persons and Libyans otherwise affected by humanitarian crisis. Despite the challenging operating environment and insecurity, UNICEF and partners were able to reach affected populations with life saving emergency assistance and expanded access to services.
Niger Migrants departing Niger typically go directly to Libya without transiting through other countries. Only 2% of the migrants surveyed who departed Niger reported going to Algeria first before reaching Libya, all of them were surveyed in the western regions. Those who were surveyed in the South and East did not transit through other countries on their way to Libya.
“Only 2,000 patients are registered with the Center's system and have received treatment,' Al Najjar explained. The latest statistics raise the number of the virus infections in Libya to more than 10,000, up from nearly 6,000 infections registered in 2017, according to the health ministry.
This appreciation was not accompanied by an overall decrease of the median cost of the Minimum Expenditure Basket  ( MEB ) , which reached 880.78 LYD in October. 1 Despite decreasing median prices in the east  (  6.2% )  due in part to decreasing median prices of peppers  (  30.0% )  and potatoes  (  20.0% ) , the overall cost of the MEB slightly increased by 1.8% compared to September. Additionally, while the overall median price of food items and cooking fuel  ( LPG )  remained relatively unchanged in October, the overall median price of hygiene items rose by 18.9%. According to KIs, merchants tend to test new brands of hygiene items, which leads to a high volatility in prices
On 12 November, UNHCR evacuated 262 individuals  ( 139 men, 42 women and 81 children )  to its Emergency Transit Mechanism in Niger, in the largest evacuation so far this year. The group included individuals held in detention facilities in and around Tripoli  ( Zintan, Tajoura, Trik Al Sikka, Al Sabaa, Abu Salim, Qaser Ben Ghasher )  and individuals who were living in the urban community. With this departure, UNHCR has evacuated 2,344 individuals out of Libya  ( 1,937 to Niger, 312 to Italy and 95 to Romania ) .
The Nivin, acting on instructions from the Italian Maritime Rescue Coordination Center, had rescued 95 people from a sinking rubber boat in international waters off the Libyan coast on November 7 and subsequently docked at the port of Misrata on November 10. According to the UN, the group includes Ethiopian, Eritrean, Somali, South Sudanese, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi nationals.
ACCESS TO SAFE WATER AND BETTER SANITATION ● Over 50,000 people in the eastern and southern parts of the country benefited from better access to drinking water, sewage disposal and clean up measures after the floods. ● In an emergency intervention, the ICRC and the LRC distributed bottled water and restored community latrines, benefiting 600 displaced persons from Derna.
The security situation in Tripoli has remained calm over the last 48 hours, following the signing of the ceasefire agreement. Recent clashes left 61 people dead and an additional 159 people wounded, many of them civilians. There is reported damage to civilian infrastructure, including medical facilities, schools, houses, electrical grids, and places of worship.
 Humanitarian needs are emerging in the health, water and sanitation, protection, food and non food sectors. Further assessments of needs will take place as soon as the security situation permits.  Four detention centres where almost 5,580 refugees and migrants are held are considered at risk.
"Under the auspices of  [ UN envoy Ghassan Salame ] , a ceasefire agreement was reached and signed today to end all hostilities, protect civilians, safeguard public and private property," the Unsmil mission said. The ceasefire would also allow for the reopening of the capital's only functioning airport, Mitiga, which has been closed since 31 August due to the clashes.
While the majority of displaced households are staying in private accommodation with family, some were temporarily sheltered in two schools in Tripoli.
Libya's UN backed government declared a state of emergency in Tripoli on Sunday after days of fighting left at least 39 people dead and dozens more injured.
While the majority of displaced households are staying in private accommodation with family, some were temporarily sheltered in a school in West Tripoli in Hai al Andalus. Reported priority needs in the location included food, NFIs and Health Kits.
UNHCR estimates that more than 8,000 refugees and migrants are detained in the country. More than 4,500 are considered to be of concern to UNHCR. UNHCR understands the increasing frustration of refugees and asylum seekers who have been detained in Libya for months and calls on states to offer more safe and legal pathways, such as resettlement, and appeal to resettlement countries to accelerate their procedures for resettling people from Libya and transit facilities.
According to UNHCR's protection assessment, the IDPs community reported an increase in the number of military raids to the site1 , looking for drug dealers or persons involved in criminal activities. They raided houses with no permission and arrest family members without notice. According to the community, the site became a hub for drug business and other illegal activities; mainly due to the fact that young men do not have access to work and no social activities are organised in the site. The protracted displacement, lack of support to the community, lack of freedom of movement, and lack of social activities are all contributing factors to the community members to resort to negative coping mechanisms.
Najia Bounaim, Amnesty International's North Africa Campaigns Director said: “We have received first hand accounts from people in the Al Mattar camp describing the attacks they have experienced at the hands of the militia over the past few days. While families were sleeping during the night, armed militia broke down the doors to their makeshift homes, stealing money and household items and kidnapping 77 men and a 13 year old boy. The armed group gave people in the camp until late this afternoon to vacate the camp as bulldozers sit poised to demolish everything. Now, former residents tell Amnesty International, the camp is empty. Families have taken from their belongings what they can and have nowhere to go.
The World Health Organization's shipment is to help alleviate the acute lack of essential medicines and medical supplies that Libya's public health system has been suffering. Since 2016 there has been also a severe shortage of TB medicines in the country. During 2016 2017 there were more than 1500 new notifications of TB including 80 children. The donated medical supplies are sufficient to cover their treatment for one year.
The humanitarian situation in Libya continues to deteriorate as a result of the prolonged conflict, limited availability of cash in banks, and frequent electricity interruptions, which negatively affect the provision of basic social services. Since mid2014, fighting in populated areas continues across Libya, leading to civilian casualties, damage to civilian infrastructure and displacement. In 2017, an estimated 1.62 million people were directly affected.
As of 31 May, there are 52,739 refugees and asylum seekers registered with UNHCR in Libya. In 2018 alone, UNHCR registered 8,149 individuals. Sudanese nationals  ( 4,591 )  continue to be the largest caseload registered this year, followed by Eritreans  ( 1,475 )  and Syrians  ( 1,107 ) .
Twenty five injured survivors received hospital treatment in the town of Bani Walid.
During the reporting period, a total of 24,787 vulnerable children  ( 12,751 girls and 12,036 boys )  benefited from recreational and psychosocial activities through both community and school based child friendly spaces in Janzour, Sebha and Ubari; 5,923 children  ( 3,373 girls and 2,550 boys )  also gained increased access to safe water and sanitation facilities in nine schools in Sirte and two schools in Tripoli; and 1,461 children  ( 755 girls and 706 boys )  accessed catch up classes and recreational activities in Benghazi and southern areas of Libya;
Since May 3, the fighting has extended to the eastern part of the city, including ground incursions and air strikes, mostly at night, against the armed group's locations. There have been reports of fighters' deaths but not civilian casualties. Hiftar said on May 3 that he had given strict orders to spare civilians , although past statements did not prevent his forces from inflicting significant casualties on civilians and mistreating them.
37 migrants were were Algerian with the remainder from sub Saharan Africa.
 Since mid April, conflict has intensified in Derna following statements of an imminent large scale offensive by the Libyan National Army  ( LNA ) . As fighting appears to be intensifying and approaches populated areas protection of civilians concerns are significant. People are reportedly able to enter and exit the city.  Humanitarian access to Derna is severely limited and humanitarian supplies are awaiting approval to enter. The most urgent needs are in the health sector. If closures remain, humanitarian needs will increase.
Physical abuse inside the detention centers appears to remain pervasive. One NGO representative reported that, in the centers to which his organization has access, violence by guards had declined in the fourth quarter of 2017, along with the overall number of detainees. But those interviewed by RI described widespread beatings and abuse in DCIM centers, which remained overcrowded. Asylum seekers and refugees said that guards beat them randomly or when they protested their treatment or conditions. A UN official informed RI that “we still get information that, in DCIM detention centers, there is sexual violence, forced labor; there is still torture and there are still beatings.
Due to the fighting in 2014, the region of Benghazi witnessed multiple waves of displacement with hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  seeking safety in the urban centre of Tripoli and its surroundings. While a big number of IDPs have returned home, approximately 27,000 displaced persons are continue to be displaced in several areas in Libya. The main reasons for displacement is linked to political opinion or perceptions of supporting a specific group. The main areas of displacements from Benghazi are Tripoli, Misrata, Az  Zawya, Sibrata, Al Khums, Zlita and other scattered areas inside Libya. Participants in the FGDs also flagged a concern relating to the increase number of adults, among the IDPs, who are joining, or preparing to join seek the sea option to reach Europe where they can seek international protection. This is due to the facing increasing challenges in coping with the life in Libya, where all prospects for work and proper livelihood are deteriorating.
The United Nations migration agency said through mid April of this year, 18,575 migrants and refugees arrived in Italy, Greece, Cyprus and Spain by crossing the Mediterranean Sea. The International Organization for Migration said that is less than half of last year's pace.
More than 80 migrants survived the incident off the city of Sabratha, about 70 km  ( 44 miles )  west of Tripoli, and coastguards brought them back to the nearby city of Zawiya, said naval coastguard spokesman Ayoub Qassem. The migrants were from various sub Saharan African countries, he said.
The most recent data from the Central Bank of Libya  ( CBL )  show inflation rising to 31.3% in December 2017. However, improved hard currency distribution has led to a strengthening of the dinar on the parallel market in early 2018, which has in turn lowered import costs. In light of these trends, inflation rate in February decreased to 18%, while food inflation decreased from 49.7% to 30.9%. In mid April the CBL approved USD 2bn in letters of credit  ( LOCs )  in an effort to dampen inflation. The LOCs, available at official rate rather than the parallel market rate, should help to alleviate the inflationary pressures by easing the shortage of foreign currency for imports.
Strengthening the Security Sector and Rule of Law. After the Gadhafi regime collapsed, branches of rival governments and armed groups began providing community security, guarding facilities, and managing prisons, resulting in inconsistent and sometimes inhumane law enforcement practices and treatment of inmates. Libya's dilapidated prisons act as prime venues for radicalization and extremist recruitment. In response, USIP developed a program to advance rule of law and involve local communities on security issues, supported by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. The Institute:  Maps the criminal justice sector, including key figures and institutions, to identify areas ripe for reform  Fosters dialogue and collaboration among the judicial police and prison directors, who are critical to implementing reforms  Leads workshops with prison directors, prosecutors, judges, and civil society leaders, helping them establish a unified vision for communities and the nation
The 38 page report ‘‘Libya's War Economy: Predation, Profiteering and State Weakness'' authored by Tim Eaton, says that Libya suffers from interlinked political, security and economic crises that are weakening state institutions, damaging its economy and facilitating the continued existence of non state armed groups.
Bashir said the IDPs are from more than 300 families and that the Red Crescent Society provided them with assistance and free medical services in its clinics.
Explosive violence trends and patterns in Libya  ( 2011 2016 )  Libya has consistently been amongst the ten worst impacted countries from explosive violence Between 2011 2016 Libya has seen 5,891 deaths and injuries from explosive violence Of these, 66%  ( 3,895 )  were civilians 90% of civilian deaths and injuries were perpetrated in populated areas Ground launched explosive weapons caused the most civilian harm in this period, with 59% of civilian deaths and injuries caused by such weapons 2011 was the worst year yet for civilian deaths and injuries from explosive violence in Libya
UNHCR is responding to the urgent humanitarian situation of around 800 refugees and migrants who are detained in the Zwara detention centre  ( 115 km west of Tripoli ) . On 25 April, UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  visited the facility, provided medical assistance, and dispatched non food items for 800 refugees and migrants in detention.
An estimated 1.1 million persons are in need of humanitarian assistance in Libya. Among them, are 165,478 internally displaced persons  ( IDPs, including ca. 40,000 Tawergha displaced as of 2011 ) , 341,534 returnees, and an estimated 100,000 persons in need of international protection  ( of which 48,485 refugees and asylum seekers are registered with UNHCR ) . The prolonged, difficult and stressful living conditions, including restricted access to essential services such as health or education, are commonly experienced. In this context, UNHCR's interventions focus on strengthening integrated access to basic services, enhancing living conditions for all persons of concern and promoting social cohesion
Civilians across Libya, especially internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  and returnees, continue to face critical protection challenges. Access to medical healthcare, medicines, and essential goods and services, including shelter, water and sanitation, are the most critical needs.
UNHCR estimates that 5,000 refugees and migrants are currently detained in Libya, including some 2,500 persons of concern to UNHCR. In 2018, UNHCR and partners IMC and LibAid have conducted over 392 monitoring visits to detention centres throughout Libya. Libyan authorities estimate that thousands of refugees and migrants are still held in captivity by traffickers in undetermined locations, and in dire conditions.
Violence and armed conflict have left nearly 170,000 people displaced and economic crisis and loss of livelihood have led to inadequate access to basic services. Only 64 per cent of the affected population has access to adequate drinking water sources, down from 88 per cent before the conflict. As a transit and destination country for economic and other temporary migrants from neighbouring countries and West Africa, Libya is also currently hosting an estimated 400,000 migrants and refugees, including 33,000 children, of which nearly 13,000 are unaccompanied. These children are at risk of abuse and human rights violations, and vulnerable to armed groups engaged in smuggling, trafficking and the exploitation of children
The increase in fresh food prices is most likely driven by seasonal factors. The vast majority of tomatoes, for instance, are produced domestically  ( between 90 100% in the west and around 65% in the east ) .8 Their production tends to shift in winter from open fields to greenhouses, which are costlier to operate. Prices are therefore generally up to three times higher during winter.9 For this reason, the observed price increases for fresh foods were partly anticipated, and may not be mainly driven by the depreciation of the Libyan dinar on the parallel market.
Hrawa On 2nd of February 500 Tawerghan IDP households originating from eastern Libya attempted to return to their homes. Their main needs were shelter, medical assistance and food. On 6th of February 380 households returned to their original points of displacement within Benghazi.
As of 31 March 2018, the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG )  rescued/intercepted a total of 3,710 refugees and migrants in different locations along the Libyan coast. Last year the LCG rescued/intercepted a total of 15,358 refugees and migrants at sea. So far in 2018 Libyan authoriries have recovered 21 bodies while attempting to cross the Mediterranean towards Europe.
Over the past weeks, clashes between armed groups in the southern region of Libya have resulted in the displacement of thousands of civilians to safer areas in Sabha  ( 850 families ) , Ubari  ( 307 families )  and Murzuq  ( 413 families ) . Following a rapid needs assessment and in coordination with authorities and partners, UNHCR has started the distribution of sleeping mats, kitchen sets, hygiene kits, and other non food items  ( NFIs )  to respond to the humanitarian needs of over 1,500 displaced families  ( IDPs )  currently displaced in the southern region. The humanitarian aid was dispatched in seven trucks from Tripoli.
On 2 February, UNHCR evacuated 136 vulnerable refugees from Libya to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Mechanism  ( ETM )  in Niger. There, their case will be processed to find a durable solution, including resettlement. With this flight, UNHCR has evacuated 674 refugees from Libya  ( 512 to the Niger ETM and 162 to Italy ) . UNHCR continues to identify and process vulnerable cases for resettlement and other durable solutions, including from its urban caseload.
Since November 2017, UNHCR has evacuated over 1,000 highly vulnerable refugees out of Libya. On 10 February, a flight departed from Tripoli evacuating 130 refugees to Niamey, Niger. A second flight departed on 13 February with 128 refugees onboard. With the cooperation of UNHCR's partners and thanks to the support of the government of Niger, the evacuated people are being accommodated in UNHCR's Emergency Transit Mechanism  ( ETM )  in Niamey, where assistance and psychosocial support are available while applications for resettlement or other durable solutions are pending.
Local civil societies report the need for food, items for infants, mattresses, blankets, and hygiene kits, as well as essential health care.
Egypt 98% of Egyptian migrants entered Libya directly, the remaining 2% reported entering mainly through Sudan. The cost of their journey was significatly higher for those transiting through other countries; Among those who entered Libya directly, 83% reported spending less than USD 1,000 during their journey. While those who transit through Sudan reported higher costs and only 17% of them reported spending less than USD 1,000. Migrants who travel alone to Libya are more likely to transit through other countries than those who travel in groups; 7% of migrants departing Egypt who travelled alone to Libya reported transiting through Sudan  ( 5% )  or Tunisia  ( 2% )  before reaching Libya, while their proportion among those who travelled in groups did not exceed 1%.
Since 1 September 2017, 1,524 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 11 resettlement States  ( Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States ) . A total of 882 individuals have departed on resettlement from Niger to Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 265 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Niger to Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 261 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement country in Niger.
UNHCR continues to provide humanitarian assistance to internally displaced persons  ( IDP )  and returnees. UNHCR's winterization campaign in Benghazi has reached over 5,270 individuals with heaters, blankets and winter clothes. Benghazi hosts the largest number of IDPs in Libya, with over 26,800 IDPs and 189,000 returnees living in and around the city. In Tripoli, UNHCR and its partner Danish Refugee Council distributed cash cards to 500 displaced families to help cope with the challenges related to liquidity and support self reliance.
Due to the crisis, the living conditions of migrants in detention centres further deteriorated, compounded by a serious food shortage. Responding to emergency requests in Tripoli, and in coordination with the InterSectorial Committee  ( ISC ) , in early September, WFP handed over food to UNHCR to feed 2,900 migrants in three Tripoli detention centres for one week. WFP continues to coordinate closely with the ISC for food assistance needed due to the emerging militia fighting in Tripoli.
The humanitarian community has provided assistance to the people aboard the ship, and advocates for alternatives to detention and transfer from disembarkation points to appropriate reception facilities.
Functional GBV hotline established in Tripoli UNFPA through its implementing partner, Albyan is currently running a hotline number in Tripoli to facilitate timely and safe access GBV related services. In the month of October, a total of 41 cases were provided with assistance through the hotline.
MEDICAL SUPPLIES ● The ICRC donated essential medical supplies to 28 hospitals and other facilities across Libya. At least 10 hospitals and 12 primary health care centres in Tripoli, Misrata, Benghazi and Sabha received supplies on a regular basis. ● Structures supported by the ICRC treated hundreds of wounded patients, provided over 70,000 consultations and vaccinated more than 3,000 children against polio and measles. ● Insulin and other medicines were provided to over 7,000 patients in Misrata and Benghazi diabetes centres. ● Basic first aid training sessions carried out for more than 380 people from various armed groups, among others.
As many perceive the current peace to be fragile, IDPs have yet to return to their homes. Around 2,350 households remain displaced, around 1,715 of which are reportedly staying in the Tripoli area, with others in Tajoura, Tarhouna and Bani Walid. More than 100 families remain in schools turned into IDP makeshift shelters.
Protection concerns:   Continue limitation of access for humanitarian actors   Potential re engagement of armed actors resulting in further displaces and humanitarian needs   Lack of clear information on needs of person  ( ISC is currently working to launch a mulitisector, multi org, assessment early next week )    Lack of rule of law creating to a prolonged sense of insecurity
Current situation:   The indiscriminate attacks, shelling and usage of medium and heavy weapons in populated areas continued and resulted in the loss of many of civilian;   Majority of the newly displaced families are hosted by friends, families and relatives; while approximately 200 families took shelter in 5 schools across Tripoli.   In conflict affected areas, there are reports that banks, markets and roads are closed. The fighting also affected the electricity and water networks and limited caused access to food, health and other basic services;   Flights in and out of Mitiga Airport were suspended on the evening of August 31, 2018, and the airport has not been reopened to date.
UNSMIL documented civilian casualties in Tripoli  ( 19 killed and one injured ) , Derna  ( two killed )  and al Zawiya  ( one killed and two injured ) . UNSMIL documented five additional casualties from other possible violations of international humanitarian law and violations or abuses of international human rights law in al Ajilat, Benghazi, Derna and Tobruq.
At least 1 170 households  ( approximately 5 800 individuals )  have been displaced to other areas in and around Tripoli.
As of 24 August, the Libyan Coast Guard  ( LCG )  rescued/intercepted 12,935 refugees and migrants  ( 8,881 men, 1,981 women and 1,217 children )  at sea during 94 operations. The main nationalities of individuals disembarked in Libya are Sudanese  ( 1,714 individuals ) , Nigerian  ( 1,700 individuals ) , and Eritrean  ( 1,410 individuals ) .
72% of surveyed households in urban areas identified shelter as one of their priority needs; all of them as the most crucial priority need. While the majority  ( 58% )  lives with a host family or relatives, more than one third  ( 38% )  rented accommodation following their displacement. In informal settlements both the lack of sufficient space for IDP families and lack of basic services, such as water and electricity, posed significant shelter challenges. Half of the surveyed households  ( 44% )  were unsure how to resolve their shelter challenges while 25% were considering to look for shelter elsewhere.
So far in 2018, UNHCR and IMC provided 9,229 rescue kits and 1,317 primary healthcare consultations at disembarkation points. From January to July 2018, 97 bodies were recovered in Libyan waters, compared to 400 over the same period in 2017.Since the beginning of the year, more than 500 lives were lost at sea.
Tawergha had been deserted since 2011 and currently suffers from a lack of basic services and infrastructure. UNHCR met with the Tawergha Local Council and civil society representatives to discuss current needs in the city and prospects for a safe, voluntary and dignified return. UNHCR continues to support IDP and returnee communities by providing humanitarian assistance across Libya. So far in 2018, UNHCR distributed NFIs  ( including blankets, clothes, solar lamps, heaters, sleeping mats, baby kits and jerry cans )  to more than 31,000 IDPs and returnees  ( 8,836 families ) . UNHCR also provided cash support to 12,686 individuals  ( 2,261 families )  and implemented a total of 75 quick impact projects across Libya benefiting both IDPs and hosting communities.
Amnesty International's research reveals that women who dare to speak out against corruption or the predations of militias or the Libyan National Army face specific, genderrelated risks, including gender based violence. Some of that violence includes genderrelated slurs by militias and private individuals, including allegations of engaging in sex work and sex outside marriage  ( “adultery' ) . Women human right defenders in Libya are also exposed to smear campaigns on Facebook and Twitter.
On 12 June, UNHCR provided 100 school desks to the Triq Al Matar settlement of internally displaced persons  ( IDPs )  in Tripoli as part of its quick impact projects  ( QIPs ) . Triq Al Matar is the largest IDP settlement in Tripoli hosting 370 families  ( 1,960 individuals )  from Tawergha. The settlement was established in 2011. The school is in urgent need of rehabilitation. With the provision of these desks, UNHCR has immediately ameliorated conditions for the students attending the summer reinforcement courses in the settlement. The distribution of desks also took place in schools in Janzour  ( Shohada Alrmla school ) , Hay Alandalus  ( Omar Almokhtar ) , Awinia  ( Abo ghra and Awinia central schools ) , Zliten  ( Sokina Bent Alhousin and Aljoma'a schools ) , and Bani Walid  ( Okba Ben Nafe'a and Alamal schools ) .
The number of individuals disembarked in Libya has increased dramatically during the reporting period, with rescue/interception operations taking place almost on a daily basis. As of 28 June, the LCG rescued/intercepted more than of 10,000 refugees and migrants. During the week, some 2,425 refugees and migrants were disembarked in Al Khums  ( 459 individuals ) , Tajoura  ( 86 individuals )  and at the Tripoli Naval base  ( 1,880 individuals ) . The highest number was recorded on 24 June, when 947 individuals were disembarked in Tripoli. On 29 June, at least 100 people died after a boat carrying around 123 refugees and migrants sank off the coast of Tajoura in Libya. UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps were present at disembarkation points where they provided core relief items and vital medical assistance at disembarkation points and in detention centres to which individuals were transferred by the authorities.
Communications into the city are limited and UN reports, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs  ( OCHA ) , have described the humanitarian conditions as dire. In their latest update on 30 May, OCHA reported a severe shortage of food, water and medical supplies. The International Organization for Migration  ( IOM ) reported on 9 Junethat the number of displaced people from Derna has reached 2,183 individuals.
Derna IDPs consisted disproportionately of women, children and the elderly. Many men reportedly opted to remain on their own property to protect their household's assets. • Those IDPs who left the city of Derna reportedly travelled first to nearby villages, in particular Martuba, and from there often moved on to larger cities such as Tobruk, alBaydah, Benghazi or Tripoli.
Key informants reported three main entry points to Libya: first, via Algeria with refugees and migrants, mostly of West African origin, entering the country either on the north eastern or southeastern border with Libya. Second, via Niger or Chad with refugees and migrants reaching the main migrant hub of Sebha in the South of Libya and, third, via the eastern route with people from mainly Central and Eastern Africa reaching the region of Alkufra transiting through both Chad and Sudan. Secondary routes include entering Libya via Egypt along the coastal town of Emsaed
 UNICEF is responding to the needs of the displaced population in Derna and Tawergha through multi sectoral emergency response;  UNICEF's Libya Humanitarian Action for Children  ( HAC )  appeals for US$20,161 million seeking to provide 245,000 people, including 165,000 vulnerable children, with quality education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation and child protection services. During the reporting period, no emergency funds have been received thus far with health and WASH sections extremely under funded.
UNHCR, MSF and DRC are conducting an anti scabies campaign inside the detention facility. Due to the fact that the coastal road between Zwara and Tripoli is too dangerous, in coordination with the authorities, UNHCR is exploring the evacuation of all persons of concern  ( Eritreans, Somali and Sudanese )  from Zwara to Tripoli by airplane, logistics and security permitting.
The tightened encirclement and closure of Derna, imposed by the Libyan National Army  ( LNA ) , has been ongoing since July 2017. Periodic escalations of armed conflict occur, as witnessed since mid April when the LNA announced it would start a large scale offensive against armed groups in Derna. On 14 April, the LNA started to make advances towards Ain Mara in western Derna. Since that time, airstrikes, shelling, artillery fire and fighting between armed forces has been ongoing.
Security, safety and freedom of movement were reported as the main concerns by IDPs who informed of being targeted by different military groups on the account suspected affiliations with terrorist groups or supporting rivalry political positions. As a result, freedom of movement is restricted in certain areas, particularly in Misrata and Tripoli. According to the IDPs committee and interviewed IDPs, the security situation has compelled an increasing number – up to hundreds   of young adults to embark on dangerous trips across the sea to reach Europe in search of safety, security and dignified living conditions.
In March 2018, International Medical Corps  ( IMC )  conducted activities in PHC and provided referrals for patients under two different grants funded by OFDA and UNHCR. Additionally, IMC conducted several distributions in the locations mentioned in the detailed 4W report. Activities are ongoing, and they take place in Community Development Centers, in Detention Centers, at Disembarkation Points, within targeted communities, as well as in the Internally Displaced Persons  ( IDPs )  camps. The number of Detention Centers in which IMC intervenes varies from month to month, depending on potential closure or relocation of detainees, accessibility of the teams, security, observed need for intervention, and other issues.
Some 48,000 refugees are registered in Libya, according to the UN's refugee agency UNHCR, which hopes to transfer between 5,000 and 10,000 refugees to third countries in 2018. In the chaos that followed the fall and killing of former dictator Moamer Kadhafi in a 2011 uprising, Libya has become a key transit point for sub Saharan African migrants seeking to embark on dangerous journeys to Europe.
One of the main obstacles to reducing abuses by DCIM staff in the detention facilities remains the lack of oversight or accountability. There are no internal reporting mechanisms in detention centers that detainees can use to report physical or other forms of abuse by guards and other DCIM staff. Asylum seekers, refugees, and migrants also lack access to legal assistance in the detention facilities. And conditions are not conducive to open and frank conversations with UN and NGO workers during visits, due to the lack of privacy in detention centers.
Identified IDPs were primarily residing in previously owned accommodation, self paid rented housing or being hosted with relatives or non relatives. Their primary reported needs across the country were access to food, health services and shelter. Price sensitivity and inflation limits IDP access to all three above mentioned needs. Other problems cited for access to health included irregular supply of medicines and low quality of available health services due to overcrowded facilities, poorly trained medical staff or unavailability of female doctors.
Victims and witnesses have described large forces of heavily armed men forcing their way into homes, destroying furniture and other belongings, confiscating laptops, telephones and other valuables.
Libya has been a main destination for many Egyptians to seek jobs due to “geographical proximity and various open border policies that until 2006 allowed Egyptians to enter and reside in Libya with ID only,' according to a 2010 report from the International Organization for Migration  ( IOM ) . Since the February 2011 revolution that overthrew long time leader Muammar Gaddafi, Libya has become the largest security threat facing Egypt due to the civil war sparked between Libyan factions.
Following a drop in food prices in February, the cost of the main food commodities increased in April by 3% on national average, with significant spikes in the CentralWestern part of the country.
Bashir explained that most of the displaced people have taken shelter in Umm Al Muminin and Abu Bakr Al Siddiq schools in the neighbourhood of Manshiya and are experiencing difficult humanitarian situations
8 January   Tunisian border The clashes between armed groups loyal to the unity government and Libyan border offi cials in the town of Ras Ajdir on the Tunisian border on 8 January resulted in the closure of the border for one day
UNHCR has scaled up its resettlement and humanitarian evacuations programme, with a view to provide solutions in third countries for the most vulnerable refugees and asylum seekers in Libya. On the one hand, as of 20 March 2018, UNHCR has evacuated 1,342 refugees from Libya to third countries  ( 312 to Italy and 1,020 to the UNHCR Emergency Transit Mechanism  ( ETM )  in Niger, and ten to Romania ) . In Niger, refugees are processed to find a durable solution, including resettlement to a third country. UNHCR has referred 450 cases for direct resettlement from Libya. These to date include referred to Canada, France, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland.
At the detention centres, UNHCR and its partners provide medical assistance, and advocate for release from detention, enhanced access to screening, identification and registration, as well as for measures preventing risks of sexual and gender based violence. The basic assistance UNHCR provides in detention facilities aims at alleviating the suffering of detainees through an improvement of detention conditions.
Misrata On 2nd of February 1500 Tawerghan IDP households from southern and western areas of Libya arrived at checkpoint 14. Their main needs were shelter, medical assistance and food.
According to UNHCR, there are currently 46,730 registered refugees and asylum seekers in Libya. 843 asylum seekers and refugees have been released from detention so far in 2018. According to IOM 9,379 people have been returned to their countries of origin since November 2017 and 1,211 have been evacuated to Niger since December 2017.
While some of the Tawergha families decided to return to their previous areas of displacement, approximately 202 families remain in two main informal settlements; Qararat Al Katf and Harawa. Reportedly only adult males are staying in Harawa settlement over night, while the rest of their families are hosted by local residents.
UNHCR's strategy to support IDPs aims at strengthening advocacy and at promoting access to rights, basic services and solutions for IDPs throughout Libya. As the lead agency for the protection of IDPs, UNHCR has increased its capacity and expanded its partnerships in order to conduct protection monitoring, identify needs and guide effective responses. UNHCR continues to provide humanitarian assistance to IDPs and returnees, including basic assistance in the form of NFIs and cash based interventions  ( CBIs ) .
With this flight, UNHCR will have evacuated 523 refugees from Libya  ( 361 to the Niger ETM and 162 to Italy ) . In September 2017, the High Commissioner appealed for 40,000 additional resettlement places for 15 priority countries of asylum and transit along the Central Mediterranean route. Against these projected needs, UNHCR has to date received approximately 13,000 offers of resettlement places in 2018 and 2019. UNHCR continues to identify and process vulnerable cases for resettlement and other durable solutions, including from its urban caseload. Over the last three months, UNHCR processed and referred 400 cases of those in need of resettlement directly from Libya.
Since November 2017, UNHCR has relocated 1,334 refugees and asylumseekers out of Libya to third countries. So far, 1,020 individuals have departed to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Mechanism  ( ETM )  in Niger, 312 individuals to Italy and two individuals to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Centre in Romania. On 27 February, UNHCR evacuated 123 vulnerable refugees who had been detained in Tripoli to Niger. UNHCR continues to process refugees for direct resettlement from Libya to third countries. Since October 2017, UNHCR has processed and referred 477 individuals for resettlement, out of which 351 individuals have already been submitted to different resettlement countries.
Fatalities so far this year are down by at least 100 since the same stage of 2017, Millman said. But another route, further west, has become much more hazardous. “We continue almost every day to learn of deaths in Moroccan, Algerian and Spanish waters,' Millman said. “We understand the total for the first 63 days of the year is 105 deaths on that route, which is well ahead of what things were like a year ago, when we just had 44.'
IDP households were found to be a particularly vulnerable population group, with almost half of them affected by multiple displacement. Their main push and pull factors revolved around fleeing from and/or looking for security, in areas generally contaminated by explosive hazards. IDPs also faced higher barriers to accessing income and saw their consumption pattern distorted due to the higher costs they have to put into their housing. Provision of basic services to IDP households often fell short of their actual needs: in some areas such as Al Margab, Derna and Ghat, more than 80.0% of IDP households, in which a member had needed healthcare in the 15 days prior to the assessment, did not get access to adequate care.
Also, the CNN which investigated the reports broadcast footage of a live auction where black youths are sold to North African buyers. The reported filmed by the journalists of the international news channel showed that the migrants are sold for $400. Thousands of people from Eritrea and Ethiopia are monthly crossing the border into the Sudanese territories on their way to Europe through Libya or Egypt.
Sudan 89% of migrants departing from Sudan reported entering Libya directly, while 8% traveled through Chad. The remaining 3% traveled through Egypt. Depending on where surveyed migrants were found in Libya, the routes taken by migrants differed significantly. Out of those surveyed in the East, 6% travelled to Egypt first before reaching Libya where as 94% entered directly. 29% of Sudanese nationals surveyed in the South reported entering Libya through Chad. Out of those surveyed in the West, 10% reported entering through Chad and 1% through Egypt.
Since 1 September 2017, 982 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 6 resettlement States  ( Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Sweden and Switzerland ) . A total of 197 individuals have departed on resettlement from Niger to Finland, France, Sweden and Switzerland. A total of 166 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Niger to Belgium, Canada and France. A total of 394 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement State in Niger
Since 1 September 2017, 1,458 individuals have been submitted for resettlement to 11 resettlement States  ( Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States ) . A total of 863 individuals have departed on resettlement from Niger to Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 249 individuals have been accepted for resettlement and are pending departure from Niger to Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 238 individuals have been submitted for resettlement and are pending interview or decision by a resettlement country in Niger.
UNHCR supports IDPs with an aim to promote education. Last week, UNHCR distributed 1,690 school bags and school supplies to displaced children in Tripoli  ( Fallah 1 and Fallah 2 settlements ) , and in southern  ( Tarhuna, Sbe'aa, Sabha and Ubari )  and eastern Libya  ( Tawergha and Derna ) . Due to the liquidity crisis, the price of school materials has increased. With these distributions, UNHCR hopes to mitigate the financial impact that the start of the school year has on displaced families.
AIN ZARA Approximately 950 individuals returned to their homes in Ain Zara as the security situation remained stable throughout October.
The individuals on board comprise of Bangladeshi, Eritrean, Ethiopian, Pakistani, Somali, South Sudanese and Sudanese nationals, and initially included one woman and one infant. Some 28 of the migrants are estimated to be minors. On 14 November, a total of 14 individuals, including a woman and a three month old baby, voluntarily disembarked the vessel.
Dignity kits distribution UNFPA, IRC and IMC distributed a total of 214 dignity kits targeting IDPs, host communities, migrants and refugees in Tripoli and Misrata. IRC distributed a total of 49 kits in 4 health facilities in Alaswak, Aldaffnia, Alzarroug, Merbat, Misrata centre and Temmina locations. IMC distributed 44 kits in Zwara and Karareem Detention centres while UNFPA distributed 116 kits among the host communities  ( Warshana, Tajoura, Tarek Al Matar, Abu Saleem, and Khalat Lfurjan )  and IDPs in Tripoli namely, Musa bin Nusair school, Tajoura )
PHYSICAL REHABILITATION ● Over 450 people with physical disabilities were assisted with prostheses and physiotherapy treatment. ● The ICRC presently supports 3 centres in Tripoli, Misrata and Benghazi with material and training.
The violence affected areas where detention centres  ( Abu Salim and Qasr Ben Gasheer )    used to detain refugees and migrants   are located. An estimated 3,500 refugees and migrants remain in detention centres in Tripoli and in need or urgent assistance
One existing Tawergha IDP informal settlement  ( Al Fallah 2 with around 175 families )  was impacted by a mortar, resulting in the death of two civilians. It is reported that 30 families left the site. A rapid assessment is ongoing to assess needs. Health support has been provided through partners in the health sector.