nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
More than $16 million has been mobilized from ECHO  ( European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations  ) , DFID  ( Department for International Development  )  and USAID  ( U.S. Agency for International Development. )  in response to the floods, displacement as a result of violence or any other acute emergency.
On November 12, 2020, Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Jon Danilowicz redeclared a disaster in South Sudan for FY 2021 due to ongoing conflict and population displacement; restricted humanitarian access; and disruption of cultivation activities, markets, and trade, all of which have significantly exacerbated food insecurity and humanitarian needs.
On December 15, 2013, clashes erupted between factions within the Government of the Republic of South Sudan  ( GoRSS )  in Juba and quickly spread into a protracted national conflict, prompting displacement and humanitarian needs.
On December 20, 2013, USAID activated a Disaster Assistance Response Team  ( DART )  to lead the USG response to the crisis in South Sudan and stood up a Washington, D.C. based Response Management Team  ( RMT )  to support the DART.
USAID/BHA is also working to strengthen protection coordination and capacity building by funding the GBV Sub Cluster the coordinating body for humanitarian GBV response activities, comprising UN agencies, NGOs, and other stakeholders in South Sudan.
Additionally, State/PRM  ( Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration )  partners provide protection services to meet the needs of IDPs, refugees, and conflict affected communities countrywide, including through GBV prevention and response programs, mental health and psychosocial support activities, family reunification, and legal assistance to facilitate access to identity documentation.
With $22 million in FY 2020 funding, USAID/BHA supports multi sector protection interventions that ensure the safety and dignity of more than 5 million people including approximately 200,000 IDPs in South Sudan. Protection activities include assistance to GBV survivors through case management, emergency protection led assessments, mobile emergency response teams, psychosocial support, and referrals to health specialists.
Using a community based approach, USAID/BHA partners promote recommended infant and young child feeding practices through one on one counseling and group education to manage acute malnutrition.
WASH programming includes interventions to help prevent cholera outbreaks among vulnerable populations as well as mitigate gender based violence  ( GBV )  risks by providing safe access to latrines, sanitation services, and other WASH assets.
USAID/BHA prioritized nearly $33 million in FY 2020 funding for WASH programming in South Sudan to provide access to safe drinking water, handwashing facilities, sanitation services, and solid waste disposal to more than 3 million people including more than 1 million IDPs.
Some 360,000 people are in need of ES/NFI response
USAID/BHA also supports integrated community case management services in South Sudan, which deliver life saving curative interventions for common childhood illnesses, particularly where there is limited access to facilitybased services
With approximately $35.3 million in FY 2020 funding, USAID/BHA provides health care services in South Sudan through community health facilities and mobile medical units  ( MMUs ) . Through MMUs, partners provide a range of primary care, mental health, and maternal and newborn health services.
USAID/BHA supports the IOM Rapid Response Fund in South Sudan to quickly implement emergency programs in response to humanitarian crises, such as flooding, through grants to local partners. Since September 2020, IOM has distributed $2.5 million to 21 sub partners implementing agriculture, food security, health, protection, shelter, and WASH programming in flood affected counties of Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, and Western Equatoria states.
Access challenges in priority locations are impacting on the tracing and reunification of UASC  ( Unaccompanied or Separated Children )  and movement of critical protection staff.
0/13 affected HZs have reported a case in past 21 days.  [ Highlights from past 21 days  ( 20 30 Oct )  ]
 Both the IDPs and host community are not sufficient to clean drinking water that to sustain these large population.  Many families are relying on surface water and water from the river, for both drinking and household use.
• A total of 150,400 children in need of critical child protection response
After nearly seven years, USAID transitioned the South Sudan DART  ( Disaster Assistance Response Team )  and RMT  (  Regional Management Team. )  to a normalized response under BHA  ( Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance )  on November 6 and November 20, 2020, respectively. USAID/BHA remains committed to maintaining a robust humanitarian response in South Sudan, and USAID/BHA partners continue to carry out life saving programs to meet the ongoing humanitarian needs of the South Sudanese people.
USAID/BHA also supports hygiene promotion activities through public health campaigns and the distribution of essential supplies, such as buckets, soap, and dignity and hygiene kits.
WFP also commenced distributions of double food rations targeting 114,400 beneficiaries in Juba on November 13.
More resources are required to expand case management services and rehabilitation of child friendly spaces/communal recreational facilities.
The Logistics Cluster adjusted the provision of common logistical services to address the unprecedented physical access challenges generated by the flooding.
• Lack of insecticide treated mosquito nets, while communities are staying in breeding places for mosquitoes
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene  ( WASH ) : The sanitation situation remained precarious across the state in September as most people reported not using latrines because of unavailability of latrines  ( 47% ) , cultural practices  ( 19% )  and overcrowding  ( 13% )  in places with fewer latrines. Of immediate concern was Twic County where the majority  ( 86% )  of assessed settlements reported unavailability of latrines in September as the main reason people did not use latrines.
Of the $4.7 million required to support affected people with nutrition support in flood affected areas, only $1.8 million has been received.
Protection: While the majority  ( 70% )  of assessed settlements reported people feeling unsafe in April, this figure decreased to only half in June  ( 53% )  and September  ( 52% ) . During the reporting period, looting of property, cattle raiding and being killed or injured were the most commonly reported protection concerns for both men and women.
Shelter and Non Food Items  ( NFI ) : Shelter types for both IDPs and host communities remained the same during the reporting period. Overall, assessed settlements consistently reported tukul  ( 98% )  as the main shelter for host communities, and tukul  ( 22% )  and rakooba  ( 12% )  as the main shelter types for returnees and IDPs respectively in September across the state.
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene  ( WASH ) : Sixty percent  ( 60% )  of assessed settlements reported accessing water from boreholes in September, comparable to June  ( 68% ) . Gaps in access to boreholes seemingly contributed to reliance on unimproved water sources as 13% of assessed settlements reported people relying on unimproved water sources such as rivers, swamps and ponds as their main source of drinking water across the state in September
General Protection members provided protection interventions to 17,314 people in need of protection interventions in Leer, Mayendit, Panyijiar, Rubkona, Mundri West, and Nyirol.
Child Protection members provided CP  ( Child Protection )  services to 21,642 people in need of child protection response, including 12,640 children reached with psychosocial support and 4,558 children provided with case management services, including 479 unaccompanied and separated children.
In Jonglei, Unit, Upper Nile and Warrap states, there are 47 sites that are still inaccessible due to the floods and 82 sites where structures have been affected. Services are continuing through mobile teams where boats and porters are being used to ferry supplies and reach flood affected people and locations.
Sites with structures affected by floods were relocated to higher ground to enable the continuity of CMAM  ( Community Based Management of Acute Malnutrition )  services.
Partners are increasing services by establishing more outreach teams to access inaccessible areas using canoes and porters.
A total of 185,265 people in need of nutrition response reached
Recurrent inaccurate weather and security clearance reports from partner organizations affecting logistics efficiencies, preventing the Logistics Cluster from supporting other organizations but also generating waste of financial resources. Repeated safety concerns with regards to crowd control from receiving organizations when Logistics Cluster delivering cargo by air.
The delivery of humanitarian assistance in Tonj, East, Tonj North and Tonj South counties in Warrap is challenging due to the renewal of sub national violence in the area.  [ under the topic Food Security and Livelihood ]
Since July, 2,477 metric tons of assorted humanitarian cargo has been transported to 97 locations on behalf of 63 organizations  ( by air, road and river ) . This included 650 metric tons of cargo transported mostly by air to ICCG priority locations. A total 37,239 passengers were assisted to 81 destinations in 2020.
• Limited staff equipment to perform their duties: e.g., gumboots, raincoats and lights to work during the night.
Insufficient equipment for diagnosis e.g., weighing scale, stethoscope, B/P machine and pulse oximeter
Health education on prevention of malaria, diarrhea, hygiene and sanitation and prevention of COVID 19 are being provided.
As the food gap appeared to widen, an increasing proportion of assessed settlements reported that people skipped days without food in Gogrial East  ( 84% ) , Twic  ( 31% )  and Tonj East  ( 64% )  counties in September, an extreme food consumption strategy, which is generally only adopted to cope with severe food shortages.
Thirty COVID 19 related access constraints amplified pre existing difficulties in reaching people, especially during the first half of the year. These included movement restrictions for goods and personnel within and into the country, violence and threats against humanitarian personnel and assets, bureaucratic impediments and operational interference.
Consequently, the proportion of assessed settlements reporting cultivation as their main source of food decreased from 80% in July to 36% in September. Furthermore, 70% of assessed settlements reported foraging as the main source of food in September, likely due to lack of food during the lean season. With increased reliance on foraging amidst limited availability cultivated food, food access gaps will likely widen in the county toward the next lean season.  [ Tonj East County ]
With less food reserves available toward the lean season, the Famine Early Warning System Network  ( FEWS NET )  indicated that food security in Tonj East County may have deteriorated to IPC Phase 4  ( Emergency )  in June due to a host of factors including population displacement and conflict, which limited access to land, rising food prices and loss of livelihood assets.  [ Tonj East County ]
Overall, 37% of assessed settlements in September reported flooding as the main reason why people could not access enough food, a proportion that remained comparable throughout the third quarter
Findings suggest that access to food was constrained by insecurity and flooding in some parts of Warrap State. In September, 22% assessed of settlements reported adequate access to food across the state, a 19 percentage point decrease since April. Access to food was particularly a concern in Gogrial East, Tonj East and Twic counties because of flooding and fighting which destroyed crops or disrupted farming activities.
Similarly, between July and September, there was an increase from 0% to 16% in Gogrial East County, and an increase from 5% to 24% in Gogrial West County in the proportion of assessed settlements reporting flooding as the main reason why people left their settlements. Flooding reportedly caused displacement in Tonj North County, where IOM reported 16,480 people to have been displaced from their villages into Rual Bet, Pagol, Manalor, Athieng Puol, Aliek Centre, Krirk and Warrap Town in September.
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene  ( WASH ) : Basic hygiene practices like hand washing with soap or ash appear to not have been widely adopted; in Gogrial West County, the proportion of assessed settlements reporting people washing hands with soap decreased from 70% in July to 10% in September, suggesting limited access to soap
Protection: Findings suggest that protection risks were highest in Tonj East, Tonj South, Tonj North and Twic Counties, where assessed settlements reported that episodes of sub national violence had taken place in the month prior to data collection. In addition to the risk of violence, assessed settlements reported that women and girls faced domestic violence and sexual violence, while girls faced an additional problem of early marriage as a major protection concern.
Food Security and Livelihoods: Adequate access to food appear to have declined in the third quarter of 2020 across Warrap State; only 22% of assessed settlements reported adequate access in September, a 19 percentage point reduction since April, likely due to fighting and flooding, which resulted in a poorer than usual harvest.
Food Security and Livelihoods: In September, 0% of assessed settlements in both Tonj East and Gogrial East counties, 6% in Twic County reported adequate access to food.
Limited additional funding to support the response to the crises is forthcoming and humanitarian partners are depending on reprogramming of ongoing activities and the use of supply stocks to accommodate the new needs. Partners are strongly encouraged to share with their cluster's information about their ongoing programming, new funding secured and possibilities to scale up activities.
Combined, the two pooled funds allocated $19.4 million to humanitarian partners. The SSHF's  (  South Sudan Humanitarian Fund  )  second Reserve Allocation provided $9.7 million for frontline responders, prioritizing life saving assistance in the areas of food security and livelihoods, health, nutrition, protection, shelter and non food items  ( NFIs ) , and water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH ) .
Funding from the UN's Central Emergency Response Fund  ( CERF )  and the South Sudan Humanitarian Fund  ( SSHF )  helped scale up the response to people's needs.
General Recommendations  Water levels are increasing day by day, there is urgent need for immediate response  Community leaders urged for more support from all the agencies to boost the capacity on ground  Both speed boats and canoes are recommended as means of transport in all the locations since speed boats alone cannot be used to access the locations where the populations are leaving current  Priority needs were identified as Food, NFI/Shelters and drugs
While humanitarian access has improved since the revitalized peace agreement was signed in September 2018, the number of incidents recorded in 2020 rose from 2019.
Threats, intimidation and harassment of staff constituted 23 per cent of all the incidents
In 2020, bureaucratic impediments, operational interference and access denials remained challenges for humanitarian organizations across the country. The overall number of non violent incidents reported declined slightly, attributed to COVID 19 and the limitations it posed on field presence.
Authorities suspended visa issuance which affected the deployment of new staff, which limited the necessary staffing turn over. The restrictions prevented staff turn over. Necessary surge response to critical life saving needs was particularly challenged by the measures.
Approximately half of the COVID 19 related incidents were administrative in nature. Threats and fears of the spread of the virus led to entry denials for humanitarian personnel from listed countries, affecting 60 staff members from the UN and international and national NGOs
On 24 March, Juba International Airport suspended all international flights, with exceptions to a limited number of cargo and internal flights.
OCHA participated in repeated rounds of negotiation attempts with the various youth groups, and participated in two visits to Renk and continues to support the negotiation and advocacy interventions.
A total of 267 humanitarians were relocated in 2020 due to insecurity and flooding, compared to 129 in 2019.
Some incidents, such as demands by organized youth groups for local hiring, particularly in Renk and Bentiu, led to the suspension of humanitarian activities, substantially disrupting multi sectoral assistance.
Many factors including the localized conflict, displacement, flooding and restrictions brought on by measures to contain to the COVID 19 outbreak are associated with the reduction in SAM admissions in 2020. Treatment services performed well with indicators of SAM treatment above the acceptable minimum SPHERE standards, with a cure rate of 94.9 per cent, death rate of 0.3 and defaulter rate of 3 per cent.
The most food insecure states are Jonglei, Unity, Upper Nile, Lakes, Warrap and Northern Bahr el Ghazal states where more than half of the respective populations are facing Crisis  ( IPC Phase 3 )  or worse acute food insecurity.
Intercommunal fighting and flooding reportedly destroyed shelters in parts of Warrap State in the third quarter. In September, assessed settlements reported that shelters had been destroyed during fighting in Tonj East  ( 12% )  and Twic  ( 25% )  counties. Meanwhile, flooding reportedly destroyed shelters in Gogrial East  ( 51% )  and Tonj East  ( 54% )  in September. Furthermore, assessed settlements reported that half of shelters were destroyed by flooding in Tonj East  ( 14% )  and Twic  ( 13% )  in September.
Malaria was the most commonly perceived cause of death in September  ( reported by 43% of assessed settlements )  across the state. At the county level, a high proportion of assessed settlements  ( 71% )  reported malaria as the leading cause of death in Tonj East in September. This finding was supported by the World Health Organization  ( WHO )  surveillance data which identified malaria as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with Tonj East being among the three counties in South Sudan with malaria trends which exceed alert level threshold in September
In Tonj South County, the proportion of assessed settlements reporting respiratory infection  ( coughing )  doubled between May  ( 25% )  and June  ( 50% ) . In Tonj East County,  ( 40% )  of assessed settlements perceived malnutrition as a major health concern in July. The high reporting on malnutrition is consistent with the January IPC analysis, which projected that Tonj East County would face a serious Global Acute Malnutrition  ( GAM 10 14.9 )  during the lean season between May and August.
The second most commonly reported health problem was cough or respiratory infection  ( 11% )  across the state, with high reporting in Tonj South  ( 33% ) , Tonj North  ( 19% )  and Gogrial West  ( 14% )  counties in September.
Conflict and flood affected people by county as of November 2020   528K people affected in Jonglei State and Greater Pibor Administrative Area 220K flood affected people only 308K mixed conflict and flood affected people
Nearly half  ( 48% )  of assessed settlements reported that people walked for half aday to access health services in September.
However, 13% of assessed settlements reported that no health facilities were available, especially in Gogrial East  ( 44% )  and Tonj East  ( 14% )  counties, likely due to conflict cutting off populations in remote areas. Despite the presence of health facilities across the state, distance also presented a barrier for populations in remote areas
Across the state, access to health services was seemingly consistent throughout the second and third quarters of 2020, with assessed settlements reporting access to primary health care centre  ( 73% )  and hospital  ( 10% )  within walking distance in September.
In September, the most commonly reported reasons why people did not use latrines in assessed settlements were unavailability of latrines  ( 47% ) , cultural reasons  ( 19% )  and overcrowding  ( 13% )  across the state. Of concern was Twic County, where 86% of assessed settlements reported unavailability of latrines as the main reason why people did not use latrines in September.
Feeding into poor hygiene practices was a reported lack of latrines and detrimental cultural practices in the state. Forty three percent of assessed settlements reported at least half of the population had access to latrine in September, comparable to July.
Priorities for Immediate Humanitarian response • Verification of the number of IDPs and host community members in the affected locations. • Distribution of vegetable seeds. • General food distribution for the affected communities • Fishing equipment distribution • Provision of cash to vulnerable people. • Needs to vaccinate and treat livestock affected.
During this assessment, food was consistently reported as the priority and immediate need although all other sectors were also cited, particularly shelters NFIs.
Priorities for Immediate Humanitarian response • There should be intensive hygiene promotion with sustainable solutions to promote good hygiene practices, water treatment and storage, hand washing, and personal hygiene • Distribute WASH NFIs • Hygiene kits distribution to registered IDPs • The need for providing emergency latrines • Need for water treatment plant to provide safe water
All locations hosting displaced communities were observed with poor sanitation and no access to clean and safe water.
According to the local authority and observations from the team, two payams of New Fangak thus Manajang and Phom have been worst affected by the flood, and an estimated population of 48,103 individuals  ( 7,944 households )  are reported to be directly affected of which 15% are believed to be children under five years of age as per below table.
Some 354 violent incidents were reported, an increase from 319 in 2019.
The humanitarian footprint reduced considerably during the first months after COVID 19 was confirmed in South Sudan in April and when subnational conflict broke out during the dry season, before increasing again. Funding shortages and floods also reduced partners' frontline operational capacity, including the number of national NGOs in remote locations.
Emergency Shelter and Non Food Items: The first consignment of plastic sheets  ( 7,000 pieces )  transported by river arrived in Bor warehouse for response in Fangak  ( 3,000 ) , Pochala  ( 2,300 )  Ayod  ( 2,450 ) . A second consignment of plastic sheets is due for ES/NFI response in Duk, Twic East and Mingkaman.
Flood preparedness  ( rainy season )  : Strengthen logistics capacity at local level to move supplies to distribution points
Conflict preparedness  ( dry season )  : Engage local chiefs to provide security as part of their primary responsibility to protect humanitarian workers and their assets and hold them accountable
Even though physical road conditions are improving as the dry season approaches, physical access to the priority counties remains challenging, especially in Jonglei.
United Nations Humanitarian Air Service  ( UNHAS )  provided humanitarian passenger movement services to ensure the deployment of rapid response teams
The WASH Cluster pipeline has adequate supplies to cover the immediate needs with the current stock  ( from CERF allocation for flood response )  which was stocked to cover the dry season needs. The Cluster is currently using these supplies for response in the six counties on borrowing arrangements and will replenish when funding is secured.
The WASH Cluster has deployed an Emergency Preparedness and Response  ( EP&R )  team in the hard to reach areas of Manyabol and Gumuruk of Greater Pibor Administrative Area.
Needs: Provision of common logistics services to the humanitarian community, including cargo and passenger air transportation, to ensure partners can implement programmatic activities and provide assistance to 104,000 people in need in the six Priority 1 counties.
Lack of partner presence in the hard to reach areas of Warrap and Greater Pibor Administrative Area  ( GPAA ) . In GPAA the areas identified with no partner presence are Manyabol, Gumuruk, Boma, Mewun and Labarab. In Tonj East county, there is no presence of static partners or Emergency Preparedness and Response  ( EP&R )  partners. (  WASH Cluster Partners )
A total of 4,454 Dignity Kits have been reprioritized from other locations and have been allocated for distribution in Pibor, Aweil South, Tonj North, Tonj South, and Tonj East counties as part of the response scale up by GBV Partners.
Insecurity due to on going sub national violence in Tonj East, Tonj North and Tonj South counties and in Manyabor and Lokormoch in Pibor, limits community access to nutrition sites. Nutrition supplements including CSB++ are not being delivered to 12 nutrition sites in Tonj East due to fears of looting
On going response by 9 partners in 117 Outpatient Therapeutic Program  ( OTP )  and Target Supplementary Feeding Program  ( TSFP )  and 6 Nutrition Stabilization Centres  ( SC )  in 46 payams in the six counties.
A total of 119,000 people in need of emergency food assistance and livelihood assistance including distribution of fishing and vegetable kits. Livestock needs to be vaccinated, treated and restocked.
OCHA organizes an Inter Cluster Operational partner coordination meeting on a bi weekly basis in Juba. The primary response is being coordinated as close to the response as possible, with county and state level coordination mechanisms established with partners. OCHA has deployed staff members in Akobo, Kuajok, Pibor and Aweil to coordinate response scale up
The Logistics Cluster is supporting partners with life saving humanitarian cargo to scale up logistic service provision in the six counties. Pibor and Akobo airstrips recently became accessible for fixed wings aircrafts and are now served from Juba, while previously served with helicopters from Bor.
Flooding and droughts significantly disrupt livelihood patterns and food security and may result in temporary displacement or longer term migration. Such shocks exacerbate vulnerabilities and weaken the resilience and adaptive capacity of agriculture dependent communities; they can heighten competition over natural resources, sometimes leading to cattle raiding and communal conflict.
While dignity kits have been reprioritized to the six counties from other sources, a significant gap remains. An additional 11,139 Dignity Kits are required through the core pipeline in the six counties. ( Protection Cluster Partners )
Gender based violence  ( GBV )  partners have provided 6,134 people with GBV services. This includes reaching 3,842 people through awareness raising on GBV risk mitigation, available services, and prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse  ( PSEA )  in Pibor town, Gumuruk, Likuangole, Verteth, Tenet, Maytakar payams in Pibor in GPAA.
GBV partners have trained 106 frontline workers in Tonj North, Pibor and Akobo counties. Four complaint and feedback mechanisms established in Pibor town, Gumuruk, Likuangole, and Verteth in Pibor
CP partners have also trained 52 frontline workers  ( 25 women, 27 men )  on Child Protection in Emergencies  ( CPiE )  in Likuangole in Pibor and Bilkey in Akobo counties.
A total of 15,593 dignity kits are needed for distribution in the six counties.
Some 29,000 people were reached with health services in January 2021 through static and mobile health services.
Mid Upper arm circumference  ( MUAC )  screening conducted in January in Pibor and reached 1,488 beneficiaries including 1,106 children and 382 pregnant and lactating women.
Scaling up of Rapid Response Mechanism  ( RRM )  and outreach sites in the hard to reach areas in Warrap and Greater Pibor Administrative Area.  [ under the topic Nutrition ]
The education partners are working closely with the state ministries of education to organize distribution of education supplies, hygiene kits and repair of school water sanitation facilities through COVID 19 response. No major work been done to restore learning services in most of the flood affected schools.
The Inter Cluster Coordination Group  ( ICCG )  continues to re prioritize planned activities in the six Priority 1 counties based on available resources. Clusters are also re allocating resources and reprogramming from ongoing activities and using other supply stocks to accommodate the new high food insecure caseload.
An estimated US$68.5 million is required to scale up response operations to meet the urgent needs of the 104,000 most vulnerable people targeted in the six Priority 1 countries
Based on findings of food security and nutrition projections for 2021 reflected in IPC reports released in mid December, humanitarian organizations in South Sudan commenced a scale up of lifesaving operations. The multi sectoral response focuses on vulnerable people in areas of most severe acute food insecurity in the six counties of Pibor, Akobo, Aweil South, Tonj East, Tonj North and Tonj South. The response scale up seeks to provide food and livelihoods assistance, health and nutrition support, protection services, water, sanitation and hygiene  ( WASH ) , and logistics support to the most vulnerable people.
The Government and its partners need mechanisms for systematically gathering and analysing data, and assessing climate, livelihoods, food security, migration  ( including transhumance )  and conflict trends, to be better positioned to generate early warning information and anticipatory preventive responses
Gaps & Constraints • Funding required for 135,000 flood affected people • Plastic sheets are not available, as they had largely been used for the previous flood response, COVID 19 response and the newly displaced population from sub national and localized conflicts. • Most of the flood affected areas are inaccessible by road require air transport. • The procurement of pipeline items is taking longer than usual due to COVID 19 border restrictions.
South Sudan's national and local capacity to mitigate and adapt to climate related security risks is limited. The Ministry of Environment and South Sudan Meteorological Department  ( SSMD )  lack the resources, knowledge and technical expertise to generate robust early warning data and analysis.
United Nations Mission in South Sudan reported witnessing 415 violent incidents between communities from January and May 2020, and data from 2019 also show escalating violence involving the Dinka, Nuer and Murle communities in Jonglei. This violence also weakens communities' resilience to the adverse effects of climate change
• Health service provision continues as provided by multiple health cluster members for people in need.
There is a need for health awareness and response readiness to prevent diarrheal diseases including cholera.
• A total of 293,577 people reached with livelihood support by the end of November
Additionally, in some lean season support locations especially those affected by both flood and conflict, there are more beneficiaries, including targeted distribution.
A total of 371,000 people in need of livelihood support
A total of 906,000 people in need of food
Gaps & Constraints: The CCCM Cluster has not been able to set up and continue to maintain site level coordination structures for services provided through a network of organizations to meet the need of site population and host community. Therefore, there is a gap for continuous mapping of all stakeholders  ( Who/What/Where )  and facilitate a clear and agreed division of tasks.
There is a need to continue supporting site community representation structures and service providers to develop a site based safety plan to ensure continuous updates are made to the plan through regular safety audits and site care and maintenance.
The Food and Agricultural Organization  ( FAO )  has warned that South Sudan lacks effective state institutions and local mechanisms for the peaceful settlement of disputes over power, livestock and resources. UNMISS, the AU, IGAD, the UN system and international partners should increase and coordinate support to national and local authorities and civil society, to help build sustainable local and national capacities for peace.
The impact of climate change on seasonal patterns affects transhumant pastoralists, increasing the risk of tensions with farmers over access to water and grazing.
There is evidence that climate change increases the risk of floods and droughts, triggering temporary, or more permanent, population displacements.
International partners should increase support to integrated, climate sensitive disaster risk reduction efforts by strengthening Government capacities in hydro meteorological observatory networks, flood and drought mapping capability  ( forecasting and post event damage assessment ) , early warning messaging and supporting community adaptation measures.
The Government of South Sudan and its partners should build the capacity of newly appointed state and deputy governors, local leaders and national agencies to anticipate and adapt to climaterelated change, seasonal shocks and livelihood and food security stressors by strengthening early warning, joint planning and rapid response mechanisms.
Flood preparedness  ( rainy season )  : Local authorities to encourage communities situated along flood prone areas to relocate to higher grounds and provide basic services in relocated areas
Conflict preparedness  ( dry season )  : Advocate with UNMISS  ( The United Nations Mission in South Sudan )  for deployment of protection forces to protect civilians as well as humanitarians and their assets in following priority locations in order of priority: 1 )  Pieri, Uror County; 2 )  Gumuruk, GPAA; 3 )  Duk Pajut, Duk County; and 4 )  Likunagole, GPAA
It is highly likely that sub national conflict and flooding will occur in Jonglei and GPAA again in 2021 and lead to large scale displacement and a sharp increase in emergency needs, unless mitigating measures are taken to reduce their impact.
Static partners are present in Nyirol, but have no funds to respond. Currently, there are three EPR WASH partners available, whereas in 2019 there were seven partners for rapid response through EPR  ( Emergency Preparedness and Response ) . The WASH Cluster has requested support for urgent response capacity scale up of EPR.
Protection: Some response has taken place in Pibor, Duk, Ayod and Akobo, while Twic East and Uror have been targeted for future response.
Logistics: The Rumbek based helicopter continues to support the flood response out of Bor, but has been repositioned in Rumbek for a couple of weeks to clear backlog, after which it will be sent again to Bor. The Buffalo fixed wing aircraft should soon become available again to preposition critical flood response supplies out of Juba. Airlifts to final delivery points from Bor are done by helicopter or boat.
There is an urgent need for additional logistics support with air assets and riverine transport to move cargo to priority locations and for additional emergency response capacity to respond to the emergency needs of people in multiple deep field locations
The flood response has been constrained by persistent heavy rains, infrastructure damage and reduced physical accessibly due to impassable roads and flooded airstrips, limited resources and insecurity.
Where humanitarian needs transcend the response capacity of Jonglei based actors, the Bor ICCG requests support from Jubabased mobile response teams like the Emergency and Preparedness Response  ( EPR )  team. Integrated Rapid Response Mechanism  ( IRRM )  teams, composed of food, livelihood and other response components, have prioritized hard to reach communities in northern Jonglei State with urgent, lifesaving interventions.
Due to the flooding, humanitarian services had to be suspended and staff relocated as roads to affected people were washed away in many areas.
COVID 19 related restrictions have reduced emergency response teams' ability to respond effectively.
In October, a team of humanitarian workers was attacked by unidentified armed men on a road near Pibor town. One aid worker was killed and another injured.
According to the IPC analysis published in early 2020, people living in the subsequently flood affected counties were in IPC Phase 4 with the exception of Bor South and Twic West who were in IPC Phase 3.
Flood preparedness  ( rainy season )  : Invest in disaster risk reduction and other mitigation measures – construct/maintain/strengthen/repair dykes and canals, and support resilience activities
Summary of findings; • The community lacks water purifiers for water treatments • There are no water points in where IDPs had settled • There is a lack of Hygiene kits, soaps, and water containers
A total of 105 humanitarian organizations have operated in Jonglei during 2020. They include 56 national NGOs, 43 international NGOs and 6 UN agencies, funds and programmes.
In July, two aid workers who were providing healthcare and nutrition services to community members in Pajut town, Duk County, were killed when an unknown armed group attacked the town
An upsurge in violence severely impacted humanitarian operations in Jonglei in February 2020.
Conflict and flood affected people by county as of November 2020 141K people affected in Greater Pibor Administrative Area 15K flood affected people only 126K mixed conflict and flood affected people
Seven years of recurrent conflict, floods and resulting displacement have led to protracted and increasing vulnerability of communities living in Jonglei and GPAA, compounded by frequent disruptions to humanitarian services to people.
Central Equatoria had the highest concentration of incidents reported, 149, primarily due to active hostilities in parts of Lainya, Morobo and Kajo keji counties. Twenty two of these incidents were severe access impediments at Juba International Airport.
Climate change and its effects can impact peace and security. While there is no direct causal relationship between climate and conflict, research has identified multiple pathways through which climate related change interacts with political, social and environmental stresses to compound existing vulnerabilities and tensions. This can undermine development gains, impact the dynamics of ongoing violence or disrupt fragile peace processes. In turn, violent conflict and political instability undermine the resilience of communities and governments to cope with the effects of climate change.
Human Development Index: 0.433 / 1.0  ( 2020 )
The Government should consider strengthening its analytical capacity by bringing relevant stakeholders and partners together to produce regular climate security reviews that integrate and analyse data on climate, conflict, migration  ( including transhumance patterns and routes )  and food security. These reviews should pay special attention to women, girls and female headed households, and should include women's interests and needs in conflict sensitive climate adaptation and climate related security risk strategies. The reviews should also feed into the annual South Sudan State of the Environment Report and work towards supporting the Government to mitigate the climate security risks identified.
Partners working in Ayod, Fashoda, Juba, Malakal, Rubkona, Wau and Yei counties were most affected with 65 per cent of access denials, interferences and bureaucratic impediments incidents reported.
Access denials, operational interference and bureaucratic impediments accounted for 196 of all incidents, 20 less than 2019
Insecurity along the major supply routes remained fluid and negatively impacted on reaching people in need. The number of ambushes reported increased from 70 in 2019 to 88 in 2020, leading to the death and injury of aid workers and loss of supplies. The majority occurred in Eastern Equatoria and Lakes states.
Bureaucratic impediments, access denials and operational interference accounted for 196 of the reported incidents, 20 incidents less than in 2019. The slight decrease may be attributed to the decrease in humanitarian staff footprint due to COVID 19.
With the onset of the rainy season, it is difficult for the WASH Cluster and partners to reach people living in hard to reach areas and to distribute items to warehouses across the country, as roads become inaccessible.
In 2020, a moderate increase in humanitarian access incidents was reported, from 535 incidents in 2019 to 580 in 2020.
South Sudan's vulnerability to climate change is linked to food insecurity, which is driven by long standing conflict but also by droughts and floods, all of which weaken community resilience
Soil and water conditions are relatively favourable for agriculture and related activities – but, even in good harvest years, 20 per cent of the population suffer food insecurity, mainly because of ongoing conflict
The funds required rule out many young women, unless their families are wealthy and they have relatives in town to care for them.
To improve early warning, prevention and early action, the UN Security Council  ( UNSC )  should mandate the UN Mission in South Sudan  ( UNMISS )  to support and build Government capacity to establish an early warning and emergency response centre, managed by the Government in conjunction with research institutions and experts in South Sudan, and with the partnership of the rest of the UN system, the AU and IGAD.
The Intergovernmental Authority on Development  ( IGAD ) , the African Union  ( AU )  and the United Nations  ( UN )  have all invested in increasing knowledge and expertise in the areas of climate, peace and security, and can further assist the Government to enhance its capacity to adapt to climate change and integrate climate related security risks into its analyses, as well as its early warning, prevention, mitigation and preparedness efforts.
Ongoing conflict, governance deficits, insufficient resources, knowledge gaps and low technical expertise and support have weakened the ability of the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity of South Sudan to integrate climate related security risks into its efforts to manage communal, natural resource and land conflicts
The United Nations Mission in South Sudan Independent Strategic Review noted that civilians have been driven away from agriculture due to environmental and conflict factors, with significant effects on livelihood and food security.
Without adequate WASH infrastructure, the potential presence of water or vector borne diseases as well as the ability to contain them may impact the well being of the local populations at risk of disease outbreaks in the increasingly congested urban setting.
When women and girls are unable to access water or firewood in proximity to their homes due to the presence of explosive hazards, they must travel to locations further away, which can make them vulnerable to GBV. Children who cannot attend a school in their community for the same reason not only fail to receive an education, but potentially are subject to forced recruitment and other protection risks.
Major health system gaps have resulted in persistent weak facility and community disease surveillance, low immunization coverage and weak referral pathways for maternal and child health emergency including sexual and gender based violence  ( SGBV )  survivors. The facility surveillance gap is at 40 per cent. WASH infection prevention and control is at 7 per cent. With only 14 per cent of pharmaceutical commodities available, the already insufficient essential medicine supply chain is ineffective in the face of preventable disease outbreaks.
The GBV risk factors considered for the analysis included distance travelled by households more than 30 minutes to fetch water, status of food insecurity, an incident of armed conflict and proximity of cantonment to civilian sites and access to GBV services. Fourteen counties, namely Aweil East, Aweil North, Ayod, Balliet, Bor South, Cueibet, Gogrial East, Ibba, Longochuk, Maridi, Tonj East, Tonj North, Twic and Wulu, fall under the extreme category.
During the reporting period, a surge in armed robbery, road banditries and abductions were reported in Eastern Equatoria. A few incidents of ambushes and an abduction was also reported in Central Equatoria.
Children make up 80 per cent of the people in need in 12 counties of Juba, Wau, Rubkona, Bor South, Jur River, Luakpiny/Nasir, Tonj North, Pibor, Aweil East, Yei, Awerial and Ayod. Similarly, children from displaced communities and those from conflict affected areas are particularly vulnerable as they are exposed to multiple protection risks including violence, recruitment, family separation, psychosocial distress, and exploitation
Similarly, over 300,000 refugees in South Sudan are in need of protection services. Counties hosting the highest numbers of people in need  ( over 100,000 )  include Wau, Rubkona, Bor South, Jur River, Aweil East, Luakpiny/Nasir, Akobo, Pibor Juba, Gogrial West, Awerial, Twic and Tonj North.These host communities experience high levels of violence in addition to other safety and security risks, including their proximity to cantonment sites.
Approximately 4.65 million people are experiencing high food consumption gaps or are marginally able to meet food consumption needs through coping strategies  ( IPC Phase 3 ) .
In addition, an estimated 300,000 refugees in South Sudan are vulnerable and in need of assistance.
The cluster's response also contributes to the South Sudan National Response Plan's pillars on risk communication and community engagement; infection prevention and control; and points of entry.
Some of the affected areas have been cut off due to impassable road conditions and high water levels, constraining people's access to basic services and restricting humanitarians' ability to assess and respond to needs. Reduced access to basic services has increased the vulnerability of people in these locations which are classified in extreme and emergency phases of food insecurity.
With additional resources to scale up COVID 19 preparedness and response actions rapidly, there is capacity for actors on the ground to enhance their activities, with particular focus on health, WASH, protection, risk communication and core relief items.
Persons with disabilities and chronic illnesses, and elderly, face higher risk of violence, greater inequalities during the pandemic due to inaccessible information and environments, as well as stigma and misperception that may magnify the discrimination they experience. Mainstreaming of disability in all COVID 19 planning, response and recovery is important to ensure systematic inclusion of these groups and to prevent exacerbating pre existing barriers and inequalities. To this end, humanitarian organizations in South Sudan are taking steps to identify the heightened risks and specific needs of these groups to respond accordingly.
Humanitarian organizations in South Sudan are making efforts to adapt their CVA to the current COVID 19 situation. These mainly include: Investing in collaborative efforts to assess and monitor the level of access and functionality of markets of key essential items, due to the disruption in supply chains and mobility restrictions; and the capacity from Financial Service Providers to respond at scale, with quality, and reaching marginalized communities, such as elderly and people with disabilities
In engaging with affected communities, humanitarian organizations should ensure that COVID 19 related messages are culturally and conflict sensitive, and that key influencers in the community are tapped to spread messages.