nlp-thedeep/humsetbias huggingface dataset:
Roughly half of households had at least one child who never attended school  ( 48% ) , with the exception being non displaced populations in East Borno for whom non attendance was less common  ( 26% ) . The most prevalent education needs were reported in Bama  ( 73% ) , Gwoza  ( 72% )  and Ngala LGAs  ( 68% ) , mostly due to the lack of school supplies  ( 98% in Bama, 90% in Gwoza, 77% in Ngala )  and the high proportion of households having at least one child who did not attend school  ( 66% in Bama, 61% in Gwoza, 66% in Ngala ) .
Multi sectoral needs in Adamawa were driven primarily by needs in education  ( 88% ) , health  ( 87% )  and WASH  ( 62% ) . This could be explained by the fact that rural settlements, which accounted for a large part of the sample, had considerably less access to services such as health facilities, schools and water points. Substantial food insecurity  ( 66% )  and livelihoods  ( 48% )  needs were also observed, which were partially attributable to data collection occurring during the lean season, prior to the harvest.
Community leaders were reported as those most frequently providing information to respondents  ( 79% ) , and were also the most trusted to give reliable information  ( 79% ) , across Adamawa. Then, the second most common source of information reported by households overall were friends and family; while the second most trusted source of information seemed to be religious leaders.
Two in three households in MMC and Jere had education needs, in large part due to two third of households having at least one child who was not attending school  ( 59% ) , and nearly half of households with at least a child who had never attended formal schooling  ( 46% ) . Among the population groups, the highest education needs were observed among IDP households  ( 81% ) , followed by non displaced  ( 67% )  and returnee households  ( 56% ) .
Mubi North was the LGA most of concern in the state of Adamawa with 93% of households considered in need of WASH support. Similarly, the severity of WASH needs was also the highest in this LGA with an average WASH severity score of 5.7. These high needs were driven by more than 90% of households requiring more than 30 minutes to collect water, and 71% of households reporting not having access to soap. This was also in observance that households in Mubi North LGA had very high needs overall in other sectors as well.
Shelter/NFI needs in Guzamala were the highest in Borno State, mostly due to close to all households lacking at least half of the basic NFI kit items  ( 96% ) , close to two in three households sharing shelter with another family  ( 64% ) , and over half of households living without adequate shelter  ( 55% ) . In Kukawa, similar trends were observed, with close to all households lacking at least half of the basic NFI kit items  ( 93% )  and close to two in three households sharing shelter with another family  ( 63% ) .
Populations in Northern Borno displayed similar WASH needs compared to Borno as a whole, however more than a quarter of IDP households had WASH needs, making them one of the most affected groups in terms of WASH in Borno state. These needs were largely due to due to lack of latrine access  ( 26% ) , long water collection times  ( 21% ) , lack of soap in the household  ( 20% ) , and low household water consumption  ( 19% ) .
Across all population groups in Borno state  ( IDPs, returnees, and non displaced ) , 98% of households were found to be in need in at least one humanitarian sector. A breakdown by households' displacement status reveals unmet humanitarian needs in at least one sector among 99% of IDPs, 99% of returnees, and 96% of non displaced households.
Most households received information from their community leader  ( 74% ) , who was also the source they trusted most. Nearly half of households also received information from their religious leader  ( 48% )  or friends or family members  ( 31% ) . Households preferred to receive this information by phone  ( 65% ) , in person  ( 57% )  or via radio  ( 43% )  across the state and population groups
Across all three BAY states, domains in Adamawa demonstrated the highest per domain proportion of households with unmet, multi sectoral needs. In comparing Northern and Southern Adamawa, needs were more severe for households in Southern Adamawa than for those in Northern Adamawa, driven by 66% of all households demonstrating unmet need in WASH. Despite this, two Northern Adamawa LGAs demonstrated the highest prevalence of unmet needs of any two LGAs: Mubi North LGA, where 72% of households had “high' or “very high' multi sectoral needs, driven by 97% of households with an unmet need in health and 93% of households had an unmet need in WASH, and Michika where 69% of households had “high' or “very high' needs, driven by unmet need for shelter/NFI support.
While over half of the IDPs reported shelter/NFI needs  ( 55% ) , the population groups most in need were the non displaced  ( 71% )  and returnees  ( 68% ) . In Northern Borno, 90% of non displaced households reported lacking at least half of the basic NFI kit items. By LGA, the most households categorized with shelter/NFI needs were seen in Guzamala  ( 88% )  and Kukawa LGAs  ( 74% ) , with high needs also being observed in Mobbar  ( 61% )  and Nganzai LGA  ( 60% ) .
The highest education needs were observed in Southern Borno, with three fourth of households expressing this need  ( 74% ) . Almost half of households reported at least one barrier to education  ( 47% ) , and two thirds had at least one child not attending school  ( 64% ) . The proportion of households with children who never attended formal education was slightly lower than in other parts of Borno  ( 38% ) . Non displaced households were twice as likely to have at least one of their children without formal schooling, than returnees  ( 40% vs. 21% ) . By LGA, Bayo showed one of the highest education needs both on the domain and the state level with 80% of households reporting this needs.
Other common profiles included households with shelter/NFI and food security needs  ( 46% ) , shelter/NFI and livelihoods needs  ( 27% )  and health and livelihoods needs  ( 25% ) . More detailed sectoral pairings are presented in Figure 6. Food security was a pervasive need, as it was represented in eight of the fifteen most common sectoral needs pairings.
UNICEF has previously estimated that as much as 75% of WASH infrastructure in Borno State has been destroyed as a result of the insurgency28. WASH needs appeared less than other sectoral needs in Borno State, in part because of the restricted scope of data collection to areas with more concentrated services, including availability of improved water points and latrine access. Southern Borno is the exception, as data collection extended to more rural settlements.
In anticipating the 2019 election cycle, the post election period presents risks that may impact the ability to deliver humanitarian assistance to affected populations. The continued insecurity and the possibility that aid might be politicised could reduce the field of action of humanitarian organisations, thus preventing adequate provision.
In Southern Adamawa, the overall proportion of households found to be in need was generally lower than Northern Adamawa and the state overall with 6%. However, in looking at specific population groups in Southern Adamawa, 29% returnee households were found to be in need of protection support – the population group and geographical area most affected in the state.
In Northern Adamawa, 49% of households were found to be in need. Looking at population groups, 69% of IDP households and 66% of returnee households were found to be in need of recovery and livelihoods support in Northern Adamawa. In addition, Northern Adamawa was the domain where the needs of displaced population groups were signficantly higher than those of non displaced households. Incidentally, more than three quarters of displaced households in Northern Adamawa reported that their level of income had decreased in the three months prior to data collection.
In Northern Adamawa, 10% of households were found to be in need of protection support. In addition, the severity of their need was slightly higher than the state average, with a score of 4.5. Higher needs were mainly driven in the domain by higher reports of households not having any legal documentation for adults with 20% affected, and 17% of households reporting having experienced movement restrictions in the two months prior to data collection.
Nutrition needs in the BAY states are highly concerning. Across Borno, 10% of IDP households had unmet nutrition needs, with the highest proportions of households in need found in Central Borno. In Central Borno, 15% of IDPs had unmet nutrition needs, 11% of whom also had a household vulnerability. The co existence of the highest nutritional needs with the highest household vulnerability was also seen in East Borno. Non displaced households in East Borno registered the highest unmet nutrition needs, with 36% of households having a child with a poor MUAC and the presence of oedema.13 Of this 36%, 27% also had a household vulnerability. In both circumstances, it is likely that the home had a pregnant or lactating woman, which would classify it as vulnerable.
A majority of KIs  ( 66% )  in Adamawa reported that households had abandoned their shelter and displaced as a result of flooding. Nonetheless, 25% of KIs reported that, during the last flood, between one and two thirds of households had abandoned their shelter, a proportion that was slightly higher in Southern Adamawa, with 50% of KIs reporting abandoned shelters in the LGA of Demsa. Of note, 14% of KIs in Girei LGA and 10% in Fufore LGA reported that when the last flooding occurred in their settlement, all the households were displaced.
This high need was mostly due to over half of households having at least one child who never attended formal schooling  ( 54% ) , and two third where at least one child had never attended school  ( 62% ) . Shani LGA showed similarly high needs  ( 80% ) , with three in four households having at least one child who was not attending school  ( 75% ) , and over half of households having at least one child who never attended formal schooling  ( 58% ) . While households in Askira/Uba LGA, had better formal school attendance with one fifth of households reporting having at least a child without formal schooling  ( 21% ) , nearly two third reported at least one child who dropped out  ( 62% ) .
Regarding the first indicator, the lack of legal documentation, especially when affecting IDP or returnee households, could pose concerns related to housing and access to land and property. Although in a lower proportion, almost 1 out of 10 households were reported to live in a ward where key informants mentioned incidents due to UXOs in the three months preceding data collection.
The risk of eviction also greatly affected returnees, with one in five households reporting being at risk  ( 19% ) . In addition, returnee households were also the mostly likely to report that their shelter was partially damaged or completely destroyed, with nearly half of households reporting this  ( 46% ) . Across Yobe state, Central and Northern Yobe displayed the highest shelter/NFI needs  ( 68% and 62% respectively ) .
Northern Yobe displayed the second highest shelter/NFI needs, with nearly two thirds of households in need  ( 62% ) . The lack of adequate shelter was the highest across the state  ( 28% ) , with non displaced households being the most likely to be affected  ( 28% ) . While the risk of eviction in Northern Yobe was the lowest across the state, IDP households in Northern Yobe were the most likely to report facing eviction risk  ( 23% )  and sharing a shelter with another family  ( 72% ) .
In Northern Yobe, 3% of households had protection needs, and the highest needs were observed among IDPs  ( 7% ) . This is driven by adult household members lacking legal identity documentation  ( 23% ) , and missing family members  ( 5% ) . Karasuwa and Nguru LGAs most often reported that all adult household members lacked legal identity documentation  ( 23% ) . The highest proportion of households categorized as being in need of protection were observed in Yunusari LGA  ( 9% ) .
In Southern Adamawa, Lamurde and Shelleng LGAs were of concern where respectively 78% and 76% of households were found to be in need of WASH support. The severity of WASH needs in Lamurde was among the highest noted with an average score of 5.5. Main driving indicators for those high needs include that a majority of households reported that the water source they were using for daily needs was surface water, for 71% of households in Shelleng and 65% of households in Lamurde. Similarly, both LGAs had among the highest reports of households needing more than 30 minuntes to collect water.
In Borno state nearly half of households who practice agriculture did not plant or harvest  ( 46% ) , one in ten households planted, but did not harvest anything  ( 11% ) , and one in five had only a partial harvest  ( 18% ) . Across the state, farmers in Southern and Eastern Borno were the least likely to plant or harvest during the dry season, especially IDP households. IDPs in Northern Borno were the most likely to not be able to harvest anything.
Most shelters were abandoned in Mafa, while in Damboa, Monguno and Konduga between 1/3 and 2/3 of shelters were abandoned. In Damboa, the shelter/NFI needs were the second highest among all the LGAs in Borno State, and one in three households reported that they lived in a partially damaged or completely destroyed shelter  ( 32% ) . Shelter/NFI needs in Monguno were the third highest across Borno state, partly due to the fact that 79% of households reported inadequate shelter  ( 79% )
During 2018, many settlements in Magumeri were affected by the ongoing conflict with reports of harassment and robberies by NSAGs, causing displacements into Magumeri, Gajiganna, and Gajiram towns. Livelihoods have been affected by this, as a quarter of households reported planting and harvesting either part or none of their crops during the last dry season  ( 25% ) . One fifth of households reported insecurity as a barrier to accessing land  ( 19% ) , and agricultural land was reported as being contaminated with explosives  ( 16% ) , thereby contributing to the large food security and protection needs observed.
One in three households had livelihoods needs in Southern Borno  ( 35% ) . Across the population groups, returnees had the highest needs, due to nearly three fourth of households reportedly experiencing decreased income  ( 71% ) , around half reporting debt  ( 49% ) , one in ten lacking access to cash  ( 9% ) , and 15% resorting to crisis/emergency livelihood coping mechanisms.
This high level of needs was mostly driven by high needs in education and health  ( overall in the domain respectively 84% and 82% HHs in need ) , followed by food security needs. Major needs in those sectors could be due in part to challenging access to basic services.
In Gwoza, the top sectoral combination was shelter/NFI and livelihoods  ( 62% ) , with many of these households also facing education  ( 74% ) , and food security  ( 65% )  needs. Other sectoral combinations included food security and education  ( 46% ) , education and protection  ( 27% )  and food security and protection  ( 26% ) .
Average household size in Yobe state  ( 8.2 persons, overall ) , was higher than that of Borno or Adamawa, irrespective of population group. The proportion of female headed households in Yobe state  ( 9.6% )  was lower than in Borno state  ( 25% )  and, when viewing the proportion of female headed households within Yobe, IDPs had higher rates than other population groups, irrespective of location. Taken together, these factors may indicate that conflict has had less effect on family fragmentation in Yobe, allowing for a higher family size, and more male headed households
While households in Southern Yobe had the lowest livelihoods needs across the state  ( 46% ) , 70% of returnee households had livelihoods needs, making them the most affected group in Yobe state. High needs of returnee households were the result of decreased income among 85% of households, and nearly one in ten households turning to crisis/emergency coping mechanisms  ( 9% ) .
In Monguno, nutrition needs are most likely a result of inadequate food security, as the majority of households with nutrition needs also reported food security needs  ( 83% ) , and less likely due to health or WASH as access to those services in Monguno are relatively better compared to other LGAs in Central Borno. Nutrition needs were also mostly observed in IDP households.
LGAs that were the most affected were Jakusko  ( 31% )  and Bade LGAs  ( 25% ) . The highest protection needs in Central Yobe were observed in Geidam LGA  ( 33% ) , which also proved to have the highest concentration of households with protection needs in Yobe state. Needs were largely driven by households located in wards where KIs reported incidents related to UXOs in the three months preceding data collection  ( 52% ) and movement restrictions  ( 48% )  – among the highest in the state.
Across Borno state, 43% of households displayed livelihoods needs, with important differences between the population groups and geographic domains. While the highest need was among non displaced households, with half of households in need  ( 52% ) , the severity of the need was overall highest among returnee households  ( 4.5 ) . Half of households reported having debt  ( 54% ) , and nearly two in three reported that their income had decreased in the previous three months  ( 61% ) , with IDP households being the most affected  ( 70% reported decreased income, and 60% reported debt )
Close to half of households in Adamawa State reported not currently receiving any information from aid providers  ( 47% ) , suggesting that not all populations are being reached with information. For those households receiving information, news on the general situation in current location and news on the security in current location were the most commonly reported information received.
Food insecurity was pervasive across locations and population groups. In Borno state, 82% of IDP households were in need of food assistance with an average severity of 5.6. Across locations and population groups, two indicators drove up food security needs: the use of an inefficient fuel source for cooking as well as having reduced or no access to markets. Limited access to markets was a particular concern for households in East Borno, where this was reported by 77% of IDP and 100% of non displaced households. The proportion of households that had a poor or borderline Food Consumption Score  ( FCS )  was above 50% for all groups in Borno state and rose to 76% among IDPs, thereby indicating that most people are not meeting their daily nutrition needs.9 In Adamawa, over 80% of IDP and returnee households had food security needs, driven by a lack of access to markets, insufficient fuel sources and the use of a three stone fire as the primary cooking source. Alarmingly, all households reported either no access to a market or barriers to accessing food markets. This is underscored by the fact that 58% of households in Adamawa, including 83% of IDPs, had poor FCS.
Southern Borno, however, had the lowest proportions in the state of households in need of aid, with 51.2% of IDP households, 56% of non displaced households, and 48.2% of returnee households in need of food assistance. This may indicate that food needs are more influenced by geography than displacement status, thereby potentially indicating that barriers to delivering food aid are generating from security constraints, planting/harvesting conditions and may pre date the presence of humanitarian aid.
Again, difficulties in access to health services seemed to be the main concerns in this domain. Following this, more than 1 out of 2 households  ( 52% )  mentioned at least one member that had been sick in the 2 weeks prior to data collection, a higher proportion than the state average and the Southern domain. The proportion of households reporting childbirth without skilled attendants was also slightly higher than in Southern Adamawa with 10%
In East Borno, non displaced households in Ngala reported receiving information from and trusting government sources of information. More than a third of these households reported the local Civilian Joint Task Force  ( CJTF )  was a primary source  ( 39% ) . More than a quarter of households reported trusting information provided by their local government officials  ( 26% ) , or state/federal level officials  ( 19% ) .
Damboa LGA displayed the highest need across Borno State, due to notable income change  ( 86% of households reported decrease )  and indebtedness  ( 68% ) . The highest proportions of households in debt across Borno State were found in Monguno with 89% of households facing a lack of income. Livelihood needs in Konduga LGA were mostly driven by 15% of households reportedly resorting to crisis or emergency coping strategies.
Similarly, 27% of IDP households reported at least one child without any immunization compared to 44% and 40% for non displaced and returnee households, suggesting that those IDP households were more likely to be targeted by immunization campaigns.
When comparing population groups within Northern Adamawa, little difference could be found in the proportion of households with unmet health needs  ( respectively 83%, 82% and 80% for IDP, non displaced and returnee households ) . However, returnee and non displaced households were found to experience more severe needs compared to IDP households  ( respectively 5.8 and 5.6 vs. 5.0 ) .
The state of Adamawa is historically prone to flooding and flood damage. As such, seasonality and the likelihood of cyclical flooding must be considered when planning for the needs of populations in this state.45 KIs reported that close to a majority of settlements assessed during the MSNA suffered from flooding during the rainy season prior to data collection – 31% of KIs reported that floods occurred in the location multiple times and 16% reported that flooding had occurred only once. Northern Adamawa was more affected that its Southern counterpart, with 51% of KIs reporting locations affected by at least one flood. In particular, 66% of KIs in Madagali and 59% in Mubi South reported that the LGA had suffered from multiple floods.
Households in Bama most frequently reported paired nutrition and foods security needs  ( 83% ) , followed by WASH  ( 6% )  and health  ( 5% ) , with these needs more often affecting returnee populations in the town more so than IDPs in the camp27. Bama LGA exhibited one of the highest rates of vulnerability with nearly three quarters of households  ( 73% )  having at least one vulnerability.
Among all children under six months of age at the time of data collection who were queried in Borno state, 17.3% were reported to have been exclusively breastfed. This is substantially lower than the state level  ( EBF rates )  in Yobe  ( 27.8% )  and Adamawa  ( 51.3% ) . In light of these figures, self reported admission in an outpatient therapeutic feeding program was high among respondents, with 69.6% of households with children in Borno reportedly using an OTP program to assist in meeting their child's nutritional needs.
More than a quarter of Southern Borno households had WASH needs, in large part due to nearly half of households not having access to an improved water source  ( 45% ) , and one third of households reporting high water collection times  ( 33% ) . This is likely due to the increased distance people must travel in rural settlements in order to reach their primary water sources.
At the state level, returnees demonstrated moderate needs, again driven by households that require more than 30 minutes to collect water and not being able to access an improved water source. Returnees in Central Yobe had the highest needs, as a result of 47% of returnee households in Central Yobe not having access to a functioning latrine. This proportion was the second highest state wide of any population group reporting on any given WASH indicator.
Households in Central Borno displayed the highest nutrition need, with more than one in ten households having a malnourished child  ( 11% ) . IDPs were five times more likely to have a malnourished child than returnees  ( 15% vs. 3% ) . By LGA, households with the highest nutrition needs were seen in Monguno  ( 18% ) , Damboa  ( 9% )  and Konduga  ( 8% ) .
While 66% of households in Adamawa were found to be in need of food and agriculture assistance, 44%   almost one in two – of those households were also considered vulnerable. In line with the analysis above, IDP households, already facing higher needs in food security and agriculture in the state, were also found to be the most vulnerable with 59% of IDP households both in need and vulnerable.
When looking at moderate to very high multi sectoral needs at the domain level, Southern Adamawa households displayed higher levels of unmet needs compared to households in Northern Adamawa  ( respectively 89% vs. 82% ) . A higher proportion of non displaced households having moderate needs influenced this difference  ( 48% in Southern Adamawa vs. 40% in Northern Adamawa )  but noticeably higher WASH needs also drove this difference, as 66% of households overall had WASH needs in Southern Adamawa vs. 51% in Northern Adamawa
Across the domains, Central Yobe reported the greatest proportion of households with a malnourished child with nearly one in ten households affected  ( 9% ) . The greatest prevalence of nutrition needs was within Central Yobe, with a particularly high prevalence of MAM seen in Bade LGA  ( 13% ) .
Female Headed households were the most common  ( 39% ) , trailed by PLW households  ( 37% ) , and households with high age dependency ratios  ( 25% ) . The top sectoral combination of households in the LGA overall was shelter/NFI and Livelihoods needs  ( 62% ) , with many of these households also facing education  ( 74% ) , and food security  ( 65% ) .
Vulnerabilities in Gwoza were the highest in East Borno  ( 70% ) , with high rates of PLWs  ( 33% ) , female headed households  ( 28% ) , age dependent households  ( 24% )  and households with chronically ill or disabled members  ( 5% )  compared to state levels.
Borno and Adamawa states were the most affected by the cholera outbreaks in 2018. In Borno state, nearly half of households reported that the nearest health facility is over 2 km away, and one fourth of households did not have access to improved water sources. In both instances, non displaced households reported more difficulties. Lack of access to a functioning latrine also exacerbated risks in Northern Borno, as one in five households did not have access to a functional latrine
As a coping mechanism to food shortages, 13% of households reportedly consumed seed stocks. This coping strategy was most common among the non displaced. On the domain level, nearly one in four returnee and non displaced households in Southern Borno turned to this solution  ( 24%, 23% ) , and one in five non displaced households in Central Borno. On the LGA level, eating seed stocks as a food coping mechanism was most commonly reported in Hawul  ( 31% ) , Askira Uba  ( 29% ) , Bayo  ( 26% )  and Chibok  ( 24% )  in Southern Borno, and in Magumeri  ( 23% )  in Central Borno.
While the prevalence of households in need of food assistance varied between population groups and domains, the severity of needs was uniform state wide with all population groups in all domains averaging a severity score around 5. Within each domain, there was a notable similarity in the proportions of households in need of food aid, across population groups. By contrast, between geographic domains, there was a notable differentiation with Central Borno demonstrating a high proportion of households in need of food assistance, with 93% of IDP households, 92% of returnee households, and 82% of non displaced households in need of food aid.
Overall in Adamawa and across both domains, returnee households were the only population group to cite INGO aid worker as the third most trusted source of information – for 36% of returnee households overall. However, it was also observed that those INGO aid workers were not among the three most commonly reported information providers in Adamawa.
In comparing the three BAY states, Borno had the lowest proportion of households facing livelihoods needs  ( 43% )  but needs varied between population groups in the state. Non displaced households in East Borno demonstrated a relatively higher severity score of 5.2/10 as compared to other Borno population groups and the state wide average of 4.3. Livelihoods needs were highest among non displaced households  ( 52% )  but when analysed per driving indicator, there were differences. IDPs registered the highest proportion of households with a decrease in income in the three months preceding data collection  ( 70% )  and the highest proportion of households in debt  ( 60% )
In contrast to outstanding needs in other sectors, households in East Borno displayed the lowest health needs  ( 30% ) , likely due to the increased presence of health actors, which aligns with the decreased reports of distance related barriers reported across the region, with 14% of households reporting this barrier. The highest incidence of illnesses in the 2 weeks prior to data collection were reported in East Borno  ( 40% ) , especially among non displaced households  ( 62% ) , and in Gwoza  ( 52% )  and Ngala  ( 46% )  LGAs.
By LGA, Nangere  ( 88% ) , Tarmua  ( 83% )  and Fika  ( 83% )  had the highest education needs, partly due to households experiencing the highest reports of barriers to accessing education services in Yobe. Gujba LGA had the least access to school supplies in the state  ( 98% of households lacking school supplies ) , while Fune and Nangere had the highest rates of households with children not attending formal schooling  ( 74% in both cases ) .
Overall in Southern Adamawa, while 88% of households were found in need of health assistance, 36% of households were also found to include vulnerable members, meaning that more than 44% of households in need of health assistance were also deemed vulnerable. As discussed in the paragraph above, there was not much difference in health needs in Southern Adamawa. However, IDPs were found to have the highest in need / vulnerable households ratio in the domain with more than 1 out of 2 households in need also deemed vulnerable.
Health needs are rampant across the BAY states and health remains one of the most concerning sectoral needs. Fifty seven percent of households in Borno reported a health need, influenced by an alarming prevalence of households with children without any immunizations  ( 50%, across all population groups ) , quality related barriers to care and a lack of access to health services. Quality related barriers, and not distance related barriers, were the top reported barriers to care reported by IDP and returnee populations. When respondents were asked about the barriers they faced to accessing healthcare, the top five barriers reported were: “no medicine at the health center', “language', “health facility is not open when you go', “medical staff refused treatment without explanation,' and “gender discrimination.' Non displaced households in Borno showed both higher levels and severity of health needs  ( 64%, 5.1 )  than other population groups, and attributed this to the nearest health facility being over 2km away  ( 55% )  and at least one quality related healthcare barrier  ( 52% ) .
The second highest livelihood need was reported in East Borno, with half of households needing livelihood assistance  ( 49% ) . While the proportion of households in need was lower, the severity of household needs in East Borno was higher  ( 4.7 in comparison to 4.3 ) . Non displaced households had the highest livelihood needs and severity  ( 67% of households in need, with 5.2 severity score ) . Half of the non displaced households were also vulnerable  ( 53% ) , among which one in three included a PLW  ( 32% ) .
Households in Guzamala LGA reported some of the highest WASH needs as well  ( 29% ) , due to nearly three fourths of households not having access to a functional latrine  ( 73% ) , low household water consumption  ( 21% ) , and high water collection times  ( 18% ) . Over half of households in Nganzai LGA reported water collection times greater than 30 minutes  ( 53% ) , suggesting possible crowding at limited water points. Kukawa LGA showed similar needs, as well as more households reporting less access to improved water sources  ( 16% )  compared to other LGAs in Northern Borno.
Three out of the five Borno LGAs with the highest protection needs were observed in East Borno: Kala Balge, Bama and Dikwa LGAs. In Kala Balge, 91% of households showed protection needs, stemming from the highest exposure the explosive incidents  ( 99% )  and highest proportion of households missing a family member  ( 43% )  in the state. Additionally, over half of the households had no adult family member with identity documents  ( 56% ) . In Bama LGA, four fifth of households reported protection needs  ( 83% )
Households in this LGA had a poor harvest in 2017, with greater than two thirds reporting either not planting, partially harvesting, or not harvesting their dry season crops  ( 69% ) . This can be attributed to natural disasters affecting crops, and insecurity affecting access to agricultural land which was reported by nearly half of households  ( 43% ) 24. Despite this accessibility and the high needs, only a small proportion of households reported having received any humanitarian assistance  ( 15% ) .
As was the case in Borno and Adamawa, needs were driven cohesively by three factors: first, by a lack of school supplies, second, by a reported barrier to attending school and third, by the presence of a school aged child in the home who does not attend school. It is challenging to contextualize the need  ( de facto   lack of participation in or access to formal education activities )  captured by this assessment and the actual desire of families to engage in formal education, as some groups place limited or no value on non Islamic education and value boys' education ahead of girls.
When looking at population groups in Northern Adamawa, displaced populations were more affected, with 21% of returnee households and 11% of IDP households found to be in need of protection support, compared to only 6% of non displaced households. The main drivers for this remain that displaced populations were much likelier to report movement restrictions – 39% of returnee households and 25% of IDP households vs. 11% of non displaced households; and that those displaced households were also likelier to be located in wards where key informants reported incidents related to UXOs. In addition, a higher proportion of IDP households in this domain – 6%   reported that they had at least one missing family member
Overall 5% of households in Northern Borno had nutrition needs, with notable differences between population groups and geographic areas. Non displaced households were twice as likely to have a malnourished child, as compared to IDP or returnee households  ( 8% vs. 3% ) . One in ten households in Guzamala LGA had nutrition needs  ( 10% )  – the highest in the domain, followed by high needs in Kukawa LGA, with 8% of households affected.
To cope with the challenges of securing livelihoods, over one fourth of households reported resorting to spending, and exhausting savings  ( 28% ) . This was most commonly reported among non displaced and returnee households. Geographically, in MMC and Jere  ( 32% ) , In Southern Borno  ( 30% )  and Northern Borno  ( 26% ) , populations in Kwaya Kusar  ( 34% ) , Hawul  ( 32% ) , and Askira Uba  ( 31% )  in Southern Borno, in both Maiduguri  ( 32% )  and Jere  ( 30% )  in MMC and Jere, in Damboa  ( 31% )  in Central Borno, and in Guzamala  ( 29% ) , Kukawa  ( 28% )  and Mobbar  ( 27% )  in Northern Borno reported that they exhausted their savings to cope with reduced livelihoods.
Three fourths of IDP households experienced decreased income over the last three months prior to data collection. By LGA, Chibok  ( 46% ) , Kwayakusar  ( 40% )  and Biu LGA  ( 39% )  had the overall highest livelihood needs. Crisis/emergency coping mechanisms were most commonly reported in Chibok  ( 18% )  and Hawul  ( 16% )  across Borno State, while other factors driving the high needs were decreased income and indebtedness.
However, nearly half of households reported lack of electricity and reported that this prevented them from obtaining information  ( 43% ) , and one third mentioned that a lack of mobile networks prevented them from receiving information  ( 29% ) . IDPs in Central Yobe, reported that a lack of financial means to buy phone credit was a key barrier to accessing information  ( 36% ) . Fika  ( 29% ) , Fune  ( 27% ) , Gujba  ( 22% )  and Jakusko  ( 22% )  LGAs in Yobe stated that a lack of means to buy phone credit was the most common reason to not access information. Some households also reported difficulties in obtaining information due to illiteracy as the information was written. Over one in five households cited illiteracy, or the absence of verbal information to be a barrier in Fika  ( 29% ) , Fune  ( 27% ) , Gujba  ( 22% ) , as well as Jakusko  ( 22% )  and Damaturu  ( 20% )  LGAs.
Over one in three households in Central Borno had health needs  ( 38% ) , with non displaced populations expressing the highest  ( 55% ) , and returnees the most severe need  ( 4.9 )  in the region. Non displaced households reported facing healthcare access challenges, due to quality and distance. One fourth of non displaced households also reported delivering a child without a skilled birth attendant  ( 23% ) , the highest across Borno state and population groups. Over half of IDP households reported having at least one child without any immunization  ( 53% ) .
Multi sectoral needs in Yobe were most commonly driven by needs for services in education  ( 77% )  and health  ( 71% ) , and for food security support  ( 66% ) . Health and education needs were the most common to co occur, with 57% of Yobe households demonstrating dual need for services in these sectors. Education and food security were the second most common sectors in which needs co occurred, with 54% of all Yobe households reporting simultaneous food security and education needs. A lack of available, formal education services was the dominant component of multi sectoral needs and, of the 77% of households with unmet needs in the education sector, 46% registered a vulnerability, such as a high age dependency ratio or a separated child. It is notable that Yobe reported the highest percentage of households hosting separated and unaccompanied children  ( 6% )  as compared to Borno  ( 1% )  and Adamawa  ( 2% ) , which could contribute to higher education needs among school aged children and vulnerabilities among households.
Similar to the above, the indicators mainly driving health needs in Southern Adamawa revolved around access to basic health services, but were noticeably more concerning than in the Northern domain. Eighty percent of households reported that the nearest health facility accessed was more than 2 kilometres away, while 79% of households reported at least 1 quality related barriers to accessing health services..
By LGA, multi sectoral needs in Central Borno were driven by the needs of households in Damboa, Magumeri and Monguno who demonstrated widespread “high' and “very high' cross sectoral needs. Damboa LGA calls for particular attention as two in three households showed “high' or “very high' multi sectoral needs  ( 66% ) , and also the most severe needs  ( 27.7 out of 80 in the multi sectoral severity scales for all households in the LGA )   both the highest of any LGA in Borno. Both the prevalence of protection needs  ( 92% )  and shelter/NFI needs  ( 87% )  and the severity of protection needs  ( 5.7 )  and shelter NFI needs  ( 5.9 )  were the highest of these sectoral needs in Borno. Additionally, nearly all Damboa households expressed concurrent food security needs  ( 94% )  and livelihoods needs  ( 72% ) .
There have also been reported issues of returnees having difficulty claiming their land and homes upon return, with more than a quarter of households reporting being at risk of eviction  ( 27% ) , while more than a third reported that someone else had taken their land for agriculture  ( 34% ) . Of households reporting nutrition needs, most also had food security needs  ( 87% )  with a minority additionally in need of health assistance  ( 13% )  or WASH support  ( 13% ) .
Returnee households not only demonstrated the highest rate of WASH needs  ( 35% ) , they also had the most severe needs often facing lack of improved water sources  ( 40% ) , low household water consumption  ( 16% )  and high water collection times together  ( 52% ) . Returnee households in Southern Borno were mostly located in Askira/Uba, Chibok and Hawul LGAs. Non displaced populations were the next most likely to have WASH needs  ( 26% ) , with nearly half of households not accessing improved water sources  ( 46% )  and a third reporting high water collection times  ( 34% ) .
Across Yobe state, nearly half of households had livelihoods needs  ( 47% ) , with returnee households being of highest concern  ( 66% ) . The high need among returnee households stemmed from substantial reports of decreased income  ( 84% )  and lack of access to cash  ( 15% ) . IDP households were the most likely to be indebted, with nearly three in four households reporting it  ( 73% ) , and lacking cash  ( 17% ) .
In Northern Yobe, needs were similar across population groups, with half of households displaying livelihoods needs  ( 50% ) . However, the severity of the needs was the highest among returnee households in the state  ( 4.6 ) , mostly due to high numbers of households experiencing an income decrease  ( 81% )  and alarming proportions of households resorting to crisis/emergency coping mechanisms  ( 12% ) . Usage of these crisis/emergency coping mechanisms was similarly high among non displaced households  ( 10% ) , who also had trouble due to the lack of access to cash  ( 15% ) .
While the overall nutrition needs were the lowest in Southern Yobe, returnee households had the highest needs across population groups and domains within Yobe state  ( 15% ) . By LGA, the most affected were Fika  ( 8% )  and Fune  ( 6% )  LGAs. It should also be noted that virtually all returnee households in Southern Yobe were found to be simultaneously in need of nutrition support and vulnerable.
In Southern Adamawa, Lamurde LGA was of highest concern, with 89% of households found to be in need of food and agriculture support. While Lamurde did not demonstrate that highest  ( the highest severity being in Mubi North and Maiha with a respective severity score of 7.1 and 6.9 ) , Lamurde demonstrated the second highest proportion of households with a poor FCS – 36%, and the second worst average FCS score with 36.2. These were only surpassed by Demsa LGA, with 47% of households scoring a poor FCS, and an average score of 33.5.
Six percent of households in Yobe state had a moderately or severely malnourished child, as assessed by mid upper arm circumference and the presence or absence of nutritional oedema. Returnee households were over twice as likely to be affected as non displaced households  ( 14% vs. 6% ) , and nearly five times as likely as IDP households  ( 3% ) .
When comparing population groups within Southern Adamawa, IDP households seemed to be less affected than other population groups, although the difference was not as sharp as in Northern Adamawa. Again, the geographical distribution favoured urban settings for IDP households. In this domain, the severity of WASH needs was also slightly lower for IDP households  ( 4.7 )  compared to non displaced and returnee households  ( 5.2 ) .
In Borno, among the highest levels of crisis or emergency coping was observed in Northern Borno, with non displaced  ( 13% )  and IDP households being the most affected  ( 12% ) . By LGA, Guzamala  ( 15% ) , Kukawa  ( 13% ) , and Nganzai  ( 13% )  had the highest reports. These LGAs were also the ones that showed the highest overall livelihood needs in Northern Borno, with 61% of households in need in Kukawa LGA, followed by Guzamala  ( 55% ) , and Nganzai  ( 45% ) . Guzamala and Kukawa LGAs also had the highest reports of income decrease as well, with 88% and 84% of households reporting it, respectively
The key sectoral drivers of needs in Borno were education, with over two in three households displaying this need  ( 70% ) , followed by food security  ( 61% )  and health  ( 57% ) . Several common pairs of co occurring sectoral needs were observed, with 46% of households facing concurrent education and food security needs, and 40% facing simultaneous needs in education and health. Notably, food security occurred as the most common component of multi sectoral needs in all three states.
In Adamawa state, 99% of households across population groups were found to be in need in at least one humanitarian sector. By displacement status, 100% of IDPs, 99% of returnees, and 99% of non displaced households were in need of aid. When analyzing populations in Adamawa by the extent of their need, the highest proportions of households with unmet needs were concentrated in four or five sectors, with 42% of households at the state level facing simultaneous “high' or “very high' needs  ( Figure 2 ) . Relative to Borno and Yobe this is a larger proportion of people who are in need of a broader suite of support, possibly as the result of fewer humanitarian aid campaigns delivering services in Adamawa. When disaggregating sectoral need by population group, displaced households were more likely to have “high' or “very high' needs, with 46% of IDP households having unmet needs in five or more sectors and 43% of returnee households having unmet needs in five or more sectors. Returnees in Adamawa additionally demonstrated the greatest need for a breadth of support with a severity score of 23/80, as compared to 21/80 for IDPs and 20/80 for non displaced
Overall in Adamawa, 66% of households were found to be in need of food and agriculture assistance. The average severity of needs in the state was 6.1 out of 10, which made this sector the second most severe for households in Adamawa after education. This high need in food security and agriculture was driven primarily by all households reporting having no physical access to a market in their area or experiencing barriers to accessing food items on markets
When looking at population groups in the state, IDP and returnee households were found to be in greater need of food and agriculture assistance compared to non displaced households – respectively 82% and 81% vs. 66%. Based on previous observations, the most likely reason for this higher proportion could include the displacement status of those households, who might have limited access to agriculture opportunities and fewer resources to access food items. One of the main drivers of high needs for IDPs was a higher proportion of households having poor or borderline FCS  ( 83% )  compared to non displaced and returnee households  ( 58% and 57% respectively ) .
Within Central Borno, multi sectoral needs were high for all groups, though female headed households most frequently demonstrated “very high' or “high' needs. Needs were mostly driven by needs in the food security, education and shelter/NFI sectors, demonstrating an array of high needs. Food security needs were particularly notable in Central Borno with all population groups reporting above 90% of households in need and IDPs demonstrating a 93% prevalence of food needs. The highest multi sectoral needs in Central Borno were observed among the non displaced, meaning these households likely faced the most needs regardless of sector. Non displaced households exhibited higher WASH and health needs than IDPs and returnees, again suggesting differential access to services. Vulnerabilities in Central Borno were not notably higher than in other Borno domains.