On Tuesday, the opposition said it would begin stocking warehouses near the Venezuelan border with supplies donated by the United States, Colombia and Venezuelans abroad. The humanitarian aid   baby formula, nutritional supplements, medicine and hospital supplies   could provide the opposition with a tangible way of weakening Mr. Maduro, who has long relied on food handouts to keep her political base loyal during the country's long economic collapse.


On Tuesday, the opposition said it would begin stocking warehouses near the Venezuelan border with supplies donated by the United States, Colombia and Venezuelans abroad. The humanitarian aid   baby formula, nutritional supplements, medicine and hospital supplies   could provide the opposition with a tangible way of weakening Mr. Maduro, who has long relied on food handouts to keep their political base loyal during the country's long economic collapse.


Guaido, recognised as Venezuela's interim president by around 50 countries, has pressed the all critical military to allow the mostly American humanitarian aid to reach the most vulnerable population, or around 300,000 people.


Guaido, recognised as Venezuela's interim president by around 50 countries, has pressed the all critical military to allow the mostly American humanitarian aid to reach the most vulnerable population, or around 300,000 men.


Guaido, recognised as Venezuela's interim president by around 50 countries, has pressed the all critical military to allow the mostly American humanitarian aid to reach the most vulnerable population, or around 300,000 women.


The Venezuelan president continued by noting that a signature collection campaign against a US military intervention in the country would be continued. The Venezuelan authorities have sought to collect 10 million signatures in a letter calling on Trump to abandon his intervention plans, which the US president said were “an option' to settle the existing tensions. In his address on Wednesday, Maduro urged his compatriots to sign the letter.


The Venezuelan president continued by noting that a signature collection campaign against a US military intervention in the country would be continued. The Venezuelan authorities have sought to collect 10 million signatures in a letter calling on Trump to abandon her intervention plans, which the US president said were “an option' to settle the existing tensions. In her address on Wednesday, Maduro urged her compatriots to sign the letter.


The Venezuelan president continued by noting that a signature collection campaign against a US military intervention in the country would be continued. The Venezuelan authorities have sought to collect 10 million signatures in a letter calling on Trump to abandon their intervention plans, which the US president said were “an option' to settle the existing tensions. In their address on Wednesday, Maduro urged their compatriots to sign the letter.


The goods, including packaged corn flour, lentils and pasta, arrived Thursday in what the opposition is hoping will be the first of many shipments of humanitarian aid from countries around the world. Opposition leaders said three countries in the region will become aid hubs and that some nations, like Colombia, will likely have more than one collection site. The first shipment includes food kits for 5,000 Venezuelans and high protein nutritional supplements that can treat an estimated 6,700 young children with moderate malnutrition.

Capacities & response->International response


The goods, including packaged corn flour, lentils and pasta, arrived Thursday in what the opposition is hoping will be the first of many shipments of humanitarian aid from countries around the world. Opposition leaders said three countries in the region will become aid hubs and that some nations, like Colombia, will likely have more than one collection site. The first shipment includes food kits for 5,000 Venezuelans and high protein nutritional supplements that can treat an estimated 6,700 young boys with moderate malnutrition.


The goods, including packaged corn flour, lentils and pasta, arrived Thursday in what the opposition is hoping will be the first of many shipments of humanitarian aid from countries around the world. Opposition leaders said three countries in the region will become aid hubs and that some nations, like Colombia, will likely have more than one collection site. The first shipment includes food kits for 5,000 Venezuelans and high protein nutritional supplements that can treat an estimated 6,700 young girls with moderate malnutrition.


Urban informal sector and informal self employed: The lessons from West Africa under Ebola suggests the urban informal sector and informal self employed  ( ‘non farm household enterprises' )  suffered most. They will have no voice but are most at risk. In addition, these people are dependent on the market to purchase food. With weakening currencies and potentially rising global food prices, the most vulnerable – who already spend most of their available income on food – will face the prospects of increased food insecurity.

Impact->Impact on systems, services and networks


Urban informal sector and informal self employed: The lessons from West Africa under Ebola suggests the urban informal sector and informal self employed  ( ‘non farm household enterprises' )  suffered most. He will have no voice but are most at risk. In addition, these men are dependent on the market to purchase food. With weakening currencies and potentially rising global food prices, the most vulnerable – who already spend most of his available income on food – will face the prospects of increased food insecurity.


Urban informal sector and informal self employed: The lessons from West Africa under Ebola suggests the urban informal sector and informal self employed  ( ‘non farm household enterprises' )  suffered most. She will have no voice but are most at risk. In addition, these women are dependent on the market to purchase food. With weakening currencies and potentially rising global food prices, the most vulnerable – who already spend most of her available income on food – will face the prospects of increased food insecurity.


Fluidity of borders and lack of government control over irregular border crossing points pose a challenge to epidemiological control to migration from and to Venezuela. Brazil is currently the South American country with the highest number of confirmed cases of COVID 19. To date, Amazonas state, which borders Venezuela, is among the most affected states, with over 30,000 cases – amounting to 748 cases per 100,000 people, the second highest rate per 100,000 in the country.


Fluidity of borders and lack of government control over irregular border crossing points pose a challenge to epidemiological control to migration from and to Venezuela. Brazil is currently the South American country with the highest number of confirmed cases of COVID 19. To date, Amazonas state, which borders Venezuela, is among the most affected states, with over 30,000 cases – amounting to 748 cases per 100,000 men, the second highest rate per 100,000 in the country.


Fluidity of borders and lack of government control over irregular border crossing points pose a challenge to epidemiological control to migration from and to Venezuela. Brazil is currently the South American country with the highest number of confirmed cases of COVID 19. To date, Amazonas state, which borders Venezuela, is among the most affected states, with over 30,000 cases – amounting to 748 cases per 100,000 women, the second highest rate per 100,000 in the country.


7. EFFORTS SHOULD BE MADE TO ENHANCE COMMUNICATION AND THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION WITH INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE. Measures should be taken to strengthen communication with and support for networks for internally displaced people to ensure the sharing of relevant information and the participation of internally displaced people in the design, implementation and monitoring of response activities. National Societies can contribute by setting up Red Cross and Red Crescent Humanitarian Service Points on sites and in settlements for internally displaced people and in key locations receiving newly displaced people, in order to provide risk information and essential services  ( including health checks and the distribution of hygiene items and educational materials ) .

Context
Displacement
Shock/event
Humanitarian access

Humanitarian access->Relief to population

Capacities & response->Red cross/red crescent

Capacities & response->National response

Capacities & response->People reached/response gaps


7. EFFORTS SHOULD BE MADE TO ENHANCE COMMUNICATION AND THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION WITH INTERNALLY DISPLACED MEN. Measures should be taken to strengthen communication with and support for networks for internally displaced men to ensure the sharing of relevant information and the participation of internally displaced men in the design, implementation and monitoring of response activities. National Societies can contribute by setting up Red Cross and Red Crescent Humanitarian Service Points on sites and in settlements for internally displaced men and in key locations receiving newly displaced men, in order to provide risk information and essential services  ( including health checks and the distribution of hygiene items and educational materials ) .


7. EFFORTS SHOULD BE MADE TO ENHANCE COMMUNICATION AND THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION WITH INTERNALLY DISPLACED WOMEN. Measures should be taken to strengthen communication with and support for networks for internally displaced women to ensure the sharing of relevant information and the participation of internally displaced women in the design, implementation and monitoring of response activities. National Societies can contribute by setting up Red Cross and Red Crescent Humanitarian Service Points on sites and in settlements for internally displaced women and in key locations receiving newly displaced women, in order to provide risk information and essential services  ( including health checks and the distribution of hygiene items and educational materials ) .


International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent SocietiesLivelihoods Regional Roadmap – Latin American and the Caribbean and issues that will influence National Societies' work in the region over the next few years and is consistent with the current process to formulate the IFRC 2030 Strategy6. The region can address the challenges identified in the Buenos Aires Commitment through livelihoods actions with a resilience  building approach. National Societies are committed to implementing comprehensive risk management programmes that promote resilience in people and communities through capacity building for effective response, actions that address climate change, scaling up comprehensive services and programmes, promoting the rights and dignity associated with population movements and inclusion, being an organization with a culture of diversity and peace, and protecting the dignity of marginalized groups affected by violence7.


International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent SocietiesLivelihoods Regional Roadmap – Latin American and the Caribbean and issues that will influence National Societies' work in the region over the next few years and is consistent with the current process to formulate the IFRC 2030 Strategy6. The region can address the challenges identified in the Buenos Aires Commitment through livelihoods actions with a resilience  building approach. National Societies are committed to implementing comprehensive risk management programmes that promote resilience in men and communities through capacity building for effective response, actions that address climate change, scaling up comprehensive services and programmes, promoting the rights and dignity associated with population movements and inclusion, being an organization with a culture of diversity and peace, and protecting the dignity of marginalized groups affected by violence7.


International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent SocietiesLivelihoods Regional Roadmap – Latin American and the Caribbean and issues that will influence National Societies' work in the region over the next few years and is consistent with the current process to formulate the IFRC 2030 Strategy6. The region can address the challenges identified in the Buenos Aires Commitment through livelihoods actions with a resilience  building approach. National Societies are committed to implementing comprehensive risk management programmes that promote resilience in women and communities through capacity building for effective response, actions that address climate change, scaling up comprehensive services and programmes, promoting the rights and dignity associated with population movements and inclusion, being an organization with a culture of diversity and peace, and protecting the dignity of marginalized groups affected by violence7.


Thus far, the impossibility of targeted isolation of in  fected individuals and groups has led to policies of so  cial distancing that impose a disproportionately high economic and social cost around the world. The combi  nation of policies such as social distancing, lockdowns, and quarantines, imply a slowdown or even a complete stop in production and consumption activities for an un  certain period of time, crashing markets and potential  ly leading to the closure of businesses, sending millions of workers home. Labor, a key factor of production, has been quarantined in most sectors in the economy, bor  ders have been closed and global value chains have been disrupted. Most estimates show a contraction of the level of output globally. For the Latin America and Caribbean region, the consensus forecasts are at  3 to  4%, and it is not until 2022 that the region is expected to go back to its pre crisis output levels in scenarios that foresee a U shaped crisis pattern. According to ECLAC, more than 30 million people could fall into poverty in the absence of active policies to protect or substitute income flows to vulnerable groups.


Thus far, the impossibility of targeted isolation of in  fected men and groups has led to policies of so  cial distancing that impose a disproportionately high economic and social cost around the world. The combi  nation of policies such as social distancing, lockdowns, and quarantines, imply a slowdown or even a complete stop in production and consumption activities for an un  certain period of time, crashing markets and potential  ly leading to the closure of businesses, sending millions of workers home. Labor, a key factor of production, has been quarantined in most sectors in the economy, bor  ders have been closed and global value chains have been disrupted. Most estimates show a contraction of the level of output globally. For the Latin America and Caribbean region, the consensus forecasts are at  3 to  4%, and it is not until 2022 that the region is expected to go back to its pre crisis output levels in scenarios that foresee a U shaped crisis pattern. According to ECLAC, more than 30 million men could fall into poverty in the absence of active policies to protect or substitute income flows to vulnerable groups.


Thus far, the impossibility of targeted isolation of in  fected women and groups has led to policies of so  cial distancing that impose a disproportionately high economic and social cost around the world. The combi  nation of policies such as social distancing, lockdowns, and quarantines, imply a slowdown or even a complete stop in production and consumption activities for an un  certain period of time, crashing markets and potential  ly leading to the closure of businesses, sending millions of workers home. Labor, a key factor of production, has been quarantined in most sectors in the economy, bor  ders have been closed and global value chains have been disrupted. Most estimates show a contraction of the level of output globally. For the Latin America and Caribbean region, the consensus forecasts are at  3 to  4%, and it is not until 2022 that the region is expected to go back to its pre crisis output levels in scenarios that foresee a U shaped crisis pattern. According to ECLAC, more than 30 million women could fall into poverty in the absence of active policies to protect or substitute income flows to vulnerable groups.


Livelihoods are a vital means of making a living. It encompasses people's capabilities, assets and activities required to secure the necessities of life. The shocks and stresses of the COVID 2019 crisis worldwide, although primarily considered a public health crisis, will have a much broader impact on the global economy predictably for a long term, leading to worldwide socio  economic disruptions and will not only diminished the well being and livelihoods of people, but also undermined the social nets, markets and food security on which life depends. Both lives and livelihoods are at risk from this pandemic.


Livelihoods are a vital means of making a living. It encompasses men's capabilities, assets and activities required to secure the necessities of life. The shocks and stresses of the COVID 2019 crisis worldwide, although primarily considered a public health crisis, will have a much broader impact on the global economy predictably for a long term, leading to worldwide socio  economic disruptions and will not only diminished the well being and livelihoods of men, but also undermined the social nets, markets and food security on which life depends. Both lives and livelihoods are at risk from this pandemic.


Livelihoods are a vital means of making a living. It encompasses women's capabilities, assets and activities required to secure the necessities of life. The shocks and stresses of the COVID 2019 crisis worldwide, although primarily considered a public health crisis, will have a much broader impact on the global economy predictably for a long term, leading to worldwide socio  economic disruptions and will not only diminished the well being and livelihoods of women, but also undermined the social nets, markets and food security on which life depends. Both lives and livelihoods are at risk from this pandemic.


The majority of Venezuelan nationals started their journey in the state of Delta Amacuro  ( 49% ) , followed by Bolívar  ( 37% ) , Monagas  ( 6% )  and Anzoátegui  ( 4% ) . In Region 1, Venezuelans travelled mainly from Delta Amacuro  ( 65% ) , Bolívar  ( 25% )  and Monagas  ( 7% ) . In Region 4, the majority started their journey from Bolívar  ( 76% )  and Anzoátegui  ( 11% ) .


The majority of Venezuelan nationals started his journey in the state of Delta Amacuro  ( 49% ) , followed by Bolívar  ( 37% ) , Monagas  ( 6% )  and Anzoátegui  ( 4% ) . In Region 1, Venezuelans travelled mainly from Delta Amacuro  ( 65% ) , Bolívar  ( 25% )  and Monagas  ( 7% ) . In Region 4, the majority started his journey from Bolívar  ( 76% )  and Anzoátegui  ( 11% ) .


The majority of Venezuelan nationals started her journey in the state of Delta Amacuro  ( 49% ) , followed by Bolívar  ( 37% ) , Monagas  ( 6% )  and Anzoátegui  ( 4% ) . In Region 1, Venezuelans travelled mainly from Delta Amacuro  ( 65% ) , Bolívar  ( 25% )  and Monagas  ( 7% ) . In Region 4, the majority started her journey from Bolívar  ( 76% )  and Anzoátegui  ( 11% ) .


Yarakita ▪ 76 Venezuelans are living in Yarakita. The host community is 844 people. Many are from Curiapo or lived by the Arature River.


Yarakita ▪ 76 Venezuelans are living in Yarakita. The host community is 844 men. Many are from Curiapo or lived by the Arature River.


Yarakita ▪ 76 Venezuelans are living in Yarakita. The host community is 844 women. Many are from Curiapo or lived by the Arature River.


The mobile population which included Venezuelan nationals and Guyanese who lived in Venezuela were interviewed in Region 2 and Region 7, and asked about their current migration status. In Region 2, 41 per cent of the respondents have the 3 months stay permit, 26 per cent indicated that their migration status is irregular and 20 per cent have dual nationality. In contrast, 57 per cent of respondents in Region 7 indicated that they have the 3 months stay permit while 40 per cent indicated that their migration status is irregular.


The mobile population which included Venezuelan nationals and Guyanese who lived in Venezuela were interviewed in Region 2 and Region 7, and asked about his current migration status. In Region 2, 41 per cent of the respondents have the 3 months stay permit, 26 per cent indicated that his migration status is irregular and 20 per cent have dual nationality. In contrast, 57 per cent of respondents in Region 7 indicated that he have the 3 months stay permit while 40 per cent indicated that his migration status is irregular.


The mobile population which included Venezuelan nationals and Guyanese who lived in Venezuela were interviewed in Region 2 and Region 7, and asked about her current migration status. In Region 2, 41 per cent of the respondents have the 3 months stay permit, 26 per cent indicated that her migration status is irregular and 20 per cent have dual nationality. In contrast, 57 per cent of respondents in Region 7 indicated that she have the 3 months stay permit while 40 per cent indicated that her migration status is irregular.


Seventy three percent of the interviewed business owners, individuals engaged in casual labour or petty trade indicated that their ability to carry out their livelihoods had been affected in the two weeks prior to the interview.

Impact->Impact on people
Impact->Driver/aggravating factors


Seventy three percent of the interviewed business owners, men engaged in casual labour or petty trade indicated that his ability to carry out his livelihoods had been affected in the two weeks prior to the interview.


Seventy three percent of the interviewed business owners, women engaged in casual labour or petty trade indicated that her ability to carry out her livelihoods had been affected in the two weeks prior to the interview.


Humanitarian partners delivered rapid response mechanism  ( RRM )  assistance to at least 166,100 families  ( over 996,600 individuals )  displaced by the conflict in Al Hudaydah Governorate across the country in the last six months. Between June 2018 and 15 January 2019, displaced Al Hudaydah families across the country reached 174,717  ( over 1,048,300 individuals )  including 109,867 families  ( over 659,300 individuals )  registered in 4 governorates   Hajjah, Mahwit, Raymah and Al Hudaydah.


Humanitarian partners delivered rapid response mechanism  ( RRM )  assistance to at least 166,100 families  ( over 996,600 men )  displaced by the conflict in Al Hudaydah Governorate across the country in the last six months. Between June 2018 and 15 January 2019, displaced Al Hudaydah families across the country reached 174,717  ( over 1,048,300 men )  including 109,867 families  ( over 659,300 men )  registered in 4 governorates   Hajjah, Mahwit, Raymah and Al Hudaydah.


Humanitarian partners delivered rapid response mechanism  ( RRM )  assistance to at least 166,100 families  ( over 996,600 women )  displaced by the conflict in Al Hudaydah Governorate across the country in the last six months. Between June 2018 and 15 January 2019, displaced Al Hudaydah families across the country reached 174,717  ( over 1,048,300 women )  including 109,867 families  ( over 659,300 women )  registered in 4 governorates   Hajjah, Mahwit, Raymah and Al Hudaydah.


Since the onset of the second wave of Acute Watery Diarrhea  ( AWD ) /cholera outbreak on 27 April 2017, the cumulative total of suspected cholera cases until end of December 2018 has reached 1,387,564 with 2,732 associated deaths  ( 0.20 per cent case fatality rate )  across the country. A total of 312 out of the 333 districts in Yemen have reported cases during this year – the national attack rate is 487.6 per 10,000 people. Children under the age of five continue to represent 28.8 per cent of the total suspected cases.

Humanitarian conditions->Physical and mental well being


Since the onset of the second wave of Acute Watery Diarrhea  ( AWD ) /cholera outbreak on 27 April 2017, the cumulative total of suspected cholera cases until end of December 2018 has reached 1,387,564 with 2,732 associated deaths  ( 0.20 per cent case fatality rate )  across the country. A total of 312 out of the 333 districts in Yemen have reported cases during this year – the national attack rate is 487.6 per 10,000 men. Boys under the age of five continue to represent 28.8 per cent of the total suspected cases.


Since the onset of the second wave of Acute Watery Diarrhea  ( AWD ) /cholera outbreak on 27 April 2017, the cumulative total of suspected cholera cases until end of December 2018 has reached 1,387,564 with 2,732 associated deaths  ( 0.20 per cent case fatality rate )  across the country. A total of 312 out of the 333 districts in Yemen have reported cases during this year – the national attack rate is 487.6 per 10,000 women. Girls under the age of five continue to represent 28.8 per cent of the total suspected cases.


In some affected areas in Honduras, gang members are extorting people and restricting access to humanitarian workers


In some affected areas in Honduras, gang members are extorting men and restricting access to humanitarian workers


In some affected areas in Honduras, gang members are extorting women and restricting access to humanitarian workers


Iota could compound the destruction caused by Hurricane Eta, which killed at least 140 people throughout Central America


Iota could compound the destruction caused by Hurricane Eta, which killed at least 140 men throughout Central America


Iota could compound the destruction caused by Hurricane Eta, which killed at least 140 women throughout Central America


WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE NEEDS: LWR aims to distribute potable water, soap, sanitary items  ( such as paper towels, trash bags and cleaning products ) , hygiene kits  ( including masks, antibacterial gel, face shields, etc )  to 2,000 people seeking refuge at emergency shelters.


WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE NEEDS: LWR aims to distribute potable water, soap, sanitary items  ( such as paper towels, trash bags and cleaning products ) , hygiene kits  ( including masks, antibacterial gel, face shields, etc )  to 2,000 men seeking refuge at emergency shelters.


WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE NEEDS: LWR aims to distribute potable water, soap, sanitary items  ( such as paper towels, trash bags and cleaning products ) , hygiene kits  ( including masks, antibacterial gel, face shields, etc )  to 2,000 women seeking refuge at emergency shelters.


Honduran authorities confirmed that eight members of two families, including four children, were killed when a landslide buried their homes in a village in a mountainous region populated by Lencas Indigenous people near the border with El Salvador


Honduran authorities confirmed that eight members of two families, including four boys, were killed when a landslide buried his homes in a village in a mountainous region populated by Lencas Indigenous men near the border with El Salvador


Honduran authorities confirmed that eight members of two families, including four girls, were killed when a landslide buried her homes in a village in a mountainous region populated by Lencas Indigenous women near the border with El Salvador


The fourth of August changed everything – all over again.Even before the devastating explosion in the port area of Beirut, the situation for people in Lebanon was not particularly easy, as the office director Sascha Stadtler explains


The fourth of August changed everything – all over again.Even before the devastating explosion in the port area of Beirut, the situation for men in Lebanon was not particularly easy, as the office director Sascha Stadtler explains


The fourth of August changed everything – all over again.Even before the devastating explosion in the port area of Beirut, the situation for women in Lebanon was not particularly easy, as the office director Sascha Stadtler explains


The needs of residents across the surveyed areas include: direct cash assistance dedicated to restoring homes, replacing destroyed appliances, and making homes liveable again before winter, safe and support relocation, alternative shelters or rent support, chronic disease drugs and medical assistance, schooling assistance, job opportunities, and psychosocial support for adults and children in particular.


The needs of residents across the surveyed areas include: direct cash assistance dedicated to restoring homes, replacing destroyed appliances, and making homes liveable again before winter, safe and support relocation, alternative shelters or rent support, chronic disease drugs and medical assistance, schooling assistance, job opportunities, and psychosocial support for adults and boys in particular.


The needs of residents across the surveyed areas include: direct cash assistance dedicated to restoring homes, replacing destroyed appliances, and making homes liveable again before winter, safe and support relocation, alternative shelters or rent support, chronic disease drugs and medical assistance, schooling assistance, job opportunities, and psychosocial support for adults and girls in particular.


74 people are sheltering in evacuation camps in El Pedregal colony


74 men are sheltering in evacuation camps in El Pedregal colony


74 women are sheltering in evacuation camps in El Pedregal colony


The U.S. Government has provided nearly $34 million in humanitarian assistance to help people affected by Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas. This includes funding to theBahamas Red Crossto provide household items to people who have lost everything.


The U.S. Government has provided nearly $34 million in humanitarian assistance to help men affected by Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas. This includes funding to theBahamas Red Crossto provide household items to men who have lost everything.


The U.S. Government has provided nearly $34 million in humanitarian assistance to help women affected by Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas. This includes funding to theBahamas Red Crossto provide household items to women who have lost everything.


Most of the Venezuelans interviewed told the team that in light of their irregular status, they limited their movements out of fear of being stopped by the police and deported to Venezuela. Not having regular status in Curaçao shaped every aspect of their lives, including the daily fear of being stopped by the police, their vulnerability to exploitation by employers, and their inability to seek redress when subjected to abuse by partners or former partners.


Most of the Venezuelans interviewed told the team that in light of his irregular status, he limited his movements out of fear of being stopped by the police and deported to Venezuela. Not having regular status in Curaçao shaped every aspect of his lives, including the daily fear of being stopped by the police, his vulnerability to exploitation by employers, and his inability to seek redress when subjected to abuse by partners or former partners.


Most of the Venezuelans interviewed told the team that in light of her irregular status, she limited her movements out of fear of being stopped by the police and deported to Venezuela. Not having regular status in Curaçao shaped every aspect of her lives, including the daily fear of being stopped by the police, her vulnerability to exploitation by employers, and her inability to seek redress when subjected to abuse by partners or former partners.