niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed , but some information has been inferred by studying lice which estimates the introduction of clothing at roughly 42,000 – 72,000 years ago .
Output: Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,000 – 72,000 BC .
The adjective " Gondwanan " is in common use in biogeography when referring to patterns of distribution of living organisms , typically when the organisms are restricted to two or more of the now-discontinuous regions that were once part of Gondwana , including the Antarctic flora .
Output: It is most commonly used when the organisms only live in two or more of the now-separate regions that were once part of Gondwana , including the Antarctic flora .
Fudbalski klub Z ̌ eljeznic ̌ ar Sarajevo ( English : Football Club Z ̌ eljeznic ̌ ar ) is a professional football club , based in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina .
Output: F.K. Z ̌ eljeznic ̌ ar Sarajevo is a football club which plays in Bosnia and Herzegovina .
The Republic of the Congo , competing as Congo , first participated at the Olympic Games in 1964 , and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then .
Output: Since 1964 , athletes of the Congo have taken part in the " Olympic Movement " .
In 2007 , Smith received the Disney Legends Award , an honor given to people who have made significant contributions to The Walt Disney Company .
Output: In 2007 , Smith was honored with the Disney Legends Award .
The Canberra Raiders are an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the national capital city of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory .
Output: The Canberra Raiders are an Australian professional rugby league team .
The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Turin 2006 or , was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin , Piedmont , Italy from February 10 to 26 , 2006 .
Output: The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games , were held in Turin , Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006 .
A five-time Formula One World Champion , he is often considered the best driver of his generation and widely regarded as one of the greatest drivers in the history of the sport .
Output: A five-time World Champion , he is often regarded as one of the greatest F1 drivers in history .
The Governor of Victoria is the representative in the Australian state of Victoria of its monarch , Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia and is one of the Governors of the Australian states .
Output: The Governor of Victoria represents the head of state , Elizabeth II in the Australian state of Victoria .
Trickle-down economics , also called trickle-down theory , refers to the economic proposition that taxes on businesses and the wealthy in society should be reduced as a means to stimulate business investment in the short term and benefit society at large in the long term .
Output: Trickle-down economics is an economic theory : if you tax less the businesses and the wealthy , then that should make it easier for them to invest and create businesses .
It asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true .
Output: Or , that something is false if it has not yet been proved true .
Tel Aviv University ( TAU ) ( Hebrew : אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת תֵּל-אָבִיב , " Universitat Tel Aviv " ) is a public research university in Tel Aviv , Israel .
Output: Tel Aviv University ( TAU ) is a university in Israel .
A G-type main-sequence star ( Spectral type : G-V ) , often ( and imprecisely ) called a yellow dwarf , or G dwarf star , is a main-sequence star ( luminosity class V ) of spectral type G.
Output: A GV star , or yellow dwarf , is a main-sequence star .
The FIFA Club World Cup is an international men 's association football competition organised by the " Fe ́ de ́ ration Internationale de Football Association " ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body .
Output: The FIFA Club World Cup is a competition in the sport of Club football .
The Ma ̄ ori language , also known as " te reo Ma ̄ ori " ( pronounced ˈmaːoɾi , te ˈɾeo ˈmaːoɾi ) or simply " Te Reo " ( " the language " ) , has the status of an official language .
Output: Their native language , the Ma ̄ ori language , is an official language of the country .
No personal data may be processed unless this processing is done under a lawful basis specified by the regulation , or unless the data controller or processor has received an unambiguous and individualized affirmation of consent from the data subject .
Output: The regulation also makes sure that no personal data is processed unless the user has allowed the processor of personal data to do so .
Lenses of shorter focal length are called " wide-angle lenses " , while longer-focal-length lenses are referred to as long-focus lenses ( with the most common of that type being the " telephoto lenses " ) .
Output: Camera lenses with a shorter focal length are called " wide-angle lenses " , those with a longer one " telephoto lenses " .
Today a modified version of the term , Jayhawk , is used as a nickname for a native-born Kansan , but more typically for a student , fan , or alumnus of the University of Kansas .
Output: Today a Jayhawk is typically a student , fan , or alumnus of the University of Kansas .
Observations of a number of stars orbiting around Sagittarius A * , most notably the star S2 , have been used to provide evidence for the presence of , and produce data about , the Milky Way 's hypothesized central supermassive black hole , and have led some scientists to conclude that Sagittarius A * is beyond any reasonable doubt the site of that black hole .
Output: Observations of the star S2 in orbit around Sagittarius A * were used to show the presence of the Milky Way 's central supermassive black hole .
Database normalization is the process of representing a database in terms of relations in standard normal forms , where first normal is a minimal requirement .
Output: First normal form is a minimum criterion of database normalization .
In Japan , reigning emperors are known simply as the Emperor and he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name , Sho ̄ wa ( 昭和 ) , which is the name of the era coinciding with his reign ; for this reason , he is also known as the Sho ̄ wa Emperor or Emperor Sho ̄ wa .
Output: In Japan , reigning emperors are known simply as " the Emperor " and he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name , Emperor Sho ̄ wa ( 昭和天皇 ) .
In ancient Athenian democracy , sortition was the traditional and primary method for appointing political officials , and its use was regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy .
Output: In the democracy of Athens in Ancient Greece sortition was the main method for appointing officials .
Although the Convention was intended to revise the league of states and first system of government under the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one .
Output: Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation , it became clear from the beginning that many members , including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton , intended to create a new government rather than fix the existing one .
When the national radio of the Maldives began to feature religious scholars who claimed female genital mutilation was supported by Islam , she asked the government to intervene , and talked publicly about the harm caused by female genital mutilation .
Output: When the national radio of the Maldives had talks by religious students who said female genital mutilation was Islamic , she asked the government to stop them .
Turku has a longer educational history than any other Finnish city – the first school in the city , the Cathedral School , was founded along with Turku Cathedral in the late 13th century .
Output: The first school in Finland was established in Turku , the old Cathedral school in 13th century .
John Laing Group plc ( pronounced " Lang " ) is a British investor , developer and operator of privately financed , public sector infrastructure projects such as roads , railways , hospitals and schools through Public-Private Partnership ( PPP ) and Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) arrangements .
Output: John Laing plc is a British developer and operator of privately financed , public sector infrastructure projects such as roads , railways , hospitals and schools .
Cambodia ( ; also Kampuchea ; -RSB- ; ) , officially the Kingdom of Cambodia ( , , -RSB- ; ) , is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia .
Output: Cambodia or Kampuchea ( officially called Kingdom of Cambodia ) is a country in Southeast Asia .
Over time , the competitive categories have been expanded to include " Best Young Actor and Actress in an International Feature Film " , " Best Young Actor and Actress in a Short Film " , " Best Young Supporting Actor and Actress in Film " , " Best Young Ensemble Cast " , " Best Young Recurring Actor and Actress in a TV Series " , and " Best Young Guest-starring Actor and Actress in a TV Series " , with many of the categories being split to acknowledge young artists age 10 and under in their own separate categories .
Output: Today , the number of categories has grown to award " Best Young Actor and Actress in an International Feature Film " , " Best Young Actor and Actress in a Short Film " , " Best Young Supporting Actor and Actress in Film " , " Best Young Ensemble Cast " , " Best Young Recurring Actor and Actress in a TV Series " , and " Best Young Guest-starring Actor and Actress in a TV Series " .
A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web .
Output: A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service .
Although he was the second Supreme Director of Chile ( 1817 – 1823 ) , he is considered one of Chile 's founding fathers , as he was the first holder of this title to head a fully independent Chilean state .
Output: Although he was the second ( 1817 – 1823 ) , he is considered one of Chile 's founding fathers .
Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy .
Output: In embryo transfer , embryos are placed in a woman 's uterus .
He returned to France to be air navigation director of Direction de la navigation ae ́ rienne now called Direction des Services de la navigation ae ́ rienne until 1993 .
Output: He returned to France to be an air navigation director until 1993 .
It was among the earliest large South American theropods , having been found in Middle Jurassic strata of the Can ̃ ado ́ n Asfalto Formation in the Can ̃ ado ́ n Asfalto Basin of Argentina .
Output: From the Middle Jurassic of Argentina , it was one of the earliest large South American theropods .
In computing , a logic block or configurable logic block ( CLB ) is a fundamental building block of field-programmable gate array ( FPGA ) technology .
Output: A logic block , sometimes called configurable logic block is a component of an FPGA .
Tacking or coming about is a sailing maneuver by which a sailing vessel , whose desired course is into the wind , turns its bow toward the wind so that the direction from which the wind blows changes from one side to the other , allowing progress in the desired direction .
Output: Tacking or coming about is a term in sailing that means the boat is changing directions by turning the bow of the vessel in relationship to the wind .
A hex editor ( or " binary file editor " or " byte editor " ) is a type of computer program that allows for manipulation of the fundamental binary data that constitutes a computer file .
Output: A Hex editor is a piece of software that allows one to edit binary data on a computer .
The South Eastern and Chatham Railway Companies Joint Management Committee ( SE & CRCJMC ) , known as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SE & CR ) , was a working union of two neighbouring rival railways , the South Eastern Railway ( SER ) and London , Chatham and Dover Railway ( LC & DR ) , which operated between London and south-east England .
Output: The South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) , was a working union of two neighbouring railways , the South Eastern Railway ( SER ) and London , Chatham and Dover Railway ( LCDR ) , which operated between London and south east England .
In a series of decisions since 1972 , the United States Supreme Court has attempted to make the sentence of death in the United States less arbitrary by emphasizing that the judge or jury must be given the opportunity to consider all mitigating evidence before determining the sentence .
Output: Since 1972 , the Supreme Court has tried to make capital punishment in the United States fairer and more consistent .
The first fossils named " Edmontosaurus " were discovered in southern Alberta ( named after Edmonton , the capital city ) , in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation ( formerly called the lower Edmonton Formation ) .
Output: " Edmontosaurus " was named from a fossil found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation , in Alberta , Canada .
The Toyota Previa ( Japanese : トヨタ ・ フ ゚ レヒ ゙ ア , Toyota Purebia ) , also known as the Toyota Estima ( Japanese : トヨタ ・ エスティマ , Toyota Esutima ) in Japan , and Toyota Tarago ( Japanese : トヨタ ・ タラコ ゙ , Toyota Tarago ) in Australia , is an MPV or multi-purpose vehicle ( known as a minivan in North America ) produced by Toyota since 1990 .
Output: The Toyota Previa ( aka Toyota Estima in Japan or Toyota Tarago in Australia ) is a multi-purpose vehicle ( called " minivan " in North America ) produced by Toyota since 1990 .
A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners / viewers .
Output: A webcast is a type of media file used on the Internet .
Pittsford founded Lesbians in Tech in 2012 , wanting to create more networking opportunities and increase visibility for lesbians and queer women .
Output: In 2012 , Pittsford started Lesbians in Tech .
BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra ( also known as just 5 Live Sports Extra or 5 Live Extra ) is a national digital radio station in the United Kingdom , operated by the BBC , and specialising only in extended additional sports coverage .
Output: BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra is a digital radio station from the BBC .
Contemporary hayrides are often organized commercially , providing an additional source of income for farms or existing on their own as an enfranchised activity during the fall season .
Output: Hayrides today are usually started to give farms or companies a way to make more money during the fall .
Thus , while these two cities may each have the same average maximum temperature , the standard deviation of the daily maximum temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city as , on any particular day , the actual maximum temperature is more likely to be farther from the average maximum temperature for the inland city than for the coastal one .
Output: However , the standard deviation of the daily high temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city .
In January 1905 , the institution of the City Governor , or Mayor , was officially introduced in Moscow , and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow 's first official mayor .
Output: In January 1905 , Alexander Adrianov became Moscow ’ s first mayor .
To the south in the Saar-Palatinate region , Lieutenant General George S. Patton 's U.S. 3rd Army had dealt a devastating blow to the German 7th Army and , in conjunction with the U.S. 7th Army , had nearly destroyed the German 1st Army .
Output: To the south in the Saar-Palatinate region , Lt. Gen. George S. Patton 's 3rd Army had beaten the German 7th Army and the German 1st Army .
A color wheel or color circle is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle , which shows the relationships between primary colors , secondary colors , tertiary colors etc .
Output: A color wheel is a circular chart that shows primary and secondary colors .
The Italian National Institute of Statistics ( Italian : Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ; Istat ) is the main producer of official statistics in Italy .
Output: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica is the national statistical institute of Italy .
Genetically modified foods ( GM foods ) , also known as genetically engineered foods ( GE foods ) , or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering .
Output: Genetically modified food ( GM food ) is food which has been produced using organisms that have been engineered genetically ( GM organisms ) .
The lanthanide elements are the group of elements with atomic number increasing from 57 ( lanthanum ) to 71 ( lutetium ) .
Output: From lanthanum ( 57 ) to lutetium ( 71 )
The retina has no sensitivity to pain , and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours , so there is no warning that injury is occurring .
Output: The retina does not feel pain , so damage may not be felt for hours .
Kestrels are most easily distinguished by their typical hunting behaviour which is to hover at a height of around 10 – over open country and swoop down on prey , usually small mammals , lizards or large insects .
Output: Kestrels hover about 10 – over open country , and swoop down on prey , usually small mammals , lizards or large insects .
Whereas rodents have gnawing incisors that grow throughout life , the teeth of shrews wear down throughout life , a problem made more extreme because they lose their milk teeth before birth , so have only one set of teeth throughout their lifetimes .
Output: Unlike rodents , which have gnawing incisors that grow throughout life , the teeth of shrews wear down throughout life , and they lose their milk teeth before birth .
The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American free-to-air television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation .
Output: Fox ( styled FOX ) is an American television network .
Chuck Norris facts are satirical factoids about American martial artist and actor Chuck Norris that have become an Internet phenomenon and as a result have become widespread in popular culture .
Output: Chuck Norris facts is an Internet phenomenon with joke " facts " about martial artist and actor Chuck Norris .
Psychoneuroimmunology ( PNI ) , also referred to as psychoendoneuroimmunology ( PENI ) or psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology ( PNEI ) , is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body .
Output: Psychoneuroimmunology ( PNI ) is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body .
Elizabeth Louise Kendall ( born 11 June 1971 ) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Leicester West since 2010 .
Output: Elizabeth Louise Kendall ( born 1971 ) has been the MP for Leicester West since 2010 .
Space Shuttle " Discovery " ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation : OV-103 ) is one of the orbiters from NASA 's Space Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built .
Output: Space Shuttle Discovery ( OV-103 ) is the third space shuttle run by NASA .
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world , belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea .
Output: The Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies , with about 6,000 species .
By 1955 , the publication of the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names ( a color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps ) , now on the Internet , listed dozens of different shades of lavender .
Output: By 1955 , the " ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names " listed dozens of different shades of lavender .
The President of Venezuela , officially known as the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is the head of state and head of government in Venezuela .
Output: The President of Venezuela is the head of state for the country of Venezuela .
According to the breed standard of the Cat Fanciers ' Association , the American Shorthair is a true breed of working cat .
Output: The American Shorthair is a working cat .
The 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup was the eighth edition of the FIFA Women 's World Cup , the quadrennial international football championship contested by 24 women 's national teams representing member associations of FIFA .
Output: The 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup was the eighth FIFA Women 's World Cup .
The name Palaeoptera has been traditionally applied to those ancestral groups of winged insects ( most of them extinct ) that lacked the ability to fold the wings back over the abdomen as characterizes the Neoptera .
Output: The Palaeoptera is the group of primitive ( basal ) winged insects which do not fold the wings back over the abdomen , as Neoptera do .
His first book , " Cedric the Forester " , received one of the inaugural Newbery Honor awards in 1922 , for " the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children " .
Output: His first book , " Cedric the Forester " , was made a Newbery Medal Honor Book in 1922 .
Lebowitz has published more than five hundred papers concerning statistical physics and science in general , and he is one of the founders and editors of the " Journal of Statistical Physics " , one of the most important peer-reviewed journals concerning scientific research in this area .
Output: Lebowitz has published more than five hundred papers concerning statistical physics and science in general , and he is one of the founders and editors of the " Journal of Statistical Physics " .
She received one of two inaugural Astrid Lindgren Memorial Awards from the Swedish Arts Council in 2003 , the biggest prize in children 's literature , for her career contribution to " children 's and young adult literature in the broadest sense . "
Output: She won two inaugural Astrid Lindgren Memorial Awards from the Swedish Arts Council in 2003 , the biggest prize in children 's literature .
In the physical sciences , the terms " mass " and " weight " are rigidly defined as separate measures , as they are different physical properties .
Output: In the physical sciences , mass and weight are different .
The typical GC-MS instrument is capable of performing both functions either individually or concomitantly , depending on the setup of the particular instrument .
Output: The typical GC-MS can work either way alone , or both at the same time .
The Palace of Whitehall ( or Palace of White Hall ) at Westminster , Middlesex , was the main residence of the English monarchs from 1530 until 1698 , when most of its structures , except for Inigo Jones 's Banqueting House of 1622 , were destroyed by fire .
Output: The Palace of Whitehall was the main home of the English kings and queens in London , from 1530 until 1698 , when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire .
On March 13 , 2018 , President Donald Trump announced he would nominate Haspel to be the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , replacing Mike Pompeo — whom he tapped to become the new Secretary of State .
Output: On March 13 , 2018 , Haspel was nominated by President Trump to become the CIA Director , replacing Mike Pompeo .
The Second Serbian Uprising in 1815 was led by Milos ̌ Obrenovic ́ who successfully repelled Ottoman forces and , by 1830 , gained full autonomy for Serbia , leading to the independence of central Serbia after several centuries under Ottoman rule .
Output: The second Serbian uprising in 1815 was led by Milos ̌ Obrenovic ́ who successfully repelled the Turkish forces and , by 1830 , Serbia had gained its full autonomy .
The Multi Crew Coordination or Multi Crew Co-operation ( MCC ) is an allowance , an additional training at the commercial pilot licence required in order to fly within a crew , that means in a multi-pilot aircraft with the aircrew consisting of at least two members .
Output: The Multi Crew Coordination ( MCC ) is a training in addition to the commercial pilot licence required to fly with a crew , in a more than one pilot aircraft .
In a computer operating system that uses paging for virtual memory management , page replacement algorithms decide which memory pages to page out , sometimes called swap out , or write to disk , when a page of memory needs to be allocated .
Output: A Page replacement algorithm is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file , when a new page needs to be allocated .
In cycling , for example , a time trial ( TT ) can be a single track cycling event , or an individual or team time trial on the road , and either or both of the latter may form components of multi-day stage races .
Output: In cycling a time trial ( TT ) can be a single track race , or an individual time trial on the road .
The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of the Public Health Service Act to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector , including organizations , foundations , businesses , educational groups , and individuals .
Output: Section 399F of the Public Health Service Act created the foundation to help the CDC work with the private sector .
The Ziegfeld Follies were also famous for their display of many beautiful chorus girls , commonly known as Ziegfeld girls , who " paraded up and down flights of stairs as anything from birds to battleships . "
Output: The Ziegfeld girls " paraded up and down flights of stairs as anything from birds to battleships . "
The fifth-generation iPod Touch ( stylized and marketed as the iPod touch , and colloquially known as the iPod Touch 5G or iPod Touch 5 ) was unveiled at Apple 's media event alongside the iPhone 5 on September 12 , 2012 , and was released on October 11 , 2012 .
Output: The fifth generation iPod Touch was announced along with the iPhone 5 on September 12 , 2012 , and it was released on October 11 , 2012 .
During winter , the lake becomes well mixed , and recent research indicates that during this phase of the colour cycle , the lake is somewhat murkier due to the redistribution of tannins and calcium carbonate particles throughout the lake .
Output: During winter the lake water becomes well mixed , and the lake water is less clear because of tannins and calcium carbonate particles .
The Monterey International Pop Music Festival was a three-day concert event held June 16 to June 18 , 1967 , at the Monterey County Fairgrounds in Monterey , California .
Output: The Monterey International Pop Music Festival took place from June 16 to June 18 , 1967 .
Noting the common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox , Jenner postulated that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox ( a disease similar to smallpox , but much less virulent ) protected them from smallpox .
Output: Jenner thought that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox ( a disease similar to smallpox , but much less virulent ) protected them from smallpox .
The word " trombone " derives from Italian " tromba " ( trumpet ) and " -one " ( a suffix meaning " large " ) , so the name means " large trumpet " .
Output: The name " trombone " comes from the Italian language and means " large trumpet " .
The pebibyte is closely related to the petabyte ( PB ) , its corresponding unit in the decimal set of multiples defined in the International System of Units ( SI ) , and which represents 10 bytes = .
Output: It is related to the petabyte which is 10 bytes .
In March 2006 , Airbus announced the impending closure of the A300 / A310 final assembly line , making them the first Airbus aircraft to be discontinued .
Output: In March 2006 , Airbus said that it was no longer making the A300 / A310 .
Kensuke Shinzaki ( 新崎 健介 " Shinzaki Kensuke " , born December 2 , 1966 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler and professional wrestling executive , better known by his ring name , Jinsei Shinzaki ( 新崎 人生 " Shinzaki Jinsei " ) .
Output: Kensuke Shinzaki ( born December 2 , 1966 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler .
The song became Jackson 's fifth number-one single on the " Billboard " Hot 100 , and the final of seven top five singles from the album , making her the only artist to achieve seven top five singles from one album .
Output: The song was Jackson 's fifth # 1 single on the " Billboard " Hot 100 .
Academically , the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory , known collectively as the Toronto School .
Output: In teaching , the University of Toronto is known for its ideas about literature and communication .
The common people , also known as the common man , commoners , or the masses , are the ordinary people in a community or nation who lack any significant social status , especially those who are members of neither royalty , nobility , the clergy , nor any member of the aristocracy .
Output: The terms commoners , common people or the masses refers to ordinary people who are members of neither the nobility nor the priesthood .
The City of Bradford is a local government district of West Yorkshire , England , with the status of a city and metropolitan borough .
Output: Bradford is a major city in West Yorkshire , England .
Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein ( ; September 28 , 1930 – August 31 , 2019 ) was an American sociologist , economic historian and world-systems analyst , arguably best known for his development of the general approach in sociology which led to the emergence of his world-systems approach .
Output: Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein ( ; September 28 , 1930 – August 31 , 2019 ) was an American sociologist , economic historian and world-systems analyst .
The naming of cultivars is an important aspect of cultivated plant taxonomy , and the correct naming of a cultivar is prescribed by the Rules and Recommendations of the " International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants " ( ICNCP , commonly denominated the " Cultivated Plant Code " ) .
Output: There is a system of naming run by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ( the ICNCP ) , commonly known as the Cultivated Plant Code .
In economics , utility is the satisfaction or benefit derived by consuming a product ; thus the marginal utility of a goods or service is the change in the utility from an increase in the consumption of that good or service .
Output: Marginal utility is a concept from economics that describes the change in utility from consuming more or less of a good or service .
The J2 League ( Japanese : J2リーク ゙ , Hepburn : J2 Ri ̄ gu ) or simply J2 is the second division of the Japan Professional Football League ( Japanese : 日本フ ゚ ロサッカーリーク ゙ , Hepburn : Nihon Puro Sakka ̄ Ri ̄ gu ) and the second level of the Japanese association football league system .
Output: J2 League is the second grouping of Japan Professional Football League ( 日本フ ゚ ロサッカーリーク ゙ , Nippon Puro Sakka ̄ Ri ̄ gu ) .
The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia , establishing a system of federalism in Australia .
Output: The federation of Australia was the way that the six separate British colonies of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and Western Australia joined together to become one country .
Whenever the player encounters a wild Poke ́ mon or is challenged by a trainer to a battle , the screen switches to a turn-based battle screen where the Poke ́ mon fight .
Output: When the player spots a Poke ́ mon or a trainer , the battle screen appears .
It included the provision that they emancipate the slaves and provide those who wanted to stay in the Chickasaw Nation with full citizenship ; they and their descendants became known as the Chickasaw Freedmen .
Output: It required that they free their slaves and give citizenship to freed slaves who wanted to stay in the Chickasaw Nation .
A mercury-arc valve or mercury-vapor rectifier or ( UK ) mercury-arc rectifier is a type of electrical rectifier used for converting high-voltage or high-current alternating current ( AC ) into direct current ( DC ) .
Output: A Mercury-arc rectifier is a type of rectifier used for converting alternating current ( AC ) to direct current ( DC ) .
The National Film Awards , established in 1954 , are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the Indian cinema .
Output: The National Film Awards was established in 1954 .
The zlib license has been approved by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) as a free software license , and by the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) as an open source license .
Output: The zlib License is an open source software license .
National Historic Sites of Canada are places that have been designated by the federal Minister of the Environment on the advice of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada ( HSMBC ) , as being of national historic significance .
Output: In Canada , National Historic Sites are places that the government has decided are important in Canada 's history .
Hero of Alexandria ( ; Greek : , " Heron ho Alexandreus " ; also known as Heron of Alexandria ; c . 10 AD – c . 70 AD ) was a mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria , Roman Egypt .
Output: Hero ( or Heron ) of Alexandria ( c . 10 – 70 CE ) was an ancient Greek mathematician and engineer .
He is one of two guitarists for the American heavy metal band Slipknot , and the former lead guitarist for the American alternative metal band Stone Sour .
Output: He is the guitarist for both Slipknot and Stone Sour .
The Warsaw Metro ( Polish : " Metro Warszawskie " ) is a rapid transit system serving the city of Warsaw , the capital of Poland .
Output: Warsaw Metro is a metro system in Poland .
This is a list of television series originally broadcast on , and produced at least partially by , Disney Channel ( formerly " The Disney Channel " ) , a family-oriented American basic cable channel and former premium channel , owned by The Walt Disney Company .
Output: This is a list of television series originally broadcast on , and produced solely by , Disney Channel .
In typography , a serif is a small line or stroke regularly attached to the end of a larger stroke in a letter or symbol within a particular font or family of fonts .
Output: A serif is a term in typography .
The enthalpy of vaporization , ( symbol ∆ " H " ) also known as the ( latent ) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation , is the amount of energy ( enthalpy ) that must be added to a liquid substance , to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas .
Output: The Enthalpy of vaporization , also called the latent heat of vaporization is the change in the enthalpy needed to change an amount of liquid into a gas .
The magnetic field of the Earth , and of other planets that have magnetic fields , is generated by dynamo action in which convection of molten iron in the planetary core generates electric currents which in turn give rise to magnetic fields .
Output: The magnetic field of the Earth , and of other planets that have magnetic fields , is caused by dynamo action of molten iron in the planetary core .
A language isolate , in the absolute sense , is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical ( or " genetic " ) relationship with other languages , one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language .
Output: A language isolate is a language that is not known to be related to any other language .
The term " parental leave " may include maternity , paternity , and adoption leave ; or may be used distinctively from " maternity leave " and " paternity leave " to describe separate family leave available to either parent to care for small children .
Output: The terms " parental leave " and " family leave " include maternity , paternity , and adoption leave .
The Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society is the largest humanitarian organization in Azerbaijan and is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement .
Output: Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society is a charitable organization in Azerbaijan .
Islam in Albania mainly arrived during the Ottoman period when the majority of Albanians over time converted to Islam and in particular two of its denominations : Sunni and Bektashi ( a Shia-Sufi order ) .
Output: During the Ottoman rule , the majority of Albanians were of Muslim affiliation ( Sunni and Bektashi ) .
Businesses and site owners can also suggest their websites for review by paying a " suggestion fee ; " however , inclusion is not guaranteed if the suggested resources do not comply with the editorial guidelines , in which case the review fee is refunded .
Output: However , inclusion is not guaranteed if the suggested websites do n't comply with the rules from the editors .
The term " carpetbagger " , used exclusively as a pejorative term , originated from the carpet bags ( a form of cheap luggage made from carpet fabric ) which many of these newcomers carried .
Output: " Carpetbagger " referred to the cheap carpet bags ( a form of luggage ) which many of the newcomers carried .
The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely-used free software license , which guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share and modify the software .
Output: The GNU General Public License ( GPL ) is a computer software copyleft license .
Various aspects of the character 's personality and visual design were directly inspired by some of Dominguez ’ s favorite comic book and classic pulp superheroes including " The Spirit " , " The Crimson Avenger " , " Daredevil " , " Nightwing " , " The Shadow " , " The Phantom " , " Zorro " and most noticeably " Batman " .
Output: A lot of the character ’ s personality and look was inspired by Dominguez ’ s favorite superheroes like The Spirit , The Crimson Avenger , Daredevil , Nightwing , The Shadow , The Phantom , Zorro and Batman .
A common way to remember a tragic incident and to remember the victims or casualties of such an event is a commemorative moment of silence .
Output: A moment of silence is a common way to remember tragedies .
The Walker Papers is an Air Force Fellows program that annually honors the top three research papers produced by Air Force Fellows with the Walker Series award .
Output: The Walker Papers is an Air Force Fellows program .
The Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ( abbreviated CPI ( M ) ) is a communist political party in India adheres to Marxist – Leninist theory .
Output: The Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) is a Communist party in India .
The United States Capitol , often called the Capitol Building , is the home of the United States Congress and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government .
Output: The United States Capitol is the building where the United States Congress meets .
DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( also known as DuckTales : The Movie ) is a 1990 animated family-oriented fantasy adventure film based on the animated television series " DuckTales " .
Output: DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp is a 1990 animated movie .
Very High Frequency ( VHF ) Omni-Directional Range ( VOR ) is a type of short-range radio navigation system for aircraft , enabling aircraft with a receiving unit to determine its position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons .
Output: VOR , short for VHF omnidirectional radio range , is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft , enabling them to find their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals emitted by a network of radio beacons .
In 1943 , a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp outside Moab was used to confine Japanese American internees labeled " troublemakers " by authorities in the War Relocation Authority , the government body responsible for overseeing the wartime incarceration program .
Output: In 1943 , a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp outside Moab was used to confine Japanese American internees labeled " troublemakers " by authorities in the War Relocation Authority .
The dark web forms a small part of the deep web , the part of the Web not indexed by web search engines , although sometimes the term " deep web " is mistakenly used to refer specifically to the dark web .
Output: The deep web is the part of the web not accessed by search engines .
Ever since childhood , Monk 's obsessive attention to detail has allowed him to spot tiny discrepancies , find patterns , and make connections that others often miss .
Output: Since he was a child , Monk has been able to notice small things that others miss .
Cleveland 's current major professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians ( Major League Baseball ) , Cleveland Browns ( National Football League ) , and Cleveland Cavaliers ( National Basketball Association ) .
Output: They include the Cleveland Indians , who play baseball ; the Cleveland Browns , who play football ; and the Cleveland Cavaliers , who play basketball .
Among those who do refer to themselves as trans women , many see it as an important and appropriate distinction to include a space in the term , as in " trans woman " , thus using " trans " as merely an adjective describing a particular type of woman ; this is in contrast to the usage of " transwoman " as one word , implying a " third gender " .
Output: Because of this many see it as important to include a space in the name , as in " trans woman " , using " trans " as a word to talk about a particular type of woman , not a " third gender " as " transwoman " might imply .
During this time , it has passed overhead ( culmination ) once and underfoot once ( at an hour angle of 00:00 and 12:00 respectively ) , so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above-mentioned , about 12 hours and 25 minutes .
Output: During this time , it has passed overhead once and underfoot once , so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above-mentioned , about 12 hours and 25 minutes .
The FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup is an international beach soccer competition contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA , the sport 's global governing body .
Output: The FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup is an international beach soccer competition .
A ravine is generally a fluvial slope landform of relatively steep ( cross-sectional ) sides , on the order of twenty to seventy percent in gradient .
Output: A ravine usually has steep sides , and they are 20-70 % in gradient .
In the United Kingdom , the Gnat became well known due to its prominent use as the display aircraft of the RAF 's Red Arrows aerobatic team .
Output: The Gnat was used by RAF 's Red Arrows as a team plane .
Ella Jane Fitzgerald ( April 25 , 1917 – June 15 , 1996 ) was an African-American jazz singer sometimes referred to as the First Lady of Song , Queen of Jazz , and Lady Ella .
Output: Ella Jane Fitzgerald ( April 25 , 1917 – June 15 , 1996 ) , was an American jazz singer .
Quizzes are usually scored in points and many quizzes are designed to determine a winner from a group of participants usually the participant with the highest score .
Output: Quizzes are usually scored in points .
Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) ( Malay : " Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur " ) is Malaysia 's main international airport and one of the major airports in Southeast Asia and worldwide .
Output: Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) is and a Southeast Asian airport .
Whatever the cause or causes of forgetting over the short-term may be , there is consensus that it severely limits the amount of new information that we can retain over brief periods of time .
Output: Forgetting greatly limits the information that can be kept over a short period of time .
Dubai International Airport is the primary international airport serving Dubai , United Arab Emirates and is the world 's busiest airport by international passenger traffic .
Output: Dubai International Airport is an international airport serving Dubai , United Arab Emirates .
In religion , a false prophet is one who falsely claims the gift of prophecy or divine inspiration , or to speak for God , or who makes such claims for evil ends .
Output: A false prophet is also someone who uses prophecy to do evil .
The hard corporal punishment , such as whippings , used in other penal stations was thought to only serve to harden criminals , and did nothing to turn them from their immoral ways .
Output: It was thought that physical punishment , such as whippings , only made prisoners worse .
Halmstad Municipality ( " Halmstads kommun " ) is a municipality in Halland County on the Swedish west coast , in which the city Halmstad is the seat .
Output: Halmstad Municipality is a municipality in Halland County in southern Sweden .
German idealism ( also known as post-Kantian idealism , post-Kantian philosophy , or simply post-Kantianism ) was a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries .
Output: German idealism is a group of theories in philosophy that began in Germany in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries .
Generally , punitive damages , which are also termed " exemplary damages " in the United Kingdom , are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff , but in order to reform or deter the defendant and similar persons from pursuing a course of action such as that which damaged the plaintiff .
Output: Generally , punitive damages , which are also termed " exemplary damages " in the United Kingdom , are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff , but in order to reform or deter the defendant .
Dream Market operates on a hidden service of the Tor network , allowing online users to browse anonymously and securely while avoiding potential monitoring of traffic .
Output: Dream Market works on a hidden service of the Tor network .
William Worthington Bain Jr . ( July 30 , 1937 – January 16 , 2018 ) was an American management consultant , known for his role as one of the founders of the management consultancy that bears his name , Bain & Company .
Output: William Worthington " Bill " Bain Jr . ( 30 July 1937 – 16 January 2018 ) was an American management consultant .
A " jathera " is a shrine constructed to commemorate and show respect to the founding common ancestor of a surname and all subsequent common clan ancestors .
Output: A Jathera is a shrine constructed to commemorate common clan ancestors .
At the time of the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 , Hertha was Berlin 's reigning champion and so became an inaugural member of the new professional national league .
Output: Hertha was a founder of the Bundesliga in 1963 and was Berlin 's reigning champion .
Hades ( ; Greek : " Ha ́ de ̄ s " ; Α ̔ ́ ιδης " Ha ́ ide ̄ s " ) , in the ancient Greek religion and myth , is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld , with which his name became synonymous .
Output: Hades ( , " Ha ́ ide ̄ s " ) is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld in ancient Greek religion and myth .
Havana ( ; Spanish : " La Habana " -RSB- ) is the capital city , largest city , province , major port , and leading commercial center of Cuba .
Output: Havana is the capital city of Cuba .
Coronary artery bypass surgery , also known as coronary artery bypass graft ( CABG , pronounced " cabbage " ) surgery , and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery , is a surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery .
Output: It is also known as coronary artery bypass graft ( CABG , pronounced " cabbage " ) surgery , and known by doctors as heart bypass or bypass surgery .