niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This is in relation to the direction in which the shore lies.
Output: the shore
One must learn to interpret these characteristics.
Output: these characteristics
Whenever a member of his division is charged with a civil offence, the DO must ensure that the required signal informing C Navy and the Command Headquarters of the civil charge is made.
Output: the DO
Sailors originally named the directions from the winds that they distinguished.
Output: the directions
Construction and characteristics of man-made fibre cordage.
Output: man-made fibre cordage
Construction and characteristics of wire rope.
Output: wire rope
Handling of vegetable fibre cordage.
Output: vegetable fibre cordage
Handling of man-made fibre cordage.
Output: man-made fibre cordage
Handling of wire rope.
Output: wire rope
Handling hawsers.
Output: hawsers
CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE FIBRE CORDAGE.
Output: VEGETABLE FIBRE CORDAGE
Construction and types.
Output: Construction
Though it is not necessary to go deeply into the process of ropemaking, an elementary knowledge of its principles is desirable.
Output: the process of ropemaking
Ropes are made from vegetable fibres each of which is only between two and four feet long, and the first process is to comb these fibres out in a long, even ribbon, as shown in an exaggerated form in fig. 6-1.
Output: Ropes
The ribbons are then twisted up into yarns, and the twist given binds the fibres firmly together so that they hold by friction when the yarn is subjected to strain.
Output: The ribbons
The shorter the length of the fibres the harder this twist must be to give the necessary strength to the yarn.
Output: the yarn
This process is known as 'spinning', and the yarns are said to be spun left- or right-handed, according to the direction of twist.
Output: This process
Next, a certain number of yarns are twisted together to form strands which, at the Admiralty Ropery, Chatham, are usually 150 fathoms in length when completed.
Output: a certain number of yarns
The number and size of the yarns required to make each strand depends on the size of the rope it is intended to make.
Output: the yarns
This stage is known as 'twisting the strands', and again, the twist can be left- or right-handed.
Output: This stage
Three or four strands are now made up into a left- or right-handed rope.
Output: Three or four strands
This process is called 'laying' and is always carried out in the opposite direction to that used in the previous stage of twisting the strands; it is, moreover, distinct from the simple spin or twist and is twofold, in that:
Output: This process
the strands are twisted up together to form the rope, and
Output: the strands
at the same time the strands are rotated individually in the direction of their original twist.
Output: the strands
Were this not done, laying the strands together would tend to untwist the yarns in each strand.
Output: this
As the rope is laid up its length contracts like a coiled spring, giving it a certain elasticity.
Output: its length
The harder the twist given to the strands in laying, the shorter will be the resultant rope-in practice, three strands of I50fathoms lay up into a rope about 120 fathoms in length - and a rope is said to be hard-laid or soft-laid.
Output: the twist
Three strands so laid up constitute a hawser-laid rope, which is the type of cordage most commonly used.
Output: Three strands
Four-stranded (rot-proofed manila or sisal) rope, laid up round a heart or centre made of the same material, is known as shroud-laid rope.
Output: Four-stranded (rot-proofed manila or sisal) rope
It is somewhat weaker than three-stranded rope of a similar size, but is less liable to stretch.
Output: It
It is used for shrouds and stays of small craft and is supplied in coils of 120 fathoms.
Output: It
Three hawser-laid ropes each of 120 fathoms, laid up together in the opposite direction to that of their own lay, will form a cable-laid rope, 100 fathoms in length.
Output: Three hawser-laid ropes
Such a rope is weaker than a hawser-laid rope of equal size, but by reason of its construction it is more elastic and is therefore used where elasticity is the chief requirement, as in towing.
Output: Such a rope
Furthermore, cable-laid rope, being more solid in construction, is more resistant to chafe and does not absorb water so readily as hawser-laid rope.
Output: cable-laid rope
Direction of the lay and description.
Output: the lay
In the Royal Navy hawser-laid rope is normally laid up right-handed; that is the strands twist away from the eye in a right-handed spiral, as in fig. 6.2.
Output: hawser-laid rope
The direction of the lay can also be seen at a glance when the rope is viewed from above, as illustrated in fig. 6-5 (i).
Output: The direction of the lay
In the rope trade, right-hand lay is described as Z twist and left-hand lay as S twist, the letters indicating the direction of the lay when the rope is viewed from above.
Output: right-hand lay
In a normal right-handed rope the fibres are spun right-handed to form yarns
Output: a normal right-handed rope
Left-handed ropes, in which each component is made in exactly the opposite direction, are found in commercial practice; but the only left-handed cordage supplied to the Royal Navy - and that in very small quantities - is hammock Iashing and marline.
Output: Left-handed ropes
In the Royal Navy cordage is described by reference to the circumference of the rope measured in inches and to the material from which it is made-for example, 4Â½-inch manila.
Output: cordage
In some countries, and commercially in Great Britain, cordage is sometimes measured by its diameter.
Output: cordage
The size of a strand is that of the rope from which it was taken
Output: The size of a strand
The length of a rope is measured in fathoms.
Output: The length of a rope
General characteristics.
Output: General characteristics.
The strands tend to unlay unless the end of the rope is whipped (i,e, firmly bound) with twine.
Output: The strands
The rope will stretch under load, but may be expected to regain its normal length when slack, provided that the load applied is well within the breaking strength of the rope;
Output: The rope
The older and more worn the rope, the less elasticity it will possess and the weaker it will become.
Output: the rope
Rope under load will tend to twist in the opposite direction to that of its lay and thereby tend to unlay itself, but it should regain its normal form when slack.
Output: Rope under load
When wet, rope will usually shrink in length in proportion to the amount by which it swells in diameter, but it will recover its original length when dry and after use.
Output: rope
Rope which is continually subjected to heat and damp - when in the tropics, for example - will lose its elasticity and strength sooner than rope used under normal conditions of temperature and humidity.
Output: Rope
MATERIALS USED.
Output: MATERIALS USED
The ropes supplied to the Royal Navy are made from various kinds of vegetable fibre which may differ in strength, weight, flexibility, hardness or resistance to wear, elasticity, resistance to weather, or behaviour when wet.
Output: The ropes
The fibre selected, therefore, depends on the use for which the rope is intended.
Output: The fibre selected
When made of manila or sisal, the fibres of the rope are treated with a rot-proofing solution during the first stage of rope-making, when the fibres are being combed into ribbons.
Output: the fibres of the rope
Rot-proofing neither weakens the rope nor increases its weight, but makes it watertight to the extent that, when wet, it absorbs hardly any water and is nearly as light and as easily handled as when it is dry.
Output: Rot-proofing
Rot-proofing was discontinued in 1963, because rot-proofed cordage has deteriorated in hot and humid conditions.
Output: Rot-proofing
To assist in distinguishing the different types of cordage a coloured jute yarn known as a rogue's yarn is woven into the strands of each type of rope manufactured at the Admiralty Ropery.
Output: the different types of cordage
A rogue's yarn is also used in commercially manufactured rope to indicate the type of fibre, its quality, and perhaps the particular manufacturer.
Output: A rogue's yarn
Manila rope.
Output: Manila rope
This rope is made from the fibre of the abaca plant, which is grown extensively in the Philippine Islands and shipped from the port of Manila (whence its name), and also in Central America, Sumatra and Borneo.
Output: This rope
When mature the abaca plant, which grows to a height of from 10 to 30 ft, is felled and the fibre from the leaf sheaths is stripped off.
Output: the abaca plant
The quality of the finished rope depends upon the thorough cleaning of the fibre during this stripping process.
Output: the finished rope
When new and untreated it is deep golden-brown in colour.
Output: it
The rope is flexible, durable, strong, and stands up well to wear and weather.
Output: The rope
It is impervious to saIt water, and so it is very suitable for slings, falls, berthing hawsers and tow- ropes.
Output: It
Manila hawser-laid rope is supplied to the Royal Navy in coils of 120 fathoms, and it is marked with one red rogue's yarn in each of two strands.
Output: Manila hawser-laid rope
Manila cable-laid rope is supplied in coils of 100 fathoms.
Output: Manila cable-laid rope
Commercially manufactured manila ropes over 2 inches in circumference and complying with the specification of the British Standards Institution are identified as follows: Grade I, 'Special', one black rogue's yarn in three strands; Grade II, 'Standard', one black rogue's yarn in two strands; Grade III, 'Merchant', one black rogue's yarn in one strand.
Output: Commercially manufactured manila ropes over 2 inches in circumference and complying with the specification of the British Standards Institution
Sisal rope.
Output: Sisal rope
This rope is made from the leaves of the Agave sisalana plant, which is a member of the cactus family.
Output: This rope
It is grown in Kenya, Tanganyika, Haiti and Java and, when new and untreated, is hairy and of a pale straw colour.
Output: It
New sisal rope is as strong as a second-grade manila, but it is less flexible, durable and resistant to wear and weather.
Output: New sisal rope
It should therefore be examined frequently for signs of deterioration.
Output: It
A coir rope is the weakest of all cordage, but it has the advantage of being so light that it floats on water.
Output: A coir rope
Hammock lashing.
Output: Hammock lashing
Because it is not so reliable as manila it is not used for boats, falls, slings or for any purpose where the parting of the rope may endanger life.
Output: it
Sisal hawser-laid rope is supplied to the Royal Navy in coils of 120 fathoms
Output: Sisal hawser-laid rope
Weights and breaking strengths can be taken as being the same as those of cordage of similar size, material and normal lay.
Output: Weights and breaking strengths
Hemp rope.
Output: Hemp rope
This rope is made from the fibres of the stems of the hemp plant which is grown in many parts of the world, but notably in Italy, Russia, China, U.S.A., New Zealand, St.
Output: This rope
St. Helena and India.
Output: St. Helena and India.
This is made from sisal laid up left-handed because when used for lashing up with a marline hitch it is less likely to unlay than a right- handed rope.
Output: This
New Zealand and St. Helena hemps are not true hemps like Italian, but produce hard fibres similar to those of sisal.
Output: New Zealand and St. Helena hemps
Italian hemp is the strongest vegetable fibre used in rope making.
Output: Italian hemp
Indian Hemp is not reliable for cordage.
Output: Indian Hemp
American hemp is about equal to European hemp, but is not used by the Admiralty.
Output: American hemp
Hemp is very much softer than the other fibres described above.
Output: Hemp
The quality varies greatly with the soil in which it is grown, and for purposes of Admiralty specification it is graded for quality in the order Italian, European, New Zealand and St.
Output: it
On no account must stage lashing be used for paint ship stages.
Output:  stage lashing
New and untreated hemp rope is hard, smooth, pale grey in colour and of a lighter shade than manila but darker than sisal.
Output: New and untreated hemp rope
It is marked with a red rogue's yarn in each strand.
Output: It
Hemp is heavier than manila and the best quality is stronger than the manila supplied to the Royal Navy.
Output: Hemp
Its wearing qualities are about the same as those of manila, but it is far more flexible.
Output: It
It is used in the Royal Navy only for small lines and small stuff.
Output: It
Coir rope.
Output: Coir rope
This rope is made from the fibres in the husks of coconuts grown in Ceylon.
Output: This rope
It is very hairy, and brown in colour.
Output: It
Man-made braided cordage is also used where flexibility, strength and durability are needed, such as in safety nets of carriers and in signal halyards.
Output: Man-made braided cordage
Junk and rounding are supplied for lashings and other securings where the use of good rope is not necessary.
Output: Junk and rounding
This is made from tow, or from condemned cordage picked to pieces.
Output: This
Weight, breaking strength and methods of supply will be found in Volume II.
Output: Weight, breaking strength and methods of supply
In particularly rough weather, the ship's side should be well fendered.
Output:  the ship's side
The crew then leave the boat and she is hoisted inboard.
Output: the boat
Then it is laid over the two foremost thwarts.
Output: it
The sternsheetsman has to tend it.
Output: The sternsheetsman
When a boat laden with men is to be towed, a special towing painter is usually provided.
Output: a boat laden with men
This should be secured in the stern-sheets of the first boat.
Output: This
All three should be spread about one-third of the boat's length apart.
Output: All three
It is obviously important to keep her bilges clear of rocks or large stones.
Output: her bilges
HANDLING BOATS IN SURF.
Output: BOATS