niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Hans Delbruck has famously argued against the significance of this battles outcome, but other historians like Stephen Runciman agree that it was monumental. The losing commander was blinded and exiled to the island of Proti after losing his left wing commanded by Bryennios. One general led forces accompanying the Pechenegs to Khliat, but then defected to Melitene and never fought in the battle, which saw the betrayal of Andrikos Doukas. One side was led by Alp Arslan and the other by Romanus IV, after a certain refusal to give up the siege of Edessa. FTP, name this battle of 1071 CE fought in Eastern Anatolia between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks.
Output: History
In political thought, this man contributed a comparison of socialism, anarchism, and syndicalism, three of the titular Roads to Freedom. In another work sometimes viewed as a sequel to his What I Believe, he critiqued organized religion and as a whole, writing that "No one can sit at the bedside of a dying child and claim to believe in God" in an attempt to explain Why I Am Not a (*) Christian. Other works by this man include one written with Alfred North Whitehead, in which he explained the whole of mathematics in terms of logical expressions. For 10 points, name this modern British philosopher who wrote Principia Mathematica.
Output: Social Science
The Bargello museum is located in this city, which also contains the Santo Spirito Basilica and the cathedral of San Lorenzo. Calcio Storico is traditionally played here, and this city is also home to the Explosion of the Cart celebration. The current mayor of this city was initially arrested, and then fined for ordering trees to be cut down to build its tram system, and has also sued Wikipedia for slander and libel; his name is Leonardo Domenici. The hills around this city include Poggio Imperiale and Carreggi, and are collectively called the Senese Clavey Hills. A bridge over the river running through it contains an elevated corridor to the Palazzo Pitti and is called the Ponte Vecchio. For 10 points, identify this city on the Arno historically ruled by the Medicis, the capital of Tuscany.
Output: Social Science
One corollary to this equation gives the ratio of activity to mole fraction for the constituents of a binary system as the ratio of derivatives of activities with respect to mole fractions at constant pressure and temperature. It can be derived by substituting the temperature and pressure Maxwell relations into the usual differential of the Gibbs function, then equating the differential of the definition of the Gibbs function as a sum over species only. It sets differential pressure time volume equal to entropy times differential temperature plus sum over species of particle number times differential chemical potential. For 10 points, name this equation used in the usual derivation of the rule that the number of species plus the number of degrees of freedom minus the number of phases equals two.
Output: Science
Karman's "logarithmic law of the wall" describes the behavior of this phenomenon near an unbounded wall. One treatment of this behavior assumed that at small length scales, local motions are isotropic, and the timescale associated with that theory is given as the square root of the viscosity divided by the energy dissipation rate. The integral length scale associated with it is related to the size of eddies formed in this regime, and the onset of this regime typically occurs at values of 4000 for the Reynolds number. For 10 points, identify this regime characterized by the chaotic flow of fluids, a type of flow which may be occasionally experienced on airplanes.
Output: Science
In this man's namesake effect, a magnetic field rotates the plane of polarized light. This man was the first to produce sub-freezing temperatures in the laboratory, and he developed the laws of electrolysis. This man developed the idea of ""lines of force"" to describe electric and magnetic fields, and invented the first (*) dynamo. His namesake law states that the negative time rate of change of the magnetic flux through a closed loop equals the induced emf (E-M-F) in the loop. For 10 points, name this English physicist who demonstrated induction.
Output: Science
In one section the author compares a belief in corporeality with idolatry, while another discusses God's multiple intelligences. Its last chapter focuses on wisdom and the perfectibility of man, and it notes that the fourth and final kind of perfection can only be achieved through faith. Interspersed throughout the text are references to the mystical Merkabha section of the book of Ezekiel. Its introductory sections include "Directions for the study of this work" and "On Method," the latter of which addresses the inconsistencies commonly found in the Mishnah. Written in the form of a letter to the author's student, it attempted to allay Joseph ben Judah's religious confusion. For 10 points, identify this 1190 treatise written in Arabic, an attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Judaism, by Maimonides. 
Output: Literature
This work consists of an introduction and five chapters whose titles include "Religious Affiliation and Social Stratification", "Luther's Conception of the Calling and the Task of the Investigation", and "The Religious Foundations of Worldly Asceticism". The author attempts to explain one reason for the modern view that turning a profit is virtuous, claiming that the psychological need for clues concerning whether one was saved ot damned led many Calvinists to seek worldly success, sparking the modern "spirit of capitalism". FTP, what is this major work by Max Weber
Output: Social Science
This painting was originally located together with Pallas and the Centaur in Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco's house. Possibly inspired by a Poliziano poem, this work includes a god who uses a caduceus to dissipate some clouds. On the right side of this painting, the god of the west wind chases a figure who turns into a goddess and scatters flowers. The three Graces are shown dancing in this painting. whose center depicts a clothed Venus standing in an orange grove. For 10 points, name this painting by Sandro Botticelli whose title is the Italian word for "spring."
Output: Fine Arts
He once conspired with Hera and Athena to put Zeus in chains; later, he killed the giant Polybotes with an island. Some stories claim that he was raised by the Telchines or hidden in a flock of sheep by Arne at the request of Rhea instead of suffering the fate of most of his siblings. He sent a monster to attack Troy after Laomedon failed to reward him for helping Apollo build walls, and later sent another monster to devour Laocoon. His horse lost to Athenas olive tree in the contest for Athens, his children include Polyphemus and Triton, and his wife is Amphitrite. For 10 points, identify this brother of Hades and trident-wielder, the Greek god of horses and the sea.
Output: Social Science
Menestheus became king of Athens after slandering this figure, while for a time this figure was trapped in the underworld along with his friend Pirithous. This figure had originally traveled to the underworld to capture Persephone for his friend after they had kidnapped Helen, and on another famous journey, he defeated Cercyon in wrestling, stretched Sinis between his two trees, and placed Procrustes in his own torturous bed. This is, for 10  points, what hero who slew the Minotaur and caused his father's death by raising a black sail
Output: Social Science
His Minister of Mines and Oil, K.D. Malviya, was removed from office after an investigation by Judge Pathak found him guily of taking kickbacks, while the M.C. Chagla Commission removed his corrupt Finance Minister, T.T. Krishnamachari. His political defeats included the election of party leader P.D. Tandon and the election of President Rajendra Prasad, while political victories included his selection over Patel as Head of Government. Accomplishments in the international sphere included a water treaty with Ayub Khan, the invasion of Goa, and, along with Josip Tito, founding the Non-Aligned Movement. For ten points, name this first Prime Minister of India.
Output: History
The Baldwin-Lomax and Cebeci-Smith models are algebraic models of this process, while the Prandtl model is a one-equation model of it. In modeling this process, one often averages the stress tensor over time, a strategy known as the Boussinesq approximation. During this process, the smallest scales are known as the Kolmogorov scales, and objects immersed in an environment undergoing this process experience vortex shedding. The Richardson number provides a measure of the strength of this process, and its onset is governed by the ratio of inertial to viscous forces. FTP, identify this type of chaotic flow which occurs at high Reynolds numbers and which is contrasted with laminar flow.
Output: Science
One commander during this conflict was surprised when Victor Amadeus II, the duke of Savoy left Turin with 6,000 cavalry soldiers. One battle during this conflict saw forced led under John Campbell, the 2nd Duke of Argyle attack a fortified posoition with Count Schulenberg. One of the principal commanders during this war was married to Sarah Jennings, who fought battles at (*) Oudenarde and Ramillies. Marshall Tallard died in one conflict during this battle, which saw the Duke of Marlborough assist Emperor Leopold by preventing Louis XIV of France from advancing to Vienna. Concluded with the Peace of Utrecht, for 10 points, name this war whose battles include Blenheim, named for a country whose ruler at that time was Philip the V.
Output: History
His first political efforts involved him working with George Padmore to organize a 1945 meeting in Manchester. This man was part of a group with J. B. Danquah, although Danquah would later end up running against him in elections and being thrown in prison by him for dissent. This man formed the Convention People's Party in 1949, after splitting from Danquah's United Gold Coast Convention, although his actions in making it the sole party in his home country would lead to his downfall. After dubbing himself "the Redeemer", he was overthrown in a military coup while on a state visit to China in 1966. For 10 points, who was this man, co-organizer of the Fifth Pan-African Congress and the first president of Ghana
Output: History
This was the name of the first vehicle planned for the canceled Constellation program of missions to the Moon and Mars, and is the name of the first nebula to be photographed. The constellation of this name contains a red giant 950 times as large as the Sun, as well as the gamma star Bellatrix. The two primary stars of this constellation have names meaning ""the left leg of the giant"" and ""the giant's shoulder. "" For 10 points, Rigel and Betelgeuse (BAY-tell-""juice"") are found in what constellation with both a ""sword"" and a ""belt""
Output: Science
Although the word was developed in the 18th century by the philosopher Johann Lambert to apply to the study of distinguishing truth from illusion, the philosophical movement associated with it did not develop until the 20th Century. This school believed that it is possible to obtain insights into the essential structures of perceived reailty on the basis of a careful study of concrete examples supplied by experience. FTP, name this philosophical school, inspired by the slogan "To the things themselves" inspired by its founder, Edmund Husserl
Output: Social Science
One character created by this author has a heart attack while playing in a cimbalom band after organizing the poorly attended Ride of the Kings. A character in another of this authors novels abides by the rule of threes for committing infidelity and is given the epitaph He wanted the Kingdom of God on Earth after dying in a car accident while working at a dairy collective. Ludvik Jahn writes Optimism is the opium of the people! on a postcard, resulting in his expulsion from the Communist Party in this authors The Joke. For 10 points, name this Czech author who wrote about the photographer Terezas relationship with the Tomas in The Unbearable Lightness of Being.
Output: Literature
This novel, which was tentatively titled "My Aunt's Story," has a fascinating seventeenth chapter, in which the author explains her aims for the novel. Among the memorable descriptive sections are those of Hall Farm, Bartle Massey's school, and various other locations in Hayslope. By the end, Seth is resigned to the marriage of his love, a Methodist preacher, to his brother, who has reconciled with Arthur Donninthorne. FTP, name this work that ends with the marriage of the title character and Dinah Morris, and includes the infanticide committed by Hetty Sorrel, a tale about a carpenter written by George Eliot.
Output: Literature
He took Conrad, the young king of Arles, under his protection, and eventually married Conrad's sister Adelheid to get a claim to the Italian throne. After suppressing a revolt led by his son Liudolf, he defeated the Magyars at Lechfeld, went to pick up the Italian crown after Pope John XII asked him for protection, and married his son to Theophano, the daughter of the Greek emperor. FTP, name this ruler, whose brother Bruno was Archbishop of Cologne and the leader of a German cultural revival, who was the eldest son of Henry the Fowler, ruled as Saxon emperor from 936 to 973, and was nicknamed "the great. "
Output: History
This chemist is named with Johnson and Ireland in reactions that are variants of his namesake reaction. A ketone and aromatic aldehyde react in a process named for this man and J.G. Schmidt. The thermal conversion of an allyl phenyl ether to an ortho-allyl phenol, by way of a cyclo-hexa-die-none intermediate, is his namesake rearrangement. The Dieckmann reaction is an intramolecular version his most famous reaction, and occurs with esters of dicarboxylic acids forming five or six-membered rings. FTP, name this German chemist, the namesake of the condensation that happens when two esters form a beta-keto ester.
Output: Science
In one story, he made the bitter waters at Marah sweet by throwing in a tree that God showed to him. During one battle, the Amalekites were vulnerable as long as his hands remained in the air, prompting two other men to hold up his arms until the sun went down. At the request of God, he once cast his staff to the ground, causing it to become a snake, a feat later replicated by his older brother. The younger son of Amram and Jochebed and the brother of Miriam, he brought a variety of plagues on the land of Egypt to convince the pharaoh to release the Israelites. For 10 points, name this brother of Aaron who received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai.
Output: Social Science
One important early scene in this novel occurs when the protagonist opts to take a walk in town, delaying the opening of his mail by two hours. Another important scene occurs between the acts of a play depicted in this novel, when a major character is introduced. There is ambiguity over whether the affections of one character in this novel rest with Jeanne or her mother. The tension in this novel increasing when the Pococks arrive in town, although one of them has the ulterior motive of gaining control of the mills at home. The protagonist of this novel was sent on his trip by his fiance from Woollett, Massachusetts, Mrs. Newsome; that mission is to travel to Paris to retrieve her son, Chadwick, from his affair with the Comtesse de Vionnet. For 10 points, identify this novel about the doomed love between Maria Gostrey and Lambert Strether, a Paris-set Henry James novel.
Output: Literature
This country's El Oriente region is the source of the source of the Napo and Putumayo rivers. The port cities of Manta and Esmeraldas lie on the western coast of this country, which also controls the Floreana and Isabela Islands. Mountains in this country include Tungurahua, Illiniza, and Pichincha. The Charles Darwin Research Station is located in this country, and its second highest peak is (*) Cotopaxi. The farthest point from the center of the earth, Chimborazo, is located in this country, which saw a 1822 meeting between Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar in Guayaquil. Along with Chile, it is one of only two South American countries that do not have a border with Brazil. For ten points, name this country which controls the Galapagos Islands and has its capital at Quito.
Output: Social Science
It is thought with communion with this figure can be achieved through Haoma. He is unequivocally linked with atar, while his consort is linked with aban, principles embodied in shrines to this figure known as Fire Temples. He is the defender of Asha, and the model for the doctrine of good thoughts, good words, good deeds as iterated in the Gathas. Zurvanists consider this opposer of the daevas to be no greater than his rival, but he is clearly depicted better than Angra Mainyu in the Zend Avesta. FTP, identify this supreme deity of Zoroastrianism, the leader of the angelic Ahuras.
Output: Social Science
Due to persistent stagflation in the 1970s, he led the attack on the controversial Phillips curve, which was a tool often used to promote Keynesian economics. While teaching economics at the University of Chicago, he published the essay The Methodology of Positive Economics. In A Monetary History of the United States, he argued that government intervention and federal banking caused the Great Depression. That book established him as the leading proponent of monetarism. FTP name this American economist, one of the leading advocates of laissez-faire economies and author of Capitalism and Freedom.
Output: Social Science
A mostly fabricated discussion of a rainy burial in this work follows a scene in which one character unsettles the protagonist with her burning eyes, which that protagonist describes as feral, in a darkened room he had come to looking to assault a man after embarrassingly arriving an hour early to a dinner. That man, an inheritor who the protagonist criticizes for peasant girl-related debauchery, mirrors a military man who earlier prompts the main character to purchase a beaver collar, for which he borrows money from Anton, his boss. The narrator is obsessed with the phrase two and two is four and clashes with Ferfichkin and Simonov over a going-away party for Zverkov, which prompts a trip to a brothel and later an exchange with the vulture-like Apollon. The kindly prostitute Liza is ultimately spurned by, FTP, the protagonist of what early existentialist novel consisting of the titular correspondences, written by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Output: Literature
This man both wounded and was wounded by Humphrey Marshall, who opposed a resolution by this man that dictated the type of fabric that could be worn by legislators in a certain body. That legislation was a predecessor to a better-known (+) policy by this man whose components included a high tariff and the continued existence of the Bank of the United States. In addition to the American System, this man was responsible for legislation that was passed in response to concerns over the passage of the (*) Wilmot Proviso, and ended the balance of free and slave states. For 10 points, name this legislator whose negotiation of the Compromise of 1850 led him to be dubbed ""The Great Compromiser. ""
Output: History
He left the novel Answered Prayers incomplete at his death, and his last finished work was the novel Music for Chameleons. The two most important themes in his works were homosexuality and the lost child, as demonstrated by his collections A Tree of Night and Other Stories and One Christmas. However, he is better remembered for the journalistic style of his longer fiction works, such as The Grass Harp and The Thanksgiving Visitor. FTP, identify this American author of Other Voices, Other Rooms who chronicled the adventures of Holly Golightly in his Breakfast at Tiffany's.
Output: Literature
This work notes that the central subject must be considered as a "discourse" in the sense defined by Foucault and arising from a dynamic created by Edward Lane and Louis Massignon. The author of this work repeatedly identifies as a humanist, vilifies Ernest Renan, and largely avoids examdining German and Russian forms of the central subject. Feminist critiques often focus on this work's discussion of the short story "Herodias" and Gustave Flaubert's encounter with Kuchuk Hanem. This work sparked a vitriolic debate in The New York Review of Books between the author and Bernard Lewis, identified as the leading modern practitioner of the academic form of the central subject, which it defines as a politically-charged power relationship ultimately serving imperialism. Declaring that accounts from men like Lord Byron and Napoleon have led to the West's false conceptualization of the Middle East, for 10 points, identify this landmark 1978 work by Edward Said.
Output: Fine Arts
A character in this play expresses her frustrations with her son by exclaiming, "Men! Men! Men!" Clara makes cutting remarks in this play after reading social criticism by H.G. Wells. In the second act of this play, Alfred is prevented from striking his daughter by a concerned nobleman; later, Alfred inherits four thousand pounds after a satirical letter sent to Ezra D. Wannafeller is taken seriously. The central plot of this play is resolved by the testimony of the Hungarian nobleman Nepommuck, and the main female character later marries Freddy Eynsford Hill. Colonel Pickering offers the central wager of this play, which originates when the speech of a flower-girl is transcribed. For 10 points, name this play in which Henry Higgins trains Eliza Doolittle to speak like an upper-class lady, written by George Bernard Shaw.
Output: Literature
Robert Orme wrote that the victorious general at this battle voted against action at a June 21 council of war, but after meditating in a grove for an hour returned and called for battle the next day. The losing leader at this battle had been beset by intrigues led by Ghaseti Begum, who had desired her nephew Shawkat Jang to have his title, and Begum had enlisted the merchant Umichand and banker Jagat Sheth to bribe one of the losing leader's generals, a payment transacted in that general's woman's quarters. The victorious general's attack violated the Alinagar Treaty, so named for the new designation of Fort William, where it was signed after the losing leader at this battle took Calcutta. The battle itself turned when a cannon blast killed General Mir Mardan and Mir Jafar, having been bribed, would not support the Nawab Siraj ad-Daula. For 10 points, name this 1757 battle won by forces of the British East India Company led by Robert Clive.
Output: History
Early on, this dynasty agreed to pay tribute to its neighbors by way of the Treaty of Shanyuan. Its seat of government was moved to Fuzhou and its final ruler, Emperor Bing, saw his officials including Lu Xiufu jump into the sea during the disastrous Battle of Yamen. Its eighth emperor Huizong was captured and its capital looted during the Jingkang Incident. Its chancellors included Ssu-ma Kuang and Wang an-Shih, who launched a noted series of reforms, and its capital moved from Kaifeng to Hangzhou with the beginning of its southern period. FTP, name this dynasty founded by Zhao Kuangyin which was followed by the Yuan Dynasty and lasted from 960-1279 AD.
Output: History
Gwilym Owen wrote an article arguing a work by this man was written earlier than traditionally thought. Assumptions of self-predication and non- identity are necessary to an argument made by him according to an article by Gregory Vlastos. David Sachs said one of this man's arguments suffered from a fallacy of irrelevance by using two definitions for one of its main concepts. Gerard Ledger used a stylometric computer program to analyze this man's writings, which led Ledger to support the authenticity of a letter that describes this man's efforts to educate (*) Dionysius of Syracuse to be a good ruler. He claimed that for everything that exists there are three instruments for attaining knowledge, the knowledge itself, and a fifth "the thing itself which is known and truly exists" in his Seventh Letter. It's not his student, but this man introduced the Third Man Argument in his Parmenides. For 10 points, name this author of the Republic and other Socratic dialogues.
Output: Social Science
Graham Oppy published a work about this statement, which was reformulated in terms of social relatedness by Hartshorne. One objection to it, the first of the "Overload Objections", is Guanilo's Island. Gasking parodied this statement using its subject's handicaps, while Kant's argument against it hinges on the fact that existence isn't a predicate. It was restated relying on axiom S5 of modal logic by Alvin Plantinga. Originally presented in the Proslogion of St. Anselm in terms of perfection, for 10 points, name this argument which asserts god exists because there must be some single greatest thing in the universe.
Output: Social Science
This novel ends with the image of one characters feet twisting in different directions after he hangs himself. That character is revolted by the movie Three Weeks in a Helicopter, and explains the concept of death to children after his mother Linda is taken to a hospital. Late in this novel, the World Controller describes how science and art are dangerous to a society controlled by happiness, before exiling Helmholtz Watson and Bernard Marx. For 10 points, Mustapha Mond appears in what dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley
Output: Literature
For an undulator, the most prominent value for this quantity is proportional to the Lorentz gamma\n squared over the sum one plus the product of the Lorentz gamma squared and the angle squared. For\n alternating current in a conductor, the skin depth is given by the square root of the quantity two over the\n product of permeability, conductivity, and this quantity. The levels of the quantum harmonic oscillator are\n quantized in discrete units of this quantity. The energy of a photon is given by Planck's constant times this\n quantity, and for a pendulum, this quantity is given by the square root of the gravitational acceleration over\n the length. For ten points, identify this quantity in physics which is the inverse of the period and has units\n of inverse seconds, or hertz.
Output: Science
This man took the title Iovius to denote his role as a planner and commander. This man fought a war against Narseh, and forced his co-commander to march in front of the Imperial caravan as humiliation after a defeat in that conflict. He came to power after a victory at the Battle of the Margus against Carinus, and he was a general under Numerian during a campaign in Persia. This man wanted to replace the denarius with the argentus in order to combat inflation in his Edict on Maximum prices, and after rising to power, this man appointed Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius as co-emperors in the Tetrarchy. For 10 points, name this 3rd century Roman emperor who began a massive persecution of Christians.
Output: History
This composer of the "Alto Rhapsody" and "Love-Song Waltzes" expressed his artistic credo in the words, "If we can not compose as beautifully as Mozart and Haydn, let us at least try to compose as purely. "  A meticulous worker, he did not complete the first of his four symphonies until age 43. Composer of "Variations on a Theme of Haydn" and the "Four Serious Songs", he is better-known for the "Tragic" and "Academic Festival" Overtures. FTP, name this composer of "A German Requiem" and a famous "lullaby".
Output: Fine Arts
One part of this work uses the metaphor of the boundary between the water of an aquarium and the air above it to represent the interaction between the "world of sensible facts" and the "world of abstract ideas. " That section goes on to agree with pluralism of the universe as opposed to monism and is entitled "The One and the Many. " The second section includes the famous analysis of the uselessness of debating whether a man going around a (*) tree is going around a squirrel also circling that tree, while the first divides philosophers into Tender-minded and Tough-minded and is called "The Present Dilemma in Philosophy". The final section analyzes the title system and religion, ideas that would be further developed in the same author's The Varieties of Religious Experience. FTP, name this collection of lectures named for a philosophy espoused by John Dewey and C. S. Peirce, delivered by William James.
Output: Social Science
This composer of the concert overture ""In Autumn"" wrote a five-movement Baroque-style suite for string orchestra called ""In Holberg's Time. "" A tympani roll opens this man's Piano Concerto in A minor, his only completed concerto. He included ""Anitra's Dance"" and ""Morning Mood"" in a set of two four-movement suites taken from incidental music to an Ibsen play. For 10 points, name this Norwegian composer whose ""In The Hall Of The Mountain King"" comes from his Peer Gynt Suites.
Output: Fine Arts
Earthworms uniquely use the molecule lombricine to react with this molecule. This molecule activates P2X3 and P2X2/3, two receptors that control pain responses, and in conjunction with luciferin this molecule is responsible for the light of fireflies. In the muscular tissue of chordates, this compound donates a group to creatine. In proteins, this molecule, first synthesized by Alexander Todd, is almost always bound by a magnesium cofactor, and large quantities of this molecule are produced via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain. For 10 points, name this molecule discovered by Karl Lohmann,, the energy currency of the cell.
Output: Science
This author wrote about a man who assassinates General Juan Alvarado before winning a boxing match against Danny Ward in "The Mexican". Another work by this author describes the Nashville Massacre, where eight hundred weavers were killed, and is written as the manuscript of Avis Everhard, who tried to sabotage "The Oligarchy". This author of The Iron Heel wrote about a man who ignores the warnings of the "old-timer on Sulphur Creek" and freezes to death after a tree dumps snow on his work. The protagonist of another novel defeats Spitz to become leader of a team before the Yee-hat Indians kill his master, John Thorton. For 10 points, name this author of "To Build a Fire" who wrote about the sled dog Buck in The Call of the Wild.
Output: Literature
. It is often used instead of Wilson's Theorem in primality tests. It is sometimes rephrased using its Corollary which states that if A is an integer and p is prime, then A raised to the pth power equals A modulo p. Its more traditional form, however, states that for an integer A and prime p, A raised to the quantity p minus 1th power equals 1 modulo p. FTP, identify this theorem first proven by Euler but earlier stated by a French lawyer and amateur mathematician.
Output: Science
One form of this, due to Lindeberg and Feller, applies to the difference of variates. While it does not hold for general stochastic processes, there is a version for martingales. The rate behind this relation is determined by the Berry-Essen theorem. It holds generally under the Lyapunov condition, but the conventional statement of it requires that the variance be finite and that the mean of the sampling distribution of means be the population mean. FTP, identify this theorem stating that the distribution of a sample of independent random variables approaches a normal distribution with sample size.
Output: Science
Marius Petipa choreographed a ballet by this composer in which the title character pricks herself with a needle to activate Carabosse's curse. Another of his ballets contains a recognizable Trepak dance. He composed a ballet in which a prince dances with the black-clad Odile at a ball after mistaking her for the title character, who has been cursed by von Rothbart. This composer used a celesta solo in the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" in a ballet in which Fritz and Clara observe a battle between gingerbread men and the Mouse King. For 10 points, name this composer of the ballets The Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, and The Nutcracker.
Output: Fine Arts
When reacted with a nitrile, they produce an imine anion that can be hydrolyzed into a ketone, and they can cause nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides. Pouring a solution of them over dry ice followed by protonation results in carboxylic acids, which will not form addition products with these. One of their most common uses is reacting with aldehydes and ketones to form secondary and tertiary alcohols, respectively. Because they essentially act as carbanions, they can be protonated by weak acids to yield alkanes. FTP name these organometallic reagents that are formed by reacting an alkyl halide with magnesium, named for their French discoverer.
Output: Science
Medieval prayers of penitence called piyyutim are recited on this holiday, which is preceded by a period of self-examination during the month of Elul. The supposed blotting out of the wicked from the Earth and the inscription of the names of the righteous into the Book of Life occur during this holiday. Prayerbooks called machzorim are read on this holiday, which takes place on the first and second of Tishrei and also involves the ceremonial blowing of the shofar. For 10 points, identify this holiday, the Jewish new year, after which follow 10 days of repentance before Yom Kippur.
Output: Social Science
In one of his poems, this author claimed to "crave the stain / Of tears" and the "sweet of bitter bark / And burning clove" before concluding that he longs "to feel the earth as rough / To all my length. " In another poem, he claimed to have "looked down the saddest city lane" and to have seen a "luminary clock against the sky" which "proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right. " In addition to "To Earthward" and "Acquainted with the Night," he wrote about a "dimpled spider" holding up a moth in his sonnet "Design" and about a "broken drinking goblet" hidden "so the wrong ones can't find it" in the poem "Directive. " FTP, name this American poet of "The Gift Outright" and "The Road Not Taken. "
Output: Literature
Edmund Kirby Smith was wounded at this battle and thereafter departed for the western theater. It was fought on Sudley Ford, Matthews Hill, and Henry Hill, and it was where Barnard Bee gave the nickname ""stonewall"" to Thomas Jackson. This battle began when Joseph Johnston's forces arrived to support P.G.T. Beauregard. Irvin McDowell's losing performance at this battle led to McDowell's replacement with George McClellan. For 10 points, name this 1861 battle at a railroad depot in northern Virginia, the first of two at the same location.
Output: History
According to legend, a man with the surname Truelove was renamed Eyre after saving one man's life in this battle. One side in this battle arrived at Pevensey and feigned retreat after they were unable to break through the shield wall formed by fyrds and (*) housecarls. The leader of the losing side in this battle succeeded Edward the Confessor and had earlier won the Battle of Stamford Bridge, but was later killed by an arrow in the eye as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry. For ten points, name this 1066 battle in which Harold Godwinson was defeated by a Norman force led by William the Conqueror.
Output: History
As a youth, this man nearly gave in to his passions with his neighbor, a Strozzi exile. A sermon at Faenza reaffirmed his faith, and upon leaving his hometown he began to recite the prayer "Lord! Teach me the way my soul should walk" daily. He levied a tax known as "la decima" and wrote the tract "Contempt of the World" while studying at the University of Ferrara. This author of The Triumph of the Cross took advantage of the period following Charles VIII's invasion to gain authority by ousting the Medicis. Opposed by the Arrabbiati, he was excommunicated by Alexander VI, potentially for an action he committed against what he called "immoral art". For 10 points, name this Dominican friar who, in 1497, ordered a burning of various books and art in the Bonfire of the Vanities.
Output: History
This author of works like In Pursuit of the English and This Was the Old Chief's Country was born in Iran in 1919 to British parents and moved to Zimbabwe at the age of 6. Largely self-educated, she moved to England and joined a Communist literary group, but became disillusioned and eventually left the Party. FTP, name this author of The Children of Violence series, and The Golden Notebook.
Output: Literature
One ruler of this city was the father of Tisamenus, and was killed by Telephus on Mysia, which meant this city had no king at the Trojan War. After defending this city against King Erginus, Heracles was given the hand of Megara in marriage. This city was once ruled by Thersander, and its usurper Lycus abducted Antiope, though Antiope's children killed him when they grew up. Music moved the stones around this city into place as the twins Amphion and Zethus built its walls. This city's founder was followed a cow until it rested, and sowed the teeth of a serpent sacred to Ares to form its first men. The Epigoni took over this city, a feat that their fathers, led by Polynices, failed to do. For 10 points, name this city founded by Cadmus, whose later kings included Oedipus.
Output: Social Science
This quantity is multiplied by the speed of light in the denominator of the Compton wavelength. The difference of this quantity's unbound and measured quantities is its "defect. " The implied asymptotic increase of this property with speed makes faster-than-light travel impossible. In general relativity, the presence of this property causes spacetime to curve. The Higgs boson might impart this property to matter. Einstein equated it with energy and the speed of light squared. For 10 points, name this quantity which, when multiplied by acceleration, gives force.
Output: Science
He argued that toys served to pre-condition children to expected gender roles, and differentiated between boxing (a sport) and wrestling (not a sport) in his most famous work, which earned him a short consulting job with an automobile manufacturer. The Photomat always turns you into a criminal type according to this mans last work, Camera Lucida. His S/Z dissected line-by-line Balzacs Sarrasine, while Japanese myths and culture were studied in his Empire of Signs, and the posthumous Incidents revealed his homosexuality. FTP, identify this structuralist, author of Mythologies.
Output: Literature
The collisionless Boltzman equation is often referred to as this, and it can be used to extend the Runge-Gross theorem to time-dependent ensembles. A corollary of this result is that symplectic maps of Hamiltonian functions must preserve area. Applying this theorem to the expectation value of an observable in quantum mechanics gives a result that can also be derived by finding the expection value of the Heisenberg equation of motion, known as Ehrenfest's theorem. It can be expressed as the time derivative of a density equals the negative Poisson bracket of that density and the Hamiltonian. In the ergodic formulation, this theorem predicts smooth measure invariance under Hamiltonian flow, and it is equivalent to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. For 10 points, name this theorem in statistical mechanics which states the density of points is constant along a phase space trajectory with time.
Output: Science
This has provided the best current measurement for the Hubble constant, which may be inferred from WMAP's measurements of it anisotropy. Other anisotropies in this field can be caused by gravitational waves or the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. It was generated at a redshift of approximately 1100, implying that the temperature of the universe at the last scattering surface was about 3000 Kelvin. Accidentally discovered in 1964 by Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias, FTP, what is this ubiquitous radiation field corresponding to a blackbody of 2.7 Kelvins
Output: Science
To solve the Triffin Dilemma, this man proposed the bancor for use in international trading at the Bretton Woods conference. Judges select contestants based on what "the average opinion expects the average opinion to be" in a beauty contest he formulated to explain the behavior of rational agents in a market. He argued that because aggregate demand determines the level of economic activity, governments need to use fiscal and monetary policy to boost demand and reduce unemployment. For 10 points, name this British economist and author of General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money who advocated for deficit spending during the Great Depression.
Output: History
The defeat of one country in this set of conflicts led one of its citizens to publish the Illustrated Gazetteer of Maritime Countries advocating military upgrades. In between them the losing country was forced to the ban the Spanish dollar and switch to the Mexican dollar before finally issuing paper currency. The final one was marked by the collaboration of forces under James Bruce and Baron Gros, such as in the capture of the Taku forts. They were marked by the so-called period of "Unequal Treaties," referring to such agreements as the treaties of Whampoa and Bogue. One included an early blockade of the Pearl River and the other was set off by the storming of the HMS Arrow. For 10 points, name these conflicts concluded by the treaties of Tientsin and Nanking, which were fought over the namesake substance between France and Britain and China.
Output: History
One form of this quantity is modified by the principle of least coupling to include the product of charge and vector potential, and its operator can be defined in simple cases as the negative product of i, h bar, and the gradient. In the relativistic four-vector of it, the first term is energy divided by the speed of light, and that form is also included in a generalization of the classical stress tensor. Noether's theorem relates the conservation of this quantity to translational invariance, and its time rate of change is related to force via Newton's Second Law. For 10 points, name this quantity that is conserved in collisions and calculated as the product of mass and velocity, symbolized p.
Output: Science
Spin foam serves as a model for 4-geometries used to dynamically observe the quantum form of this force. Mossbauer spectroscopy of an iron-57 gamma emitter was used to measure Doppler redshift associated with this force in the Pound-Rebka experiment, and two lead balls were used to construct a torsion balance to measure the magnitude of this force in the Cavendish experiment. Conceptualized by wells in spacetime, for 10 points, identify this weakest fundamental force that causes objects in the air to accelerate to Earth at 9.8 meters per second squared.
Output: Science
In this country, the execution of Auguste Chapdelaine caused France to enter a war that began with this country's seizure of the merchant ship Arrow. A man claiming to be the younger brother of Jesus established the Heavenly Kingdom in this country, which is where the Eight Nation Alliance put down a revolt led by the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. This country was the site of the Opium Wars and the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions. For 10 points, name this country ruled during the 19th century by the Qing Dynasty.
Output: History
This work was the subject of a 1930 study on the "causes" of its title phenomenon by Maurice Halbwachs, a student of this work's author. One concept investigated in this work occurs in highly integrated societies when the individual is overwhelmed by the goals and beliefs of the group. Another type of this work's title phenomenon occurs after a breakdown of social integration. This work finds that men, Protestants, and (*) Scandinavians are more likely to perform the title action, which comes in egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic types. For 10 points, name this 1897 case study by Emile Durkheim that investigates the rates at which people kill themselves.
Output: Social Science
Echoes of Ossian is an overture by one composer from this country. Robert Simpson wrote about the use of progressive tonality in the symphonies of one composer from this nation. One composer from here included the "Oriental Festival March" and "The Marketplace in Ispahan" in his Aladdin Suite. A composer born in this nation wrote cantatas dedicated to the knees and face of Christ in his Membra Jesu Nostri. One composer from here ended his fourth symphony with a timpani duel and included tempo indications like Allegro sanguineo and Allegro collerico in his second symphony. Those symphonies are subtitled "Inextinguishable" and "The Four Temperaments". For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country of origin of Niels Gade, Dietrich Buxtehude and Carl Nielsen.
Output: Fine Arts
It only began once a Yale professor sneaked in through one of the buildings windows as no one had a key to the building itself. It grew out of discussion regarding a recently passed New York Property Rights Act. James Gordon Bennett ridiculed it in the New York Herald after its second hearing, which took place in Rochester. The only measure not to be overwhelmingly approved addressed the right to vote, though it barely passed after Frederick Douglass addressed the crowd. The organizers themselves had previously met at the Worlds Antislavery Convention where they had been denied seats. FTP, name this 1848 New York convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the first major push for womens rights.
Output: History
In Gian-Carlo Menotti's Help, Help, the Globolinks!, a Globolink destroys one of these objects that Emily had been using to ward them off. The title character of Ernst Krenek's Jonny Spielt Auf steals one of these objects from Daniello. An Englishman hires Schaunard to kill a parrot using one of these devices in La Boheme. The soldier in Igor Stravinsky's L'Histoire du Soldat trades one of these devices to the devil for a book that will predict the economy. One theme later taken up by this instrument was first hummed by Anna Bussotti, whose blood was mixed into its varnish in a film scored by John Corigliano whose solos were played by Joshua Bell. For 10 points, name this instrument which represents death in a scordatura solo that begins Danse Macabre.
Output: Fine Arts
For his actions in World War II, one ruler of this country may have been poisoned by Hitler for his efforts to save his country's Jews. This country, once ruled by Ferdinand and Boris, considers its "Second National Catastrophe" to be losses suffered in the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. During the 1876 April Uprising in this future nation, Ottoman forces committed massacres in the Plovdiv area in this country's namesake "horrors." People from this nation were defeated at the Battle of Kleidion, which saw 99 out of 100 men blinded. For 10 points, name this eastern European nation whose peoples were notably fought by the Byzantine Basil II.
Output: History
The preface to this work notes that "those who do not know how to live must make a merit of dying" and contrasts the title thing to a "prison for horses" named Horseback. At the beginning of the second act, one character notes that macaroni is too rich for him, because he's a man of business and thus is "always thinking. " The final scene sees Nurse Guinness warning the characters that they will be summoned by the police if they don't put the light out. At the end, we learn that Randall at last "succeeds in keeping the home fires burning on his flute," while an explosion seems to have killed Mangan. It also features Hesione Hushabye, Ellie Dunn, and the dynamite-obsessed rum fiend who has built the title structure in the shape of a ship, Captain Shotover. For 10 points, name this 1919 play, a "fantasia in the Russian manner on English themes" written by George Bernard Shaw. 
Output: Literature
This work claims that all sciences start from two types of data, one of which is identified as "ground of being" in "organon", the other of which is its "problem". The idea that both passion and intensity of emotion are unknowable to "the brute" appears in the section "Objective View of the Intellect" of this work, which also mentions the "medium of motives"; while this work's second volume consists of supplements to each of the first volume's four books. Defining one of the title concepts as a "striving, yearning, force", this work claims that daily life "is suffering" and combines consideration of the Kantian "ding an sich" with the Upanishads. For 10 points, name this magnum opus of Arthur Schopenhauer.
Output: Social Science