niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Rosenberg built the "Room of the Gladiators" in his home specifically to house works he commissioned this man to create. Six orange and white flags appear behind the half-naked title figures of one of this man's paintings, while another features a display case housing five crackers on a blue background. A notable portrait by this man, who signed his later works "Pictor Optimus," features a bust of its subject wearing frameless sunglasses, and another of this man's works inspired a poem by Silvia Plath that asks about ladies "with heads like darning-eggs. " Marble sculptures of women lying on stone blocks appear in his Ariadne and Soothsayer's Recompense, while a large marble head appears with a glove and a green ball in his Love Song . Better-known works include The Disquieting Muse and Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon, but he is most famous for a work depicting a lone girl pushing a hoop down an alley. For ten points name this surrealist painter of Mystery and Melancholy of a Street.
Output: Fine Arts
In one of his novels, he tells the story of a sixteen-year-old boy who travels to Mexico by horseback with two friends after learning that his familys ranch is to be sold. That novel, the first in his Border trilogy, is followed up by The Crossing and Cities of the Plain. In addition to All the Pretty Horses, this man wrote about a teenage runaway known as the kid who joins the Glanton Gang in Blood Meridian. His most recent work is a post-apocalyptic tale of father and son. Another of his books was adapted into an Academy Award-winning movie. For 10 points, identify this Pulitzer Prize-winning author of The Road and No Country for Old Men.
Output: Literature
This man will examine challenges to the Washington Consensus in his upcoming book Hopes and Prospects. He refers to the gap between knowledge and experience as "Plato's Problem" in reference to the Meno, and further claims that much of what children learn must be innate, which he dubs the "poverty of the stimulus. " His early ideas can be seen in his doctoral thesis Transformational Analysis. He also published The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, and in one of his work he demonstrated potential flaws in statistical models with the sentence "colorless green ideas sleep furiously. For ten points, name this pioneer of the theory of generative grammar and author of Syntactic Structures, a linguist from MIT.
Output: Social Science
One of this artist's works consists of four canvases linked together in the same manner as the Isenheim altarpiece and is called Vox Angelica, and this painter published a "novel" consisting of 124 captioned pictures entitled The Woman with 100 Heads. Hats are linked together to form phallic pillars in his The Hat Makes the Man, and another work features Raphael wearing a beret while the artist himself sits on Fyodor Dostoevsky's knee. Besides A Friends' Reunion, he portrayed a headless nude mannequin stretching her hand out to a bull's head connected by a hose-like structure to the bulk of the title animal in another work. One of his paintings has a small wooden fence glued to the canvas as a figure on top of a building holds a red and blue disk, and he developed a technique which was inspired by looking at floorboards and uses a drawing tool to make a rubbing over the surface. For 10 points, name this painter of The Elephent Celebes and Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale, a German surrealist who developed frattage and grottage.
Output: Fine Arts
Cell bodies in which this substance has not yet been synthesized are called etioplasts. The synthesis of this substance is stimulated by cytokinin and can be inhibited by iron deficiency. Its catabolism is accompanied by an increase in pheophytin a and results in its conversion into a set of tetrapyrrole compounds. This porphyrin contains a central (*) magnesium ion, and its "E" type is found only in two species of golden algae. It is located in structures that are arranged in grana, thylakoids, where it is arranged with protein complexes called photosystems. For 10 points, name this green plant pigment that helps capture light energy.
Output: Science
A more advanced form of this quantity is symbolized J and is called the density of this. In one case that density is equal to the permittivity of free space times the time derivative of the electric field. That case was introduced by Maxwell and is called the displacement of this quantity. One law states that its sum about at a junction is zero. It is measured by an (*) ammeter (AM-ee-ter) and is equal to voltage divided by resistance according to Ohm's Law. This quantity is measured in amperes. For 10 points, name this rate of charge, which can be viewed as direct or alternating.
Output: Science
highest point in this city is Monte Mario hill, which has been used for research on erosion that occurs during urban expansion. Just north of this city are the mouths of the Cremera and Allia rivers; the latter was the site of an important battle in this city's early history. An early bridge built in this location using an island in the middle of this city's central river was the Pons Sublicus, a location now near the center of the city. This city contains the mouth of the Aniene river, which was the source of the Anio Vetus and Anio Novus. A notable piece of architecture in this city links the Trinit dei Monti and the Piazza di Spagna, a set of stairs called the Spanish Steps, whose base is near the Barcaccia Fountain designed by Bernini. For 10 points, name this city, home to the Trevi fountain, which lies on the bank of the Tiber River.
Output: History
An organic halide reacts with an organic group bound to this element in the Negishi coupling, and a thioester reacts with an organic group bound to a halide and to this element in the Fukuyama coupling. Besides aluminum, indium, and tin, it can be used as a catalyst in the Barbier reaction, and beta-hydroxy esters are formed from the reaction of aldehydes and alpha-hydroxy esters in the presence of this element in the Reformatsky reaction. In the Simmons-Smith reaction, it forms a metal complex with copper, and like Grignard reagents, organic groups bound to it have a Schlenk equilibrium. FTP name this metal that also has uses as a sacrificial anode and in galvanizing steel, which has a namesake DNA-binding finger protein and is element number 30.
Output: Science
In a collaboration with Jean-Michel Basquiat, this man overlaid colors on Da Vinci's Last Supper, and he used two reels of film projected simultaneously in Chelsea Girls. His films were shown at "Exploding Plastic Inevitables" he hosted where performers included The(*) Velvet Underground, whose debut he produced. He juxtaposed vibrant, false color images with blurry grayscale ones in his Marilyn Diptych. For 10 points, identify this Pop Art pioneer of silkscreening who explored the implications of mass production and media in his Campbell's Soup Cans.
Output: Literature
This man adapted Psalm 55 into an anthem called Hear My Prayer that gained fame for its final section, "O for the Wings of a Dove". A piece depicting spinners that is also known as "The Bee's Wedding" is part of a collection by this man that consists of eight books of anti-programmatic music and also contains three "Venetian Boat Songs". Another of his works repeatedly uses strings to introduce the "Dresden Amen" and ends with an adaptation of "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God". For 10 points, identify this composer of a "Wedding March" for A Midsummer Night's Dream who also wrote Songs without Words and the Reformation, Scottish, and Italian symphonies.
Output: Fine Arts
This man created a work designed to show off Frederick Leyland's china collection that involved covering walls in gold leaf, entitled The Peacock Room, and this man painted a model favored by Gustave Courbet, Joanna Hiffernan, as exemplified by his depiction of her in The White Girl. This artist sued John Ruskin over a libelous statement made about a painting set in Cremorne Garden depicting a [*] fireworks show. The creator of a painting showing a seated woman in a black dress and white bonnet looking towards a blue-black curtain on the left, for 10 points, name this American artist of Nocturne in Black and Gold who painted his mother in Arrangement in Gray and Black.
Output: Fine Arts
The speaker of this work describes watching a Potter "thumping his wet clay." One version of this work opens with a description of "Morning in the Bowl of the Night" and with the command "Awake!" This work contains the line "the Moving Finger writes; and, having writ / Moves on." One translation of this work describes (*) "singing in the Wilderness" along with "A Book of Verses underneath the Bough / A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou" and was made by Edward Fitzgerald. It consists of four line poems called quatrains. For 10 points, name this series of poems by the Persian poet Omar Khayyam.
Output: Literature
One thinker during this dynasty studied "meta philosophy" in his Asfar, and it saw Iskander Beg Monshi write a biography of one of its most famous rulers, who astonished Pietro della Valle with his knowledge of Christianity. That man also mocked the Kurds after his victory at the Battle of DimDim. Two rulers of this dynasty worked with the incorruptible vizier Saru Taqi, and another ruler of this dynasty was nicknamed "Very well! " and had to face rebellions by Mir Veis and the Ghilzai Afghans. Another ruler signed the Peace of Amasya, which lasted until the time of Mohammaed Kondabanda. This dynasty was succeeded by Nader Shah and the Afsharids, and was aided by the brothers Anthony and Robert Shirley. Various rulers of this dynasty were troubled by the rise of Qizilbashi factions, whose intertribal issues came to light after this dynasty's loss at the Battle of Chaldiran. For 10 points, name this Twelver Shia dynasty of Persia, noted for rulers such as Ismail, Tahmasp, and Abbas.
Output: History
Published under the pseudonym Johaness de Silentio, this work is believed by analysts to have two distinct themes. First is the "teleological suspension of the ethical," an example of which is God's order that Abraham kill Isaac. From there the author uses the Abraham/Isaac story to come to terms with the end of his love affair with Regine Olsen. The overall story, then, concerns a contrast between the "tragic hero" and the "knight of faith. "  FTP, name this 1843 philosophical work by Soren Kierkegaard. 				
Output: Social Science
In Act I of this opera, the fan of the Marchesa Attavanti is produced to make the titular character suspicious of her lover, who is thrown in prison after hearing news of Napoleons victory at the battle of Marengo. Based on a play by Victorien Sardou that starred Sarah Bernhardt in the title role, it preceded such later works as Il Tabarro as its composers first effort in the verismo genre. The title character agrees to sleep with the police chief in order to save her lovers life, but his mock execution turns out to be real, and she throws herself from the roof of the Castel Sant Angelo. FTP, name this opera which includes such arias as Recondita harmonia, Visse darte, and E Lucvan le stelle, a work by Puccini.
Output: Fine Arts
She is described variously as the sister of daughter of King Aeetes of Colchis and one of her sons founded the city of Ardea while another ruled the Tyrsenoi, and Hesiod also mentions Anteias and Agrius as her sons. In one legend she fell in love with Glaucus and turned Scylla into a six headed monster and when Picas refused to relinquish his love for Canens, she turned him into a woodpecker. In the Argonautica, she purifies the Argonauts for their murder of Apsyrtus, the brother of Medea. This owner of the island of Aeaea and mother of Telegonus is stymied by one figure when he is given the antidote Moly by Hermes. For 10 points name this witch who turned a bunch of men into pigs and somehow had some seven children in the year she spent with Odysseus.
Output: Social Science
The relationship between temperature and this quantity is given by the Steinhart-Hart equation. Tunnel diodes have a negative value for this quantity, whose changes are measured by the most common type of strain gauge. The proximity and skin effects cause increases in this quantity with increasing frequency. The time constant tau is equal to indudctance divided by this quantity in an RL circuit. An unknown value of this quantity can be determined with a Wheatstone bridge. This quantity is the real part of impedance in AC circuits, and it is equal to voltage divided by current. For 10 points, name this opposition to the flow of current that is measured in ohms.
Output: Science
A fossil with fermented grapes in its stomach of an early genus of these animals was found in the Messel Oil Shales. Darwin was astonished to discover a tooth from this extant animal group along  with fossils of Toxodon, noting that Pliocene conditions must have been very different to cause their local extinction. George Gaylord Simpson drew them in a branching evolutionary tree, in contrast to their erroneous (*) anagenetic portrayal. Gould argued that passive diffusion could explain their trend toward increased body size; he also described their inaccurate textbook portrayal in "The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone," which deals with the genus Eohippus. For 10 points, name these  perissodactyls, whose extant species are all members of the genus Equus.
Output: Science
This constellation sits atop Lepus, the rabbit. It contains a young cluster readily identified by four bright stars, the Trapezium, which is contained in this constellation's namesake nebula. Its gamma star is colloquially known as the Amazon Star and is named Bellatrix. Perhaps the most recognizable astronomical asterism is formed by (*) Altinak, Alninam, and Mintaka, which run in a straight line through this constellation's center. Its beta star, Rigel, frequently outshines its alpha star, which forms the Winter Triangle with Procyon and Sirius. For ten points, name this constellation, the Hunter, which contains Betelgeuse and has a namesake belt.
Output: Science
One character in it dreams of failing to negotiate with a giant destructive adenoid and maintains a giant banana tree in his lodgings. An early section of this work explores possible meanings of the phrase You never did the Kenosha Kid, and later its protagonist whips starlet Magherita Erdmann, hears the song The Penis That Wasnt His Own, and runs into his Soviet doppelganger Tchitcherine during his extensive searches for the Schwergerat device that Colonel Blicero eventually places, with his slave Gottfried, into the 00000 V2. Beginning A screaming comes across the sky, FTP, name this 1973 novel about the adventures of Lt. Tyrone Slothrop by Thomas Pynchon.
Output: Literature
One major character in this novel is a Mississipian practicing law in New York while writing tracts against "modern times". In opposition to this character is his cousin, an feminist activist. They both vye for the attentions of a pretty, intectually vacant girl who finally decides to leave the women's movement and settle down with Basil Ransom, thus disappointing her protector, Olive Chancellor. Centering on the character Verena Tenent, FTP, what is this Henry James novel whose title refers to the Massachusetts home town of Verena and Olive
Output: Literature
One character in this novel loses his faith in God after hitting his nose while praying, and that character falls in love with his future wife while examining select parts of her body during illness. The protagonist of this novel relates his experience with Mary Pereira during the delivery of the "Tryst with Destiny" speech. The protagonist compares this novel's thirty chapters to pickle jars and experiences childhood flashbacks after tasting a pickle before becoming the manager of a pickling factory. That character is unknowingly the son of a poor singer and is challenged by a street urchin for leadership of a conference he calls. A canine unit enlists the protagonist, wielding a powerful and telepathic nose, who later marries Parvati the Witch after she is abandoned by General Shiva. FTP, name this novel about Saleem Sinai, who is born at the moment of Pakistan's creation, by Salman Rushdie.
Output: Literature
A peasant revolt in this country caused by falling coffee prices was suppressed by the military dictatorship of Maximiliano Hernndez Martnez in reprisals called "La Matanza". These reprisals included the execution of a guerilla leader and fifty years later, four guerilla organizations in this country united in a front named for him. After signing the Chapultupec Accords, the FMLN became one of two major political parties in this country. The Central American Commodities Market ceased functioning following this country's assault on a neighboring country, which had been precipitated by a sporting event between those two countries. For 10 points, name that country, home of Farabundo Marti, who fought the Football War with Honduras.
Output: Social Science
One novel by this man sees a recurring protagonist help to rescue his friend Chingachgook's betrothed Wah-ta!-wah from the Hurons. This man wrote another novel in which the angry Magua (MAHG-wah) tries to kill Cora Munro, and the title person is not the protagonist Hawkeye, but rather Uncas (UN-kass) . For ten points, name this author whose Leatherstocking Tales include The Deerslayer and The Last of the Mohicans.
Output: Literature
The Knudsen type of this process occurs in long pores, and Dynkins formula describes the Ito type. Ehrenfest developed a model of this to help explain the statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics. Einstein and Smoluchowski linked Boltzmanns constant and the absolute temperature together by a constant in determining this value, while its flux is related to the concentration field and its resultant change on the field over time are described by Ficks Laws. Grahams Law also describes, FTP, which chemical process through which substances, primarily gases, mix as a result of random movements of their components.
Output: Science
In this work, a definition of justice as "what is good for the stronger" is given by Thrasymachus. In this work, a story about the killer of King Candaules of Lydia is used to describe how people are just out of necessity. That story in this work tells of the [*] "Ring of Gyges." This work describes chained prisoners who watch shadows pass before them. This work combines ideas about the "divided line" and the sun into its "Allegory of the Cave." For 10 points, name this work that proposes a government ruled by philosopher kings, a dialogue on government by Plato.
Output: Literature
It is not serotonin, but the selective reuptake of this compound is inhibited by tiagabine, and it is converted to succinic acid semi-aldehyde, which is subsequently oxidized to succinic acid in the shunt which produces this compound. One receptor for it forms a heteropentameric complex and in immature neurons, this compound facilitates the outward flux of chloride ions, which is why benzodiazepines are ineffective anticonvulsants in newborns. One receptor for it includes a benzodiazepine binding site, and isoguvacine THIP, and muscimol serve as competitive agonists to this molecule. Synthesized by the decarboxylation of glutamic acid, this neurotransmitter is best known for its role as the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter. For 10 points, identify this neurotransmitter, which is often referred to by its four letter acronym.
Output: Science
This politician sought to end the torture implemented by Jacque Soustelle and as head of his party he succeeded the namesake of a plan to create a massive all-European army, Rene Pleven. This figurehead of the 110 Propositions had earlier severed as Interior Minister under Mendes-France. He granted Joan Alanis's request for a constitution and had a highly publicized (*) affair with Anna Pingeot, producing his daughter Mazarine. This man spared Antoine Guadino and Alain Mayot during the Urba Affair and dissolved the Cour-de-surete and removed the death penalty via the Badinter Act. FTP, identify this habitual parliament-dissolver, the longest-serving President of France's Fifth Republic and a notable socialist.
Output: History
This polity saw a call for unity from a man named Waser rejected by the re-creation of the Borromean League, which led to Christopher Pfyffers victory in the first Villmergen War. This polity saw Christian Schybi defeated at Wohlenschwyl during its Peasant War. This polity successfully repulsed an invasion and killed Leopold III in a battle at Sempach, during which one man sacrificed himself on the enemys lances, this nations hero Arnold Winkelried. Two wars in this country involved the Christian Civic Union and revolved around Kappel, the second of which resulted in the death of Ulrich Zwingli. For 10 points, name this country, once the site of religious strife between its many cantons.
Output: History
The author cites the work of his friend Ernst Treoltsch in one of the endnotes, and its final section cites Goethes Wanderjahren and Richard Baxter, among others. One notable section of this work outlines the iron cage of rationality, and criticizes the excessive control of bureaucracy in the social order. Its introduction notes that only the west has developed the systematic study of history, the feudal state, and rational music and architecture. Stating that the Puritan wanted to work in calling; we are forced to do so in its last section, FTP, name this sociological work that connects Calvinist ethics to profit motive, by Max Weber.
Output: Social Science
In 2001, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley Labs discovered it in an aluminum matrix doped with molten lead. A mathematical description of this Wiener process typically begins with the Langevin equation and the Stokes flow for a sphere. Jean Perrin provided evidence for the most famous formulation of this process, for which, in the limit of small times, the rms displacement is proportional to the time squared. In the large time limit, it is a diffusive process which can be described by the Fokker-Planck equation and it has a diffusive constant proportional to the temperature. Observed by its namesake in pollen grains suspended in water, and explained by Einstein using the kinetic theory of gases, FTP name this random motion of small particles in a fluid.
Output: Science
This musician's fist gold album contains the song "Pharaoh's Dance." He began to experiment with electronic music with his album In a Silent Way, while earlier he collaborated with Gil Evans on an album sampling the music of Joaquin Rodrigo and Manuel de Falla. This musician behind Bitches Brew and Sketches of Spain also participated in a nonet that launched the cool jazz movement, but he is better known for recording the songs "Freddie Freeloader" and "So What." For 10 points, name this American jazz trumpeter who recorded the album Kind of Blue.
Output: Fine Arts
A version of spectroscopy that is free of one form of this effect uses a standing wave to give radiation to a moving atom and is named for its two-photon transition. Due to this effect, atoms observe laser resonance leading to the phenomenon of optical molasses at its namesake cooling limit. Mossbauer spectroscopy uses this effect to modulate the energy of the incident gamma rays. An experiment that used a canal ray tube and a mirror to view light emissions was used to detect the transverse form of this effect, while its relativistic form involves changes equal to the square root of one plus beta over one minus beta. For 10 points, name this shift in the wavelength from a moving source that can be heard by an observer.
Output: Science
This philosopher's studies of indirect self-reference inspired and eponymous computer program that outputs its own source code. He argued that scientific theories are confirmed or disconfirmed as a whole, and that epistemology needs to be naturalized. With Pierre Duhem he advocated ontological relativity, and he argued for the indeterminacy of translation in Word and Object. Other important works include From a Logical Point of View and The Roots of Reference, but he is best known for attacking the analytic - synthetic distinction. For 10 points -- identify this author of "Two Dogmas of Empiricism. "
Output: Social Science
In 1999, McIlroy created an adversary for this algorithm that guarantees that it will run in worst-case time. Its worst-case runtime can be avoided by switching to heapsort after a certain recursion depth, a construction known as introsort. Like mergesort, it is easily parallelizable, and its runtime can be decreased by first selecting the median of the unsorted input list. It was invented by C.A.R. Hoare, and its second phase is the partition function, which splits the original list into lists of elements that are greater or less than the chosen pivot value. For 10 points, identify this divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm which runs in big O of n log n time, named for its speed.
Output: Science
Transferred electron devices are a form of these components that utilize negative differential resistance and are generally named for Gunn. A law giving their current is named for transistor-inventor William Shockley. One of these and a MOSFET is used to form a synchronous rectifier, and four of these devices are arranged in a namesake bridge in full-wave rectifiers. If these have a large enough negative voltage drop, they go into breakdown, though reverse-bias operation is possible in their Zener variety. For 10 points, name these devices that normally consist of a p-n junction and only allow current to pass in one direction, and which also come in light-emitting types.
Output: Science
This man borrowed the pose of the Apollo Belvedere for the portrait of a man in a wig leaning on his sword in front of the dark sea. Another of his paintings shows a pale noblewoman carving her name into a tree. This artist of portraits of Augustus Keppel and Mrs. Lloyd forayed into criticism with his fifteen Discourses on Art. Another of his paintings shows Melpomene (""mel-PAW-men-ee"") standing behind the title enthroned actress, famous for her role as Lady Macbeth. For 10 points, name this first president of the Royal Academy of Art, who painted Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse.
Output: Fine Arts
This battle began at dawn when Joseph Hooker's corps mounted an assault on Lee's left flank. Fighting continued across Miller's cornfield and around the Dunker Church until Union assaults against the Sunken Road pierced the Confederate center. Late in the day, Burnside's corps crossed the battle's namesake creek and rolled the Confederate right until A.P. Hill's division arrived from Harper's Ferry and saved the Confederate cause. FTP, name this September 17, 1862 battle, fought in Maryland, which halted the Confederate advance on Washington following Second Manassas.
Output: History
This period was followed by the Nanboku-cho era, which included the Siege of Kuromaru. One achievement of this event was the creation of the Musha-Dokoro guard station. This era is recounted in the historical epic Taiheiki. One battle during this event saw an army at the Chihaya Fortress led by Nitta Yoshisada make a low tide attack against a fortified government base. With the help of Buddhist monks from the Kinai area, this event saw Prince Morinaga take the title of regent. One figure in this event, who was exiled to Oki Island, took advantage of the end of the insei system of cloistered rule to seize full power. For ten points, name this movement led by Emperor Go-Daigo that destroyed the first bakufu, preceded the Muromachi shogunate of Ashikaga Takauji, overthrew the Kamakura Shogunate, and briefly restored imperial rule to Japan.
Output: History
This author wrote about Octave de Malivert's love with the title character in Armance, and also published a story collection called the Italian Chronicles. This man also wrote about a resident of Lake Como who attempts to join Napoleon's army before that man, Fabrizio del Dongo, ultimately retires to the titular residence. In addition to The (*) Charterhouse of Parma, this man wrote a novel whose protagonist is sentenced to death after shooting at Madame de Renal. For 10 points, name this French author who created Julien Sorel in The Red and the Black.
Output: Literature
John Bradstreets proposed treaties with this man were condemned by Thomas Gage. He retreated to the Maumee River despite his victory at Bloody Run, and he was defeated at Bushy Run by Henry Bouquet. He ultimately made peace with Sir William Johnson, but he was killed by a member of the Peoria. The Paxton Boys massacre and the Proclamation of 1763 were a response to, for 10 points, what Ottawa chief, who led a namesake rebellion against the British in Great Lakes region from 1763 to 1764
Output: History
Floating ribbons with text from Virgil and St. Augustine mark the depictions of the Sibyls in this work, who stand above a wash basin in a niche next to a white towel. A viol with five strings, a harp with twenty four strings, and an organ with twenty one pipes are amongst the strange instruments played by the angels in this work. The Just Judges follow Soldiers of Christ across from the Holy Hermits; both panels flank a depiction of opposing processions of New and Old Testament saints. Commissioned by Jodocus Vijd and depicting the Mystic Adoration of the Lamb in the Cathedral of St. Bavo, for 10 points, name this work of Hubert and Jan van Eyck.
Output: Fine Arts
This empire's decline was completed after it was defeated in the Battle of Zab, though Abd ar-Rahman managed to start another incarnation of it in Cordoba, Spain. It featured an internal clash between the Sufyanids and the Marwanids, which was mostly ended by the rule of Abd al-Malik following the deaths of Yazid I and Mu'awiyah II. At its greatest extent in the early 8th century, this empire based in Damascus ruled over an area extending from Spain nearly to India. For 10 points, name this first of the Muslim Empires, which was later replaced by the Abbasids.
Output: History
Jara killed this god by shooting him in the foot with a reed made from the powder of an ill-omened pestle. This god was switched at birth to avoid being killed by King Kamsa. This god purified a river of poison by fatally dancing on the hundred heads of the serpent Kaliya. Duryodhana chose this god's army over this god himself. In his youth, this (*) blue-skinned god was a butter-thief notorious for pulling pranks on the gopis. During the Kurukshetra War, this charioteer convinced one of the Pandavas to go to war against his cousins. For 10 points, name this eighth avatar of Vishnu who advises Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita.
Output: Social Science
In the background of this painting, a man dressed in orange and black pants plays a musical instrument, and a girl with blond hair in a ponytail stands on one foot. Four people can be seen rowing in this painting, which also includes a dog that is sniffing at a napkin in the bottom right, where a man with a black hat and cane is sitting down and looking at the body of water in front of him. It also features a lady wearing a bustle, who has a monkey on a leash. Housed in the Art Institute of Chicago, for 10 points, name this huge pointillist work depicting a group of people relaxing outside at the titular time of day, a painting by Georges Seurat.
Output: Fine Arts
This politician espoused Social Darwinism in The Cult of Weakness. This politician was appointed as the fifth US Ambassador to West Germany and had worked with Paul van Zeeland as the first Director-General of the Atlantic Institute. This politician also escorted Nikita Khrushchev while serving as the third US Ambassador to the UN. This politician sent Cable 243 in response to the Xa Loi Pagoda raids while serving as the sixth US Ambassador to South Vietnam. In a 1936 Senate election, this politician defeated Governor James Michael Curley but this senator would later be defeated by (*) John F. Kennedy in the 1952 senate election in Massachusetts. He was again defeated by JFK in the 1960 presidential election as Richard Nixon's running mate. For 10 points, name this grandson of a former Massachusetts Senator who had opposed the League of Nations.
Output: History
There is debate that this phylum should be split up because it is arguably polyphyletic. This phylum, along with arthropods, and other smaller phyla, makes up a larger group called Ecdysozoa. These pseudocoelomates possess only longitudinal muscle cells, which they contract in order to move. Sydney Brenner did extensive work with one member of this phylum, and members of this phylum have four peripheral nerves that run along the length of its body; those nerves create a dense ring near the pharynx and serve as the brain. Name this phylum of roundworms which includes such organisms as C. elegans and hookworms.
Output: Science
One character in this novel, after being asked how to use a gun, refuses to show the chief of a local tribe how to do so on the grounds that black revolutionaries should not be resisted. Another character in this novel is forced to ask someone else to sign his pass book so that he can remain in the city, but he later regains power by speaking in a language that the character can't understand when they get removed to a settlement. One character in this novel feels guilty when she looks at a picture of her servant Lydia holding her school bag for her. In a fight, that same character snaps at the title character that if he'd wanted to, he could have left his wife Ellen for her. For 10 points, name this novel in which Maureen and Bamford Smales are saved by their titular servant, a novel by Nadine Gordimer.
Output: Literature
A work by this poet features the Wanderer, the Solitary, and the Pastor. In another poem, the title character loses his land and is forced to send his son Luke away. This poet of "The Excursion" and "Michael" described "the Child among his new-born blisses" among many "recollections of early childhood" in "Ode: Intimations of Immortality". "Strange fits of passion have I known" open one of his Lucy poems. This poet who portrayed the "growth of a poet's mind" in "The Prelude" wrote "five years have passed" in a poem addressed to his sister Dorothy. For 10 points, name this Romantic co-author of Lyrical Ballads, which includes his "Tintern Abbey".
Output: Literature
The Monophysite patriarch of this city, Sophronius, negotiated protection for his community before it fell to a man who humbly entered it leading his own slave. Balian of Ibelin unsuccessfully defended this city against a siege, and the status of this city was eventually confirmed by the Treaty of Ramla after the Battle of Arsuf. Raymond of St. Gilles and (*) Godfrey of Bouillon were rivals to control this city. A barefoot procession around this city--which was once led by the leprous Baldwin IV--preceded its capture from the Fatimid Dynasty in 1099, whereupon its Muslim and Jewish populations were massacred and the al-Aqsa Mosque turned into a stable until it was recaptured 88 years later by Saladin. For 10 points, identify this city that was the target of the First and Third Crusades.
Output: History
In this poem, the poet wonders if it would be better to sport with Amaryllis in the shade then meditate the thankless muse, and the "pilot of the Galilean lake" derides shepherds who care more for their own well-being then for their sheep. A monody in which the author bewails a learned friend unfortunately drowned in his passage from Chester on the Irish seas in 1637, the poem begins "Yet once more, O ye laurels, and once more / Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere, / I come to pluck your berries harsh and rude. " FTP, identify this elegy on the death of Edward King, named for the lost shepherd in Virgil's third Bucolic, and written by John Milton.
Output: Literature
This quantity can contribute an extra term to the thermodynamic identity, making possible an isentropic cooling method effective at low temperatures. The propagation of light along it induces a rotation in the polarization vector named for Faraday, and Landau levels are formed in metals when it is applied. An inhomogenous arrangement of this quantity in space was key to conducting the Stern-Gerlach experiment, and its breaking of degeneracies in atomic energy levels is known as the Zeeman effect. A material's delayed reaction to an externally applied one is known as hysteresis, and a spin will precess about one of these with the Larmor frequency. For ten points, identify this divergence-free component of a fundamental force whose cross-product with velocity is proportional to the Lorenz force with which it deflects charged particles.
Output: Science
Deacetylases for these proteins are recruited by Sin3, which binds to upstream repression sequences in transcriptional regulation. Acetyases like Gcn5 also modify the process of transcription by chemically modifying the lysine rich tails of these, which allows them to function in epigenetic inheritance processes such as imprinting. The 2B, 2A, 3, and 4 varieties are always present in equal amounts, while 1 and 5 varieties are interchangeable. FTP, name these proteins that wind up DNA about themselves to form nucleosomes.
Output: Science
One equation used to calculate this quantity multiplies two terms with a sum of radii in their denominators, and is known as the Kapustinskii equation. A rough approximation of it can be found with a modified form of Coulomb's Law featuring a single distance, while a constant that is proportional to this quantity can be determined with the Evjen method or calculated by expanding cubes, and is named for Madelung. Another method used to determine it ends with gaseous ions in the Born-Haber cycle. For 10 points, name this quantity, like internal energy symbolized U, defined as the amount of energy needed to completely ionize a solid compound.
Output: Science
This man is said to have cursed his sons when they served him with a silver table and golden goblet belonging to his great-great grandfather. This figure was rescued from Mount Cithaeron by Polybus of Corinth, and in his old age, this man came under the protection of Theseus and the Erinyes. This man's son Polyneices was killed by his brother in a duel for the throne, and he himself killed a king at the Phocis (*) crossroads. As a reward for causing the sphinx to commit suicide after he correctly answered her riddle, this man replaced King Laius as the husband of Jocasta. For ten points, name this Theban king, who, as Tiresias predicted,  married his mother and killed his father.
Output: Social Science
This man and Blatt name a method for inducing cognitive dissonance by asking questions and then letting the subject spontaneously formulate a response. He used the term "Hierarchic Integration" to describe one of his theories, which relies on a process of conflict resolution called "justice operation." This psychologist proposed a thought experiment in which a man breaks into adrug store to steal for his sick wife. His best-known work was criticized for only examining male subjects in the book In A Different Voice by Carol Gilligan. That work outlines a theory dividing development into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. For 10 points, name this psychologist who outlined a six stage theory of moral development.
Output: Social Science
In 1946, this politician defeated Representative Howard Johnstone McMurray in a Senatorial election and, in 1957, this politicians vacated Senate seat was won by William Proxmire. The right to criticize, the right to protest, the right of independent thought, and the right to hold unpopular opinions were stated in the Declaration of Conscience speech delivered by Margaret Chase Smith against this politician. This politician targeted Mongolian historian Owen Lattimore during the deliberations of the Tydings Committee. In 1954, Army attorney Joseph Welch asked him, Have you left no sense of decency For 10 points, name this Wisconsin Republican Senator who made wild allegations that certain individuals of the State Department were Communists.
Output: History
Euler's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for the n equals 3 case involved extending integer arithmetic to one of these structures, which contain numbers of the form a plus b times the square root of negative 3. Dedekind defined an ideal complex number based upon a property related to these structures and Hilbert utilized (*) polynomial ones to solve his Basis Theorem. The advent of quaternion algebra and the extension of the axioms of this structure to square matrices led to the formulation of its non-commutative theory and the first single theory of the abstract commutative variety of these structures was proposed by Noether. FTP, what are these mathematical objects defined as a set containing two operators that satisfy a collection of axioms.
Output: Science
of this man's last paintings was a portrait of Cupid removing Venus's clothing. He painted John the Baptist as a child dramatically raising his hand, along with a portrait of the Infant Hercules Strangling Serpents. He included a number of dogs in large paintings, such as that of the Marlborough family, and portrayed a stately blue-clad tragedy losing a contest with a mischievous looking comedy over Shakespearean actor David (*) Garrick. He painted portraits of Diana Sackville and his possible mistress, the courtesan Kitty Fisher, in addition to a rather effeminate looking Banastre Tarleton. One of his best-known paintings shows Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney hunting with bows, and another contains figures of pity and terror in the background as well as the artist' signature on the hem of the main subject's dress. For 10 points, identify this artist of The Archers as well as Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse, a pre-eminent 18th century British portraitist.
Output: Fine Arts
Though not synchotrons, one type of these devices makes use of wigglers to accelerate electrons through a transverse magnetic field. In 2012, physicists used one of these devices to create particles which were successfully quantum teleported 150 kilometers away. These devices use optical pumping to bring the system to a short-lived state which decays into the most populated metastable state. That's called population inversion. These devices, which come in a free-electron type, are used to create a transmission hologram. They create coherent photons through stimulated emission. For 10 points, name these devices which can make a monochromatic beam of light.
Output: Science
This author tells of Roberto della Griva, who is stranded near the International Date Line, in his Island of the Day Before. In another book of his, Jacopo Belbo uses the computer Abulafia (AH-boo-LAH-fee-uh) to concoct a parody of conspiracy theories. This author and semiotician's (SEM-eye-ott-ISH-in's) first novel features (*) Adso of Melk trying to solve a series of murders in a medieval monastery. For 10 points, name this Italian author of Foucault's Pendulum and The Name Of The Rose.
Output: Literature
This painting sharply contrasts with a similarly named work by Thomas de Keyzer. While this painting depicts an actual event dated to January 16 of the year in which it was painted, most of the figures are believed to have been added later. The title figure is explaining the surprisingly accurate interior of the arm of Aris Kindt, who had been strangled for armed robbery. A man leaning to see casts a shadow on the dead man's face, and a large, open textbook can be seen in the lower right corner, possibly that of Vesalius. FTP name this 1632 painting by Rembrandt depicting a public dissection.
Output: Fine Arts
Among the minor speaking roles are those of the faithful servant Adam and Hymen, the god of marriage, who conducts the four marriages that end this work. Two of those marriages involve the women Audrey and Phoebe, the latter of which finally succumbs to Silvius' affections. The other two involve characters who disguise themselves as Aliena and Ganymede before they fall in love with Oliver and Orlando. Much of the action takes place in the Forest of Ardenne in which Celia and Rosalind briefly take a cottage. FTP, identify this Shakespeare play, the source of the line "All the world's a stage and the men and women merely players. "
Output: Literature
In one short story by this author, the protagonist is shown the ravages of war by a dark bird to demonstrate the true evils of the world. That boy's quest for flowers for the burial of the dead is ultimately successful in "Strange News from Another Star", the title story in a collection by this writer. In contrast, the protagonist of another work fails, along with the other members of The League, in the title quest after the disappearance of Leo, and the protagonist of yet another novel drowns in a river after being expelled from a seminary, as Hans Giebenrath, despite his education, failed to develop personally. In addition to Journey to the East and Beneath the Wheel, this writer also wrote novels in which the high-born title character ends up as a ferryman, and Hermine teaches Harry Haller to dance. For 10 points, identify this German author of Siddhartha and Steppenwolf.
Output: Literature
In this work, big muscles and large moustaches are praised in the aria "Non siate ritrosi", while the possibility of love is said to sate one's hunger in "Un aura amorosa. " Love is compared to a thief in the aria "E amore un ladroncello" by a girl who had earlier claimed she would die of grief in "Smanie implacabili. " An "audacious person" is told to leave in the difficult "Come scoglio", and this opera sees a nurse disguise herself as a notary as well as a doctor who pulls out a large magnet to revive some men disguised as Albanians. The stupidity of wagering 100 sequins on woman is the subject of an arioso by Don Alfonso, and the primary female pair is urged to acquiesce by their maid Despina. One character gloats about the faithfulness of his betrothed though he managed to seduce Dorabella. For 10 points, name this opera featuring Guglielmo and Ferrando, who learn the title lesson, a work of Mozart.
Output: Fine Arts
A feminist lecture in this country argued that "the master's tools will never dismantle the master's house." Another thinker from here tried to dissolve the mind-body problem as a "pseudoproblem" in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Audre Lorde and Richard Rorty challenged academic norms in this country, where "live" and "dead" options for belief were discussed in "The Will to Believe." An experimental "lab school" was founded in this country by the author of Democracy and Education, John Dewey. For 10 points, name this home country of pragmatism, where William James taught philosophy at Harvard.
Output: History
This thinker was the subject of ridicule by the newspaper The Corsair, and near the end of his life he attacked the bishop H.L. Martensen in several letters. This author of The Concept of Anxiety presented three forms of despair in his Sickness unto Death, which he wrote under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus. He contrasts the aesthetic and ethical ways of life in his book Either/Or, while another work by him centers on Abraham's decision to sacrifice his son Isaac. For 10 points, name this Danish philosopher of Fear and Trembling.
Output: Social Science
This man was captured by a knight named William de Cahagnes after his battle-axe and sword shattered on the battlefield, but was released after his brother Henry successfully defended Winchester. He fell out of favor with Pope Innocent II after alienating Roger, bishop of Salisbury and entering into an unpopular treaty with Geoffrey of Anjou. After this man's son Eustace died, the issue of succession was decided by the Treaty of Wallingford, which made Henry of Anjou heir. FTP name this English King who fought the battle of Lincoln against the forces of Robert of Gloucester and his own cousin Matilda, the only British King from the house of Blois.
Output: History