niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
At a party in the second act of this opera, a group of characters claim to be able to "read the future in anyone's hand" in "Noi siamo zingarelle," which is followed by a performance by matadors from Madrid. One character in this opera asks his son who has erased "the sea and soil of Provence" from his heart. Two characters in this opera sing the duet "Un di, felice, eterea," after which one gives the other a flower and tells him to return when it wilts. After the latter character leaves, the former sings the cabaletta (*) "Sempre libera." Dumas fils's La Dame aux Camellias served as the basis for Francesco Maria Piave's libretto for this opera. After Baron Douphol refuses to give a toast, this opera's protagonist sings the brindisi "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" with her other love interest Alfredo. For 10 points, name this Giuseppe Verdi opera centering on the courtesan Violetta Valery, the title "fallen woman."
Output: Fine Arts
It was first observed in 1933 by its eponymous discoverers in tin and lead specimens. Rather than a sharp boundary at the edge of the sample, there is a gradual decay of the magnetic field across the penetration depth of the material. This is caused by persistent (*) currents which form on the surface of the material as it is cooled below the critical temperature, which completely cancel out the flux inside it, resulting in perfect diamagnetism. It allows the diamagnetic levitation of small items, including live frogs. FTP, name this uniquely defining property of superconductors, a phenomenon characterized by the complete expulsion of a magnetic field.
Output: Science
Marpessa chose the mortal Idas over this god, who avenged the death of his child by Coronis. He was forced to serve King Admetus as a slave for killing three Cyclopes. Another of this god's lovers was killed by the jealous Zephyr with a stray discus. This god flayed the satyr (*) Marsyas after a music contest, cursed Cassandra to never be believed, and killed the Python to claim Delphi. This god fiercely defended the honor of his mother Leto with help from his twin sister Artemis. For 10 points, name this Greco-Roman god of prophecy, music, and light.
Output: Social Science
A student of Antonio Badile and possibly of Gian Francesco Caroto, this man's first commissions involved frescoes and oils in the church and sacristy of St. Sebastiano, where he painted a sequence telling the story of Esther and Ahasuerus. His late decorations for the Sala Collegio of the Doge's Palace include such works as Mars and Neptune and Venus Enthroned with Peace and Justice, and he collaborated with Alessandro Vittoria and Andrea Palladio in his work on the Villa Barbara. More famous are this man's religious paintings, including one for San Giorgio Maggiore depicting The Marriage Feast at Cana, as well as another whose title was changed at the behest of the Inquisition after this man had depicted commoners in what was supposed to be an illustration of the Last Supper. FTP, identify this painter, most famous for his retitled Feast in the House of Levi.
Output: Fine Arts
In a circular work by this artist, golden rays shine down onto six angels surrounding Mary, who cradles Christ as he holds a red fruit. This man depicted the Virgin Mary being crowned as she points to a book. Mars uses a caduceus to get rid of some clouds in another work by this artist of The Madonna of the Pomegranate and The Madonna of the Magnificat. At the left of another painting, this man portrayed three women holding hands in a dance. He painted Zephyr abducting Flora while a woman hands her pink flowered robe to a goddess standing on a seashell. For 10 points, name this Italian Renaissance painter of La Primavera and The Birth of Venus.
Output: Fine Arts
This author began his career with a translation of Anatole Frances Balthasar, and in a semi-autobiographical work named Cogwheels, the narrator turns to Strindberg for respite. A Buddha witnesses a robber's attempts to escape hell in his story The Spider Thread, and in another work, an unemployed man turns to thievery when an old woman arrives at the titular gate. In yet another work, seven characters give seven contradictory accounts concerning the murder of a samurai by the bandit Takehiro, which inspired a film by Akira Kurosawa. FTP, name this author of "In a Grove" and "Rashomon" who lends his name to Japans highest literary prize.
Output: Literature
After watching a boxing match between two angry dwarves, Dan Moore yells Jesus was once a leper! in one story in this collection. In addition to Box Seat, it includes stories about Esther, who loves the mystic King Barlo, and Becky, who is shunned for bearing mulatto sons. Another story in it describes Seventh Street, which infuses black reddish blood into the white and whitewashed wood of Washington, and a white mob burns Tom Burwell alive for killing Bob Stone in its story Blood-Burning Moon. Its authors time in rural Georgia inspired its final section, Kabnis. Beginning with a story describing the beauty of Karintha and a poem about the Black Reapers of the title plant, FTP, name this modernist collection of short stories and poems by Jean Toomer.
Output: Literature
This composer whose works were collected in the Deutsch catalogue based his Fantasy in C on the theme of his song Der Wanderer. This composer wrote incidental music for a play that developed into his String Quartet No. 13, Rosamunde. This composer wrote a song cycle based on Wilhelm Muller's poems that begins with "Gute Nacht" entitled Winterreise. This composer of many piano pieces for four hands wrote a Piano Quintet in A nicknamed "The Trout." For 10 points, name this composer of an "Unfinished" eighth symphony.
Output: Fine Arts
This phenomenon is used in a technique that uses a phosphor screen and a CCD camera in the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope, which images the kikuchi bands of its "backscatter" form. In one form of this phenomenon, crystal size is proportional to shape factor over line broadening. With X-rays, it is described by the Scherrer equation and Bragg's law. If the coherence length is smaller than another measure, then two single-slit patterns of this phenomenon overlaid is the same as the double-slit pattern, unlike the interference found by Young. For 10 points, name this optical event in which light propagates past an obstacle, resulting in complex patterns.
Output: Science
This President began the modern tradition of giving the state of the union address in front of Congress, rather than sending it as a letter. He signed the Underwood Tariff, which lowered tariff rates, as well as the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, a modification of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Henry Cabot Lodge prevented this man from accomplishing his last goal. For 10 points, name this U.S. President during World War I.
Output: History
The losers standard-bearer, Sir Percival Thirwall, did not let the banner fall, even though both of his legs had been cut off. Some historians believe that the battle was fought closer to the villages of Dadlington and Stoke Golding. One of the more important casualties was Thomas Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, while real command on the winners side rested with John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Though the battle began well for the loser, the tide turned when Sir William Stanley led his troops into the fray on the side of the winner. FTP identify this battle that saw the end of the house of York when Henry Tudors forces defeated Richard III.
Output: History
The first references the creators wife, Alice, while the last is dedicated to Edoo. Although another bears the initials of the organist at Hereford Cathedral, George Sinclair, it is believed to have been inspired by Dan, Sinclairs bulldog, as he paddles about in the River Wye. The ninth, which allegedly captures a conversation between the creator and A. J. Jaeger concerning Beethovens slow movements, is entitled Nimrod. The counterpoint to the central theme of the work has could be Rule Britannica or Auld Lang Syne. For 10 points, name this orchestral work which represents how fourteen individuals might play a certain piano piece, written by Edward Elgar.
Output: Fine Arts
For strong solutions, it is generalized as Duhring's Rule, which uses water as a model -- but other electrolytes do not obey it. For it to apply, the activity coefficient must be 1.0, making the solution ideal. When attraction between the solute and the solvent is stronger than the attraction of either substance for itself, the principle applies only imperfectly. FTP, name this principle of chemistry, which states that the mole fraction of a solvent times its vapor pressure in a pure state equals the vapor pressure of the solvent.
Output: Science
A statistical-mechanical expression for this property has been developed by Boudh-Hir and Mansoori that is based on the Macleod formula. The dimensionless Weber number is equal to density times velocity-squared times diameter, divided by this value. The Marangoni effect is caused by variations in this property, and the YoungLaplace equation relates the difference in pressure with it. Jaeger's method for calculating its value involves producing a small bubble, and the recently developed drop collapse method uses a smaller volume of sample than the du Nouy ring method. Often measured in Joules per meters squared, it is caused by unbalanced intermolecular forces, and its value is decreased by rising temperatures, in addition to the presence of soaps, detergents, and other surfactants. For 10 points, name this tendency of liquids to reduce their exposed surface, a phenomenon that enables some insects to walk on water.
Output: Science
This artist depicted the remnants of a tree hanging over the edge of a cliff after a lightning strike in Storm in the Mountains, and he showed a man walking toward the titular structure high on a cliff in The Monastery of San Pedro. His former home Olana is now a tourist site, and no single place inspired the setting of Twilight in the Wilderness. Various trips led to many of his works, including The Icebergs and Falls of Tequendama, as well as images of the volcanos Chimborozo and Cotopaxi. For ten points, name this student of Thomas Cole who painted a famous version of some New York falls in Niagara  and an idealized South American landscape in Heart of the Andes.
Output: Fine Arts
G. Morin and J.W. Hastings found that it has the same Stokes shift as related versions found in genus Obelia and Renilla. Its discovery by Osamu Shimomura followed up on the work of Frank Johnson. Two different variants of it are used in a FRET procedure, and it is commonly used as the probe in a FRAP assay. Its beta-barrel structure houses a highly conjugated chromaphore that is stimulated by the 470-nanometer emission of apoaequorin, the excited version of aequorin. That stimulation causes conformational changes in a serine-tyrosine-glycine sequence at its center, resulting in light emitted at 508 nanometers. It has been used to easily observe gene or protein expression because it glows its namesake color when exposed to blue light. First isolated from jellyfish of the genus Aequorea, for ten points, name this peptide often used in biological studies.
Output: Science
The Vyazovkin MFK technique allows for the calculation of this quantity in terms of the conversion rate. In the rate-process theory for viscosity developed by Eyring, an analogue of this quantity is measures the formation of "holes" which fluid molecules can occupy. For gas phase reactions, this quantity is equal to the enthalpy of formation of the transition state minus 2 RT, and the height of a potential barrier in a reaction profile is analogous to this quantity. It appears in the exponential term of the Arrhenius equation, enzymes and catalysts lower this quantity of a reaction. For 10 points, identify this energy which the reactants must overcome before they can proceed to the products of the reaction.
Output: Science
One of this composer's operas is based on Alfred de Musset's Namouna. He also completed Fromental Halevy's unfinished opera Noe. He imitated Donizetti's Don Pasquale in an opera which ends with Odoardo marrying Bettina. He wrote the aria "Comme autrefois," in which Leila recalls happier times, for an opera whose characters include a high priest of Brahma named Nourabad. In that opera, Nadir and Zurga sing the duet "Au fond du temple saint." The title character of his most famous opera compares love to a rebellious bird in an Act 1 habanera. In that opera, Escamillo sings an aria usually known as the Toreador Song. For 10 points, name this composer of Don Procopio, The Pearl Fishers and Carmen.
Output: Fine Arts
This monarch's maritime ambitions towards Indonesia led him to contest Dutch holdings by founding the French East India Company, and he maintained diplomatic ties with Islamic states first established when he had organized a failed takeover of Aragon. This man's predecessor endured the Day of the Barricades, while he governed with the aid of the Duke of Sully after defeating the Duke of Mayenne at Arques. His first wife was spurned in favor of his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrees, who bore this victim of Francois Ravaillac four children. This winner at Ivry wed Marie d'Medici, years after his marriage to Marguerite had helped trigger the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The victor over Henry of Guise and successor of Henry III, for 10 points, identify this issuer of the Edict of Nantes, who founded the Bourbon dynasty after ending the Wars of Religion.
Output: History
Very few people notice the rust colored butterfly that flits above a dark colored dog of indistinguishable breed in this painting. The only person directly facing the viewer is a young girl in a white sundress and hat. She holds the hand of her mother, who is dressed and equipped like all the women in this painting. It's hard to find all seven parasols that appear, but much easier to see the lone monkey and even easier to see the river Seine on the entire top left of the painting. FTP, name this canvas depicted a popular Parisian picnic spot, the pointillist masterpiece of Georges Seraut.
Output: Fine Arts
In this play, one character inherits a fortune after a millionaire is convinced that he is the "most original moralist" of England. In an earlier scene, a young lady pays a shilling in Wimpole Street to be able to work in a flower shop; that character later marries (*) Freddy Eynsford Hill. This play begins in Covent Garden, where an interpreter of Indian dialect, Colonel Pickering, accepts a bet with a phonetics professor that the latter can change a cockney-speaking girl into a proper woman. For ten points, identify this play in which Eliza Doolittle betrays Henry Higgins, written by George Bernard Shaw.
Output: Literature
Substances exhibiting it can be analyzed by polishing the surface with an appropriate colloidal suspension, producing Bitter patterns. These patterns provide evidence for the "domain" theory explaining this property, as does the Barkhausen effect, which holds that it increases in a series of minute jumps as the applied magnetic field is increased. Occurring below the Curie point, FTP, what is this property seen in elements like cobalt, nickel, and iron, in which substances are magnetized by weak magnetic fields
Output: Science
The detector employed, called a Faraday box, was mounted on arc so that it could be rotated to observe particles at different angles. Those particles were accelerated from a heated filament with voltage, and the surprising result was interpreted with the Bragg law to give values for the lattice spacing in the nickel crystal. As a result of it de Broglie's hypothesis was confirmed. FTP, name this experiment that confirmed the wave nature of the electron.
Output: Science
In one work by this author, a character disguised as Abbe Dalla Piccola strangles Diana Vaughan to death after impregnating her at a Satanist orgy. In another of his novels, a prostitute is accused of witchcraft by Bernard Gui. This author who wrote about the anti-semitic forger Captain Simonelli also included the allegedly immortal Count Aglee in another novel. Another character of this author deduces the whereabouts of a horse named Brunellus and solves a mystery involving a lost book on comedy by Aristotle. In one novel by this author of (*) The Prague Cemetery, random sentences connected by the computer Abulafia are constructed into The Plan by Belbo and Casaubon. For 10 points, name this author who depicted the creators of a fictional conspiracy theory in Foucault's Pendulum and wrote about Adso of Melk and William of Baskerville in his Name of the Rose.
Output: Literature
This author's most famous work features a socialist philosopher named Nicholas Schliemann. This author wrote the novel The Presidential Agent, which, like his earlier novel Dragon's Teeth, features the character Lanny Budd. His novel Oil! formed the basis for the film There Will Be Blood. He is best known for a novel about Jurgis Rudkus which was an indictment of the Chicago meat packing industry. For 10 points, name this author of The Jungle.
Output: Literature
In one work he depicts a crowned virgin Mary standing over the family of Burgomaster Meyer, who are all standing on a wrinkled carpet. In another, a note is posted above a merchant named Gisze, who stares at the viewer while at a table with a vase of pink flowers. He made the pictures for the Erasmus book In Praise of Folly, and Sir Thomas More was another man he painted (*) while in his most famous job. Another work features a lute, an astrolabe, and a distorted skull while 2 men stand in robes. The painter of The French Ambassadors, this is FTP what German born court painter to Britains King Henry VIII
Output: Fine Arts
A 2000 study by P. F. Coogan, et al. states that this chemicalis found to be genotoxic and can bind to estrogen receptors. It is usually synthesized in the presence of zinc chloride or sulfuric acid by the condensation of its namesake (*) anhydride and phenol, and is closely related to triphenylmethane. One of its forms has a charge of negative three due to the removal of two extra hydrogen ions, and occurs only in solutions with pH greater than 12, and in solutions with pH less than 0, it appears orange. It was at one point used as a laxative, where it dyed feces pink. For 10 points, identify this indicator, which is colorless in acids and pink in bases.
Output: Science
One of this man's building features a cube of white stucco bisected by a black granite plane topped by a golden dome, and another construction features an aerating pool with multiple spray fountains. This creator of the Chapel of St. Basil at the University of St. Thomas also created a building features 'zogs. Besides creating the IDS Center and the PPG Place, his buildings in Fort Worth include a water garden and museum both commissioned by the Amon G. Carter Foundation. He served as consultant for works such as 191 Peachtree Tower, which was completed by his frequent collaborator John Burgee. Also the architect of Robert Schuller's Crystal Cathedral, one of his buildings was criticized for its Chippendale top, and another was a collaboration with Mies van der Rohe. For 10 points, name this architect involved with Seagram Building, also known for his Glass House and the AT&T building.
Output: Fine Arts
This philosopher was called a "parcel of atoms jumbled together by chance," in a work that attacked him, Dialogues of the Living and the Dead. As a response to Defence of True Liberty from Antecedent and Extrinsecall Necessity, this man published a work that sided with the leader of the English Arminians, Archbishop William Laud. One of this philosopher's works discusses a Confederacy of Deceivers, and caused debate with John Bramhall. In addition to writing about The Kingdom of Darkness in the fourth part of that work, this philosopher labels aristocracy, democracy and monarchy as three types of commonwealth, in which the latter is the most desirable, because life is a war of all against all. For ten points, name this pessimistic philosopher that labeled life as solitary, poor, short, nasty and brutish, the English author of Leviathan.
Output: Social Science
George Meredith's bitter collection Modern Love is composed of works in a modified form of this style. Edmund Spenser's Amoretti is composed of eighty-nine of these, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote a collection of them "from the Portuguese." Works in the English variety of this form can be divided into three quatrains and a couplet, and the Petrarchan type is divided into an octave and a sestet. For 10 points, name these fourteen-line poems.
Output: Literature
Robertson generalized this statement to any Hermitian operators. One attempted refutation of this statement concerns letting a photon escape, then re-weighing a box named after Einstein. This theorem sets one side equal to the reduced Planck's constant over two, which is less than or equal to the product of a certain function applied to two (*) non-commuting variables, like energy at time. For ten points, identify this theorem, one formulation of which states that both position and momentum of a particle cannot be known simultaneously, formulated by Werner Heisenberg.
Output: Science
This person adapted the passacaglia from Bach's Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich for a theme that appears in the notable chaconne of the last movement of his Fourth Symphony in E minor, while he created twenty-one pieces for piano-four-hands based on folk songs in his Hungarian Dances, and featured two sharp chords to begin his Tragic Overture. His first symphony is often referred to as "Beethoven's Tenth," while another of his works quotes the hymn "Gaudeamus Igitur" and was written to commemorate an honorary degree from the University of Breslau. For 10 points, name this composer of Academic Festival Overture and a namesake lullaby.
Output: Fine Arts
One character in this opera performs the "Csardas" to verify her disguise as a Hungarian countess before stealing her husband's watch to prove his infidelity, and earlier she convinces Alfred to pretend to be her husband and serve his eight-day sentence in jail. In the "laughing" song, "Mein Herr Marquis, ein Mann wie Sie," a maid convinces her master that she is actually an actress. While pretending to be Chevalier Chagrin, the jailer, Frank convinces Adele to come home with him where they find Rosalinde arguing with her husband. Falke leads the guests of Prince Orlofsky's ball to witness Baron Eisenstein's reconciliation, in, for 10 points, this operetta by Johann Strauss.
Output: Fine Arts
This man twice vetoed the McNary-Haugen Act, and his vice president won the Nobel Peace Prize for devising a namesake plan to help stabilize Germany's devastated economy. His Secretary of State, Frank Kellogg, coauthored a plan that prohibited the use of war except as a tool of self defense.This president proclaimed that "I do not choose to run for president" while in South Dakota. He earlier gained national prominence when he forcefully ended the Boston Police Strike. For 10 points, name this "silent" president of the United States who succeeded Warren Harding in 1923.
Output: History
This philosopher advocated the adoption of a federal system in Considerations on the Government of Poland. He contrasted the natural and physical types of the title concept in his Discourse on Inequality. He also wrote an epistolary novel subtitled The New Heloise, and a treatise dealing with the education of the titular boy, Emile. His most famous work discusses a society controlled by the general will of its people and asserts that man is born free, but is everywhere in chains. For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract.
Output: Social Science
Glaucus of Corinth was torn apart by his own horses as punishment for angering this deity. This figure baked two barley cakes for Charon for a trip to the underworld in an episode where she made he future daughter-in-law fetch wool from deadly golden sheep and sort piles of grains. This figure was unable to stop a boar from castrating and goring one of her lovers, who she shared with Persephone. This nominal wife of Hephaestus and lover of Adonis was born from foam after Uranuss castration and received Eriss Apple of Discord, leading Paris to abduct Helen. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of love.
Output: Social Science
In one work by this composer, the "Mystic Circles" movement's melody calls back to the previous movement. An opera by this composer tells the story of Anne Truelove and Tom and is based on a William Hogarth painting series. This composer of The Rake's Progress created a ballet with a "Berceuse" before its finale. In that work, an "Infernal Dance" is performed by Kashchei. One of this man's ballets opens with a high register bassoon solo, and nearly caused a riot at its premiere because of provocative choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and the near-atonal music. For 10 points, name this composer of The Firebird and The Rite of Spring.
Output: Fine Arts
This rulers inscription at Nakshi Rustam, where his tomb is located, is believed to mention his trade with Carthage, while his inscription at Suez mentions his building a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea, and his inscription at Behistun seeks to legitimate his rule. According to Herodotus, he came to power because his horse was the first to neigh at dawn. Admirals under his command included the explorer Scylax, who sailed the Indus, as well as Datis, who was defeated at a land battle by Miltiades, halting a military campaign which would be continued by this mans son, as well as by Mardonius. Preceded by Psuedo-Smerdis and Cambyses I, this is, FTP, what Persian King who launched the first expedition against Greece
Output: History
One story involving this figure, who disappears at the end of Dvapara Yuga, involves him making his friend rich by magically replacing rice with flakes of gold, while in another account he saves his home town from an invasion by enacting a mass migration. Early in his life, he tamed the serpent Kaliya. Other exploits attributed to this figure include killing the demoness (*) Putana and his uncle Kamsa, and defying Indra by banning his town's yearly ritual. This possessor of a famous conch was smuggled as an infant from a prison by his adoptive parents, Yasoda and Nanda, despite his royal birth to Devaki and Vasudeva. FTP, name this Hindu figure, the eighth avatar of Vishnu, who in his most famous role counseled the Pandava prince Arjuna in the Bhagvada Gita.
Output: Social Science
This mathematical object can be approximated with the Lanczos formula and represented in the Weierstrass form. The Legendre duplication formula gives the relationship between this function for an argument and for twice that argument, and its product with itself is given by the Gauss multiplication formula. It can be defined through a power series whose kth coefficient is proportional to the Riemann zeta function evaluated at k. Its values for half-integer arguments are proportional to the square root of pi and, as a function of z, it is typically given as the integral from 0 to infinity of t to the z minus 1, times e to the minus t, dt. FTP, identify this mathematical function; a generalization of the factorial to the complex numbers.
Output: Science
In an air column with one end closed, the wavelength of the first harmonic equals this multiple of the length of the air column. The magnetic permeability constant equals this coefficient of pi times ten to the negative seventh, and a typical Wheatstone bridge contains this many (*) resistors. The Stefan-Boltzmann law relates the power of blackbody radiation to this power of temperature. Maxwell names a set of this many equations governing electromagnetism, which is one out of this many fundamental forces in nature. For ten points, identify this number equal to the atomic mass of an alpha particle, which contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
Output: Science
One of this authors novels features a character that says Behold I dreamed a dream and I saw a new Earth sacred to HAPPINESS. That character is simply referred to as the Dreamer, and the protagonist of that novel works at the Happier Hunting Grounds which is contrasted with the Whispering Glades, where the titular phrase of that novel is used to refer to corpses. In that novel by this author, the protagonist vies with Mr. Joyboy for the love of Aimee in California. In another novel, Mr. Baldwin goes onto the roof of the Pension Dessler by parachute. In that novel, John Boots assignment is given to (*) William, who goes to Ishmaelia. Another novel ends with one character marrying Jock Grant-Menzies, and its protagonist stranded with Mr. Todd unable to return to Hetton Abbey. For 10 points, name this author that wrote about Denis Barlow in his The Loved One, also the author of Scoop and A Handful of Dust.
Output: Literature
This author wrote that "the hues of bliss more brightly glow/chastised by sabler tints of woe" in one poem, and he asked "Oh! Lyre divine, what daring Spirit/Wakes thee now" in his "The Progress of Poesy. " He also described "sorrow's piercing dart" in a poem which ends by noting that "where ignorance is bliss/tis folly to be wise. " Another of his poems says that "pensive Selima reclined" and "purr's applause" before "she tumbled headlong in. " For 10 points, name this author of "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College" and "On a Favorite Cat, Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes," who wrote about "paths of glory" and "ignoble strife" in "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. "
Output: Literature
This thinker's first work was published while a professor at the University of Halle, and was entitled Philosophie der Arithmetik. His most important contribution to philosophy was considered solipsistic by others, so he attempted to show how individual consciousness can be applied to other minds and history in Cartesian Meditations. His most important idea involved "bracketing existence" in contemplating an object, providing a means of describing "things themselves. "  FTP, identify this German philosopher and author of Ideas: A General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology.
Output: Social Science
The speaker of one work by this author observes the "little promontory" on which the titular creature stood. In one of his works, a boy is brought to tears by the "he-birds" calls for his lost mate, and repeatedly makes out the word "death" from the rustling of the ocean. The speaker of another of his poems declares that he sees the "clouds of the west" and the "flood tide below [him]" face to face, while the speaker of his most famous work states that "what [he] assumes, you shall assume" after proclaiming that he celebrates himself. For 10 points, name this American poet whose poems "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" and "Song of Myself" appear in Leaves of Grass.
Output: Literature
In one scene of this work, a gravedigger unearths the skull of Yorick. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were sent along with the titular character to England, who met Prince Fortinbras as his army marches toward Poland. Ophelia drowns to death and Laertes, urged on by Claudius, swears to avenge her death in a fencing match, only to see the plan fall apart as Gertrude mistakenly drinks the poisoned wine and everyone dies in the end. For 10 points, identify this Shakespearean play in which the titular character gives the "To Be, or Not To Be" monologue.
Output: Literature
First demonstrated in 1799, one proof uses the result that entire, bounded, complex functions are constant. The original proof is a topological one using polynomials in the complex plane and was Gauss's doctoral thesis. For ten points, what result states that complex polynomials of degree "n" can be factored into "n" linear, complex factors.
Output: Science
Gerard de Nerval's poem "El Desdichado" takes its title from the motto of a character in this work, and Charles Chesnutt's House Behind the Cedars is a retelling of it. Hilarity ensues when two characters try to ask Gurth and Wamba for directions, but they are led down the right path by the title character. That character and a moneylender then travel to Ashby de la Zouche, where they meet the Black Sluggard. After leaving Ashby de la Zouche the title character and his party are captured and imprisoned in Torquilstone castle, where Brian des Bois-Guilbert attempts to force Rebecca to convert to Christianity. However, the Black Sluggard teams up with Robin Hood and storms the castle. The title character then fights a duel to rescue Rebecca and ultimately marries his true love, Rowena. FTP name this novel about a disinherited knight by Sir Walter Scott.
Output: Literature
One character in this work faints after being chased by a snake; upon awakening, that character is shown a picture of his future love. Monostatos is the servant of a man who sings "O Isis und Osiris" in this opera, and in this opera, three women place a padlock over the mouth of a bird-catcher and give him enchanted bells. This opera features the coloratura aria "Der Holle Rache." The protagonist of this opera is ordered to remain silent by [*] Sarastro as part of the trials he undergoes with Papageno, and in this opera, the Queen of the Night is Pamina's mother. Featuring Tamino's use of a special musical instrument, for 10 points, name this Mozart opera.
Output: Fine Arts
Geoffrey Wain tries to blame a military defeat in this war on his nephew Neil Macrae in Hugh MacLennans novel Barometer Rising. Stepan Astakhovs life is saved during this war by his rival, the Cossack Gregor Melekhov, in Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don. The aftermath of this conflict is depicted in The Road Back, a sequel to a novel which also features the character Tjaden. In that novel, the schoolmaster (*) Kantorek encourages his students to fight in this war, where they meet the scheming corporal Himmelstoss. Kemmerich and Kat also die in that novel, which ends with the death of Paul Baumer. For 10 points, name this conflict, the setting of Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front.
Output: Literature
This man's lithographs include one of Punchinello in the House of Death as well as macabre works like Electrocution and The Law is Too Slow. The drawings he created for John Reed's story about the evangelist Billy Sunday were used as the basis for his painting The Sawdust Trail. He painted dreamy landscapes like Romance of Autumn and Summer Fantasy in his later career, and his drawing Why Don't They Go to the Country for a Vacation was the frontispiece for an issue of The Masses and was used as a study for his 1913 painting (*) Cliff Dwellers. He came to fame for depictions of polo scenes and paintings like Both Members of This Club, which prefigured his most famous painting of men boxing. For 10 points, name this American painter of the Ashcan school, best known for Stag at Sharkey's.
Output: Fine Arts
This painter showed a woman looking at the apparition of a head appearing above a lion-clothed man, who steps over a crown and putto in the Allegory of Wisdom and Strength. He included The Triumph of Mordecai and The Banishment of Vashti in his History of Esther series. Dogs line the foreground of another work in which a man bowing a viola d'amore stands in front of a star-haloed Jesus, who has just created the wine being poured on the right. This artist painted a similarly crowded scene for the Basilica di Santi Giovanni e Paolo, but was forced to have its title changed from "The Last Supper" by the Inquisition. For 10 points, name this Italian painter who created Wedding at Cana and Feast in the House of Levi.
Output: Fine Arts
By the time he was eight, this man could read verses in Latin bestowed upon him by Erasmus, as well as works written in Greek and French. He also was a great patron of music and the arts, with musicians like Thomas Wyatt and artists like Hans Holbein at his future court. On the death of his older brother, this man married his widow, Catherine of Aragon. FTP name this second Tudor king of England, known for his six wives.
Output: History
This man created a theory of distribution based on marginal productivity, and, along with Daniel Bernoulli, he derived an equation for the torque on a thin elastic beam. He found all even perfect numbers and his phi-function is the number of smaller positive integers relatively prime to a number. With Lagrange, he derived the calculus of variations, while his angles specify the orientation of a rigid body. For ten points, name this Swiss mathematician and possible namesake of the number e.
Output: Science
In this mans General Natural History, he expanded on Swedenborgs Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the Solar System. He wrote about the nature of ratiocination in The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures Proved. He argued for an a priori morality in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, and claimed that Dar[ing] to know! was the answer to Zollners question in the essay What is Enlightenment, both works written after Hume awoke him from his dogmatic slumber. For 10 points, name this philosopher who argued for a priori truth in his Critique of Pure Reason.
Output: Social Science
Usually included in this man's collected works are his letters to Count Toreno on a common subject. He proposed a choice between conflicting Christian religions in "Not Paul, but Jesus," a work written under the name Gamaliel Smith and edited by Francis Place. He discussed certain Anarchical Fallacies in a work by that name, and hired Edwin Chadwick as a secretary late in life, long after more adventurous works like Auto-Icon; Or, Farther Uses of the Dead to the Living and his treatise on education Chrestomathia. He's better known for proposing pain and pleasure as sovereign masters of the body in Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. An advocate of the "greatest happiness for the greatest number," FTP, name this English founder of utilitarianism.
Output: Social Science
In stars it occurs when entropy increases outward. Its efficiency is measured by the Nusselt number and it's usually parameterized by a mixing-length theory which treats parcels of buoyant fluid. It occurs throughout low-mass stars and in the outer 30 percent by radius of the Sun where the magnetic field is connected to the associated fluid motions. For ten points, name this method of heat transfer.
Output: Science
A Tunisian legend holds that this man converted to Islam and gave his name to the village of Sidi Bou Said. Taking to heart his mother's words, "I would rather see you dead at my feet than guilty of a mortal sin," he founded the Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men and purchased the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross from Baldwin II. His military exploits included leading an army that captured Damietta, though his brother Robert of Artois was killed and he was taken prisoner after the Battle of al-Mansurah, as recounted by this man's biographer Joinville. A leader of the Seventh Crusade who died on the Eighth Crusade in 1270, FTP, name this long-reigning French monarch, the only one to be canonized.
Output: History
Witten showed that the supergravity action for black holes in anti-de Sitter space behaves like this quantity in the dual field theory, where at high temperatures conformal invariance dictates that it scales as temperature to the fourth. One obtains it by a Legendre transformation, after which the entropy is now realized as the negative partial derivative of it with respect to temperature. It is given by - T log Z, where Z is the canonical partition function. It is equal to E minus T S. FTP, what is this thermodynamic quantity, differing from the similarly named Gibbs quantity by a PV term
Output: Science
This person wrote an essay critical of the "interpretation of consciousness" position he credited to Hamilton, and lambasted self-abnegation and the preoccupation with consensus in "Auguste Comte and Positivism", calling the latter author a "liberticide". He added to Avicenna's techniques of induction the method of residues, and in the same work argued that "all inference is from particulars to particulars". He insisted that men are themselves corrupted and unable to function civically due to the title concept of The Subjection of Women, deriving his objections to it from the same fundamentals that led to the "very simple principle" of his On Liberty. Who was, for 10 points, this English naturalistic philosopher who redefined the title school of ethics in his Utilitarianism
Output: Social Science
During this man's reign, the Gregorian law code was issued, while his economic reforms included the creation of seven new mints and instituting the iugum and capitatio taxes. His armies put down the Bagaudae revolt in Gault, the attempts of Achilleus and Domitius Domitianus to make Egypt independent, and the British usurper Carausius. This issuer of the Edict of Maximum Prices won a battle for supremacy at the (*) Margus. He rose to power after executing Aper, supposedly fulfilling a prophecy about killing a boar, during a campaign against Persia in which Numerian died mysteriously. After disposing of his rival Carinus, he established Sirmium, Trier, Milan and Nicomedia as subsidiary capitals. Lactantius was not a big fan of one of this man's policies, and he built a palace at Split in Croatia that he retired to. This emperor installed Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius Chlorus to high positions, and he instigated a major purge of Christians. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor who resolved the Crisis of the Third Century by creating the augustus-caesar system or tetrarchy.
Output: History
The longitudinal coefficient of this phenomenon and its quadratic dependence can be accounted for by the Preisach Model. A form of Saint-Venants Principle may be applied to the helical and linear forms of this effect. It results in strain directly proportional to applied field and not proportional to the square of the field like electrostriction, its converse process. Seen prominently in barium titanate and tourmaline, and other ceramics lacking inversion centers, it was discovered in Rochelle salts by the Curie brothers. The opposite of mechanical distortion, FTP, name this effect exemplified by the production of voltage across the face of a quartz crystal in response to applied stress.
Output: Science
_One monster in the folklore of this modern-day country produces a loud cry when far away and a soft one when close. Rapists get their genitals clawed out by those spirits of women who died in childbirth. Robert Wilson produced a theatrical adaptation of a creation myth from this country, in which a class of transvestite priests separate two humans despite the fact that they were intended to repopulate the Earth. In a more famous myth from this country, earthquakes happen because a boar (+)_ carrying the Earth on its back scratched its itch against a palm tree. A serpent wraps itself around a gigantic mountain to transport it to freely floating island in an even more prominent myth from this country. Clown servants advise the five Pandawas and ninety-nine Karawas in this country's ripoff version of the Mahabharata, which has seen myriad adaptations for (*) wayang theatre. The folklore of the Bugi, the Asmat, the Toraja, the Batak, the Dayak, and the Sunda comprise this country's myth system. For 10 points, name this country whose myths describe the creation of islands like Sumatra.
Output: History
This ruler was denied the help of Dhana, and this ruler was was able to secure the alliance of Parvatka, which helped him to defeat the general Bhadrasala. This man conquered Assam, and this man was the recipient of the Ambassador Megasthenes. This mans advisor Chanakya wrote the Arthashastra and helped this ruler come to power, and this man fought Eudemus and Peithon as part of his general campaign to rid northwestern India of Alexandrian rulers. That campaign also included this rulers defeat of Seleucus Nicator. Bindasaura succeeded this man, who converted to Jainism and starved himself to death. For ten points, identify this grandfather of Ashoka, who defeated the Nanda dynasty to found the Mauryan dynasty in India.
Output: History
Robert Cook published an influential work on this figure and her children. Born at Mount Sipylus to a certain Lydian king and the goddess Dione, she was the sister of Broteas. She is represented in the third movement of Britten's Six Metamorphoses after Ovid, and her tears are mentioned in Hamlet's Act 1 soliloquy. Chloris, Ogygia, Phaedimus, Eudoxa and Damisichthon were some of her numerous children, whose father was Amphion. In one version of the myth, she is the daughter of Assaon, who burned all her children to death after she refused to commit incest with him. The sister of Pelops and daughter of Tantalus, for 10 points, name this grieving figure turned into a rock after watching Apollo and Artemis slaughter her 14 children.
Output: Social Science
An author from this country wrote about The Maniac, who impersonates a judge in Accidental Death    of an Anarchist. Another author from this country wrote of a boy who steals a Nazi's gun in The Path  to the Nest of Spiders. Another writer from this country wrote about interruptions to a production of   a play by characters such as the Father and the Mother in Six Characters in Search of an Author. A  series of one hundred tales is told in another work from this country called The Decameron. Identify  this country, the home of Dario Fo, Italo Calvino, Luigi Pirandello, and Boccaccio [boh-KAHT-choh].
Output: Literature
This composer's wrote the music to the film Coal Face and songs such as "On this Island", "Ballad of Heroes", and "Our Hunting Fathers". In addition to his collaborations with W. H. Auden, this man who set "Out on the lawn I lie in bed" and "Sumer Is Icumen In" as part of his Spring Symphony also wrote a work comissioned for the re-opening of Coventry Cathedral which intersperces Latin texts with the poetry of Wilfred Owen. His most famous piece, based on a Rondeaux from Abdelazar, ends with a fugue and includes narration introducing instruments from the flute to the whip. For 10 points, name this British composer of War Requiem who used a theme of Henry Purcell for his The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra.
Output: Fine Arts
In one of this author's stories, Joe buys molasses candy for his wife with a fake gold coin, which was earlier used by the ice-cream man Otis Slemmons to seduce Joe's wife Missie May Banks. Besides "The Gilded Six-Bits," this author wrote about Jim Meserve raping Arvay Hensen Meserve under a sacred (*) mulberry tree in one book. The protagonist of another novel divorces Lucy and remarries Hattie Tyson, which leads to a scandal that costs John Pearson his job as a preacher at Zion Hope. In addition to Seraph on the Suwannee and Jonah's Gourd Vine, in she wrote a novel in wich a rabid dog bites Tea Cake, forcing the protagonist to shoot him, after moving in with Joe Starks in Eatonville. For 10 points, name this African-American author, who wrote about Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Output: Literature
William Edgett Smith wrote a biography of this man titled We Must Run While They Walk. This man was opposed by his advisor Oscar Kambona on some of his policies, and he formed Chama Cha Mapinduzi, also known as the Party of the Revolution, which he continued to lead for five years after stepping down as president. This man appointed Ali Hassan Mwinyi as his successor, and he later backed Benjamin Mkapa as president over Jakaya Kikwete. This man was instrumental in the coup which brought France-Albert Rene to power in Seychelles, and also in installing Yusuf Lule as president of a bordering nation. The concept of ujamaa formed the basis of this man's socialist ideas, which were laid out in the Arusha Declaration, and his forces toppled the regime of Idi Amin in Uganda. For 10 points, name this African leader, the first President of Tanzania.
Output: History
This compound can be made by the dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol or with phenol in the cumene hydroperoxide process. Its 56 degree Celsius boiling point and infinite solubility in water has made this simplest aliphatic ketone industrially important. For ten points, name this solvent, also called 2-propanone, having formula CH3 COCH3.
Output: Science