niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This entity is the subject of the BPP algorithm. Archimedes approximated it by inscribing and circumscribing progressively larger n-gons. The probability that two integers are relatively prime is equal to six divided by the square of this. This is the definite integral from negative one to one of one over square root one minus x square dx. Lambert showed that it is (*) irrational. This is the equal to the inverse cosine of negative one. For 10 points, name this constant multiplied by the square of the radius to find the area of a circle.
Output: Science
One of the two inhabited islands in this body of water is Likoma Island, which is dominated by baobab trees and can be reached from Nkhata Bay on the mainland. This body is inhabited by aquatic life including the mbuna or "rockdwellers", and the tilapiines, which are both subgroups of its cichlid population. Referred to as "the jewel of our nation" by dictator Hastings Banda, the southern portion of this body has an outlet at the Shire River, which is known for its hippopotami. The waters of its northern extent are disputed with Tanzania. Also known as Lake Nyasa, for 10 points, name this eighth largest lake in the world named for an African country west of Mozambique.
Output: Social Science
The builder of an organ takes the name Silbermann to hide his identity in this work, and that character is a member of the League of Journeyers to the East, which helped society move past the Age of the Feuilleton according to Plinius Ziegenhalss. One character studies at the schools of Eschholz and (*) Waldzell and becomes a tutor to Tito, the son of Plinio Designori, before drowning. For 10 points, name this work in which Joseph Knecht becomes the Magister Ludi, a work by Herman Hesse.
Output: Literature
One work set in this country sees one character relinquish his throne to his son, who eventually has an affair with his own son's wife. Another work from this country centers on 108 bandits who occupy the title location. One novel from this country which produced The Outlaws of the Marsh centers on the retrieval of Buddhist scriptures from India and centers on Sun Wukong ["woo-kong"], who is the Monkey King. For 10 points, name this Asian country, whose classical novels include Dream of the Red Chamber and Journey to the West, which was written during the Ming dynasty.
Output: Literature
This politician attained the rank of major general after leaving his Massachusetts Senate seat during World War II. He returned to the Senate but was defeated for re-election by John Kennedy in 1952, and was then appointed by Eisenhower as ambassador to the United Nations. For 10 points identify Richard Nixon's running mate in the 1960 presidential election who later served as chief negotiator in the Paris Peace talks.
Output: History
In one of his poems this man writes that his shadow "glides in silence over the watercourse" and "moves like a huge violet-colored mosquito. " He claims he will "be a free sign of oppressed norms on the neck of the stiff branch" in a poem known only as "sonnet. "  In a play by this author a woman lusts after the shepherd Victor after strangling her husband, while another work features a woman who sings a lullaby about a horse who "won't drink from the stream" and a young woodcutter who represents the moon. Adela hangs herself after her mother threatens Pepe with a pistol in the third play of his Rural Trilogy, The House of Bernarda Alba. FTP name this Spanish author of Blood Wedding who was shot to death on the orders of Francisco Franco.
Output: Literature
Headings of this work's sections include "A Lamp on Earth" and "The Sand Betrayed. " The author praises political figures such as Abraham Lincoln and Joseph Stalin in "Let the Woodcutter Awaken" and Emiliano Zapata in "The Liberators". One section of this work describes the flora and fauna of the Pre-Colombian era, and other sections discuss mining and the Communist Party, while a section often published separately describes the poet's ascent to Incan ruins. It includes "The Earth's Name is Juan" and "The Heights of Machu Picchu. " For 10 points, name this long poem by Pablo Neruda.
Output: Literature
This European country was home to the 1970s ""historic compromise"" between its communist party and its other political parties. This country's center-right coalition is known as the ""Pole of Freedoms. "" During the ""Years of Lead,"" the Red Brigades kidnapped and murdered this country's prime minister, Aldo Moro. This republic was created when, in 1946, Victor Emmanuel III abdicated the throne. For 10 points, name this country that has recently been led by prime minister Romano Prodi from Rome.
Output: History
A specific form of this process is graphically represented as "dumbbell shaped" and is alternatively called vicariant. In a 1977 paper, Jared Diamond discussed the "inter-archipelagial" and "continental" method of this process, the latter of which is only applicable to birds. Two ways in which this process can occur are ploidy changes, and hybridization, and it can also occur due to adaptive radiation. The rate of the occurrence of this process is often disrupted in punctuated equilibrium, and it exists in peripatric, sympatric, and allopatric varieties. For 10 points, name this biological process which makes a group of organisms unable to interbreed with another.
Output: Science
Henry Thoreau claimed that this man knew "no more of grammar than one of your calves," and asks "When were the good and brave ever in a majority" This man fought Henry Pate in the Battle of Black Jack at Palmyra, and he also lost to John Reid at Osawatomie. A Free State company under this man's command received news of the sack of (*) Lawrence two days before they killed five settlers in the Pottawatomie Massacre. This man is best known for his defeat by Robert E. Lee's marines during a 1859 raid on a West Virginian armory. For 10 points, name this radical abolitionist who led an unsuccessful raid on Harpers Ferry.
Output: History
In 1701, John Lawson visited the Catawba people while exploring the area that is now this state. Its colonial delegates were the first to officially call for independence in a document called the Halifax Resolve, and battles on the territory of this state include a clash between Nathaniel Green and Cornwallis at Guilford Courthouse. From 1711 to 1715, while it was still a colony, this state was racked by a war against the Tuscarora Indians, and the excesses of its governor William Tryon led to an uprising led by Herman Husband known as the Regulator Movement. For ten points, identify this state which has recently been represented by such senators as Jesse Helms and Elizabeth Dole, and has its capital at Raleigh.
Output: History
plots, which relate the boiling point of a solution to the boiling point of water, can only be applied in conditions where this relation holds. Its namesake also names the cryoscopic and ebullioscopic constants used in Van't Hoff's rule. Positive and negative deviations from it are characteristic of azeotropes, and another formulation of this statement, which applies to components whose concentration limits to zero, is called Henry's law. For 10 points, identify this eponymous law which states that for an ideal solution, the vapor pressure can be described as a sum of the products of the pressure for each component times the mole fraction.
Output: Science
This composer depicted laughter in the final "Precipitosissimo" section of a solo piano work that also features movements marked "Tempestuoso" and "Smanioso". He transformed his ballet Ala i Lolli into a suite that opens with the "Invocation to Veles and Ala" and features the "Dance of the Pagan Monsters". This composer of Sarcasms included a theme for cornet in the "wedding" movement of a work that also features a sleigh-bell-backed troika. For 10 points, identify this composer of the Scythian Suite and the Lieutenant Kij Suite who used timpani and bass drums to represent gunshots and strings to represent the titular Young Pioneer of his Peter and the Wolf.
Output: Fine Arts
According to legend, an evil princess named Yodit once killed every member of this country's royal family and ruled for forty years. With the help of foreign musketeers, this country won the Battle of Wayna Daga, a victory over the Muslim Adal Empire. Yekuno Amlak overthrew this country's Zagwe dynasty. An era of instability in this country was called the "Age of the Princes" and was ended by Tewodros II. This country won the Battle of Adwa against Italy and its great rulers include Menelik II. For 10 points, name this nation once ruled by Haile Selassie, with capital at Addis Ababa.
Output: History
This figure exchanges insults with a boatman with a name meaning "Grey-beard" who refuses to ferry. One member of this deity's retinue is in atonement for scraping the marrow out of a thighbone, and the sorceress Groa ran off while healing this son of Fyorgin. This god lifted and brought back a huge brewing-kettle for Aegir. A piece of (*) whetstone was stuck in his head after he got stuck under the corpse of Hrungnir. This employer of the servants Roskva and Thialfi was once at sea with Hymir, who cut his fishing line, and waited until sunlight so the dwarf Alvis would turn to stone. He once disguised himself as a bride and flew in his goat-driven chariot to reclaim a prized weapon. For 10 points, name this Norse god whose use of Mjolnir causes thunder.
Output: Social Science
In later life this mythological figure left Argos and arrived after some journeys in southern Italy, where he supposedly founded several cities. The son of Tydeus and Deipyle, this man was one of the Epigoni before going to Troy, where he nearly killed Aeneas in combat, killed both Rhesus and Dolon, helped smuggle the Palladium out of Troy, and even managed to wound the god Ares in battle. Name this character of Greek myth who shares his name with a king of Thrace known, FTP, for his flesh-eating mares, to whom he fed the bodies of his houseguests until he himself was fed to them by Heracles.
Output: Social Science
The maximum possible volume for the geometric figure known as Gabriel's Horn is this quantity. The square root of two divided by two is the first product of an infinite sequence of terms named for Viete [vee-ET] that expresses this quantity. The value of the Riemann zeta function at two is equal to this quantity squared divided by six. The period of the tangent function is equal to this quantity. The number e raised to the product of i and this quantity is equal to negative one. For 10 points, name this transcendental number, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.
Output: Science
In physics, the bag model named for this improves the MIT Bag Model in modeling the nucleon. Gleiser et al recently hypothesized that high intensity and long duration events can induce it in a paper unifying it with punctuated equilibrium. The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rule is used in the RS system to distinguish molecules with this property.. First discovered to have a molecular basis by Louis Pasteur in tartaric acid, this property distinguishes enantiomers from one another. For 10 points, what chemical property makes two molecules non-superimposable and gives handedness
Output: Science
This work's manuscript ends with the phrase Soli deo Gloria, after the composer completed the work in less than a month with a libretto by Charles Jennens. This work's fourth scene contains a pifa, or a pastoral symphony, before the "Annunciation to the Shepherds." Songs from this work include "The trumpet shall sound" and "I know that my Redeemer liveth," as well as a section that George II apocryphally stood at the sound of. For 10 points, name this oratorio by Georg Friedrich Handel about the life of Jesus Christ, typically performed around Christmas.
Output: Fine Arts
One work by this man begins with strings playing a pianissimo "A" in five different octaves, a movement whose title is transliterated as "Slowly, Dragging, Like a sound from nature." The diary of Natalie Bauer-Lechner chronicles the creation of a work by this composer which quotes from Nietzsche's "Midnight Song." Lehar's Merry Widow and Wagner's "Die Meistersinger" are parodied in the finale of the seventh of this man's symphonies, which variously draw from the final scene of (*) Goethe's Faust, the earlier song cycle Der Knaben Wunderhorn, and the chant Veni Creator Spiritus. A staggering forty-minute first movement opens his lengthy third symphony, while he gave his song cycle based on Chinese poems an atypical name to avoid the curse of the ninth. For 10 points, name this Austrian creator of the "Resurrection" and "Titan" symphonies, The Song of the Earth, and the "Symphony of a Thousand."
Output: Fine Arts
This work sets the "Ductore sic te praevio" to a double fugue, and the E-flat/B-flat/A-flat motif that opens the first vocal parts is repeated in the climax of the second section. A 1975 performance with the Vienna Philharmonic and Kenneth Riegel with Jose van Dam, among others, was recorded on video with a leaping Leonard Bernstein as conductor. Early on the key switches to D-flat on the words "Imple supema gratia," while a violin solo accompanies the singing of "Infirma. " An intense march is set to "Hostem Repellas," and trumpets mark the second surge of the "Accende lumen sensibus" theme just as an E-flat minor baritone solo closes. In the second part, the bass, baritone, and tenor roles are respectively Pater Profundis, Pater Ecstaticus, and Doctor Marianus. Mulier Samaritana and Maria Aegyptiaca are the two soprano roles in this work, which uses the Veni creator theme that begins its first section as the climax of its second section, which is a setting of Goethe's Faust, Part II. For 10 points, name this work of Gustav Mahler which is noted for its large ensemble.
Output: Fine Arts
The Committees of Vigilance organized in this location were later broken up voluntarily after self-declared success, and the Tower of Jewels was built here to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal. Charles Ellis is attributed with pushing through the construction of one landmark in this city, where Emperor Norton once reigned. Hetch Hetchy Valley was flooded as a result of a project to provide water for this city following one event, and many mansions used to exist on its Nob Hill district. It was where the UN Charter was signed. For 10 points, identify this city rebuilt after a 1906 fire and home to a bright orange structure, the Golden Gate Bridge.
Output: History
21 (Tiebreaker). This monarch, who personally oversaw the sieges of Therouanne and Tournay, defeated an uprising called the Pilgrimage of Grace. This king met with Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold and was advised by(*) Thomas Wolsey. This king appointed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury, and Cranmer subsequently assisted this king's religious reforms as he seized the monasteries and declared himself head of the Church of England. For 10 points, identify this English monarch who famously had six wives.
Output: History
One ruler of this dynasty avoided a prophecy of his death by abdicating in favor of the puppet Yusufi for four days during his persecution of Nuqtavis. This dynasty was defeated at Gulnabad by the Ghilzai leader Mahmud. Its founder was victorious at Merv over the Uzbeks and had earlier overthrown the White Sheep dynasty. This dynasty was eventually supplanted by Karim Khan and the Zand dynasty, and its final rulers were puppets of Nadir Shah. Tahmasp I was a ruler of this dynasty, which was defeated at Chaldiran by Selim the Grim. Under Abbas I, this dynasty established a capital at Isfahan, and it was founded with the help of the Qizilbash by Ismail I. For 10 points, name this Shi'ite dynasty that ruled Persia from 1501 to 1736.
Output: History
This man's only Supreme Court appointment was that of his Naval Secretary, Smith Thompson. While this man was president, the Choctaw chief Pushmataha ceded territory to the U. S. in the Treaties of Doak's Stand and Washington City. Another treaty during his presidency established the Sabine and Red Rivers as borders with New Spain and ceded Florida to the U. S. That treaty, the Adams-Onis Treaty, was negotiated by this man's Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams. Upon the collapse of the Federalists, this man ran for reelection unopposed. For 10 points, name this fifth U. S. President, whose namesake doctrine told Europe to stay out of American affairs.
Output: History
In 1998, astronomers discovered Cha H-alpha 1, the first one of these objects to emit X-Rays. They can be difficult to identify because their diameters are often comparable to those of massive planets, although their density is much greater. Most of the known ones have been identified through the detection of lithium, which is not typically found in their larger counterparts. The first verified one, Teide 1, was found in 1995, fitting the classification of having a mass greater than 12 times that of Jupiter, the minimum mass for performing deuterium fusion. FTP, name these non-luminous sub-stellar objects that do not have a large enough mass to fuse hydrogen into helium, often known as "failed stars. "
Output: Science
In one work, this thinker used the characters of Theophilius and Philalethe to rebut John Locke. This author of New Essays on Human Understanding claimed that evil was reconcilable with god in Theodicee, in which he claimed that this is the best of all possible worlds. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote the Monadology and invented calculus independent of Isaac Newton.
Output: History
Their proposed coup was inspired by the example of the Carbonari and Tugendbund. Most of the participants were Army veterans, Freemasons, or members of secret societies such as the Union of Salvation. They demanded the accession of Constantine, but they were quickly suppressed and Nicholas I became tsar. FTP name this 1825 event in Russian history.
Output: History
Particle detectors that utilize this effect can emit pulses with widths as low as 10-10 (read: 10 to the minus 10) seconds and can be used in time-of-flight measurements. The angle of emission is related to the speed of light and the index of refraction of the medium, and measuring the angle can determine the particle's speed. Discovered by Frank and Tamm and predicted by its namesake, FTP, identify this effect where a blue light is emitted from a particle when it passes into a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in that medium.
Output: Science
Anders Angstrom employed this man's namesake resonance theory to conclude that an incandescent gas emits light of the same frequency which it absorbs. He gives his name to a set of polynomials which are functions of the Bernoulli numbers, and to a function which counts all the positive integers less than and relatively prime to the argument. The general equations of motion can be derived from a differential equation named for this man and Langrange. His namesake formula relates trigonometric functions to complex exponentials. FTP, name this mathematician whose namesake constant is the base of the natural logarithm.
Output: Science
He was a fanatical nationalist, and his writing's complete lack of Western influences emphasized that devotion. He focused on creating images rather than ideas, and his short story "The House of the Sleeping Beauties" exemplifies that unique style. His collections, such as Snow Country, The Sound of the Mountain, and Thousand Cranes all have dreamlike qualities and a succint style. FTP name this 1968 Nobel Prize for Literature recipient, the first Japanese author to win that award.
Output: Literature
His real name was Zahiruddin Muhammad. He succeeded his father as sovereign of Fergana and repeatedly tried to take Samarkand, the capital of his Timurid ancestors. He then focused his attention on India, where he won the Battle of Panipat with an army of 21,000 against an army of 100,000, then conquered much of northern India and established his capital at Agra. FTP, name this man, founder of the Mughal dynasty of India and whose name literally means "The Tiger".
Output: History
This man's observation of a bugler accidentally playing a seventh rather than an octave inspired him to include a cadenza for trumpet whose player is instructed not to use valves in his third symphony. One of his compositions calls for a full string orchestra, a separate, smaller string orchestra, and a string quartet, in order to imitate the sound of an organ. His second symphony's finale features a harp imitating the Westminster chimes and depicts a number of other (*) London landmarks. One of his works uses the violin to represent the title bird of a George Meredith poem, while another is based on the Phrygian-mode melody "Why Fum'th in Fight", which was written by the composer of Spem in Alium. For 10 points, name this British composer of The Lark Ascending and Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis.
Output: Fine Arts
This term has been used to refer to the slaughter of men under Vortigern by Anglo-Saxon mercernaries, as well as for the 1962 sacking of seven Cabinet members by British Prime Minister Harold McMillan. The most famous event of this name was aimed partly as a reaction the Marburg speech of vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen. Kurt von Schleicher and Gustav Ritter von Kahr were other enemies of this events instigator killed by the Gestapo and the SS during it. Centering on the removal of Ernst Rohm and the SA, for 10 points, give the name of this June 1934 purge of the Nazi party.
Output: History
One character in this work marries a woman described as "reliable as roast mutton. " Minor characters include Jack and Grace Stepney, who judge the protagonist unfavorably, and the snobbish Mr. and Mrs. Wetherall. The protagonist of this novel is forced to secure a job under Mme. Regina with the help of Carrie Fisher after her check from Mrs. Peniston is delayed. As a result, a social-climbing Jewish banker rescinds his offer to marry the protagonist, who had earlier toyed with the affections of Percy Gryce. The protagonist unwisely trusts her bridge winnings to the manipulative Gus Trenor, but her real troubles stem from the jealous Bertha Dorset, who is responsible for her social demise. The protagonist eventually commits suicide much to the dismay of Lawrence Selden in, for 10 points, what novel about Lily Bart by Edith Wharton
Output: Literature
One variety of this process transforms current to supercurrent and has a crossed version that requires electrons of different spin to exist at each electrode. The power loss that occurs during this process is the subject of the transfer-matrix. This process can be modeled as a microfacet, as in the Oren-Nayer model which takes masking and shadowing into account. The Phong model of this combines the ambient, diffuse and specular constants into one equation. When this process occurs at a boundary, a wave may change phase depending on the index of refraction. For a flat surface, its namesake angle equals the angle of incidence. For 10 points, name this optical phenomenon whose "total internal" variety can be used to transmit data long distances.
Output: Science
His piano works include an "interlude" dedicated to his friend Jeanne Behrend and a nocturne which pays homage to John Field. His Opus 26 Piano Sonata was commissioned by Irving Berlin and Richard Rodgers, and the premiere was performed by one of the work's principal advocates, Vladimir Horowitz. Horowitz also premiered this man's Excursions for piano, which incorporate boogie-woogie and blues into classical forms. He composed his Second Symphony while serving with the Army Air Corps in World War II, and his other orchestral works include Music for a Scene from Shelley, the Essays for Orchestra, and the Overture to The School for Scandal. FTP, name this American composer of Vanessa, Medea and the Adagio for Strings.
Output: Fine Arts
In this work, Mrs. Goddard receives a goose from another character who lives at Abbey-Mill-Farm with her brother Robert. One character in this work must wait to marry until his aunt, Miss Churchill, has died, and Mr. Elton unexpectedly finds a wife in Bath. The title character of this work is rude to Miss Bates, the aunt of Jane Fairfax, and also unsuccessfully attempts to play matchmaker for Harriet Smith. The title character of this novel eventually realizes she loves Mr. Knightley. For 10 points, name this novel about a certain Miss Woodhouse by Jane Austen.
Output: Literature
One leader of this country called himself "The Prince of Pacification" and promoted the Hong Duc legal code. That leader was Le Loi. An early independence movement in this country was led by a duo that drowned themselves at the junction of the Day and Red rivers after being defeated by General Ma Yuan. That duo was the Trung Sisters. A portion of this nation was once led by a man who was murdered by ARVN forces in (*) 1963; that leader was Ngo Dinh Diem. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian nation, another portion of which was once led by Ho Chi Minh.
Output: History
The fourth movement of this work opens with a pulsing triplet figure played by the piano in the upper register, and also contains an extremely slow rendition of Offenbach's "Can-Can" from Orpheus in the Underworld. The eighth movement of this work consists of the violins alternating between high and low notes, in loud buzzing tones, and is the shortest movement of this work. In addition to "Tortoises" and "Characters With Long Ears", this work contains a section in which two pianos play overlapping ostinatos and glissandos in the glass harmonica to depict the stillness of the title location, while the xylophone is used to evoke the noise of bones clacking together in the twelfth movement of this work. For 10 pointsname this work containing the movements "Aquarium" and "Fossils", as well as "Introduction and Royal March of the Lion" and "The Swan", a composition by Camille Saint-Saens.
Output: Fine Arts
The volume of a simplex in n dimensions can be given by the Cayley-Menger type of this function, and this function can be generalized to non-square entities using the Cauchy Binet formula. The linear independence of a set of solutions to a differential equation is given by a nonzero value for the Wronskian type of this, and changing variables when integrating a function over its domain involves the use of the Jacobian type of this function. One of these for a two-by-two matrix is used in Cramer's rule to find the solution to a system of two equations. For 10 points, name this scalar function of a square matrix, denoted by single or double bars around a matrix.
Output: Science
A 2005 study at the SLAC showed the lessening strength of this entity at longer distances. Val Fitch and James Cronin received the Nobel Prize using kaon decay to demonstrate its property of CP violation, and an early theory of it was attempted by Fermi, whose name is sometimes given to its coupling constant. Yang and Lee built upon the experiments of C.S. Wu to show that it violates parity, and the Glashow-Weinberg-Salaam theory unifies it with the electromagnetic force. Mediated by the heavy W and Z gauge bosons, it is capable of changing flavour, and affects all quarks and left-handed leptons. Causing the production of a proton, electron, and anti-neutrino in beta-minus decay, this is, FTP, which fundamental interaction, ten to the fourteenth power less in strength than the strong force
Output: Science
amalgam of mercury and this element is used in the Emde modification of the Hofmann degradation to reduce quaternary ammonium salts. The splitting of its doublet lines at 588 and 589 nanometers upon the application of a magnetic field was the first observation of the Zeeman effect. An electride complex formed by ammonia, an alcohol, and this element attacks a benzene ring to produce a cyclohexadiene in the Birch reduction. Aldosterone promotes the uptake the of ions of this element in the distal tubules of the kidneys, and 3 atoms of this element are exchanged for 2 atoms of potassium by a namesake "pump. " For 10 points, identify this element which produces a bright yellow color in a flame test.
Output: Science
In one isothermal version of this technique for protein ligand studies in a calorimeter, a binding\n polynomial is used to analyze the data. Before fluorescence-activated cell sorting, a version of this\n technique using serial dilution is performed using the antibody of interest. This technique produces a curve\n with inflection points for each dissociation equilibrium, which is why polyprotic samples have multiple\n bumps on said curve. Samples are placed in burets for this procedure, and an indicator like phenolphthalein\n is used to determine when the equivalence point has been reached. For 10 points, name this chemical\n procedure which is used to find the concentration of an acid or base in a sample.
Output: Science
This country's military botched Operation Susannah, an effort to plant bombs and blame them on groups in other countries that became known as the Lavon Affair. An uprising against it began in the Jabalia refugee camp in 1987. That was followed by a similar uprising starting in 2000 after disagreements over the 1993 Oslo Accords, which called for this nation to withdraw forces from two territories it controlled and may have led Yigal Amir to assassinate its prime minister. In 1987, the United States convicted Jonathan Pollard for spying for this nation. Prime Minister Menachem Begin [BAY-gin] signed the Camp David Accords with Egypt in 1978. Name this country whose first leader was David Ben-Gurion, and which replaced the British Mandate for Palestine with a Jewish homeland.
Output: History
one story, Hera sent horses belonging to this god all around the earth to threaten any town that would let Leto in to give birth to Apollo and Artemis. One of this god's sons attempted to construct a temple to him made of the skulls and bones of murdered travelers; that son, Cycnus, was killed by Heracles. This god was often accompanied by such figures as Polemos's daughter Alala and the goddess Enyo. Hermes once rescued this god from an urn in which he had been imprisoned by Otus and Ephialtes. Children of this god include Penthesilea, Eros, Phobos, and Deimos. For 10 points, name this Olympian deity, a son of Zeus and Hera, who served as the Greek god of war.
Output: Social Science
In magnetohydrodynamics it determines whether or not a magnetic field will diffuse away or remain frozen in the plasma and its magnetic version is dependent on the velocity and electrical conductivity of a plasma. It is involved in a solution of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation used to approximate the Darcy friction factor and the drag coefficient must be a universal function of it. This quantity is highly dependent on the characteristic length of the region of fluid flow, and is proportional to the ratio of a fluid's inertia to its kinematic viscosity. When this value is low, it corresponds to a smooth, layered flow. For 10 points, identify this dimensionless quantity related to the turbulence of a fluid.
Output: Science
One conflict on this island began with William Shafter landing forces at Siboney and Daiquiri. Forces under Henry Lawton and Joseph Wheeler engaged defenders of this island at El Caney and Las Guasimas. After this island was occupied, its fate was decided by the Platt and Teller amendments. It was the site of another battle in which Leonard Wood charged up (*) San Juan Hill with the Rough Riders. For 10 points, name this island which was plunged into conflict by the explosion of the U.S.S Maine in one of its harbors.
Output: History
Some of these devices use exciplexes [EKS-ih-pleks-es], which are sometimes referred to as excited   dimers [DY-mers], or excimers [EKS-ih-mers]. Those substances disintegrate when they are in the  ground state, which means that a majority of them are in the excited state, a condition known as   population inversion. That population inversion takes place within the gain medium of these devices,  which is typically placed in an optical cavity. Early versions of these devices were monochromatic,  and all of them produce an output that is very coherent. Name these devices capable of producing a  very focused beam of light that can be used to read barcodes or DVDs.
Output: Science
The proteins CDC42 and Rac1 stimulate the formation of structures composed of this protein. Staining of structures containing this protein is typically done with phalloidin derivatives. Lengthening of structures made of this protein is promoted by formin, while its branching is caused by the Arp2/3 complex. This protein's "barbed end," where polymerization typically occurs, can bind to the protein CapZ, which prevents assembly. This protein's binding sites are blocked by tropomyosin bound to the troponin complex within the sarcomere. For 10 points name this protein which is bound to by myosin during muscle contraction, and which makes up the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
Output: Science
This belief system features village centers of prayer known as retreats or khalwa, with prayer generally obligatory on Friday and Monday evenings. Its adherents may be divided into ignorant material-based members and the initiated spiritual holders of wisdom, or jihhal and uqqal respectively. It preaches seven fundamental pillars and five true and false cosmic parameters, often represented by the five-pointed multicolored star. With a collection of five holy epistles known as the Rasail al-hikmah, they believe that the sixth Fatimid caliph al-Hakim represented the final incarnation of God. FTP, name this religious sect popular in Lebanon and named after al-Darazi.
Output: Social Science
revolt in this city was caused by the working class Cabochiens. Abbo Cernuus provides the only account of the siege of this city in 885, which saw the appearance of Rollo, who later became Robert I of Normandy, command the besieging forces. This Western European city contains a building built to house the Crown of Thorns bought from the Byzantines. In addition to La Sainte-Chapelle, this city saw the Day of the Barricades, forcing Henry III out of this (*) Catholic city. It was extensively renovated under Baron Haussmann. and besieged during the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this city, the home of the Louvre and capital of France.
Output: History
This empire's fortress of Sacsahuaman was built with precisely-fitted stone blocks carried across large distances without wheeled vehicles. This empire absorbed the Chimu civilization, and its records and messages were kept on elaborate knotted strings called quipus. It reached its height under Huayna Capac, and that ruler's decision to divide this empire between Huascar and (*) Atahualpa led to a civil war that weakened this empire shortly before the arrival of Francisco Pizarro. For 10 points, name this South American empire located in present-day Peru.
Output: History
A study by Trune and Kempton linked this hormone and prednisolone to autoimmune hearing loss. Spironolactone and eplerenone antagonize receptors for this hormone, and the Captopril suppression test involves muting this hormone's production to investigate its hyperactivation. This hormone is oversecreted in a form of hypertension called Conn's Syndrome, and both this and cortisol are deficient in Addison's disease. By inducing angiotensin secretion, renin indirectly promotes this hormone's release from the zona glomerulosa in a certain feedback system. Its primary purpose is to stimulate ion pumps. For 10 points, name this hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex which promotes the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys.
Output: Science
All the musical themes in this work are introduced in the first 14 measures, which begins in B flat, modulates downward, and returns to B flat abruptly. The inspiration for two paintings by Arthur Dove, it was premiered in a concert that also featured compositions by Zez Confrey and Four Serenades by Victor Herbert, taking place in Aeolian Hall. The use of rubato throughout this work is especially prominent in the so-called "train theme," and it was notably played in the introduction to Woody Allen's Manhattan. This work was orchestrated by the composer of the Grand Canyon Suite, and its success caused Walter Damrosch to commission its composers Concerto in F. Inspired by the rhythmic noises of a train ride to Boston, its signature opening was tailored for Russ Gorman, a member of Paul Whitemans band. Beginning with a wailing clarinet glissando and scored for jazz band and piano, FTP, identify this 1924 composition originally titled American Rhapsody, a work by George Gershwin named for a certain color.
Output: Fine Arts
One member of this phylum is Arbacia punctulata, a model organism commonly studied by developmental biologists because its eggs are transparent. Some members of this phylum can chew through stone with an organ known as "Aristotle's lantern," and members of this phylum have skeletons formed of calcite ossicles. The ampulla and podia make up their (*) tube feet, which, along with the madreporite, are a component of their water vascular system. These deuterostomes exhibit bilateral symmetry in their larvae, in contrast to their radially symmetric adult forms. For 10 points, name this phylum of spiny skinned invertebrates that includes sea cucumbers and sea urchins.
Output: Science
One section of this work describes Lazarus meeting Abraham in heaven, while a rich man calls out from hell. Its preface is a letter to Theophilus, and in the first chapter Zechariah is struck dumb as punishment for incredulity. In another section, the tax superintendant Zacchaeus gives half his possessions to charity. The Good Samaritan and Prodigal Son parables appear only in this book, while its author is traditionally believed to have also written Acts of the Apostles, and is frequently represented by an ox. FTP, identify this third canonical gospel which follows Mark and precedes John.
Output: Social Science
a seminal early work on this phenomenon, Enrico Morselli cited the findings of the Belgian researcher Adolphe Quetelet. It was analyzed by Ginsberg in 1971 through experiments in Reno, Nevada. It is described as the "fruit of progress, of education, of civilization" in a work discussing the reconciliation of "agrarian feudal social order" with newly-emerging capitalist industrialism. That work is titled after this "and the Meaning of Civilizaton" and was written by Tomas Masaryk, the Czech president who also wrote about this subject as a "mass phenomenon. " George Domino created a five-factor "opinion questionnaire" related to this phenomenon, which was linked by Masaryk to decline in religious faith. More famously, it was divided into altruistic, egoistic, fatalistic, and anomic types in a work subtitled "A Study in Sociology. " FTP, name this subject of a monograph by Emile Durkheim, the act of killing oneself.
Output: Social Science
The cliffs in the background are from Port Llegat, while the eyelid in this painting, which is closed and has reddish-blond eyelashes, also appears in a very similar form in another of this artists paintings. The Enigma of My Desire has a similarly-shaped eyelid and introduces the ants in this painting, which later appear in Retrospective Bust of a Woman but here scatter across a dark red object, the only one in this painting to have a rigid face. A later version of this piece, titled [this] revisited, shows a similar scene but under water. A branch, a barren plain, and four clocks are prominent objects in, for ten points, this 1931 painting by Salvador Dali.
Output: Fine Arts
This artists work The Prodigal Son reflects his Cubist period, while a so-called totemic period is represented by the wood pieces Adam and Eve and King of Kings, designed for his planned Temple of Meditation. Margit Pogany modeled for the marble abstracted from a woman craning her neck to look in a mirror, Princess X, while Rene Frachon is depicted in the Muse and Sleeping Muse series. For ten points, name this sculptor of the limestone The Kiss and the metallic series of Birds in Space who walked to Paris from Romania to begin his art career.
Output: Fine Arts
The first to liquefy chlorine, this scientist's namesake rotator is useful in optical isolators. He discovered and named "diamagnetism" prior to his work in electrochemistry, where his namesake constant gives the number of coulombs in a mole of electrons. He had to take five years off in the early 1840s due to headaches that may have been caused by mercury poisoning, but he came roaring back and gave an 1846 lecture on "Ray Vibrations" that became the basis for Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light. The discoverer of benzene, he argued that equal currents gave rise to equal amounts of decomposition, which summarizes his first law of electrolysis. FTP, name this British scientist, best known for his work in physics indicating that a change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force.
Output: Science
This author's protagonists include a boy traveling to Jersey who discovers his Uncle Jules opening oysters, and a country farmer who is accused of stealing a pocketbook. He wrote about the amoral editor George Duroy, who manipulates his way to the top of French society, in his novel Bel Ami. This author of "La Horla" also wrote a short story about the prostitute Elizabeth Rousset, who is forced to sleep with a Prussian officer after being trapped in Ttes. Best known for a short story about Mathilde Loisel, who discovers that the title piece of jewelry is fake after losing it at a party, FTP, name this French author of "Ball of Fat" and "The Necklace. "
Output: Literature
This battle was preceded by the largest cavalry engagement in U.S. history, the Battle of Brandy Station, and it was also preceded by the resignation of General Joseph Hooker. One force that saw action at this battle was the 20th Maine, which was led by Joshua Chamberlain and fought at Little Round Top. An attack during this battle failed to take Cemetery Ridge and was known as Pickett's Charge. For 10 points, name this 1863 Civil War battle that inspired a namesake ""Address"" by Lincoln.
Output: History
This man's grandfather, Acrisius (uh-CRISS-ee-us), locked up this man's mother in a bronze tower, although she was eventually impregnated by Zeus in the form of gold. This son of Danae (duh-NAY-uh) was able to obtain valuable information after stealing the one tooth and eye shared among the Graeae (GRAY-eye). This man rescued Andromeda and used winged sandals and the cap of Hades (HAY-dees) in another task. For 10 points, name this mythological hero who used a reflecting shield to kill Medusa.
Output: Social Science
In a reversible process, the change in this quantity for an ideal gas equals Cp times the log of the temperature ratio minus R times the log of the pressure ratio. Maxwell's relations relate the first partial derivatives of pressure, volume, temperature, and this quantity. For a reservoir absorbing heat, the change in this quantity equals the heat divided by the temperature of the reservoir. It is multiplied by temperature in a formula for Helmholtz free energy, and lost work can be attributed to increases in this quantity, which occurs for every spontaneous process according to the second law of thermodynamics. For 10 points, name this measurement of disorder symbolized S.
Output: Science
One of his attendants was represented by an oxen, and another was the god of water, and represented by a snake. Vohu Manah and Haurvatat, together with Asha, Kshathra, Armaiti, and Ameretat, were called the Amesha Spentas, who opposed the Daevas. His father, Zurvan, was a deity of space, time, and fate, and his son, Atar, battled a dragon, Azhi Dahaka, that cut Zima in half with a saw. Called Ormazdh in the religion's contemporary form, it was Vohu Manah who appeared to a certain prophet near the Daitya River, invited him to come to heaven, and inspired him to compose the Gathas, part of the Avesta. FTP, name this god, the counterpart of Ahriman, the embodiment of good, and the supreme deity in Zoroastrianism.
Output: Social Science
He turned away from novels for several years, publishing East, West, a book of short stories, and his travel narrative in a dangerous Nicaragua, The Jaguar Smile. Professor Malik Solanka travels the globe in his novel Fury, and he chronicles Flapping Eagle's quest to regain his mortality in Grimus. The world of rock and roll provides the frame for The Ground Beneath her Feet, but is for a novel about Shiva and Saleem Sinai that he first received acclaim. FTP, name this Indian author of Midnight's Children and the much more controversial The Satanic Verses.
Output: Literature
This thinker discusses the truth of the phrase "the golden mountain does not exist" in a work that criticizes Alexius Meinong for his belief an object could exist that is both round and not round. He distinguished between "knowledge by description" and "knowledge by acquaintance" in his book The Problems of Philosophy. He argues definite descriptions are "incomplete symbols" while discussing the phrase "The present king of France is bald" in his essay "On Denoting." This author of Why I'm Not a Christian wrote a work, which tries to resolve his namesake paradox that "the set of all sets must contain itself." For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote Principia Mathematica with Albert North Whitehead.
Output: Social Science
Nogai, a general and effective leader of this polity, sent 4,000 troops to Michael VIII Palaiologos to help fight the despot of Thessaly. This polity's founder sent very threatening messages to Bela IV before invading and winning at the Battle of Mohi, followed by slaughtering a quarter of Hungary's population. It reached its height under Uzbek. A later leader of this polity and Vytautas the Great of Lithuania lost the Battle of Vorskla River after trying to regain his throne. Its leader Berke fought against the man who sacked Baghdad, Hulagu, but more famously, its leader Tokhtamysh lost to Tamerlane its capital of Sarai, a place where tribute was paid by people like Alexander Nevsky. For 10 points, name this polity founded by Batu Khan, which was composed of the Blue and White Hordes and supposedly named for a certain colored tent.
Output: History
Most recently Mary Brogger created a bronze monument to this event, while a streetcar driver intentionally crashed his vehicle into one of the first monuments to this event, created by Johannes Gelert. William Seliger turned state's evidence in the aftermath of this event, and much later Albert Weinert created a monument to this event at Waldheim. August (*) Spies spoke from an open wagon immediately prior to this event. Eight police officers died, leading to the trial of eight anarchists, none of whom had thrown the bomb that led to the police officers' deaths near the McCormick plant. For 10 points, name this 1886 demonstration of striking workers in Chicago.
Output: History
One character in this novel, Adele Ratignolle, urges the protagonist to care for her children above all else. Another character in this novel, the piano playing Mademoiselle Reitz helps the protagonist sort of her feelings for another character, who has left Grand Isle for Mexico. Despite being married to her husband Leonce, the protagonist of this novel develops romantic feelings for Alcee Arobin and Robert Lebrun before drowning herself by walking into the Gulf of Mexico. For 10 points, identify this novel about Edna Pontellier by Kate Chopin.
Output: Literature
According to the Nemesis hypothesis most of its contents would be swept out. The two most accepted models of its origin, the Safronov and Cameron ones, were both offered in the 1970s well after its proposal in 1950. Its hypothesis was based on two observations: first, the inclinations of LPC's show a random distribution, and second, a histogram plot of the aphelia [APP-heel-ya] of observed LPC's shows peaks at 10,000 AU and 50,000 AU. FTP, name this area in the outer reaches of the solar system that is the source of long period comets as hypothesized by its namesake Dutch astronomer.
Output: Science