niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
In recent years, a party in this country's ruling coalition has suggested using water cannons to fend off immigrants, labeled this country's capital a "Robber," and won support from the book The Caste. In addition to the Northern League, this country's ruling group includes the People of Freedom, a center-right party led by the man who was prime minister from 2002 to 2006 and owns major newspapers in this country. For 10 points, name this country which, in April 2008, elected its sixty-second government since World War II, headed by Silvio Berlusconi.
Output: History
Chapter five of this work begins with a discussion of the work of Richard Baxter and the notion of Anschauung, or "outlook," and goes on to discuss the controversy in Britain over the Book of Sport. In Chapter two, the author criticizes economic rationalism as a response to economic traditionalism, focusing on Benjamin Franklin's claim that "time is money. " In Part II, the author moves on to critique the vocational rigidity of several ascetic groups. The work's central claim is that the "vocational calling," combined with moral self-discipline, fueled and ossified the modern economic state, forming a "steel-hard casing" from which we cannot escape. FTP, name this seminal work of sociology in which Calvinism was linked to free enterprise by Max Weber.
Output: Social Science
In one of this authors works, the narrators mentor Bergotte dies while looking at Vermeers View of Delft. This author collected his articles published in Le Figaro in Pleasures and Days, and attacked a literary critic who advocated studying the biographies of authors in Against Sainte-Beuve. Another of this authors works includes characters like the homosexual Baron de Charlus and Charles Swann, and ends with Time Regained. For 10 points, name this French author who explored the nuances of memory in his magnum opus In Search of Lost Time.
Output: Literature
In January 1862 two men were released from prison by order of Secretary of State Seward. One, John Slidell, was accredited to France, while the other, James Mason, was a representative of Great Britain. They were taken prisoner in the first place because they were known commissioners of the Confederacy. For ten points, Union Captain Charles Wilkes of the ship San Jacinto captured Mason and Slidell from what British mail steamer, causing a rift in American and British relations
Output: History
This man wrote an opera taken from the story Le Rosier de Madame Husson, and his opus #71 is based on the Japanese Noh play Sumida River. He penned a TV opera Owen Wingrave as well as the music for the documentary film Night Mail. One of his most famous works is dedicated to the children of John and Jean Maud and contains a fortississimo finish while another includes the Four Sea Interludes and is based on a work by George Crabbe. Better known among his operas is an adaptation of Thomas Manns Death in Venice. FTP, name this British composer of Noyes Flood, War Requiem, The Young Persons Guide to the Orchestra, and Peter Grimes.
Output: Literature
This thinker claimed that while pleasure is universal, its causes are subjective in a work that disagrees with Kant's dispassionate analysis of the universals of art. This man outlined the influence of the title subject through "society", "religion", and "science" in a book that rejected true equality in favor of "natural aristocracy" and laments Catholicism as a "splendid error". In Realms of Being, this man expanded upon a book that asserts (*) doubt makes idealism irrelevant and advocates pragmatic living through the title "sense". In that work, this author of The Sense of Beauty argued "philosophy begins in medias res". For 10 points, name this Spanish-American philosopher who wrote Skepticism and Animal Faith and claimed that "those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it".
Output: Social Science
This artist painted a priest holding his hand to his mouth and pouring oil onto the devil's lamp in The Bewitched Man, one of six works on witchcraft. A large black flag with a smiling mask on it is held by revelers in this artist's The Burial of the Sardine. Another work by him depicts two men standing knee-deep in mud about to hit each other with (*) clubs. A woman looks away from the viewer and stands next to the elderly Dona Maria Josefa in a group portrait where this artist can be seen in the shadows to the left. This painter of Charles IV and his Family depicted a lone man in a white shirt who is about to be shot by a firing squad. For 10 points, name this Spanish artist of the Black Paintings and The Third of May.
Output: Fine Arts
One of this composer's songs has the refrain "lullaby, lullaby" sung by Death in lento funesto sections that alternate with agitato sections in which a mother defends her dying baby. That song belongs to a cycle of poems by Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov. Dmitri Shostakovich orchestrated that cycle for Galina Vishnevskaya and responded to it in his Symphony No. Another song cycle by this composer includes "With Nanny" and "In the Corner" and inspired Debussy's Children's Corner Suite. This composer of The Nursery and Songs and Dances of Death made a piano arrangement of the Gopak he wrote for an unfinished opera based on a Gogol story, The Fair at Sorochyntsi. A recurring theme from another piece by this composer alternates between 5/4 and 6/4 time and is called "Promenade." For 10 points, name this composer of Pictures at an Exhibition.
Output: Fine Arts
His death, called providential by Charles Sumner, fell on the same day his home state abolished slavery. After both Louis McLane and William Duane refused to pull the government's funds out of the Second Bank of the United States, the duty fell to this man in his role as Jackson's Secretary of the Treasury. He had earlier been Attorney General, and afterwards was appointed to his most famous position, from which he issued opinions in such cases as Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge and Ex parte Merryman. FTP, name this Supreme Court Chief Justice who most famously presided over Dred Scott.
Output: History
This man proposed a labor theory of value in a work proposing a paper currency and was a member of the Secret Committee of Correspondence. He obtained documents exchanged between two Massachusetts politicians and gave them to Samuel Adams, starting the Hutchinson Letter Affair. He served on the Committee of Five and indirectly prompted Louis XVI to sign the Edict of Versailles while an ambassador. He drew political cartoons, one of which featured the words "Join or Die" above a snake cut into eight parts. For 10 points, name this man, who, under the pseudonym of Poor Richard, printed an almanac, and allegedly flew a kite in a thunderstorm.
Output: Social Science
This man called the Second Council of Constantinople in order to resolve the Monophysite Controversy. One of this ruler's reform efforts was overseen by Tribonian. The Secret History of Procopius is an account of this man's reign. This ruler was opposed by the Blues and Greens in one rebellion. That revolt, the Nika Riot, was suppressed by this man's general Belisarius. For 10 points, name this husband of Theodora, a Byzantine emperor who oversaw the creation of his namesake legal code.
Output: History
Toro Zambrano was forced to join this country's independence movement after his colleagues abruptly jumped up on tabletops and began shouting "we want a junta! ", while its tradition of nefarious coups can be traced to the Conspiracy of the Three Antonios. It briefly devolved into an anarchic kleptocracy known as "war to the death" period that saw the Pincheira brothers pilfer almost 10% of its total material wealth. This country's patria vieja ended after Mariano Osorio's forces were crushed when Rafael Maroto ordered the Talaveras regiment to hurl itself at an entrenched position. This site of the Figueroa Mutiny and the Battle of Rancagua weathered the Tanquero uprising and the Cuban Packages scandal before its president, Salvador Allende, was deposed by Augusto Pinochet. For 10 points, name this country historically ruled with fluctuating stability from Santiago.
Output: Social Science
depicted a basket of fruit level with a small raised chest and an urn in a painting that portrays a hunched writing man next to Mary and Jesus. He painted an amphora resting atop a column in the background of a scene in which an angel hustles the holy family down a road. This artist of The Holy Family on the Steps and a Flight into Egypt painted two men holding a massive bunch of grapes in a series which also includes depictions of the Flood and Ruth and Boaz. This artist of The Four Seasons painted two men carrying the body of the title Athenian statesman in one painting, and in another depicted an angel in a chariot holding a hoop above four women dancing with their backs turned to each other. He painted two versions of a work in which four shepherds inspect a stone tomb. For 10 points, name this foremost French classicist who painted Dance to the Music of Time and Et In Arcadia Ego.
Output: Fine Arts
Pieces within this opera include the trio "Zitti, zitti" and the aria "Una voce poco fa." One character in this opera pretends to be the student Lindoro in order to deceive Dr. Bartolo. The title character of this opera repeatedly sings the phrase "della citta" in one aria. That title character aids Count Almaviva in wooing Rosina and sings the aria (*) "Largo al Factotum." For 10 points, name this opera buffa about the servant Figaro, composed by Gioacchino Rossini.
Output: Fine Arts
polity's important deities include the creator siblings Mawu and Lisa, and its several thunder gods included Xeviso. This polity was home to an annual festival in which criminals hear messages to the dead and are then sacrificed, and in this kingdom, every male official had a female counterpart that would report on his activities to the king. This kingdom conquered the Kingdom of (*) Wiyadh, and one king of this polity conquered Allada, giving them access to the coast. This kingdom became a tribute state of the Oyo kingdom during the reign of Agadja, but this kingdom managed to repulse Oyo under a leader who overthrew Andazon and rasied funds through the slave trade, named Ghezo. This kingdom was defeated by Alfred-Amedee Dodds during a war against the French Third Republic, and one group of soldiers from this polity was an all-female force called the Mino, or Amazons. Largely consisting of the Fon people, for10 points, name this kingdom with capital at Agbome, located in modern-day Benin.
Output: Social Science
He wrote about a lady whose "thrushes sing in Rathburn bowers" who "cannot guess" that the speaker kneels "to share her hound's caress" in his poem "The Henchman. " He wrote about a man who didn't believe that the "Dark Day" of May 19, 1780 was the Day of Judgment in "Abraham Davenport," while he wrote about the death of a woman named Mary and the need of informing some insects of her demise in his "Telling the Bees. " His early works include the narrative poem Moll Pitcher and the prose Legends of New England, though he gained recognition as a major poet with the appearance of 1866's Snow-Bound. FTP, name this American author of "Ichabod" and "Barbara Frietchie. "
Output: Literature
Johann Michael Rottmayr and Martino Altomonte decorated the walls of the staterooms in the Salzburg Residenz with scenes from the life of this man. Veronese painted a scene of a family of this man's rival accidentally begging charity from the servant who stands next to him. The Farnese Hercules can be seen in the background of a Tiepolo painting where an African man stares at the artist painting his mistress' portrait. William IV of Bavaria commissioned a painting celebrating this man after the 1529 Siege of Vienna. He is frequently depicted in scenes of Apelles Painting Campaspe. In one painting, a tablet floating in the sky describes his victory over a force represented by a crescent moon in the top left. For 10 points, name this general, victorious in Albrecht Altdorfer's The Battle of Issus.
Output: Fine Arts
The second part of this poem describes a figure "whose love is endless oil and stone" and "whose   name is the Mind!". The third section of this poem tells of a place "where the faculties of the skull no  longer admit the worms of the senses". This poem was judged to be not obscene when its publisher,   Lawrence Ferlinghetti, was put on trial. "Mohammedan angels staggering on tenement roofs" appear  in this poem dedicated to Columbia Psychiatric Institute patient Carl Solomon, whom the poet  repeatedly tells "I'm with you in Rockland." Name this poem that describes Moloch, and opens "I  saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness", written by Allen Ginsberg.
Output: Literature
Late in his reign, this king put down revolts led by Ashina of Elam and Nidintu-Bel of Babylon. Other rebellions during his rule include one caused by his brother Artaphernes's response to a request for help from Naxos, leading to an uprising by Aristagoras of Miletus. This man also defeated the Margian leader Frada, as well as a usurper called Gaumata who may have impersonated his brother Bardiya. Those feats are recorded in the trilingual Behistun Inscription, and as king, this man notably succeeded the conqueror of Egypt, Cambyses II. He is best known, however, for ordering an invasion that ended with a decisive defeat by the general Miltiades at the Battle of Marathon. For 10 points, identify this Persian ruler, the father of Xerxes I.
Output: History
Seas of calcite predominate during times of low concentration of this element. The NIMS probe discovered that Ganymede has a sulfate of this element, which is also used to treat eclampsia. Its molten form is used to make metallic titanium in the Kroll process. The active site of rubisco contains a carbamylated lysine attached to an ion of this element. Its cationic form is used to stabilize the product of PCR, and it is also prevalent in certain reagents in a Schlenck equilibrium. It is found in Grignard reagents as well as coordinated to the porphyrin ring of chlorophyll. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 12 and symbol Mg.
Output: Science
Of his short stories only a few have been translated, except for those like  in "Hungry Stones" and "Broken Ties. "  His adolescent love can be seen in The Crescent Moon, and his three major plays of the era include The Post Office, The King of the Dark Chamber, and Chitra. Sadhana is an address on life and its realization that uses a common them for this writer, whose Western reputation was largely made by William Butler Yeats. FTP, name this author of Gitanjali, an Indian winner of the Nobel in Literature.
Output: Literature
The Romans believed that she was the mother of the giant Cacus. When Heracles came to the underworld to capture Cerberus, the only two spirits who didn't flee from him were those of Meleager and this woman, the daughter of Ceto and Phorcys. FTP, identify this mythological figure, whose sisters were the immortals Stheno and Euryale, from whose body Chrysaor and Pegasus sprang after she was decapitated by Perseus.
Output: Social Science
At the end of this war, the losing power was forced to cede Bessarabia and the Danube river was opened to shipping from all nations. One side had a squadron destroyed at Sinope, and in order to prevent Austria from entering the conflict, the opposing side evacuated the Danube region. Notable engagements in this war occurred at the Alma River and at Balaklava, and a very notable engagement in this war was a year long siege of Sevastopol. It was ended by a Treaty of Paris. For ten points, identify this war between Russia and an alliance headed by Turkey that included France and Sardinia-Piedmont, named for the peninsula on which it was primarily fought.
Output: History
One of his poems tells the reader to "ask the tall fish" about a "rhubarb man" who planted a garden around a "sea ghost. " Another claims to be "dumb to tell the crooked rose" about something "that blasts the roots of trees," and one of his short stories remembers how Annie Jones was snubbed when Jimmie Williamss mother refused the titular Peaches. This author of Altarwise by Owl-Light said I sang in my chains like the sea and "old age should burn and rave at close of day and also noted after the first death, there is no other in A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London. For 10 points, name this author of The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower, Fern Hill, and Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night, a prodigiously alcoholic Welsh poet.
Output: Literature
His good luck in deciding to take his first psychology class because it fit his schedule influenced his article on "The Psychology of Chance Encounters and Life Paths. "  He developed a theory of motivation based on the concept of self-efficacy, which in turn feeds into his notion that environment and behavior affect each other, a notion he termed "reciprocal determinism. "  He studied acquisition of self-reinforcement behaviors through observations of models with Walter Mischel, his colleague at Stanford. In another study by this man one type of person worked quietly with a tinker toy set, while another type of person proceeded to pick up a mallet and make comments like "He sure is a tough fella" and "Punch him in the nose" while striking a particular toy. FTP name this founder of social cognitive theory who conducted the notorious "bobo doll" study.
Output: Social Science
One work by this man sees Haremhab and Nefertiti interviewed by Meriamun about the title pharoah, while he wrote about how Nefisa's betrayal by the grocer's son turns her to prostitution in another. In addition to Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth and The Beginning and the End, this author created Illish, who marries Nabawiyya after betraying his friend Said Mahran in one work, and wrote another work in which the murder of the boss of the protagonist is interspersed with the assassination of Anwar Sadat. This author of The Thief and the Dogs and The Day the Leader Was Killed wrote about the landlord Radwan Hussainy and the pedophile cafe owner Kirsha in a more well known work, while one series by this author focuses on three generations of the family of El-Sayyid Ahmad Abdel Gawad. For 10 pointsname this author of Midaq Alley, who wrote the novels Palace of Desire, Sugar Street, and Palace Walk for his Cairo Trilogy.
Output: Fine Arts
H. L. Mansel's The Philosophy of the Conditioned responded to this man's critique of the philosophy of Mansel's mentor; that critique introduced the idea that external objects are just "Permanent Possibilities of Sensation" and was entitled Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy. The sixth and final chapter of another work argues that we should approach the "moral sciences" as we do the physical. That work, an examination of induction entitled A System of Logic, is not as famous as an essay that asserts that the only legitimate reason to exercise power over someone is to "prevent harm to others. " FTP, identify this philosopher, author of "On Liberty" and Utilitarianism.
Output: Social Science
This man composed a concerto in only two movements, linked by a cadenza, the second of which is a rondo based on Latin American themes. Another of this composer's works is a song cycle based on twelve Emily Dickinson poems. This man wrote a Clarinet Concerto to be played by Benny Goodman, and he incorporated the folk-song "El Palo Verde" into his El Salon Mexico. He composed music for a ballet that incorporates the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts" and was choreographed by Martha Graham. For 10 points, name this American composer of Appalachian Spring.
Output: Fine Arts
One of their rulers, Koshkadam, got into a dispute with their northern neighbor over the succession to the throne of Karaman, resulting in an invasion which Kait Bey had to repel in order to save the Burji dynasty, while their earlier Bahri dynasty had been victorious at the Battle of Homs against their eastern neighbor. Another ruler, Kansuh, was defeated at the climactic battle of al-Riddaneah, where their power was broken forever. They first came to power under Qutuz, but he was displaced by the man who had defeated the Seventh Crusade and won the Battle of Ayn Jault against Hulagu Khan, Sultan Baybars. For ten points, name this group of Turkish slaves who became rulers of Egypt.
Output: History
This man contributed the forward to Reo Fortune's Sorcerers of Dobu. Mauss criticized this thinker for ignoring the mapula, an error this man admitted in a work which discusses the "theory of primitive communism". Another of his works showed how communities founded on "mother-right" did not experience the the Oedipus complex. In addition to writing works discussing both Crime and Custom, as well as Sex and Repression, "in Savage Society", he conducted "participant observation" in the Oaxaca valley of Mexico and the kula ring between Trobiand islanders. For 10 points, name this Polish functionalist anthropologist, the author of Coral Gardens and their Magic as well as Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
Output: Social Science
One of this man's paintings shows diamonds flowning from a gash inflicted on a third eye by the title figure's triangular yellow dagger. Another of this man's paintings shows an African mask and rooster lined along the top and a jackal at bottom, all flanked by two totem poles. The painter of The Moon Woman Cuts the Circle, this man's Guardians of the Secret is a part of his Accabonac Creek series, which, along with the Sounds in the Grass series, was created at the Long Island studio he shared with Lee Krassner. He claimed "there is no accident" with regards to works like Blue Poles. For 10 points, name this "action painter" who developed the drip technique, used for works such as Autumn Rhythm and Lavender Mist.
Output: Fine Arts
Some of this man's most recent work includes the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar. Five blocky sand-colored towers are seen in this architect's National Center for Atmospheric Research, and he worked alongside Henry Cobb and James Freed to design a building emulating a racetrack. Besides the(*) NASCAR Hall of Fame, this man designed a Boston building where the windows occasionally fell off, the John Hancock Tower, as well as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. For 10 points, name this Chinese American known for his glass pyramid at the Louvre.
Output: Fine Arts
This man once received a telegram from Salvador Dali, mock-congratulating him for the surrealistic touch of using a royal scepter while in office. One of his most notable speeches resulted in sociology being removed from national universities and an expansion of prohibited books. That speech was inspired by this man's trips to North Korea and was known as the July Theses of 1971. He tried to boost birth rates by outlawing abortion and giving medals labeling women who had ten or more children as "Heroine Mothers. " This man met his mentor, while in prison for Communist agitation in 1943 and eventually succeeded that man, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. Reviled for appointing his wife Elena as the head of the Academy of Sciences, FTP, name this man who brutalized his people with the Securitate before being executed in 1989, ending his longtime Communist reign over Romania.
Output: History
This compound consists of A and B chains linked together by three disulfide bonds, which are conserved through most species, particularly the C-terminal residues of the B chain. Existing naturally as a monomer or dimer, lispro is a commercial hexamer of this enzyme that facilitates slow diffusion in the blood. It works by binding to specific tyrosine kinase receptors in target cells, causing glucose transporters to fuse with plasma membranes. Secreted by the islets of Langerhans, FTP, identify this enzyme important in regulating the body's sugar levels.
Output: Science
The tennis racket theorem describes an asymmetric instability that arises when this quantity's principal components are all distinct. The diagonalization of this quantity yields three values which define the axes of Poinsot's ellipsoid. Its scalar form can be calculated as the integral of r-squared dm, and it is unchanged when the object is stretched parallel to the (*) axis of rotation. Given its value at the center of mass, it can be calculated for the same object about a parallel axis. This quantity equals torque divided by angular acceleration, as well as angular momentum divided by angular velocity. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized I, the rotational analog of mass.
Output: Science
This Biblical book recounts how Dorcas dies and is brought back to life. The governors Felix and Festus interrogate one character in this book. A sermon from this book begins by mentioning an inscription "to an unknown god" and is delivered to the Areopagus. This book tells the story of the conversion of an Ethiopian eunuch to Christianity. In another story told in this book, Ananias is sent to the "Straight Street" in Damascus to restore the sight of a certain figure. This is the second Biblical book to be dedicated to Theophilus. This New Testament book famously recounts the story of the stoning of Stephen by a mob, as well as the occurrence of glossolalia at Pentecost. For 10 points, name this book of the Bible written by Luke that describes what happens after the death of Jesus to twelve of his followers.
Output: Social Science
One character in this work sees the river of filth and the great and spacious building, part of his vision of the Tree of Life. That character is the namesake of another character who is later accused of being a conspirator in the murder of a chief judge after he correctly predicts the murder and who the murderer was. Another character in this work leads an army of two thousand stripling warriors into battle, and none of them died because they followed what their mothers had taught them. Another section of this work claims that a group of people known as the Jaredites migrated in large barges soon after the Tower of Babel but were destroyed because of wickedness, and especially "secret combinations". For 10 pointsname this work, containing Ether, Helaman, and Nephi, which was revealed by Moroni to Joseph Smith, the holiest book of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
Output: Fine Arts
It can occur in crystals lacking a center of symmetry via the Pockels effect. Nicol and Wollaston prisms utilize this property through the application of (*) calcite. When an electric field is applied to an anisotropic transparent substance, it occurs through the Kerr effect and it arises in materials possessing two different indices of refraction. For 10 points, identify this optical phenomenon that divides unpolarized light into an ordinary and an extraordinary ray traveling in different directions.
Output: Science
He used "La Follia" as the basis for his last original solo piano composition, Variations on a Theme of Corelli. Unsatisfied with his revisions of his second piano sonata, he gave Horowitz authority to change it however he pleased. Glazunov's drunken conducting of his first symphony sent him into a three-year-long depression, which he once consulted Tolstoy about. He wrote an Elegiac Trio after the death of Tchaikovsky, who was set to conduct his symphonic fantasy The Rock. He referred to his third piano concerto, written for his first American tour, as "a piece for elephants". A painting by Bocklin inspired his Isle of the Dead, and he also set Poe's The Bells to music. FTP, identify this Russian composer who used a caprice for solo violin as the basis for arguably his most famous work, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini.
Output: Fine Arts
One building designed by this man features the Bini Capponi chapel, while another of his works contains the Door f the Martyrs and the Door of the Apostles within its Old Sacristy. This subject of Antonio Manetti's The Fat Woodpecker used a mirror to demonstrate his creation of perspective by allowing the viewer to compare between his painting of and the real representation of the Baptistry of St. John. He designed the churches Santa Maria degli Angeli and Santo Spirito, in addition to the Basilica of San Lorenzo. He lost a competition to Lorenzo Ghiberti to design the doors of the Florence Baptistry, and also created an octagonal brick dome for the church of Santa Maria del Fiore. For ten points, name this designer of the dome of the Florence Cathedral.
Output: Fine Arts
A discussion and recitation of Pushkin's "The Poor Knight" in this novel annoys a character whose son is offered 75,000 rubles to marry a woman he hates. One character in this work writes an "Essential Statement," and that man, Hippolyte, explains at a party that he will kill himself the next time the sun rises. The main character of this work breaks a vase at a party and rejects Aglaya, who absconds with a man posing as a count. That title character finds Nastasya murdered in the bed of a rival he met on the way home from a Swiss sanatorium, Rogozhin. For 10 points, name this novel about the foolish Prince Myshkin, by Feodor Dostoyevsky.
Output: Literature
The section entitled "Dorabella" simulates the hesitancy of speech of a lady named Miss Penny, while "B.G.N. " contains a famous cello solo. The 11th part was inspired by a swimming bulldog; the 5th paid tribute to the son of Matthew Arnold; and the 14th depicted the composer himself. Some have proposed Auld Lang Syne as the "hidden" theme indicated to be in it by the composer, who achieved his first success with the work. FTP, what is this set of variations on an original theme of Edward Elgar, named for their inscrutable nature
Output: Fine Arts
This statement contributes to the repulsive one over r to the twelfth term in the Lennard-Jones Potential. Its rigorous statement requires that particles with half-integer spin have anti-symmetrical wave functions, and it also explains neutron degeneracy, which prevents smaller neutron stars from collapsing into black holes. The "+1" term seen in the denominator of the Fermi-Dirac distribution arises due to this statement, and bosons do not have to obey it, but fermions such as protons and electrons do. For 10 points, name this law of quantum mechanics, which states that no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state at the same time.
Output: Science
A duty collected in this territory was the focus of Downes v. Bidwell, one of the Insular Cases. In 1998, ""None of the Above"" won a majority of votes in a referendum over whether this territory should become independent, remain a commonwealth, or explore becoming a state. For 10 points, name this Caribbean island territory ceded to the United States after the Spanish-American War and governed from San Juan.
Output: History
This politician was blackmailed for sleeping with Maria Lewis, the wife of James Reynolds. He toured American factories and presented a report of his findings to Congress advocating protective tariffs. This author of the Report on Manufactures argued for the federal assumption of state debt in his 1790 Report on the Public Credit. He insulted a rival who was running for governor in New York, which led to this man's death in Weehawken after he was shot in a duel. For 10 points, name the first Secretary of the Treasury who died at the hands of Aaron Burr.
Output: History
The total mass of the biologically active form of this element has doubled since the beginning of the 20th century and an overabundance of it has been shown to reduce biodiversity. One of its oxides is an extremely effective greenhouse gas and can catalyze ozone destruction in the stratosphere, while another of its oxides serves as a fuel for the production of tropospheric ozone. Biologically active forms of it are produced naturally by lighting and certain types of bacteria, who "fix" it. It is mostly inert due to the very strong bond between its atoms as a diatomic gas. FTP, name this element, the most abundant in the atmosphere.
Output: Science
This work discusses the ambitious man whose slogan is "Either Caesar or nothing," while another section considers a quotation from Richard II which leads to the satirical claim that "possibility is the only salvation. "  Its preface describes Christian heroism as venturing to become oneself, rather than being taken in by the "idea of man in the abstract" or playing "the wonder game with world history. "  This work opens with an epigraph asking God to "give us weak eyes for things of little worth," and purports to be a "Christian psychological exposition for upbuilding and awakening. "  FTP, name this work which claims that the title concept "is despair," a book inspired by a quotation from John about Lazarus which was written by Soren Kierkegaard.
Output: Social Science
His characters include Formosante, who searches for her lover in The Princess of Babylon, and the Scythian Babouc, who sees the fall of Persepolis in The World as it Is. His poetic works include The Wordly One, an apologia about the author's love of physical comforts; Epistle to Urania, which rejects Christian orthodoxy; and An Essay on Epic Poetry, which was written in English to promote his epic, The Henriad. One of his plays centers on a queen of Messina who marries Polyphonte, Merope, while, in his most popular tragedy, the sultan Orosman kills the title slave girl, Zaire. FTP, name this prolific author whose most famous tale follows the adventures of Cacambo, Cunegonde, and Pangloss and is called Candide.
Output: Literature
This composer wrote a work beginning with the double basses representing mist before the orchestra enters to play six different dances; that work was a tribute to a Johann Strauss waltz. He included sections titled "Little Tom Thumb" and "Conversation of Beauty and the Beast" in a work dedicated to the Godebski kids. This composer of La Valse and Mother Goose wrote a work ending with a chorus of bacchantes playing tambourines, who join together in the "Danse Generale". In addition to writing a ballet based on a Longus poem, he wrote a work dedicated to Ida Rubinstein that features an unchanging snare drum ostinato rhythm. For 10 points, name this Spanish composer who wrote Daphnis et Chloe and Bolero.
Output: Fine Arts
He had affairs with wives of his generals Gates and Biddle and may have caught a fatal chill leaving the house of a mistress. He refused to visit France because he couldn't master the language and inherited a plantation named after his brother Lawrence's commander against the Spanish in the West Indies, Admiral Vernon. FTP, name this man, the first president of the U.S.
Output: History
This composer depicted a peasant dreaming of summer while dying in a blizzard in the "trepak" section of his cycle Song and Dances of Death, and his vocal works include Sunless and The Destruction of Sennacherib. The title character of one opera has visions of a child he thought was executed at Uglich and is eventually overthrown by the monk Grigori, who becomes the False Dmitri. Another work features sections titled "The Market at Limoges" and "The Old Castle" that are connected by the "Promenade" theme. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Boris Godunov and Pictures at an Exhibition.
Output: Fine Arts
First proposed by the French microbiologists Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod in the early 1960s, these objects generally consist of a group of structural genes in a metabolic pathway located contiguously on a stretch of DNA which are controlled by a promoter. They act as a genetic regulatory system of single-celled organisms and their viruses, providing prokaryotes with the means to produce proteins only when and where they are required, allowing the cell to conserve energy . FTP name these cellular objects named because they were assumed to be essential to cell activity, which control the synthesis of enzymes in a cell.
Output: Science
It continues to dispute its border between its southern neighbor and this country's Zamora and Morona-Santiago Provinces. Cotopaxi is its highest active volcano, while its two major river systems are the Esmereldas and the Guayas. Its three main regions are La Costa, La Sierra, and El Oriente, and its capital is serviced by Mariscal Sucre International Airport. This countrys highest point, Chimborazo, is the point on the earths surface farthest from the center, and the capital of this country is surrounded by snow-capped volcanoes like Pichincha. Owner of the Galpagos Islands, FTP, name this South American country whose largest city is Guayaquil and whose capital is Quito.
Output: Social Science
One of this man's poems mentions "in robe of mist, the oak" which "glared with a thousand gloomy eyes" and ends exclaiming "And, Gods, to love--what ecstasy! " This author of "Welcome and Farewell" entreats "tell no one but the wise. . . What is alive I want to praise, /What longs for death by fire" in his "Blessed Longing", which appears alongside "Reunion" from the "Book of Suleika" in a collection inspired by the poems of (*) Hafiz. Another collection features the creation of the goddess Opportunity and a love affair with Faustine, a stand in for Christiane Vulpius, while one of his poems remarks "The birds in the forest stopped talking" and that "Soon, done with walking,/you shall rest, too. " Besides West-Eastern Divan, Roman Elegies, and the second of his "Wanderer's Nightsongs" he wrote a ballad in which a boy sings "My father, my father, can't you see there" and opens "Who rides, so late, through night and wind" For 10 points, name this author of "Prometheus", "The Elf-King", and verse dramas like Faust, Part II.
Output: Literature
Its heaviest concentration of membership is in East Africa, followed by the United States, where early in their history Mary Dyer and four others were executed for their beliefs. One notable division occurred during the feud between John Wilbur and Joseph Gurney. The sect was formed during the English Civil War, when its founder proclaimed, "since there was that of God in every man," a formal church structure and educated clergy were not necessary. Divided into Orthodox, Conservative, and Hicksite subgroups and emphasizing the "inner light", FTP, identify the Christian denomination founded by George Fox and spread in colonial America by William Penn, named for their tendency to "tremble" before God.
Output: Social Science
This man modeled another artist's Nymph and Bittern for his depiction of a wood sculptor, William Rush and His Model, and an illuminated boxer waves to the crowd after a victory in his Salutat. A woman in a carriage holds a red parasol in this artist's Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand. Several nude boys jump off a rock in his The Swimming Hole, and he depicted his childhood friend rowing down the Schuylkill River in Max Schmitt in a Single Scull. In another of his works, which also hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art, students at Jefferson Medical College perform surgery under the title doctor. For 10 points, name this American painter of The Gross Clinic.
Output: Fine Arts
This philosopher found the artistic experience provided salvation, a path apart from the struggle of the Will. For 10 points each: [10] Name this author of The World as Will and Representation.
Output: Social Science
The facade of a home for the elderly in this city featured a sculptural antenna above the arched window of a communal TV room, as well as a black granite column in middle of its white brick entryway. America's first International Style skyscraper was a T-plan tower in this city with four neon initials on its roof. Guild House and the [*] PSFS Building share this city with Cesar Pelli's Cira Center. The "Grand Court" of a store in this city is centered on a 2500-pound bronze eagle and contains the world's largest functioning pipe organ. Daniel Burnham designed the original Wanamaker's in this city. The world's tallest masonry building is in this city. For 10 points, name this city whose Liberty Place towers finally surpassed the height of the statue of William Penn on top of its City Hall.
Output: Social Science
It quotes Sartre's observation of a waiter in the cafe in a section on "reality and contrivance," and ends with applications to management thinking. It describes the process of showing socially acceptable characteristics called mystification and notes that marginalized people tend to be forced into discredited groups. The concepts of "line" and "disidentifiers" are explained in the author's other works, Interactive Ritual and Stigma. Containing chapters on "discrepant roles" and "performances," FTP name this work that takes a "dramaturgical" approach to the study of social interactions, based on the metaphor of an actor giving a performance, the best known work by Erving Goffman.
Output: Social Science
The paper explaining this phenomenon begins with a section critical of the theory of blackbody   radiation, showing that an integral of energy with respect to volume equals infinity. That problem is  solved by assuming that energy "is discontinuously distributed in space." Some of the measurements   of this effect, which used to be associated with ultraviolet light, were made by Philipp Lenard, who  discovered that light intensity did not impact the amount of voltage required to stop rays produced  by light striking metal. Name this effect explained when the Planck hypothesis was applied by Albert  Einstein, leading to Einstein's Nobel Prize.
Output: Science
Its title character is present in forty-one of its fifty-four chapters; he dies somewhere between chapters 41 and 42 and the focus shifts to two of his descendants. The protagonist of this work manages to have a lot of children before he dies, though only one daughter whom he fathers in exile. Chapter 2, "The Broom Tree", is a conversation between the title character and his friends about women, while the next four chapters deal with his romantic conquests, one of whom he rapes because he can, and one of whom who shares a name with the author and becomes the love of his life. For 10 points, name this Japanese novel by Murasaki Shikibu.
Output: Literature
John of Procida traveled to this region to stir up anger against its ruler. This region was given to Boniface VIII by the Treaty of Anagni, which affirmed the earlier Treaty of Tarascon. A ruler of this region married the daughter of Henry II, Joan of England; that man was William the Good. This region was once led by William the Bad, who was the son of a king of it. That king was excommunicated by Innocent II at the Second Lateran Council and was Roger II. Michael VIII Palaeologus refused to aid the ruler of this region, Peter of Aragon, without papal approval. A rebellion in this region was ended by the Peace of Caltabellotta and was against the man that Louis IX had placed in charge of it, Charles of Anjou. For 10  points, a rebellion on what Italian island is known as its "Vespers"
Output: History
Imetelstat, a potential new cancer therapy agent, works by targeting the enzyme that repairs these   structures. Blackburn, Greider, and Szostak received the 2009 Nobel Prize for determining the role of  these structures, which typically adopt a G-quadruplex shape. The shortening of these structures   explains the Hayflick limit to cell division and is the basis for the cellular theory of aging, and that  shortening of these structures can lead to cell senescence or apoptosis. Consisting of thousands of  TTAGGG repeats in humans, name these end sequences of chromosomes that prevent genes from  being lost during DNA replication.
Output: Science
This process was first observed by Jan Ingenhousz in 1785. It corresponds to a Fokker-Planck Equation with no deterministic term and constant stochastic term, and it is generally modeled as a Wiener Process, while the Langevin formula can govern the average displacement. It is formally equivalent to the macro-scale diffusion equation with constant diffusion coefficient, and its namesake first observed it occurring for a pollen particle in water. Described by Einstein using the kinetic theory of gas, FTP name this seemingly random motion of a particle in a fluid, the namesake of a Scottish biologist.
Output: Science
The initial description of this novels protagonist describes how he contorts his face to reach awkwardly for his overlarge pocket watch, which has a reliable minute hand but a wonky hour hand. After one character is arrested, a closet full of fine female clothes is found marked with his last name and his unrequited loves first name. Henry Fray and Matthew Moon often swap gossip at Mortons malt-house with Joseph Poorgrass in this work, and another character is feared drowned after he is swept out to sea while bathing. The protagonist is ruined when a dog called Georges son runs his flock over a cliff, and he ends up marrying his true love, whose husband Sergeant Troy is shot by Boldwood. For 10 points, name this novel featuring Gabriel Oak and Bathsheba Everdene, a work of Thomas Hardy that takes its name from a locale away from ignoble strife in Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.
Output: Literature
This author once held diplomatic posts in Genoa, Nice, Lisbon, and Madrid, thanks in part to a Spanish, Basque, and Indian descent. Doris Dana and Langston Hughes translated portions of this writer's work writing into English, and works like "Tenderness," "Destruction," and "The Wine Press" highlight her common themes of children and the downtrodden. After releasing the 1922 collection Desolation, she ditched the name Lucila Godoy Alcayaga and went on to write her "Sonnets of Death. "  FTP name this Chilean writer, the first Latin American author to win the Nobel Prize.
Output: Literature
Ceva's theorem deals with lines constructed in these polygons, and Apollonius' theorem also deals with these polygons. The Euler line of one of them passes through several significant points, including the center of the nine-point circle. Their area can be calculated using Heron's formula. A fractal named for Sierpinski is based on these polygons, which have centroids, orthocenters, and circumcenters. For 10 points, name these polygons which may be scalene or equilateral.
Output: Science
A character from this author's The Man Who Laughs was the indirect origin of Batman's nemesis the Joker. In one novel, this author wrote about the character Eponine, whose parents are cruel innkeepers who mistreat the young orphan Cosette. In another novel, this author wrote of the Captain Phoebus, who is stabbed by Frollo while kissing the gypsy Esmeralda. For 10 points, name this French novelist who wrote about the thief Jean Valjean in Les Miserables and about Quasimodo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
Output: Literature
one short story, this author wrote about an eight year old who accuses his bully Odd Henderson of theft at a party. He wrote about the widow Mrs. H. T. Miller who lives alone until encountering and being tormented by the title girl at a movie theatre in another story. In a story by this author, Buddy and his elderly relative Sook make fruitcakes and mail them all around the country and exchange their customary gift of kites. This author of "The Thanksgiving Visitor" and "Miriam" meant to include the chapter "Unspoiled Monsters" in his lifelong Proustian project titled Answered Prayers. In a novel, he wrote about the thirteen year old Joel Harrison Knox moving to Scully's landing and meeting his quadriplegic father and the tomboy Idabel, a character based on Harper Lee. Another of his novels follows the experiences in New York City of Holly Golightly's. For 10 points, name this author of Other Voices, Other Rooms and Breakfast at Tiffany's .
Output: Literature
One form of it uses a reaction between iodine and sulfur dioxide to measure the presence of water, and is named for Fischer. A conductometric version of performing it requires the temperature to be constant, while the redox variety of it uses a potentiometer. This process is generally represented by a sigmoid curves, whose midpoint usually gives the equivalence point. For 10 points, identify this method used to find the concentration of an unknown sample, notably used with acids and bases.
Output: Science