niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
A student of Johannes Muller, he began his career in the mid-nineteenth century, studying the connection between nerve fibers and cells and inventing the myograph to measure the speed of nerve impulses. His more lasting accomplishments were in the area of physics, where his work on magnetic fields and current led to Maxwell's development of the displacement current and he served as mentor to Planck. FTP, name this postulator of the electron and the conservation of energy.
Output: Science
Its first Constitution prohibited lawyers, doctors, or clergymen from holding elected office, while tax collecting was banned for the first two years of its existence. Its militia fought an invading force at the Battle of Tiptons Farm, while John White attempted to ally it with Spain. It had a legally established barter economy, which meant that most of its elected officials were paid in deer hides, including John Seviers, its first Governors. Finally, Indian raids caused it to return to North Carolina, though it would eventually become part of Tennessee. For ten points, name this attempted US State named for a famous Pennsylvanian.
Output: History
In one scene by this artist set in the countryside, a pig and a horse are seen grazing in the background as his wife wearing a blue shirt lies on the ground. In addition to The Poet Reclining, this artist depicted himself in a red jacket holding a wine glass sitting on his lover's shoulders in a double portrait. On the left of one painting, this artist included black-clad troops carrying weapons and a red flag. The right side of that painting shows a (*) Lithuanian flag behind a burning place of worship. This artist's portraits often included his wife Bella Rosenfeld, who was also born in Vitebsk. He included two upside down houses, a woman milking a goat, and large green face with white lips in his masterpiece. For 10 points, name this Belarusian artist of The White Crucifixion and I and the Village.
Output: Fine Arts
The length of the three axes of Poinsot's ellipsoid is equal to half of the three values obtained by diagonalizaing the tensor representing this quantity. Those three values, known as principle ones of these, also appear on the left hand side of the Euler equation. Two of the three principle ones are equal in the case of a symmetrical top, and all three are equal for a spherical top. The parallel axis theorem can be used to find one of these along a different axis, and in general, it is equal to the integral of the radius squared times the differential mass element. FTP what is this quantity, the rotational analog of mass
Output: Science
In this faith, the most advanced form of divination is known as Ifa, and involves throwing a small chain with eight pieces of shell or bone attached. A key ritual in this faith involves the possession of a devotee in a ceremony called a bembe, and priests in this religion are called babalawos. In this faith Oggun is linked with violence, force, and energy, while Olorum is considered the sky Father and wields power over all things white, and its spirits include Inle, and Obatala, collectively known as Orishas. Also known as "Lukumi's Rule," FTP, name this Afro-Caribbean religion derived from the beliefs of the Yoruba people.
Output: Social Science
To set its goals, this meeting appointed a five-member committee, which included Nathan Dane and Chauncey Goodrich. Theodore Lyman wrote a short account of this meeting, which proposed a series of amendments, including one preventing presidents from being elected from the same state in successive terms. Its secretary was Timothy Dwight, and it was contemporaneous with Governor Caleb Strong's secret peace mission. George Cabot presided over this meeting, which was instigated by discontent with the Non-Intercourse Act and the War of 1812. For 10 points, name this 1814-1815 convention which ruined the Federalist Party, and discussed New England's secession from the United States.
Output: History
leader sponsored a trip by Gilberto Freyre that led to the publication of Adventures and Routine. This man ordered the construction of Cristo Rei, and he served alongside Presidents Antonio Carmona and Americo Thomaz. His secret police force was named the (*) PIDE, and he fought against Nehru in Operation Vijay for control of Goa. This man also fought wars in Angola and Mozambique, and his unpopular foreign policies would lead to his successor, Marcelo Caetano, being overthrown in the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister from 1932 to 1968 who presided over the Estado Novo in Portugal.
Output: History
The major types are Tamattu, Quiran, and Ifrad. It is usually coupled with Umrah, which includes performing Tawaf. Its supererogatory acts include performing Talbiah, Ramal and Idtibah, spending the night of Arafah in Muzdalifah, and washing the whole body upon entering into the state of Ihram. If a slave performs it and then gains his freedom, he must do it again, while a husband cannot forbid a wife from performing the obligatory one. FTP, although it can be performed by proxy under certain conditions, most Muslims are required to undertake what pilgrimage at least once in their lifetimes
Output: Social Science
One type of this uses potassium permanganate to stain molecules with functional groups sensitive to oxidation, while another type relies on a partition based on a range of distribution coefficients. Described in a classic text by Braithwaite and Smith, they include reversed-phase and countercurrent varieties, and the study of them usually begin with rate theory and plate theory. A Long wave UV lamp is used in the type that utilizes a silica gel stationary phase, while a so-called high performance type uses higher pressure and a long column. First demonstrated by Mikhail Tsvet to German botanists, they include gel filtration, ion exchange, as well as liquid and gas mobile phase varieties. FTP name this class of general analytical methods used for separating the components of a mixture, exemplified by paper and thin-layer versions.
Output: Science
The Tchico and the Bodu are two examples of these from Guernsey lore, and one of these creatures from the Kalevala had a stone gaze and a snake tail. When the survivors of the great flood accidentally angered Texcatlipoca by building an irritating smoky fire, that god created the first examples of these animals by stitching the survivors' heads to their asses. If you bury one of these creatures alive and either cut its head off with a bamboo saw or abandon it to starve, you can release a familiar spirit called an inugami. Pandareus stole and gave to Tantalus a golden one of these. Cadair Idris is supposedly where one population of these hang out, the Cwn Annwn. One Aztec god was sometimes depicted as a monster with reversed feet and sometimes as a man with the head of one of these animals, Xolotl. Besides the infallible Laelaps and the loyal Argus, for 10 points, identify this animal, other example of which at Ragnarok will kill and be killed by Tyr, Garm.
Output: Social Science
against all. " In a four-part book, this advocate of commonwealth claims that the life of man is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. " For 10 points, name this English philosopher who wrote Leviathan.
Output: Social Science
This man collaborated with his brother on the song "I Got Rhythm" and he included four taxi horns in an orchestral piece inspired by the composer's visit to Europe. An opera by this composer dealt with African-American life on Catfish Row in South Carolina while his most famous orchestral composition was orchestrated by Ferde Grofe and begins with a clarinet glissando. For 10 points, identify this American composer of An American in Paris, Porgy and Bess and Rhapsody in Blue.
Output: Fine Arts
In one of this author's short stories, the narrator becomes captivated by thoughts of the title object after picking up a coin. Other of his stories describe a nineteen year old invalid with an incredible memory, a "monstrous" book containing an infinite number of pages, and a fictional planet founded on the principles of Berkelian idealism. In addition to "Funes, the Memorious", "The Book of Sand", and "Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius", this author wrote short stories about an object that allows the narrator to see the entire universe and an infinite expanse of hexagonal rooms containing books with every possible combination of characters. FTP, name this Argentinian author of "El Aleph" and "The Library of Babel" who collected his stories in Ficciones.
Output: Literature
The first one begins with the instruction Lento, quasi marcia funebra, and is in the key of F minor. Marc-Andre Hamelin notably composed his own Cadenza for one of these pieces, and six of them were orchestrated by Fritz Doppler. Most of them end with a section adapted from dances called verbunkos, and mimic the sound of the cimbalom. The second one begins with a slow section marked Lassan before transitioning to a faster section marked Friska, a structure based on a folk czrds. Their composers Searle number 244, they include pieces nicknamed The Carnival of Pest and Rakoczy March. For ten points, identify this set of nineteen piano pieces by Franz Liszt based on gypsy melodies from his home country.
Output: Fine Arts
This artist painted the opposing directions two ducks face after they are shot just taking flight in the work Right and Left. He based his Prisoners from the Front on his sketches of the Civil War, while his most famous works were painted while living in Prouts Neck, Maine. A series of boys joined in a line on the prairie play a game in this artist's (*) Snap the Whip. He showed a man and four boys sailing in fair weather in Gloucester in his Breezing Up, while his most famous painting depicts a black man alone in a stranded boat surrounded by sharks. For 10 points, name this American artist of The Gulf Stream.
Output: Fine Arts
The last chapter is an allegory of Christianization and involves a maid becoming pregnant after eating a berry. Louhi the Hag of the North pulls down the sun and the moon, steals, fire from the titular group and promises her daughter to Seppo in exchange for his building something for her. Such animals as the demon's elk and the swan of Tuonela are killed in this book, whose second and standard edition contains fifty poems, some of which discuss Illmarinen. The major plot arc involves the mysterious object called the Sampo and mostly concerns the hero Vinminen. For 10 points, identify this Elias Lnnrot-compiled national epic of Finland.
Output: Literature
free energy is plotted against this quantity in Ellingham diagrams, and sudden jumps in this quantity on the order of 10^(-6) seconds are used in studying enzyme kinetics. Many of the cdc mutants in yeast are sensitive to this quantity and thus exhibit a conditional phenotype. A gradient in this causes the generation of a potential difference in a metal according to the Seebeck effect, and Wein's law suggests that the wavelength of a blackbody is inversely proportional to this quantity. The thermodynamic beta is inversely proportional to it. For 10 points, identify this quantity which describes the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the object, and which is measured in Kelvins.
Output: Science
One president of this country was assassinated by his bodyguard after returning from exile to lead the High Council of State. That council was formed after an annulled election that would have been won by the FIS party in this country. The GIA carried out the Rais Massacre in this nation, in which the First of November declaration was issued by a revolutionary group headed by Ahmed (*) Ben Bella, who would go on to become this country's first post-independence leader. Following the Evian agreements, many of this country's pied-noirs fled to France, which ruled this country prior to a 1954 to 1963 war for independence. For 10 points, name this African country currently led by Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the leader of the FLN party, whose largest city and capital is Algiers.
Output: History
Participants in this event opposed the corrupt "Ten Regular Attendants. " He Jin led the military opposition to this event, while forces under Bo Cai were put down by Zhu Jun and Huangfu Song. Participants in this event believed that "the Blue Sky" had perished and venerated the god Huang-lo, who had given its leader a sacred book. That leader's brothers Bao and Liang helped him lead this rebellion, which, like the earlier Five Pecks of Rice revolt, was put down by the Han general Cao Cao. For 10 points, name this Zhang Jiao-led uprising against the Han Dynasy whose followers practiced the Way of Great Peace and were named after a colorful piece of headware.
Output: History
This work contains two barrel vaults with hexagonal coffers, and the artist appears in it staring directly at the viewer. This painting located across from the La Disputa contains statues of Apollo and Athena flanking the central figures. Unknown figures in this painting may be Bramante and (*) Hypatia. Two men in this painting hold globes, while another man writes on a slab of stone and rests his head on his hand. Another figure in this work lies on some stairs with his leg splayed; that man is Diogenes, who appears with people like Pythagoras and Zeno. For 10 points, the philosophers Aristotle and Plato appear in what fresco painted by Raphael
Output: Fine Arts
The attacking army was forced to come to the eventual site of this battle, near the towns of Urhai and Harran, due to a maneuver by the General Mazaeus, and lacked expected reinforcements which had been tied down in a war against King Agis III. The defending army may have been demoralized by a lunar eclipse shortly before this conflict, and its commanders included the satrap Bessus. The attacking general arrayed his flanks in an awkward manner, so as to encourage the enemy to attack them, resulting in a gap in the defending center, into which the Companion Cavalry charged, eventually capturing Queen Sisygambis and causing Darius to flee. For ten points, name this third and final of Alexander the Great against the Persians.
Output: History
One of their leaders expressed their ideology in the pamphlet "Truth. "  Drawn from such organizations as the Union of Welfare and the Union of Salvation, their acts were immortalized in a special issue of the periodical The Northern Star. Some ten days after their initial military operation had been defeated another force of 1,100 men in Chernigov led by the Southern Society rose up to challenge the ascension of Nicholas I. Led by such men as Pavel Pestel, they sought to set Prince Trubetskoy up as provisional dictator until Constantine could take power. FTP, identify this group of Russian revolutionaries who took took name from the month in which they planned their uprising.
Output: History
They can be synthesized from vinyl bromides via the Fritsch-Buttenberg-Wiechell rearrangement, or from aldehydes via the Seyferth-Gilbert reaction, but they are more commonly created by double elimination of vicinal dihalides. One common reaction the reduction of these compounds by a catalyst poisoned with quinoline and named for Lindlar. Hydroboration or oxy-mercuration of these compounds leads to an enol, which then tautomerizes into a carbonyl compound. Terminal ones have a pKa of about 25, meaning they can be easily deprotonated and used in ring opening of epoxides and nucleophilic attacks. Consisting of at least one pair of sp-hybridized carbons bonded to each other, FTP, name these compounds that contain a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Output: Science
This artist painted a scene from Tacitus in which a one-eyed, bearded man in a cloth crown beckons to several others around a table to cross swords with him. One of his paintings includes a well-lit girl in a gold dress holding a dead chicken. This artist of The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis painted Aris Kindt's tendon being prodded by the title doctor in The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp. In another painting, he showed a drummer amidst the rifle-bearing shooting company of Franz Banning Cocq. For 10 points, name this Dutch painter of The Night Watch.
Output: Fine Arts
This artist's studio was redesigned to resemble a kiva for one work in which he depicted the central figure holding a war mace in his right hand, while contemplating another object in his left, a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing. Three nude youths lounge in the grass, two playing syrinxes in this artist's Arcadia, and a youth carries a bloody sponge in a bucket as he stands behind an illuminated figure, wearing only white briefs and waving to the crowd in this artist's Salutat. In another work, a nude (*) youth stands with his back to the viewer, watching as a friend dives into the titular location, while another work features the artist rowing alone in a boat to the right of the title figure. This artist of The Swimming Hole and Max Schmitt in a Single Scull also painted a man with a bloody hand and scalpel staring away from the surgery being performed to his left. FTP, name this naked young boy enthusiast who painted The Gross Clinic.
Output: Fine Arts
Compactness for a topological space implies that every ultrafilter has this property. The Wisjman variety of this applies to closed subsets of metric spaces, the Gromov-Hausdorff metric helps define it for sequences of compact metric spaces, a property which is named for those men. In a complete metric space, a sequence being Cauchy (*) implies this property, and a test for it in series involves the ratio of a-sub-n over a-sub-n minus one being less than one. For 10 points, name this property which is possessed by a sequence that has a limit, indicating that its elements are approaching some finite value.
Output: Science
Most photographs taken of this place were captured with three Hasselblad cameras. A trip to this location inspired a photograph that is partly attributed to Ronald Evans and is called The Blue Marble. An early picture of this place was meant to study the effects of regolith and shows a man's protruding footprint. An iconic photo focused on this place was taken near a cemetery in Hernandez, New Mexico. The title of another Ansel Adams photo taken in Yosemite pairs this place with Half Dome. The image of a man climbing down the steps of the Eagle was taken on this place. For 10 points, name this body photographed by Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong.
Output: History
In cgs units, for an isolated spherical conductor, this quantity is equal to the radius. A low-pass filter may be created by placing an element with this property in series with a shunt resistor and parallel with the load, since the reactance associated with this property varies as the signal period. A circuit with an element with this property in series with a resistance has an associated time constant given by this quantity times the resistance. An element with this property stores energy equal to half its value times the square of the potential difference across the element. FTP, name this quantity, defined as the ratio of potential difference to charge stored, and measured in MKS units of farads.
Output: Science
In one section of this work, the strings repeat a fortissimo E-flat, E, A-flat, B chord while accenting varied on and off beats. It ends when an ascending line in the piccolo and flute is interrupted by a final chord spelling out D-E-A-D. Changing meter features prominently in this work, in which 11 timpani beats mark the beginning of "The Glorification of the Chosen One." This work's final section includes alternating notes in the timpani and strings punctuated by brass to depict a sacrificial dance. Its first part "Adoration of the Earth" begins with a bassoon solo. For 10 points, name this ballet about the sacrifice of a virgin girl, written by Igor Stravinsky.
Output: Fine Arts
Milner, Witten, and Cates approximated the average density of the "brush" form of these molecules described in Carothers equation. They are produced in a reaction between copper compounds called ATRP. An equation for Gibbs free energy including terms for volume fraction comprises the Flory-Huggins model of these molecules. Organoaluminum cocatalysts are often used to produce these molecules along with Ziegler-Natta catalysts. They may be produced via step- growth, chain-growth, condensation, or addition. For 10 points, starch and nylon are what macromolecules consisting of repeating subunits called monomers
Output: Science
This region was home to the author of the 48-book Dionysiaca, the last epic written in Ancient Greek. A mythical king of this place sacrificed foreign travelers to avert famine until Heracles broke from chains and killed him. In this home of Nonnus and the mythical Busiris, the gods turned into animals while fleeing from Typhon. Hypermnestra refused to kill a suitor from this place, which was once ruled by Epaphus, the son of Io. This place, named for a king who had forty-nine of his fifty sons murdered by the Danaids, included temples to the syncretic god Serapis. On his return from Troy, Menelaus wrestled the shape-shifting Proteus in this region before sailing north again. For 10 points, name this region containing Pharos, where ethnic Greeks syncretized Typhon with Set and learned about Isis.
Output: Social Science
One French monarch with this name was on the throne at the time of the Sicilian Vespers and launched the Aragonese Crusade. The first French monarch with this name was nicknamed "the Amorous" and was on the throne at the time of the Council of Claremont. Another French monarch with this name fought a war with England after the death of Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany and was thus a contemporary of (*) Henry II. Another French king with this name clashed with the church over taxing clergy and expelled and outlawed the Knights Templars. For ten points, give this first name shared by a French king who joined the Third Crusade and was nicknamed "Augustus", as well as by one nicknamed "the Fair. "
Output: History
His most recent work, which criticizes the idea that the titular action is an example of the Hold-up Problem, is entitled The Acquisition of Fischer Body by General Motors, and he has also criticized the spectrum licensing system of the FCC. One of his better-known works was Revisited in a 1972 paper by Donald H. Reagan, who criticized it for not presenting any model of individual behavior to justify its conclusions. That work used the example of a ranchers cattle straying and eating the crops of his neighbor. The author of The Nature of the Firm and The Problem of Social Cost, this is, FTP, which economist and champion of property rights whose namesake theorem states that with no transaction costs, any government allocation of property is equally efficient
Output: Social Science
John Reagan served as Postmaster General during the entirety of this president's administration. After\n only seven months in office, this president was forced to shake-up his cabinet, firing Leroy Walker as\n Secretary of War and Robert Toombs as Secretary of State. This president's navy secretary, former Florida\n Senator Stephen Mallory, authorized innovative ships like the Hunley. Several posts in this man's cabinet\n were filled by Judah P. Benjamin, a Jew from Louisiana. Serving alongside Vice President Alexander\n Stephens, this man appointed as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia Robert E. Lee. For 10\n points, name this President of the Confederate States of America.
Output: History
This philosopher argued that the only way to exercise freedom is to act morally, because otherwise one's actions are bound by one's conditional desires. This thinker defined the title concept of one of his essays as "man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity." He postulated that our senses perceive only phenomena and not noumena, so we can never truly know the "thing-in-itself." This author of "What is Enlightenment" argued that we should act only according to maxims that could be made universal law, which he called the "categorical imperative." For 10 points, name this German author of Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and Critique of Pure Reason.
Output: Social Science
One aria from this opera tells of a character officially changing religions and is titled "Yesterday, I Went All Alone." That character, who is Bonze's niece in this opera, also sings "Un Bel Di." In this opera, the male lead falls for Kate after being introduced to her by her father Sharpless. This causes problems because Goro has arranged a marriage between that male character, Pinkerton, and Cio-Cio San (CHO CHO SAHN), the title (*) geisha girl. Ending with Cio-Cio San's seppuku (sep-POO-koo), for 10 points, name this opera set in Japan by Giacomo Puccini.
Output: Fine Arts
This region experiences a type of fog that is known as camanchaca. The main river that passes through this area is the Loa River. This region is bound on the west by the Cordillera de la (*) Costa and on the east by the Cordillera Domeyko. For 10 points, name this location often considered to be the driest on the Earth, which runs alongside the Andes Mountains and is a desert located in northern Chile.
Output: Social Science
Sequences of this data structure are used in a data structure created by William Pugh. This data structure was first developed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert Simon for use in IPL. This is one of the simplest data structures one can build out of conses in Lisp. A dummy object used to simplify boundary conditions in these data structures is called a sentinel. Their "unrolled" type uses the cache to increase performance by storing just enough elements in each section to fill a cache line. Their last element is usually null, but it can reference their first element to form a "circular" one of these data structures. They are often used to implement stacks and queues. These dynamically allocated data structures also come in a "doubly" variety. For 10 points, identify this data structure constructed of nodes with a data field and a pointer to the next node.
Output: Science
Created as the territorial endowment of the descendents of Juchi, its capital was originally Sarai Batu, and later Sarai Berke. Its greatest ruler was Oz Beg, and his death in 1341 marked the beginning of its decline. For ten points, what is the better known name of the Kipchak Khanate, the Mongol state centered around the lower Volga river
Output: History
One of his works contrasts the Engineer with the Bricoleur, and his Structural Anthropology outlined culture as symbolic communication. In addition to Elementary Structures of Kinship and The Savage Mind, a more famous work contains sections like The Naked Man and From Honey to Ashes, and compares the myths of several South American tribes. For 10 points, name this structural anthropologist, whose The Raw and the Cooked can be found in his Mythologiques.
Output: Social Science
A politician from this state introduced a bill barring the public sale of F-14 airplane parts and held "Congress on Your Corner" meetings with constituents. Another elected official from this state was attacked in the Munnell memo and is currently being sued by the Justice Department for racial profiling. Ron Barber won a special election in this state, and Joe Arpaio is a sheriff in this state's Maricopa County. On January 8th, 2011, Jared Lee Loughner shot a Congresswoman from this state. For 10 points, name this US State, the home of Gabby Giffords, where Jan Brewer signed SB 1070, a law requiring aliens to carry proof of citizenship at all times, in Phoenix.
Output: History
Due to the choice of an unconventional color scheme, municipal officials cut off the public water supply to a worker's city that this man built in Pessac based on his Citrohan House design. He proposed a failed "breathing glass" structure for the Salvation Army Hotel in Paris, and his design for the League of Nations was (*) disqualified because it was not presented in Indian ink. His byname originated from the pseudonyms he and Ozenfant used while writing a series of articles for L'Esprit Nouveau that would be complied to form his Toward a New Architecture. For 10 points, the Palaces of Justice and Assembly in Chandigarh India were designed by this Swiss architect and proponent of the International Style born Charles-douard Jeanneret.
Output: Social Science
One work of his, the colossal Saint John the Evangelist currently resides in the Duomo of Florence, but from its creation until 1588, it occupied a place in the faade of the Baptistery, a building which this artist's mentor, Lorenzo Ghiberti, had designed. Following his work on Saint John, he worked on a statue of St. Mark for the Orsanmichele church, where he would also create a statue of Saint George several years later. While working on the sculpture Habbakuk, or Zuccone, he is alleged to have repeatedly muttered "Speak, Damn you, Speak" at the marble he was working with. For ten points, identify this 15th-century artist and sculptor of the Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata and the Bronze David.  
Output: Fine Arts
When told about the Copernican theory of the solar system, this character asks, ""What the deuce is it to me"" This character is described as an excellent swordsman and boxer, but does not care to know anything about Thomas Carlyle. His brother Mycroft is described as ""the most indispensable man in the country. "" Public outcry caused the author to bring this character back in ""The Adventure of the Empty House"" after having him tumble over Reichenbach Falls while fighting Professor Moriarty. For 10 points, name this detective and master of deduction, who was created by Arthur Conan Doyle and whose adventures are narrated by Dr. John Watson.
Output: Literature
One poem dedicated to this man describes dark events "Charging like ceaseless clouds" in "Hush'd Be the Camp To-Day." Another poem about him notes how the great star "droop'd in the western sky in the night." In another poem, his lips are "pale and still." For 10 points, Walt Whitman's "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and "Oh Captain! My Captain!" are both based on whose 1865 assassination
Output: History
After the death of Amir Kazgan, this man declared fealty to the leader who overran the chief city of Transoxania. He was victorious at the Battle of the Terek River, and this man besieged his brother-in-law Amir Husayn at Balkh. This man invaded Anatolia in 1402, and supported Tokhtamysh's invasion of Moscow. He and his son Shah Rukh defeated the army of Bayezid at the Battle of Ankara. He sacked the city of Delhi and built pyramids out of skulls at Damascus. For 10 points, name this ruler from Asia who tried to restore the Mongol Empire from his capital at Samarkand.
Output: History
title character was first introduced to English-speakers by the efforts of Thomas Shelton. He concludes that the modern world is all "machinations and schemes" after he falls out of a boat that strikes a floating mill. This character's books are burned by a priest and Nicholas the Barber. He confuses a barber's washbin for the Golden Helmet of Mambrino. A character dresses as the Knight of the White Moon to convince this owner of the horse Rocinante to abandon his quest, which is fueled by his thought that Dulcinea is a princess. For 10 points, name this companion of Sanco Panza created by Miguel de Cervantes.
Output: Literature
Occlusion by this astronomical body of Saggitarius Tr-180 suggests that the rate of sublimation from its surface has doubled. That sublimation may have helped to create evaporite deposits such as the Akupara and Rem maculae, which cover a surface of beta-hexagonal ice surrounding the Plain of Abatus. Its changing albedo is believed to couple with gravitational diapirism to produce the cavi of its unique terrane of Bubeme. Perhaps the most interesting surface features occur in its equatorial region, which contains fault-block mountain ranges bounded by the Ho and Lo sulci, indicating a tectonic past, and the geyser plumes Hili and Mahilani, which contribute to its thin atmosphere. FTP, name this moon of Neptune best known for its cryovolcanic eruptions and its retrograde orbit.
Output: Science
One writer from this country wrote about how the "red one," Paddy Oshea, and Maisy's lover, Xuma, lead a strike. In a novel primarily set in this country the protagonist gets put under surveillance and moves to France to stay with Katya where she falls in love with the married student Bernard Chabalier. This country produced the author of Mine Boy, Peter Abrahams, and Etienne Leroux, a member of the literary movement (*) Die Sestigers. In a novel set in this country, a man takes a copy of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address from his son's room after visiting John Harrison; in that novel set here, Mr. Carmichael takes up the defense pro deo for the murderer who killed Arthur Jarvis. For 10 points, name this country whose authors produced Burger's Daughter and Cry, the Beloved Country by Nadine Gordimer and Alan Paton.
Output: History
This man reflected on his career in Beneath the Underdog, and his most-performed composition was created in tribute to Lester Young. Human evolution is depicted in jazz form in his "Pithecanthropus Erectus," and he collaborated with alto saxophonist Eric Dolphy on a well-received, fourteen-minute version of Stormy Weather. For 10 points, name this composer of "Goodbye, Porkpie Hat," a prolific jazz bassist.
Output: Fine Arts
One quantity typically denoted using the capital version of this Greek letter is a colligative property equal to molarity times the gas constant times temperature. That quantity is the osmotic pressure. This Greek letter also represents a type of chemical bond typically formed from the overlap of p orbitals found in double-bonded compounds, such as alkenes. For 10 points, name this Greek letter that symbolizes a mathematical constant roughly equal to 3.14.
Output: Science
This composer used a series of themes by Rossini as the basis for the ballet La Boutique Fantasque, and his compositions for piano include his Concerto in the Mixolydian Mode. He set The Adoration of the Magi, La Primavera, and The Birth of Venus to music in Three Botticelli Pictures. This composer included movements called The Dove and The Cuckoo in his suite The Birds, and composed three suites of Ancient Airs and Dances. One of his symphonic poems features a recording of a nightingale and ends by depicting the title objects along the Appian Way. FTP, name this Italian composer of The Pines of Rome and The Fountains of Rome.
Output: Fine Arts
This battle was preceded by the landing at Pevesney, and it took place at Senlac Hill. This battle was preceded by the defeat of Harald Hardrata at Stamford Bridge. According to the Bayeux Tapestry, one commander at this battle died after getting struck in the eye by an arrow. Two months after this battle, the victor was crowned king in London. For 10 points, name this 1066 battle in which the forces of Harold II were defeated by the Norman forces under William the Conqueror.
Output: History
In one poem, this author wrote "My secrets cry aloud. I have no need for tongue," comparing his heart to title structure. In another poem, this author spoke of "virtues only gods could speak/Or English poets who grew up on Greek" possessed by the title character, who "was the sickle" and "I, the rake," lewdly noting "what prodigious mowing we did make." This poet of "Open House" and "I (*) Knew a Woman" remembered that "every step you missed/my right ear scraped a buckle" and observed that "the whiskey on your breath/Could make a small boy dizzy" in another poem. His villanelle ends "I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I learn by going where I have to go." For 10 points, name this Michigan poet of "My Papa's Waltz" and "The Waking."
Output: Literature
It is said that he jammed a rag full of powder into the keyhole of another student's room and ignited it to earn dismissal from Yale within two years of his entrance at age 13. He then went to sea for several years and eventually inherited money from his father, but it wasn't until the age of 30 that he started writing when he told his wife, Susan Augusta DeLancey, that he could write a better book than the one he was reading to her, leading to his first novel, Precaution. FTP, name this author whose works include Lionel Lincoln, The Pilot, The Pathfinder and Last of the Mohicans.
Output: Literature
This politician gained territory to the north by pushing through the Gastein Convention. He warned against a great war sparked by "some damned foolish thing in the Balkans. " His minister, Adalbert Falk, passed the May Laws to fight the Catholic Church during a social campaign that this man initiated. This politician sparked a war by altering the Ems Dispatch. This giver of the "Blood and Iron" speech initiated the kulturkampf and spurred on the Franco- Prussian War. For 10 points, name this practitioner of realpolitik, an "Iron Chancellor" of Germany.
Output: History
This author wrote of an orphan who is helped by Colonel Creighton after he is separated from Teshoo   Lama. This author wrote about that boy working for Mahbub Ali in Lahore before looking for the  "River of the Arrow". In a story by this author, Darzee sings about the death of Nag, and Teddy and   his family are threatened by Nagaina [nah-gah-ee-nah]. In one of this author's novels, the only being  in the forest not afraid of fire attacks Shere Khan with a burning branch. Name this author of Kim  and "Riki-Tiki-Tavi" who created the characters of Baloo, Bagheera, and Mowgli in The Jungle Book.
Output: Literature
One painting by this man depicts several soldiers hunched over after a chemical attack, and his mural The Triumph of Religion appears in his hometowns public library. He made a foray into impressionism with his Claude Monet Painting at the Edge of a Wood, and his imitation of Las Meninas featured the Boit family. Also known for a depiction of two girls holding Chinese lanterns, Carnation Lily Lily Rose, his most famous work depicts Virginia Gatreau in a scandalously low-cut dress. FTP, name this American romantic painter, the creator of Madame X.
Output: Fine Arts
He was first attracted to Mannerism after studying under Antonio Badile, producing such early works as The Family of Darius before Alexander. However, he fell under the influence of Tintoretto and produced such works as Agony in the Garden and 1587's Saint Pantaleone Healing a Child. His large workshop featured such artists as del Frisco and produced the scandalous 1573 Last Supper in the House of Simon, which the Inquisition forced him to rename The Feast in the House of Levi. FTP, identify this painter from Verona perhaps best known for his The Marriage at Cana.
Output: Fine Arts
This author wrote of the potential for the development of racial prejudice as a result of anthropological work in an essay written for UNESCO, Race and History. He critiqued "monoculture" and described his tenure at Sao Paulo University and his travels among the Bororo in Tristes Tropiques. This theorist denied the concept of totemism in one work, while the titular dichotomy of another work by this author differentiated between items of "natural" and "cultural" origin, a work that was the first in this author's collection Mythologiques. For 10 points, name this structuralist anthropologist, author of The Savage Mind and The Raw and the Cooked.
Output: Social Science
This man classified discipline as repetitive behavior under determinate conditions in a work on Moral Education, and composed another work on the normality of crime. The inspiration for Batesons schismogenesis theory, he differentiated between repressive and restitutive law, seeing crime as a reflection of a populations unconscious. Rodney Needham translated his collaboration with Marcel Mauss on Primitive Classification, and he sought to identify the common social origins of religious beliefs in Elementary Forms of Religious Life. FTP, name this French sociologist whose best-known works include The Division of Labor in Society and a study on Suicide.
Output: Social Science
One of the most important texts about them was written by Santideva in the 7th century AD, while Gampopa's The Jewel Ornament of Liberation lists the ten grounds or bhumi one of them must pass through. They observe ten main virtues, or paramitas, which range from generosity to wisdom, and famous examples of them include Manjusri, Vajrapani, Ksitigarbha, and the Chinese Quan Yin, who is also known as Chenrezig and Avalokitesvara. Potential ones must be male, and this position is said to be attained when karuna is equated with prajna. Maitreya is the only one recognized in the Theravada sect. FTP, identify these beings who seek enlightenment and help others to attain nirvana in Buddhism.
Output: Social Science
Among this artist's important works painted in the United States are a painting for the San Francisco Stock Exchange, as well as "Detroit Industry". He gained an intenational reputation with The Nightmare of War and the Dream of Peace and Man at the Crossroads, and created a scandal by including the phrase "God Does Not Exist" in Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Central Alameda. Known for his monstrously ugly appearance, FTP, who was this most popular of the Mexican muralists
Output: Fine Arts
The source of this river, that used to flow through the Makgadikgadi Plain, lies near the Kalene Hill. This river's waters create the Barotse [bah-ROT-see] floodplain, and it receives the Cuando and Shire Rivers. The Chizuma Falls can be found on this river, and two dams on it create Lake Cahora Bassa and Lake Kariba. One feature along this river, called by locals(*) "The Smoke that Thunders," was discovered by David Livingstone. For 10 points, identify this river that flows through Angola, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, and contains Victoria Falls.
Output: Social Science
This author's essay "Maxims of Love" discusses his feelings for Metilde Dembowsky. An orphan who leaves Normandy to find "what love is all about" is the title character in this man's unfinished novel Lamiel. Giletti, the protector of Marietta Valsera, is killed in a scuffle in one of this man's works, in which the main character ultimately ends up as a (*) monk. He wrote a novel in which Mathilde de la Mole imitates an ancestor by burying her lover's head and decorates his tomb with marble. That novel features a character who is sentenced to die after attempting to kill Madame de Renal. For 10 points, name this French author of The Charterhouse of Parma and a novel about Julien Sorel, The Red and the Black.
Output: Literature
This composer's Dumky Trio and String Sextet are among his best chamber works, while larger-scale works include Symphonic Variations and a Serenade for Strings. His choral works were very popular in England, especially his Te Deum and Stabat Mater, though his operatic success is limited today to Rusalka. A close friend of Brahms, he blended native folk tunes into works like Moravian Duets and Slavonic Dances, though his most famous works were written in New York and Iowa. Also notable for his B minor Cello Concerto, FTP, name this Czech composer of the "American" quartet who was influenced by spirituals in writing his 9th symphony, "From the New World".
Output: Fine Arts
Before this work was written the composer's teacher at the Milan conservatory, Antonio Bazzini, wrote an opera based on the same play. In Act 2, the title character sings the aria "Within This Palace," in which she tells about one of her ancestors who thousands of years earlier was betrayed by a man who conquered her city. In order to avenge that betrayal, she invents a test which involves questions about a phantom, a fever, and an ice that sets you on fire. In the third and final act, the blind king of Tartary Timur refuses to reveal a secret, after which his slave girl Liu is tortured and stabs herself to death. In that act, the aria "Nessun dorma" is sung by Calaf, who wins the titular princess of China. FTP, name this 1926 opera, which was left unfinished at his death by Giacomo Puccini.
Output: Fine Arts
One protein that binds to this protein also binds to proline-rich sequences in the membrane proteins Vasp and Mena, and another is knocked out in the singed mutant. Phosphatidyl-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate regulates the binding of vinculin to both talin and this other protein, whose function is performed by nematode Major Sperm Protein in the only (*) eukaryotic cells known to lack one form of it. In addition to the aforementioned profilin and facsin, severin and gelsolin bind to this protein and sever it. Two toxins often used to study it are cytochalasins and phalloidin. Thymosin 4 sequesters this protein, which undergoes treadmilling because the critical concentration at its (+) and (-) ends is not the same. This protein consists of G monomers which polymerize into F filaments, which make up the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. For 10 points, name this protein that forms cross-bridges with myosin in muscle cells.
Output: Science
one novel set in this country, the violence employed by the bandit Fiero Vasquez and the legal recourse taken by Correa Zavala cannot help the mayor Rosendo Maquis save his town of Rumi from the corrupt Don Amenabar. This setting of Ciro Alegra's novel Broad and Alien is the World was home to a poet whose socialism and collections The Black Heralds and Trilce have often led him to be paired with Neruda. One author from this country recently published a reworking of Madame Bovary titled The Bad Girl. In a novel set in this country, the Marquesa de Montemayor resolves to change her ways after reading Pepita's letter, and Brother Juniper is burned for writing about the title event. This setting of The Bridge of San Luis Rey is also where Pedro Camacho writes scripts for radio soaps. For 10 points, name this home of Cesar Vilejo and Mario Vargas Llosa.
Output: Literature
For an ideal gas, this quantity equals the square root of the adiabatic index times the gas constant times temperature over molar mass, a result which can be derived from a more general formula equating it to the square root of the bulk modulus over the density. For air, this quantity varies based on humidity and temperature. An object (*) exceeding this quantity will cause the formation of a cone of condensation due to the formation of a shock wave, which is also accompanied by a loud boom. For 10 points, identify this speed equal to Mach one, the rate at which phenomena such as thunder and voices propagate through a medium.
Output: Science
In the introduction to the second edition of this work, the author described how Hubert Humphrey won a 1948 Senate race over a man who championed the ideas of Jeremy Bentham. It criticizes the inability of monetary policy to have any influence on wage-price interactions in a chapter called The Monetary Illusion, while chapter 11 of this work criticizes consumer wants which arise from the process of satisfying wants and calls it the dependence effect. Another chapter criticizes the use of GDP and GNP as a measure of quality of life and is titled The Paramount Position of Production. Its author originally titled it Why the Poor are Poor and discarded another title which described the central entity as opulent and its second chapter contains an attack on a concept which espouses predictability over originality and preaches what the audience most wants to hear, conventional wisdom. For 10 points, identify this magnum opus of John Kenneth Galbraith.
Output: Literature
A flying man in red plucks a white-loinclothed figure out of a capsizing boat in one of this man's works. A pattern of blue diamonds adorns the white wrap around the red dress of a woman at the lower right of one of his paintings. That woman is being served fruit and handing some to a white-clad child. Two trees and a small brook separate the foreground from the priest walking in the middle, while the title action of that painting is going on way in the back, as a circle dances around an elevated idol. For 10 points, name this painter of St. Mark Freeing the Slave and The Adoration of the Golden Calf, who executed for the San Giorgio Maggiore of Venice his Last Supper.
Output: Fine Arts
During this period, Gondwanaland was in existence and climate was extreme. Regions 65 degrees or more from the equator were covered with glacial ice. Also, the earliest remains of terrestrial plants come from this time. FTP, identify this period which was named for a tribe in Great Britain and Wales and which occurred from 438 to 408 million years ago.
Output: Science