niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Fazlur Khan's DeWitt Plaza in this city popularized the tubular design used in the World Trade Center, while prior to winning the commission for New York's Flatiron Building, Burnham and Root designed the Monadnock and Masonic Temple buildings in this city. Sarrinen lost the bid for a building in this city that features art deco sculptures by Chambellan and chunks of famous world buildings imbedded in the walls. To deal with the soft clay beneath the site of one building in this city, a floating raft of railroad ties was used as the foundation for the (*) Auditorium Building, co-designed by Dankmar Adler. The firm behind the Dubai's Burj Khalifa, Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, has designed notable buildings here, while Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate stands near Gehry's Millenium Park in this city, home to Frank Lloyd Wright's Robie House. The namesake of a school promoted by Louis Sullivan, for 10 points, name this home to the Hancock Center and Sears Tower.
Output: Fine Arts
The ancient name of a river in this modern-day country is the origin of the word "pheasant." A person called a tamada pronounces toasts at this country's supra dinners, during which you can eat lobiani bean bread and sulguni cheese. Men in this country traditionally wear the Chokha. The alluvial deposits of this country's Inguri and Rioni rivers form the Kolkhida Lowland, known to classical geographers as Colchis. This country's biggest port is Batumi, located in the autonomous region of Adjara. This country claims a region to the northwest governed from Sukhumi, and it is known as Sakartvelo in its native language. This country still claims possession of two breakaway regions lost in 2008: South Ossetia and Abkhazia. For 10 points, name this Caucasian country with capital Tbilisi.
Output: Social Science
A white wrapped bouquet of flowers is on the ground next to a little girl, who is smelling flowers and sitting next to her mother. A dog with a cross on its collar frolics near the bottom of this painting, and next to it is a small monkey on a leash. A man in a top hat sits on a (*) shore in this painting next to a blue-capped man smoking a pipe, and he's clutching a curved cane, while in the distance a boat contains four white clad people rowing, which is shown under the arching branches of the several trees that frame the top of this painting. Several of the people in this painting have umbrellas, but none of them have defined faces. For ten points, identify this Pointilist depiction of a social gathering in the title location, which was executed by Georges Seurat.
Output: Fine Arts
In 2007, Jain et al. reported a new class of organic magnets incorporating this element complexed to DDQ, TCNE, and TCNQ, and this metal works with SIPr to catalyze the cycloaddition of diynes to produce pyridines, isocyanates, and esters. One hypothesis for the Oxygen Catastrophe 2. 4 billion years ago was a famine named for this element, since it appears in as the key cofactor for methane production in methanogens, and it also appears in the active site of the human enzyme urease. Often complexed to cyclooctadiene, or cod, this element can be purified by reaction with Syngas and carbon monoxide to generate the namesake tetracarbonyl, sometimes known as liquid death, in the Mond process. For 10 points, name this element, the primary component of Raney catalysts, which appears to the right of cobalt on the periodic table, with symbol Ni.
Output: Science
According to one story, this figure founded a city when his efforts in digging up a mushroom revealed a spring. That city was ruled by Electryon and Sthenelus, members of a namesake dynasty he founded. When this ruler was unable to assume the throne of Argos, he traded realms with Megapenthes. This man was sent on a quest by a king of Seriphus named (*) Polydectes during which he stole the tooth and eye of the Graeae. He rescued the daughter of Cassiopea and Cepheus from a sea monster before taking that girl, Andromeda, as his wife. His mother Danae was locked in a tower by King Acrisius to avoid a prophecy, but he was conceived by Zeus in the form a stream of gold. For 10 points, name this hero who used winged sandals and the helmet of invisibility to slay Medusa.
Output: Social Science
This country's national day celebrates the establishment of a settlement at Port Jackson. This country's highest point is named after a Polish general in the American Revolution, while its lowest point is located in its largest lake, Lake (*) Eyre. In its southwest is a vast, nearly treeless area known as the Nullarbor Plain. One province in this country, which was formerly known as Van Diemen's Land, is the island of Tasmania, and major cities in this country include Darwin and Perth. For 10 points, name this country whose capital is Canberra.
Output: History
This thinker called everything that is true of an individual substance at a particular time its "complete concept." Ramon Llull's Ars Magna inspired this man's plans for an "alphabet of human thought." This deviser of the predicate-in-notion principle has a namesake "law" concerning the identity of indiscernibles. This thinker replaced causation with his idea of "pre-established harmony." This author of a refutation of Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding and a Discourse on Metaphysics used the principle of sufficient reason to address the problem of evil in his Theodicy. For 10 points, name this German polymath who believed in immaterial windowless unities called monads, and wrote that God must have created the best possible world before co-discovering calculus.
Output: Social Science
This thinker derisively claimed ""the libertarian is the only believer in causation"" at the opening of his early essay ""The Ego as Cause. "" In other works, he wrote a chapter entitled ""The United States, Incorporated"" which imagined corporate takeover, and wrote about the ""free play of intelligence. "" He advocated making "nature and the science of nature the willing servants of human good,"" and stated that communication is the key to turning the "Great Society" into a "Great Community. "" His namesake Commission included men like Carleton Beals and investigated Soviet charges against Leon Trotsky. This author of "What Humanism Means to Me" wrote the previous book to rebut the claims of Walter Lippmann, who held that ""the public"" was a phantom. FTP, name this author of The Quest for Certainty, an American philosopher who wrote all kinds of works on democracy and education.
Output: Social Science
An author from this country wrote a book in which the title character is contrasted with his half-brother Mort and kills the Newby family. In addition to The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, an author from this country wrote of a titular artist named Hurtle Duffield Courtney and a titular German explorer who dies while trekking in this country. Those works, The Vivisector and Voss, were written by Patrick White, an author from this country. FTP, name this country, the setting of the Peter Carey work Oscar and Lucinda, which documents an attempt to move a glass church into the outback.
Output: Literature
This man co-sponsored a 1984 act with Bill Nichols which consolidated the military command structure, and sued Jimmy Carter for nullifying the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty. He began his senate career by defeating the incumbent majority leader Ernest McFarland, but he replaced Carl Hayland the next time he ran for senate. He chose William Miller as his vice-presidential candidate, and himself ran as vice-president in 1960, the year in which he wrote Conscience of a Conservative. FTP, name this conservative icon, who lost the landslide 1964 election to Lyndon Johnson, a Republican dude from Arizona.
Output: History
Nader El-Biziri's Being at Home Among Things examines this philosopher's argument that in dwelling on earth we inhabit the poetic rather than the scientific, an argument outlined in this man's Building Dwelling Thinking. Theodor Adorno criticized his work in Jargon of Authenticity, and Nikolas Kompridis formulated reflective disclosure as an extension of this philosopher's assertion that humans assign meaning to things based on the context in which they learn about them. He used a Greek temple as an example of something that has lost the ability to effect the struggle between "Earth" and "World" in a work that discusses a pair of boots painted by Van Gogh. More famously, this author of The Origin of the Work of Art differentiated "being" from "a being" and described the uniquely human condition of Dasein. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote Being and Time.
Output: Social Science
This artist painted the Virgin reading a book while St. John and the infant Christ play with a bird in Madonna of the Goldfinch. This artist was commissioned to paint frescoes, such as Disputation Over the Holy Sacrament, in the so called Stanza della Signatura. In one painting by this artist, a figure in blue sprawls on the steps while Euclid teaches geometry and Socrates lectures while Alexander the Great looks on. That painting depicts Plato and Aristotle arguing in the title location. For 10 points, name this painter of The School of Athens.
Output: Fine Arts
In one essay, this man argued that Rome's executive stability was hampered by having two consuls. He used his own money to hush up the husband of his mistress Maria Reynolds. This politician used funding-at-par and assumption of states' debts, which he argued for in his "Report on the Public Credit". This New Yorker, born in the West Indies, strongly advocated for the First Bank of the United States at its creation and authored a majority of the Federalist papers. For 10 points, name this man shot dead by Aaron Burr in a duel, who served as the first Secretary of the Treasury and now graces the 10-dollar bill.
Output: History
The agent that causes this disease can be transported in the Cary-Blair medium, and it is often diagnosed by plating it onto TCBS medium and looking for yellow colonies. Its namesake enterotoxin ADP-ribosylates a G-protein linked to adenylate cyclase, causing a massive increase in cAMP concentration and opening of chloride channels. Epidemiologist John Snow traced the origin of one outbreak in Westminster, and its causative agent was isolated by Filippo Pacini. Cystic fibrosis is thought to confer a heterozygote advantage against, FTP, this disease, caused by a gram negative vibrio bacterium, which leads to massive dehydration and diarrhea and is transmitted through contaminated water.
Output: Science
Its final stanza is hurled out in E flat major, over a concluding fortissimo in the orchestra supplemented by organ, deep bells, and ten horns. After its introduction, the composer felt it necessary to call for a five-minute pause before the start of the second movement, a minuet. The following movement is based on a setting of the song "St. Anthony of Padua's Sermon to the Fish," but it is the final movement, which is characterized by the chorus intoning the command "Arise," that gives this work its name. FTP, name this symphony based on a Friedrich Klopstock ode and composed by Gustav Mahler.
Output: Fine Arts
A key point in this opera follows the singing of "Voce di donna, o d'angelo" in the first act, after which a rosary is given to a masked woman which is later recognized by the title character in the second act. She and the woman to whom the rosary was given then sing the duet "L'amo come il fulgor del creato. " In the final act, a theme from act three is heard, and it is then recognized just how important that rosary was. That rosary had allowed title character to help her erstwhile rival drink a sleeping potion instead of poison. In act three while that same theme was heard, it allowed Laura to escape the plans of her husband Alvise and join her lover Enzo, even though it means Enzo must forsake the title character who in turn promises to deliver herself to the lust of Barnaba. Based loosely on a novel by Victor Hugo, for 10 points, name this opera perhaps most famous for another tune from act three, the "Dance of the Hours," with music composed by Amilcare Ponchielli.
Output: Fine Arts
The most common methods for their preparation are treatment of halohydrins with aqueous base, and oxidation of alkenes with peroxycarboxylic acids. The simplest member is used as a chemical sterilant, and its reaction with Grignard reagents is a convenient way to lengthen a carbon chain by two atoms. Their high strain makes them highly reactive, and they undergo ring-opening reactions with a variety of nucleophiles. Containing an oxygen atom in a three-member ring, FTP, name these cyclic ethers.
Output: Science
This 1874 novel, originally published serially in the Corn Hill Magazine, was its author's first commercial success. The main action of the novel takes place in the area surrounding Norcombe Hill and the village of Weatherbury in Wessex. In a tragedy that clears the path for a happy ending, Farmer Boldwood shoots Sergeant Troy and is subsequently jailed. For 10 points-name the Thomas Hardy novel revolving around the relationship between the steadfast farmer Gabriel Oak and the independent Bathsheba Everdene whose title reflects Hardy's theme of avoiding an urban lifestyle.
Output: Literature
Rulers of this empire never held absolute power due to the council of Gbara. One ruler of this empire was assisted by his general Tiramakhan and set his capital at the city of Niani. According to legend, this empire was founded after a battle in which an arrow deprived (*) Sumanguru of his magic powers. A later ruler of this empire underwent an extremely extravagant hajj to Mecca and ruled as Mansa Musa. For ten points, name this African empire that conquered Ghana and was founded by Sundiata Keita.
Output: History
His first volume of short stories included one set on St. John's Eve, one set on Christmas Eve, and one set on a May night, the last of which is subtitled "The Drowned Maiden. "    His second volume of short stories included "Viy," "Old-World Landowners," and a story about a quarrel between Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich. Though he used the pseudonym V. Alov to publish his first work, the narrative poem Hans Kchelgarten, he used his own name for Evenings on a Farm in Dikanka and Mirgorod. His St. Petersburg Stories include tales about the madcap adventures of Collegiate Assessor Kovalev and Akakii Akakievich, who returns as a ghost to reclaim an article of clothing. FTP, name this Russian author of The Inspector-General, "The Overcoat", and Dead Souls.
Output: Literature
Kineiving asshattery on the part of the losing side in the month's before this battle included a series of failed cabals that led one man to demand the issuance of his General Order No. 8, and a jealous reaction to the appointment of Daniel Sickles, which led the biggest screwup at this battle to demand he replace Franz Sigel as commander of the unusually German XI Corps. Kelly's Ford and Ely's Ford were captured prior to this battle by a group discovered by Richard Anderson's scouting expedition, triggering tbe fortification of Zoan Church. The losing side of this battle ultimately blamed (*) Oliver Howard for getting those XI corps ambushed and slaughtered, though the commanding officer invoked the third person in supposedly claiming it was "the only time he lost faith in" himself. The most important casualty in this battle was blamed on low light and a North Carolina sentry. The Union under the newly appointed Joseph Hooker were ultimately defeated by the much smaller force under Robert E. Lee in, for 10 points, this battle where Stonewall Jackson was killed by friendly fire, a costly Confederate victory near its namesake village in Spotsylvania, Virginia.
Output: History
This god's heart became the planet Venus after he lept onto a funeral pyre. This god's conflicts with the "Smoking Mirror" caused the destruction of four earths. After the creation of the barren fifth world, this god retrieved bones from Mictlan and used his blood to create men to populate that world. This brother of Xolotl was tricked by his rival Tezcatlipoca into his immolation and he was said to have sailed east on a raft of serpents to eventually return to his people. For 10 points, name this feathered serpent revered by the Aztecs.
Output: Social Science
The first king of Ethiopia, Enalos, was married to this figure's daughter Benthesikyme. Asteria turned herself into the floating island of Delos after this god attempted to seduce her, and his union with Demeter produced Despoine and Areion. He changed another woman he raped into the Lapith warrior Caeneus, and Ovid says that Athena turned Medusa into a Gorgon after she slept with this god. He sent a monster to attack Troy after he and Apollo weren't paid for building walls for Laomedon, and he fathered Otus, Ephialtes, and Polyphemus. For 10 points, name this god whose wife Amphitrite bore his son Triton, the Greek god of earthquakes and the sea.
Output: Social Science
In the publisher's note to this book he informs the reader that the author moved from Redriff to a house near Newark to avoid his fans, and the title page originally displayed a portrait of that author with the caption "Splendide Mendax. " A group of characters in this book worry that the Earth will collide with a comet due to return in 31 years and continually discuss the sun's health. A notable controversy presented in this work concerns which end of an egg one should use to crack it, the two sides being referred to as "tram-" and "slam-ecksan. "  In another part a box is made for the narrator at the behest of Glumdalclitch that is eventually carried out to sea by a bird, which allows him to escape Brobdignag. The narrator also visits the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos on his titular journeys. FTP name this novel by Jonathan Swift.
Output: Literature
Wordsworth singled out this man's poem, "Sonnet on the Death of Richard West" to exemplify what he disliked most about poetry at the time. In addition to writing such poems as "The Fatal Sister," and "The Triumphs of Owen," this man wrote of a Welsh bard cursing Edward I and prophesizing the downfall of the Plantagenets in "The Bard. " His other Pindaric ode was "The Progress of Poesy," and one of his poems contains the line "Presumptuous maid! With looks intent/Again she stretched, again she bent. " Another of his poems begins "Ye distant spires, ye antique towers" and contains line "where ignorance is bliss, tis folly to be wise. " In addition to "Ode of a Distant Prospect of Eton College," this poet is responsible for the lines "some mute inglorious Milton" and "far from the madding crowd. " FTP, name this man, author of "Ode of the Death of a Favorite Cat, Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes" and "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. "
Output: Literature
The back right of this painting shows a man on a white horse, just above a man in the foreground wearing a black hat with a red feather. To the left of the knee of this painting's title figure is a black man with most of his face obscured. The original copy of this work was destroyed in Bremen by the Royal Air Force, and this work was defaced in 2003 when a picture of the 9/11 attacks was glued to it. The banner at the center of this painting is historically incorrect, and is being hosted by James Monroe as rowers paddle around chunks of ice. For 10 points, name this Emmanuel Leutze painting that shows the first U. S. president leading troops to the Battle of Trenton.
Output: Fine Arts
After a minor-key Adagio opening, the first movement of this piece becomes as lively Presto in 6/8, a tempo and time signature the composer more often used for finales. The finale for this work, though, is in 2/2 time, marked Vivace, and ends with a fugue, a device the composer most famously used in the finales of his Sun Quartets. The third movement minuet is the longest the composer ever wrote in any of his symphonies, over eight minutes in length on most recordings when played with repeats, and is in the symphony's main key of D major. The ninth of the twelve London symphonies, this is, FTP, which work by Franz Joseph Haydn that takes its name from the steady eighth-note accompaniment in its second movement, which imitates the metronomic ticking of the title device
Output: Fine Arts
This nation's southern border is defined by the Coco River. The Swan Islands of this country are approximately 95 miles north of its coast, and 500 miles from New Orleans. The Caratasca Lagoon is located in the northeastern part of this country, and the La Mosquitia region of this country contains the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve. This country that borders the Pacific Ocean through the Gulf of Fonseca is also home to the Islas de la Bahia. For 10 points, name this Central American country borderd by Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala with capital at Tegucigalpa. 
Output: Social Science
After the panic of 1819, this state was home to the Debt Relief Party, which in 1824 created a new state supreme court, leading to the Old Court-New Court Controversy in which this state had two rival supreme courts. One Senator from this state lived on the Ashland Estate, while another Senator from this state served as Attorney General to both Fillmore and William Henry Harrison and introduced a (*) failed amendment designed to prevent the Civil War. Apart from John J. Crittenden, another Senator from this state devised the rule that no slavery would be allowed south of Missouri in 1820 and lost three Presidential elections. For ten points, name this home state of Henry Clay.
Output: History
Silva Vicarro is implied to have impregnated Flora Meighan in one play by this author, while in another, later reworked into The Eccentricities of a Nightingale, John Buchanan chooses Nellie Ewell over her teacher, Alma Winemiller. Besides Twenty-seven Wagons Full of Cotton, Catharine Holly is ultimately able to tell her story about her cousin in another work. One of this author's works is set in a hotel whose inhabitants include Nonno, who recites poems from memory, and his portrait-drawing granddaughter, Hannah Jelkes, as well as the alcoholic former priest T. Lawrence Shannon, while another work is about Sebastian Venable. Besides Summer and Smoke and Suddenly Last Summer, this author wrote about Jim O'Connor, who calls upon Laura Wingfield. For 10 points, name this playwright of The Night of the Iguana and The Glass Menagerie who wrote about the Pollitts and Blanche DuBois in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and A Streetcar Named Desire.
Output: Literature
Events that took place during this dynasty's rule included the reinstatement of civil service exams, which were based on Neo-Confucianism, and a literacy test for Buddhists who wanted military exemptions, which led to the recording of koans. Artists during this period placed emphasis on personal expression through the concept of literati painting, and san-chu, or nondramatic songs, became more popular. The Grand Canal was rebuilt during this period, and a new capital was established at Khanbaliq. One of the catalysts of its downfall was the lack of natives in government positions, and its overthrow was led by Chu. The shortest of the major dynasties, for ten points, name this dynasty that ruled China from 1279 to 1368 and was succeeded by the Ming.
Output: History
This artist created a work whose realistic quality caused him to say, "Speak, damn you!" An early work created by this artist was a depiction of the Feast of Herod for the baptistry of the Siena Cathedral. This sculptor of Zuccone created a monument in Padua to Erasmo da Narni, his equestrian statue Gattamelata. A work by this man is a feminized portrayal of a Biblical hero who leans on his sword while standing over the head of his enemy. For 10 points, name this Florentine sculptor whose works include a bronze David.
Output: Fine Arts
Its effects were aggravated by the vacillation of Mayor Bludworth and the haphazard use of gunpowder against it by the Trained Bands before its second phase erupted from the legal district known as The Temple. A column known simply as The Monument stands where it first arose from the home of Thomas Farynor, the king's baker, in Pudding Lane. It came just months after a devastating plague had died down, and it was described at length by Samuel Pepys. FTP, name this 1666 conflagration that led to Christopher Wren and others rebuilding the city.
Output: History
Following a treaty with the young chieftain Ancoo, this polity negotiated the treaty of Coyatee with Old Tassel and gave the Cherokees part of its territory in the Treaty of Hopewell. Later on, settlers from this area killed leaders such as Old Tassel and Abram at Overhills Towns, and their attempted settlement of Muscle Shoals was foiled by Dragging Canoe. Centered around the town of Jonesborough, its leaders included superior court judge David Campbell, Senate speaker Landon Carter, and House speaker William Cage. Founded by members of the Wautaga movement, its downfall came after John Tipton defeated a band of men from this region on his farm under the command of its first governor, John Sevier. Not recognized by neighboring North Carolina and only existing for four years, FTP, identify this state which was never admitted into the Union, but instead was included in the new state of Tennessee.
Output: History
This authors critical works include Esthtique du Mal and The Necessary Angel. 1937 saw this writers Picasso-inspired The Man with the Blue Guitar. Fond of calling his oeuvre the whole of his first book, Harmonium, this poet outlined the tenets of writing as art in Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction. For ten points, name this American poet of Le Monocle de Mon Oncle, Sunday Morning, and The Emperor of Ice-Cream who spent much of his time selling insurance.
Output: Literature
Cardinal Thomas Gibbons' defense of this organization would lead to Pope Leo XIII issuing an encylical, Rerum Novarum, supporting organizations of their kind. In contrast with its inclusive reputation, a chapter of this group was involved in the Seattle riots of 1886. Internal feuding following the failed Missouri Pacific railroad strike of 1886, and the emergence of a rival organization of skilled craftsmen, meant that by 1900, this organization was almost nonexistent. Name this labor organization that helped lobby for the Chinese Exclusion Act and, for 10 points, was founded by nine tailors in Philadelphia in 1869 and reached its peak under Terence V. Powderly.
Output: History
One part of this work states that the fact that the word "bachelor" has less than ten letters proves that the word "bachelor" cannot always be replaced with "unmarried man. " Later, it asks whether a statement "taken in isolation from its fellows, can admit of confirmation or infirmation at all. " Previously, this work expresses an inability to evaluate the statement "everything green is extended" and says that "a precise artificial languge with explicit semantical rules" would not solve the problem. The author of this paper noted that many of its ideas were first expressed by Morton White in an essay about "an untenable dualism" from a book about John Dewey. Claiming that "abandoning" the title entities will lead to "a blurring of the supposed boundary between speculative metaphysics and natural science" as well as more pragmatism, this essay begins by reviewing a distinction made by Kant. Anthologized in From a Logical Point of View and taking on logical reductionism and the separation of analytic from synthetic truths, for 10 points, identify this essay by Willard Van Orman Quine.
Output: Social Science
This artist adapted a photograph he took of a waterfall in Switzerland for the background of a work showing a prostrate naked woman holding a lamp. This artist returned from a chess-filled retirement to create his Etant Donnes. A shovel is featured in In Advance of the Broken Arm, a work by this alter ego of Rrose Selavy. An enigmatic piece created by this man contains two (*) glass rectangles respectively containing nine "Malic Molds" and the "Bride," and is sometimes called The Large Glass. He was accused of painting an "explosion in a singles factory" in a work displayed at the Armory Show, and signed another object as "R. Mutt". For 10 points, name this creator of Fountain and other readymades.
Output: Fine Arts
Hexagonal red-cypress skylights and a copper roof feature in this persons design for Kentuck Knob. He adapted plans for a Baghdad opera house into the Gammage Auditorium and used dendriform columns in the parking garage and Great Workroom of the Johnson Wax Headquarters. This man also designed broad footings that were supposed to allow Tokyos Imperial Hotel to float on mud, while his most famous studio was called Taliesin. For 10 points, identify this proponent of the Usonian home and the Prairie style, the architect of Fallingwater.
Output: Fine Arts
A hunchbacked son of this ruler became a monk after revolting against this man's wife Fastrada. Another of this man's sons defeated the Avars and took the title King of the Lombards. A third son of this ruler blinded his nephew Bernard, killed him, and then repented before Paschal I, helping to earn his nickname "the Pious." Three of this king's grandsons divided his empire in the Treaty of Verdun. This man expanded dynastic holdings begun by a grandfather who defeated abd-ar-Rahman at the Battle of Tours, named Charles Martel. For 10 points, name this son of Pepin the Short who was crowned "King of the Romans" in 800, the strongest Carolingian king of the Franks.
Output: History
In this opera, a plan to woo the female lead is agreed upon in the duet "All'idea di quell metallo." That plan involves a nobleman impersonating a drunken soldier who seeks housing for the night. In one scene in this opera, a music teacher Basilio is bribed to feign sickness. In this work, the title character sings "Largo al factotum" as he first appears on stage. This opera ends when Count Almaviva manages to marry Rosina before her father Bartolo can interrupt the wedding. For 10 points, name this opera whose title character sings the famous lines "Figaro! Figaro! Figaro," a work by Gioacchino Rossini.
Output: Fine Arts
One character in this work claims to have been a Democrat "In the old days [when] they fairly hunted us with guns. " One chapter of this work, entitled "The Untold Lie," concerns Ray Pearson and Hal Winters, while "Godliness" concerns David Hardy, who knocks out his grandfather Jesse Bentley and flees. The Reverend Curtis Hartman lusts after Kate Swift in the "Godliness" chapter of this work, while another vignette in this work concerns a schoolteacher originally named Adolph Myers who was driven out of Pennsylvania under suspicion of molesting his students, and who takes the name of Wing Biddlebaum. In addition to "Hands," this work also tells of the main character's rivalry with Seth Richmond for the affections of Helen White, and the last chapter, "Departure," ends with his leaving the titular town. For ten points, identify this work tied together by the presence of George Willard and written by Sherwood Anderson.
Output: Literature
Synchrotron radiation can generate the hydroxyl variety of these for ultrafast footprinting studies, although a more common technique involves Fentons reagent. They are typically short-lived, but may be stabilized by either HOMO (hoe-moe) or LUMO (loo-moe) interactions, or by both, as in the push-pull case. The photocatalyzed production of chloroform is a classic example of their chain reactions, which may also be initiated by azo-bis-iso-butyro-nitrile or AIBN. Diatomic oxygen is a common variety, as are the reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide which have been implicated in aging. For 10 points, name these molecules with unpaired electrons.
Output: Science
author reconsidered classic works of ethnography from a postmodernist standpoint in Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. He described a syncretic village religion, the orthodox practices of Muslim merchants, and the Hinduism of government officials in The Religion of Java, while one of his essays is subtitled (*) "Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. " In addition to "Islam Observed," this anthropologist argued against provincialism in the lecture "Anti-Anti-Relativism," and also described "webs of significance in which individuals are caught. " For 10 points, identify this anthropologist who coined the term "thick description," which he employed in an essay from Interpretation of Cultures, entitled "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. "
Output: Social Science
His works include 1625's Lot Fleeing from Sodom, which is now housed in the Louvre. After studying under Venius, he went to Italy in 1600, where he began working for Vincenzo Gonzaga, a period during which he painted his Transfiguration and The Baptism of Christ. FTP, name this painter of the Ildefenso Altarpiece, The Toilet of Venus, and the Descent from the Cross, a Flemish Baroque artist best known for his distinctive portrayals of fleshy female nudes.
Output: Fine Arts
These materials are characterized by an equation that includes a hopping integral, the t-J model, itself derived from the Hubbard model. By comparing the coherence length to the London penetration depth, one can determine if these materials are Type I or Type II. A critical temperature above the boiling point of nitrogen characterizes the high-temperature type of these materials, which include cuprate perovskites like YBCO. These materials expel interior magnetic fields through the Meissner Effect, a phenomenon explained by Cooper pairs in the BCS theory. For 10 points, name these materials which exhibit zero electrical resistance.
Output: Science
In one tradition this figure breaks an oath to follow without questioning while on a journey with Al-Khidr. In another tradition, this figure receives a vision of Adam and Eve's family in his namesake book in The Pearl of Great Price. This man ordered the slaughter of Midianites to retaliate against Balak, and he mounted a brass serpent on a pole to ward off snakebites after producing water from a rock and making manna rain from heaven. This husband of Tzipporah was raised by the Pharaoh's sister and announced the arrival of ten plagues with his brother Aaron. For 10 points, name this prophet who received the Torah on Mount Sinai and led the Israelites out of Egypt.
Output: Social Science
This country's early railways include the spiral tunnels of the Gotthard line, and its Glacier Express railroad has a terminus at St. Moritz. This home of the vineyard terraces at Lavaux ("luh-VOE") is home to a castle where Lord Byron's poem "The Prisoner of Chillon" is set. This country hosts the yearly World Economic Forum at Davos. This country includes about eighty thousand speakers of Romansh, its fourth official language. For 10 points, name this landlocked European country home to Lake Lucerne, whose Alps include the north face of the Matterhorn.
Output: History
This musician included "Summer Night" as an outtake from an album which also includes "So Near, So Far." He collaborated with saxophonist Wayne Shorter and pianist Herbie Hancock on the album Nefertiti and featured pieces by guitarist Joaquin Rodrigo in his Sketches of Spain. This musician, who experimented with modal jazz in his fusion album Bitches Brew, created an alternate take of the modal jazz track "Flamenco Sketches" on an album that also includes "So What." For 10 points, name this jazz trumpeter who collaborated with Bill Evans and John Coltrane on Kind of Blue.
Output: Fine Arts
This work's first act ends with a "gittars chacony" and a "triumphing dance" bracketing the chorus telling Cupids to revel in the hills and vales. The three main characters sing "See, madam where the Prince appears" after one of them whines in the aria "Your counsel all is urged in vain". In one instance, the chorus merely says "Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho, ho! " a bunch of times while a drunken sailor dances; this happens while a sorceress and two witches conspire to lead one of the title characters astray in her love for the other title character. One famous section from this work makes use of the ground bass, and has one character telling her sister Belinda to "Remember me, but ah, forget my fate" before committing suicide. First performed at a girls' school in London to a libretto by Nahum Tate, for 10 points, name this opera containing the area "When I Am Laid in Earth," sung by the titular Carthaginian queen who loves the other title character from Troy, an opera by Henry Purcell.
Output: Fine Arts
The book in which this character appears has a story about a goat with a single horn that is replaced by four smaller horns. This character insists on consuming nothing but vegetables and water after refusing the king's meat. Gabriel interrupts this man after he makes the prediction that the time of captivity for his people will be seventy weeks. In one incident, this character goes to the feast of (*) Belshazzar to interpret the writing on the wall. For 10 points, name this Bible character known for interpreting dreams who was thrown into the lion's den.
Output: Social Science
One ruler of this empire turned the city of Djenne in to a center of learning. It emerged from small settlements under the Za dynasty, who were based in Kukiya. Sonni Barus lack of strong Muslim belief led many to fear that he would cut off trade, which a rebellion which overthrew him. The empire came to an end in 1591 at the hands of invading Moroccans. For 10 points, name this pre-colonial African empire once ruled by Sonni Ali and Askia the Great, centered at Gao on the banks of the Niger River.
Output: History
Preparation of certain polymers for this technique typically involves dissolving in a non-hygroscopic solvent before applying the sample to a cell. Preparing solids may involve pushing the sample through a die press to generate a translucent material for this technique or combining the sample with a mulling agent such as Nujol prior to application on potassium bromide salt plates. This technique produces a spectrum with a fingerprint region and characteristic absorbance leads to stretching and bending of bonds in molecules in this technique. It produces a broad peak for alcohols around 3300 inverse centimeters. For 10 points, name this spectroscopic technique using wavelength slightly longer than that of visible light.
Output: Science
This novel ends with the author asking which of us is happy in the world Which of us has his desire or, having it, is satisfied The protagonist of this novel is discovered in a compromising situation with Steyne by her husband Rawdon. In this novel, William Dobbin idealizes the wife of George Osborne, who is killed at the Battle of Waterloo. Its title refers to a town in Pilgrims Progress where Faithful is convicted by a jury of merchants. For 10 points, name this novel about Amelia Sedley and Becky Sharp, written by William Makepeace Thackeray.
Output: Literature
One part of this work says "with your tongue remove the tape" and compares the breath of the subject to "bright beads on yellow globes. " Another part follows a dancer who resents being ogled by a "dictie" and cries after being silently rejected. The "cornfield concubines" "sing like virgins" at the end of "Georgia Dusk," one part of this work, while the last section discusses a man who is fired from his teaching job for drinking moonshine and becomes a blacksmith after discussing, with Halsey and Lyman, the fear of being lynched. Including "Avey, "Blood-Burning Moon," "Karintha," and "Kabnis," this book was by far the most important contribution that the author of Balo and "The Flavor of Man" made to the Harlem Renaissance. For 10 points, name this collection of stories, drama, and poems by a grandson of Pinckney Pinchback, Jean Toomer.
Output: Literature
To secure the southern border, this ruler created a kingdom of Aquitaine, which even eventually gained control over the Spanish March. His court included a circle of educated clerics who produced a renovatio, including the scholar Alcuin of York and this ruler's biographer, Einhard. Aachen was the site of the Palatine Chapel and palace of this man, the son of Pippin the Short who was crowned Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day 800 by Pope Leo III. For 10 points, name this Frankish King, the first Holy Roman Emperor.
Output: History
After his time in office, this president was then elected as a member of the House of Represenatives for 17 years. As Secretary of State, he authored the Monroe Doctrine, and thanks to the support of Henry Clay, his presidential election in 1824 was successful, though this was deemed a ""corrupt bargain"" by opponents. For 10 points, name this sixth U.S. President.
Output: History
One composition by this man was partially based on a visit to a snake farm and uses tambourines to intimate their slithering in the "Buntantan" movement. In one ballet composed by this man, American and Russian shoppers threaten to separate a pair of can-can dancers, and the dolls later come to rescue the owner of the titular establishment. Besides The Magic Toy Shop. Movements like "The Dove" and "The Cuckoo" appear in his suite The Birds, while another of his works uses the French horn to depict gods playing conch shells as Naiads and Tritons dance in the morning light. He also depicted Primavera and The Birth of Venus in Three Botticelli Pictures, and reworked pieces like "Gagliarda" and "Villanella" into his Ancient Airs and Dances. and another of his works calls for six buccinas as well as a recording of a nightingale to depict the Janiculum, and ends with a march along the Appian Way. For 10 points, identify this Italian composer of Fountains of Rome and Pines of Rome.
Output: Fine Arts
Racial violence in this city began with the 1909 lynching of William James, as well as the later 1967 murder of black soldier Robert Hunt. Its Chief of Police was shot in 1969 violence stopped when Governor Richard Ogilvie sent in the National Guard. Rooster Cogburn opened a bar here after the Civil War, and it was the inspiration for Eden in Charles Dickens' Martin Chuzzlewit. Stephen Foster wrote a song about being "way down" in this city, which is where Magnolia Manor and Fort Defiance State Park are located. Huck and Jim intend to go to this city to obtain Jim's freedom in Huckleberry Finn, but they end up sailing past it. This city has the lowest elevation of any within Illinois and is located at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. For 10 points, name this southernmost city in Illinois, which shares its name with a city in Egypt.
Output: History
[10] The trace, or sum of diagonal terms, for the Hesse matrix is equal to this operator, which is equivalent to the divergence of the gradient and is symbolized del squared.
Output: Science
This man repudiated the Walrasian school after he published a work critical of the marginal productivity theory of distribution. In his magnum opus, he argued that actions are based on illogical decisions called "residues" and are justified by "derivations. " In additio to writing Cours d'economie politique and Mind and Society, his collaborative work with Francis Edgeworth resulted in the indifference curve, and he is also the namesake of a distribution, which leads to the conclusion that 80% of the outcome can be attributed to 20% of the causes. For 10 points, identify this economist, who also names a condition where no person can be made better of without making anybody worse off.
Output: Social Science
The nations involved in it had allied immediately before it through the Treaty of Chaumont, and one of the figures involved in it continued the reforms of Karl vom Stein. Due to disagreement over Italys settlement, Spain refused to sign the Final Act of it, and Switzerland was granted a new constitution. Swedish Pomerania was given to Prussia, and a loose German confederation was established, much to the delight of Klemens von Metternich. FTP, identify this 1815 meeting that took place in Austria.
Output: History
Act II features one of the characters remembering his time in Morocco where he had to fend off a child prostitute, while Act IV begins with Dr. Baugh arriving to deliver some morphine and a woman coming to realize that her husband has terminal cancer. One of the central characters repeatedly asks for "solid quiet" and drinks until he hears a "click" in his head so that he can forget the death of his best friend, and possible lover, Skipper. Ultimately, the greedy and oddly fertile Mae and Gooper lose out as Big Daddy names the other Pollitt son as his heir. FTP, name this 1955 play that revolves around the doomed marriage of Brick and his wife Maggie, a work by Tennessee Williams.
Output: Literature
Henry Sidgwick compares intuitional morality with this philosophy in his Methods of Ethics, and R. M. Hare created a "Two-level" form of it in an attempt to combine its "Act" and "Rule" theories. The founder of this philosophy formulated a felicific calculus and wrote The (*) Principles of Morals and Legislation. One proponent of this philosophy argued against the "tyranny of the majority" and formulated the "harm principle." For ten points, identify this philosophy advocated for by John Stuart Mill, which seeks the "greatest happiness for the greatest number."
Output: Social Science
One of this nation's cities celebrates the Palo de Mayo festival and another city contains the tamarind tree of the Sutiaba and the cathedral of Benito de Baltondano. In addition to Bluefields and Leon, this country includes the Islas de Maiz to the east, the Tipitapa River which joins its two large lakes, and the Cordillera Isabella to the north. The San Juan River forms a part of the southern border of this nation, whose city of Puerto Cabezas is found in a region named for an insect. For 10 points, name this Central American country, home to the Mosquito coast, that lies between Costa Rica and Honduras with capital at Managua.
Output: Social Science
This artist created an exhibition of floating mylar balloons called Silver Clouds. In 1968, Valerie Solanas attempted to shoot this artist, who worked in a New York studio known as ""The Factory. "" The originator of the phrase "Fifteen minutes of fame," he used the technique of silkscreens to depict many nearly-identical versions of figures like Mao Zedong, Elvis Presley, and Marilyn Monroe. For 10 points, name this American pop artist who also created many paintings of Campbell's soup cans.
Output: Fine Arts
The two-dimensional form of this technique, sometimes also two-color, can be frequency and time-resolved to produce synchronous correlation maps. It may be used to analyze solids when they are mixed with non-volatile liquid and ground into a mull, or incorporated into potassium bromide discs or cells, employed because they lack covalent bonds, with common solvents like CHCl3 and CS2. It produces a portion known as the fingerprint region from 1400 to 600 inverse centimeters, and might show a broad adsorption band near 3000 indicating an alcohol functional group. FTP, name this way of identifying organic compounds, a type of spectroscopy named for the radiation of shorter frequency than visible light.
Output: Science
He displaced one of his rivals by giving the Kanto domain to them, which precipitated that family's move away from the Chubu region. This man redefined class relationships based on kokudaka, or amount of agricultral production. He became so enraged at his nephew Hidetsugu that he killed thirty of Hidetsugu's female relatives, and he failed to get past Korea in an attempt to conquer China. In order to enforce an order that allowed only samurai to bear arms, this man started the Great Sword Hunt. For 10 points, name this successor of Oda Nobunaga who unified Japan before being succeeded by the namesake of a shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Output: History
The one dimensional cutting stock problem is a special case of it and Applegate and Bixby designed the CONCORDE program to solve it. A 3/2 approximative algorithm to solve it is the Christofides algorithm. One heuristic often used for it is a generalization of the 2-opt and 3-opt methods, the (*) Lin-Kernighan algorithm. Sometimes simplified by requiring the triangle inequality, it's inefficiently solved by the nearest neighbor algorithm, and it's equivalent to finding the Hamiltonian cycle with least weight given a complete weighted graph. For 10 points, name this NP-hard problem of finding the least cost round trip if a namesake merchant visits each city once.
Output: Science