niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
In the preface of this work, its protagonist states that his fascination with an araucaria plant is due to its expression of middle-class cleanliness. Its protagonist is told to go to the Black Eagle during a funeral procession, after which he is prevented from committing suicide on his fiftieth birthday by a character that reminds him of Rosa Kreisler. That character encourages him to meet Maria and a jazz musician, who invites the protagonist into his "magic theatre. " While each door leads to a different world, the protagonist finds Pablo with Hermine, whom he stabs with a knife. The half-animal instincts of Harry Haller are detailed in, FTP, which novel by Herman Hesse
Output: Literature
This theorist identified the Parthenon as an example of selection applied to an established standard, and argued that standards were necessary to face the 'Problem of Perfection.' Along with Amedee Ozenfant, this theorist co-wrote the Purist manifesto Apres le Cubisme. He emphasized the use of pilotis to suspend buildings off the ground as a hallmark of his style, and the largest of his Open Hand sculptures is in the (*) Indian city of Chandigarh. He also designed a system of proportions based on the human body which he called the Modulor. This architect enumerated 'Five Points of Architecture,' which he adapted from a treatise with a chapter titled for 'Eyes that do not See.' For 10 points name this Swiss architect who wrote Towards a New Architecture and designed the Villa Savoy.
Output: Fine Arts
Returning from Athens, the protagonist of this work meets Polemarchos on the road and goes back with him to his home. Meeting Polemarchos' father, Cephalus, in the courtyard, the three men and Thrasymachus engage in a conversation during which Thrasymachus attempts to force the central figure to abandon his question-and-answer method. Dicussing the question of justice, the group concludes that justice favors the strong. A work in 10 Books, the tenth rejects poetry while the seventh contains the famous allegory of the cave. FTP identify this Platonic Dialouge in which Socrates describes the idea of the philosopher king and the government of an ideal state.
Output: Social Science
This leader seized upon previous legislation passed by the Christian Democrats to expropriate any estates over eighty hectares in size and later established local rationing boards that went by the acronym JAP. His policies were opposed by such groups as Order and Freedom and Fatherland and Liberty, but enabled by the laissez-faire ethos of the "Schneider Doctrine," which allowed his victory over Paper Manufacturer Jorge Alessandri to stand. Disturbances during this man's time in office include the El Teniente Copper strike and the rebellion of a tank regiment near the capital. His eventual successor replaced the loyal Carlos Prats as a member of this man's cabinet in August of 1973, one month before he would lead a coup against this man. For 10 points, identify this leader of the Popular Unity Party, a Socialist president of Chile who was deposed by Augusto Pinochet.
Output: History
response to an economic downturn, he signed a bill that disallowed purchasing federal land on credit but decreased the price of that land to a dollar twenty five an acre. After the ambush of a trapping expedition, he sent Henry Leavenworth to suppress the Arikara tribe. This man's term saw the negotiation of a treaty sometimes named for the year of its signing or called the London Convention which corrected the Mitchell Map and set the Canadian border at the 49th parallel. Other treaties signed during his term include one which demilitarized the Great Lakes and another that set borders along the Arkansas and Red Rivers and acquired Florida from Spain. Although he presided over the Rush-Bagot and Adams-Onis treaties, his most famous contribution to foreign policy states that European interference in the Western hemisphere would not be tolerated. For 10 points, name this president during the Era of Good Feelings who had a namesake doctrine.
Output: History
A minor character in this work explains that two odious looking casts are faces of former clients of the firm for which he works. The protagonist of this novel works with a day laborer named Orlick, who he suspects of attacking his sister, and meets a good-natured girl named Biddy. A man named Wemmick is an underling for the lawyer Mr. Jaggers in this work, and another character in this work kills Compeyson during a fight in the water and goes by the alias Mr. Provis. The protagonist's brother-in-law is Joe Gargery and his roommate is Herbert Pocket, a relative of his former employer Miss Havisham. FTP, name this novel about Abel Magwitch and Phillip Pirrip by Charles Dickens.
Output: Literature
Dividing this equation through by the acceleration of gravity gives you the head equation. This law can be derived by integrating the inviscid Newtonian Navier-Stokes equation along a streamline. It gains a term of the specific internal energy if the flow is compressible. A form of local energy conservation for an ideal fluid, it explains the Venturi effect and some aspects of flight. FTP, name this principle, usually stated as v-squared over two plus p over rho plus g z is constant; a principle of fluid mechanics named for a Swiss mathematician.
Output: Science
One image in this poem describes men "who walked all night with their shoes full of blood" before finding a room full of "steamheat and opium. " Another image contemplates men that "ate lamb stem of the imagination" and dreamed "of the pure vegetable kingdom. " It compares sailors to "American seraphim" before describing a "blond and naked angel" in a Turkish bath. The second part of this poem recites names for one figure such as "the incomprehensible prison" and "whose fate is a cloud of sexless hydrogen" while the third part is a plea to another figure in Rockland--those figures are Moloch and Carl Solomon respectively. For 10 points, name this Ginsberg poem that begins "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness. "
Output: Literature
A similar reaction to it sees the addition of an R group at the alpha carbon of an ester and is named for Horner and this reaction's namesake. One variation of this reaction uses a proton donor to reduce a carbon-lithium bond formed due to excess lithium to selectively yielding of the E type of product, and is called the Schlosser modification. It sees the formation of the zwitterionic betaines which undergo an oxaphosphetane intermediate, and phosphine oxide is a by-product of this reaction which usually yields Z alkenes. For 10 points, name this reaction that uses an aldehyde or ketone and a phosphorus ylide to produce alkenes and is named after a German chemist.
Output: Science
This element was first observed by Jules Janssen during the solar eclipse of 1868. It can be used to detect small leaks in high pressure containers, but its most common application involves cooling superconducting magnets in MRI scanners. As temperature approaches absolute zero, this substance forms a Rollin film, enabling it to creep along surfaces as a (*) superfluid. It's also mixed with nitrogen and oxygen as a breathing gas for deep-sea divers, and because sound propagates faster in gases with low molecular weights, inhaling this gas can increase the pitch of one's voice. For ten points, name this noble gas, the second most abundant element in the universe, which has an atomic number of 2 and chemical symbol He.
Output: Science
This leader defeated General Arnegisclus (ar-neh-GISS-kluss) at the Battle of the Utus shortly before destroying the city of Marcianopolis. He withdrew after the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains against armies under the command of Flavius Aetius (FLAY-vee-us AY-tee-us) and Theodoric (THEE-oh-DOR-ick) I of the Visigoths. This man shared power with his brother Bleda (BLAY-duh) until Bleda's death around 445. For 10 points, identify this man nicknamed the Scourge of God, leader of the Huns.
Output: Social Science
During the Gigantomachy, this deity slew Mimas. By Demonice, this god may be the father of the river-god Evenus. This gods sons include the man who raped Philomea, Tereus, and another one of this gods sons was turned into the swan Cygnus. This god was once kidnapped by the Aloadae, two brothers who were also giants, who chained this god to the inside of an urn until he was rescued by Hermes. One of this mans daughters was slain by Achilles at Troy; that daughter was Penthesilea, and Diomedes once wounded this god, whose other daughters include Hippolyta. This gods sisters include Hebe, the goddess of youth, and he is also the brother of Hephaestus, all of whom were born of Zeus and Hera. For ten points, name this father of Phobos and Deimos, the Greek god of war.
Output: Social Science
Richard Cassels and Edward Lovett Pearce were two proponents of his namesake style during its popularity in Ireland, and his systematic approach to his discipline resulted in parametric formulas whereby dimensions of frames and details were based on the size of other components. The bell tower of one of his works fell in 1774, and that church houses Tintoretto's Fall of Manna. In addition to the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, this man designed a building with a central dome that Vincenzo Scamozzi lowered upon his death. FTP, name this Renaissance architect of the Villa Capra "La Rotonda" who wrote the treatise Four Books of Architecture.
Output: Fine Arts
This woman is befriended by Lady Aashild, the mistress of Hangen and a supposed witch. Bentein attempts to spread rumors about her and her childhood playmate Arne Gyrdssn after his failed attempt to rape her. Simon Andressn of Dyfrin is jilted by her, though he continues to work on her behalf, even saving her husband Erlend Erlendssn and marrying her younger sister Ramborg. After her death, she converts to Christianity and retires to a convent. Chronicled in the novels The Garland, The Mistress of Husaby, and The Cross, FTP, identify this title character of a saga by Sigrid Undset.
Output: Literature
This law is apparently contradicted by the Poincare recurrence theorem. The Gibbs paradox deals with apparent violations of this law. Rudolf Clausius stated this law as saying that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hotter body. A hypothetical creature which can separate fast molecules and slow molecules, Maxwell's demon, would violate this law. For 10 points, name this law which says that the entropy of an insulated system never decreases.
Output: Science
character in this novel pisses off an innkeeper by trying to consume all his food and wine after barricading himself in a cellar with Grimaud, whom he had earlier taught hand signals. One character in this novel is haunted by an event in his past in which he discovered his wife was a common criminal and tried to hang her. The protagonist of this work is served by Planchet, who helps him recover a (*) diamond brooch that the Queen had given to the Duke of Buckingham. The protagonist of this novel inadvertently schedules three duels for the same day while chasing his nemesis the "Man from Meung," who turns out to be the Comte de Rochefort, an ally of Milady de Winter and Richelieu. For 10 points, name this novel in which d'Artagnan joins a group with Athos, Porthos, and Aramis.
Output: Literature
A DH Lawrence poem compares "Peace" to a substance from one of these entities "walking like a royal snake." Emma Hamilton's husband loves these things in a novel about her affair with Horatio Nelson. A novel titled after one of these objects opens with a remembrance of how the Taskersons used to vacation next to the family of ($) Jacques Laruelle. In addition to "silence, water, and hope", "From the Heights of Macchu Picchu" implores the reader to give "iron, struggle, and" these entities. (*) Arne Saknussemm left a coded journal detailing his exploration of one of them in a novel that sees Professor Lindenbrock and Axel journey to the center of the Earth. One of these entities killed the author of the Natural History, an event written about by his nephew Pliny the Younger. For ten points, identify these landforms, one of which the story of alcoholic Mexican consul Geoffrey Firmin in Malcolm Lowry's most famous novel is set "Under."
Output: Literature
One person with this surname was supported by the Northern Alliance and the Aizu domain, and was allied with the Matsudaira clan. One leader with this surname was defeated by Takeda Shingen, but later won a major battle at Nagashino, in alliance with a man who was betrayed and killed by Akechi Mitsuhide, Oda Nobunaga. One man with this surname was defeated by the Choshu and Satsuma domains in the Boshin War, leading to the Meiji Restoration. For 10 points, what is this surname of the winner of the Battle of Sekigahara, which names the last Japanese shogunate
Output: History
The work's setting is established regardless of the fact that its artist removed the dome of the Invadiles on the right, as the towers of Notre Dame are visible. Ministers in this work gather to receive papers labeled "perfecture", "nomination of peers", and "military commission", and the depicted process begins with the poor dropping (*) coins into the baskets of lilliputian ministers. The end of the process in this work is set at the excretion of rewards for officials beneath a giant chair, and this work caused its artist to be fined and jailed for 6 months. For 10 points, identify this caricature which shows ministers march up a gangplank to deposit money to a massive Louis-Philippe, a work by Honor Daumier sharing its name with a Rabelais character.
Output: Fine Arts
Potassium iodate and chloromethane are used to find iodine equivalents in the Andrews version of this procedure, while EDTA and Euriochrome Black T are used to chelate metal ions in the complexometric version of this procedure. The redox variety can use a potentiometer to find the endpoint, but the most famous type uses methylene orange or phenolphthalein. FTP, name this chemical technique, often done with a buret, used to find the concentration of a reactant by dripping in an analyte, usually done with an acid and base.
Output: Science
A fight between The Gimp and Justo takes place in this author's short story "The Challenge." A novel\n by this author sees Bonifacia take up prostitution to support Josefino, while Don Anselmo builds the title\n jungle brothel. In another of his novels, a dogcatcher named Ambrosio and a journalist named Santiago\n discuss at length the rule of Manuel Odria. In one of his best known novels, one of the characters works at\n Radio Panamerica and the even numbered chapters consist of soap operas written by Pedro Camacho. The\n author of Conversation in the Cathedral and The War at the End of the World, for 10 points, name this\n novelist behind Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, a Nobel-winning author from Peru.
Output: Literature
A popular tourist site in this nation consists of a walkway punctuated by a series of blowholes, an area called Pancake Rocks. This nation owns an island group called the Forty-Fours, part of the Chatham Archipelago. Viaduct Harbor is found at the shores of this nation's largest city, which is nicknamed the "City of Sails." Parts of this nation's state of (*) Otago form the southern part of the Canterbury Plains, which include Christchurch. This nation's highest point lies in the Southern Alps and shares its name with that of a strait that separates its two sections. Auckland is located in this country, where The Lord of the Rings was filmed. For 10 points, name this nation that consists of two large islands located east of Australia, with its capital at Wellington.
Output: Social Science
In one of his stories, Count Bs picture of Switzerland is shot by Silvio after his wife gives him a pretext for declaring their duel a joke. That story, as well as The Post-Master and The Coffin-Maker, is included in his collection The Tales of the Late P. Belkin. Also the author of a poem about the animation of a bronze statue of Peter the Great, another of his stories focuses on Hermann, who frightens Countess A to death while trying to procure the three-seven-ace combination. In his most famous work, Zaretsky fails to prevent the death of Lensky, who challenges the title character to a duel after he flirted with Olga on Tatianas name-day celebration. For 10 points, name this Russian author of "The Queen of Spades" and Eugene Onegin.
Output: Literature
The success of fractional distillation depends this value for substances in a solution. An isoteniscope is used to measure this for a liquid, and partial pressure is equal to the amount of this provided by a component of a mixture. One way to calculate this for varying temperatures is via the Antoine equation, which is derived from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which this is equal to atmospheric pressure, and this value has a direct relationship with the volatility of a solution. For ten points, name this pressure, the pressure at equilibrium of the gas resulting from the boiling of a liquid.
Output: Science
A parody of this author sees the speaker break his dancing partner's leg in Kenneth Koch's "Variations on a theme of" this poet. One of this mans poems claims that "Saxifrage is my flower that splits the rocks," while another describes the speaker admiring his own buttocks and claiming I was born lonely, and I am best so! That poem ends, who shall say I am not the happy genius of my household, and its author mentions a contagious hospital and depicts bushes gripping down and beginning to awaken in another poem.This author who pilfered objects that were delicious / so sweet / and so cold also wrote of an object glazed with rain water. For 10 points, name this poet of To Asphodel, that Greeny Flower, Spring and All, This is just to Say, and The Red Wheelbarrow
Output: Literature
The statement "Ik Onkar" is a central belief in this faith and is the first line of its Mul Mantra. The Khanda is an important symbol of this religion, which also shows a rejection of the caste system by mandating a single surname for male practitioners. Followers adhere to the articles of faith known as the five K's, of which one practice is to carry a comb at all times, as adherents are not permitted to cut their hair. For 10 points, name this Indian religion whose tenth and final guru was Gobind Singh and whose founder was Guru Nanak.
Output: Social Science
One novel by this author sees a object designed by Dechartre in Florence injure Therese's hand during a performance of Faust. In another of his novels, he described the death of d'Astartac after Mosaide kills Coignard, the tutor of Jacques Menetrier. This author of The Red Lily and At the Sign of the Reine Pedauque wrote a novel in which Julien Sariette goes crazy after losing a volume of Lucretius, while Arcade gathers supporters like Zita and Prince Istar to challenge Ialdabaoth. This author of Revolt of the Angels wrote about a man's attempt to get a manuscript from Signor Polizzi in a novel that ends with the kidnapping of Jeanne Alexandre. He also penned a work set in a country ruled by Draco the Great; in that satire, St. Mael baptizes some flightless birds. For 10 points, name this author of The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard and Penguin Island.
Output: Literature
section of this symphony is sung by three repenting women who quote the Rose Chorus in their canon. It was originally planned to have concluded by contrasting the sacred nature of an adagio movement entitled "Caritas" with a setting of the pagan hymn "The Birth of Eros. " One of its movements is a setting of a Latin song written in the 9th century by Rabanus Maurus. The two movements of this symphony are connected by the "Accende lumen sensibus" theme, which comes from the fourth stanza of the hymn that its first movement is a setting of, the "Veni, creator spiritus. " This symphony was promoted and nicknamed by Emil Gutmann and its second movement includes a chorus of the Anchorites and soloists voicing the characters Doctor Marianus and Gretchen. It was inspired by Goethe's Faust and included three choirs at its premier. For 10 points, name this massive symphony of Gustav Mahler.
Output: Fine Arts
For this reaction to occur, components occupying the Gamow window must tunnel through the Coulomb barrier. When elements heavier than iron are used in this process, a net energy absorption occurs. Attempts have been made to run current through contained plasma fuel for this process in toroidal magnetic chambers such as stellarators and [*] tokamaks. The proton-proton chain and the CNO cycle are two kinds of this process by which stars turn hydrogen into helium, and Fleischmann and Pons did not actually discover a "cold" version of this process. For 10 points, identify this process by which several small atomic nuclei combine to form a larger one.
Output: Science
During this conflict, the Marquis of Hamilton failed to mount an amphibious invasion after his own mother threatened to shoot him if he took part. One side first camped at Birkhill and was then humiliated during a skirmish at Kelso. The initiative of Jacob Astley preserved control of Carlisle for the attackers, who secured a momentary truce called the Pacification of Berwick. The Short Parliament met between two of these events, which were instigated by a 1637 riot in St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh. For ten points, what failed attempt to impose Laudianism on Scotland was known by the name of the religious authorities to be reintroduced there
Output: History
Only representatives of the Great Powers were invited, and no representative of a Balkan state was permitted to attend. Disraeli wrote that "all questions are publicly introduced and then privately settled. " Among the things that were privately settled were the creation of an Eastern Rumelia, which was placed under Turkish control, and Turkey's retention of Bulgaria's Aegean Sea coast. Serbia, Montenegro and Romania were granted independence and then stripped of territory, and Bosnia Herzegovina was occupied, though not annexed by Austria. FTP name this 1878 conference which extensively revised the Treaty of San Stefano.
Output: History
The third movement of Olivier Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time is named "Abyss of" these entities, and in the first movement, the clarinet and violin imitate two of these. The second tone poem in Sibelius's Lemminkainen Suite is named after one of these "of Tuonela". A work describing one of these creatures contains a violin cadenza without bar lines and is based on a George Meredith poem. Another one of these animals bewitches King Kashchei and is captured by Prince Ivan. For 10 points, name these animals, one of which, preceded by "fire", titles an Igor Stravinsky ballet.
Output: Fine Arts
This ruler set up vassal kings with the title Syenessis in Cilicia, and this ruler subjugated the Massagetai whose warrior queen Tomyris may have killed him. Harpagus defected to the army of this man, who won a victory over Nabonidus. This ruler won a battle against his grandfather, Astyages, at a site where he later founded the city of Pasargadae, and after the Battle of Thymbra he was able to capture Sardis from Croesus, the king of Lydia. This ruler freed the Jews from captivity when he conquered Babylonia, and he also overthrew the Medes.For 10 points, name this man who founded the Achaemenid Empire of Persia.
Output: History
Both Wounds in the Rain and Whilomville Stories appeared after he settled in England, where his numerous extramarital affairs destroyed his reputation back home in America. The Greco-Turkish War was the subject of his Active Stories and George's Mother focuses on life in the Bowery, which he also did in a better known short novel. He also wrote numerous stories, including "The Blue Hotel" and "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky. "  FTP, name this author of Maggie, a Girl of the Streets who also wrote of Henry Fleming in Red Badge of Courage.
Output: Literature
This body of water, which is home to a namesake bull shark, is fed on the far south by the Camastro and Tule Rivers which descend from the Yolaina mountain range. Its southern extension also contains the Solentiname Archipelago, which was the birthplace of a primitivist art movement and has a hotel on its island of Mancarn. Its chief port is Granada and this body's central portion is dominated by Ometepe Island, home to twin volcanoes. To its west lies the Isthmus of Rivas. Sometimes called the "sweet sea," it is connected by the San Juan River to the open sea, but more famously the Tipitapa River flows into it on the north and connects it to another major lake. FTP, name this largest lake in Central America, which shares its name with the nation that also features Lake Managua.
Output: Social Science
One work by this artist appears in another artist's painting in which people like Paul Serusier and Odilon Redon stand around that painting and discuss it. That painting is Maurice Denis' Homage to [this artist]. In 2008, his painting The Boy in the Red Vest was stolen from a Zurich museum. In one painting, this man showed himself sitting on a couch with his tophat behind him watching a servant rip the covers off the title naked woman. In one of his paintings, a triangular stand of trees frames a group of nude women. In one painting, he depicted two men in brown hats sitting at a table engaged in the title activity, with the one on the left smoking a pipe. For 10 points, name this artist of A Modern Olympia, The Large Bathers, and The Card Players, a French post-Impressionist.
Output: Fine Arts
This author of the essay collection Sociology and Anthropology was renowned for his encyclopedic recall of ethnographic knowledge, and although he never did field work, he focused the attention of French thinkers on ethnology. Among his early works was 1899's Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function, but he is more important for his novel ideas concerning the forms of exchange in Melanesia, Polynesia, and northwestern North America. FTP, who was this nephew of Emile Durkheim, author of Essai sur le don, or The Gift
Output: Social Science
One ruler of this polity consolidated power by defeating Achyuta of the Ahichhatra. That ruler of this polity issued gold coins commemorating his celebration of the ashvamedha, a horse sacrifice, and depicting himself playing the veena. Another ruler of this polity built the Iron Pillar of Delhi and took a title meaning Sun of Valour, Vikramaditya. The fall of this empire is attributed to invasions by the mysterious Hephtalites, also known as White Huns. Its leaders included Skanda and Samuda and its capital was Pataliputra. This empire patronized Kalidasa, developed the concept of zero, and produced the Kama Sutra. For 10 points, name this empire that ruled India from around 320 to 550 AD, founded by Chandra.
Output: History
This character notes that in his twenty-eight years of life, he has never found a man that "knew how to love himself." This man sings "King Stephen was a worthy peer," a drinking song he learned while in England. After his wife twice refuses his order to go home, he calls her a "villainous whore" before stabbing her and running offstage, only to reappear as a prisoner. He calls (*) reputation "an idle and most false imposition" and warns another man to beware "the green-eyed monster" while attempting to convince that man that Cassio is sleeping with Desdemona. For 10 points, name this villain from Othello.
Output: Social Science
In this country's celebration of Epiphany, worshipers venerate tabots, replicas of the Ark of the Covenant, before re-enacting Jesus' baptism. The first muezzin, Bilal, came from this site of the Timkat Festival. This country's Church of Our Lady of Zion purports to contain the original Ark of the Covenant. Frumentius converted this country's king (*) Ezana, who, according to the Kebra Nagast , was descended from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Christian missionaries converted this country's Axumite Kingdom. For 10 points, name this country once ruled by the Rastafarian Messiah Haile Selassie.
Output: Social Science
The strength of this phenomenon in an atom is proportional to a function containing a "hyperbolic cotangent of x over 2J" term; that function is the Brillouin function, which is replaced in the classical formulation by the Langevin function. Second order perturbation theory includes a variety of this phenomenon named for Van Vleck, and the spin of free electrons on a crystal lattice causes a variant of this phenomenon named for (*) Pauli. In certain materials experiencing this phenomenon, the susceptibility is given by "C over (T minus T sub c)," and the susceptibility is inversely proportional to absolute temperature according to Curie's Law. This phenomenon occurs above the Neel temperature as well as above the Curie temperature, and it is caused by the aligning of dipoles. For 10 points, name this weak form of magnetism only present in an external magnetic field.
Output: Science
This holiday is preceded by a period in which adherents do not shave, cut their hair, or get married. On this holiday, the wearing of leather shoes and application of creams and oils to the body are prohibited, and the fast associated with this holiday lasts from sunset on the eve of this day until nightfall on the next. Traditionally featuring a reading of the kinnot, this holiday is preceded by The Three Weeks. The events this holiday commemorates include the putting down of the revolt of Simon bar Kokhba, the return of the twelve scouts sent by Moses to Canaan, and the destruction of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem. Featuring a reading of the Book of Lamentations, FTP, name this Jewish day of mourning celebrated on the ninth day of a certain month.
Output: Social Science
One object named for this man is a cuboid whose sides and face diagonals have integral lengths, his namesake bricks. A function named for this man is the number of integers less than n relatively prime to n, his totient function. The quantity chi, this man's namesake (*) "characteristic," is equal to vertices plus faces minus edges for polyhedra. This mathematician ushered in graph theory in proving that a certain traversal was impossible because it had none of his namesake cycles. His identity states that a certain number to the power of i times pi equals negative 1. For 10 points, name this Swiss mathematician who solved the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem, the namesake of a constant with Mascheroni who did work with the number e.
Output: Science
According to one story, this man went to a market after hearing a voice at St. Damien's directing him to repair a local church. This figure was assisted in his most notable task by Bernard of Quintavalle. This man gave away all the merchandise he had brought to a market to a beggar, after which this figure's father practically disowned him. Followers of this figure abide by his namesake "Primitive Rule." Along with Catherine of (*) Siena, this man is a patron saint of Italy. This saint praised God for the creation of things like "brother Fire" and "sister Water" in the Canticle of Sun. Pope Innocent III authorized this man's creation of the Order of St. Claire and a namesake "Third Order." For 10 points, name this patron saint of animals and namesake of the current pope.
Output: Social Science
His friends realize they are "tied to" this character after one of them takes a bite out of a turnip when he wants a carrot. The arrival of a character whose name means nothing to them allows a character to recall a family called Gozzo, whose mother had the clap, but after that character leaves with his servant, one of this white-bearded character's workers, the Boy, arrives to tell the two protagonists that he will not arrive this evening, but surely tomorrow. After the reappearance of Lucky and Pozzo in Act Two, the protagonists agree to hang themselves the next day if this character does not arrive. FTP, identify this man of a Samuel Beckett play for whom Vladimir and Estragon are waiting.
Output: Literature
Prior to this battle, one commander sent Brigadier Generals David Hunter and Samuel Heintzelman and their divisions over Sudley Springs Ford. Also prior to this engagement, a device demonstrated by Professor Thaddeus S. C. Love was called on to help one side perform reconnaissance efforts. One side's wagon was overturned by artillery fire on Cub Run Creek, and the bridge across that creek was later destroyed. At the end of this battle, blocking the roads of the retreating forces to the north were panicked (*) civilians who had come to watch. A famous statement of the resilience of one man's forces in this battle gave that leader his most recognized nickname; that statement was proclaimed by Bernard Bee. After the poor showing of one side in this engagement, its commander was fired and replaced with George McClellan. For ten points, name this battle, a victory of the forces of Joseph E. Johnston, P. G. T Beauregard, and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson over Irvin McDowell in July 1861, the first major battle of the Civil War in northern Virginia.
Output: History
This composer included movements inspired by Decoration Day and Thanksgiving in his Holiday Symphony, while his fourth symphony contains a section that incorporates the Watchman hymn. Ragtime influences can be seen in his composition Central Park in the Dark, a work which was grouped in the collection Two Contemplations with his piece The Unanswered Question. This composer of the Concord Sonata may be best known for a work that contains a movement named after ""The Housatonic at Stockbridge. "" For 10 points, name this American composer of Three Places in New England.
Output: Fine Arts
One type of this can be approximated with a model that incorporates hardness and which is similar to the Oren-Nayer model, the Blinn model. The Cook-Torrance model involves terms for surface roughness and geometric attenuation and implements a four dimensional model for it, the BRDF. Another model of this process employs a namesake interpolation and combines the constants ks, kd, and ka and is known as the Phong model. The Lambertian model for this does not change based on the position of the viewer and is used in modeling the diffuse form of this, the opposite of the specular type of it. The angle of this is equal to the angle of incidence, while at angles larger than the critical angle, the total internal type of this occurs. FTP, identify this phenomenon commonly produced by lakes and mirrors.
Output: Science
Especially strong ones occur over distances less than 2.8 angstroms and are referred to as low-barrier, and they can be studied in solids by inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy. They are responsible for the formation of negative azeotropes in solutions of haloacids. Both parallel and antiparallel ones can be found in beta sheets, and they are also present between i and i+4 residues of an alpha helix. These interactions are also responsible for base pairing between segments of DNA, and for increasing the boiling point of substances like ethanol and formaldehyde. FTP, name this type of intermolecular force exhibited by water, which occurs between an electronegative atom and an atom of the namesake element.
Output: Science
The protagonist of this novel receives a copy of the book Reform the Only Way while attending a meeting of the Arwacas Aryan Association, and earlier he shocked the schoolyard with his blue piss, which he accomplished by eating Dodd's Kidney Pills given to him by his friend Alec. In one episode from this novel a man impulsively spends all his money to buy his daughter a dollhouse for Christmas leaving no money for his son's gift, which leads his wife to destroy the dollhouse to placate the son. The protagonist builds a shelter in Green Vale with the help of his son Anand that is eventually burnt down by a mob of disgruntled workers, while earlier his father drowns after diving into a river to rescue him when he slips in after letting a valuable calf drown. The title character of this novel moves to Port of Spain to work at the newspaper, the Sentinel, and in his previous job as a sign painter he first visited Hanuman House where he met his eventual wife Shama. For 10 points, name this novel that concludes when the six-fingered Mohun buys the titular residence liberating himself from his oppressive in-laws, the Tulsi family.
Output: Literature
He wrote about Una Golden who marries Edward Schwirtz instead of Walter Babson in The Job, and a man discovers he is the descendent of Xavier Pic in Kingsblood Royal. In one work, Doremus Jessup tries to stop the political career of Buzz Windrip, while another of his characters survives a fire that destroys the "Waters of Jordan Tabernacle" and Sharon Falconer, after he seduces Lulu Baines at the Mizpah Seminary. This author of It Can't Happen Here and Elmer Gantry, also wrote about Erik Valborg's affair with Carol Kennicott, who fails to reform Gopher Prairie. For 10 points, name this author of Babbitt and Main Street.
Output: Literature
This molecule's namesake "synthase" consists of an --- complex whose active sites are joined by a solvent-filled tunnel, according to the structure determined by Hyde, Miles, and Davies. Unlike two similar molecules whose hydroxylations also exhibit the NIH shift, this molecule's biosynthetic pathway includes anthranilate. One intermediate in its degradation pathway spontaneously forms (*) quinolate, and that pathway's last seven steps are identical to that of lysine. The aroH operon shares a repressor with two E. coli operons named after this amino acid, and a decarboxylase converts its 5-hydroxy form to serotonin. For 10 points name this essential amino acid that contains an indole group, is symbolized W, and is responsible for feelings of sleepiness after eating too much turkey.
Output: Science
In a novel set in this city, Asya's tattoo-parlor running mother Zeliha refuses to tell her the identity of her father--that Elif Safak novel is titled the "Bastard of" this city. A journey on foot from London to this city is recounted in A Time of Gifts and Between the Woods and the Water by Patrick Leigh Fermor. Travelogues by Gerard de Nerval and Gustave Flaubert are discussed in a book about this city that defines a "life-affirming" melancholy called (*) huzun. Candide marries a newly-ugly Cunegonde after voyaging to this city, where Candide decides to "cultivate [his] garden" at the end of the novel. This city is the setting for a novel narrated at times by a horse, a coin, and the devil, in which Black romances Shekure while investigating three miniaturists for murder. For 10 points, name this setting of My Name is Red, a novel by Turkish author Orhan Pamuk.
Output: Literature
Henry Dundas was impeached for mis-appropriation of public money while serving as First Lord of the Admirality in this man's government, a charge he could not defend since it would have required revealing payments to French spies. This man delayed the Regency Bill, so preventing royal power from passing to the Prince of Wales, who would likely have elevated Charles James Fox over this man. This man supported George III, but fell out with him over the issue of Catholic Emancipation after passing the Act of Union, so he resigned. The fall of this man's first government, which had staunchly opposed the French revolution and succeeding regimes, was a central reason for the Treaty of Amiens, and the return of this man to power in 1804 hastened the resumption of war with France. For ten points, name this Prime Minister whose father also governed Britain during a long and expensive war with France.
Output: History
This man rallied a Yale student militia to defend a British assault on New Haven. This man asked for monetary assistance from the Marqus de Casa Irujo and mustered his forces on Blennerhassett Island. Eventually, he informed General James Wilkinson of his plan to invade Mexico. Acquitted of treason at his trial, this man had earlier presided over the impeachment of Samuel Chase. He enlisted Tammany Hall to win Thomas Jefferson the state of New York in 1800 and received an equal number of electoral votes in the election, forcing the House to choose a winner. For 10 points, name this Vice-President who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
Output: History
The schypozoans and cubozoans of this phylum possess simple sensory organs known as rhopalia. They have a central gastrovascular cavity which functions as mouth, gas-exchange organ, and anus. Some organisms in this phylum are parasitic, including the unusual genus Polypodium which lives inside its hosts cells, but most are predatory animals. First appearing in the Ediacaran period 600 million years ago, most have a life cycle which alternates between a sessile asexual polyp stage and an ambulatory, sexual medusa form. Getting their name from the specialized venomous cells common to many of its members, for ten points, what is this phylum which includes sea anemones, coral polyps, and jellyfish
Output: Science
The winning side lost only 50 men compared to 1,200 casualties for the losers, whose commander escaped but had a 30,000-pound bounty placed on his head. Based on intelligence from Lord George Murray, the eventual winners took up a position where the opposition was restricted by flanking dykes and then butchered by 20 minutes of canon fire. It began soon after one army had reached Derby with about 5,000 men, who were intent on taking London and placing James the Eighth on the English throne. On this site in Inverness-shire forces under the duke of Cumberland smashed Highlanders led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart, aka Bonny Prince Charlie. FTP, name this battle that decisively ended the Jacobite Rebellion begun the year before, in 1745.
Output: History
In a core text of this religion, a dying man tells his visitor to imagine the world as a large furnace and the Creator as a blacksmith. In this religion's cosmology, the heaven and earth combined are represented by the gourd, whereas the human body contains three regions known as "cinnabar fields," including one in the lower abdomen that is depleted of energy any time someone masturbates. One of this religion's texts consists of Inner, Outer, and Mixed Chapters of differing authorship, and includes a bit in which its namesake expresses doubt as to whether he is (*) dreaming of a butterfly or vice versa. Another of its texts begins "The way that can be followed is not the eternal way," and elucidates the principle of action through inaction, or wu wei. For 10 points, name this religion whose precepts are illustrated by the Zhuangzhi and Dao De Jing, which was written by Lao-tzu.
Output: Social Science
In the guise of Grimnir, this figure was given water by Agnar while testing the character of Agnar's father Geirrod. Valakjalf, which is built of solid silver, is the location of this god's seat of Hlidskjalf, from which Freyr once looked out and was cursed into falling in love. The insubordination of Brynhild caused this god to lock her in a wall of fire. He possesses Geri and Freki, two wolves, whom he feeds all of his food because he consumes nothing but wine. He once gave up his right eye to Mimir in order to drink from the Well of Wisdom, and owns a spear named Gungnir that never misses its target. For 10 points, name this ruler of the Norse pantheon, known as the Allfather.
Output: Social Science
This man has written several essays about the necessity of art, which include Return to Painting and The Case for Literature. This man wrote about the journal of an ecologist to a rural land to thnk about time in one of his plays, while his first play prominently features the title sound. In addition to Wild Man and Signal Alarm, this writer wrote the plays Dark City and Shelter the Rain. This man collected some novellas in the collection Such a pigeon with red lips, while The Temple, In the Park, and The Accident appear in his short story collection A Fishing Rod for My Grandfather. This author of the play Bus Stop wrote a famous novel in which the narrator refers to himself both as he and she and after being misdiagnosed, goes to rural China to discover the title place of spiritual fulfillment. For ten points, identify this Chinese expatriate author of Soul Mountain.
Output: Literature
The Hansen parameters are used to predict this property of a substance. Cerium sulfate is anomalous in that this property decreases as its temperature increases. The common ion effect is a decrease in this property for certain ionic compounds. Henry's law states that for a gas, this quantity is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. Supersaturation occurs when the value for this quantity under normal conditions has been exceeded. For 10 points, give this measure of the amount of a substance that can dissolve in another substance.
Output: Science
This man is identified with Quetzalcoatl by John Taylor and other Church of Latter Day Saints leaders. The "Q Source" is a hypothetical collection of this man's quotations. At this man's trial, elders worry about losing "our place and our nation. " In one story, he refused to turn stones into bread, stating that "man cannot live by bread alone. " This man was condemned to death after a crowd chose to spare Barabbas instead, an event that prompted Pontius Pilate to wash his hands. For 10 points, name this man, the son of God according to a large world religion.
Output: Social Science
This nations notable admirals include Juan Williams, whose navy was victorious at Punta Gruesa, Chipana, and Iquique. Its first European ruler was the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, who met resistance from the native Mapuche. Another ruler of this land had an Economy Minister named Pedro Vuskovic, who put forth a plan to nationalize all land holdings greater than eighty hectares, as well as this nations copper mines, which led to his replacement by a ruler who was associated with the Caravan of Death and the Chicago Boys. For ten points, name this South American nation previously ruled by Salvador Allende, Augusto Pinochet, and Bernardo OHiggins.
Output: History
The Ava Bridge crosses this river at Sagaing, while other bridges cross at Dedaye and Chauk. Its westernmost distributary passes through the city of Pathein. The Myitsone Dam is under construction on this river two miles downstream from the confluence of the Mali and N'mai Rivers in Kachin State, whose cities of Myitkyina and Bhamo lie along this river. The Chindwin is the chief tributary of this river, which lies between the Arakan Mountains to its west and the Salween River to its east. Home to a namesake beakless dolphin, this river rises in the Himalayas and flows into the Andaman Sea after passing by Mandalay. For 10 points, identify this river which flows through Myanmar.
Output: Social Science
In one work by this author, Bernick confesses to the townspeople that Johan did not steal his mother's fortune. This author of The Pillars of Society wrote a work in which an avalanche buries the sculptor Arnold Rubek, as well as a work in which Dr. Stockmann discovers that there is contaminated water in the town baths. This author of When We Dead Awaken and An Enemy of the People created a character who tells Eilert Lovborg to commit suicide, as well as a character that walks out on her children and her husband Torvald. For 10 points, names this Norwegian playwright who created Nora Helmer and wrote Hedda Gabler and A Doll's House.
Output: Literature
Historical verification of this event was provided by Jean Froissart and Jean de Vanette. The leader of this event was invited to truce talks in Mello, but upon arriving was seized and immediately decapitated. One cause of this event was the inability of the French government to stop the plundering of northern France by unpaid English, German, and Spanish mercenaries after the completion of the Hundred Years War, but the main cause were the heavy taxes and payments of compensation for the war that the nobles levied on the peasants. For ten points, name this French revolt of 1358 whose name is now synonymous with peasant uprisings.
Output: History