niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
The two-pound coins of this political entity have changed annually to depict different images of the 12 labors of Hercules. The town of La Linea de la Concepcion lies on the northern border of this political entity, serving as the major tourist entry point to this entity's most popular tourist destination. That landmark in this entity is home to a population of semi-wild macaques, its namesake "apes." Home to a 1400-foot limestone monolith originally considered one of the Pillars of Hercules, FTP what is this British Overseas Possession at the southern tip of Spain known for its namesake "Rock"
Output: History
This work's second book opens with the author comparing writing about truth to drawing a gryphon, and is a chapter called "In which the Story Pauses a Little. " In this work, the humor of the brothers Chad and Ben Cranage does not appeal to the grim Anglican shoemaker Joshua Rann, who looks down on Will Maskery. After steward Satchells paralyzing stroke, Casson argues the protagonist will not be promoted contra the beliefs of the man who teaches the protagonist mathematics by night, (*) Bartle. Two nieces are central to this novel: one of them is an austere Methodist who preaches at Snowfield and is repeatedly proposed to by the title characters brother Seth. The other shocks the town of Hayslope when a trial reveals that she abandoned her child by Arthur Donnisthorne. Ending with Dinah Morris married to the title carpenter, for 10 points, name this novel by George Eliot.
Output: Literature
The declaration that formally established this dynasty was made on Kulan Mountain. The first Westerner to discover their ruins was Henri Mahout, though stories of the elegance of its capital had been told much earlier by a visiting Chinese emissary, Zhou Daguan. Among the landmarks in its main capital were the temples Ta Prohm, the Baphuon, and Ta Keo, the first of which was made entirely from sandstone. A complex at Roulos formed the original capital of this empire, which expanded through its conquest of the Mon Kingdom and eventually that of Champa, though it would later fall itself to the Ayutthaya [ay-yut-THIGH-yuh]. Rajendravarman II, Suryavarman II, and the founder Jayavarman II were among the notable rulers of, FTP, what medieval empire of South Asia centered around Angkor in present-day Cambodia
Output: History
This group's main publication was later supplemented by an addition called Mecano, and its work prompted the formation of the COBRA group. Its building designs include the Caf de Unie and a factory in Permerund, and a building containing free-floating walls, painted steel beams, and interior sliding partitions, the Schroder House. Including such people as Gerrit Rietveld and J. J. Oud, and growing out of Neo-Plasticism, FTP, identify this art movement exemplified by such works as Broadway Boogie-Woogie, which was founded Theo van Doesburg and whose main exponent was Piet Mondrian.
Output: Fine Arts
One of this hero's rampages was stopped when a troop of topless women forced him to avert his eyes, which had seven pupils apiece. He stood alone against an invading army commanded by a queen noted for her friendly thighs while his countrymen suffered from a curse which made them feel the pangs of birth. He was doomed after breaking a geis by eating dog meat given to him by the Morrigan. He used the gae bolg to kill his friend Ferdiad and his son Connla despite the protests of his wife Emer. Known for defending Ulster during the Cattle Raid of Cooley, FTP name this Irish hero, born Setanta, who acquired a new name after killing the hound of Culainn.
Output: Social Science
Praxagora is the leader of a group of woman who institute a socialist government in one of this man's plays, while another play by this man discusses how Dikaiopolis negotiates a private peace treaty during the Peloponnesian War. This author of The Assemblywomen and The Acharnians wrote about Trygaeus, who rides a dung beetle into heaven before freeing the title goddess in his play Peace, while more well known works by this man include one in which a dog is put on trial for the theft of cheese after an argument between Anticleon and Procleon, one in which Strepsiades enrolls Pheidippades in the Thinkery, and one in which the women of Athens deny their husbands sex until they end the Peloponnesian War. For 10 pointsname this author of The Wasps, The Clouds, and Lysistrata.
Output: Fine Arts
After the Civil War, the ""exodusters"" fled to this state, where the question of slavery had earlier led to the drafting of the Lecompton Constitution. The Wakarusa War occurred here during a time that also saw John Brown lead a massacre at Pottawatomie. An act that allowed new states' voters to choose whether they would permit (*) slavery was named for this state and Nebraska. For 10 points, name this one time ""Bleeding"" state whose anti-slavery centers included the often sacked city of Lawrence and the eventual capital Topeka.
Output: History
One landmark within this city was damaged in the Black Tom Explosion. In 1911, Isaac Harris and Max Blanck were fined after a fire at the Asch Building killed one hundred forty-six garment workers in this city. Boss Tweed once led Tammany Hall from this city, which was home to the largest draft riot during the American Civil War. This city was originally known as New Amsterdam. In 2001, the two tallest buildings in this city were destroyed in the 9/11 attacks. For 10 points, name this most populous American city.
Output: History
The out-of-season blooming of a begonia tree is seen as a bad sign in this work, and in the end the protagonist ends up being asked to serve at court and it is told that he became a bodhisattva. After one member of the central family in this work becomes a second degree consort, a visit by her sets off the transformation of the two family compounds into the Takuanyuan. Another character in this work had a coffin already made when a priest and a monk come along and helped him and Phoenix recover. One figure in this work brings a stone to life by touching it, which eventually began watering a crimson flower, and it eventually ended up in the mouth of Pao-yu. FTP, identify this novel by Cao Xueqin.
Output: Literature
[AR] In order to avoid hydrolysis of the initial reactant strong bases such as Lithium diisopropylamide must be used and final intermediate must be neutralized by an aqueous acid in order to obtain the final product. The classic version of this reaction has one enolizable reactant while a variation involving aryl aldehydes has this reaction's namesake appended with Schmidt. The Stobbe modification is specifically for the diethyl ester of succinic acid and a related reaction using alpha-halo esters is known as the Darzens reaction, while an intramolecular version of this reaction is known as the Dieckman Reaction, which readily creates five or six membered rings. For 10 points, name this eponymous condensation reaction involving esters or ketones conducted in the presence of sodium ethoxide to yield beta-ketoesters.
Output: Science
A covariant bound on this quantity proposed by Raphael Bousso is defined in terms of this quantity's value on light-like hypersurfaces chosen so that the generating null geodesics have non-positive expansion. One argument against white holes' existence in our universe is the significantly lower value for this quantity they have than their black counterparts. The maximum value for this quantity in a region of radius R is equal to 2pi R times Boltzmann's constant times energy enclosed divided by h-bar times c, according to a bound put forth by Jacob (*) Bekenstein. The equality case in the Bekenstein bound is achieved by black holes, for which this quantity is proportional to area, as suggested by the observation that event horizons generally only grow in size. For 10 points, identify this quantity whose non-decrease is the subject of the second law of thermodynamics.
Output: Science
A 2004 paper attempted to derive superconductivity in some materials from the interactions of "small polarons" named for this effect arising from large electron-intermolecular vibration coupling in the presence of an intramolecular vibration. Certain electronic transitions in some species are unexpectedly weakly Laporte-allowed due to this effect, which also provides copper's place as highest on the high-spin Irving-Williams series. This phenomenon predicts the insulating activity of certain metal-doped fullerene species. A radical anion of cyclooctatetraene exhibits this effect. A weaker version of this effect occurs with species like scandium (I), since the t2g set does not point at any ligands. This phenomenon occurs most strongly in high spin d4, low spin d7, and d9 complexes. For 10 points, identify this phenomenon that occurs principally in octahedral geometries to prevent asymmetrically occupied orbitals from having degenerate energy levels by stretching one axis.
Output: Science
Cities on its shores include Kibwesa, Wapembe, and Mpala, and the Mushara, Murembwe and Dama end in it. A source of great biodiversity, its namesake sardine is an important food source for locals. Despite its depth, the lower regions are mysteriously only a few degrees colder than the surface. In rainy years water from it flows into the Lukuga River and then into the Lualaba. John Speke and Richard Burton were the first two westerners to find it, and Henry Stanley found David Livingstone at Ujiji on its shores. It felt a 6.5 magnitude earthquake in 2005 due to a shift in the fault that is responsible for the Great Rift Valley, and it borders four countries including Burundi and Tanzania. FTP, name this member of the African Great Lakes, the world's second biggest lake by volume.
Output: Social Science
This composer transposed his first symphony from E-flat minor to E minor to make it more playable, and the Queen of Shemakha sings the "Hymn to the Sun" in one of his operas. Another opera by this composer of The Golden Cockerel includes the "Dance of the Tumblers" and ends when the title character's love for Mizgir causes her to melt. This composer of The (*) Snow Maiden included recurrent "Alborada" movements in a work based on Spanish folk music, and also composed a suite based on One Thousand and One Nights. For ten points, name this Russian composer of Capriccio Espagnol and Scheherazade, whose Tale of Tsar Sultan includes the "Flight of the Bumblebee".
Output: Fine Arts
The Abbe number is defined in terms of this quantity, which can be found using Cauchy's or Sellmeier's equation. It is equal to the square root of the product of the relative permeability and the relative permittivity of the material, and metamaterials could have a negative value for this quantity. The arctangent of the ratio between two materials' values for this gives Brewster's Angle. It also appears in an equation that follows from Fermat's Principle, Snell's Law, and it is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to in a medium. For 10 points, name this property which governs a namesake effect in which a beam of light is bent as it passes between mediums.
Output: Science
The death of this mans lover, Mamah Cheney, inspired the second of two works near Spring Green, Wisconsin, while one of his most famous creations was for Edgar Kaufmann, Sr. His other works include the Charnley Building, the Larkin Building in Buffalo and the Robie House on the south side of Chicago. Highly associated with Oak Park, Illinois, for ten points, name this American architect of Taliesin and Fallingwater, whom Apu claims is the designer of Marge Simpsons hair.
Output: Fine Arts
This architect used a prototype known as the Dom-Ino house to model many of his buildings. A one-time proponent of Syndicalism, this architect collaborated with Amedee Ozenfant during a Purist phase, and his work abroad included the winning design for the Centrosoyuz building and the Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro. One of this architect's most famous buildings contains an elliptical ground floor and a central ramp situated in a square plan, while another of his buildings is notable for its shell-like exterior and giant gargoyle, and is located near Beaufort. This architect planned the layout of the city of Chandigarh, while his important constructions close to home include the chapel at Ronchamps and the Notre Dame du Haut. For ten points, identify this architect who characterized houses as machines for living, designed the Villa Savoie, and wrote Towards a New Architecture.
Output: Fine Arts
This event was investigated by a committee led by Aaron F. Perry, and it was publicized thanks to letters leaked by Henry Simpson McComb. A company involved in this event was founded by George Francis Train and Thomas Durant. It occurred because Oakes Ames offered (*) shares in a certain construction company to other congressmen at discounted rates during the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad under the purview of Union Pacific. For 10 points, name this scandal which took place in 1872, during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant.
Output: History
This reaction is combined with an aldol condensation to produce cyclohexenones in a process named for Robinson, and a variation of this uses silyl ethers and titanium tetrachloride, in a reaction named also for Mukaiyama. In a process analogous to this reaction, performed with simple ketones, the equilbrium is shifted towards the reagents, unlike in the Claisen and aldol condensations, necessitating the use of an enolate in conjugate addition to produce the 1,4-addition. For 10 points, what is this reaction named for an American chemist, which consists of the addition of a carbanion to an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl
Output: Science
In the background of this painting, the same plant from the artist's Woman with Plants can be seen with two other plants on a porch. The title was inspired by a window in this painting that has black and white curtains. The artist used his dentist as a model for this painting. One of the gloomy central figures wears a red and gold broach and a black dress, and the far right of the painting shows a red barn. The figure on the right wears glasses and overalls and carries a pitchfork. For 10 points, name this painting by Grant Wood.
Output: Fine Arts
This rule holds if the operator algebra for some set of observables is non-trivial; that is true because it is derived via the Schwarz inequality applied to the expectation value of the commutator of two observables operators. It formally bounds the product of the dispersions in two observables. An adapted form of this law applies to energy and time; it applies directly to any two components of spin, but it is best known in its application to position and momentum, the product of the standard deviations of which is at least h-bar over two. FTP, name this principle from quantum mechanics that limits the precision of measurements.
Output: Science
In a 1973 text, a philosopher argued that this theory produces the wrong "sort of considerations...into finding the answer" to problems posed by the examples of "Jim and the Indians" or "George and the arms manufacturers." Another objection to this theory is that it allows "no rest." In an adversarial collaboration with J.J.C. Smart, Bernard Williams stated that the day when people stop discussing this theory "cannot be too far off," and advanced the "integrity objection" to it. The fact that, for a population of at least 10 billion, there could exist some larger population whose sum-total existence would be better even though individuals had lives barely worth living is a simple formulation of Derek Parfit's counterexample to this theory dubbed the "repugnant conclusion." For 10 points, name this ethical system under which a person facing the trolley problem should switch the track to kill one person instead of many, because that choice reduces total suffering.
Output: Social Science
It was amended by two acts that enforced its sections 2 and 7, the Robinson-Patman Act and the Celler-Kefauver Act. A declaration that the labor of a human being is not an article of commerce was included in this legislation that restricted the use of injunctions against labor unions, legalized picketing and boycotts, and prohibited exclusive sales contracts and inter-corporate stock holdings. FTP, name this 1914 anti-trust act that amended and supplemented the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
Output: History
[JR] In this work, an aristocratic young man falls in love with the titular object, personified as "Fair Welcome" but opposed by other personifications that symbolize the personal and social restraints standing against the man's romantic advances  Fear, Shame, Gossip, and Danger. The first part was never finished; it breaks off with the titular object imprisoned in the castle of Jealousy. The work was completed some years later by scholar at the University of Paris. Its purported attacks on women prompted a famous response from Christine de Pizan. For 10 points, name this medieval French poem begun by Guillaume de Lorris in A.D. 1237 and completed by Jean de Meun around 1280.
Output: Literature
In a scene from this novel, a group of friends hide behind a waterfall, though in the ensuing action they suffer from the theft of much of their supplies. One comical character in this novel is David Gamut, a singer who at one point attempts to teach some beavers his gift of song. Another character agrees to set the rest of his captives free if Cora Munro will become his wife, but that man, Magua, is hunted down by Natty Bumppo, who works in conjunction with Uncas and Chingachook (""Chicago"") at various points during this work. For 10 points, name this novel by James Fenimore Cooper, a part of the Leatherstocking Tales.
Output: Fine Arts
This man appears below a sculpture of a bearded head and above a large stone slab displaying a Latin phrase, which surround a circular window in the "porthole portrait" of him. A golden table leg resembling an eagle-topped fasces appears in another portrait of this man, who holds a sword and wears a purple cloak while seated between the goddesses Victory and Liberty in another painting. This subject of the Lansdowne Portrait experienced an (*) "Apotheosis" in a Constantino Brumidi fresco and was depicted by Rembrandt Peale as "Patriae Pater". Ice chunks modeled on those found in the Rhine appear in a painting in which this man dramatically perches next to the flag-bearing Lieutenant James Monroe. For 10 points, name this politician and general who Emanuel Leutze depicted "Crossing the Delaware".
Output: Fine Arts
At this novel's end, the Justice charges that the heroine's father had fleeced the government in two deals, one of which involved a young Joseph Conrad and the other of which involved separate shipments of right and left boots. Earlier, one of this novel's protagonists gets a lover killed by painting "This pussy is mine" on her stomach but forgetting to remove it before her husband comes home. That character also has an affair with 14-year-old America Vicuna, whose grades plummet and cause her suicide, though he never sleeps with Leona Cassiani, his secretary at the (*) riverboat company that he takes over from Uncle Leo. This novel's other primary male dies chasing his parrot up a tree, just after having discovered his chess partner Jeremiah de Saint-Amour had committed suicide. Dr. Juvenal Urbino's death allows the resumption, after fifty-one years, of the romance of Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza in, for 10 points, what novel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Output: Literature
The gyromagnetic ratio of an electron is equal to the magnetic moment divided by this quantity. Its operator is equal to negative i h bar times r cross the gradient. The quantum number j corresponds to the total value of this. Its conservation is a consequence of the isotropy of space. Its derivative with respect to time is torque and Kepler's second law follows from it being conserved. It is equal to the product of moment of inertia and angular velocity. For 10 points, name this rotational version of momentum.
Output: Science
This ruler asked for assistance from Gregory XIII to intercede in an unsuccessful conflict known as the Livonian War. This ruler divided his kingdom into two realms, one of which was not ruled by him called the zemschina. The other portion was governed by the oprichniki, who dressed in black and terrorized the countryside. This ruler was the first to take the title of (*) tsar. This man contributed to the decline of the Rurikid dynasty by killing his heir. For 10 points, name this tsar whose reign included a considerable amount of violence.
Output: History
This work's upper-left corner depicts birds flying out of a cave through a hole in a hill. Elsewhere, a man holding a tree branch flies on a griffin and another man peers at a mouse through a glass tube. A pig wears a nun's habit in this work, and, when closed, this work depicts the third day of creation. Two ears are pierced by an arrow on the right of this painting that depicts oversized [*] fruit in the middle section. On the right of this painting, a bird eats humans while some men are crucified on a lute and a harp. With a left panel representing the creation of man, a right panel Hell, and a center representing the titular location of pleasure, for 10 points, name this triptych by Hieronymus Bosch.
Output: Fine Arts
An international collaboration based in this country has produced evidence for bottom-to-down quark transitions and proof of non-kaon CP-violation. This country, which is home to the Belle experiment, also produced a physicist who discovered the temperature-dependence of resistivity due to electron scattering by magnetic impurities. Another physicist from here theorized that mesons carried the nuclear force, predicting the existence of pions. This country, which contains the KEK laboratory, also houses an underground facility where photomultiplier tubes detect rings of Cherenkov radiation in ultra-pure water. That facility found the first evidence of atmospheric neutrino oscillations and is named the Super-Kamiokande. For 10 points, name this birthplace of Jun Kondo and Hideki Yukawa.
Output: Science
Delta Scuti is sometimes called a "dwarf" type of them. Photon pressure causes them to rapidly expand in size; however, when the star has expanded, the pressure gradient is then too weak to counteract gravity, leading to contraction. Their classical or Type I variety is the generally thought to be the most useful after Henrietta Leavitt discovered their period-luminosity relationship. FTP, name these stars used as a standard candle in making astronomical distance measurements, one of the major classes of variable stars.
Output: Science
This man collaborated with Richard Foster on a modern art museum in Washington, D. C. and with John Burgee to design two buildings that each have an inclination of 15 degrees. This designer of such works as the Gate of Europe in Madrid and the Kreeger museum continued such collaborations by working with Foster to design the David H. Koch theater in Lincoln and working with Burgee to design a complex inspired by Charles Klauder's Cathedral of Learning, a building complex noted for its (*) 231 spires. Other works by this man include a glass mega-church in Garden Grove, California, a personal residence in New Canaan, Connecticut and a Park Avenue skyscraper built in the international style. For 10 points, name this American architect known for such works as the PPG Place, the Glass House and his collaboration with Mies van der Rohe, the Seagram Building.
Output: Fine Arts
The bass in this opera is unimpressed by "modern music" when a girl sings from the fictional opera The Vain Precaution during a music lesson. A teacher describes how slander spreads in the aria "La calunnia" before the soprano sings the famous aria "Una voce poco fa" while reading a love letter, which she later switches with a laundry list. The tenor disguises himself as the music teacher Don Alonzo after he earlier s pretended to be the poor student Lindoro while serenading the window of Dr. Bartolo's ward. The title character of this opera sings "Largo al factotum" before helping Count Almaviva woo the sheltered Rosina. For 10 points, name this Rossini opera whose title character is Figaro.
Output: Fine Arts
A character in one novel by this author collects stamps with Kappie and is implicated for a crime by a seashell planted in his pocket. In that novel, the central character beheads a woman he had impregnated, hoping in vain to avoid prosecution under the Immorality Act. This author wrote a novel in which Barbara Smith's servant is sent to jail for brewing liquor and Mr. McLaren claims his countrymen will only improve if they find meaning in life. That novel by this author of (*) Too Late the Phalarope includes the monk Msimangu and a character who is put on trial for murdering Arthur Jarvis, Absalom. For 10 points, name this South African author who wrote about the Kumalo family in Cry, the Beloved Country.
Output: Literature
As a colonel, this president led a brigade that followed White's West Virginians in a frontal assault at Cloyd's Mountain. This president appointed William Woods and John Harlan to the Supreme Court, and faced the Shamokin Uprising and labor unrest in Martinsburg, West Virginia during a large railroad strike in his first year in office. His Treasury Secretary John Sherman launched the Jay Commission, leading this man to remove Alonzo Cornell and (*) Chester Arthur from their positions with the Port of New York. Horace Greeley's fabricated story about an opponent's "Cipher Dispatches" helped this man win an election resolved by Thomas A. Scott. This President saw his veto on the Bland-Allison Act overridden, delighting his foe Roscoe Conkling. For 10 points, name this President whose victory over Samuel Tilden in 1876 led to the end of Reconstruction.
Output: History
The spin of these particles was confirmed experimentally by determining the distribution of the EllisKarliner angle. SCET provides a framework for doing calculations when these particles are at low energies or moving in the same direction as particles they interact with. The clearest evidence of these particles' existence came from the decay of a quark resonance into three jet events at DESY's PLUTO experiment, and they are depicted using a spiral in Feynman diagrams. These bosons and quarks form a namesake plasma or "soup," and are responsible for an interaction approximately 39 magnitudes more effective than gravity. For 10 points, identify these gauge bosons which help hold atomic nuclei together by mediating the strong force.
Output: Science
Some of the early members of this set of works, including the Khandogya and Brihad, belong to the Brahmanas of their base works, while many others contain the doctrine of neti-neti as propounded by Yajnavalkya. The fundamental objective of these speculative works is, generally, the ultimate synthesis of atman and Brahman, which several claim to accomplish. The source of the Vedanta, FTP, name this set of approximately one hundred commentaries on the Vedas, the name of which may imply sitting near the feet of a master.
Output: Social Science
This man wrote the words to a hymn beginning "The Lord will come and not be slow". In another sonnet, the nineteenth in a sequence, he wrote that "God doth not need either man's work or his own gifts".In one of his works, a wicked sorcerer betrays Lady Alice Egerton's trust, telling her that "beauty is Nature's coin, must not be hoarded". In another, this author describes a "two-handed engine" in a pastoral elegy on the death of Edward King. He wrote a closet drama about a pained Old Testament Nazarite, Samson Agonistes, which was set in publication against his New Testament epic poem. The author of both Comus and "Lycidas", this is, for 10 points, which author who also wrote about the Fall of Lucifer inParadise Lost and Paradise Regained.
Output: Literature
This Vermont native's political positions included head of House and then Senate committees on territories, in which capacity he gave a speech telling opponents of expansion that "you cannot fetter the limbs of this young giant. " His support for expansion led him to favor repeal of the Missouri Compromise and he answered the Dred Scott decision by supporting popular sovereignty in what became known as the Freeport Doctrine. For 10 points, name this man who ran for president against John Bell, John C. Breckenridge and Abraham Lincoln, against the last of whom he had held a famous series of debates in Illinois.
Output: History
This poet wrote "I want my free will and want it accompanying the path which leads to action"  before declaring "I am too much alone in this world." Another poem by him begins with the lines  "Spring has come again. The earth is like a child that knows poems by heart." That sonnet was a part  of a larger work of his written in Chateau de Muzot and dedicated to (*) Vera Knoop. This author wrote about a statue whose "legendary head with eyes like ripening fruit" is lost in a poem that ends with the  line "you must change your life," "The Archaic Torso of Apollo." His best known work asks "who, if I cried  out, would hear me among the Angelic Orders" For 10 points, name the German poet of Sonnets to  Orpheus and The Duino Elegies.
Output: Literature
This architect compared the 1,000 skylights of one project to a "sunflower turning toward the light" and a "Magritte moment. " He claimed his "most proud work" was a "jelly" wristwatch for Swatch, while his designs include a huge commercial center in the shape of a volcano. He modified the Woodruff center at Richard Meier's High Museum in Atlanta and his other expansion projects include that of the Whitney Museum's downtown building and Boston's Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. His recent projects include The Shard and design featuring a hovering sunscreen called a "flying carpet. " This architect of the Modern Wing at the Chicago Institute of Art designed a building based on the shape of a landing hand-glider located on an artificial island. He collaborated with Richard Rogers on a building characterized by multicolored tubes marking the structural elements. For 10 points, name this Italian architect who worked on the Centre Pompidou and the Kansai Airport Terminal.
Output: Fine Arts
This artist painted  Still Life: Piece of Beef and he depicted a scene with many people holding French flags out of buildings in The Rue Montorgueil. This man did several series of paintings on the same structures at different times and days, such as the Houses of Parliament and the Rouen Cathedral. He also did many depictions of Haystacks and (*) Water Lilies. For 10 points, name this French painter of Impression: Sunrise, a painting which gave its name to the Impressionist movement.
Output: Fine Arts
In a perfect crystal this namesake intensity is proportional to the structure factor and is known as the dynamic theory of this. By collecting information from evanescent waves the limit named for this phenomenon can be surpassed to create superlenses. The radius of the aperture squared divided by the product of the wavelength and the distance to the aperture determines if the Fraunhofer or Fresnel equations for this are used. For 10 points, name this phenomenon where a wave bends around an object.
Output: Science
It came about because General Bazaine had fought a successful engagement Saarbrucken, but then gotten bogged down at Metz and needed to be rescued. With his newly formed Army of Chalons General MacMahon tried to recapture the glory that had earlier allowed him to beat the Austrians at Solferino and Magenta, but at this site near the Meuse his opponents managed to pound him with their steel artillery while still out of range of French bronze guns. Thus 100,000 men got captured by von Moltke's army, which then went on to occupy Paris in the aftermath of, for 10 points, what battle that saw the end of Napoleon III and the Franco-Prussian War
Output: History
This legislation included bills that created what is now the Federal Transit Administration as well as the National Trails System. This program saw Commissioner of Education Francis Keppels Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which established Head Start. This program established the Community Action Program, Upward Bound, Job Corps, and VISTA to fight the War on Poverty, a major initiative of this legislation. For 10 points, name this program of federal spending that included Medicare and Medicaid, enacted during Lyndon Johnsons presidency.
Output: History
This persons wealth went to such projects such an estate in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, where he spent much of his later life with a prostitute named Caroline Lacroix, and the Royal Glasshouses. While he earned the moniker the King Builder in his native country, a vigorous campaign against this ruler by E. D. Morel and others in England forced him to relinquish a generator of rubber revenue to his countrys parliament. A onetime employer of Henry Morton Stanley and the subject of an Adam Hochschild book, for ten points, name this Belgian king best known for forming and exploiting the Congo Free State.
Output: History
An acclaimed 24-sheet map of this city was created by the cartographer John Rocque, and John Evelyn's proposed plan for this city was ignored. A Doric column here is a monument that at one time contained an inscription blaming "Popish frenzy" for a disaster, while a later event here featured rioters painting an inscription referring to "King Mob" on a prison wall. In this city, Simon (*) Sudbury was executed in an uprising, which was ended after Mayor William Walworth stabbed Wat Tyler to death. Its "Great Plague" was documented in the diary of Samuel Pepys, and Christopher Wren proposed a rebuilding plan of this city after a 1666 disaster. For 10 points, name this English city where St. Paul's Cathedral was rebuilt after the Great Fire.
Output: History
This thinker distanced himself from other Young Hegelians by arguing for political emancipation with religious freedom in On the Jewish Question. This philosopher discussed historical materialism and said that the point of philosophy is to change the world in his Theses on Feuerbach. This author of German Ideology outlined his labor theory of value in a work denouncing the exploitation of labor entitled Das Kapital. He also wrote a work outlining his political philosophy with Friedrich Engels. For 10 points, name this author of The Communist Manifesto.
Output: Social Science
Works by this man, include Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven and the posthumous Europe and Elsewhere, in which he elaborates on the pessimistic ideas of later works like the essay "To the Person Sitting in Darkness. " A critic of contemporary popular fiction, "The Stolen White Elephant"and Simon Wheeler, Detective lampooned the public's interest in Alan Pinkerton's novels. A Civil War deserter who tells his story in "The Private Campaign that Failed,"his creation of Colonel Sellers in an 1873 novel he co-wrote with Charles Dudley Warner named his era. But he first tasted literary success with an 1865 story about Jim Smiley and his hopping amphibian. FTP, name this author best known for works like Following the Equator, Life on the Mississippi, and The Prince and the Pauper.
Output: Literature
This play opens with a midday meeting in which a man berates his friend for his alcoholism and lends him a tie and comb. This play's first act sees a grocer obsessively try to win back the business of a housewife, whose cat dies in the ensuing action. In another part of this play, an Old Gentleman hears that his dog must be a cat from a Logician that explains syllogisms. Dudard's professional success worries this play's central character, who suggests to Daisy that they repopulate the human race before she leaves him for not understanding love. For 10 points, name this absurdist play by Eugene Ionesco in which everyone but Berenger grows horns and turns into the title animal.
Output: Literature
his time in a house once owned by John Everett Millais he created the triptych Studies for Three Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion. For 15 points, identify this 20th-century Irish painter who repeatedly adapted Velazquezs painting of Pope Innocent X, a descendant of the English philosopher whose name he shares.
Output: Fine Arts
A character in one of his stories compares South Africa to a John Ford western. and one of his novels ends with a Hindu ceremony for the death of his sister in a section entitled The Ceremony of Farewell. The career of the exiled Ralph Singh is followed in his novel The Mimic Men, and Richard's retirement from Excal is the focus of his Mr. Stone and the Knights Companion. Ferdinand represents the New Man of Africa in his work A Bend in the River, and fires and storms destroy two attempts by the six-fingered title character to own a home in his novel A House for Mr. Biswas. The 2001 Nobel Prize winner in Literature, FTP name this Trinidadian author.
Output: Literature
One character in this work declares the modern invention of the time-table to be more significant than the gospel, Homer, or the entire work of Immanuel Kant. This declaration occurs while several characters are waiting for the Amelia, a ship that originally brought one of the main characters to the island that is the setting of this play.One character in this play points out that naming a female character Sulla is inaccurate. Although several of the main characters are killed at the end of Act III by a mob led by Radius, Alquist is left alive and eventually discovers that the love between Primus and Helena will perpetuate the existence of the titular automatons. For 10 points, identify this play byKarel apek that introduced the word robot.
Output: Literature
This composer's Second String Quartet depicts four men who "converse, discuss, argue...fight, shake hands, shut up  then walk up the mountainside to view the firmament!" One of this composer's song texts posits a "place in the soul all made of tunes," a phrase which titles J. Peter Burkholder's authoritative study on this composer's use of musical borrowing. This composer theorized a dichotomy between musical "substance" and "manner" in the Epilogue to his Essays Before a Sonata. The dissonances of one movement by this composer were supposedly inspired by the sound of two different (*) marching bands playing simultaneously, and he wrote a piano piece that features optional flute and viola parts. That piece contains a "human faith" melody that is thematically related to quotations of the "Fate" motif from Beethoven's Fifth. For 10 points, name this composer who depicted figures like Emerson and Thoreau in his Concord Sonata.
Output: Fine Arts
This artist depicted a nude woman being chased through a forest and being brutally murdered by a mounted knight at a phantom picnic in a series commissioned for the Pucci-Bini marriage. His innovations include use of the three quarter pose, as in his portrait of Smeralda Bandinelli. A narrative painting by this man shows a woman with a knife in her breast lying at the base of a large central column surmounted by a marble statue of David. Besides The Story of Lucretia, one of his paintings shows twelve angels with (*) olive branches dancing beneath a golden opening in the sky. Another painting shows the Three Graces dancing a roundel and Zephyr attempting to grab Chloris at far right, while Venus stands serenely in the center. For 10 points, name this painter of The Mystical Nativity and Primavera.
Output: Fine Arts
In one opera by this composer, Zerbinetta sings "The high and mighty princess" aria and the title character sings a duet with Bacchus. Another opera by this composer sees Octavian dress up as the chambermaid Mariandel to trick Baron Ochs. This composer of Ariadne auf Naxos often collaborated with the librettist Hugo von Hofmannstahl. He wrote an opera in which the head of Jokanaan is served on a platter after the "Dance of the Seven Veils. " For 10 points, name this German composer of the operas Salome and Der Rosenkavalier.
Output: Fine Arts
This region of the atmosphere contains nacreous [NAY-kree-us] clouds, which are typically near the poles during cold seasons. Some scientists believe they can control climate change by injecting sulfate aerosols into this layer. Convection does not occur because of temperature inversion in this layer, whose coldest part is at its bottom, near the tropopause. The upper part of this region, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet light from the sun, is the ozone layer. Name this region between the troposphere and the mesosphere where most airplane flight takes place.
Output: Social Science
One character in this novel receives news of her brother's death from her father while he uses a lathe. This novel's protagonist develops a friendship with Platon Karataev, a peasant he meets in a prisoner of war camp. Another character, Nikolai, is led to financial ruin after(*) losing 40,000 roubles to Dolokov. Andrei Bolkonski is wounded in battle following the end of his engagement to Natasha Rostova, who falls in love with the novel's protagonist. For 10 points, name this gargantuan Leo Tolstoy novel about Pierre Bezukhov set during the Napoleonic Wars.
Output: Literature
Research by Papathinasiou and Wasserburg in the 1970s demonstrated that the SNC meteorites originated from this body. The earliest stage of evolution of this body is called the Noachian epoch, and a large formation on this body has deformed its lithospheric crust to create features like the Argyre basin. Unlike its nearest neighbor of the same type, this body lacks a dipolar magnetic field, thought the presence of radial magnetic fields suggest that it may be home to a magma ocean. Its surface is home to the Hellas impact basin as well as a long trench running 3000 miles from the Noctis Labyrinthus, and the Phoenix mission has recently confirmed the discovery of water on this body. Home to the Tharsis region, the Valles Marineris, and the tallest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, for 10 points, identify this planet orbited by Deimos and Phobos, which is red.
Output: Science
The Siskiyou Wilderness is a section of the Klamath Mountains located in the northern part of this state. The largest amount of dust pollution in the US comes from a dry lake in this state where borax is mined. After a 1905 flood, this state's largest lake was formed near the Coachella Valley. This state is home to Mono and Owens Lakes. A bristlecone pine tree called Methuselah, located here, is the oldest single living organism on the planet. This home of the Salton Sea is also the location of the largest mountain outside Alaska in the US. The San Joaquin river flows from the Sierra Nevada in this state. For 10 points, name this home of Yosemite National Park.
Output: Social Science
In a novel with sections "Baggage", "Transit", and "Arrivals", this author wrote about a civil rights lawyer that earns a seat on a Technical Committee on Constitutional Issues. In another novel, this writer describes a former political activist named Max whose wife, Liz Van Den Sandt, wants to avoid brutal police punishment while protesting. In addition to None to Accompany Me and and The Late Bourgeois World, she also wrote about a 35-year old man with thyroid cancer who during radioactive treatment cannot be around his son in Get A Life. For 10 points--name this author who wrote about a white family fleeing to the town of their servant as apartheid is abolished in July's People, the 1991 Nobel Literature laureate.
Output: Literature
This man once won a contest by causing a great wind that shook a castle to its foundations. He had a rival named Heinnin Fardd, whom this man defeated by casting a spell that caused Fardd to speak only gibberish. This man once glanced at a patch of ice and fell into a trance, resulting in a vision where he saw that his master had been thrown into a dungeon. This man once tricked Rhun into cutting off a servants finger, thus saving the reputation of his masters wife. This man won a race on Dobbin by dropping twigs of holly, which caused the horses of Maelgwn to stop running. Apart from being put into a bag and thrown into the ocean, where he was found by Elphin, his misadventures include being chased by an otter through the river and being eaten by a hen, who was really the witch Ceridwen, his original master. This man drank three drops of a liquid that had been brewed for a year and a day, acquiring his command of language. For ten points, name this foremost bard of Welsh myth.
Output: Social Science
One novel by this author intersperses the memories of Tony, Charis, and Roz, who recall how Zenia had stolen their boyfriends. Another novel by this author is narrated by 12 maids that are eventually hanged by the narrator's husband. The epilogue to another of her novels features scholars at a symposium informing the audience that the text we just read is a series of audiotapes from 200 years in the past. This author of (*) The Robber Bride created a character who meditates on a Latin phrase that is translated as "Don't let the bastards grind you down." In addition to authoring The Penelopiad, she wrote about a woman who learns of the Mayday resistance and serves as a two-legged womb. That character lives in Gilead and is named Offred. For 10 points name this Canadian author of The Handmaid's Tale.
Output: Literature
In special relativity, such a relationship exists between energy and time as a result of the RobertsonSchrdinger relation. In harmonic analysis, viewing a function and its Fourier transform as conjugate variables on the time-frequency domain will result in the inequality that the infinite integral of the squares of the time and position of the function multiplied by that of its Fourier transform is greater than 1 over 16 pi squared, resulting in a formalized statement of this principle. The most famous version of this principle results when one notes that the wave functions of the momentum and position are Fourier transform pairs, resulting in serious complications in experimentation at the particle level. For 10 points, what is this physical principle whose quantum analog was formulated by a student of Niels Bohr in 1926
Output: Science
We first meet this character when he sings the aria "Dunque io son," (doon-kay ee-oh sohn) telling of his poor cousin named Lindoro. In a later section he sings of how nothing is more stimulating in the world than gold and proceeds to use his guile to arrange the marriage of Rosina. In another opera he pretends to be Cherubino, as part of a plan he hatches because he cannot repay Marcellina, who turns out to be his mother. Eventually this valet of Count Almaviva is united with his beloved Susanna. FTP, identify this character, a former barber, whose wedding is the subject of a Mozart opera.
Output: Fine Arts
According to some myths, the expulsion of this mythological figure's brother led to the establishment of a people named the Termiloi. This figure's grandchildren include Apemosyne who was killed by her brother Althamenes. The murder of this figure's son caused a war with a man rendered invulnerable by a purple lock of hair on his head. That conflict with the Megaran King Nisos was ultimately resolved by the seduction of Scylla. Drowned in a bath given to him by the daughters of King Cocalus, this figure's lovers included the boy Miletos. This father of Androgeos and brother of Rhadamanthus next made war on Aegeus, but was cuckolded when a certain inventor built his wife a heifer out of wood and made love to Poseidon's bull. For 10 points, identify this royal husband of Pasiphae for whom Deaedalus built a labyrinth on the island of Crete.
Output: Social Science
Ones that operate on purely theoretical systems are the "stage" type, and in general they can be created by devices that accept a Backus-Naur Form file as input. "Wide" ones iterate on their intermediate output and are more complex than the (*) "single pass" type. One type can be improved by doing a "pre-JIT" to reduce start-up delay, and a common stage in their operation uses a parse tree to for syntactical analysis. Ones written in the same language they are being used on are called bootstrappers, and on the fly ones are called Just In Time. Sometimes outputting to data that can be read by a virtual machine, for 10 points, name these objects that convert source code into target machine code.
Output: Social Science