niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
One postulated type of this entity is known as the ""self-interacting"" type. The galaxy rotation problem is indirect evidence for its existence. It is grouped into the categories of hot, warm, and cold, based on the speed at which it travels. Proposed forms of it include massive astronomical compact halo objects and (*) weakly interacting massive particles, or MACHOs and WIMPs. For 10 points, name this hypothesized type of matter which accounts for 80% of the matter in the universe.
Output: Social Science
This state is highly mountainous, reaching its maximum height at Legge Tor. With the exception of its capital, the only other city of more than 50,000 people is Launceston. It includes many offshore islands, including the Hunter Islands and the islands of Flinders, King, Bruny, and Macquarie, the last of which is subantarctic. With its capital at Hobart, it is separated from the mainland by the Bass Strait. Originally known as Van Diemen's Land, FTP, what is this island state of Australia known for its indigenous "devil"
Output: Social Science
He claimed that "common registering" drives grades of consciousness, and argued for an externalist theory of knowledge in Philosophical Explanations. This author of Invariances later posited that (*) voluntary "protection agencies" turn into the minimalist "night watchman" in a response to a Harvard colleague. For 10 points who countered John Rawls with his Anarchy, State, and Utopia
Output: Social Science
Aplasia of this organ may occur in Digeorge syndrome, while tumors originating in this organ often occur in patients with myasthenia gravis. Capillaries in this organ have a barrier which is impervious to macromolecules, and it is the only other organ other than the brain, testes, and placenta to have one. A pyramidal organ with two fused lobes, it is derived most of the time from the third pharyngeal pouch and is often the site of ectopic parathyroid tissue. Located above the heart, deep to the sternum, and in front of the trachea, FTP name this ductless gland in which T cells migrating from the bone marrow mature, which notably atrophies after puberty and which makes a yummy treat as "sweetbread. "
Output: Science
During one invasion, this country transferred some of its possessions to an ally by the terms of the Kew Letters. During another war, patriotic maps of this country stressed its supposed resemblance to a lion. The Thorbecke Reforms weakened the power of the king in this country, which signed the Treaty of Nonsuch. Balthasar Gerard killed an early leader of this country, which during World War Two was ruled by the Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart; earlier, bands of poor soldiers from this country were known as "the beggars". One former province of this polity became independent by the terms of the London Convention of 1839. For ten points name this scene of Operation Market Garden, a country whose current monarch is Queen Beatrix, with capital at Amsterdam.
Output: History
The Curtin-Hammett principle states that product ratios are based on transition state ratios and not this conformation value. The rate constant is related to this value by the Brnsted relation and its temperature dependence is given by the (*) van't Hoff equation. It can be obtained from activities through the law of mass action. The natural logarithm of this value times the gas constant and temperature yields the standard Gibbs energy change of a reaction. For 10 points, name this constant that changes according to Le Chatelier's principle.
Output: Science
One protagonist in this novel spends a summer with the wife of Colonel Forster, and that character's aunt and uncle have the surname Gardiner. One character in this novel initially rejects a marriage proposal by Mr. Collins, while her sister is romanced by Mr. Bingley, and another romance in this novel is initiated by the master of Pemberley, Mr. Darcy. For 10 points, name this novel about the sisters of the Bennet family, one of whom is Elizabeth, by Jane Austen.
Output: Literature
An apocalyptic inscription in Greek appears at the top of this artist's Mystic Nativity, which is thought to have been influenced by Savonarola. Hermes can be seen reaching for some fruit in his painting depicting the nymph Chloris being kidnapped while the three Graces dance on the left side. In one of his best known works, a personification of wind blows on the titular figure, who stands on a (*) shell in the middle of the water. For 10 points, name this Italian Renaissance painter of Primavera and The Birth of Venus.
Output: Fine Arts
In nature, this element is prevalent in gypsum and dolomite, as well as a namesake birefringent mineral that marks the 3 on Mohs hardness scale. Its presence in biological cells can lead to the formation of inositol tri-phosphate and di-acyl-glycerol, and its influx into axons causes release of neuro-transmitters. It is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, where it aids contraction by binding to troponin. For 10 points, name this element that needs vitamin D to be absorbed, which joins with phosphate to form the mineral basis of bone and is symbolized Ca.
Output: Science
The Fraunhofer lines of the Sun's electromagnetic spectrum contain a D-line, sometimes known as a ""doublet,"" produced by transitions in this element's family but traditionally named after this element. This metal is currently made using the Downs Cell. When it is used as a coolant in nuclear reactors, the radioactive 24 isotope of this element is formed. It produces a bright (*) yellow flame when heated. This is the second-lightest alkali metal after lithium. For 10 points, identify this metal whose chloride is table salt.
Output: Science
The term raised to the negative twelfth power in the Lennard-Jones potential accounts for this rule. White dwarfs exhibit electron degeneracy pressure, a factor limiting how much they can compress based on this rule. In general, this rule applies to half-spin particles called fermions meaning two particles can occupy the same region if and only if they have opposing spins. For 10 points, name this rule of quantum mechanics typically stated as no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers.
Output: Science
Put a sample in a constant and in a varying magnetic field. The constant field couples with nuclear spin, forming new energy levels. The second field, usually radio waves, can have the frequency to excite transitions between the new states. A transition tells about the sample's composition-- usually, the presence of hydrogen and carbon-13. For ten points, name this type of spectroscopy, very similar to a medical scanning technique.
Output: Science
Many leftist women in this country joined Black Sash societies to organize protests. One leader of this country authorized a letter bomb killing Ruth First, who wrote against this country's injustices from abroad. A Women's League in this country successfully argued for a quota in its majority party ensuring one-third female representation in its legislature. This country's journalist Helen Zille, who now leads its minority-party Democratic Alliance, broke a 1977 story detailing the beating and in-prison death of a prominent dissident. Women were exempted from its "pass laws." For 10 points, name this nation whose leading women included Mamphela Ramphele, the lover of Steve Biko, and anti-racist activist Winnie Mandela, the wife of long-imprisoned Nelson.
Output: History
This man was in constant revolt against his father, having joined the Praguerie and conspired against his father's mistress Agnes Sorel. His own closest advisors included his former barber, Olivier Le Daim, Cardinal Balue and Tristan L'Hermite. He had no shortage of enemies even in his own country, as the comte de Dunois, the duke of Alencon, and Francis II, duke of Brittany, were at constant war with him and even pooled their resources with his greatest rival in a group called the League of the Public Weal. Abroad, he tolerated the presence of the exiled Henry VI and allied with him against Edward IV in the Wars of the Roses. FTP, name this son of Charles VII, the king of France from 1461 to 1483, whose frequent machinations earned him the nickname The Spider
Output: History
This poet noted that the gift of a kid goat will stain your ice-cold waters with crimson blood in a poem about the Bandusian fountain. One work of this author compares the title discipline to painting, and expresses annoyance at continuity errors in stating that even Homer nods. This author claimed that brave men lived before Agamemnon in one work. This writer also noted that Homer didnt begin his story with the double egg in a treatise which coined the phrase In Medias Res. This author also inspired a rebuttal from Wilfred Owen with his patriotic claim Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. For 10 points, name this Roman author of Ars Poetica and a series of Odes.
Output: Literature
He discussed the movie industry and advised the flood of young filmmakers coming to Hollywood to go back in his work Bambi vs Godzilla, while Don Dubrow, Teach Cole, and Bobby plot to steal a coin collection from Fletcher in this man's play American Buffalo. In another of this man's plays, Morton Gross and Lawrence Oberman are two attorneys who meet the inventor of the title device, Charles Lang. This author of The Water-Engine also wrote a play which consists of an argument between Bobby Gould and Charles Fox, and one about the theft of sales leads from a real estate agency by Dave Moss and Shelley Levene. For 10 pointsname this author of Speed-the-Plow and Glengarry Glen Ross.
Output: Fine Arts
An argument trying to prevent this man from being persecuted for atheism also prevented his taking a post at an institution where he wrote the essay Of Superstition and Religion. Better known works of his include the essay On the Immortality of the Soul, On Suicide, and a work in which Cleanthes, Demea, and Philo debate the validity of the ontological argument. For 10 points, name this author of Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, a Scottish empiricist best known for An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
Output: Social Science
This author wrote a play in which a man starts a fight over another man having beaten his sister, but the fight is interrupted by a character who gets on top of a stove and starts yawning; that character had earlier declared that "all are equal" after another man stated, "We're all of us... nothing but the bare naked man."  This author created a character who fasts for eight days in prison after being insulted in jail and participates in banned-book-reading sessions in Pavel's house that eventually lead to Pavel's arrest, which saddens (*) Pelegaya. This author wrote a play in which the Actor hangs himself after spending some time in Vassilissa and Kostilyoff's house with a thief, a gambler, and Luka. This author of The Mother used the socialist-realist style of literature in a work about a poor house. For 10 points, name this Russian author of The Lower Depths.
Output: Literature
In 1953 he founded his country's Liberal Party, which was banned in 1968 by the Prohibition of Political Interference Bill. His lesser-known works include a study of his friends Jan Hofmeyr and the archbishop Geoffery Clayton, For Your Departed. He published a book of short stories, Tales from a Troubled Land, and a novel containing real life characters like Albert Lutuli entitled Ah, But your Land if Beautiful. However, neither those works, nor his second novel about Peter van Vlaanderen, Too Late the Phalarope, could match the popularity of his first work. FTP, name this South African novelist, who wrote of the preacher Stephen Kumalo in Cry, the Beloved Country.
Output: Literature
The armies met near Glebe Farm and Ambien Hill Farm, about a mile to the west of Sutton Cheney. After Lord Stanley and his uncle were convinced to desert by the Duke of Richmond, the battle was effectively over, and it ended with the deaths of Lord Ferrers, the Duke of Norfolk, and the king. FTP, identify this battle, fought in Yorkshire on August 22, 1485, which ended the Wars of the Roses as the future king Henry VII defeated Richard III.
Output: History
The secondary type of this tissue is produced on the adaxial side of the vascular cambium, whereas the primary type of this tissue is located closest to the pith. Tracheids and vessel elements make up this tissue, and one mechanism for its function involves the evaporation of water at the mesophyll cells in leaves and the resulting pressure at roots called transpirational pull, which allows water and minerals to travel through the plant. For 10 points, identify this type of vascular tissue in plants that is complemented by the phloem.
Output: Science
This man noted that the Platonic solids could be uniquely inscribed in a sphere, and nested them in his model of the Solar System. This man's Mysterium Cosmographicum was the first published defense of the heliocentric system. One (*) law formulated by this man relates the square of an object's orbital period to the cube of its semimajor axis, and he also hypothesized that the sun was one focus of an ellipse. The second of his namesake laws states that planets orbiting the sun sweep out the same area in the same amount of time due to the conservation of angular momentum. For ten points, name this German astronomer and assistant to Tycho Brahe who formulated three laws of planetary motion.
Output: Social Science
Dysbindin and neuregulin are the two genes currently most strongly linked with it, while a recent study by Torrey and Yolken suggest that it may be caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The main character of a Peter Handke novel is based on a study of this condition which focused on apophenia. The validity of diagnoses of it was famously called into question by the Rosenhan experiment. fMRI analyses have backed up the successes of cognitive remediation therapy in dealing with this disorder, which is most commonly thought to be caused by an overabundance of dopamine. FTP, name this psychiatric disorder which comes in disorganized, catatonic, and paranoid varieties.
Output: Literature
During much of his life, he slept on straw and ate little but beef, priding himself on a narrow, passionless rationality, which he sought to impose on the various Hapsburg domains. Although he abolished serfdom and issued a Toleration Patent to urge freedom of worship among Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Greek Orthodox, his taxes on the nobility were so strongly opposed that after his death his brother Leopold II immediately repealed them. FTP, name this son of Maria Theresa, who ruled from 1780 to 1790 and is considered the most enlightened monarch of Austria.
Output: History
At one point in this work a group is trapped by a rock near Glenn's Falls due to the theft of the boat containing their ammunition. One member of that group later sings wantonly to convince his enemies that he's mad, which allows him to participate in a rescue mission involving a fake French doctor. A letter from Webb precipitates a long march during which the former occupants of a nearby fort are massacred, after which the garrison commander's daughter is carried off despite the best efforts of David Gamut. The chase leads the novel's protagonists to a Delaware camp, which is the site of an altercation with the Hurons at which Cora Munro dies and Magua kills Uncas, the son of Chingachgook. FTP name this second of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, in which Hawkeye vows to remain with the title Native American.
Output: Literature
This text is often paired with the Testimonies of Three Witnesses and Eight Witnesses. One section of this work centers on a group of people whose rulers included Coriantumr and Jared. Its first section details a man who receives a "ball of curious workmanship" after he and his father receive the "Tree of Life" vision. In addition to the books of Ether and Nephi, it describes the colonization of the Americas by the descendents of Lehi, and it contains an account of Jesus Christ's visit to the Americas after his death and resurrection. Originally inscribed in "Reformed Egyptian" on gold plates and translated by Joseph Smith, for 10 points, name this founding text of a Utah-based religion.
Output: Social Science
They normally have association energies between -12 and -40 kilojoules per mole. The bifurcated type occurs when each donor interacts with two acceptors and vice versa. They tend to be linear, with the donor group pointing along the acceptor's lone pair orbital, though deviations often occur, particularly within the secondary structure of proteins. With approximately 10% covalent character, they are predominantly electrostatic interactions between electronegative atoms, such as fluorine, nitrogen, or oxygen, and their namesake. FTP name these bonds that explain the unusual physical characteristics of water, named for the presence of the first element on the periodic table.
Output: Science
One member of this party founded the Massachusetts Board of Education before attempting to ban corporal punishment in school, while another spoke for two hours before Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Horace Mann's "Conscience" faction of this party was opposed by Edward Everett's "Cotton" faction, and this party's founder designed the American [*] System. This party was succeeded by the Free Soil and Republican parties. For 10 points, name this American political party which ran war heroes for president, including Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, and William Henry Harrison, and which formed thanks to Henry Clay's opposition to Jacksonian Democracy.
Output: History
In one novel by this author, Franz and Martha begin an affair and decide to kill her husband, but Martha dies of pneumonia. A poem appearing in one of this man's works describes "the false azure of the windowpane" after the opening line, "I was the shadow of the waxwing slain." That novel by this author of King, Queen, Knave centers on the editor Charles Kinbote, who describes the deposed king of Zembla while critiquing a 999-line poem by John Shade. This writer also created a young girl who runs away with Clare Quilty and is also involved with the literature professor Humbert Humbert, who calls her a "nymphet." For 10 points, name this author of Pale Fire and Lolita.
Output: Literature
This philosopher anticipated the theory of speech acts through his concept of the mode of quality that defines the psychology of a given action. While Bernard Bolzanos Platonic thought influenced his professional works, his final period as a student was under the author of Psychology of Tone, Carl Stumpf, who influenced this mans early mathematical works On the Concept of Number and Philosophy of Arithmetic. His first major work begins by debunking psychologism and goes on to a six-part descriptive psychological exploration of mereology, intentionality, and the relationship between truth, intuition, and cognition, among other topics. This author of Philosophy as a Rigorous Science collected his Paris lectures as another major book. For 10 points, name this author of Logical Investigations and Cartesian Meditations, credited with founding phenomenology.
Output: Social Science
This thinker was inspired to begin his career after reading the work of his Scottish contemporary Patrick Geddes. His articles for The New Yorker are collected in From the Ground Up and he famously argued that John Dewey was a prophet of dehumanization in his The Golden Day. This contrast between art and technology also animated his large study The Myth of the Machine. Other works include a study of architecture, Sticks and Stones, and art, The Brown Decades, but he is most well known for his four volume Renewal of Life series whose 1938 volume discusses the simultaneous growth of the urban landscape and modern culture. FTP identify this historian and sociologist who wrote The Culture of Cities.
Output: Social Science
Casualties of this incident include Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr. Private Hugh White was on guard during the beginning of this event, which ended when Thomas Hutchinson cleared the crowd. This incident was known to one side as the "Incident on King Street." John Adams defended the soldiers involved in this incident, a snowball fight gone awry that claimed the life of a runaway slave named Crispus Atticus. For 10 points, name this incident where British Redcoats shot at colonists in a Massachusetts city in 1770.
Output: History
This poem's third stanza begins "When, like committed linnets, I/ With shriller throat shall sing, The sweetness, mercy, majesty, And glories of my King" which shows the author's pro-royalist attitude. That stanza also demonstrates the setting of the poem, as "committed linnets" refers to pet birds. The rest of this poem, which first appeared along with a verse about "going to the wars" in To Lucasta, makes such statements as "When I lie tangled in her hair.../ The birds wanton in the air/ Know no such liberty. " For 10 points, name this poem by Richard Lovelace, whose fourth stanza begins "Stone wall do not a prison make,/ Nor iron bars a cage;. "
Output: Literature
It is divided into a medial zone, an intermediate zone, a lateral zone, and a flocculonodular zone; and dispersed throughout these zones are its namesake olivo-, cuneo-, ponto-, and vestibulofibers. It contains an inferior peduncle composed of fibers that arise from Clarke's column in the spinal cord. Consisting of two hemispheres separated by a vermis, this part of the brain is concerned with the coordination and regulation of muscle activity and maintenance of muscle tone and balance. FTP, identify this section of the brain that lies superior to the medulla oblongata.
Output: Science
One of its former dynasties featured such kings as Edward the Philosopher, John the Pious, and Alfonso the African. That dynasty took power from the Afonsine Dynasty, this country's branch of the House of Burgundy, after the 1383-1385 Crisis. Power in this country was usurped by the Hapsburgs, when they seized the throne in 1580, but its independence was regained when John II led a rebellion in 1640. The dynasty he founded supplanted the House of Aviz and was named Braganza, and its later rulers named Pedro would hold power in Brazil. FTP, name this country, whose more famous leaders included King John I and Prince Henry the Navigator.
Output: History
By the equivalence principle, a homogenous gravitational field is equivalent to this quantity. The time derivative of this quantity is jerk. In the kinematic equation for position as a function of time, this quantity is the coefficient of the time-squared term, because it is the second derivative of position. By Newton's Second Law, it is equal to force over mass. For 10 points, name this quantity that is the ""a"" in ""F equals m a. ""
Output: Science
Using a Lucite or Kundt tube, this quantity can be determined experimentally by examining the sequence of Lissajous curves as the measuring apparatus is moved. The Prandtl-Glauert transformation breaks down at this value as it predicts an object at it would experience infinite pressure. It's often derived as the square root of the adiabatic constant times gas constant times Kelvin temperature over molecular weight, which is why it is commonly approximated for the atmosphere as (*) 331.45 plus 0.61 times Celsius temperature. Often determined in physics labs with a resonance tube or tuning fork, the shock waves formed when this quantity is exceeded give rise to a sonic boom. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to Mach 1, the speed at which acoustic waves travel in a given medium.
Output: Science
The efficiency of this process can be quantified with either overall, point, or Murphree efficiency. One method of performing calculations for this process first requires determination of the slope of the q-line for the feed. The next steps in that method are to split the operating line into enriching and stripping sections, to draw alternating horizontal and vertical lines between the operating and equilibrium lines, and finally to count off the number of horizontal lines drawn. That method determines the number of (*) theoretical trays required for this process and is named for McCabe and Thiele. Mixtures that do not change composition when this process is performed are termed azeotropes. For 10 points, name this process which separates components of a solution based on their boiling points.
Output: Science
In one of his novels, a stroke causes the protagonist to forget most of his experienced memories but remember every book he's read; that protagonist is named Yambo. Simone Simonini is the protagonist of his most recent novel, which investigates the origins of the Protocol of the Elders of Zion. This author of The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana and The Prague Cemetery wrote about Belbo, Diotallevi, and Casaubon, who develop "The Plan". In another work by this author, Adso of Melk helps William of Baskerville investigate a series of bizarre murders in a monastery. For 10 points, name this Italian author of Foucault's Pendulum and The Name of the Rose.
Output: Literature
Aside from an unfinished piano quartet and early cantata, this man wrote only song cycles and symphonies. He conducted the New York Philharmonic from 1909-1911, when he suffered a physical collapse and demanded to be returned to Vienna. Terrified of writing a ninth symphony, he gave no number to The Song of the Earth. His Resurrection Symphony is similar to Beethovens Ninth and has a massive choral finale. FTP name this Austrian composer of Symphony of a Thousand.
Output: Fine Arts
This author meets Murder, Fraud, and Hypocrisy as he "walk[s] in the vision of Poesy" in a poem inspired by the Peterloo Massacre. In addition to "The Masque of Anarchy," this man wrote a poem in which he urges others to weep for the title character's death after he reached "Beacons from the abode where the Eternal are." In a more famous poem, this author asks, "If (*) winter comes, can spring be far behind" while in another poem he comments that the title entity is happier than humans as it has not "hate, and pride, and fear". For ten points, name this poet of "Adonais," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To a Skylark," who was married to the author of Frankenstein.
Output: Literature
This man created the DIP agency which published the Cultura Politica and Ciencia Politica magazines, and his man's residence at Guanabara was attacked by a group led by Plinio Salgado after he refused to grant them power . He first came to power after the announcement of a consecutive paulista candidate for the Liberal Alliance ticket, and the the forgery of a document by Eurico Dutra also preceded the ascent of this man, who had earlier served as the Secretary of the Treasury under Washington Lus. This man's bodyguard Gregorio Fortunato was involved in the Rua Tonelero plot in which Major Rubens Vas was killed and opposition leader and journalist Carlos Lacerda was injured, and that scandal led this former Governor of Rio Grande do Sul to shoot himself in Catete Palace. For 10 Points, name this two time President of Brazil who modeled his Estado Novo on that of Antonio Salazar.
Output: History
In one of this author's short stories, the title character is killed after taking a boy hostage, after which his body is dumped in an unused mine and stinks up the village. In addition to The Catch, this author has recently completed the trilogy The Flaming Green Tree, a work he claims will be his last. Other works by him include a four-volume collection that contains a story about the boy Eeyore, Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness, and a novel about children who are taken to a remote village after a plague breaks out. The birth of Bird's child with a brain hernia parallels this man's own experiences with his retarded son and is central to his A Personal Matter. FTP, identify this author of Nip the Bud, Shoot the Kids, who also wrote about the brothers Mitsu and Takashi in The Silent Cry.
Output: Literature
The tenth, written in E major, attempts to imitate the sound of a cimbalom through use of fast arpeggios and tremolos. The fourth was written in D minor and designated Lento A Capriccio, while the first of them was written in F minor and designated Lento Quasi Marcia Funebre. The Horowitz transcription of its last disregards much of the lassan section. Entitled Rakoczy March, this fifteenth section is not as famous as the second in D minor, which most may recognize from cartoons. FTP, identify this series of fifteen sketches based on Gypsy music by Franz Liszt.
Output: Fine Arts
Le Phenix by Corrette is scored for four of these instruments, and Carl Maria von Weber reworked his Andante and Hungarian Rondo from viola to this instrument. Vivaldi wrote more concertos for it than any other instrument but the violin, and Giles Brindley built a "logical" one. Lucio Berio's 12th Sequenza is a solo for it, and it derives from the Dulcian. The "double" variety is played an octave lower, and Mozart's sonata in B flat for it is considered the most important work in its repertory. It plays an ad libitum solo in a high register to begin Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, and it is played by blowing through a double reed. For 10 points, name this larger relative of the oboe.
Output: Fine Arts
Before its discovery, Newton's and Kepler's laws proved the existence of what turned out to be this planet, and near its south pole is a green belt. The white clouds observed in its atmosphere are made of methane, and its largest moon revolves it in a retrograde orbit. The Galle ring surrounds this planet, while the tides on this planet will eventually result in the destruction of Triton. The Great Dark Spot used to exist on, FTP, what planet that is usually closer to the sun than Pluto
Output: Science
The square of this quantity's operator is the Casimir invariant of the SO(3) Lie Algebra, and this quantity is crossed to p in the definition of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector. Yrast refers to a minimum of energy for a given value of this quantity, which is often added using expansion coefficients named for Clebsch and Gordan. Often specified using term symbols, two types of it are coupled in heavy atoms by JJ-coupling or in lighter ones by Russell-Saunders coupling. It is the Noether charge associated with rotational invariance, and this quantity's derivative with respect to time is equal to the net torque. For ten points, identify this quantity which comes in orbital and spin types and is equal to moment of inertia times angular velocity.
Output: Science
One work by this artist shows a woman holding flowers on her birthday while her boyfriend in a green shirt floats above ground and greatly contorts his neck to kiss her. His pictures of himself, which generally show him painting, include Autoportrait and Self-Portrait with Seven Fingers. Another work shows a red Notre Dame, a cloud that looks like a woman, and, in its upper right corner, an enormous bouquet of flowers. There is debate over whether the appearance of the Russian Red Army in one of his works is supposed to represent hope or danger, and historians also question his decision to cover up that work's Nazi references. Those works are View of Paris and White Crucifixion. Name this artist who showed a black-clothed man holding a scythe, an upside-down woman, the large face of a goat, and the large face of a green man in I and the Village.
Output: Fine Arts
Act three features the gift of a dead mouse and gingerbread sent to a gentleman caller by a woman feigning madness, while the final act begins with six neighbors telling the master about recent comings and goings during his trip to the hop yards. Visitors to the London address where the play is set include Kastril, a well-to-do youth who wants to learn how to fight better, and Ananias, a deacon and a violently fanatical Puritan, who wants to mint money. Only Pertinax Surly, the friend of Sir Epicure Mammon, sees through the ruses and refuses to buy into the promises made by Dol Common and Jeremy about their ability to procure the philosophers stone. For ten points, name this Ben Jonson comedy about a man named Subtle who practices the title profession that claims to turn base metals into gold.
Output: Literature
In one work, this thinker divided religion into world-flying mysticism, world-rejecting asceticism, and inner-worldly asceticism. This thinker claimed that the devaluation of mysticism led to disenchantment in modern culture and defined the state as the entity with a monopoly on the legitimate use of force. This author of Economy and Society claimed that man could become trapped in the "iron cage of rationality" as a result of bureaucratic specialization and also wrote and Politics as a Vocation. For 10 points, name this sociologist who claimed that Lutheran secularism led to a culture of accumulation and trade in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
Output: Social Science
One of the first songs in this opera contains instructions to grind the wheelstone to let it spatter fire and blood. One of the central characters is begged to reconsider his actions in the aria Un giuramento atroce, while another characters allegiance to the old King of Tartary is explained in the first act by Timur. Three ministers in this opera sing Ola, Peng! while preparing for either a wedding or a funeral, and those characters, Ping, Pang and Pong, later try to discover the name of its male lead. After hearing a command ordering that no one sleep, Calaf sings its aria Nessun Dorma. FTP, name this final, unfinished opera by Puccini, about a namesake Chinese princess.
Output: Fine Arts
He describes using the advance money from an early novel to purchase the 13-volume Conrad edition of Flauberts correspondence in 1986s The Perpetual Orgy: Flaubert and Madame Bovary. He used Euclides da Cunhas Os Sertoes as the basis for his description of the Canudos uprising in a 1981 novel set in rural northern Brazil. His own time at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy informs his story of Jaguars killing of fellow student Esclavo, while yet another of his novels focuses on Don Anselmo, who builds the title brothel near the jungle. The author of The War of the End of the World, The Time of the Hero, and The Green House, FTP, name this El Boom novelist who wrote about Mario Vargitas and Pedro Camacho in Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.
Output: Literature
This man adapted A. E. Housman's "Is my team ploughing" into the third part of his song cycle On Wenlock Edge, and he provided six quotes from the Book of Solomon to accompany his suite Flos Campi. "The March Past of the Kitchen Utensils" is the third section of one of his works, while a Meredith poem is the basis for another. In addition to incidental music for The Wasps and The Lark Ascending, he adapted his score for Scott of the Antarctic into his Sinfonia Antarctica and set poems from Leaves of Grass in his first symphony. For 10 points, identify this British composer of A Sea Symphony and fantasias on "Greensleeves" and a Theme of Thomas Tallis.
Output: Fine Arts
Job Shattuck was the second leader of this movement, supporting a man who had served as a captain at the battle of Stony Point. Its encampment at Petersham was dispersed during a snowstorm by the arrival of an army under Benjamin Lincoln, which quickly suppressed all resistance after the participants failed to capture the Springfield Arsenal. While its leader escaped to settle in Vermont, fear that it might spread encouraged discontent with the Articles of Confederation. FTP, name this debtors' revolt that shook western Massachusetts in the autumn of 1786.
Output: History
This disorder usually occurs due to abnormally low activity of the enzyme hexosaminidase A, allowing the sphingolipid ganglioside to accumulate in the brain. The affected patient loses motor abilities, develops a red spot on the retina, and eventually suffers paralysis before death. FTP, name this autosomal recessive disorder also called Amaurotic Familial Idiocy, most frequently found among people of eastern European Jewish origin.
Output: Science
Systems with a discrete upper energy limit can possess negative absolute values of this quantity. This quantity is defined as one over the energy partial derivative of the entropy; its reciprocal is referred to as beta. Mean kinetic energy is defined as one half times the Boltzmann constant times this quantity. The (*) third law of thermodynamics predicts an unattainable lower limit for this quantity, which is a measure of the average energy in a substance due to heat, called absolute zero, and this quantity is equal for two bodies in thermodynamic equilibrium. For 10 points, name this quantity, measured in scales like Kelvin.
Output: Science
One of his works includes a crescent-shaped structure with 40 aisles in each of 3 levels in the Yorktown Heights building, an d he designed the summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra which was initially founded as the Berkshire Music Center. In addition to the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center and the Tanglewood Music Center, the colloquially named "Jetsons Lounge" is included in his work for Vassar College; that work is the (*) Noyes House. However, he is probably best known for a work done in collaboration with Hannskarl Bandel which features egg-shaped trams which travel through half of the catenary-shaped structure. For 10 points, identify this architect of the Gateway Arch.
Output: Fine Arts
One leader of this movement, Job Shattuck, marched with a group of 200 men on the Middlesex County Courthouse. This uprising was often associated with debt collection courts being shut down in the state of Massachusetts, and after this event ended, its namesake received a $20 monthly stipend from the government for his military service. For 10 points, name this uprising of veterans of the American Revolution in 1786 and 1787.
Output: History
In one work of this composer, a "drinking chorus" is preceded by tone painting of the baying of hounds via double grace notes in the strings, trombones, and horns, which directly quote hunting calls. In another of his works, C minor is associated with the Vorstellung, and the keys of B-flat and E-flat are representative of humanity. His other religious works include his "Great Organ" Mass and the somewhat programmatic Mass in Distress and Mass in Time of War. His Trumpet Concerto in E-flat Major written for Anton Weidiger was one of the few to be written for the keyed trumpet, and his Opus 20 group of six string quartets is commonly referred to as the "Sun" Quartets. His symphonies include one whose first movement's second theme in B-flat imitates a clucking of a chicken and one which instructs the musicians to leave as they complete their parts during the last movement. FTP, name this Austrian composer of the "Farewell" Symphony, the Paris Symphonies, and the London Symphonies, which include the "Surprise".
Output: Fine Arts
These peoples were defeated at the Battle of Pollentia. During the rule of their Balti Dynasty, Prince Hermenigild led a rebellion against the rule of Leovigild, while Saint Leander converted them to Catholicism during the rule of Reccared I. During the rule of Wamba, one kingdom established by these peoples was the scene of a revolt of Jews encouraged by Flavius Paulus and Hilderic of Nimes. That kingdom was defeated at the Battle of Guadalete after being betrayed by Julian of Ceuta. The most famous leader of these peoples placed the puppet Priscus Attalus on the imperial throne during a conflict against Honorius. For ten points, name this Germanic tribe who established a kingdom in Spain after sacking Rome under Alaric.
Output: History
A model of this phenomenon developed in Lund and Grenoble built on an earlier one that analogized its relation with position to a stress-strain curve and accounted for hysteresis in the case of permanent displacement. Described by the Dahl model, this behavior was shown by IBM in 2008 at a molecular level using an atomic force microscope on cobalt atoms cooled to 5K. This phenomenon causes head loss proportional to the flow velocity squared divided by the hydraulic diameter and multiplied by the pipe length as well as a value describing this phenomenon named for Darcy. The strength of this force is independent of contact area and sliding velocity according to laws named for Amontons and Coulomb. For 10 points, name this force whose maximum value is proportional to the normal force and which opposes motion.
Output: Science
It is in flashbacks that this novel's central character reveals his strict upbringing at the hands of the cruel McEachern and his separation from his first love, the prostitute Bobbie Allen. That character's problems include refusing good advice to join a black law firm and working at a mill to cover up his moonshine business. Perhaps more despicable are Lucas Burch, who betrays that character and Percy Grimm, who castrates and kills him. FTP, identify this novel about the tragic half-black Joe Christmas, a work by William Faulkner.
Output: Literature
In one play by this author, the title character's first words are a speech that begins, "O divine air Breezes on swift bird-wings... The multitudinous laughter of Mother Earth!" One of this man's plays was modified to include a Fourth Episode involving a Herald who prohibits a certain action to better segue into a play by a different author; that episode follows a Threnos. The antagonist is told by his Spy of the title characters at (*) Argos' camp in one play by this author, who wrote of another character telling the Oceanids about a marriage that could lead to Zeus's downfall after being trapped by Kratos and Bia. This author wrote of the alliance against Eteocles as well as another character who gets struck by lightning and has his liver eaten while he is chained to a mountain. For 10 points, name this Greek tragedian behind Seven Against Thebes and Prometheus Bound.
Output: Literature
The female lead in this work was later reimagined as a deflowered vestal virgin who is actually a patient in a psych ward in a 1982 opera by Salvatore Sciarrino. One character prays for a resolution to this work's initial conflict in "Mein Herr und Gott," which is preceded by the heroine's dream aria "Einsam in trben Tagen. " The villains sing the dueling arias "Durch dich musst' Ich verlieren" and "Du Wilde Seherin" in Act 2 of this opera before vowing revenge in the duet "Der Rache Werk. " after which the heroine sings the aria "Euch Lften, die mein Klagen" to Ortrud in this opera's balcony scene. After the death of Telramund, this opera's "forbidden question" motif culminates in the title character's aria "In fernem Land," in which he finally reveals his name. For 10 points, name this opera in which a grail knight arrives in Antwerp on a swan-drawn boat only to leave Elsa to die from a broken heart, a work by Richard Wagner.
Output: Fine Arts
Two sylvan men with heraldic shields decorate the wings to his portrait of Oswolt Krel, while Job having water dumped on him and a depiction of two musicians make up his presumed Jabach Altarpiece. The foreshortened and lowered head of Thomas looking into a sarcophagus distinguishes one of his works, while another depicts St. Eustace and St. George at the wings of the Nativity. The painter of the Heller Altar and Paumgartner Atarpiece, he showed the Virgin under a green canopy supported by ribbons held by cherubs for a work exemplifying the influence of Venetian painting, Feast of the Rose Garlands. His various depictions of the Virgin and Child theme include Madonna with the Siskin and Madonna with Pear, while Frederick the Wise commissioned his depiction of The Martyrdom of Ten Thousand. He did various portraits of Emperor Maximilian, as well as a depiction of an Indian rhinoceros, and a painting which shows a rhombohedron surmounted by a human skull as well as an angel holding a compass. For 10 points, name this engraver and painter of works such as Melencolia I.
Output: Fine Arts
This god transformed the elderly couple Baucis and Philemon into trees and transformed the godless Lycaon into a wolf. This deity killed Porphyrion for trying to rape his wife. Leda, the wife of Tyndareus, was approached by this god in the form of a swan and he dressed as Amphitryon to seduce Alcmene. This god's father Cronos ate a rock in place of him, and Athena sprang fully formed from this god's head. This brother of Hades and Poseidon is married to his sister Hera. For 10 points, name this supreme deity of Olympus and Greek god of thunder.
Output: Social Science
It was first explored by Lazare Picault in 1742 and is composed of two main island groups: forty central mountainous islands and 70 outer, coralline islands. It also claims the Chagos archipelago, which has put it in dispute with one of its former colonizers. Seselwa is its official language, but both English and French are just as likely to be used. The larger islands include Silhouette, Praslin, and La Digue, but 90% of the population, as well as the capital, is found on the main island of Mahe. FTP, identify this island republic 1,000 miles east of Kenya with capital at Victoria.
Output: Social Science
In this city, Wissahickon Creek goes through Fairmount Park. This city can be entered by crossing the Delaware River on the Betsy Ross Bridge. One of its buildings, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the (*) Declaration of Independence, is Independence Hall. The Liberty Bell is found in, for 10 points, what city in Pennsylvania
Output: Social Science
The Rosetta mission will study the influence of this phenomenon on Wirtanen, and several boundaries relevant to this phenomenon include the mystery boundary and the magnetic pile-up boundary. First predicted by Ludwig Biermann, is velocity gradients give rise to corotating interaction regions, and its magnetic fields are studied through the use of a spiral named for the man who first formulated a comprehensive theory of it. Anomalous cosmic rays accelerate to high velocities at this phenomenon's termination shock, and its balance with the interstellar medium defines the location of the heliopause. Notably modeled by Eugene Parker, for ten points, identify this plasma of ionized particles and electrons ejected from the Sun's corona. 
Output: Science
In Norse myth, one of these objects belonging to Freyr was given to the giantess Gerd, which causes Freyr to use an antler in its place at Ragnarok. Examples from Celtic myth include Fragarach and Caladbolg, while in Shinto myth Susanoo uses one named Totsuka to defeat an eight-headed dragon, whose body contains one named Kusanagi. A better known object of this type was given to its owner by the Lady of the Lake or might have been pulled from a stone. For 10 points, name these objects which include King Arthur's Excalibur.
Output: Social Science
In the second year of his reign, this ruler defeated the pirates known as the Shardana in a sea battle. He signed a treaty with the Hittite king Hattusili II. His most famous consort, Nefertari, is buried in the largest tomb in the Valley of Queens. He defeated the Hittites under Muwatallis in the Battle of (*) Kadesh. A fallen statue in a large temple dedicated to this man was the inspiration for Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem "Ozymandias." For 10 points, name this pharaoh of the 19th dynasty who commissioned the Abu Simbel temples and was nicknamed "the Great."
Output: History
In one play by this writer, Pelasgus allows a group of women to gain shelter in Argos. That work originally was part of the Danaid Tetralogy. Aristotle credited him for adding a second actor in addition to the chorus to his plays, and some of the fragments attributed to him include Nereids and Proteus. A group of plays he wrote ends with a murder trial argued by Apollo and leading to a renaming of the Furies. That murder trial is for the death of Aegisthus and Clytemnetra at the hands of Orestes. Name this playwright of The Suppliants, The Persians, and Seven Against Thebes, whose Agamemnon begins his Oresteia trilogy.
Output: Literature
This author wrote an eleven-book series about an American boy who participates in the great events of the early 20th century. This author of the Lanny Budd series wrote about the death by drowning of the child Antanas in a novel. That novel by this author includes a foreman named Connor who turns Ona into a prostitute, causing her husband Jurgis Rudkus to join the Chicago socialist party. For 10 points, name this author who revealed the misery of the stockyards in his novel The Jungle.
Output: Literature