niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
The Alajskij Chrebet mountains dominate the south this country, whose largest lake is the saltwater Ozero Issyk-Kul' in the northeast. The only flatlands of this country are located in the extreme north, through which tributaries of the Chu River flow. Bordered on the east by China, on the north by Kazakhstan, on the west by Uzbekistan and on the south by Tajikistan, it is a former Soviet republic whose capital was once called Frunze. For ten points, name this country, whose major cities include Osh, Tokmak, Karakol, and the capital, Bishkek.
Output: Social Science
Each chapter of this novel is associated with a symbol, color, and time of day in a chart its author made for his friend Stuart Gilbert. In this novel, a concert manager has an affair with a woman whose husband conducts his own affair under the pseudonym "Henry Flower". That husband in this novel fantasizes about Gerty McDowell on a beach in a scene that climaxes as (*) fireworks explode in the background. This novel ends with Blazes Boylan's lover reminiscing about wearing a rose "like the Andalusian girls" and being kissed "under the Moorish Wall" before she declares "yes I said yes I will Yes." This novel takes place entirely on June 16, 1904, and follows a journey through Dublin taken by Leopold Bloom. For 10 points, name this novel by James Joyce.
Output: Literature
He wrote one work in which sickly Prince Albrecht is the older brother of Klaus Heinrich, who is tutored by Dr. Raoul Ueberstein, while in another work by this author, the menopausal widow Rosalie dies from a metastatic tumor in her uterus after lusting after her son's American-born tutor. This author of Royal Highness and The Black Swan gave a series of lectures collected as The Coming Victory of Democracy and wrote more one more well known works in which the hypnotist Cipolla is assassinated in Torre di Venere, one in which Jasiu and Tadzio have a fight on the beach in front of the protagonist, and one in which Leo Naphta is a Jesuit and Lodovico Settembrini is a student of Giosu Carducci. For 10 pointsname this author of Mario and the Magician, who wrote about Gustav von Aschenbach and Hans Castorp in his works Death in Venice and The Magic Mountain.
Output: Fine Arts
One of this poet's speakers claims "I rocked shut as a seashell" so they ""had to pick the worms off me\n like sticky pearls." This poet wrote a poem opening "Perfection is terrible, it cannot have children" while\n another poem has an image of a "statue with one grey toe big as a Frisco seal and a head in the freakish\n Atlantic." The speaker asserts "I have done it again. One year in every ten I manage it" in a poem ending\n with the line "I eat men like air." This poet of "Munich Mannequins" and "Tulips" wrote a poem whose\n speaker asserts, "There's a stake in your fat black heart" before telling the title figure "you bastard, I'm\n through." For 10 points, name this wife of Ted Hughes who wrote "Lady Lazarus" and "Daddy."
Output: Literature
His portraits of prisoners, including one of the murderer Sarah Malcolm, were eventually auctioned off at the so called Battle of the Pictures arranged by Christopher Cock. His few failures include an attempt to imitate Correggio in Sigismunda and he cultivated a rivalry with William Kent that was chronicled in such works as Bad Taste of the Town. He outlined his ideas on art in the treatise The Analysis of Beauty and his later works include the genre pieces Frank Mathew Schutz Vomiting and An Election. But he was most successful creating series, such as Four Stages of Cruelty and Industry and Idleness, that entertained while teaching moral lessons. For ten points identify this painter of Marriage a la Mode and The Rakes Progress.
Output: Literature
In Euclidean geometry, this is the number of points required to completely define a conic. This is the number of sides on the convex polygon with the same number of sides as diagonals. This is the only number which is included in two pairs of twin primes. According to the Abel-Ruffini theorem, general polynomials of this degree and higher cannot be solved analytically. The square root of this number appears in the definition of the golden ratio. Euclid proposed this many postulates of geometry in the Elements. This is the number of Platonic solids. For 10 points, give this number of sides on a pentagon.
Output: Science
One chapter of this work relates the story of a young man who hangs himself in shame after being discovered eating mutton. The narrator is visited by Yram in prison, and spends six months with the Nosnibors, who hope he falls in love with Zulora, although he flies back to England with Arowhena. Earlier, that narrator witnesses a trial where a man is sentenced to receive two tablespoons of castor oil daily for being guilty of pulmonary consumption. After talking with Chowbok, the protagonist encounters a society that worships Ydgrun, is supported by the Colleges of Unreason, and believes that adults are under siege from the World of the Unborn. Partly based on the essay Darwin Among the Machines, it begins with the narrator discovering the title location in New Zealand. FTP, name this utopian novel by Samuel Butler.
Output: Literature
This city's Chinatown was the site of the Wah Mee massacre, and its suburbs include Bainbridge Island and Mercer Island. Its neighborhood of First Hill is nicknamed Pill Hill due to a large number of hospitals, while Capitol Hill and the Denny Regrade are two of this city's seven hills. Its entire central business district was burnt down in 1889 and it hosted America's first city-wide general strike. Boasting a public library designed by Rem Koolhaas, it is also the home of the Bumbershoot Music Festival and has a notable Science Fiction Museum. Surrounded by Kirkland, Bellevue, and Redmond, this seat of King County is situated on Puget Sound. For 10 points, name this birthplace of Starbucks and largest city in Washington State.
Output: History
A catecholamine, it is more selectively metabolized by the monoamine oxidase MOA-B than seratonin or norepinephrine, although it is a metabolic precursor to the latter. For ten points, name this neurotransmitter synthesized from tyrosine and believed to play a role in schizophrenia, whose deficiency is a cause of Parkinson's disease.
Output: Science
One of this man's title characters learns that Shakespeare is forced to walk behind a "common tailor from Tennessee" named Billings, while in a novel of his, a man invents the Cursing Phonograph and another character pretends to be the outlaw One-Armed Pete. That novel was intended as a sequel, but the protagonist's name had to be changed to "Mulberry" after a lawsuit from a man who shared a name with the original character. That character first appeared in a novel where the fall of Senator Dilworthy and the murder trial of Laura dash Washington Hawkins's scheme to profit from establishing a black college. This author of  "Captain Stormfield's Visit To Heaven" and "The Private History of a Campaign that Failed" wrote the quite-posthumouly published play "Is He Dead" as well as a satire on the Congo called "King Leopold's Soliloquy," though he may be better known for such novels as one subtitled "A Tale of Today" and co-written with Charles Dudley Warner, "The Gilded Age. " For 10 points, name this creator of Injun Joe, Hank "The Boss" Morgan, an amphibian from Calaveras County, and Tom Sawyer.
Output: Literature
This letter represents a quantity defined as Gibbs free energy per surface area in the Young-Laplace equation. Relativistic mass equals rest mass times a quantity represented by this letter, which is equal to the derivative of time with respect to proper time. That quantity is also expressed as one divided by the square root of one minus v squared over c squared, known as the (*) Lorentz factor. In addition to symbolizing surface tension and photons, this letter names a type of high-energy decay and radiation carrying more energy than X-rays. For ten points, identify this third letter of the Greek alphabet.
Output: Science
The score for this piece asks the pianist to make mistakes in certain passages. Modern performances use the glockenspiel rather than the glass harmonica, and this piece references Berlioz's Valse des Sylphes, Can-Can from Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld, the aria from Rossini's Barber of Serville, "Ah vous dirais-je maman", and even the same composer's Danse Macabre. With introduction verses by Ogden Nash, FTP, name this famous piece by Saint-Sans that features creatures as diverse as lions, elephants, kangaroos, and of course, the swan.
Output: Fine Arts
A set of possessions in this work is bought by the pastor Tribulation Wholesome and his partner, who believe that they are helping to care for a group of orphans. Another character tries to see the Queen of Fairy while blindfolded, gagged, and stuffed in a water closet, having lost most of his money gambling. Pertinax Surly, posing as a Spanish Don, encounters Dame Pliant, who along with her brother Kastril has come to see the title character. Surly is a friend of Sir Epicure Mammon, who thinks Dol Common is a mad aristocrat thanks to the machinations of Face. Lovewits house is used by Subtle to con the local citizenry in, FTP, what play by Ben Jonson
Output: Literature
This thinker asked "what is it to dwell" in "Building, Dwelling, Thinking" and considered the effects of a "destitute time" on the works of Rilke in "What Are Poets For", both of which appear in his Poetry, Language, Thought. He discussed the path provided by the Greek word philosophia in What is Philosophy and also wrote about Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, though he is better  known for a work which introduced ontological hermeneutics and discussed a concept related to presence in the world, dasein. For 10 points, name this Nazi-loving author of Being and Time.
Output: Social Science
His portrait of a child in a beret and gold chain exemplifies the tronie style he helped develop. His Balaam and the Ass was ripped from a work by his teacher, Pieter Lastman, while green light illuminates a sword, bow, and arrows hanging from the wall of a cave in his The Raising of Lazarus. A man has his hand on the breast of his titular spouse in The Jewish bride, but better known portraits include his self-portraits with Saskia. He is widely praised for his painting depicting the writing on the wall, while an angelic girl stands out in the company of the titular military regiment of his best-known work. FTP name this artist of The Night Watch.
Output: Fine Arts
Grignard reagents cannot form without the presence of one of these compounds, and tetrahydrofuran is a cyclic version of one of them. Oxonium compounds are formed when they react with strong inorganic or Lewis acids, and oxidation of them results in an unstable peroxide, and they can be formed dehydration of an alcohol or catalytic hydration of an olefin. Manufactured via Williamson synthesis, specialized ones that that surround specific metal ions are referred to as crown types. FTP, identify this class of organic compounds that features an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
Output: Science
The "native" faction of this country's Communist Party took power after purging a Soviet-allied block led by the Jewish woman Ana Pauker. Shortly after the war, its leftist prime minister Groza opposed the more democratic National Peasant Party. During the war, it was ruled as the (*) National Legionary State by the Iron Guard under Ion Antonescu. For 10 points name this country later ruled by Nicolae Ceausescu.
Output: History
One commander at this battle was almost killed by Henry de Bohun while riding alone in front of his lines, but saved himself by killing Bohun with a battle axe. The defending army was drawn up into three squares, and a series of pits with stakes at the bottom was dug in front of their line. After the Earl of Gloucester was killed on the second day of fighting, it turned into a rout and the losing commander was forced to flee to Dunbar Castle. FTP, name this battle fought south of Stirling Castle in the summer of 1314, in which Edward II's army was defeated by Robert Bruce.
Output: History
In one of his later paintings, a woman in a black dress is reading a magazine while a younger woman in a bikini sits on the side of a porch, and the right side is dominated by blurry trees. In another paintings, yellow and black shades interrupt the red painting of the exterior wall in his depiction of a deserted city block with a fire hydrant on the left and a barber's pole on the right. In addition to Second Story Sunlight and Early Sunday Morning, he showed two large percolators one one side of a triangular wooden counter, behind which a white-hatted man serves three patrons. For 10 points, name this painter of Nighthawks.
Output: Fine Arts
It frequently weathers into other minerals like margarite, zoisite, and kyanite. Produced by the Verneuil Process, it has been largely replaced in industrial applications by synthetic materials like alumina. When mixed with iron oxides and other minerals it is known as emery, and its finer varieties include sapphire and ruby. A naturally occurring aluminum oxide mineral with formula Al2 O3, FTP, what is this mineral whose Mohs hardness of 9 makes it the second hardest natural substance
Output: Science
President Carter once recommended sanctions on this country for not exporting more oil to the U.S. during the late 1970s to make up for dwindled American reserves due to the lingering aftereffects of the Arab oil embargo during the early 1970s. An earthquake on Leap Year Day in 1960 in Agadir caused the deaths of more than twelve thousand people. Until his death due to natural causes in 1999, its head of state adamantly claimed to be a direct descendant of the prophet Mohammed. It is one of the worlds largest suppliers of phosphates. This nation still has not regained control of the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, nor has it relinquished its territory annexed since 1976 with a territorial capital of El Aaiun and with Polisario guerillas roaming the desert regions. For ten points, name this nation, independent since 1956.
Output: History
Le Bel and van't Hoff took advantage of this property to help determine the tetrahedral structure of carbon compounds. It is critical in pharmacology as it explains why only some methyl-dopa and ibuprofen molecules are effective. It also occurs in simpler molecules such as 2-butanol. The S and R labels are applied to enantiomers, pairs of molecules that demonstrate this concept. FTP, identify this term that indicates the molecular version of left- and right-handedness.
Output: Science
The sum of the reciprocals of Sylvester's Sequence converge to this number, and in ZF set theory, it is defined as the set whose only element is the empty set. This only odd number in the range of Euler's totient is the largest output possible of the Mobius function, and Egyptian fractions have this number as the numerator. (*) Zero-factorial is equal to this number, as is i to the fourth power. Events which will definitely occur have probability equal to this number, and, like zero, all powers of this number are equal to it. For ten points, give this multiplicative identity, the first positive integer.
Output: Science
Along with his successor as Secretary of State, he authored the Hulsemann Letter to justify Americans observing revolutionary activity in Hungary. This man's son Fletcher announced William Henry Harrison's death to John Tyler, and died at Second Bull Run as a Union colonel in the Civil War. This man claimed that the government was "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people," in a debate over tariffs with Robert Hayne. He defended an institution claiming that though it was small, "yet there are those who love it," referencing the precedent set in Fletcher v. Peck, in Dartmouth College v. Woodward, and he signed a treaty delineating the Canadian boundary with Lord Ashburton. FTP, name this senator from Massachusetts.
Output: History
In birds this body contains magnetic material needed for navigation. Also called the epiphysis cerebri, it is largest in children, shrinking during puberty and calcifying with increasing age. In all humans it appears to play a major role in sexual development and sleep patterns. It may indirectly be the cause of Seasonal Affective Disorcer because it is photosensitive and increases the release of melatonin during the winter. FTP, identify this gland also known as the "third eye" and named for its pine-cone shape.
Output: Science
This woman's works for children are translated into English in Crickets and Frogs: A Fable. She was a village schoolteacher, and donated the proceeds of her work Tala to the relief of Basque children orphaned in the Spanish Civil War. Scarred by an affair with a railway employee who committed suicide, her works include Desolacin, Ternura, and Sonetos de la muerte. FTP, name this author, born Lucila Godoy Y Alcayaga, the 1945 Nobel Prize winner in Literature from Chile.
Output: Literature
One method of removing this functional group involves reacting it with a potassium xanthate followed\n by an elimination. Besides the undergoing the Chugaev elimination, this functional group is protected by\n dihydropyran. Zinc chloride is used to test for their presence in the Lucas test. The Collins reagent and\n Jones reagent are commonly used to oxidize this functional group, and solutions of a compound of this\n element are used in SN1 solvolysis reactions. These compoudns have higher boiling points than their\n corresponding thiols, and they exhibit a broad peak around 3300 inverse centimeters on IR spectroscopy.\n This functional group contains a carbon and a hydrogen both single bonded to an oxygen. For 10 points,\n name this functional group found in ethanol.
Output: Science
first major work was the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. For 15 points, name this Finnish-American architect who designed the main terminal at Washington Dulles International Airport and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis.
Output: Fine Arts
This event inspired N. A. Salvandy to switch political allegiance and to publish in its wake the pamphlet Twenty Months, while a series of essays by Archibald Alison compared this event to Parliamentary reform and saw him declare that "the experience of the past is totally lost both upon individuals and nations". The political center of this event was taken by the National Guard, the Hotel de Ville, where the newly empowered Municipal Commission first met and outside of which, according to Marx, this event made autocrats of the financial bourgeoisie, in part due to a statement that the "bankers will rule", attributed to one leader of this event, Jacques Laffitte. More famously, following the "Three Glorious Days", which were sparked by de Polignac's pronouncement in Saint-Cloud of this event's namesake ordinances, which included a curtailing of freedom of the press and the dissolving of parliament, this event ended the Bourbon Restoration. For 10 points, name this French revolt of 1830, which removed Charles X and which concluded with a namesake monarchy under Louis-Philippe in the namesake month.
Output: History
In one of this author's plays, a visibly uncomfortable Athenian named Kinesias pleads to Myrrhine for relief, only for her to disappear into the Acropolis. This master of Old Comedy wrote a play in which two characters organize the construction of a city in the sky called Cloud-cuckoo-land. In another of his plays, a chorus of animals chant (*) ""Brekexexex koax koax"" and Dionysus goes to the underworld to judge a contest between Euripides and Aeschylus. For 10 points, name this ancient Greek playwright of Lysistrata, The Birds, and The Frogs.
Output: Literature
At the center of this work, a man wearing a shirt with baggy, black and white-striped sleeves sits with his back to the viewer and his face cast to a scene on the right. On the left of this painting, which hangs in the Contarelli Chapel, a wide-eyed, bearded man points at a young man in red slumping over a wooden table, while a balding man peers through his spectacles at a pile of coins. An open window and a harsh beam of light illuminate the title action of this painting, which occurs as a figure on the right points his outstretched arm toward the center of the canvas. For 10 points, name this painting in which Jesus reaches out to a tax collector, a work by Caravaggio.
Output: Fine Arts
Humphrey Arundell led a rebellion in Cornwall against this ruler. The Treaty of Greenwich arranged a marriage between this figure and someone who later became consort to Francis II, but that betrothal broke down and resulted in the War of the Rough Wooing. The real power during this mans reign was held by the first Duke of Somerset and John Dudley, the first Duke of Northumberland, and his reign saw the publishing of the Book of Common Prayer by Thomas Cranmer. This ruler was succeeded by his cousin Jane Grey, although she reigned for only nine days before her execution by Mary I. For 10 points, name this son of Jane Seymour and Henry VIII who reigned for six years as King of England before his death at age sixteen.
Output: History
A proton-ionizable group is found in the "lariat" form of these compounds, which are NOT cleaved into carboxylic acids during a positive result in the Zeisel method. Lithium-containing compounds are used to transform them in the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement, and they easily undergo oxidation to form peroxides. An acid catalyst and two primary alcohols are needed in a condensation reaction to create these compounds while the most famous way to produce them involves nucleophilic substitution of an alkyl halide by an alkoxide. For 10 points, name this class of molecules with formula R-O-R that are produced in a reaction named for Williamson.
Output: Science
One epithet used in the Homeric hymn to this figure is Tritogeneia, which may refer to this deity's birth near Lake Tritonis in Libya. In the Iliad, the figure's priestess is Theano and this deity compelled Laodecus to break the war's initial truce by firing an arrow at Menelaus. This deity promised immortality to Tydeus, but reneged on the promise after he ate the brains of Melanippus. This goddess was the foster mother of Erichthonius, who was born when Hephaestus attempted to rape her and his ejaculate fell on the ground. This goddess, who was often referred to Glaukopis or grey-eyed, gave Tiresias the power of prophecy after she blinded him for seeing her naked while bathing. Usually depicted wearing a peplos, this goddess won a famous weaving contest by depicting how she defeated Poseidon became the patron of her namesake city. Born from Zeus' head, for ten points, name this olive-tree bearing Greek goddess of wisdom and warfare.
Output: Social Science
Joseph Cradock wrote an unused epilogue for this play meant to be spoken by one of the principal characters about his future with Bet Bouncer. That characters inability to read cramped handwriting and his cousins failure to improvise a story about horse-racing odds leads to his mother discovering Hastingss plan to elope with Constance Neville. In furtherance of that plan, Tony Lumpkin steals his mothers jewels, but the protagonist ends up giving them back to her for safekeeping, thinking she is the wife of an innkeeper. Its title, an allusion to falconry, refers to Kate Hardcastle, who pretends to be a barmaid in order to get Charlie Marlow to admit his feelings for her. FTP, identify this comedy by Oliver Goldsmith.
Output: Literature
One protagonist created by this author surprises the chairman of the Public Service Commission by suggesting that The Heart of the Matter was ruined by its happy ending, and refuses to negotiate the customs duty on his radiogram. That character created by him worries that his secretary, Marie, is spying on him for his boss, Mr. Green. In one of his novels, a woman refuses to marry the protagonist because she is an osu and then aborts the baby she had with him. Clara is the fiancee of one of his characters, who is sponsored by his town's Progressive Union and is arrested for taking bribes. That character created by him is the grandson of a man whose funeral gun salute accidentally kills Ezeudu's son, and who is commanded to kill Ikemefuna. For 10 points, name this creator of the Okonkwo family, the Nigerian author of No Longer at Ease and Things Fall Apart.
Output: Literature
A part of this novel is made up of its authors rejected short story Bibi. One episode shows a friend of Dr. Keene secretly treat a patient who has stabbed a wealthy landowner, and the apothecarys assistant Raoul Innerarity is left in charge of the shop and wishes to place his painting in the window. The landowner had collected the entire estate of the de Grapions through exploitation of gambling debts, and Joseph Frowenfeld attempts to make his living as a druggist. One character makes another unable to sleep through witchcraft and must escape to France, while another has his ears cut off and his tendons slashed, and is an ex-African prince. Those characters, Palmyre and Bras Coup, are peripheral to the central family, which includes Agricola, Honor, and his dark half-brother who commits suicide. FTP, name this important regionalist work, a novel by George Washington Cable.
Output: Literature
idea is based on the assumptions that linkage disequilibria must frequently oscillate, and it was originally described it as a corollary to the law of constant extinction. Serial passage experiments support this statement as they show attenuation of the pathogenic species infecting host cell lines. It was formulated by Leigh Van Valen, and it suggests that advantages in one species gained by genetic variations are offset by those gained by another species. It is frequently invoked to explain the evolution of sex. For 10 points, identify this hypothesis which states that species must evolve continually to maintain their fitness, which derives its name from a Lewis Carroll character.
Output: Social Science
The sequel to this work, titled American Hunger, was originally not published because the Book of the Month Club did not like its pessimistic ending. The narrator of the work describes many figures from his past, such as Uncle Hoskins, who is killed when his saloon becomes too successful; Ella, a schoolteacher who introduces the narrator to literature with Bluebeard, and his mother Ella and cowardly father Nathan. His problems increase in adolescence after Pease and Reynolds cause him to be fired from his job at the optician's, though he meets a few friendly people like Falk, who gives him his whites-only library card, and the Hoffmans, who employ him after he moves to Chicago and joins the John Reed Society. FTP, identify this autobiography written in the form of a novel by Richard Wright.
Output: Literature
This country is home to many tombs called Mastabas. This nation's Siwa Oasis can be found in its Qattara Depression, which is the second lowest point in all of Africa. The ancient cities of Thebes and Memphis would be located in this nation. For 10 points, name this country that once sported the Pharos Lighthouse in its city of Alexandria.
Output: History
Its Granitic Group contains over 40 granite islands, including Silhouette Island, Aride Island, and the home of the coco-de-mer, Praslin Island. The rest of the islands that make up this island group's Inner Group are Bird Island and Denis Island. James Mancham was overthrown in a coup in this nation that made socialist France Rene a single-party ruler. This chain's most populous island,  Mahe, is home to a capital city. For 10 points, name this group of islands once colonized by both France and Great Britain, located in the Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar.
Output: Social Science
Henry James' "Paste" was drawn directly from one of this man's more famous works. His best novel features two competing brothers, whose tumultuous relationship culminates with one's marriage to Madame Rosemilly. After publishing a work in the collection The Parties at Medan, he went on to write such novels as A Woman's Life, Bel-ami and Pierre et Jean. FTP, name this writer best known for his stories of Norman peasant life as in "A Piece of String" and "The Necklace. "
Output: Literature
This President introduced the Comprehensive Health Insurance Act in his final year of office and declared ""now I am a Keynesian"" after eliminating the gold standard. This man signed the first Clean Air Act and created the Environmental Protection Agency. This President was the first president to visit the People's Republic of China. This President came to power by defeating Democrat Hubert Humphrey in the election of 1968. For 10 points, name this Republican President who resigned in 1974 in the wake of the Watergate scandal.
Output: History
of this composer's tone poems represents the title bird, a musical wren. He composed fourteen pieces in the style of street music called Chros. The fifth work in one genre by this composer is scored for soprano voice and eight cellos, and pairs the Aria "Cantilena" with the Danca "Martelo. " This composer depicted a group of country peasants riding a passenger car to the city in the movement "The Little Train of Caipira," which features a percussion instrument known as the guiro and takes the form of a toccata to imitate a German composer. For 10 points, name this composer of the Bachianas brasileiras, a twentieth-century composer from Brazil.
Output: Fine Arts
One work written by this person includes a description of a chariot pulled by two horses, one that   is noble and one that is not. Another work written by this person claims that people with true  knowledge are treated as useless stargazers. This person wrote about a dinner party at which each   person gives a speech about the nature of love, including a speech encouraging the guests to be lovers  of wisdom. This author of Phaedrus  also wrote Symposium  and The Republic. Name this ancient  Greek philosopher who taught Aristotle and whose dialogues often included his teacher, Socrates.
Output: Literature
One leader of this nation and its Muscovite faction was Ana Pauker. Another leader of this nation, Iuliu Maniu, resigned as prime minister in 1930 to protest the return of King Carol II. This nation was also led by a man who promoted neo-Stalinism with his 1971 July Theses. That leader of this country caused unrest in part by appointing his wife Elena deputy prime minister and by his plan to bulldoze thousands of villages and convert them to (*) ""agrotechnical centers. "" For 10 points, name this nation that was once ruled by the communist regime of Nicolae Ceausescu.
Output: History
One of this musician's early recordings, which is named after a slang term for marijuana popular among jazz musicians, was "Muggles." In honor of the Karnofsky family, who gave him money that allowed him to buy his first instrument, he always wore a Star of David. Ensembles led by this man include his All Stars, his Hot Seven, and his Hot Five, and he collaborated on the single "Weatherbird" with pianist Earl Hines. An apocryphal story claims that he dropped the lyric sheet while recording his version of "Heebie Jeebies," so he invented scat singing. He made the first recording of a song whose singer reflects on "the colors of the rainbow so pretty in the sky" and "trees of green, red roses too," "What a Wonderful World." For 10 points, name this jazz trumpeter and singer nicknamed "Satchmo."
Output: Fine Arts
Tremonti et al. used the results from SDSS to derive the relation named for this quantity and stellar metallicity. This quantity is related to the velocity dispersion in a different relation named for it and the Greek letter sigma. Wolf-Rayet stars are defined by their quick changes in this value. The temperature and density variables were used by Jeans to create an upper bound on this quantity for a molecular cloud. The (*) lifetime of a main sequence star is proportional to this quantity raised to the minus 2.5 power, or alternatively this quantity divided by the luminosity. A star possessing a stellar wind is currently lowering its value for this quantity. For 10 points, name this quantity that appears along with the radius and "big G" in Newton's law of gravitation.
Output: Science
A group of nearby objects of this type are known as "The Magnificent Seven" and they cool via a process named after a casino in Rio de Janeiro known as the URCA process. Around five percent appear to occur in binary systems, and those that occur with black holes may possibly be used to detect gravitational waves. When the Akmal-Pandharipande-Ravenhall Equation of State is used, an upper mass limit of around 2.1 solar masses is obtained, while the upper mass limit on these objects when they are composed entirely of the namesake particles is called the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit. For ten points, identify these remnant stars that are formed during the gravitational collapse of a stellar core during a Type II Supernova.
Output: Science
This empire's merchants used quills filled with gold dust as currency; some of those merchants were used as disguised spies. Commoners in this empire wore a full-length cloak called a tilma, over which men wore shoulder pouches. These people were divided into clan-like units called calpulli. After a Sparta-like mandatory military education, its men could capture four opponents in battle to become "eagle knights." Long strips of mud were used as "floating gardens" around this empire's central (*) lake. Seven causeways led into its canal-laden capital, where a spicy liquid chocolate was first brewed and two shrines sat atop the Templo Mayor pyramid. For 10 points, name this empire which sacrificed human captives under emperors such as Montezuma.
Output: History
In this play, the characters Addie, Cal, and Birdie provide a contrast to the central family. The plot concerns a deal between the Chicago financier William Marshall and Ben Hubbard to build a cotton mill. Needing funds, Ben and his sister Regina mastermind the theft of $80,000 from the bank of Regina's husband, Horace Giddens, who discovers the theft. In the ensuing argument, Horace suffers a heart attack and dies while Regina refuses to bring his medication. FTP, name this drama by Lillian Hellman.
Output: Literature
This states independence was ended by the Treaty of Leoben when the Austrians sued for peace. It was founded over a thousand years before by refugees fleeing the cities of Grado and Aquilea as defense against barbarian invaders following the fall of the Roman Empire. It eventually conquered Istria and the Dalmatian Coast as well as some Aegean islands. It was divided after the Treaty of Campo Formio and had a longstanding rivalry with Genoa, with whom it competed for trade. It may have caused the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade and soon after expanded onto the Italian mainland, conquering the terrafirma. Known as La Serrenissima, name, for 10 points, this Italian republic led by the Doge which had a lot canaals.
Output: History
The Boot Monument in New York manages to commemorate this man without naming him. With Richard Montgomery, he led a failed invasion of Canada, and along with Ethan Allen, this man led the Green Mountain Boys in capturing Fort Ticonderoga. This man successfully defended (*) Bemis Heights during the Battle of Saratoga, but felt he did not get enough credit for it. This man's most famous deed was exposed when the spy John Andre was captured with his letters and the plans to surrender West Point. For ten points, identify this American traitor who, encouraged by his Loyalist wife Peggy, defected to the British during the Revolutionary War.
Output: History
Archael methanogenesis relies on an enzyme that contains this metal in a tetrapyrrole, known as F430. This element is present along with iron and sulfor in pentlandite, and it also occurs in kamacite and taenite, which are found in meteors. Like calcium, this element's 48 isotope is doubly magic. It is present in the active site of prokaryotic glyoxylase, while Helicobacter pylori can be detected by using a rapid test for an enzyme containing this metal, urease. Columns of it are used to purify polyhistidine-tagged proteins, and this metal is purified by carbonylation in the Mond process. Another compound containing this metal is used to transform thioacetals to alkenes, and is created by adding NaOH to an alloy of this metal and aluminum. For 10 points, name this metal found in Raney's catalyst, with atomic number 28 and symbol Ni.
Output: Science
A rejected version of its charter forbade lawyers, doctors, and preachers from serving in the legislature. The Treaty of Hopewell voided its attempt in the Treaty of Dumpling Creek to define one of its borders at the Little River. Eventually, forces led by John Tipton triumphed over the government of John Sevier, who had tried to colonize Muscle Shoals. This entity was inspired by North Carolinas withdrawn attempt to give part of its land to the US government, and lasted from 1784 to 1788. For 10 points, name this abortive U.S. state, named for a Founding Father, whose land was incorporated into the new state of Tennessee.
Output: History
In one scene in this work, two characters row a rowboat all night across a lake, while in another scene in this work, an engineering sergeant is killed for insubordination by a character who was earlier hospitalized for jaundice, which Miss Van Campen believed was caused by his excessive drinking. One character in this work is killed by an Italian sniper after striking out on foot with three other men, one of whom killed a sergeant who refused to help pull an ambulance out of the mud. In addition to Aymo and Bonello, one character in this work meets Ettore Moretti and the Meyerses in Milan, and is introduced by Rinaldi to a woman whose small pelvis would lead her to eventually die while bearing a stillborn child in Switzerland. For 10 pointsname this work about Catherine Barkley and Frederic Henry, a novel by Ernest Hemingway.
Output: Fine Arts
The preface to this work begins by noting that the human mind is naturally drawn to questions that it cannot answer, and goes on to criticize despotism and reject the divine right of kings. The first section of this work notes that knowledge is either sensible or logical, and poses questions regarding space and time to contrast those two concepts. The second section of this work is divided into four chapters devoted to the history, discipline, canon, and architecture of the titular quality, and the arguments presented in this work were further refined in the author's (*) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Arguing that metaphysics should be limited to a priori knowledge, for ten points name this work which was followed by a "Practical" sequel, by Immanuel Kant.
Output: Social Science
The losers in this conflict put faith in a machine gun called the mitrailleuse, while the winning side used Krupp steel to improve their field rifles. The losing side in this conflict disastrously split up its army following a defeat at the Battle of Froeschwiller, also called the Battle of Worth. The pivotal battle in this conflict saw a failed attempt to relieve troops under Bazaine by Marshal Patrice (*) Mac-Mahon. Prior to the outbreak of this war, Prince Leopold would have succeeded Isabella II on the throne of Spain. The victor in this war had earlier defeated Austria in the Seven Weeks' War, and this war was sparked by the Ems Telegram. It witnessed the Battle of Sedan and brought down the Second Empire. For 10 points, name this 1870 conflict between states led by Napoleon III and Otto von Bismarck.
Output: History
He was praised by the Belgian poet Emile Verhaeren, and by French critic Felix Feneon, and the eminent dealer Durand-Ruel exhibited his work while he lived in a garret studio. In 1888, he joined The Twenty, a group of artists exhibiting in Brussels. His last painting was entitled Le Cirque painted with his usual "additive method. "  FTP, name this painter of Bather at Asnieres and Sunday Afternoon on the Island of Grande Jatte, the founder of Divisionism.
Output: Fine Arts
While writing under the pseudonym of Robert Slender, he produced a series of Probationary Odes by Jonathan Pindar, Esq. This man's political poems include one written with Hugh Henry Brackenridge for a Princeton commencement, as well as one about a flame which lays all tyrants low, entitled The Republican Genius of Europe. Renowned for such patriotic works as Eutaw Springs, and Rising Glory of America, he is best remembered for a poem about a flower by Nature's self in white arrayed, and another which ends with the image of the painted chief, and pointed spear. For ten points, identify this poet best known for The Wild Honeysuckle and The Indian Burying Ground.
Output: Literature
Although Freud claimed him as a disciple, he later rejected the label, conceding only, "I learned from his mistakes. " He pioneered in preventive psychiatry by establishing more than 30 child-guidance centers, and propounded a theory that people are guided by values and goals of which they may be aware, not driven by unconscious instincts. In works such as Social Interest and The Neurotic Constitution, he describes how a person is seen as moving away from situations that make him or her feel inferior and toward goals of success and superiority. FTP identify this Austrian physician and psychologist who created the system of individual psychology.
Output: Social Science
One chapter of this work describes Wash Williams, a telegraph operator who hates women due to the infidelity of his ex-wife, while in another chapter, Standard Oil employee Joe Welling successfully courts Sarah King. Besides Respectability and A Man of Ideas, Presbyterian minister Curtis Hartman is inspired to break a window after seeing schoolteacher Kate Swift praying naked in the chapter The Strength of God. Adolph Meyers changes his name to Wing Biddlebaum and moves to the title location after being accused of molesting young boys in its first story, Hands, while an old bedridden writer is featured in its first section, The Book of the Grotesque. Ending with the departure of George Willard from the title Midwestern city, FTP, name this short story collection by Sherwood Anderson.
Output: Literature
One work by this man includes the characters Miriam and Donatello, who resembles the title figure. This author of The Marble Faun wrote a story which sees the title man and his wife Faith stumble upon a witches' meeting in the forest, and one in which Georgiana dies after Aylmer removes the title object. In addition to ""Young Goodman Brown"" and ""The Birthmark,"" this man wrote a novel in which Hester Prynne becomes ostracized after being branded with the title emblem. For 10 points, name this author of The Scarlet Letter.
Output: Literature
A collaboration by this man with Nadir Afonso featured his trademark pilotis for circulation and a roof terrace to reclaim the lost space under it. In a book by this man, he advocates for residential areas in two rings, an inner one with cellular blocks of dwellings, and an outer "garden city", as well as a city center devoted to commerce with five percent skycrapers, and the rest parks with trees. In addition The City of Tomorrow, he wrote a book with essays titled "Mass-Production Housing" and "Eyes That Do Not See". For 10 points, who was this author of Towards a New Architecture and designer of the Unite d'Habitation, a Swiss architect
Output: Fine Arts
Hadamard regularized this operation under certain conditions by dropping divergent terms. Measure theory is used in Lebesgue's [le-bays] theory of this operation, and Fubini's theorem states that its order in iterated versions can be changed. For products of functions, this operation is often done(*) "by parts." Simpson's Rule approximates this process using trapezoids, while Bernhard Riemann devised a method using rectangles. The "definite" kind of this process finds the area under a curve. For 10 points, name this mathematical technique, the opposite of differentiation.
Output: Social Science
In a story by this author, the Handicapper General enforces Amendments 211 to 213, which ensure that all are equal. He wrote a novel in which the protagonist's research for the book The Way the World Ended leads him to realize that Felix Hoenikker has created a substance that can freeze the oceans. This author of "Harrison Bergeron" and creator of ice-nine wrote a novel in which the protagonist is kidnapped by Tralfamadorians after spending time in a POW camp in Dresden. For 10 points, name this creator of Billy Pilgrim, the author of Cat's Cradle and Slaughterhouse-Five.
Output: Literature
One incident related in this book is the death of Nadav and Avihu for filling their censures with strange fire. This book specifically prohibits sacrificing children to Moloch and distinguishes between trespass-offerings, sin-offerings, and burnt-offerings. Chapters 13 and 14 of this book discuss the affliction of tzaraath, and chapter 23 of this book specifies the allowed days for work on feasts and other holidays. Sections of this book discuss Yom Kippur and sexual misconduct, which includes a prohibition of bestiality and homosexual relations. Divided into a Priestly Code and Holiness Code, for 10 points, name this third book of the Torah.
Output: Social Science
James A. Bayard helped produce it. The ownership of the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay was not decided by it, so a later meeting at St. Andrews was necessary. Consisting of eleven articles in total, it was signed by Henry Goulburn, James Gambier, and William Adams for the British. Its ninth article guaranteed the return of all Indian-lost lands and two weeks after it had been signed, John Lambert assumed command of British troops after Edward Pakenham was killed at the Battle of New Orleans. For ten points, name this treaty signed in Belgium that established the status quo antebellum and ended the War of 1812.
Output: History
Jim Hasseloff and colleagues discovered an 84-nt cryptic intron in this protein's cDNA sequence, making codon alteration a necessary step in this protein's expression in Arabidopsis. Well-characterized mutations of this protein include a serine-to-threonine mutation at position 65 described by Roger Heim, which can be combined with a phenylalanine-to-leucine mutation at position 64 to generate a super-ecliptic pH-sensitive variant of this molecule. The structure of this molecule consists of a beta barrel, and its maturation involves modification of a serine-tyrosine-glycine tripeptide that makes up its chromophore. In 2008, Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien were awarded the Chemistry Nobel for their work with this molecule, whose major emission peak occurs at 509 nanometers. First isolated from the Aequoria victoria jellyfish, for 10 points, name this molecule often used as a biological marker that when exposed to blue light, emits its namesake colored light.
Output: Science
This artist portrayed a white-clad woman holding a copy of the New Testament and a golden cup with a snake in it while standing next to her sister and waiting for the Redcrosse Knight in one of his three paintings based on The Faerie Queene. This artist of Fidelia and Speranza painted a green, huge-eared batlike dragon and a red-skinned turbaned man with ridiculous facial hair among a train of figures following the title figure of another of his paintings. A snake coils itself around one arm of that figure, whose fists both emit rays of light and whose white horse tramples a crowd of humans. He depicted a green-clad Rogers' Ranger clutching a flute and leaning over the back of a kneeling Native American warrior whose pose is reminiscent of The Thinker in a history painting whose figures, such as Simon Fraser, are all grouped around the red-clad and wounded central figure. For 10 points, name this American painter of Death on a Pale Horse and The Death of General Wolfe.
Output: Fine Arts