niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Until recently, the known recorded history of these people consisted of a single document called the Edict of Telipinus. Their Indo-European language was referred to by native speakers as Nesite. After the turmoil caused by Sea Peoples, their empire disintegrated into city-states in their so-called Neo period. At their height, their empire spanned central Anatolia, northwestern Syria and upper Mesopotamia. For ten points, identify these people defeated by the forces of Rameses II at the Battle of Kadesh; foreign rulers of Egypt during the New Kingdom known for their chariots and iron weapons.
Output: History
Menstrauting women are exempt from this in the period that Ba'hai dedicates to it in March. George Whitfield's sermon, "The Almost Christian," argues that this practice, along with mortification, is essential to Christianity. The Eastern Orthodox Church dedicates four "seasons" to it, and Tertullian was the first Christian to advocate it as part of regular worship. The assassination of Gedalia is one day on which it is practiced in Judaism, while in Islam, it is interrupted by an itfar. Esther did it for several days prior to visiting Ahashverash, and a noted example of it ends with the Eid al-Fitr. FTP, name this religious practice observed during Yom Kippur and the daylight hours of Ramadan.
Output: Social Science
Aram Khachaturian's third symphony includes 15 solo ones of these instruments, and the first movement of Gustav Mahler's first symphony calls for these instruments playing offstage. This instrument poses the title inquiry of Charles Ives's The Unanswered Question, while Joseph Haydn's only work for the chromatic type of this instrument was a concerto dedicated to Anton (*) Weidinger. The "piccolo" type of this instrument is pitched an octave higher than the standard B-flat type of this three-valved instrument, which is a close relative of the cornet. For ten points, name this brass instrument with the highest register, notably played by Miles Davis and Louis Armstrong.
Output: Fine Arts
Ted Rose did a watercolor "Revisited" version of this work into which he inserts an incredulous officer of the law with his white dog. In the upper left-hand corner of this painting one can see that the windows have their blinds halfway down, and the shops below are bare. Two large percolators sit on a counter toward the back next to a door with a window but no knob. The clothes of the people inside the all-night diner bring to mind the 1930s and early 40s, as well as the lettering which reveals the name of the "lunch-counter" as being Phillies. FTP, name this painting by Edward Hopper.
Output: Fine Arts
For the lattices in a genus, this quantity can be found using the Smith-Minkowski-Siegal formula. This quantity for an atomic nucleus can be found using an equation that has volume, asymmetry, and Coloumb terms among others, Wiezsackers formula. Einstein and Galileo both lend their names to equivalence principles that relate two forms of this quantity, and under special relativity, this quantity is equal to total energy divided by the speed of light squared. For 10 points, name this quantity, which equals force over acceleration by Newtons second law.
Output: Science
A class of proteins that contain a baculovirus internal repeat, including XIAP and hIAP1 and 2, are responsible for inhibiting this process, and that protein is inhibited by Smac and Omi. Protein 14-3-3controls this process, and is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with CJD. Another series of proteins responsible for regulating this process contain some combination of domains BH1 through 4; the prototype of that family is Bcl-2. Methods of assaying for this process include watching for the exclusion of the dye tryphan blue or nick-end labelling via the TUNEL assay. This process occurs interdigitally during limb development, during selection of T-cells, and exactly 191 times during the development of C. elegans. For 10 points, name this process, known as programmed cell death.
Output: Science
In first trimester fetuses, this organ is the primary producer of red blood cells. As blood flows into this organ through the portal vein, sugars are converted into glycogen which is stored until needed. These organs in polar bears contain toxic amounts of retinol. It secretes about a quart of bile, and a yellowness of the skin called jaundice can occur when it malfunctions. Excessive alcohol consumption can cause cirrhosis of this organ. For 10 points, name this largest gland in the body, which removes toxins from the blood.
Output: Science
The eastern shore of this island features Tintingue Bay, which is across from the much smaller Nosy   Boraha Island. Its southwest coast is known for its spiny thickets, and its west coast includes the port  of Mahajanga and is near Juan de Nova Island. Some of the islands northwest of this one include   Mayotte, Comoros, and the Glorioso Islands. This island is the native home of lemurs, and islands  further off its east coast include Mauritius and Reunion [rayn-yaw]. Name this island home of the  nation whose capital is Antananarivo, located between the Mozambique Channel and Indian Ocean  off the east coast of Africa.
Output: Social Science
The final movement of one of this composer's works opens with a pseudo-fanfare for bass drum, cymbals, and timpani, while that work's first movement closes with a run of triplets up the keyboard along an F Major 6 chord. A tone poem by this man features a brief celesta solo in its slow section and sees a trumpet play the so-called "homesickness blues" solo. His best-known work premiered on a program called "An Experiment in Modern Music" and was orchestrated by Ferde Grofe; for that work, Ross Gorman improvised the opening clarinet glissando. For 10 points, name this composer of the Concerto in F, An American in Paris, and Rhapsody in Blue.
Output: Fine Arts
This city was the inspiration for Ernest Burgess's concentric zone model of city growth. It contains a toll road known as the "Skyway", and this city's namesake river had its flow reversed in the early 20th Century as a sewage control measure. Home to Millennium Park and an 1893 World's Fair famous for its "White City", the downtown configuration of this city's elevated railways name its central business district, the Loop. For 10 points, name this "windy" city on Lake Michigan, the largest in Illinois and the entire Midwestern US.
Output: Social Science
Located in the Contarelli Chapel in the Church of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome, the only object visible in the background of this work is a window of a tavern. The titular figure sits on the far left with his head bowed and a light shining on him from the upper right, and a man in the middle of the table points at him in surprise. Jesus, mostly hidden behind St. Peter on the far right, also points at the titular figure, indicating him to follow in, FTP, what great tenebrist painting by Caravaggio
Output: Fine Arts
One of its major southeastern towns is found on the Hyblaei Hills, and much of its agriculture takes place on the Plain of Catania. Madonie Park is a major preserve in its north, and this home to such provinces as Enna and Raguse has such major urban areas as Noto. The autonomous region dominated by this territory also includes Pelagie, Panteleria, Egadi, and Lipari. For 10 points, name this home to Mount Etna and Syracuse, an island found across the Strait of Messina from the city of Reggio on the southwest of the mainlaind of Italy.
Output: Social Science
When Mahler conducted this opera in Vienna, he inserted a trial scene from the play on which it was based. "Voi che sapete" and "Porgi amor" are notable arias from this opera whose complications result in part from the page Cherubino's attachment to Barbarina, the gardener's daughter. Susanna dresses as the Countess to trick the title character, while Count Almaviva tries to seduce his own wife, who is dressed as Susanna, the bride-to-be. With libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte, FTP, what is this Mozart opera based on a Beaumarchais play concerning the wedding of a former barber of Seville
Output: Fine Arts
Among his few reliefs are his Annunciation for the Cavalcanti Chapel and the putti for his pulpit of the Prato Cathedral. His sought greater expressiveness with his early prophets Jeremiah though he created a very placid St. George for the (*) Or San Michele. His middle period includes an enormous equestrian statue in Padua, while his late work includes a desiccated wooden Mary Magdalene, as well as a stoic Judith Slaying Holofernes, the latter of which stood in the courtyard of the Palazzo Medici opposite another victorious slayer he created who wears only boots and a feathered hat. For 10 points, name this Renaissance sculptor of the most famous bronze David.
Output: Fine Arts
One type of this procedure may use a device called a Kugelrohr (KOO-gehl-roar) and is the ""vacuum"" type. This process utilizes another apparatus that may be named after either Vigreux (vih-GROO) or Liebig (LEE-big). One key principle in this procedure is Raoult's (raw-OOLT's) Law, since it describes the vapor pressure of a solution. A compound on which this procedure cannot be performed is called an azeotrope (AY-zee-oh-trope). For 10 points, name this method of physically separating liquids by boiling.
Output: Science
A conversation between Arleigh Burke and Cat Brown in the leadup to this conflict saw Brown question whose side are we on Charles Keightley led one operation in this conflict, dubbed Musketeer, and another commander drew flak for his bloody attack on Jebel Heitan. Moshe Dayan attempted to take the Mitla Pass in Operation Kadesh, an early campaign in this conflict. Christian Pineau and Maurice Challe were two French negotiators at the secret Protocols of Sevres, which discussed this conflict. The United Nations Emergency Forces proposed during this conflict earned Lester Pearson a Peace Nobel, and this conflict began during a speech in which the name Ferdinand De Lesseps was intentionally mispronounced, leading to the nationalization of a trade route. For 10 points, name this standoff that pitted Britain, France, and Israel against Nasser, and that toppled the government of Anthony Eden.
Output: History
She described a town whose reputation grows by word of mouth despite only one family actually living there in one unfinished work, while in another unfinished work, she wrote about the arrogant Tom Musgrave and Lord Osborne, who live near to the title family. This author of Sandition and The Watsons wrote one work under the guise of "a partial, prejudiced, & ignorant historian" and declared that Richard III must have been "a very respectable man", as he was a Lancastrian. That work, The History of England, was published posthumously with another work, consisting entirely of letters to Isabel, Marianne, and Laura, and was subtitled "A collection of juvenile writings". For 10 pointsname this author of Love and Freindship, who also wrote about Fanny Price, Anne Elliot, and Catherine Morland in her novels Mansfield Park, Persuasion, and Northanger Abbey.
Output: Fine Arts
The RAG-1 gene is expressed only in the stages when recombination is taking place in these molecules. This discovery first grew out of Susumo Tonegawa's experiments on recombination's cause for their diversity. They exist as two sets of polypeptides, each present in duplicate and divided into a variable and constant region, and with the larger termed the heavy chain and the smaller termed the light chain. In humans, they are divided into five classes referred to as immunoglobulins. For 10 points - name these proteins that are produced as a result of an antigenic stimulus.
Output: Science
Two of the four circles that can be drawn at any point on this shape are named for Villarceau. An integrable Hamiltonian system can only move on a surface with this shape according to the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theorem. Like the Klein bottle, it has an Euler characteristic of zero. At most, seven colors are used be used to color a map of this shape, according to the Heawood conjecture. Its surface area equals four pi squared times the product of the inner and outer radii. It is topologically defined as the product of two circles. For 10 points, name this three-dimensional surface shaped like a doughnut.
Output: Science
section of this work includes an anecdote about a general whose recreational jeep ride is interrupted by a military policeman until he dons his hat. This work also includes an extract from William Sansom's novel A Contest of Ladies about a man named Preedy who goes to the beach and reads a Spanish translation of Homer. This work envisions a "basic social coin" with awe on one side and shame on the other in discussing "mystification. " This work divides "secrets" into classes like "inside," "strategic," and "dark," and it labels groups of collaborators with inside knowledge as "teams. " This work's first chapter discusses the importance of using "idealization" in shaping the "front," and it distinguishes between the rigid "front stage" and the looser "back stage. " For 10 points, name this work, which uses an extended theater analogy to present a dramaturgical approach to human action, written by Erving Goffman.
Output: Social Science
Friedrich Nietzsche, in Ecce Homo, wrote that he feels "warmest" in proximity to this philosopher, because this philosopher affirms the need for destruction. Hegel, in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy, claims that his own logic adapts all the thought of this man, who proposed a cosmic "downward path" and "upward path." A finger-wagging follower of this man discusses the nature of words in Plato's dialogue Cratylus. This man's term aletheia was glossed as "disclosure" of truth by Martin Heidegger. This native of Ephesus discussed the attunement of the bow and lyre, and posited a unity of opposites. His belief in nature as "flux" might explain his adage that you can't step in the same river twice. For 10 points, name this pre-Socratic who said all things come from and return to fire.
Output: Social Science
Cost-push inflation occurs as a result of the decline in it paired with an increase in the price level, while demand-pull inflation is caused by a rise in it as well as the price level. Calculated through either the circular flow model or the income approach, the ratio of capital stock over it is known as the capital-output ratio, and when unadjusted for price, it is referred to as nominal. The total value of all final goods and services produced in an economy with resources from that economy, FTP, identify this economic value also known as the GDP.
Output: Social Science
Publishing sequences of this type of poem became popular in England after the publication of Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella. In this type of poem, the volta, or turn, often comes in the ninth line. One poet wrote primarily in his own form of this style to his love Laura. Another writer who names a form of this type of poem wrote ones including ""My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun"" and ""Shall I compare thee to a summer's day. "" For 10 points, name this poetic form used by Petrarch and Shakespeare, consisting of fourteen lines.
Output: Literature
According to a 1990 paper by Klein and Seiler, power-law corrections to the Kubo formula vanish in systems undergoing this effect. U(1) Kac-Moody algebras describe certain entities associated with one form of this effect. Low energy excitations at an "edge" associated with that form are identical to those of a one-dimensional Luttinger liquid. Robert (*) Laughlin won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of that anomalous version, later termed "fractional," while the discovery of the "integer" version was also rewarded with a Nobel Prize, for Klaus von Klitzing. For 10 points, the application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of current flow results in a third perpendicular voltage quantized in multiples of h over e squared in what effect
Output: Science
This mans operas The Devils Palace of Desire and Fernando were flops. He composed the lied Die Forelle, which became the basis for his popular Trout Quintet. He wrote incidental music to the play Rosamunde in addition to the Little C Major symphony. Like Mahler, he did a Tragic symphony, and this composers lieder include Der Erlkonig, Death and the Maiden, and Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel. For 10 points, name this composer whose work was catalogued by Otto Deutsch, the composer of the Unfinished Eighth symphony.
Output: Fine Arts
One group celebrates this holiday by waking up before sunrise and taking a bath in oil. The last day of this holiday is dedicated to sisters, who place vermilion masks on their brothers foreheads. Occurring on the dawn of Ammavaasa in the month of Kartik, this holiday commemorates the legend of King Bali, and its celebrants light diyas and exchange sweets to commemorate the birth of Lakshmi. Celebrating the victory of Rama over Ravana, this five-day festival features brilliantly colored fireworks and candles. For 10 points, name this Hindu holiday, known as the festival of lights.
Output: Social Science
One literary example of a character with this profession is Joseph Rouletabille, whose interactions with a ""yellow room"" were written about by Gaston Leroux. Another man with this profession learns about the drowning of Marie Roget and finds an incriminating letter hiding in plain sight on a letter rack. That character with this profession deduces that an orangutan is responsible for some deaths on the Rue Morgue. For 10 points, Poe's C. Auguste Dupin is an early example of what crime-solving profession
Output: Literature
This composer imitated the song of a starling in a sextet whose score is rife with incorrect notes, A Musical Joke, and he wrote his clarinet concerto in A major for Anton Stadler. This man composed a fugue based on five themes in the fourth movement of his last symphony. His eleventh piano sonata ends with a "rondo alla turca."  Franz Sussmayer completed this composer's Requiem in D minor, which was left unfinished at his early death. For  10 points, name this Austrian composer of the Haffner, Prague, and Jupiter symphonies as well as the operas Don Giovanni and The Magic Flute.
Output: Fine Arts
He wrote about Montgomery Marvin getting in trouble with the government for his overly zealous philanthropy based on liberal agenda in A Tenured Professor. He discussed tulipmania and the South Sea bubble in his A Short History of Financial Euphoria, while he predicted that the American economy would be controlled by big businesses, labor, and activist governments in American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power. Besides serving as presidential advisor to Franklin Roosevelt, he wrote about the start of the Great Depression in The Great Crash, 1929. FTP, name this economist who wrote The New Industrial State and coined the term conventional wisdom in his 1958 book Affluent Society.
Output: Social Science
This dynasty saw the rule of the Zhengtong Emperor, who was defeated and captured by Mongols in the Tumu Crisis. It was forced to stop naval trade because wokou pirates swarmed its coastline. This dynasty saw the visit of the Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci, and its last emperor decided to hang himself on a tree behind the Forbidden City before Li Zicheng's rebellion succeeded. Its founder, the (*) Hongwu Emperor, rose to power in the Red Turban Rebellion, and under Yongle this dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. This dynasty saw voyages of the eunuch Zheng He and the introduction of porcelain. For ten points, name this Chinese dynasty that was overthrown by the Manchus and ruled between the Yuan and the Qing.
Output: History
Later interpreted using the "rule of reason," it was applied to labor unions in in re Debs after its scope was limited in 1893's E.C. Knight decision, which found that sugar refining was not subject to this law. It was expanded by a law regulating interlocking directorates and price discrimination called the "Magna Carta of labor" by Samuel Gompers, and was used against Northern Securities by Theodore Roosevelt. It wasn't until 1911, however, when it finally attained its ostensible goal by securing the breakup of Standard Oil. FTP, name this law against monopolies and cartels named for an Ohio Senator and former Secretary of the Treasury.
Output: History
It first started in response to dissatisfaction with the Prince of Korchin and spread after the Triads joined in. Its leader had studied under American Isaachar Roberts, who later called him "a coolie king . . . crazy and unfit to rule. "  The last major offensive during it was put down by Frederick Townsend and the Ever-Victorious Army, which was later commanded by Charles George Gordon. Protestant missionaries converted the movement's leader to Christianity but did not predict that he would claim to be the brother of Jesus. Fought in support of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, FTP, name this Chinese religious uprising that lasted from 1850 to 1864.
Output: History
Originally owned by Marchal de Crquy, the center of this painting shows an elderly woman in an orange tunic, who would be used as a model for a character in Gericault's Massacre at Chios. A dark sky and a temple in the background set off the action in the foreground. Two babies lie crying on the bottom, on the right a man wears yellow armor modeled after the ancient 'lorica,' while on the left Romulus, dressed in a red cloak, watches as the titular action is carried out. Held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art --for 10 points-- name this Poussin work which depicts the Roman army taking women of the namesake tribe.
Output: Fine Arts
One character in this story drinks whenever there is a cross on the calendar and only has one eye. Since he did not follow the standard procedure, the protagonist is yelled at by a "prominent personage," who is later visited by a ghost in a carriage. After attending a party hosted by his co-worker, this story's protagonist is robbed of the titular object, which cost 80 rubles and was made by the (*) tailor Petrovich. The copyist Akaki Akakievich (ah-KAI ah-KAI-ee-vich) is the owner of the titular garment in, for 10 points, what short story by Nikolai Gogol
Output: Literature
In the lead-up to this event, George Clymer ineptly traveled the countryside in disguise, originally saying he was Henry Knox. During this event, Robert Johnson was tarred and feathered while John Neville was burned in effigy. Mediators at the conventions held to prevent this conflict from occurring included Albert Gallatin, a future Treasury Secretary, and (*) Hugh Henry Brackenridge. One side in this conflict was derisively nicknamed the Watermelon Army. After Governor Mifflin refused to raise the militia to suppress it, Lighthorse Harry Lee commanded the militia sent by George Washington to western Pennsylvania to quash it. For 10 points, name this rebellion which was sparked by an excise tax on the namesake drink.
Output: History
This nation's port cities include Cristobal and Almirante, while its main mountain range is alternately known as the Cordillera de Talamanca and the Serrania de Tabasara. Its most notable geographical feature utilizes the Miraflores and Gatun Lakes and features extensive (*) locks near both those bodies of water. For 10 points, name this Central American country that borders Colombia and is home to a namesake canal.
Output: Social Science
One section of this work is sung in falsetto by a swan being roasted on a spit and is titled "Once I had dwelt on lakes," while another section requires a baritone to sing falsetto and is called "Dies, nox et omnia. " The latter is found in the third section of this work, "The Court of Love," while the "Reie" dance is featured in the scene "On the Lawn," which is found in its section "Springtime. " Opening a triptych that ends with Trionfo di Afrodite, it was first performed in Frankfurt in 1937, and its first and last sections are titled after a certain "Imperatrix Mundi. " For 10 points, identify this cantata that begins and ends with "O Fortuna," a work of Carl Orff.
Output: Fine Arts
This novel includes a search for the iyi uwa, a sacred stone that links the ogbanje Ezinma with the spirit world. In this novel, the District Commissioner wrote a study of the Igbo people entitled ""The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger. "" The protagonist's son Nwoye is converted to Christianity in this novel, which describes the colonization of Umuofia. For 10 points, name this novel in which Okonkwo hangs himself, a work by Chinua Achebe.
Output: Literature
His rule of greatest simplicity postulated that if two elements form only one compound, than the compound has the simplest composition: one atom of each element. His most famous theory includes Lavoisier's postulate of the conservation of mass and explains Proust's law of definite proportions. His law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures. FTP, name this English chemist who proposed the atomic theory of matter.
Output: Science
The real part of the Clausius-Mossoti factor determines the direction of the force exerted by this. The Wannier-Stark problem involves exactly solving the Schrodinger equation for a single electron in a crystal subjected to a constant, external one of these. By Faradays Law of Induction, the partial time derivative of the magnetic field is equal to the curl of this. Nonuniform ones can induce dielectrophoresis, and the integral of it with respect to distance is electrical potential. For 10 points, name this field that surrounds point charges, denoted E.
Output: Science
Two answers required. They figure prominently in the opening chapter of the book of Malachi, where God reminds the Israelites that he is all-loving and above the law because he chose to save one and destroy the other. One had two concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah, while the others name translated from Hebrew means hairy. With the help of their mother, one tricked the other into giving up his birthright for a bowl of soup to fulfill the prophecy that "the last shall be first". For 10 points, name these twin sons of Rebekah and Isaac, the younger of whom fathered Joseph.
Output: Literature
His work explaining the instability of James Watt's fly-ball governor is regarded as the birth of modern control theory, and his mathematical analysis of the stability of Saturn's rings showed that they could be neither entirely solid nor liquid. He showed how to calculate stresses in suspension bridges and coined the term "curl" to use in the differential form of his most famous accomplishment; however, the only other real work he did on it was the addition of a term for "displacement current. "  FTP identify this British physicist best known for combining his revision of Ampere's Law with Faraday's Law and Gauss's Laws of Electricity and Magnetism to produce his four namesake "equations" governing electromagnetism.
Output: Science
According to Gauss's Polynomial Theorem, a reducible polynomial with coefficients of this type can be factored into two polynomials with coefficients of this type. The Gaussian numbers of this type include a complex part, and a ring with no zero divisors is known as this type of domain. Leopold Kronecker hoped to ground analysis entirely in this set of numbers. This set can be extended from a smaller one by including the (*) additive inverses of successors to zero as defined by the Peano axioms. The floor and ceiling functions output a number of this type, and every rational number is a quotient of two of these numbers. For 10 points, name this set of numbers symbolized Z which includes 0, the natural numbers, and their negatives.
Output: Science
The desire to introduce it to the path integral expression for the canonical partition function led Cao and Berne to devise a free energy version of it. It can be contrasted with a method that uses the extended Lagrangian approach and is named for Car and Parrinello. An extension of it to transitions between electronic energy levels leads to the Franck-Condon principle. It neglects vibronic coupling, one form of which is the Renner-Teller effect, and it often breaks down in diatomic molecules. Derived by using the Eckart conditions, it is used to alleviate the task of computing a molecule's energy and wave-function, and it divides the latter into electronic and nuclear components because of the large nuclear mass. For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous approximation.
Output: Science
Norman Gross proposed that one form of this material has optimum conduction properties in the rolling direction due to its highly ordered crystals. A "rimmed" form of this material is characterized by a highly segregated ingot. Equilibrium forms of this material include cementite and austenite, which form lamellar structures in its pearlite microstructure. Rapid cooling of austenite can produce forms not found on its phase diagram, such as martensite. Historical methods of production resulted in the sponge, crucible, and Wootz varieties of this material. Adding tungsten prevents the degradation of this material at high temperature, while the addition of chromium to this material greatly improves its corrosion resistance. For 10 points, the Bessemer process allowed the mass production of what alloy of carbon and iron
Output: Science
This compound is transformed into 1,4-cyclohexadiene in the Birch reduction and can undergo the Friedel-Crafts acylation while in the presence of a strong Lewis acid. This compound has 4n + 2 delocalized electrons where n=1, therefore fulfilling Huckel's rule. Two of these molecules fused together results in naphthalene and when a hydroxyl group replaces one of this molecule's hydrogens, phenol results. This compound's structure was theorized by [*] Kekule and it is depicted as a circle inside a hexagon because of its ring of delocalized electrons. For 10 points, name this simplest aromatic hydrocarbon that has alternating double and single bonds, with formula C6H6.
Output: Science
Various phenomena associated with this force can be described by the creation and annihilation of modes called shearons. Defects along a surface can lead to energetic corrugations resulting in this force according to the Tomlinson model, which describes it on the atomic level. The triboelectric effect is charging as a consequence of this force, whose skin variety occurs at a body-fluid interface. It is independent of surface area according to one of Amontons Laws, and superlubricity is the total absence of this force. For 10 points, identify this force which is perpendicular to the normal force and provides resistance when two surfaces slide over each other.
Output: Science
This city has a six hundred year old Orloj, or astronomical clock, on its Old Town City Hall. The Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire-inspired Dancing House was built in this city by architect Frank Gehry. A bridge in this city with 30 statues along its sides was started in 1357 and became known as the Charles Bridge. That bridge crosses the Vltava River (VOL-tah-vah) in this city. For 10 points, name this city in Eastern Europe that is both the largest in and the capital city of the Czech Republic.
Output: Social Science
He prompted the creation of the world when he put his foot in the water in order to lure the great caiman Tlatechutli, who bit off his foot and took her jaw. Associated with the flint knife, or tecpatl, he also created the first dogs by cutting off the heads of Tata and Nene and attaching them to the buttocks. The ruler of Mictlan, this dark god's name means "smoking mirror" in reference to the feature in his chest. FTP, identify this Aztec god of evil and enemy of Quetzalcoatl.
Output: Social Science
This man directed an exhibition whose posters showed Victorian living rooms crossed out by big red X's. This man designed an all-glass skyscraper consisting of three spearhead-plan towers arranged in a triangular plan. A house he designed features linear, stand-alone walls that jut out into the surrounding landscape in three directions. This man rocketed to international prominence with a quartet of never-built projects: the Concrete Office Building, the Concrete Country House, the Brick Country House, and the [*] Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper. This man was the first to design an all steel- frame apartment building, which he included at the Weissenhofsiedlung exhibition he directed. Upon moving to America, he designed the IIT campus and the Lake Shore Drive apartments. For 10 points, name this German architect of the International Style who proclaimed "less is more."
Output: Fine Arts
In the catalyst for an enantioselective Sharpless epoxidation, this element's isopropoxide forms a complex with DET. This element's ability to osseointegrate has made it ubiquitous in meshes bone replacement therapies such as replacement of skull following brain surgery. It can be extracted from the ilmenite and rutile ores using either the Hunter process or a process where its tetrachloride is dropped on molten magnesium, the commercialized Kroll process. The chloride of this element is included in a complex with aluminum is useful in producing polyolefins in its role in Ziegler-Natta catalysts. For 10 points, name this corrosion-resistant transition metal with atomic number 22 and symbol Ti.
Output: Science
one play by this author, a character wins 25,000 dollars by entering a store-bought cake into a competition under the name Uncle Henry. In that play, a grandmother reveals that the central couple had adopted a child from Mrs. Barker's agency and mutilated it to death when it misbehaved. The Young Man appears halfway through that one act play by this author, which is set in Mommy and Daddy's living room. In another of his plays, a character repeatedly protests that he works in biology instead of math and watches a tense moment broken by an umbrella fired from a faux shotgun. This author of The American Dream created a character who recites part of the Dies Irae and claims his invented son died in a car accident. That character appears in his play which includes the sections "Fun and Games" and "The Exorcism" and sees Nick and Honey visit George and Martha. For 10 points, name this author of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf.
Output: Literature
One early member of this faith founded what would become Cheshnut College for Ministers after six students of this faith were expelled from St. Edmund Hall. That woman, Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, was instrumental to founding one offshoot of this faith, whose members congregate in societies called "connections." The creation of this religious denomination was inspired by Clement of Alexandria's description of a perfect Christian, and the preaching of this denomination was based on its founder's Sermons and Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament. This denomination was first established in the United States at the Christmas Conference led by two men appointed co-superintendents by this faith's primary founder, Francis Asbury and Thomas Coke and adheres to its founder's namesake "quadrilateral" of scripture, tradition, reason, and experience. For 10 points, name this Protestant Christian denomination primarily based on the teachings of John Wesley.
Output: Social Science
This man created a three-movement piano sonata while studying under Rubin Goldmark, and later wrote the film scores to Of Mice and Men and Our Town. This composer of a Short Symphony wrote a piece which incorporates folk songs like "Camptown Races" as well as the title figure's (*) speeches and letters, while another of his works for percussion and brass was intended to foster patriotism during World War II and is now often played at presidential inaugurations. This man also composed a ballet score commissioned by Martha Graham that depicts a celebration of Pennsylvanian pioneers. For ten points, name this American composer of A Lincoln Portrait, Appalachian Spring, and Fanfare for the Common Man.
Output: Fine Arts
When one character in this novel asks where the light came from on the first day of creation when God created the stars on the fourth day, his teacher says "I'll show you where" and slaps him. One character in this novel stops six children from throwing stones at a boy who then bites him in the finger. In one scene in this novel, Father Ferapont castigates the smell of decay that arises instead of an expected miracle from the corpse of Father Zosima. In a story within this novel, the title character arrests Jesus Christ for dooming mankind by giving it freedom of choice. Two characters served by Smerdyakov vie for Grushenka in this novel that features the parable of the Grand Inquisitor. For 10 points, Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha are the title characters of what novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Output: Literature
The title character of one of this composer's works says that everyone knows how good the people she grew up with are in the aria "Chacun le sait", while in another work, the title character and her lover sing the parting duet "Verranno a te sull'aura" at the end of Act I. One of his operas features "Ardon gl'incensi" and "Spargi d'amaro pianto" as the two parts of one scene, while in another, the aria "Ah! mes amis, quel jour de fte! " is sung by the Tyrolian peasant Tonio, who is in love with the title orphan, Marie. In another of his operas, the success of the title object causes the lover of Adina, Nemorino, to sing the aria "Una furtiva lagrima". In the aforementioned Mad Scene, the title character crazily stabs her betrothed Arturo to death. For 10 points, name this composer of operas like The Daughter of the Regiment, The Elixir of Love, and Lucia di Lammermoor.
Output: Fine Arts
This man was the first to recognize the rebels during the North Yemen Civil War. This man created a one-party system called the Liberation Rally. After an assassination attempt, this man banned the Muslim Brotherhood, and he earlier joined with Muhammed Naguib in forming the [*] Free Officers movement and deposing King Farouk I. This man joined his nation with Syria to create the United Arab Republic. The Aswan High Dam's reservoir was named for him, and this man sparked a crisis when he nationalized the Suez Canal. For 10 points, name this predecessor of Anwar Sadat who served as President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970.
Output: History
Throughout this musical work, the same theme is taken up by different combinations of instruments, constantly increasing the sonority of the piece until the full force of the orchestra makes a final, thunderous statement of the theme just before its conclusion. Its single theme is in two sections, the first heard in the flute and clarinet, the second in the bassoon and clarinet. During a slow, 17-minute long crescendo, a side drum punctuates the Spanish dance rhythm for which it is named. FTP, what is this most-famous piece by Maurice Ravel
Output: Fine Arts
In an early work, this man argued that humans reach new realms of self-consciousness when they find themselves in unconditioned moments he termed limit situations. This man rejected the doctrine of de-mythologization during a public dispute with Rodolf Bultmann over the methodology of religious studies. His concept of the cipher can be used to communicate between all metaphysical systems. He used the term objectivized cages to describe human world views, which he categorized in an early work. This author of The Atom Bomb and the Future of Man argued that unfettered public debate, social spheres without government planning, and national identification with basic rights was necessary to avoid totalitarianism. He argued that the emergence of political systems with many small states can lead to classes of wandering scholars and revolutionary new thinking. For ten points, name this author of The Origin and Goal of History and Reason and Existenz, a psychologist-turned philosopher who introduced the concept of the Axial Age.
Output: Social Science
He ended his life as king of Illyricum and went to Elysium after he and his wife fulfilled a prophecy. This son of Telephassa and Agenor, the rulers of Phoenicia, succeeded at a task in which his four brothers could not. At the end of his life he and his wife Harmonia are turned into snakes, but this has occurred well after he has sown some dragon's teeth. FTP, name this brother of Europa and founder of  Thebes.
Output: Social Science
This god was once retrieved from a pillar in a palace at Byblos that later represented this god's spine as the Djed pillar. During the Ptolemaic period, this god was replaced with a Greco-Egyptian hybrid called Serapis. This ruler of Duat wore the Atef crown and was commonly depicted as a (*) green-skinned mummy holding a flail and crook. His brother sealed him in a coffin with molten lead and dismembered his body into fourteen pieces, after which his wife Isis recovered thirteen of them. For ten points, identify this god who was killed by Set and became the Egyptian god of the underworld.
Output: Social Science
This man was the governor of the Kaffa region during his grandfather's reign, and he banished the concubine Gulbehar from his kingdom. He signed the Peace of Amasia with Tahmasp, who kept control of Tabriz, though late in his life, he lost a campaign against the Knights of St. John in Malta. He employed Sinan as the chief architect, married Roxelana, and was often called "kanuni. " Though his navy led by Barbarossa suffered heavy losses in his capture of Rhodes, he defeated Louis II in the 1526 Battle of Mohacs, but he failed in his siege of Vienna. The son of Selim the Grim, for 10 points, name this ruler of the Ottoman Empire who is often called "the magnificent. "
Output: History
One woman who lived in this city was the mother of Calais and Zetes by her husband Boreas; that woman was Orithyia. Another woman who lived in this city wove a tapestry narrating how her  brother-in-law cut out her tongue; that woman was Philomela. Both women were related to a king of  this city sometimes said to be half (*) dragon, Cecrops. While vying to become patron deity of this city, Poseidon created a spring, but was passed over for another deity who made an olive tree grow here. Perhaps the most famous king of this city forgot to replace his ship's black sails with white ones after leaving Ariadne on Naxos during his return to this city from a successful slaying of the Minotaur. For 10  points, name this city once ruled by Theseus.
Output: History
Amos Durfee, a New York sailor, was the only man killed during this event, but tensions remained high for nearly two years afterwards, culminating in the retaliatory burning of the steamship Sir Robert Peel on the St. Lawrence River. In spite of the propaganda efforts of William Lyon MacKenzie, however, it did not lead to war between the U.S. and Great Britain. For 10 points name this international incident of 1837, named for an American ship attacked and burned on the Niagara River by Canadian militiamen.
Output: History
He redesigned the church building at St. Luke's Episcopal Church for his friend and biographer Louis Noble, and at his death he left uncompleted a series of paintings titled "The Cross in the World". A mirage-like castle appears in the sky as an angel watches a boy push off in a boat in Youth, the second of four paintings in this man's "Voyage of Life" series. Also known for such works as Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, this man taught Frederic Church and was memorialized in an Asher Durand painting which sees him talking with William Cullen Bryant. For 10 points, name this painter of the "Course of Empire" series, the founder of the Hudson River School.
Output: Fine Arts
One of this man's religious poems is divided into the sections "Exposition," "The World," and "The Devil," and he wrote a play whose main character is a soccer player who smokes constantly and never talks. In addition to "Ode to the Most Holy Eucharist" and When Five Years Pass, he wrote a play in which a scorpion threatens the love of Sylvia and Boybeetle, who is also being tempted by the titular enchantment. This author of The (*) Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife and The Butterfly's Evil Spell also described Leonardo's mutually fatal duel with the Bridegroom in the first play of his Rural Trilogy. For 10 points, name this author of Blood Wedding and The House of Bernarda Alba.
Output: Literature
One ruler with this name had his army ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarian Vinekh at Rishki Pass. In addition to that ruler with the sobriquet "the Dung-Named," another ruler with this name saw his enemy cut off his trade routes by building the Rumelihisari and smash the walls of his capital with guns constructed by the Hungarian Orban. Another ruler with this name defeated Maxentius at Milvian Bridge, after seeing a cross in the sky and the words, "In this sign conquer." Possessed by rulers with epithets "Dragases" and "the Great", FTP, give this name shared by the last Byzantine emperor and a Roman emperor who converted to Christianity.
Output: History
Polymer samples can be prepared for use in this procedure by dissolution, then deposition on an ionic substrate, then evaporation in a technique known as cast film. More usual preparation techniques include mulling with a heavy paraffin like Nujol and spreading between salt plates; salt is used as a medium for this analytic technique since it is transparent to the probe used. That probe radiation can be understood as inducing motion corresponding to normal modes in the analyte molecular Hamiltonian, so the lines that this techniques produces are, to first order, characteristic of the types of bonds present. For 10 points, name this chemical technique that analyzes bonds by probing absorption and emission of light with wavelengths longer than the visible but shorter than the microwave.  
Output: Science
This author's works of translation influenced his novel which begins with the death of Gaspar Ilom, and deals with the conflict between the Indians, who consider themselves to be the titular figures, and those who merely grow corn. In one of this author's novels, Octavio Sansur attempts to organize a strike. That novel, The Eyes of the Interred, is the last in the (*) "Banana Trilogy", which also includes Strong Wind and The Green Pope. Another novel by this author begins with the Zany killing Colonel Sonriente. Later, General Canales has a heart attack after reading that the titular figure was present at his daughter Camila's wedding and Angelface is arrested. For 10 points, name this author of Men of Maize and El Senor Presidente.
Output: Literature
Adherents of this religion may only consume fish smaller than twelve inches. The word "Nyabinghi"   refers either to one sect of this religion or a type of ritual drumming. Adherents maintain their bodies  as temples by following the largely vegan I-tal ["eye"-TAHL] diet, and they refer to themselves as "I   and I". This religion shortens God's name from Jehovah to simply "Jah" and viewed emperor Haile  Selassie ["HIGHLY" suh-LAA-see] as the second coming of Jesus Christ. Name this religion often  publicized in reggae music that was popular in Jamaica, whose adherents smoke ganja, or cannabis,  and wear their hair in dreadlocks.
Output: Social Science
One of them requires the pianist to stamp his heel heavily upon the floor during its third and fourth sections, a motif repeated by a later one named Stoptime. Most of them begin with a four-measure octave introduction, and follow an A-B-A-C-D format, although that pattern is broken in late ones named Magnetic and Silver Swan. Collaborators with the main composer of them included Arthur Marshall and Louis Chauvin, and lesser-known ones include The Easy Winners and The Strenuous Life, a tribute to Theodore Roosevelt. The most famous one was the first piece of sheet music to sell over one million copies, and was named for a club in Sedalia. FTP, name this group of compositions which includes Elite Syncopations, The Cascades, The Entertainer, and the Maple Leaf.
Output: Fine Arts