niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This author termed Kafka, Broch, Musil, and Gombrowicz the pleiad of Central Europes great novelists in an interview about his book The Art of the Novel. He wrote about five days in the life of the jazz trumpeter Klima in The Farewell Waltz and satirized romanticism in a novel about the poet Jaromil, Life is Elsewhere. Better known are a novel in which a postcard containing the phrase Long Live Trotsky! gets Ludvik Jahn in trouble with the Communist Party and a novel about the lives of Franz, Sabina, Tereza, and the surgeon Tomas in the wake of the Prague Spring. FTP, name this Czech author of The Joke, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, and The Unbearable Lightness of Being.
Output: Literature
The scherzo of one work by this composer was inspired by "Walpurgis Night's Dream" from Goethe's ["Gur-tuh's"] Faust and replaced the minuet in his first symphony. This composer of a String Octet in E-flat major included a high F-sharp in the "Here Ye Israel" section of his Elijah oratorio, and quoted a work inspired by a trip to (*) Fingal's Cave in his Scottish Symphony. His fifth symphony honors Martin Luther's Augsburg Confession and incorporates "A Mighty Fortress is Our God" in its final  movement. For ten points, name this composer of the Reformation Symphony, the Hebrides ["HEH- brih-dees"] Overture, and incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Output: Fine Arts
During this man's reign, the Earl of Surrey killed James IV and about 10,000 Scots at the Battle of Flodden Field. The Pilgrimage of Grace was a demonstration against this man's policies. The Book of Common Prayer was written by his Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer. The Act of Supremacy grew out of Thomas Wolsey's failure to persuade Pope Clement VII to annul this man's first marriage. For 10 points, name this man whose divorce from Catherine of Aragon and marriage to Anne Boleyn sparked the English Reformation.
Output: History
This artist drew a marriage portrait whose right side shows the temple of Juno, while the couple leans against an ivy-covered tree in the left foreground beside a thistle representing the pains of birth. In another one of his paintings a child holding a lute wears a feathered beret suggesting the piece is an allegory for hearing because a feather on one's head legendarily corresponds to strong sensitivity. Along with Yonker Ramp and his Sweetheart and Two Boys Singing, his only full length, life-size portrait shows a man holding a black sword who is standing in front of a burgundy drape, while a rose bush at his feet indicates the transience of love that made him a bachelor. Another piece has derisively come to be called "The Meager Company" and that work depicts Captain Reynier Raenal's crossbow regiment. In addition to his portrait of Willem van Heythuyzen, one of works acquired its misleading title from a Victorian exhibition organized by Richard Wallace. An owl perches on the left shoulder of an old woman opening a tankard in his Malle Babbe and he did several group portraits of the St. George and St. Hadrian Civic Guards. For 10 points, name this Dutch artist who painted The Jolly Topper and The Laughing Cavalier.
Output: Fine Arts
One rebellion against this dynasty included a group entering a shrine claiming Dervish Reza would bring Mir Faghfur back to life, while another revolt during this dynasty was led by the Nuqtavi Darvish Khusraw. Another Nuqtavi, the Mulla Qasim, called for the abdication of one ruler of this dynasty. That ruler of this dynasty gave control of the royal guard to the Shaykhavand cabal, and that ruler modernized his army with the aid of Robert Sherley. The second ruler of this dynasty signed the Treaty of Amasya with an enemy which had earlier defeated that ruler's father at the battle of Chaldiran. This dynasty was founded by a group known for wearing red hats, the Qizilbash. For 10 points, name this dynasty whose rulers included Tahmasp I, its founder Ismail I, and Abbas the Great.
Output: History
Martin and Primavesi recently discovered a fragment of this thinkers treatise On Nature. This man wrote the poem Katharmoi, but Aristotle excluded this mans works from the Poetics because while it was written in hexameter, it does not characterize its subject matter as a representation of life. OBrien, Wright, and Aristotle all claimed that this man adhered to a cyclical view of the universe, and this thinker also argued that human limbs once lived on their own. He wrote an autobiography known as the Purifications, in which he said that he was a vegetarian because animals contain transmigrated human souls. This man believed that all matter was once a sphere, which dissolved into the present world. He argued that neikos and philia drove the world, with strife separating substances and love bringing them together. This Sicilian is said to have died by throwing himself into Mt. Etna. For ten points, name this pre-Socratic philosopher who argued that the world was divided into four elements: water, earth, wind, and fire.
Output: Social Science
After initiation into the Khalsa (KAHL-sah) in this religion, adherents must wear a wooden comb, known as the "kanga"(KAHN-gah), and a steel bracelet, known as the "kara" (KAH-rah), which are two of the five K's. Arjun (AR-joon) Dev compiled this religion's holy text, the Adi Granth, which contains many of the sayings of the first leader, or guru, of this religion. For 10 points, identify this religion founded by Nanak, whose adherents are mostly found in the Punjab region.
Output: Social Science
Three of the islands in this group voted for independence in 1975, while Mayotte chose to remain a French dependency. Its first president was Ahmed Abdallah Abderrahman, who was assassinated in 1989. Its highest peak is Karthala, a still-active volcano on the largest island of this group. Other islands include Mwali and Nzwani, which were formerly known as Anjouan and Mohli. Located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, FTP, identify this island nation with capital at Moroni.
Output: Social Science
Instead of employing the Debye-Hull-Scherrer powder method, its namesakes relied on an array of atomic planes. Its namesakes built a vacuum apparatus and employed a hot filament, an accelerating electrode, and an arc-mounted Faraday box. A leak in the vacuum led its namesakes to heat the target, resulting in crystallized nickel, which gave startling results. A plot of collector current against beam energy was explained by constructive interference, and the results in general could be derived by combining Bragg's equation with the de Broglie wavelength for electrons. FTP name this experiment named for two physicists, which proved that electrons diffract.
Output: Science
In September 2013, one probe to this celestial body became the first deep space mission launched from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport. A Chinese probe to this body is scheduled for launch in December 2013. The Ranger and Surveyor spacecrafts were the first American ones to explore its surface, and the 1994 Clementine mission imaged this body from orbit. Google sponsors a private competition to land a rover on this body through the X Prize Foundation. A Soviet probe took the first pictures of the "far side" of this body, which is currently being mapped by the LRO. Lor 10 points, name the only extraterrestrial body that has been visited by human explorers.
Output: Science
The final step in this compound's biosynthesis requires the action of O-acetylserine lyase, and the N-acetylated form of this compound is used to treat acetominophen overdoses. This amino acid is prenylated in Rab escort protein, and it also recieves a radical from a tyrosine residue in the mechanism of ribonucleotide reductase. A "knot" of these residues is present in TGF-beta, and the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzymes contain one of these residues in the active site. Two of these residues and two histidines coordinate zinc in the zinc finger motif, and with glycine and glutamate it forms the peptide glutathione. A derivative of this amino acid is present in the active site of glutathione peroxidase, this amino acids' "seleno-" variety. It is also responsible for stabilizing tertiary structure by forming disulfide bonds. FTP, name this amino acid with a thiol side chain, with one-letter abbreviation C.
Output: Science
One king of this name and number married Joan of Navarre and fended off the "Epiphany Uprising. " Another king by this name and number had Maximilian de Bethune, Duke de Sully negotiate the Peace of Savoy, but was assassinated by Francois Ravalliac. Yet another ruler of this name and number dealt with the rise of anti-king Rudolf of Swabia, and had installed Clement III as pope, though he had earlier traveled to Canossa to reconcile with Pope Gregory VII. For 10 points, identify this name and number shared by the Holy Roman Emperor involved in the Investiture controversy as well as the Bourbon king of Navarre who declared that "Paris is worth a Mass. "
Output: History
plays set in the Roman Empire include Berenice and Britannicus, and he dramatized a tragedy about Hippolytus. For 15 points, name this 17th century French playwright of Andromaque and Phaedra.
Output: Literature
This property is the only one responsible for the direction of time's arrow. The change in this quantity multiplied by temperature and subtracted from the change in enthalpy gives Gibb's free energy. This property is measured in joules per Kelvin. The value of this quantity will either remain the same or increase according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. For 10 points, name this measure that can never decrease in a closed system, and which is a measure of the amount of disorder in a system.
Output: Science
This deity owns the fourth Ratna, which is believed to be the most valuable stone. Bheeshma recites all of this god's thousand names, and Antaryami and Vibhava are among the five different forms this deity takes. He kills Hiranyaksha in the form of a boar. This deity is depicted holding a (*) lotus flower and conch shell, and he rides the bird Garuda. This god's ninth incarnation is considered to be either Balarama or the Buddha. His tenth incarnation, called Kalki, will destroy the world. Lord Rama and Krishna are avatars of, for ten points, what preserver god and wife of Lakshmi who composes the Hindu trimurti along with Brahma and Shiva
Output: Social Science
One poem by this author opens "deep in the shady sadness of a vale" and describes the titular Titan. Another poem tells of how Cortez stared into the Pacific while standing on a peak in Darien. This poet of "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer" told of a knight taken to an "elfin grot" in "La Belle Dame Sans Merci." In one poem he wrote "Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!" while another poem ends by declaring that "beauty is truth, truth beauty." For 10 points, name this English poet who wrote "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn."
Output: Literature
Towns on the banks of this body of water include Nguigmi and Bol, from which an archipelago extends. This body contains the territorially disputed Darak Island and the Kofia Islands. Fed principally by the Logone River and most importantly the Shari River, the expedition of Hugh Clapperton became the first European one to see this body of water. It dispatched Dixon Denham to study the area surrounding it, especially those areas which had seen the rise of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, for which it served as a geographic center. FTP, name this lake which has shrunk to less than one-tenth its size in the 1960s and situated squarely at the junction of Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, and its namesake African country.
Output: Social Science
Fourteen years after this battle, Tithraustes, the illegitimate son of the commander of the losing side, would fight a similar type of battle at the Eurymedon River. Prior to this battle, one side had dug a channel across the Isthmus of Actium to avoid the peaks of Mt. Athos, and a side engagement following this conflict involved the forces of Aristides dispatching a garrison at Psyttaleia. The victors at this battle had earlier suffered a defeat at Artemisium, and following this battle, the losers suffered a defeat at Mychale and another at Plataea. The success of the winning side in this battle depended on a false message sent to the loser intimating that the winning commander was ready to betray his side. For ten points, identify this 480 B.C.E. naval battle, a victory for Themistocles over the forces of Xerxes. 
Output: History
In one of this man's paintings, a man wearing a purple robe and a gold chain adopts a St. Francis-like pose as a painter brandishes a gun at him. An ancient fresco of Hercules and Telephus inspired the central figure's cheek-touching pose in his portrait of Madame Moitessier. This painter of Aretino and Tintoretto depicted a nude in front of a rock wall pouring water from a jug in The Source and painted a tondo in which a woman plays mandolin for a group of nudes called The (*) Turkish Bath. Moliere holds a mask near the feet of a green-clad woman with an oar in a painting by this man that depicts Herodotus burning incense as the Universe lowers a laurel wreath onto its subject's head. For 10 points, name this French painter of The Apotheosis of Homer, who depicted a woman with a few too many vertebrae in his Grande Odalisque.
Output: Fine Arts
The second part opens with a woman on "a burnished throne" and ends with another woman at a bar telling her friend Lil about her decision to sleep with Albert. In this work, the Moon shines on Mrs. Porter and her daughter who wash their feet in soda water, a moment that is followed by a memory of Tereus raping Philomela. The middle section features Tiresias lamenting his man breasts and the final fragment features a cock standing on a rooftree calling out "Co co rico," which brings a flash of lightning and then, rain. That part, "What the Thunder Said," concludes with the repetition of the word "Shantih. " FTP, identify this work full of footnotes; a modernist poem dedicated to Ezra Pound and written by T.S. Eliot.
Output: Literature
Galois theory can be applied to the symmetric type of these expressions, which also appear in Vieta's formulas. Weierstrass's theorem uses these to achieve a uniform approximation, and Cardano's theorem is used to solve a specific type of them. There are no general solutions to these expressions with degree (*) five or higher, and they can be simplified using synthetic division. Functions of this type are all continuous and differentiable, and they have at least one complex root according to the fundamental theorem of algebra. For ten points, identify these algebraic expressions that contain variables raised to a power, such as 2y and 3x plus 1.
Output: Science
One of his symphonies refers to his song "O Death" through a series of descending thirds. His opus 24 was praised for using uniquely non-Baroque- styled syncopations, and he also composed a series of 21 folk tunes for piano with four hands before rearranging them for solo piano. This composer of Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel set scripture to music in his native language instead of Latin in his A German Requiem, and composed an overture after receiving a degree from the University of Breslau. For 10 points, name this German composer of the Hungarian Dances, the Academic Festival Overture, and a famous Lullaby.
Output: Fine Arts
This artist designed a papal tomb in which sculptures of Charity and Justice flank a bronze sarcophagus that a skeleton pops out of to write the Pope's name in a book. Two bodiless-but-somehow-winged putti look over a dying woman with her hands to her chest in this man's sculpture of Ludovica Albertoni in the Altieri Chapel. Louis XIV commissioned an equestrian sculpture of himself from this artist, but it so displeased the king that he put it in his garden as a statue of Marcus Curtius. This artist left behind many wax and terracotta (*) bozzetti that he made as miniatures of his work, and he used an oval plan for the Sant'Andrea al Quirinale church. This man sculpted a bearded black man sitting on a bunch of coins next to an armadillo in a large group that also features a man with a cloth over his head; over that group, this designer of the Cornaro Chapel placed a large, dove-topped Egyptian obelisk. For 10 points, name this Italian Baroque sculptor of the Fountain of the Four Rivers.
Output: Fine Arts
The end of the introduction to this work refers to feeling the tension of the bow and the arrow and the task. This works famous concluding section was originally a letter to Heinrich von Stein and bears similarities to To the Mistral: a Dancing Song, also by this works author. Another section of the work answers the titular question with a Lamarckian evolutionary account of the aristocratic class, while yet another section contrasts philosophical laborers with actual philosophers. The latter two sections are the aphoristic We Scholars, and What is Noble while the first is From the High Mountains which is titled as an aftersong. Beginning with the question Supposing truth is a woman - what then, FTP, identify this precursor to Genealogy of Morals, a work of Friedrich Nietzsches about living in the titular state.
Output: Social Science
The last major land battles in this conflict were at Assietta and Lauffeld, and it is also noted for Dettingen, the last battle in which a British monarch led troops. The French took, but were forced to return, Madras in the First Carnatic War, an Indian phase of this war, while the capture and return of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island occurred in the North American phase, King George's War. Prince Charles Albert of Bavaria was one of the claimants in this war that was ended by the 1748 treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It began with Frederick II of Prussia's failure to agree with Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. FTP, name this war over Maria Theresa's ascension to the throne of its namesake country with capital Vienna.
Output: History
Among the paintings that remain from this artists student days are Birth and The Dead Man. His portfolio Mein Leben followed Les Ames Mortes, illustrations for an edition of Gogol in his native language. His wife Virginia Haggard posed for A Red and Black World, and a man dressed in brown floats with a woman in white in The Betrothed. The titular green-faced musician stands in front of a house and a church in The Fiddler, but better-known is a self-portrait in which he paints a horse with his seven-fingered hand. Also known for his stained glass windos, this is, FTP, what artist of a work featuring a cows head and the tree of life, I and the Village.
Output: Fine Arts
The differential of this quantity, which is given in general by minus Boltzmanns constant times the thermodynamic temperature times the natural logarithm of the partition function, is non-positive for isothermal, isometric processes, so it is minimized for equilibria in constant-temperature, constant-volume systems. It gives the available useful energy from a closed system, so it is usually symbolized A from the German for work. The p-V Legendre transform of a similar quantity named for Gibbs, it is given by the internal energy minus the absolute temperature times the entropy. For 10 points, name this thermochemical quantity, a thermodynamic potential named for a German physicist.
Output: Science
Ishmael Reed used a concept from this mans theories to title a chapter of his Mumbo Jumbo, which used that theory to discuss blackness. He wrote extensive unpublished notes detailing a theory of Latin poetry that centered on anagrams. His most prolific work contrasts synchronic study, which has no concept of time, and diachronic study, which outlines evolution over time. He theorized an arbitrary sign characterized by a signifier and a signified. An unpublished manuscript of this man was found in 1996 and published as Writings in General Linguistics, and he outlined the laryngeal theory in his Thesis on the Primitive Vowel System in Indo-European Languages. For ten points, name this linguist whose Course in General Linguistics was developed from notes on his lectures.
Output: Social Science
This deity was said to have created the god of cattle Lahar and the grain goddess Ashnan in an attempt to bring order to the world, but they became drunk too often, and he had to replace them with mortals. This deity also created the pickaxe, but he later used his weapon known as the amaru to destroy humanity. He was sentenced to live in the underworld Kur after committing rape, and his wife followed him there, but she gained permission to birth their daughter Nanna in sunlight. He reportedly made Utnapishtim immortal in attempt to spite another god. For 10 points, name this Sumerian god of earth and storm.
Output: Social Science
This man's troops donned surplus slaughterhouse tunics while fighting against Juan Manuel de Rosas. In another campaign, he won at Calatafimi after landing at Marsala. He was ordered not to attack Trentino, but he earlier defeated the Neapolitans at the Volturno River. This leader of the Expedition of the Thousand allied with the prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, the Count di Cavour, to install Victor Emmanuel II as king. For 10 points, name this leader of the Red Shirts during the Risorgimento, the military leader behind Italian unification.
Output: History
In one work by this artist, a multi-level villa and shepherd boy can be seen in the background, while two musicians are inspired by two naked muses in the foreground. In another work cherubs look on as a white bull carries off a maiden and he depicted two servants rummaging through a chest while a sleeping, curled up dog accompanies a reclining, nude woman on a bed. For 10 points, name this student of Giorgione and creator of Pastoral Concert, The Rape of Europa, and Venus of Urbino.
Output: Fine Arts
This thinker discussed the "oceanic feeling" in a book which chronicled the conflict between individuality and society's demand of conformity. This author of Civilization and Its Discontents discussed his patient's Irma's imagined injection in one book. He postulated that people use repression to escape the conflict between the id, ego, and superego. He claimed that males go through a stage when they fixate on their mothers and resent their fathers, calling it the oedipal complex. For 10 points, name this Austrian pioneer of psychoanalysis.
Output: Social Science
This man won election to office when his nation's congress chose him over the former president Jorge Alessandri, and shortly afterwards the head of his country's military, Rene Schneider, was kidnapped by terrorists. One of this man's most notable actions in office was the nationalization of his country's copper industry, at the time its leading export and he saw a prolonged strike by truck owners hamper his attempts to govern. Carlos Prats put down the Tanquetazo coup attempt against this man in 1973, but later that year this man was found dead from a gunshot wound during the coup that replaced him. For ten points name this Socialist president of Chile from 1970-1973 who preceded Augusto Pinochet.
Output: History
architect listed among his favorite designs a 720 foot by 720 foot exposition hall that would have held 50,000 thousand people. This designer of the unrealized Chicago Convention Hall had a lengthy collaboration with the interior decorator Lilly Reich. He placed a glass faade around the rectangular frame of a building he taught in, IIT's Crown Hall. The brightness of Alexander Calder's Flamingo contrasts with the dark glass he used for the (*) Chicago Federal Center, and other Chicago structures designed by this architect include the Lakeshore Drive apartments and the stilted Farnsworth House. He collaborated with Phillip Johnson on International Style Seagram Building in New York. For 10 points, name this German architect who adopted the motto "less is more. "
Output: Fine Arts
This character reads Of Human Bondage, A Farewell to Arms, and Out of Africa, before meeting a cab driver named Horowitz, who is unable to answer his question about where ducks go when their pond freezes over. This character also meets two nuns, with whom he discusses Romeo and Juliet before giving them some money. This character has violent encounters with Maurice the pimp, who beats him up over a difference of five dollars, and his roommate Stradlater, whom this character attacks after Stradlater's date with Jane Gallagher. One of his prized possessions is a baseball glove with poetry written on it in green ink, which belonged to his now-dead brother Allie. For 10 pointsname this brother of D. B. and Phoebe, the protagonist of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.
Output: Fine Arts
This battle began with simultaneous attacks on Bazeilles, Givonne and La Moncelle, though the decisive moment may have been the series of futile charges of Generals Margueritte and Gallifet near the village of Illy. In a comic incident near the end of the battle, general De Wimpffen arrived from Algeria to relieve the command, and tore down the white truce flag several times before the final surrender. The battle broke out following the minor Battle of Beaumont, during an attempt to relieve Metz by generals Ducrot and Macmahon, who were encircled and crushed by Moltke's forces. FTP, name this 1870 battle, a defeat for France that virtually ended the Franco-Prussian War.
Output: History
One of this author's works inquires "Who leads the docile spheres by withes of supple blue" A comic poem produced by this author states "Seraphs swing their stony hats," and mentions the "Tippler leaning against the sun," while another poem ends "For I have the power to kill, / without the power to die," and begins "My life, has stood a loaded gun. " Another poem of hers describes "We passed the fields of grazing grain, / we passed the fields of setting sun. " That poem describes a person who "surmised the horses' heads / were toward eternity. " That poem mentions a "carriage that held just ourselves and immortality. " For ten points name this author of the poems "I taste a liquor never brewed," and "Because I Could Not Stop for Death," a native of Amherst.
Output: Literature
Its first act ends with the villains recitation of his plan, juxtaposed with a Te Deum chorus. Earlier, a sacristan interrupts the aria Recondita Armonia to note its singer jokes with knaves and neglects the saints. The title character is painted as Mary Magdalen and signs Vissi darte, then reneges on her agreement to sleep with the chief of police in exchange for freeing Mario, stabbing Scarpia instead. For 10 points, name this work about an opera singer who jumps from the top of the Castel dAngelo, composed by Giacomo Puccini.
Output: Fine Arts
Early editions of this play do not feature the appearance of Mrs. Johnson, who quotes, Education has spoiled many a good plow hand. In the first scene of the second act, one character drunkenly dances on a table while shouting FLAMING SPEAR! in response to another character's cry of OCOMOGOSIAY. That character is nicknamed Alaiyo by one of her suitors, whom she prefers over George Murchison. Bobo's failure to meet Willy Harris in Springfield puts an end to the male protagonist's plan to open a liquor store. That protagonist enrages his mother by deciding not to deposit $3,000 for his sisters education, but later tells Karl Lindner that his family will move to Clybourne Park. FTP, name this play about Travis, Ruth, Benethea, and Walter Lee Younger, written by Lorraine Hansberry.
Output: Literature
work by this thinker rejected the Catholic view of the titular concepts as preventers of fornication and argues that weddings should not be binding until the birth of a child. This man rebuked Meinong for not distinguishing between meaning and notation and outlines three forms of the titular distinguishing phrases in an essay that examined the phrase "the King of France is bald. " Another work by this author of Marriage and Morals and On Denoting responded to nave set theory formulated namesake paradox. For 10 points, name this co-author of Principia Mathematica with Alfred Whitehead.
Output: Social Science
This country expelled the Seljuk Turks in 1121 at the Battle of Didgori, increasing the power of David the Builder from its Bagrationi dynasty. During World War I, it tried to gain the Lori Province, which is now controlled by Armenia. One of Lenin's last writings criticized Stalin's handling of this Soviet republic after Budu Mdivani and Filipp Makharadze had their power reduced. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was headed by former Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Eduard Shevardnadze, who was deposed in the Rose Revolution. It is now led by Mikheil Saakashvili, who got into a brief war with Russia in 2008 over South Ossetia. Name this country that several times has lost control of its capital of Tbilisi.
Output: History
It was negotiated in both Munster and Osnabrucks. Cardinal Richilieu blocked efforts for negotiations in Cologne between France and the Hapsburgs, because he wanted all of France's allies to be included. This led to over 109 delegations taking place in the negotiations of this agreement which would recognize the existence of the nation-state for the first time in Europe. For 10 points what is this name given to the two treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
Output: History
An equation relating viscous flow and diffusion is named for this man and Stokes. While proving Planck's radiation equation, this man created the idea of stimulated emission. Along with Leo Szilard, this man invented a refrigerator that has zero mechanical parts. This scientist and Smoluchowski developed a namesake relation which was discovered during this man's research on Brownian motion. He won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. For 10 points, name this German physicist who developed two theories of relativity and famously stated e=mc2.
Output: Science
This man's aliases included James Brunswill and Adam Smith, during which time his wife was known as Lady Smith. His wrote a noted "Letter from Vidin" while in Bulgaria and, late in life, delineated a plan for a "Danubian Federation" and wrote the book Memories of my Exile. He was succeeded in office by his longtime general Arthur Gorgey, who served as dictator until surrendering to Rudiger at Vilagos, after this man had organized the Honvd army and served as regent-president. The USS Mississippi was dispatched to rescue him from internment in Turkey by Millard Fillmore after this man had previously been hailed as a celebrity in England, causing a scandal for foreign secretary Lord Palmerston. FTP, name this key participant in the 1848 revolution honored as a national hero in Hungary.
Output: History
In one work, this author noted that "nobody, not even the rain, has such small hands" after telling its addressee that "your slightest look will easily unclose me", while he began another with the lines "since feeling is first/who pays any attention/to the syntax of things". One work by this author notes that "it's always ourselves we find in the sea" after describing the four title figures going "down to the beach (to play one day)", while the title group of another of his poems is said to be "making poems in the (*) lap of death". In addition to "Maggie and Milly and Molly and May" and "Humanity I love you", he penned a work whose title figure "sang his didn't and danced his did" and another which asks "how do you like your blueeyed boy/Mister Death". For 10 points, identify this author of "anyone lived in a pretty how town" and "Buffalo Bill's defunct", who also wrote "i sing of Olaf glad and big" and the novel Enormous Room and who was noted for his idiosyncratic punctuation and capitalization.
Output: Literature
Michaels rule applies to summing a quantity by this name for multi-quark systems. One semi-empirical formula for this quantity has it scaling as one minus 0.345 angstroms over the sum of the anionic and cationic radii. A constant proportional to it is given by the sum over atoms of the signed distance dividing the nearest-neighbor distance. This quantity may be measured in an indirect way by a process with steps: atomization of the metallic and non-metallic components, ionization of the former, and electron affination of the latter. This quantity is calculable in many cases using the Kapustinskii equation and Madelung constant, and may be measured experimentally via the Born-Haber cycle. FTP, name this chemical quantity, the sum total of bond energies in a crystal.
Output: Science
He succeeded as much by research as by his own talent, combining painstaking ethnological research and a constant effort to keep up with the latest musical developments. His works include Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, several acclaimed string quartets, and the ballet The Miraculous Mandarin. FTP name this composer born in modern-day Romania but credited with creating a truly Hungarian musical style, as in the opera Duke Bluebeard's Castle.		
Output: Fine Arts
One character in this work is horrified to learn that the hide of her dead dog Barrabus has been turned into a wedding-present rug. A character named Transito Soto frees another from jail in this work, and a French count named Jean de Satigny marries into this work's central family, but his wife leaves him when she learns of his affairs. A character who loses three fingers becomes a socialist activist and singer in this work, and a coup-leading military tortures and executes Jaime. Other characters in this work include Blanca and Alba as well as the central family's patriarch, Esteban. FTP, name this work that features the green-haired prophetess Clara and centers on the Trueba family, a work of Isabel Allende.
Output: Literature
The northlander Trendhorn got his eye put out by a chess piece when he was spying on this figure, while Fergus mac Roich was prevented by his geis from pursuing her. She was heard to cry out while still in her mother's womb, leading the druid Cathbad to prophesy that she would bring about the downfall of her house. Though she was the daughter of Feidlimid, the king decreed that she must be raised by Leabharcham, and she eventually fell in love with the brother of Ardan and Ainnle, Naoise mac Uisnech. For 10 points, identify this woman, who committed suicide after being recaptured by Conchobar mac Nessa, a Celtic figure whose beauty brought about much sadness.
Output: Social Science
A tricky character in this work gets his comeuppance when three cronies, including Bardolph, steal his horses. Its protagonist uses a pair of stag horns to disguise himself as Herne the Hunter, but ends up being pinched by people dressed as fairies and elves. Meanwhile, Anne's father plots to have Slender seize her and marry her, while her mother plots for Dr. Caius to do the same thing, but in the end she sneaks off and marries Fenton while the protagonist is being ridiculed for writing almost identical letters to two potential lovers. FTP, identify the Shakespearean play that centers around the antics of the Ford and Page households and the rogue Sir John Falstaff.
Output: Literature
One layer of this structure is bound to Bruch's membrane, and neurons in this structure can be generated by Mller glia in birds. Communication in this structure is performed by the amacrine and horizontal cells. The middle layer of this structure contains bipolar cells, and the inner layer contains ganglion cells. A depression in the center of this structure is the macula, which surrounds the fovea. FTP name this innermost layer of the eye that functions in phototransduction and contains the rods and cones.
Output: Science
It compares the pursuit of pleasure by men to the stinging of a bee because each leaves something behind after the act. The last part opens with the story of a farmer digging for gold to illustrate the belief in chance. It discusses the concept of "honor" by referring to "an ulcer" of a man named Nonius and illustrates its consideration of the "world-soul" with references to Plato's Timaeus. This volume inspired Alcuin's preface to De Grammatica, and its translators included such authors as Jean de Meun and Geoffrey Chaucer. The most important of its five sections considers whether or not mental acts of free will exist in light of God's ability to know everything. Written in the form of a dialogue between a condemned man sitting in a prison and a woman who personifies the title entity, for 10 points, identify this work written in 524 by Boethius. 
Output: Social Science
The second movement of this piece, an Andante con moto, is in E major and features two contrasting themes. Both themes are injected with periods of counterpoint, and are repeated in variation. The first movement, Allegro moderato with the violins opening softly followed by a melody played by the oboes and clarinets, but in just four measures modulates to the submediant key G minor from the initial key of B minor. The closing theme of the movement feature heavy sforzandi and is based on the continued development of the second subject. In the first movement, the second bassoon and first horn hold a tonic B' pedal under the dominant F# chord that evokes Beethoven's Eroica Symphony. A third scherzo movement also exists but only two pages are orchestrated. For 10 points, name this symphony by Schubert.
Output: Fine Arts
The last part of his fifth symphony was used in Visconti's film Death in Venice, while his third symphony draws the words for its fourth movement, "What Man Tells Me," from Nietzsche's Also Sprach Zarathustra. His second symphony, whose fourth movement contains lyrics from the song "Primal Light" from Des Knaben Wunderhorn (Des NOB-in VUND-er-horn), is known as the "Resurrection. "  FTP, name this Bohemian best known for his symphony #8, or "Symphony of a Thousand. "
Output: Fine Arts
Wingware produces an IDE for this language, which relies heavily on "Duck typing. " There are two different operators used for inequality in this programming language, which also has a feature used for serialization called "pickle. " It can be converted into Java bytecode, and makes use of a lambda construct to provide support for first-class anonymous functions. The original bittorrent client was written in it, and matplotlib is its plotting library. IDLE has been bundled with it since its 2. 3 release, and ABC and Modula-3 were particularly influential in the development of this language, which employs "whitespaces" to delimit blocks. It is heavily used as a scripting language in web applications, and was developed at CWI by Guido van Rossum in the 1980s. FTP, name this high-level scripting language that takes its name from a British comedic troupe rather than a serpent.
Output: Social Science
class of particles is not massless because they are pseudo-Goldstone bosons resulting from chiral symmetry being spontaneously broken. Many grand unification theories require protons to decay into a positron and the neutral form of this class of particles. The negative form of this usually decays into an muon and an anti-muon neutrino. It was wrongly predicted to be the carrier of the strong force by Yukawa. The neutral form of this type of particle can decay into a photon and an electron-positron pair in the Dalitz decay, though more commonly decays into just two photons. While the neutral form of this with zero spin weighs around 135MeV, the positive form of this is made of an up and a down antiquark. For 10 points, name these lightest mesons.
Output: Science
One myth claims that this god hung out with a tribe of pirates called the Sintians, while another asserts that he spent nine years in a grotto with Eurynome and Thetis. Most sources agree that the mysterious Cabeiri were his children, as was a one-eyed wielder of a bronze club who was killed by Theseus. This father of Periphetes arranged for his servant Cedalion to guide the blinded Orion and failed in his attempt to rape Athena, which resulted in his fathering (*) Erichthonius on Gaia. In one myth, Dionysus gets him drunk and puts him on the back of a mule, which carried him back to Olympus. He married the Grace Aglaea after finding Ares in bed with his wife Aphrodite. His creations include Pelops's shoulder, Hermes's winged sandals, and the Aegis. For 10 points, name this son of Zeus and Hera, the Greek god of fire and the forge.
Output: Social Science
This author's use of realism is discussed in the essay "Farewell to Jane Austen. " One poem by this author describes an arch that was built too low, which led to a melon becoming king, and his poetry collections include All You Who Sleep Tonight and The Humble Administrator's Garden. One novel by this man was inspired by his relationship with violinist Philippe Honor, and another includes a character who "still bears the scars of Middlemarch. " In addition to the memoir Two Lives, he created a character named Phil who works at Lungless Labs, in a novel consisting of 690 sonnets. Also the author of the collection Mappings, his most famous work is set in Brahmpur and centers on Rupa Mehra's attempt to find the title character for her daughter Leta. FTP, name this Indian author of An Equal Music, The Golden Gate, and A Suitable Boy.
Output: Literature
One perturbative solution to this kind of problem takes the form of an infinite series of Feynman  diagrams that diverges. When finding an approximation for this kind of problem in the case of long  wavelengths, the exponential term simply vanishes and all that must be integrated is the interaction  potential; that is a special case of the Born Approximation. In quantum mechanics, this kind of  problem usually is solved by finding the associated (*) amplitude of a wave, given that a plane wave encounters a potential and is transformed into a spherical wave. Classically, this type of problem is  typically solved by finding the namesake angle given the impact parameter. For 10 points, name this  kind of process in which a particle changes direction after a collision.
Output: Science
Silent spectators in this work include the orator Lysias and Euthydemus. Polemarchus argues only in the first section and then disappears from the dialogue. Carried on in the house of Cephalus, the principle speakers are Glaucon and Adeimantus, though the chief antagonist to the main figure is Thrasymachus. The discussion in this dialogue centers on political and individual justice, using such vehicles as the "Myth of Ur" and the "Allegory of the Cave" to strengthen the concept of the ideal state created by Socrates. FTP, identify this dialogue that discusses the philosopher-king by Plato.
Output: Social Science
In one play by this author, Risa purposely scars her legs to deflect attention from men, and Memphis Lee tries to negotiate a fair price for a restaurant that is about to be demolished. In another play by this man, a series of mysterious deaths are blamed on the "Ghosts of the Yellow Dog," and a more visible ghost wrestles with a man until they both hear music and the sound of a train whistle. A third play by this author of Two Trains Running ends with Gabriel sounding a trumpet to open the gates of Heaven for an adulterous ex-baseball player. That character, Troy Maxson, becomes the first black garbage truck driver in this author's common setting of the Hill district. For 10 points, name this playwright whose ten-play Pittsburgh Cycle includes The Piano Lesson and Fences.
Output: Literature
It inspired a 1937 Crucifixion by Roger Bissire, while details from it are incorporated in Racing Thoughts by Jasper Johns. It was commissioned by Guido Guersi, whose coat of arms appears in it, and who may be portrayed in it as Saint Anthony. It was an addition to work that had been done by Nikolaus Hagenauer and Desiderius Beichel. The central portion of it shows Mary as a widow fainting into the arms of John the Evangelist, while John the Baptist stands on the right saying "He must increase but I must decrease. "  Painted for a church in an Alsatian village around 1515, FTP, name this altarpiece created by Matthias Grnewald.
Output: Fine Arts
According to his theory of distribution, he believed that national income would move from the capitalists to the landlords, leading to stagnation. He argued that inflation was caused by the increased lending of the Bank of England in his first published work. He defined the concept of rent and formulated the theory of comparative advantage, and as well as writing The High Price of Bullion, he argued against the tariffs imposed by the Corn Laws in an 1815 essay. For ten points, identify this English economist, author of On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation and formulator of the Iron Law of Wages.
Output: Social Science
As Chancellor of the Exchequer, this man oversaw Britain's return to the gold standard, which had negative consequences and led him to become the target of a John Maynard Keynes book attacking his actions. This man delivered such addresses as ""The Gathering Storm"" and ""The Finest Hour. "" This leader was appointed to First Lord of the Admiralty near the onset of a conflict during which he rose to the post of Prime Minister. Succeeded by Clement Atlee, for 10 points, name this World War II Prime Minister of Britain.
Output: History
The capillary and diaphragm techniques measure a constant quantifying this process, and for low Reynolds number, that constant equals Boltzmann's constant times temperature over six pi times viscosity times particle radius. This phenomenon is used to introduce interstitial defects into crystals, such as carbon substitution for steel. This process controls the (*) rate of catalytic reactions with very high turnover numbers. A gradient of chemical potential is the thermodynamic driving force for this process. This process occurs through random walk in Brownian motion, and when it occurs through a semipermeable membrane, it's called osmosis. For 10 points, name this movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
Output: Science
This theorist denied that American exceptionalism was the nature of things, but defined it as a historical process, and in one of his works, he described its impact on victory in World War II. This author heavily borrowed from Ernst Mayr's descriptions of "teleonomic processes" for one work, which sought to integrate sociology with all of the other social sciences. Themselves developer of the (*) AGIL paradigm and author of The Social System, for 10 points, name this man who reformulated Weberian theory into a voluntaristic system in his work The Structure of Social Action and who created symbolic interactionism.
Output: Social Science
This composer wrote the ""Veil Song"" for the Princess Eboli in his Don Carlos. Before he composed one of his few comic operas, which was based on The Merry Wives of Windsor, his name became an acronym for the Italian unification movement. This composer of Falstaff had the Duke of Mantua sing about fickle women in (*) ""La donna e mobile"" (MOW-bee-lay) in his opera Rigoletto. For 10 points, name this composer of Otello, La Traviata, and an opera about an Ethopian princess who is buried alive, Aida (eye-EE-duh).
Output: Fine Arts
This event took place at a fort founded to combat slavery in the lands populated by the Shilluk people. A campaign against the Madhists was motivated primarily by the possibility of this event. Although the French had arrived two months earlier, they eventually withdrew their claims due to the need for an alliance with Britain against the rising power of Germany, which would lead to the Entente Cordiale a few years later. This event resulted from French efforts to occupy territory connecting Dakar to Djibouti, and British efforts to occupy territory connecting Cape Town to Cairo. For ten points, name this standoff between British and French forces in the Sudan in 1898.
Output: History
One of these beings from a non-fictional religion carries a staff with jingling rings and is called "Lord of the Six Paths." Another of these individuals has thousands of arms behind him arranged like peacock feathers and received ten extra heads to redeem the wicked. The Chinese goddess Kannon derives from the most compassionate of these beings, (*) Avalokiteshvara (uh-VAH-low-kee-tesh-VAH-ruh). Although their self-sacrifice is celebrated in China and Japan, becoming one of these individuals is less admirable than becoming an arhat in Theravada tradition. For 10 points, name these idealized humans in Mahayana Buddhism who return to earth after achieving enlightenment.
Output: Social Science