niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
One of his works, entitled Learning to Live Finally, is set to be posthumously released in 2007, and his earliest work included an introduction to Husserls The Origin of Geometry. His first political tract famously lists ten plagues of the global capitalist system, and another of his works is written in two columns, one devoted to Hegel and the other to Genet. In addition to Spectre of Marx and Glas, he is most famous for a form of textual criticism which relies on analyzing the frameworks and assumptions behind a work in order to view it in a new light. FTP, name this French philosopher and author of Writing and Difference and Of Grammatology, the founder of deconstruction.
Output: Social Science
One member of this phylum was the textbook ""keystone organism,"" whose biological impact is large proportionate to its biomass in an ecosystem. Members of this phylum have exterior ""tube feet,"" which are extensions of their water vascular systems. This phylum contains radially symmetric organisms like sea cucumbers, sand dollars, and crinoids. For 10 points, name this animal phylum whose members include starfish and sea urchins, the name of which means ""spiny skinned. ""
Output: Science
Unlike similar procedures, a parallel version of this algorithm requires no synchronization, and requires big-O of n time given big-theta of n processors. Combining this algorithm, which was originally developed by C.A.R Hoare, with heapsort gives introsort, which is faster on average because heapsort has a better worst-case runtime. Its second step is referred to as the partition function, which divides the original list into elements that are higher or lower than a given pivot value. FTP, name this algorithm that runs in big-O of n log n time, that sorts a list by repeatedly creating two sub-lists and resorting, named for its speed.
Output: Science
Following the revolution of the Young Turks, Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburn-Gotha proclaimed himself king of this country, which lost South Dobruja in a 1913 treaty. While under Turkish rule, Stefan Stambulov led a rebellion here in 1876, and later, the Congress of Berlin reduced the size of this country by revising the very generous Treaty of San Stefano. Long ruled by the Communist Todor Zhivkov, for 10 points, name this Balkan country, the successor to a medieval empire whose tsars Simeon and Samuel fought the Byzantines to its east.
Output: History
Possibly as a response to rumors of their illicit relationship, this man put his son Crispus and wife Fausta to death. This man brought back the solidus coins, introduced by his predecessor, and regained control over the empire after a meeting at Chrysopolis led to the surrender of his co-emperor. The buckling of a wooden or possibly pontoon bridge proved decisive in his greatest victory. That engagement was the battle of the Milvian Bridge, during which his rival Maxentius drowned in the Tiber. Along with co-emperor Licinius, the man issued the Edict of Milan, introducing religious tolerance in Rome. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor who rebuilt Byzantium and converted to Christianity.
Output: History
An orgy of violence erupted in this city after Oeonus stoned the guard dog of several brothers here. A statue of Aidos, or Modesty, was erected by a ruler of this city when his daughter covered her face with a veil to indicate that she was leaving with her husband. The town of Amyclae near this city was the cult center of Hyacinthus of lustful-discus-murder fame. Because their mother did not know who was born first, the Oracle of Delphi resolved that Procles and Eurysthenes should (*) both be made kings of this city. In this city, Icarius lost a footrace to Odysseus, who married Penelope as a result. Near this city, a horse was sacrificed and atop the pieces of its carcass, a bevy of suitors swore an oath to protect whoever of them was successful. This city passed from the hands of Tyndareus to the suitor who drew the correct straw and had his house raided by Paris. For 10 points, name this city ruled by Menelaus and Helen just before the Trojan War.
Output: Social Science
This thinker described "what he saw when he was dead" in "The Undiscovered Country," and attempts to eviscerate Wittgenstein's private language argument in The Concept of a Person and Other Essays. Like Bertrand Russell, this thinker engaged the Jesuit priest Frederick Copelston in a series of BBC debates on the nature of religious language. In his magnum opus he obviates religious statements as meaningless since they are neither tautologies nor can they be empirically verified, which leads to him to a meta-ethical principle known as emotivism. For 10 points, name this British logical positivist philosopher, author of such works as The Problem of Knowledge and Language, Truth and Logic.
Output: Social Science
Horst Janson suggested that one of this man's works must have been made to conform to one of his works with an older Madonna located in the Il Santo. That work includes a face with wings centered on the chest of a woman, and heads appear at the top of cylinders in front of the central figures. Critics have stated that his influence can be seen in the low-relief drapery style in Mantegna's Saint James Addressing the Demons, as a boy in a tunic is seen stepping behind another figure in that work, as well as in this man's Miracle of the Speaking Babe. A portion of another of his works was inspired by a Roman Cosmati work, and depicts (*) dancing and leaping putti. Critics have also suggested that the two small nude horsemen in one of his works were included to appease intellectuals in Padua; that work's subject was Erasmo of Narni. For 10 points, identify this Renaissance sculptor of the Galleria Cantoria and the equestrian Gattamelata.
Output: Fine Arts
One opera by this composer ends with Death departing and Satyavan coming back to life. In addition to Savitri, he composed the opera At the Boar's Head. Orchestral works by this composer include the Thomas Hardy inspired tone poem Egdon Heath, and a work named for the school where he taught, St. Paul's Suite. The movements "Song of the Blacksmith" and "Fantasia on the Dargason" conclude his Second Suite in F for Military Band. His best-known work was inspired by astrology and contains seven movements, the first of which features an ostinato rhythm in 5/4, and is entitled "Mars, the Bringer of War. " For 10 points, name this English composer of The Planets.
Output: Fine Arts
When this process is induced by a magnetic field in a paramagnetic system, the critical field for the onset of instability decreases with layer thickness. Two types of this phenomenon are related by the Archimedes number; when that number is very small one of its forms is described by the Peclet number. This phenomenon can be quantified, as long as the product of the Prandtl and Reynolds numbers are greater than one-fifth, by the Churchill-Bernstein equation. A compositional form of this phenomenon generates the earth's magnetic field. Its natural type is governed by the ratio of density difference times little g times length scale cubed to diffusivity times dynamic viscosity, the Rayleigh number. For a boundary, the ratio of this to conduction is given by the Nusselt number. For 10 points, name this mode of heat transfer that relies on the motion of currents in a fluid.
Output: Science
This author wrote one work in which Serenus Zeitblom narrates the story of his childhood friend and composer Adiran Laverkuhn. In another work, this author traced the decline of a wealthy German merchant family from Lubeck headed by Johann. In a third of this man's novels, the protagonist travels to a sanatorium to visit his cousin Joachim Ziemssen, but Behrens persuades Hans Castorp to stay at the title location. For 10 points, name this German novelist of Buddenbrooks and The Magic Mountain.
Output: Literature
One part of this book suggests that since Naaman suffered to bow in the house of Rimmon, Christians should outwardly yield to a non-Christian sovereign. The author claims that Romulus was the first saint in a chapter entitled "Of What Is Necessary For a Man's Reception into The Kingdom of Heaven. " The claims that our thoughts are deterministically governed by the law of association and that life is merely the motion of limbs are found in its first section "Of Man", while later the author holds that obedience to moral rules is necessary for peaceable living. Subtitled The Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil, FTP, what is this masterpiece of Thomas Hobbes
Output: Social Science
One proponent of this movement decorated the Sanssouci Palace. Besides Francois Gaspard Adam, another sculpture of this school created a bust of Pope Benedict XIII, and also sculpted the Barbarini Faun. Yet another sculptor of this movement depicted a lion eating a dude's thigh in Milo of Croton and showed a winged figure shushing the viewer in his Amour Menacent. Another sculpture from this movement shows Cupid fashioning a bow out of the club of Herclues, while another proponent shows Peter the Great on a rearing horse in the Bronze Horseman. For 10 points, name this movement of Etienne Falconet and Bouchardon, an ornate 18th-century style.
Output: Fine Arts
One study about this country posited that its people engage in a behavior called amae, in which they induce others into a parent/child-like relationship. It's not China, but this subject of The Anatomy of Dependence saw a surge of female workers known as "office ladies" after World War II. The rise of "herbivore men" and "parasite singles" in this country is thought to be one cause for the disproportionately high number of elderly citizens. For 10 points, name this Asian country home to the hikikomori and such sociologists as Masahiro Yamada.
Output: Social Science
The first extrasolar planet to be definitively confirmed was found orbiting one of these objects by Alexander Wolszczan. One subclass of them is also known as the "recycled" type, and the Hulse-Taylor binary one provided the first observational evidence of gravity waves. Roche lobe overflow leads to the accretion-powered ones that emit x-rays, while the decay of a strong magnetic field powers the magnetar class. Glitches can occur in the originally discovered type of these objects, whose misalignment of rotation and magnetic axes is responsible for their most prominent feature. For 10 points, name these rotating neutron stars that regularly emit radiation.
Output: Science
One passage in this book discusses a figure who wrote the four-volume work The Pronunciation of Latin in the Unversities of Southern Italy toward the End of the Twelfth Century, while another person mentioned in this book spent thirty years translating all known Egyptian texts into Greek and Sanskrit. Part of this novel recalls the long-dead Plinius, who lived during the Age of the Feuilleton. A character based on Jakob Burkhardt, the Benedictine Father Jacobus, challenges the protagonist of this novel to several theological debates. The protagonist of this novel is required to write three sketches, including one of his previous life as an eastern philosopher. Friedrich Nietzsche is represented in this novel by the eccentric Thomas van der Trave. The protagonist of this novel dies while taking care of the child of his friend and rival Plinio Designori, and he previously had attended school at Waldzell and Eschholz. For 10 points, identify this novel set in Castalia about the Magister Ludi Joesph Knecht, a work by Hermann Hesse. 
Output: Literature
This set of violin concertos includes sections named Linverno, Lestate and La primavera.
Output: Fine Arts
In early legends he was also referred to as Ziu and Tiaz, and was primarily concerned with oaths, contracts, and treaties. As his importance waned this patron god of the sword often became referred to as "the shining one. " At Ragnarok he will kill the hound Garm and will in turn die from wounds received. The most famous story about him revolves around the testing of Gleipnir for which the most dutiful of all gods was required. FTP, name this Norse god of justice, who had his hand bitten off by Fenris Wolf and whose name gave rise to Tuesday.
Output: Social Science
This man argued against excess thrift as destroying the motive to produce in a book that shared a title with a David Ricardo work, Principles of Political Economy. This man's 1796 pamphlet ""The Crisis"" supported the Poor Laws, though he later argued that they limited the mobility of labor, and this man encouraged workhouses in which ""fare should be hard. "" In this man's most famous work, he argued that vice, misery, and self-control could regulate the phenomenon that he believed prevented the future improvement of society. For 10 points, name this English economist who postulated that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population.
Output: Social Science
One of this man's works contains a naked man holding a bucket showering himself on a plain, while another features a man in a red uniform holding a cherry tree while a boy holds an axe. In addition to Sultry Night and Parson Weems' Fable, he depicted a white church in the middle of a dark town as a man on horseback hurries to the left in one painting, and another work shows the title figures standing in front of a copy of Washington Crossing the Delaware. For 10 points, name this painter of The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere and Daughters of Revolution, an American regionalist best known for a portrait of his dentist and his sister in American Gothic.
Output: Fine Arts
Because of resonance stabilization of its conjugate base, the alpha-hydrogen in them is more acidic than in alkanes. Using the Nef reaction, pyridinium salts reacted with secondary amines followed by hydrolysos creates them, as does the Rosenmund reduction that reduces an acyl halide to one. They can be synthesized by reacting a primary alcohol with an oxidizing agent, and they used to be named after their corresponding alcohols. FTP, identify this functional group consisting of an atom of carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded with an oxygen atom, which contains a terminal carbonyl group.
Output: Science
As a college student, he was one of ten people selected to attend the "World Student Christian Federation Conference" in China. After switching professions he embarked on a detailed study of Otto Rank's theories and created a theory expounded upon in his A Way of Being and On Becoming a Person. He introduced the notion of organismal valuing and positive regard on his way to advocating a plan that minimized the psychologist's talking in counseling. FTP, name this creator of nondirective or client-centered therapy.
Output: Social Science
In the first one, that narrator becomes aware of a "mystic shape" announcing "not death, but love. " "Freely, as men strive for right and "by sun and candle-light" are among the (*) answers to the opening line of another. The first use of the namesake form in sequence since the Elizabethan age, for 10 points name this volume including "How do I love thee" and written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
Output: Literature
The "Bridge of the Woman" can be found in a district of this city, home to garish houses on Caminito Street and the Monserrat District. The suburb of Quilmes lies south of the Riachuelo River from this city, which was joined in independence by other cities in its country by the Congress of Tucuman (*) after its May Revolution in 1808. Also home to La Boca, the Plaza de Mayo, and a military coup by Jorge Rafael Videla, for 10 points, name this capital city on the Rio de la Plata, home to portenos.
Output: History
For particles with j=1/2 that undergo this effect, their Hamiltonian may be solved exactly to give the Breit-Rabi formula. In the strong-field limit of this effect, fine structure can be ignored and it is known as the Paschen-Back effect. The anomalous form of this effect was first observed in the d-lines of sodium, and it occurs when the total spin of the electrons involved is not zero. For 10 points, name this process where spectral lines are split by an external magnetic field, which is contrasted with the Stark effect.
Output: Science
One work by this artist features a woman holding a cloth with the face of Jesus on it, while another depicts two robes figures meeting, meant to represent Saint Elizabeth and the Virgin Mary. In addition to Veil of Veronica and The Visitation, he created a work with a Glory at the top, and depictions of Purgatory and Hell below separate from three kneeling allied leaders, Adoration of the Name of Jesus, and a depiction of a leader of a Roman legion who refused to harass Christians and was summarily executed, the Martyrdom of St. Maurice. He also created a work in which Saint Stephen and Saint Augustine descend to perform the title action. For 10 points, name this painter of The Burial of Count Orgaz.
Output: Fine Arts
Benjamin Britten based his Young Personss Guide to the Orchestra on the theme of this mans Abdelazar. This mans mentor composed the masque Venus and Adonis and was named John Blow. His compositions were collected by his widow in Orpheus Britannicus, whose preface was written by a son of this mans contemporary and friend John Playford. He composed operas based on King Arthur and Spensers The Faerie Queen, and another of his operas contained the noted aria When I am Laid in Earth. For 10 points, name this English Baroque composer of Dido and Aeneas.
Output: Fine Arts
The release of fifty-two kings is celebrated during this time, while some celebrate it by making 21 different offerings and 21 different threads over the course of 35 days. Its last day consists of brothers and sisters meeting to express affection, while another day is celebrated with a mountain of food. Its second day celebrates the death of an evil demon, while its fourth day is devoted to the goddess of wealth. Mahavira attained nirvana during this holiday, making it sacred to the Jains, while another group celebrates the return of a king from fourteen years of exile. FTP, name this festival in which people ignite lamps to symbolize guiding Rama back to his kingdom, the Hindu festival of lights.
Output: Social Science
Near the beginning of this book the author states that it is devoted to a true understanding of the fiqh or law. The explanation of ma'aseh merkabah is intentionally scattered throughout the book as chapter headings, and to avoid transgressing the prohibition against revealing the secret teaching to man, the book is purportedly addressed as a letter to the author's student Joseph. Contrasted with the author's commentary on the Mishnah Torah, this work is intended to explain the underlying meaning of the Biblical writings. FTP, identify this Arabic text written for the confused by Maimonides.
Output: Social Science
For the d-mode approximation associated with this effect, the Racah and Lanczos methods can be effectively applied. It is typically characterized by a parameter that is equal to 1 over h-bar omega times the energy difference between the central maxima and the distorted minima, and for substituted benzenoid cations that parameter is not usually greater than 1. The result of this effect can appear as a vertical line on a Tanabe-Sugano diagram. Where bending results in a lowering of symmetry for linear molecules, there exists a related effect named after one of this effect's namesakes and Renner. A consequence of this effect is the mixing of electronic and nuclear motions, also known as vibronic coupling, which can result in the breakdown in Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Coming in pseudo and dynamical versions, for 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous effect, which is an instability of nonlinear molecular systems in orbitally degenerate electronic states
Output: Science
Due to swampy terrain and the constricted bridgehead, General O'Reilly's men waited until mid-morning before attacking the opposing infantry along Fontanone Creek in this battle. One side fended off cavalry charges until the arrival of the Consular Guard, yet an attack on Castel Ceriolo failed just as Victor's men could hold on no longer, after which General Zach took over for his wounded leader. However, Desaix's announcement that Boudet's men were on their way led the eventual victors from their position at San Giuliano, thanks to the efforts of Kellermann, and they sent Michael von Melas's forces into retreat. Taking place during the War of the Second Coalition, this is, FTP, which 1800 victory for Napoleon, who drove the Austrians out of northern Italy
Output: History
This thinker differentiated the Greek word "hypostasis" from the Latin word "personae" to show how two languages can convey the same meaning. He also refuted the claim made by Averroes, whom he called "The Commentator," that people share an intellect. One of this man's works was legendarily inspired by Raymond of Penafort, while another work by this author of (*) Summa contra Gentiles lays out the principles of just war and includes "degree," "contingency," and "the unmoved mover" among his five arguments for the existence of God. For ten points, name this 13th-century theologian who wrote Summa Theologica.
Output: Social Science
Marsupials are distinguished by their lack of this structure, while in patients suffering from ADHD its bulk is slightly diminished. The section curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe is called the Forceps minor, while its underside forms the roof of the lateral ventricles. Lying at the bottom of the cerebral longitudinal fissure, it is composed of more than 200 million transverse nerve fibers, and its primary function was discovered in the 1950s when experiments by Myers and Sperry indicated that, FTP, this thick band of white matter connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
Output: Science
His father was killed during Lord Dunmores War, and his boyhood home was destroyed in the Battle of Piqua. His collaborators included Isaac Brock, a brother with whom he captured a fort commanded by William Hull, and Henry Proctor. After adopting the economic theories of Joseph Brant, he broke with Black Hoof and decribed the abdication of land claims. Henry Proctor failed to show up to his final battle near Chatham, where he was killed, possibly by Richard Mentor Johnson, after rising to prominence as the brother of Tenskwatawa, a prophet. For 10 points, name this Indian leader, the loser at the Battle of the Thames and the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Output: History
This President's failure to discipline Douglas MacArthur led his electoral opponent to declare ""there's nothing inside the man but jelly. "" This President was a former engineer who was a proponent of the Efficiency Movement. This man had the Bonus Army broken up. Al Smith was this man's opponent in the 1928 presidential election. For 10 points, name this president who was in office during the 1929 stock market crash and is the namesake of a large Arizona dam.
Output: History
Only the ninth resolution was passed narrowly. Advertised only with an unsigned notice in a county newspaper, it was held in a Wesleyan Methodist church with about 300 attendees. It was convened partly as a result of the World Anti-Slavery meeting in London eight years earlier, and was attended by Frederick Douglass. It was given press by New York Herald editor Gordon Bennet, who in ridicule, published the entire Declaration of Sentiments. Presided over by none other than Lucrecia Mott's husband, FTP name this convention of feminists organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848.
Output: History
A derivative of phthalic anhydride, this compound was freqently used in laxatives until it was discovered that it might be carcinogenic. It is insoluble in water but soluble in most basic solutions or acetone, and for its primary use is most frequently found in a 1% alcohol solution. For 10 points, identify this crystalline organic compound with formula C20 H14 O4, an indicator which turns red above a pH of 9.6.
Output: Science
In one portrait by this artist, a woman wears a black headband and an empire-waist dress while reclining on an antique settee. Another of his portraits shows soldiers pushing cannons in the background; the left foreground of that painting features stones inscribed with "Carolus Magnus" and "Hannibal." Besides painting Madame Recamier and depicting a red-caped figure atop a rearing horse, this artist showed a turbaned man clutching a piece of paper in a bathtub. For 10 points, name this French Neoclassicical painter of Napoleon Crossing the Alps, The Death of Marat, and The Death of Socrates.
Output: Fine Arts
Important settings in this novel include a prison ship known as "the Hulks" and Satis House, while the gallery of comic minor characters features the histrionic Wopsle, the eccentric clerk Wemmick, and the pompous imposter Pumblechook. The protagonist sees the woman he loves mistreated by his enemy, Bentley Drummle, who dies an early death. After learning loyalty and humility while in London living on an allowance of Able Magwitch, he marries Miss Havisham's ward, Estella. FTP, what is this novel about Philip Pirrip by Charles Dickens
Output: Literature
This thinker argued hypotheses should not be subject to normative judgments, but rather should be evaluated on their "simplicity" and "fruitfulness" in his essay "The Methodology of Positive Economics." He stated money supply should annually increase by a set percentage in his namesake "k-percentage rule." One of his works claims that the practice of licensing doctors results in worse care and criticizes the Bretton Woods system arguing a floating exchange rate would be more effective. He wrote Free to Choose with his wife Rose and worked with Edmund Phelps to outline the "natural rate of unemployment" as a critique of the Phillips Curve. This economist called for a negative income tax to promote free markets in his book Capitalism and Freedom. For 10 points, name this leader of the Chicago School of economics who championed monetarism.
Output: Social Science
In May of 1940 he and a group of militant followers attacked Leon Trotsky's fortified house outside Mexico City, peppering his rooms with machine gunfire, throwing grenades, and detonating dynamite. Somehow Trotsky and his wife escaped without a scratch. This leader of the raid also edited the communist nespaper El Machete, was an associate of Diego Rivera, and led the Mexican Communist Party after Rivera was thrown out. Like Rivera, he was also an artist, with murals entitled The March of Humanity and Portrait of the Bourgeoisie considered to be some of his best work. FTP, who was this Mexican activist and artist, the last of the great Mexican muralists
Output: Fine Arts
One tributary of this river is the Licking River. During the Civil War, this river was nicknamed the River Jordan, and it also served as an unofficial extension of the Mason-Dixon Line to the west. Its tributaries include the Wabash and the Allegheny, and its confluence with the Mississippi is near Cairo, Illinois. Cities on this river include Pittsburgh and Cincinnati. For 10 points, name this river whose namesake state has its capital at Columbus.
Output: Social Science
The main narrative of this poem is interrupted by a "loud uproar" and "vesper bell" that bids the title character to pray, while he notes later that "He prayeth best, who loveth best/ All things both great and small. " The title character falls asleep and dreams of buckets filled with dew, after he had previously blessed a nest of writhing sea snakes. In the opening section, the title character seizes "one of three" wedding guests and recounts his long journey at sea, including the ill-advised shooting of the Albatross. For 10 points, name this poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Output: Literature
The "War of a Thousand Days" between Liberal Rafael Uribe and Conservative Rafael Nunez left this nation too weak to resist an imperialist threat to its territory. Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo's "Revolution on the March" gave land rights to the squatters, but failed to bring stability. Laureano Gomez's attempted introduction of fascism was a reaction to the last stages of the conflict that had killed liberal leader Jorge Gaitan, known as the bogotazo or "La Violencia. "  In colonial times, this former territory of the Chibcha Indians had been known as "New Granada. " FTP, name this nation whose cities include Baranquilla, Cali, and Medellin.
Output: Social Science
Although completely surrounded, this rulers use of wagons and firearms at the Battle of Khanwa resulted in his victory over Rana Sanga, a leader of Mewar, and he initially rose to prominence as the ruler of Fergana. Muhammad Shaybani took Samarkand from this man, only for him to regain it shortly after, and in the meantime this ruler captured Kabul. This ruler defeated Ibrahim Lodhi at the First Battle of Panipat, which marked the beginning of an empire that would last three centuries until its replacement by the British Raj in India. For 10 points, name this father of Humayun and grandfather of Akbar, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty.
Output: Fine Arts
One of his works begins with the section "An Untimely Pregnancy" that uses metaphor of a chessboard and describes the conflict between Coyote and the title character. Besides Story of Lynx discussing the Nez Pierce, another of his works compares the Kwakiutl and Salish perspectives on the titular objects, The Way of the Masks. One of his best-known works describes "alliance theory" and introduces structuralism against Radcliffe-Brown's functionalism, while another contains the volumes From Honey to Ashes, The Origin of Table Manners, and The Raw and the Cooked. For ten points, anthropologist, who wrote aElementary Structure of Kinship and Mythologiques.  
Output: Social Science
One work by this composer may have been written for his love interest, Therese Malfatti, and is less commonly known as his Bagatelle in A Minor. Another work by this composer received its nickname from the poet Ludwig Rellstab, who was reminded by that piece of Lake Lucerne at night. A symphony by this man ends with voices singing the words to a Schiller poem, and is nicknamed ""Choral. "" For 10 points, name this German composer of Fur Elise and the Moonlight Sonata, whose ninth symphony is set to the poem ""Ode to Joy. ""
Output: Fine Arts
Frey's procedure is used to treat inflammation of this organ, and the Whipple Procedure involves the removal of its head. Endoscopic ultrasonography is often used to detect the tumors on this organ that are caused by Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The head of this yellowish organ contains the duct of Wirsung, which is connected to the duodenum, and its tail stretches behind the stomach. For 10 points, name this organ that is home to the islets of Langerhans and produces a namesake juice.
Output: Science
One of this artist's paintings was exchanged by its commissioner Edward Coates for a less controversial work, The Pathetic Song. Another of his works depicts his friend in the titular vessel on the Schuylkill River. In addition to Max Schmitt in a Single Scull, he also painted several of his students and himself swimming in a lake in The Swimming Hole. This artist is better known, however, for a painting depicting several men in an auditorium looking down at a bloody medical operation. For 10 points, name this American artist of The Gross Clinic.
Output: Fine Arts
This man recently designed a seventy-six story residential skyscraper with an ornate exterior in Manhattan on 8  Spruce Street. This architect designed a building named after a pair of dancers in Prague to represent the Czech Republic's transition from communism. This man designed a Paul Allen-founded museum with a notable "Sky Church," which he modeled on an electric guitar called the Experience Music Project Museum. This architect has repeatedly used a shiny, metal exterior in works such as the Stata Center at MIT and the Walt Disney Musical Hall. For 10 points, name this Canadian architect who designed the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.
Output: Literature
The Nine Saints were a group of missionaries in this country, which is home to the Garima gospels. The official Bible of this country's largest church contains three books about non-Hasmonean Maccabees, as well as the Book of Jubilees and the Book of the Covenant. A religion with priests called kahen is originally from this country, in which itinerant religious figures who perform white magic and exorcisms are known as debteras. This country is home to the church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, which claims to contain the the (*) Ark of the Covenant. Frumentius was the first to evangelize in this country, which is the home of the Beta Israel community. The official name of this country's Orthodox Church contains the word Tewahedo, a word from its liturgical language of Ge'ez. For 10 points, name this country, where the Kingdom of Axum became one of the first officially Christian polities.
Output: Social Science
Matousek developed a method for analyzing covered objects by taking the difference between two close measurements called the spatially-offset variety of spectroscopy named for this effect, which has another variety with competing explanations proposed by Albrecht and Creighton and by Jeanmaire and Van Duyne, and occurs on rough metal surfaces. Another form can, due to the properties of the Kramers-Heisenberg formula, dominate the x-ray fluorescence spectrum. This effect, which comes in the aforementioned surface-enhanced and resonance varieties, was discovered independently by Mandelstam and Landsburg. This process can be described as a photon exciting a molecule into a virtual energy state, and it sees energy either absorbed or released in its Stokes and anti-Stokes forms. For 10 points, name this process by which a photon is inelastically scattered.
Output: Science
His first opera revolves around Cleonilla and the numerous figures who pursue her, and he also composed three operas based on works by Ludovico Ariosto. Many of the fast movements of this composer are in a ritornello form, and J.S. Bach translated for keyboard five concertos from his Opus 3, Lestro armonico. His most notable composition includes a sonnet that accompanies each section, with the first depicting lightning shrouding the air, and the last describing teeth chattering in the cold. FTP, identify this Italian composer of the Four Seasons.
Output: Fine Arts
This person learned her craft under Richard H. White, and also spent some time as the apprentice of Arnold H. Gethe. Along with Walker Evans, this person contributed to Richard Wrights history, Twelve Million Black Voices. She covered the relocation of internees at Manzanar, which included a particularly haunting photograph of a group of girls pledging allegiance to the flag. However, shes probably most famous for her work under the Farm Security Administration, which included a photograph of Florence Owens Thompson and her two children. FTP, name this photographer of Migrant Mother.
Output: Literature
This organization was responsible for a raid against the Elduyens, and some of its activities were made illegal by a Force Act. Thomas E. Watson was instrumental in leading its reformation, and a trial in Meridian convicted several members of this organization for the murders of Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman. This organization met after the death of Mary Phagan at Stone Mountain, while coverage of an event it held led to the case Brandenburg v. Ohio. The Birth of a Nation glorified this group, and members from it bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church. For 10 points, identify this organization first led by Nathan Bedford Forrest which heavily opposed the Reconstruction and whose members wore white.
Output: History
A generalization of this statement to arbitrary operators gives an inequality featuring one half the magnitude of the expectation of the commutator of those two operators. That generalization of this statement is named for Robertson and is a special case of a statement named for Schroedinger. Thought experiments such as a box lined with mirrors from which one photon is allowed to escape were used in a series of debates between Bohr and Einstein over this principle. One of these exists for any pair of noncommuting (*) observables, while considering the evolution of an arbitrary operator allows one to find one of these for energy and time. For 10 points, name this principle of quantum mechanics which in its original formulation states that you cannot precisely know a particle's position and momentum at any given time.
Output: Science
Near the end of this novel, several characters, including the abandoned wife Clara Pegotty, sail to Australia to begin a new life. Earlier in this book, the title character is subjected to the headmaster Mr. Creakle at Salem House as punishment for biting Mr. Murdstone. Much of the plot is resolved when Mr. Micawber exposes the embezzlement of Uriah Heep. Combined with the death of Dora Spenlow, that revelation allows the protagonist to marry Agnes Wickfield. For 10 points, identify this semi-autobiographical novel by Charles Dickens.
Output: Literature
His major work divides nature into the "naturing" and the "natured. " The third part of that work by this author defines all modifications of the power of the body as "confused ideas" in the chapter "On the Origin and Nature of the Emotions. " Happiness is made dependent on the will to exist in this author's next chapter, "Of Human Bondage. " He had burned some bridges by advocating the subordination of church to state in the Theological-Political Treatise, and when he was accused of denying free will and advocating pantheism, he was condemned by both Catholics and Jews. FTP, name this Dutch Jew who wrote Ethics.
Output: Social Science
The lower right of this painting contains a pair of discarded masks and the lower left shows a dove beneath one of the title figures feet. The left side shows a woman thought to represent syphilis or jealousy, holding her head in agony. A girls face extends from behind another of the title figures, and she holds a honeycomb in what appears to be her left hand attached to her right arm. In the background, an indistinct figure attempts to spread a dark blue sheet over the central figures, but another of the title characters, an old, bearded man, prevents it. One of the central figures holds an arrow in one hand and a golden apple in another and is completely nude as she kisses her similarly nude son. FTP, name this most famous work of Agnolo Bronzino.
Output: Fine Arts
of this man's appointees, university president James Monroe Smith, was imprisoned for gambling away half a million dollars in grant money during a wave of scandals that culminated in the resignation of Richard Leche and the elevation of this man's brother to the governorship. He split with John Parker over the issue of taxing Standard Oil, a decade before founding the Progress as a mouthpiece for his policies. This figure allied with the preacher Gerald Smith to promote an idea which he explained in a speech about God's invitation to a feast and explained that idea further in his posthumously published autobiography, My First Days in the White House. His starting of a rumor that Judge Benjamin Pavy's daughter had "coffee blood" so enraged Pavy's son-in-law that this man was assassinated by that relative, doctor Carl Weiss, before he could implement his "Share the Wealth" plan. For 10 points, identify this Depression-era governor of Louisiana, known as "kingfish. "
Output: History
One concerto for this instrument opens with four beats on the timpani. In another concerto for this instrument, the soloist enters on beat three with three high B's in a dotted quarter, eighth note, half-note rhythm; that concerto has a sustained bassoon note connecting its first two movements. The concertino of Brandenburg Concerto No. consists of one of these instruments and two recorders, and this instrument is notably absent from Brandenburg Concerto No. This instrument is the soloist in the Meditation from Massenet's opera Thais. The aforementioned concerti are one in D by Beethoven and one in E minor by Mendelssohn. Twenty-four caprices for this instrument were written by Niccolo Paganini. For 10 points, name this instrument, two of which join a viola and cello in a string quartet.
Output: Fine Arts
This character wears a red hunting hat that he bought after losing the fencing team's foils, and wonders where the ducks in Central Park go in the winter. Carl recommends that this character see a psychiatrist, to whom he tells ""the first thing you'll probably want to know is where I was born"" and rails against ""phonies. "" Still not over the death of his brother Allie, he decides to become a deaf-mute hermit, but rejects his sister Phoebe's wish to run away with him. For 10 points, name this main character of The Catcher in the Rye.
Output: Literature
These units are the site of dosage compensation. If an extra one of them is present, the extra undergoes lyonization to form an inactive Barr body. The lack or alteration of one causes Turner's Syndrome, while an extraneous one causes Klinefelter's Syndrome. Autism frequently results from a "fragile" one. They are home to the allele for color-blindness. For 10 points, name this larger of the two sex chromosomes that, in males, joins the Y.
Output: Social Science
One character created by this author almost kills Dolokhov in a duel, while another falls in love with the maid Maryanka. In a novel by this author, Dmitri Nekhludoff falls in love with Maslova, who is sent to a prison in Siberia for supposed murder. In addition to The Cossacks and Resurrection, he wrote a novel in which the title character hurts his side and questions the quality of his life, The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Pierre marries Natasha at the end of one of his novels, and in another, the title character throws herself in the path of a train. For 10 points name this Russian author of Anna Karenina and War and Peace.
Output: Literature
This author wrote a play in which Pierpont Mauler argues with a member of the Black Straw Hats about a meat packing plant. In another of his plays, the singer Arkadi Cheidze relates the rescue of Michael, the son of the Grand Duke of Grusinia, by the peasant woman Grusha. This author of Saint Joan of the Stockyards also penned a treatise in which he described the "alienation effect" as a foundational part of his concept of "epic theater". This author of The Caucasian Chalk Circle collaborated with Kurt Weill, on an reworking of a John Gay play in which Polly Peachum's father tries to hang Mack the Knife for marrying his daughter. For 10 points, name the German playwright who wrote The Threepenny Opera
Output: Literature
This country's movement of Sestigers was led by Breyten Breytenbach and Andre Brink. In one play from this country, people reminisce about a kite while Hally watches Sam and Willie practice ballroom dancing. Cathy and Lionel are the Communist parents of Rosa in one novel from here, also the setting of a work in which Maureen and Bamford Smales escape a civil war. This country is home to the playwright of (*) Master Harold....and the Boys as well as the author of Burger's Daughter and July's People. Athol Fugard and Nadine Gordimer are from, for ten points, what country whose literature often deals with the effects of apartheid
Output: History
This psychologist planted letters in public places in his ""lost letter"" experiment. He conducted an experiment in which participants where asked to forward letters to acquaintances. That experiment, the small world experiment, popularized the idea of ""six degrees of separation. "" In his most famous experiment, an actor claiming to have a heart condition was quizzed on word pairs. For 10 points, name this psychologist who tested obedience by asking participants to administer electric shocks.
Output: Social Science
One polity involved in this conflict was led for a brief period by the Duke of Caxias, who helped the eventual winners gain control of Humaita, and it also saw battles fought at Tuyuti while its final battle took place at Cerro Cora. The turning point of this conflict occurred at the Battle of Riachuelo, a victory for Admiral Barosso in which the navy of the landlocked aggressor nation, led by the dictator Francisco Solano Lopez, was decimated. For 10 points, name this South American conflict in which a large portion of the Paraguayan male population was killed in defeat against the namesake group of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.
Output: History
He currently collaborates with flautist Bobby Millitello. He created a jazz version of "Someday My Prince Will Come" in his album based on Disney songs, and he is credited with bringing jazz to college campuses with his Jazz at Oberlin. His group's best known album features the tracks "Kathy's Waltz" and "Strange Meadowlark," and features a 9/8 time signature in a piece inspired by the zeybek folk dance, "Blue Rondo a la Turk. " Joe Morello was originally supposed to play a drum solo in his most famous piece composed by saxophonist Paul Desmond and written in quintuple time. For 10 points, name this Jazz pianist, who featured "Take Five" in his album Time Out.
Output: Fine Arts
This kingdom began as the Aja people moved north from Allada and settled among the Fon, eventually conquering them. From their capital of Agbone, their first king Wegbala established a centralized state. Under King Agaja, it conquered Allada and started a profitable slave trade with the Europeans, obtaining rifles to continue their wars of expansion. However, they were unable to conquer Oyo, and the kingdom was finally captured by France in 1894. For ten points, name this West African kingdom is located in and once gave its name to present day Benin.
Output: History
One character in a work by this composer repeats the line "Oh messmates take me up, for I'm sinking  with the tide" after single-handedly sinking the Turkish Galilee. He's not Dmitri Shostakovich, but one  movement of another of his choral works is accompanied by repeated transpositions of the DSCH motif,  which is sung to the text "For the sil y fel ow is against me". That work also features the soprano solo "For I Wil Consider My Cat Jeoffrey", and is a setting of the poetry of Christopher Smart. Besides The Golden Vanity and Rejoice in the Lamb, this man composed a work for treble choir which includes movements like  "Adam lay i-bounden" and "Balulalow", and whose C-flat major harp interlude quotes the opening processional, "Hodie Christus." This composer of A Ceremony of Carols interpolated such poems as  "Futility" and "Strange Meeting" into a Mass in another work. For 10 points, name this composer who set some poems by Wilfred Owen in his War Requiem.
Output: Fine Arts
This conflict included an action called Pierces Fight, which was followed by some torturing at a site that became known as Nine Mens Misery. Benjamin Church led successful raids during this conflict, which was partially sparked by the policies of Governor Josiah Winslow. Fighting during this conflict occurred at Hadley as well as at Turners Falls on the Connecticut River, and one leader during it was Canonchet. A turning point in this conflict occurred with the Great Swamp Fight, after which the Narragansett were forced to withdraw. This conflict occurred after the death of Massasoit, and it featured an uprising of the Wampanoag under Metacomet. For 10 points, name this 1675 Native American uprising that takes its name from Metacomets popular title among the colonists.
Output: History
In one version of her story, Eos' lust for young men was a punishment for seducing this mythical character, and Hera appointed Priapus as tutor to this character when he was young, as a result of which he became a perfect dancer. Possibly the father of Ixion, as a child this character was imprisoned by Otus and Ephialtes in some brass jars, and he also experienced imprisonment at the hands of Hephaestos after seducing Aphrodite. According to legend, the race of bronze men took pleasure only in the works of this god, who during the Trojan war, was wounded by Diomedes with the help of Athena and Hera. For ten points, identify this son of Zeus and brother of Athena who was accompanied by Phobos and Deimos, the Greek god of war.
Output: Social Science