niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This man created a reclining brass head with a mysterious expression on its face known as the Sleeping Muse. A wide cylinder with two narrow cylinders composed in brass comprises this sculptors Torso of a Young Man, while this man created several version of a curved spiral on a pedestal known as his Mademoiselle Pogany. This creator of the group sculptures The Table of Silence and The Gate of the Kiss also created Miastra and Newborn as part of a much more well-known series. This man also created a series of quadrahedral shapes stacked on top of one another as part of his Endless Column. For ten points, identify this sculptor of a series of sculptures that depict motion and were mistaken for farm implements, Bird in Space.
Output: Fine Arts
President Alberto Fujimori crushed the Maoist Shining Path guerrillas in, for 10 points, what South American country, where Fujimori's corrupt role caused him to flee in 2000 to his ancestral home of Japan
Output: History
This son of Robert the Devil began construction on the White Tower in London. This ruler's claim to the throne was backed by Pope Alexander II. This man ordered the creation of the Domesday Book. His queen was Matilda and Henry I was his son. This man's victory over Harold II began the Norman rule of England. For 10 points, name this ruler who won the Battle of Hastings and became King of England in 1066.
Output: History
According to one source, this deity sometimes hangs out at a sunken bank and drinks from golden cups with the goddess Saga. This deity's position was usurped for a decade by a crafty wizard named Ollerus. He fathered a son with a goddess known alternately as Fjorgyn or Jord. He presided over twelve judges called the Diar in his hall Gladsheim, while his other hall contained a throne from which he could see the entire universe called (*) Hlidskjalf. He gives all of his food to the wolves Geri and Freki and learns about the world from his ravens Hugin and Munin. With his brothers Vili and Ve, he killed the giant Ymir and fashioned the world from the body. This god carries the spear Gungnir and rides the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. For 10 points, name this one-eyed All-Father, the chief god of the Norse pantheon.
Output: Social Science
Impetus for this event was provided by an extension of state property tax passed just months before and a slight eight years prior at the World Anti-Slavery Convention. It was planned in nearby Waterloo and was held in the home of Jane Hunt. Its most famous product was only signed by a third of the delegates and famously borrowed language of the Declaration of Independence; that was the Declaration of Sentiments. Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, FTP, name this meeting in upstate New York, a major germinal event in the American women's rights movement.
Output: History
This opera was inspired by a play written by Carlo Gozzi, and it was completed after the composer's death by Franco Alfano. The plot of this opera is explained in its second act by the female lead, who sings "In questa reggia" [RAYJ-yah]. The protagonist of this opera is unsuccessfully urged to desist from risking his life in the aria "Signore [sin-YAWR-ay], ascolta", sung by his maid. That figure stabs herself to avoid further torture when she is brought into Altoum's court with Timur. This opera's most important aria, sung after the title character's three questions are correctly answered by Calaf, is "Nessun dorma". Name this opera by Giacomo Puccini [pooch-CHEE-nee] set in China.
Output: Literature
He's not Navier, but this man and Stokes name a diffusion equation that models the flow of spherical particles through liquids with low Reynolds numbers. This man, Podolski, and Rosen name a thought experiment where photons are fired at a half silvered mirror. This man's field(*) equations measure the evolution of gravity in four dimensional Minkowski space. Along with Bose, this man names a state of matter composed of only bosons. For 10 points, name this man who solved Brownian motion, discovered the photoelectric effect, and came up with the equation E=mc2.
Output: Science
One passage in this work uses the terms "sun, moon, and stars" represent the "most fundamental and binding laws" of every "dispensation" and defines "clouds" as the "annulment" of those laws. This work maintains that the people of this world have launched attacks "more fierce than tongue or pen can describe" against all "Manifestations of Holiness". The prologue to this work asserts that "no man shall attain the shores of the ocean of true understanding" unless he disassociates with both earth and heaven, and it attests that those who "souls are cleansed" shall "attain and enter" this work's namesake city in the passage called "the tablet of the true seeker". This work alleges that the Qur'an was an "impregnable stronghold" of true religion until the revelation of a certain figure, and traces the appearance of the "sign of the son of man" from Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, and the Bab. For 10 points, name this book written by Baha'ullah, the primary theological text of Baha'i.
Output: Social Science
Ultrafast variations of this technique can either use a double-resonance approach or the time domain vibrational echo method, which both use femtosecond lasers. The maximum resolution in this procedure is inversely proportional to the path length, and a rightward peak shift in this technique is indicative of pi backbonding. Liquid paraffin or nujol can be used as a mulling agent in this technique, whose sample is smeared between potassium bromide disks. Normal modes only appear for molecules with a dipole moment, and unique classification is obtained via complex fingerprint region. Some modes are obtained from scissoring, wagging, twisting, and rocking of molecules, and distinctive peaks occur due to symmetric and asymmetric stretching. For 10 points, name this spectroscopic technique that uses wavelengths longer than visible light.
Output: Science
This canvas was commissioned by Madame de Pompadour to hang in the Chteau de Bellevue. Cast against a dark, cloudy background, a cherub on the bottom left retrieves a string of pearls from a half-shell tray, while a dove caresses the feet of the title character. Another cherub attends to the title character's hair, while a third on the right helps the titular figure tie a blue ribbon around a dove in her lap. Depicting the scene of a goddess in her private room, FTP, identify this most famous painting by Franois Boucher.
Output: Fine Arts
He created a system of military rule by major generals, and his French alliance ended up giving his country Dunkirk. This ruler, whose death was called for in the pamphlet "Killing no Murder", was given his highest position by a document drafted by James Lambert and based partly on the "Heads of Proposals". This leader passed the Penal Laws during a campaign in which he gave no quarter to the defeated garrison of (*) Drogheda; that campaign was his invasion of Ireland. He carried out a purge of the Rump Parliament to create the Barebones Parliament. This leader was disinterred and posthumously beheaded for his part in a war during which he served under Lord Fairfax. His son was so incompetent that Parliament voted to restore Charles II. For 10  points, name this Puritan general of the New Model Army and Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England.
Output: History
In this novel, Lord Godalming courts Lucy, who eventually succumbs to the title character. Mina's visit to her friend Lucy is interrupted when a ship runs aground in this novel. Later in this novel, a Dutch doctor draws a circle in the snow with a crucifix for protection; that man is Abraham Van Helsing. For 10 points, identify this Bram Stoker novel about Jonathan Harker's fight against the undead Vlad the Impaler.
Output: Literature
Vinogradov's theorem established a very large lower bound on a statement about an operation involving these objects, which Harald Helfgott recently claimed to have reduced drastically. Euler proved that the sum of reciprocals of them less than n grows roughly as the log of log of n. Legendre's conjecture asserts that one of these objects always exists in a certain range. If for all numbers a less than n, a to the power of n minus one equals 1 modulo n, then n is either a (*) Carmichael number or a number with this property, as a result of Fermat's Little Theorem. A function counting these numbers grows as x over natural log of x, according to a result due in part to Hadamard. Ben Green and Terence Tao proved that there are arbitrarily long arithmetic sequences in which each term has this property. For 10 points, identify these numbers which have precisely two divisors: one and themselves.
Output: Science
In one of this man's plays, a character throws a fit relating how Grace told him to "Help yourself" when he took a piece of toast from her plate. That man, Teach, later persuades his friend to not have an employee steal the title object, and he attacks the employee when Teach believes he has been betrayed. In another of this man's works, characters discuss the wisdom of Jerry Graff in buying a list of nurses to do business with and consider going to work for him. Later in that play, it is revealed that Bruce and Harriet Nyborg are insane and can't possibly afford the $82,000 piece of real estate Shelly Levene sold them. In that work by this author, Levene confesses to breaking into the office to steal the "premium leads" sent from Mitch and Murray. For 10 points, name this playwright, author of American Buffalo and Glengarry Glen Ross.
Output: Fine Arts
This figure caused a group of men led by Heinin Vardd to be struck dumb; when questioned about his actions, he says that he had "borne a banner before Alexander," was in Canaan when Absalom was killed, and that Heinin and Idno call him Merddin. He protected a woman's honor by tricking Rhun into cutting off another woman's finger. By using a twig of holly, he is able to win a race on Dobbin to settle a feud with Maelgwyn. He was found by Elphin, who saved him from Ceridwen. FTP, identify this Welsh mythological figure, Gwion reborn, who lent his name to Frank Lloyd Wright's house.
Output: Social Science
The Nessler method uses tetraiodomercuriate(II) to determine the amount of this compound present in solution, and a solution of this compound is used as a standard stress corrosion agent for copper and its alloys. Reacting mineralized organic compounds with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, when followed by placing the products in alkaline solution, yields this compound via the (*) Kjeldahl method. Kuhlmann proposed the "status nascendi" theory of this compound's formation, and an accidental explosion prevented Le Chatelier from performing high-pressure synthesis of this compound. This compound reacts with alkyl halides to produce primary amines, and it is produced industrially by the Haber-Bosch process. For 10 points, name this compound with formula NH3, which you probably don't want to be mixing with bleach.
Output: Science
During this war, the socialist POUM came into conflict with the communist PCE. Veterans of this war largely comprised the Blue Division that fought at Krasny Bor, while Irish Conolloy Column fought alongside the International Brigades. One leader in this conflict coined the term "fifth column" and died in a plane crash. Both Alfonso XIII and Primo de Rivera resigned prior to this conflict, which saw a coup oust Juan Negrin. During this war, a German unit called the Condor Legion conducted a bombing raid on Guernica. For 10 points, name this conflict fought in an Iberian country, which was won by the Falange under Francisco Franco in 1939.
Output: History
This deity changed her protg into a boar to disguise him on a trip to discover his ancestry, and she gave him a memory potion to remember everything that Hyndla tells him. She spent the night with four dwarves to acquire one of her possessions, in addition to her mount Hildisvini. In Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen, she is the protector of the golden apples. Half of those slain in battle go to Flkvangr, which is ruled by her, a member of the Vanir along with her father, Njord, and her brother. For ten points, name this owner of the necklace Brsingamen, the Norse goddess of love, beauty, and fertility and sister of Freyr.
Output: Social Science
This man's essays on interpersonal utility theory and Austrian methodology are collected in his volume Socratic Puzzles. He argued against Edmund Gettier by suggesting a "truth-tracking" solution to the definition of knowledge in Philosophical Explanations, while the Prisoner's Dilemma and Newcomb's problem are covered in his The Nature of Rationality. Another book draws the example of trading with Wilt Chamberlain and introduces the concept of the Lockean proviso for property appropriation, while he argued against an opponent by claiming that "it needn't be that the foundations underlying desert are themselves deserved all the way down. " For ten points, identify this late Harvard philosopher, who attacked John Rawls' Theory of Justice in his Anarchy, State, and Utopia.
Output: Social Science
man included a long wing ending in a series of dovecotes for a Bagnolo building; that structure also includes a barrel-vaulted main room. One building designed by this man includes frescoes by Battista Franco and was nicknamed "La Malcontenta," his Villa Foscari. He also designed an edifice whose bell tower collapsed in 1774, the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore. One of this man's most famous structures is a dome whose design was altered by his fellow architect Scamozzi after his death. That villa contains a large central dome. For 10 points, name this architect of the Villa Rotunda who wrote the Four Books of Architecture.
Output: Fine Arts
One novel by this author, which was inspired by reading another author's The Tales of Belkin, has the epigraph "Vengeance is mine: I will repay." In another novel, this author wrote of a man who leaves his pregnant wife Lise, the "Little Princess," at the estate of Bleak Hills to join the war effort. This author created a man who breaks the back of the horse Frou Frou in a steeplechase accident, visibly concerning that man's mistress. He created Prince (*) Andrey Bolkonsky in a novel in which the protagonist fights in the Battle of Borodino. Another of his protagonists loves Count Vronsky and throws herself in front of a train. For 10 points, name this author of Anna Karenina and War and Peace.
Output: Literature
This man claimed that the doctrine of popular sovereignty could coexist with the Dred Scott decision during an explanation of his Freeport Doctrine. This man led a faction of a party whose other faction was led by John C. Breckenridge in the 1860 presidential election. Known as ""The Little Giant,"" this politician was instrumental getting the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed. For 10 points, name this Democratic Illinois Senator who engaged in a famous series of debates in 1858 with Abraham Lincoln.
Output: History
One of these pieces calls for the "echo flute," an instrument that may have been a soprano recorder, and the last one has no violin parts. The first of these pieces includes a polonaise in its four and last movement titled Menuet, and beings with a hunting horn. Notable harpsichord parts are included in the fifth and the third of these pieces, which were dedicated to Christian Ludwig. The first two are in F major, the third and fourth in G major, and the sixth and final in B-flat major. FTP, name this set of six concerti grossi by J.S. Bach.
Output: Fine Arts
According to one tradition, it is the last of 14 stages known as gunasthanas, and those who have it get to live in Isatpragbhara. In that tradition, it can be acquired through "right conduct," "right belief," and "right knowledge," which are known as the Ratnatraya collectively. According to another tradition, it consists of ananda which can be achieved through japa, while another religion holds that there are four margas which lead to it, including the path of knowledge, or Jnana, and love, or Bhakti. In Jainism, it results when the atman has shed his karma. FTP, give this term which in Indian religions refers to the soul's release from the cycle of becoming known as samsara.
Output: Social Science
Sliding wooden walls are seen in this man's Hanna-Honeycomb House, while a copper roof and hexagonal skylights are found in his Kentuck Knob. This artist had a carport in his Rosenbaum House, which exemplified his Usonian design. One of his more famous buildings survived a 1923 (*) earthquake, and utilizes the "Maya-Revival" style. That work is the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, and this architect's Robie House exemplifies his Prairie Style. For ten points, name this architect of the Guggenheim Museum in New York and of Edgar Kaufmann's house over Bear Run River, Fallingwater.
Output: Fine Arts
This god is associated with the Hieroglyph for the word sesh. A minor form of this god is depicted as a male goat, and he is sometimes depicted carrying a palm leaf. In The Book of Two Ways, the dead are said to become stars and reside next to this god. In a Ptolemaic-era epic about this god, Neferkaptah and Khaemwaset seek a possession of this god, but experience tragedy when they acquire it. The sound of this gods voice once caused the primordial god Nu, also called Nun, to give birth to additional gods. In another story, he uses magical semen to transform himself into the sun. The Greeks called him Trismegistos, or the Thrice Great. He is sometimes considered a moon god or given the head of a baboon, and his deeds include healing other gods. He participates in the judgment of the dead by recording their verdicts. For ten points, name this Ibis-headed Egyptian god of wisdom and writing.
Output: Social Science
This man co-authored a large portion of his scholarly work with Henry Hubert, including a work which discusses the piaculum. According to his student Maurice Leenhardt, the core of his work centered on the "total social fact," which metonymically stands for and alters the fabric of an entire society. This editor of L'annee Sociologique and author of Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function cites the meaning of mana and hau when referring to objects that transcend mere commoditization in ceremonies such as the potlatch. Author of a work subtitled "The form and reason for exchange in archaic societies", for 10 points, name this author of The Gift.
Output: Social Science
Its functions include inhibiting seed germination and halting transpiration in droughts. Mediating the plant's reaction during times of stress, it is found in the stem, root cap, and older leaves. FTP, name this plant hormone which, in contrast to auxins, promotes the falling, or abscission, of leaves before winter dormancy,
Output: Science
Though it is not France, this polity was co-ruled by a man who assumed the name Charles VIII and was put down when trying to take full control of one of its constituents. This polity captured Flensburg after fighting for control over the Oresund with its chief rival. Its power was challenged with lower class uprisings led by Engelbrecht Engelbrechtson and had to be reinstated in an event led by Jorgen Holmuth whose targets were supporters of Sten Sture the Younger. That event, the Stockholm Bloodbath, occurred during Christian II's authority over this confederation. Its creation was solidified by the Coronation Letter establishing a hereditary monarchy begun by Eric of Pomerania. Engineered by Queen Margaret I in 1397, for 10 points, name this Scandinavian confederation of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
Output: History
The government of this polity was based on the Ordinances of Justice developed by Giano della Bella, and one prominent post in this city was the Gonfaloniere of Justice. After the murder of the Abbot of Vallombrosa, this city's forces were dealt a crushing defeat at the Battle of Montaperti due to the treachery of Bocca degli Abati. Later, this city fought the War of the Eight Saints against Pope Gregory XI, leading to the end of the Avignon Papacy. That same year saw a revolt of wool carders demanding inclusion in this city's trade guilds. That Revolt of the Ciompi was suppressed by an ancestor of this city's ruling family, which would later be targeted by the Pazzi Conspiracy, feud with the monk Savonarola, and produce members such as Cosimo and Lorenzo the Magnificent. For 10 points, name this birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, a city on the Arno long ruled by the Medici.
Output: History
One president at the time of this war defended his country's involvement by promising ""peace without conquest. "" The commanders of U.S. operations in this war were William Westmoreland and Creighton Abrams. This war began with an air offensive called Operation Rolling Thunder. During this war, the United States was dealt a psychological blow by the Tet Offensive. This war was sparked after the USS Maddox was attacked, leading to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. For 10 points, name this war in Southeast Asia that lasted from 1965 to 1975.
Output: History
This ruler refused to allow his bishops to attend a council at Mouzon, and during the first decade his reign, he swore nominal fealty to his less powerful cousin Lothair. He appointed Arnulf as archbishop, who refused to attend the Council of Senlis and supported his uncle Charles of Lorraine in a bid to usurp the throne from this man. This ruler then quickly replaced Arnulf with Gerbert of Aurillac, who later became Sylvester II. This ruler's wife was the daughter of William Towhead, Queen Adelaide, and during the last part of his reign he ruled alongside his son Robert II, while he himself was a great-grandson of Robert the Strong. With living descendants on the throne of Luxembourg and Spain, FTP, name this founder and namesake of a line of French kings beginning in 987.
Output: History
One of these entities that represents the location of vertices on a graph is the ""adjacency"" type. One used to identify resemblances between two data points is a similarity type. A collection of second-order partial derivatives of a function may be collected in a Hessian one of these entities. First-order derivatives are collected in the Jacobian one. If one of these entities is invertible, it is row-equivalent to an identity variety, and its determinant is nonzero. Multiplication of these entities is notably not commutative. For 10 points, name this rectangular array of numbers.
Output: Science
This figure's father used weapons such as the rainbow and the Milky Way, as well as the bloodthirsty spear Brionac. This student of Scathach defeated Aiofe, earning his most notable weapon. After Cathbad prophesized that the next owner of some weapons would lead a short, glorious life, this man took those weapons. He is the husband of Emer and the father of Connla. He defeats Connaught and wields the spear Gae Bulg. For ten points, name this son of Lugh and hero of the Cattle Raid of Cooley, the protagonist of the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology.
Output: Social Science
He designed a church with eight bells next to each other in a line next to a cross, and a green roof with many overlapping flaps. In addition to the Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church, he designed a building in Bern that has three glass hills that contain a museum, concert hall, and childrens studio called the Zentrum Paul Klee. He founded an atelier with Peter Rice, with whom he collaborated until Rices death. He redesigned an area of Berlin adjacent to the Brandenburg gate destroyed in World War II, the Potsdamer Platz. An artificial island in Osaka is the home of his Kansai International Airport. His most famous work is a collaboration with a British architect on a building devoted to contemporary art, theatre, and music with all of its utilities, walkways, and piping on the outside walls. For 10 points, name this collaborator with Richard Rogers on designing Pariss Centre Pompidou.
Output: Fine Arts
The title character of his only opera sings the aria "Die letzte Hoffnung Schwindet" and is named Genoveva, while his first symphony was an unfinished work named after his hometown Zwickau. His first published work was dedicated to a fictional countess and is based on themes to the sequence "A B-flat E G G." One of this man's works includes the sections "Dreaming," "The Poet Speaks," and "Of Foreign Lands and people," and is called Kinderszenen, while another of his works was inspired by a work of E. T. A. Hoffman and was dedicated to Frederick Chopin. In addition to Kreisleriana, he composed a suite of piano pieces titled Papillons, while one of his orchestral works depicts the Archbishop of Cologne within its five movements. For 10 points, name this German composer, husband of Clara, who created the Spring Symphony, and the Rhenish Symphony.  
Output: Fine Arts
One live album by this artist is titled for the Rodgers & Hart showtune My Funny Valentine. One group led by this man performed the first two renditions of Monks Straight, No Chaser, and that sextet went on to release Porgy and Bess as part of this artists collaboration with Gil Evans. One of this mans albums contains The Pan Piper and Concierto de Aranjuez, and Cannonball Adderley and Herbie Hancock played in his quintets. This artist released Bitches Brew and Sketches of Spain, and included Flamenco Sketches, Freddie Freeloader, and So What on his best known album. For 10 points, name this jazz trumpeter who released Kind of Blue.
Output: Fine Arts
One possession of this deity is the foremost champion of the eight Dikpala, or Directional Gaurdians, while the Puranas relate an incident in which this figure reacted very badly when cowherds in Gokula stopped venerating him. In one story, he hid inside a lotus blossom in order to escape Brahminicide, and according to tradition neither sorrow nor fear are allowed inside his home. This figure's epithets include "Maghavan" and "Sakra," and one story claims Agni replaced this figure's testicles with those of a ram after this deity's encounter with Ahalya. The Apsara and Gandharvas (*) dance for this figure at his court at Svarga, located in the clouds above Mount Meru, and along with Mitra and Varuna he comprises the Adityas. He consumed vast amounts of Soma in order to break through 99 fortresses and defeat the dragon Vritra, thus returning water to the earth, and his principal weapon is Vajra. The rider of Airavata, the great white elephant, FTP, identify this King of the Devas, the god of lightning and central Hindu deity prior to the rise of the Trimurti.
Output: Social Science
This force is represented by a first derivative with respect to position in the harmonic oscillator equation. In one model, this force stems from tiny electrostatic repulsions. It can be understood as the parallel shear component of the contact force, whose other component is typically calculated as mg cosine theta. It is calculated from a coefficient, symbolized mu, multiplied by the normal force. Rolling motion is affected by the "kinetic" type of this force, which is known as "drag" in fluids. For 10 points, name this force that resists the motion of objects against one another.
Output: Science
Joseph Polzer suggested that the composition for this work was inspired by a fresco from Old Saint Paul's cathedral in Rome depicting St. Paul preaching to the Hebrews. On the left, a yellow tunic lies on the ground in front of a stand of bare trees. Just slightly to the right of center is a man standing with his back to the viewer in a red tunic, who reappears on the right. Depicting an event in Capernaum, the central figures point to the apostle Peter who is pulling a fish out of the sea of Galilee on the left. For 10 points, name this Brancacci fresco by Masaccio that depicts money being paid to a tax collector.
Output: Fine Arts
Increased support to guerrillas in this nation was carried out under Operation Cyclone. Recently, doubt has been cast on operations in this nation such as the Nangar Khel after release of Wikileaks cables, which also contained reports of Pakistani complicity with insurgents seeking to destabilize the government of Hamid Karzai. For 10 points, name this nation which is partially controlled by the Taliban.
Output: History
This mythological figure died when a piece of a boat fell on him while he was sleeping. While on the island of Lemnos, this man fathered twin sons with Hypsipyle. Although not Cadmus, this man sowed a field with dragon's teeth as part of a series of tasks. Those tasks were given to him by King Aeetes, who ruled the island of Colchis. This man's uncle Pelias recognized him from his single sandal, and sent him on a mission where had gained the assistance of a sorceress. This man married Medea during a quest in which he searched for the golden fleece. For 10 points, name this hero, the leader of the Argonauts.
Output: Social Science
structures resolve a problem first recognized by Alexei Olovnikov, although they are not necessary in most bacteriophages and bacteria. Their namesake enzyme was first discovered in Tetrahymena. That enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein which carries out reverse transcription to add several repeats of a six-nucleotide sequence, (*) TTAGGG. Hydrogen bonding between those guanine residues creates a hairpin structure, which enables the rest of the lagging strand to be filled in. Although they are extremely stable in most tumor cells, these structures gradually shorten as a normal somatic cell ages. For 10 points, name these segments of DNA which protect the ends of linear chromosomes from decay.
Output: Science
On the center right is a dark orange door opening in which two hazy onlookers stand. In this painting the artist actually portrayed himself as the figure hunched in the front row of the audience at the far left, sketching. Below him is a seated woman recoiling in horror, with seemingly arthritic hands covering her face. The paint, heavily built up on the canvas, demonstrates a clear debt to Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, though this work was completed in 1875 for Jefferson Medical College. FTP, name this Thomas Eakins depiction of a surgeon operating before his students.
Output: Fine Arts
This man was said to have rejected the offer of a red hat, and opted for a hat of blood instead. Some of his disciples agreed to submit to an ordeal by fire but rain prevented that, angering the populace. He increased his authority by predicting the invasion of Charles VIII, and the Arrabbiati formed in opposition to him. He made homosexuality a capital offense, but after Pope Alexander VI ordered his arrest he met his end in the Piazza della Signoria. FTP, name this Dominican priest and enemy of the Medici who conducted the 1497 Bonfire of the Vanities and transformed Florence into a Christian republic.
Output: History
This idea was thought to be first suggested by Francis Guthrie, giving it an alternative name, though Arthur Cayley may have been the first to address it. An attempt to prove this theorem was the Kempe algorithm, and the Heawood conjecture degenerates into it when the genus of the space is zero. It was eventually proven by Haken and Appel in 1976 using computer-generated configurations. For 10 points, identify this theorem stating that a map may be filled with a certain sufficient number of colors such that adjacent regions are different colors.
Output: Science
He asked his eyes to be shelled "with double dark" to "find the uncreated light" in "The Habit of Perfection. " His reading of Duns Scotus inspired his concept of a unifying "inscape," and his "terrible sonnets" include "No Worst, There is None" and "Carrion Comfort". This author of "As Kingfishers Catch Fire" wrote "Generations have trod, have trod, have trod" in a poem comparing the title concept to "shook foil" and "the ooze of oil / crushed," "God's Grandeur. " He wrote about a "dapple-dawn-drawn Falcon" in "The Windhover," which features his characteristic sprung rhythm. FTP, name this nineteenth-century British poet and Jesuit priest of "The Wreck of the Deutschland" who wrote "Glory be to God for dappled things" in "Pied Beauty. "
Output: Literature
When it interacts with ryanodine receptors, this element upregulates its own release, and this compound forms the cell plates of coccolithophores. Stimulation of Gq ("g-sub-q") opens a channel that allows for this ion's movement, and proteins that bind this ion have an EF hand motif. Cellular concentrations of this ion are regulated by IP3. Parafollicular cells of the (*) thyroid produce a compound that reduces the concentration of this ion in blood, and its intestinal absorption requires vitamin D. This ion interacts with Troponin to stimulate muscle contraction, and the lumens of sarcoplasmic reticula have high concentrations of this ion. For 10 points, name this divalent cation that is stored in bones.
Output: Science
The main character in this novel insists on leaving the drawing room after seeing a pair of scrolls claiming human knowledge must be acquired through literature next to a portrait of the cousin who drives him insane and into a monastery. Some versions of it translate rather than transliterate the servants names, calling two Purple Nightingale and Invading Fragrance. One of its titles comes from ballads by the Monitory Vision Fairy, while the other refers to the main character as the human manifestation of an item left over when Nuwa repaired the sky. Set largely in the Ning-guo and Rong-guo houses and featuring the Twelve Beauties of Jinling, for 10 points, name this novel about Jia Baoyu, a Qing dynasty novel by Cao Xuequin.
Output: Literature
The composer of this work created it after abandoning a work about Cinderella, and later commented that he should not have composed it as it paled in comparison to Debussy's Sylvia. The title locale is formed from the tears of the central female character's parents after she is kidnapped by an evil sorcerer, whose enchantment can only be broken by a pledge of fidelity from a prince. That sorcerer tricks the prince into pledging his fidelity to Odile, who is Rothbart's daughter. In most versions, Odette then dies or is condemned to remain away from Siegfried in the form of the titular creature. FTP, name this first ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
Output: Fine Arts
He adapted Joseph Blackburn's portrait d'apparat method for his works depicting a fat-looking woman with a blue book in Mrs. James Russell, Katherine Graves, an old elegant lady with a hint of a mustache in Mrs. Thomas Boylston, and a red-coated Samuel Adams. Influenced by John Smibert, his later historical works include The Death of the Earl of Chatham and The Death of Major Peirson. His The Boy with a Squirrel got him noticed, and he also painted a famous portrait of Paul Revere at his silver shop. FTP, name this American artist who depicted a dangerous incident occurring in Havana harbor in his Watson and the Shark.
Output: Fine Arts
A short-lived government in this modern-day country was divided into Vonckists and Statists. This country's independence movement was started after a performance of The Mute Girl of Portici, and was ended with the signing of the Treaty of London. During WWI, this country stalled Germany at the Battle of Liege after being invaded as part of the Schlieffen Plan. An earlier ruler of this country was famous for brutally cutting off people's hands in this nation's colony of the Congo. Ruled by Albert I and Leopold II, FTP, name this nation with capital Brussels.
Output: History
This deity was raised by Buto after being born on the isle of Chemmis. This deity's mother was decapitated for accidentally harpooning this deity underwater. The Ennead sought to crown this god before a contest that lasted eighty years. This god's Behdety aspect was the first god for whom the symbol of a winged disk was carved. This god's sons guarded each cardinal direction. Like Ra, this god had an aspect ruling the horizon called (*) Herakhty. This father of the canopic jars raced in a painted wooden boat as his foe's stone boat sank. The wadjet symbol, sun, and moon were seen as this god's stolen eyes, and he fought an evil god of the desert. For 10 points, name this son of Isis who defeated Set to avenge his father Osiris, a falcon-headed god.
Output: Social Science
Rolipram is an inhibitor of the enzyme that degrades this compound. The asthma and COPD drug theophylline inhibits conversion of pulmonary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts by increasing the intracellular amount of this molecule. The slime moldDictyostelium excretes this molecule to signal aggregation into a sporocarp. This molecule was discovered as part of Earl Sutherland's investigation of the activity of epinephrine. In bacteria, the accumulation of this compound in a low glucose environment is responsible for the upregulation of the lac operon when this compound complexes with CRP. This molecule's inactivation is catalyzed by phosphodiesterase four, and it is produced along with a pyrophosphate in a reaction catalyzed by adenylyl cyclase. For 10 points, name this molecule which primarily activates protein kinase A, a second messenger which is synthesized from ATP.
Output: Science
During the month dedicated to this deity, a priest led a procession around the city in impersonation of his lieutenant Paynal, while other priests burned giant bark versions of his weapon, the xiuh coatl. His sister ruled over snakes, scorpions, and the various insects of the desert, and he once sent a sign in the form of an eagle atop a cactus eating a snake to tell his followers to build a city. He foiled a plot to kill his mother, who had been impregnated by a ball of feathers, by leaping out of her womb and killing his sister Coyolxauhqui and 399 of his other siblings. For 10 points, name this patron deity of Tenochtitlan and Blue Hummingbird on the Left, the Aztec sun god.
Output: Social Science
One theorist of this phenomenon said that it was often caused by "innovators," one of his "modes of adaptation." Robert K. Merton developed strain theory to explains this phenomenon. Emile Durkheim wrote on the "normality" of this phenomenon, which is aggravated by urban blight according to Wilson and Kelling's "broken windows theory." This phenomenon was noted to increase if torture and the death penalty were used after less serious instances of it in a work by Cesare Beccaria, a pioneer in the study of it. Recidivism is the return to this type of action. For 10 points, name this phenomenon responded to by punishment, by which laws are broken.
Output: Science
One character responds to anothers vision by recalling the incident where he claimed that the Devil used his tail as a brush to paint wheels red. That character is later made to dance like a bear by Raval, who was prevented by Jons from raping a mute girl, whose only line, It is the end, comes near the end of the film. The protagonist allows the acrobat, Jof, and his family to escape, although his declaration that he will win by a combination of the knight and the bishop does not come true. Max von Sydow portrays Antonius Bloch, a knight, who returns home from the Crusades while playing chess with Death in, FTP, which 1957 Ingmar Bergman film
Output: Literature
The first president of this nation, Douglas Hyde, was elected thanks to the founder of the Fianna Fail party, the Taoiseach ["tee-shock"] Eamon de Valera. Earlier, this country's members of Sinn Fein started the Easter Rising, and William Gladstone supported its "Home Rule." Michael Collins led this country's (*) IRA. For 10 points, name this country which shares its island with part of the United Kingdom and whose capital is Dublin.
Output: History
The climax of this novel occurs on the narrator's thirtieth birthday, when he declares "I'm five years too old to lie to myself and call it honor. "  Descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch, the narrator had come east to learn the bond business. He is constantly offered "gonnegtions" by the wily Jew purported to have fixed the 1919 World Series, Meyer Wolfsheim, becomes involved with Jordan Baker, and becomes privy to the secrets of the title character, who loves Daisy Buchanan. Narrated by Nick Carraway, FTP, what is this most-famous novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Output: Literature
It was contemporaneous with the Nien and Hui rebellions to the north and the Panthay rebellion to the south. Its first violent action was a victory by the forces of Wei Changhui and Feng Yunshan at the Battle of Jintian, and cities it captured included Quanzhou, whose inhabitants it slaughtered, and Nanking, which was renamed Tianjing by this movements Hakka leader. It was put down in Hunan province by General Tso, and defeated outside of Shanghai by a force under the command of Frederick Ward and Charles Gordon, the Ever-Victorious Army. Led by a mystic who claimed to be the brother of Jesus Christ, this is, for ten points, what 19th century rebellion against the Qing dynasty
Output: History
A failed naval expedition led by this country's Blanco Encalada resulted in the 1837 Treaty of Paucarpata, while its 1925 Constitution began its Presidential Republic period. This modern day country was captured in a campaign led by Pedro de Valdivia; that campaign saw fighting against its native Araucanian or Mapuche Indians. This country's Patria Vieja period of independence was ended at the Disaster of Rancagua. Its independence campaign was led by men like the Carrera Brothers and Bernardo O'Higgins, and the 19th century saw the flourishing of its free port Valparaiso. For 10 points, name this South American country led in the 20th century by Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet.
Output: History
The final ruler of this dynasty severed his daughter's arm in an attempt to kill his entire family during its final days. In one criminal case, this dynasty saw an expansion of the "Nine Exterminations" to also include the killing of friends as well as family members. The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception was founded in this dynasty's capital by one of its advisors, Matteo Ricci. This dynasty dispatched the treasure ships of the admiral Zheng He and moved the empire's capital from Nanking. It was founded by a former leader of the Red Turban rebellion, the Hongwu Emperor. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty that made Beijing the capital, succeeded the Mongols, and was itself supplanted by the Manchus in the 1640's.
Output: History
First translated into English by Michael Friedlander, this works second book deals with Aristotles theory of concentric heavenly spheres and outlines the thirteen levels of prophecy. The third and final book is an in-depth analysis of a passage in Ezekiel; the first book puts forth the authors thesis that words purporting to describe God are really only homonyms capable of describing physical objects, an argument perhaps designed against the anthropomorphic God of the Kalam scholars, who were opposed by this works author. Written as a letter to its authors pupil Rabbi Joseph, FTP, name this philosophical work by Moses Maimonides written to instruct confused souls.
Output: Social Science
As a youth he was sent to Rome where he was made either consul or king by Pope Leo IV and he was later responsible for reorganizing the fyrd. His defeat of Guthrun at the Battle of Eddington led to the Treaty of Widmore, which set up an area for autonomous Viking rule, the Danelaw. Although he is not William I, this king did create a Doom Book which was a code of law often named for him and which was prefaced by the Ten Commandments. This ruler also translated St. Augustine's Soliloquies and Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy into English and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began under his reign. For 10 points, identify this first King of the Anglo-Saxons, the only English king to be known as "the Great".
Output: Social Science
One man by this name and numerical designation founded the Patarine party, which opposed the marriage of priests, and was elected pope after serving as Bishop of Lucca until 1061. Another man married Henry III's sister Joan and signed the Treaty of York in 1237 after succeeding his father William I as King of Scotland in 1214. Another personage with this name took advice from his minister, Pyotr Shuvalov, throughout his reign, and was honored for his defeat of the Turks with a statue in the middle of Sofia; he also signed the 1856 Treaty of Paris and put down a Polish insurrection. FTP identify this common name and number which most famously identifies the Russian czar who freed the serfs in 1861 and was assassinated by the People's Will in 1881.
Output: History
In one of this man's works, Agrippina refuses to part with her son and her control over his empire while he's distracted trying to win Junia from the title character. In addition to writing Brittanicus, this man wrote a work which begins when - Osmin brings news of the sultan Amurat and sees the title character make up with the Western woman Roxane, Bajazet. This author of a play about the lover of Titus, Berenice, wrote a play in which the title character is sacrificed on the order of her father Agamemnon for favorable winds, Iphegenie. In his best known play, the title character is the daughter of Pasiphae and the wife of Theseus. For 10 points, identify this dramatist who frequently adapted works of Greek mythology to the French stage and wrote Phedre.
Output: Literature
One of his essays divides the title entities into the Sacred and the Profane. In addition to Magic, Science, and Religion, he defined his field as the study of institutions that satisfy human needs in A Scientific Theory of Culture. He wrote the introduction to a work about the Kikuyu, and he published several works while in exile in Papua New Guinea. For 10 points, name this author of Coral Gardens and Their Magic, who discussed The Departure of an Overseas Expedition and the Trobriand Islanders Kula Exchange in Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
Output: Social Science
This man signed the Treaty of Pressburg alongside Austrian representatives. Pope Pius VI excommunicated this man for his support of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. He persuaded Barras to resign whilst executing the coup of 18 Brumaire. Later, he was made the ambassador to Great Britain following the July Revolution. He negotiated most of the 1802 Treaty of (*) Amiens with Great Britain and he demanded that a delegation consisting of Elbridge Gerry, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and John Marshall pay him a bribe to speak to three agents during the XYZ affair. For 10 points, name this diplomat who represented France at the Congress of Vienna.
Output: History
Author of the novella The Earthquake in Chile and the tragedy The Warrior's Battle, this dramatist explained his style in the essay "On the Puppet-Theater. " Although he penned the comedy The Broken Jug, he is better known for his dramatic works, which include Penthesilia and Prince Friedrich of Hamburg. FTP, name this first of the great 19th century German dramatists, author of the novellas The Marquise of O and Michael Kohlhaas.
Output: Literature
At a bloody battle in this conflict, one side took advantage of the direction of the wind to send volleys of bodkin arrows at the enemy without them being able to effectively fire back. The sons of men killed in their conflict walked arm-in-arm with their fathers' killers in what became known as a "love-day" procession. One leader in this conflict convinced his troops that the appearance of a parhelion meant that God was on their side, which is why one of its battles is named Mortimer's Cross. Edmund, Duke of Somerset was defeated and killed by the forces of Richard Neville and Richard, Duke of York at this conflict's first major battle, First St Albans. Richard III was killed at its last major battle, Bosworth Field. For 10 points, name this series of wars between supporters of the House of Lancaster and of the House of York, named for the flowers which symbolized the rival houses.
Output: History
One character in this work received a career boost from literary critic Leonard Upjohn, and that character creates a metaphor about how we must each make our mark in life's carpet. The protagonist allows an old flame to go on holiday with Harry Griffiths, and in his earlier days renounces religion after discussions with Weeks and Hayward. In an earlier episode, Fanny hangs herself as a result of hopeless love. The novel ends with the protagonist's proposal to Sally Athelney, but earlier he is nearly consumed by anger after his rejection by the waitress Mildred Rogers. FTP, identify this novel by W. Somerset Maugham about the club-footed Philip Carey.
Output: Literature