niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Better alignment of data in the cache is an advantage of the unrolled type of this structure, and they are used in the bottom layer of an extension of them that was invented by William Pugh. Their end can include sentinel objects which act as dummy links, and programming languages such as Scheme and LISP have these data structures built-in. Developed in the 1950s by Newell, Shaw, and Simon, these structures include an XOR variety that can prevent the need for more space when using the doubly type. For 10 points, name this linear data structure that uses pointers to connect nodes together.
Output: Science
This architect incorporated a series of gallery pods into his design for the campus of the Ohr-O'Keefe Museum of Art, which was overhauled after it was damaged by Hurricane Katrina. In 1992, this architect released a series of bentwood furniture, each piece of which was named after a different term from hockey. This man was sued following the buildup of moisture and water leakage in his Stata Center at MIT. He designed a work that used large criss-crossing pipes covered in speakers as a trellis. That work was classified as a work of art to prevent its removal from Grant Park. Jeff Koons' Puppy sits outside of a building created by this man, which is noted for its use of titanium sheets designed to resemble fish scales. For 10 points, name this architect responsible for designing the Pritzker Pavilion and the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.
Output: Fine Arts
One of this author's works deals with Jessie Stilwell's harboring of Ann Davis and her lover, the painter Gideon Shibalo. A Soldier's Embrace contains stories like "Oral History," about the suicide of a village chief during a war in Zimbabwe. Jacques Demy's film The Umbrellas of Cherbourg influenced her recent work The Pickup, and her other novels include The Late Bourgeois World, The Lying Days, A Sport of Nature, and the aforementioned Occasion for Loving. FTP, name this author of July's People, Burger's Daughter, and The Conservationist, a South African Nobel winner.
Output: Literature
While this man began his career as a Regionalist, he soon moved entirely into abstract art. Married to fellow artist Lee Krasner, he was an alcoholic who died in a car crash. He placed his canvases on walls or on the floor rather than an easel and works of his include Blue, The She-Wolf, and Lavender Mist. He pioneered action painting in 1947. FTP name this artist known as Jack the Dripper.
Output: Fine Arts
This general moved the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears to New Echota (eh-CHO-tuh). In the Niagara front of the War of 1812, he was captured at Queenstown Heights and won at Lundy's Lane in 1814, two years after his release. He notched subsequent victories at Cerro Gordo (SAIR-oh GOR-doh), Churubusco (chur-oo-BOOS-koo), and (*) Chapultepec (chuh-PUHL-tuh-pek) after landing at Veracruz (vair-uh-KROOZ) to capture Mexico City during the Mexican-American War. After losing the 1853 Presidential election to Franklin Pierce on the Whig ticket, he devised the Anaconda Plan to win the Civil War as the General-in-Chief in 1861. For 10 points, name this general nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers."
Output: History
Grossman and Steele studied ameboid inclusions of this mineral in the Allende meteorite. Pallasite meteorites contain crystals of this mineral, which when exposed to aqueous silica transforms into serpentinite. On the surface, the Goldich dissolution series predicts that this mineral weathers to iddingsite, and elongated crystals of this material create fabrics in the "lattice-preferred orientation", creating a large source of seismic anisotropy in one layer. At a depth of around 410 kilometers, this mineral undergoes a phase transition to the polymorph (*) wadsleyite. The solid solution series for this mineral varies from the magnesium-rich forsterite to the iron-rich fayalite. This mineral is the predominant component of the upper mantle. This mineral, which consists of isolated silicate tetrahedral, often occurs in ultramafic rocks and is present immediately above pyroxene in the discontinuous branch of Bowen's reaction series. For 10 points, name this mineral whose gem-quality version is called peridot and is named for its green color.
Output: Science
Before the second conflict of this name was fought, the aggressor unsuccessfully offered to repeal Ship Money in exchange for support. An army consisting mainly of "trained bands" of soldiers retreated in the face of Covenanting forces in the first conflict of this name, while the second one saw an invading army march pass defenses on the River Tweed and win a famous victory thanks to General Leslie at another battle. The first one was ended by the Pacification of Berwick which contained an agreement that the Episcopacy would be abolished, and a later peace settlement was reached by the Treaty of Ripon. One of the most famous battles fought during these conflicts was the Battle of Newburn. Because they would not give the monarch the funds he desired to fight the second one, the Short Parliament was dissolved, but a lack of military success resulted in the calling of the Long Parliament. FTP, name these conflicts that Charles I of England fought against the Scots, named for an office in the church.
Output: History
One work by this philosopher uses the metaphor of a man in a boat to illustrate the futility of trusting Schopenhauer's principium individuationis to reduce suffering. That work's second edition contained a preface in which this man declared it an "impossible book" and regretted "ruining the problem of the Greeks" with modern aesthetic examples. Another book by this author of "An Attempt at Self-Criticism" claims that widespread literacy has caused writing to be diluted for the masses. That book describes an evolution from (*) camel to lion to child in the section "The Three Metamorphoses of Man". This man's first book contrasted the Apollonian and Dionysian aesthetics, while another of his books contains the metaphor of a tightrope walker to illustrate man's evolution towards the ubermensch. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who wrote The Birth of Tragedy and Also Sprach Zarathustra.
Output: Social Science
Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions uses the question of when this element can be said to have been "discovered" to illustrate the concept of the accumulation of anomalies. One person who discovered this element, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, presumed that it could leech phlogiston out of a substance. Its name is Greek for ""acid-former,"" and was given by Antoine Lavoisier. It was called "dephlogisticated air" by its third discoverer, Joseph Priestley. For 10 points, identify this element whose reactions with other substances were discovered to be the source of combustion.
Output: Science
One of its rulers left behind the Bilsad inscription, and it resulted from the marriage of a princess of Lichchhavi to a son of Ghatotkacha. The Chinese traveler Faxian wrote of his visit to this polity, noting that its people did not eat onions and lacked capital punishment. That ruler despoiled the Shaka dynasty after defeating Rudrasimha III. Under Kumara I, it had to fend off the invasion of the Pushyamitras, and it would eventually fall to the White Huns, but not before developing trade relations with the contemporaneous Sassanid dynasty. For ten points, name this Indian empire founded by Chandra.
Output: History
man had a series of debates with Rudolf Bultmann about the role of mythology in Christianity. He defined certainty, incorrigibility, and impossibility of content as the three necessary components of a delusion in a work which brought phenomenological sensibilities to psychiatry and helped establish the Heidelberg School, his General Psychopathology. His work labeling "Socrates, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus" as the paradigmatic philosophers was published posthumously by his student Hannah Arendt. He contrasted Heidegger's concept of Dasein with Existenz as the two states of being, and saw his philosophy as a merger of the best parts of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche. He wrote that although perpetrators of war crimes bore the brunt of the blame, all who stood idly by bore some responsibility for Nazi actions in The Question of German Guilt. In his book The Origin and Goal of History, he credited nascent religious ideas with the rise of civilizations between 800 and 200 BC. For 10 points, name this German existentialist and formulator of the Axial Age.
Output: Social Science
An early use of VP(R) structure can be found in the second motive in perhaps the most famous section in this composition, which there exists an F-sharp to B leap followed by a mildly surprising reversal to the half-note A. The melody of one section, which features a glass armonica, is played by the flute, backed by the strings, on top of glissando-like runs in the piano. The first piano plays a descending ten-on-one ostinato, while the second plays a six-on-one. Another section in this piece marked Allegro Pomposo utilizes a quotation from the Incidental Music of Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night's Dream, while a double-bass plays a theme from "Dance of the Slyphs. " Yet another one instructs performers to "imitate the gaucheries of a novice," and thus suggests the fumbling tyro of scales by slowing down during tricky parts and speeding up at the end. The next movement borrows heavily from various sources including one of the composer's own works, Rossini's The Barber of Seville, and "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star. " Forbidding this piece's performance during his lifetime, and including movements called "the Pianists," "Fossils" and "The Swan," for 10 points, name this "grand zoological fantasy" composed by Camille Saint-Saens.
Output: Fine Arts
Gregory B. Ulmer wrote on one of this man's concepts Applied, and this man is paired with Jurgen Habermas in the subtitle of a work about 9/11 by Giovanna Borradori, Philosophy in a Time of Terror. This man's minor works include The Rhetoric of Drugs and Politics of Friendship. One of this man's works takes the form of a series of discourses on a picture of Socrates and Plato, while another work has two columns, one presenting an analysis of Genet and the other presenting an analysis of Hegel. These two works, The Post-Card and Glas were written after his most famous work, which was translated by Gayarti Chakravorty Spivak and contains the section "Writing before the letter". For 10 points name this philosopher who coined the term "deconstruction" and who penned Of Grammatology.
Output: Social Science
He implicitly criticized the beach paintings of William Collins in his depiction of a choppy sea in Chain Pier, Brighton. He paid tribute to Bishop Fisher by depicting his living, Langham Church, in his Glebe Farm. He was inspired by Claude, whose work he saw through his patron Sir George Beaumont, in works like Dedham Vale, Evening. With his largescale 1819 painting of a White Horse, his reputation was established, though he had to suppress his Whitehall Stairs to consolidate his reputation as a landscape painter. He painted in Dorset, Hampstead, and Salisbury, but is best known for a series depicting the Stour valley. FTP, name this British artist, best known for The Hay Wain.
Output: Fine Arts
This city is located near Sugarloaf Mountain and its attractions include the Roman style aqueduct Arcos da Lapa and the Tijuca rainforest. Residents of this city are often called Cariocas, and it houses the Estadio do Maracana, the largest arena on its continent. Beaches near this city include Ipanema and Copaccabana. The Christ the Redeemer statue can be found in this city, which was the capital of its country until the creation of the planned city of Brasilia. For 20 points, name this tourist hotspot.
Output: Social Science
man lost power after attempting to annex the region of Kagera, but escaped death with the help of Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi. He gained power by executing a coup while his predecessor was in a Singapore meeting of the Commonwealth of Nations. This man expelled all the Asians in the country he ruled, crippling the economy. He both succeeded and was basically succeeded by (*) Milton Obote. He lost power after invading Tanzania led by Julius Nyerere. Along with saying that Hitler was "right to burn six million Jews," this man allowed a Palestinian liberation group to hijack an Air France airplane. Israel responded with Operation Thunderbolt, which saw most hostages return safely from Entebbe Airport. For 10 points, name this dictator of Uganda who may have been a cannibal.
Output: History
It manifests when the two partial 3d bands of opposite spin are shifted by exchange interactions, but only when the band width is comparable to the displacement. It is favored when the ratio of half the nuclear separation to the 3d radius is greater than 1.5, though Heusler alloys with manganese also exhibit this as an exception to the rule. Found when the difference in energy between magnetized and unmagnetized states is near a 10th of an electron volt, it is characterized by domain structure and irreversibility upon magnetic field application known as the hysteresis effect. FTP name this condition below the Curie point, the basis for permanent magnets like iron.
Output: Science
The Chikyu Hakken is a current mission to drill three times deeper into this region than ever before, and the lowermost part was named the D double prime region by Keith Bullen. The uppermost part consists of periodite and eclogite, though the mix of magnesium, silicon, oxygen, and other elements suggests its composition is like garnet. Hot spots are thought to be caused by the protrusion of hot rock here, known as plumes. For 10 points, name this region in the Earth, divided into upper and lower parts and located below the crust and above the core.
Output: Science
The author of this work claims that Jews interpreted their misfortune as the consequence of their own sinfulness and created a set of overly strict commandments in reaction to their fate. The author disputes the idea that new technology automatically improves quality of life and critiques communism based on the inability to reform human nature in order to eliminate all motivation for the exploitation associated with capitalism. Major themes include the restraint of instinctual aggression, the concept of a "death drive," and the threats posed by conscience and guilt. It ends by questioning which force will prevail, "eternal Eros" or his potent adversary. FTP, name this essay by Sigmund Freud about the titular misery-causing society and the people who hate it.
Output: Social Science
One work by this man describes a protagonist who was born on "neck of land" and who argues against a theory that a certain place name is a corruption of the word "Dibbleston," and that protagonist travels with Uncle Ro. This author of a work about Miles Wallingford penned a novel about Vulcan's Peak called The Crater and created a family including Cornelius, Hugh, and Mordaunt. A series containing The Redskins, The Chainbearer, and Satanstoe was his trilogy about the Anti-Rent Wars, the Littlepage Manuscripts. Alice Dunscombe is once again abandoned at the end of his story of the mysterious Mr. Gray, who is likely a disguised John Paul Jones. A sequence written by this man in which several bullets are shot through a painted nail without ever being examined is analyzed in a work that claims one of his novels "accomplishes nothing and arrives in air. " For 10 points, name this creator of such characters as Uncas, whose "literary offenses" were described by Mark Twain and who included The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, and The Last of the Mohicans in his Leatherstocking Tales. 
Output: Literature
The magnetic moment of a charged particle is equal to this quantity times the g-factor times charge divided by two times the mass. Delta baryons have a value of 1.5 for this quantity, and, like other particles with half-integer values of this quantity, obey Fermi-Dirac statistics, whereas those with integer values obey (*) Bose-Einstein statistics. The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that pairs of electrons in the same orbital sub-shell must have opposite values of this quantity. For ten points, identify this quantum number, the angular momentum of a sub-atomic particle.
Output: Science
hippogriff is depicted in Roger Freeing Angelica, a work by which French Neoclassical painter of Madame Riviere and La Grande Odalisque
Output: Fine Arts
For simpler cases, it has an outside term expressed as the product of the transmission coefficient, Boltzmann's constant, the reciprocal of Planck's constant, and temperature, although it is often expressed with a delta-G-plus-plus. Statistical mechanics is necessary to determine the orientation of collisions that allows calculation of its frequency factor, which is usually based on its steric factor z. Taking the logarithm of both sides is also useful, as it illustrates a linear dependence between the natural log of k and the reciprocal of T. FTP, name this equation relating activation energy and thus rate constant to temperature, named for a Swedish chemist.
Output: Science
A theorem named for him states that for a polynomial of degree n with integral coefficients, there exists a maximum of n solutions to f of x equals 0 modulo p. In addition, this man proved that every positive integer can be represented as a sum of four squares. A theorem named for him states that the order of a subgroup must divide the order of the group, and he is also the namesake of a method of finding the optima of a function by introducing the parameter lambda. The namesake of an error function associated with Taylor series, for 10 points, identify this Frenchie, who also found a set of points where a tiny body remains stationary relative to two larger bodies.
Output: Science
1980 film is entitled [This Author] in Manhattan and details the attempts of rival stage companies to put on this author's dramatic adaptation of Sir Charles Grandison. This author's name was appended to a 1998 comedy film also known as Mafia! A 2004 work by Karen Joy Fowler features Bernadette and Prudie, members of a book club for this author, who had an affair with Tom Lefroy in a movie starring Anne Hathaway. FTP, name this author of Emma.
Output: Literature
This state's Toleration Act was a precursor of the First Amendment. This state was the home of John Hanson, who was President of the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1782. The Supreme Court case Ex parte Merryman arose from an incident in which Lincoln brought troops through this state. This state was the site of a battle during the War of 1812 at Fort McHenry. This state's capital is home to the United States Naval Academy. For 10 points, name this state which was founded by George Calvert, Lord Baltimore.
Output: History
A traditional greeting said on this holiday is L'shanah tovah tikatev v'taihatem. One of the festivities associated with this holiday consists of teruah and tekiah and is not observed if it falls on Shabbat, and tashlikh may also be observed by crossing a river or other flowing water. One ritual associated with this observance is described in Numbers 29:1, and involves blowing a shofar, or rams horn. Another ritual involved in this holiday is marked with 10 days of introspection, which may have led to this holidays nickname Day of Judgement. For ten points, identify this holiday celebrated on Tishrei 1 and 2, the traditional Jewish New Year.
Output: Social Science
This economist cautioned against moving past equilibrium models in his address to the London Club, entitled "Economics and Knowledge," and he followed a similar theme in his "The Use of Knowledge in Society. " This economist attacked another economist's work in his "The Non Sequitur of the Dependence Effect," and he was attacked in return by Keynes for his work Prices and Production. He claimed "not to be a (*) conservative" in the post-script to one of his works, and in his best known work, this economist claimed that socialist ideals ultimately lead to the detriment of all. For ten points, identify this economist who defended laissez-faire policies in his work The Road to Serfdom.
Output: Social Science
man dropped letters addressed to fictitious groups whose names indicate preference on various issues, to test which letters were mailed most frequently. This conductor of the "lost-letter experiment" sent packages to 160 random people in Omaha, Nebraska, asking them to forward it to a friend or acquaintance they thought could bring it closer to the final individual, prompting his theory of "six degrees of separation. " For 10 points, name this Yale researcher that found that sixty percent of subjects were willing to administer a lethal electric shock in order to satisfy the demands of the researcher in his "obedience to authority" experiment.
Output: Social Science
The composer of this work intended for a minor setting of its opening theme to depict pale light radiating from skulls, and its penultimate movement includes continuous 16th note triplet tremolos in its andante section as well as series of rising octaves in its allegro sections, which depict a witch's flight. Staccato grace notes represent unhatched chickens in this work's fifth movement, and its "Promenade" theme features alternating bars of  5/4 and 6/4 time. This work was notably orchestrated by (*) Maurice Ravel, and includes movements such as "The Hut on Fowl's Legs" and "The Great Gates of Kiev." Viktor Hartmann's paintings inspired, for ten points, which piano suite composed by Modest Mussorgsky
Output: Fine Arts
One image representing this deity in stelae is a boy with a sidelock, in which guise he is often shown in a position of dominance to crocodiles and hippos. In the Heliopolitan Ennead Hathor is his consort. The uniting of Upper and Lower Egypt might be symbolized by the story of his conflict with his uncle, in which this deity's semen is discovered by the gods to be in his uncle's stomach. A sky god often depicted with the sun as one eye and the moon the other, FTP name this deity usually shown with the head of a falcon.
Output: Social Science
In one depiction by Luca Giordano, four old men view the titular event, as a fifth sits above them, possibly directing the action. In a version by Picasso, a man stands with his left foot atop a woman, poised to do battle against a nearby horseman. In the center of a version by Poussin, one man raises a knife to slay an old man holding his legs, as an old woman and two children lie crying to the left, while a depiction by Reubens sees the title event in the foreground and the battle it inspired in the back. FTP, name this pseudo-historical event, the aftermath of which was depicted by David with several nude Romans checked in their battle by the titular figures, who were captured to serve as wives.
Output: Fine Arts
This artist chose Nikias to paint many of his works. The Leconfield Head and the Aberdeen Head are attributed to this artist, who was trained by his father Cephisodotus. This artist used the courtesan Phyrne as a model for many of his works, which include the Marathon Boy. He sculpted a god standing next to a tree being climbed by a lizard in his statue Apollo Sauroktonos. According to Pliny, he scuplted a nude goddess for the town of Kos, as well as a statue of an infant being held by the messenger of the gods. For 10 points, name this ancient Greek sculptor of the Aphrodite of Cnidus and Hermes Carrying the Infant Dionysus.
Output: Fine Arts
This figure is often depicted accompanied by two torch-bearers known as Cautes and Cautopates. One of those attendants is thought to stand behind this figure as he aims his bow at a rock which the other kneels below with cupped hands, a scene known as the "water miracle." Another common scene features this god, dagger in one hand and torch in the other, wearing only his Phrygian cap, and is known as the "rock birth." In some cult sites, this figure is depicted dining or shaking hands with Sol, and, like Sol, this figure was often given the epithet invictus. A temple of this figure was known as a spelaeum in Italy and was often built into natural caves alluding to the location of this figure's most famous deed, the taurocthony. For 10 points, name this bull-slaying Roman god, derived from an Iranian deity, whose cult was popular among soldiers in the 1st through 4th centuries AD.
Output: Social Science
This concept disallows the Borda count from being effective, although repeated instances of Nanson's Method can bypass this condition. May's theorem applies this concept to a more restricted scope, and ome variants of this concept replace the montonicity and non-imposition criteria to form a more restrictive version. The Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem formally extends this concept to voting systems, and it was introduced by its namesake in "A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare," while its namesake also wrote Social Choice and Individual Values. For 10 points, what theorem states that when there are more than three options, a completely fair and consistent election is unattainable.  
Output: Social Science
This man caused the Ottoman Interregnum as a result of one battle, and his lands were inherited by Shah Rokh. He supposedly kept a prisoner in an iron cage, destroyed a rival completely at the Battle of Terek River. He won at the Battle of the Kondurcha River over the massive army of the Toktamysh-led Golden Horde, but died on an expedition to China. Besides capturing Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara, this conqueror was known for sacking cities and creating pyramids of skulls. For 10 points, name this 14th century conqueror who used Samarkand as his base, known for being partially crippled.
Output: History
Key concepts in this text are substance and attribute, where substance is the totality of the universe, and attribute is a property of the universe. The third section distinguishes between three forms of knowledge, and concerns the origins of the mind. The third and fourth sections analyze the relation between emotions and morality, and are titled "On the Origin and Nature of the Emotions" and "Of Human Bondage. " The first section, "Concerning God," argues for the coextension of God and the universe. For 10 points, name this work organized like Euclid's Elements, a pantheistic treatise by Baruch Spinoza.
Output: Literature
This author wrote a poem in three columns, the leftmost of which is divided into the elements and the rightmost into the ""sensation, perception, imagination, and comprehension. "" That poem ""Blanco"" and his collection ""Eagle or Sun"" come after a book in which he wrote of a ""raping conquistador"" and ""the violated Indian mother. "" This man wrote a poem consisting of 584 lines paralleling Venus's 584-day cycle and the Aztec calendar. For 10 points, name this Mexican author of The Bow and the Lyre, ""Sunstone,"" and The Labyrinth of Solitude.
Output: Literature
This poems images include a woman wailing for her demon lover and a deep romantic chasm. Forests ancient as the hills enfold the sunny spots of greenery in this poem, while a figure in a vision sings of Mount Abora. The poet was inspired to write this poem by an anodyne-induced dream that was interrupted by a visitor from Porlock. The structure at the center of the poem, as a result of A miracle of rare device possesses caves of ice. The sunless sea receives the sacred river Alph in the land in which the title figure lives, Xanadu. FTP name this poem ostensibly about a Mongol warlord by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Output: Literature
The Gauss-Bonnet theorem tells us that for a particular manifold this quantity is proportional to the integral of Gaussian Curvature. More generally it can be defined as the alternating sum of the ranks of corresponding homology groups, which are known as the Betti Numbers. Equal to 0 for the Torus and Klein bottle, this is-- for 10 points-- which mathematical quantity defined as Vertices minus Edges plus Faces, and named for a prolific Swiss Mathematician.
Output: Science
Descartes' First Meditation claims that the obsession over this material is related to a "cerebellaso clouded with black bile. " This substance was at the center of a mania first described in a case study of a man from Saint Germaine who was compelled to defecate standing up, and constantly wore a small pillow on his rear end, who was only cured when his doctor gave him a "severe thrashing. " This material was the namesake of that manic obsession, whose most famous sufferer's condition was documented by the future Pope Pius II and included a fear of being touched and the wearing of protective clothing. Many sufferers of the obsession over this material thought that they were a "urinal. " For 10 points, name this material at the center of a sixteenth-century "delusion" that the French King Charles VI suffered from, in which people thought that they were susceptible to shattering because they were made of it.
Output: Social Science
This work's fifth chapter discusses, among other things, the purpose of families to preserve the dead, rather than protect their members, and how governments maintain control over them. Its chapter on religion holds that religion is just of form of consciousness of the absolute being, meaning that it has already been discussed in preceding chapters on Consciousness, Self-consciousness, and the title concept. Reason is the same as the title concept only when it is regarded as absolute truth, and brain fibers are incorrectly regarded as the "being" of the title concept, but are revealed to be dead objects when actually inspected. The master-slave dialectic is described in, for 10 points, what philosophical work by G. W. F. Hegel
Output: Social Science
Excluding sample preparation, two of these processes make up the first two phases of MudPit protein\n analysis. This process can be described with an equation that contains terms for eddy-dffusion, longitudinal\n diffusion and mass transfer called the van Deemter equation. A common material used in these setups is\n sepharose. It uses antibodies or other binding molecules in its affinity variant and a charged resin in its ion\n exchange form. The retention time is used to characterize this technique, which typically makes use of a\n column in its gas, liquid or high performance liquid variants. For 10 points, name this chemical technique\n which involves passing a mobile phase through a stationary phase to separate a mixture.
Output: Science
One character keeps her mother Nivea's decapitated head in a hatbox and later predicts the earthquake that destroys Tres Marias. Another character befriends Transito Soto at the Red Lantern brothel and has twin boys, Jaime and Nicolas. After becoming pregnant, Blanca is forced to marry Jean de Satigny, but she returns to her lover Pedro Tecero after the birth of her daughter Alba. Alba is later arrested and tortured by Esteban Garcia, but the ghost of her grandmother Clara helps her endure the torture. Telling the story of Esteban and his clairvoyant wife Clara, FTP, name this novel about the Trueba family by Isabel Allende.
Output: Literature
The rules for its observance are given in Leviticus 23:33, and its required sacrifices are given in Numbers. On its seventh day, Hoshana Rabah, seven circuits of the synagogue are made as Psalm 118:25 is recited. Maimonides remarked that Aristotle's Ethics mentioned similar festivals and that it is timed so that "there is neither great heat nor troublesome rain". A bundle of myrtle, willow, and palm, the lulav, and an etrog are shaken daily, and its namesake structure is built, decorated, and slept in. One of the three pilgrimage festivals, along with Pesach and Shavout, for 10 points, this is what Jewish holiday that is also known as the Feast of Booths
Output: Social Science
These objects contain the zone of plastic flow and the zone of brittle flow. They are formed by compressing firn, and parts of them break off by calving. Till is soil left behind by these objects, which also push material to form moraines. Cirques (SERKS) and fjords (FYORDS) are among the landforms due to erosion by these objects. For 10 points, name these moving masses of land ice.
Output: Science
One of these figures was created from a mirror made of white copper. Another of them pulled a "grass-cutting" sword from a dragon's tail, and then gave the weapon to his sister as a gift after he threw a flayed horse into her temple. One of these figures, who represents the sun, had to be lured from a cave by a lurid dance. Raijin is the one of these figures who represents storms. Izanagi and Izanami were two of these figures whose union produced the island of Honshu. For 10 points, name these figures that include Susano'o and Amaterasu, the gods of Shinto myth.
Output: Social Science
A minor character in this work, Eugenius, sees a more important character die, and that dying character's last words quote Sancho Panza, stating that should he recover, "Mitres be suffered to rain down from heaven thick as hail". In another episode of this novel, Le Fever falls ill during his a trip to Flanders, and is visited by the future suitor of Mrs. Bridget, Corporal Trim. This romance nearly parallels that of the Widow Wadman and the title characters uncle, but for a wound the latter suffers in the Battle of Namur, and the title character constantly refers to him as My Uncle Toby. For 10 points, name this novel about the Life and Opinions of the title Gentleman, a work by Lawrence Sterne.
Output: Literature
He claimed to have seen Bizets Carmen more than 20 times, and though he never wrote an opera himself, vocal works include his Opus 65 New Love Songs and a setting of a Schiller poem, Nanie. This composer also created many variations on the work of other known composers, such as Paganini, Haydn, and Handel. Vocalists also feature prominently in his longest work, a seven movement, surprisingly non-liturgical work called the German Requiem. With 1876 Symphony No. 1 known as Beethovens Tenth, for ten points, identify this German composer best known for the Tragic Overture and a namesake Lullaby.
Output: Fine Arts
In plants, this element opposes the action of potassium to close stomata while in the body, the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases ions of this element. In the body this metal is typically found in the form of hydroxyapatite and the parathyroid hormone increases concentration of it in the blood. This element is also released into the blood through a process of resorption regulated by osteoclasts. In nature, this metal is found in the minerals gypsum and limestone. For 10 points, name this alkaline earth metal found in bones.
Output: Science
The Jarzynski equality gives the upper bound on the bounds provided by this statement. The fluctuation theorem is sometimes used to reconcile Loschmidts paradox, which was formulated as a criticism of this statement. Claude Shannon and Louis Brillouin resolved an apparent violation of this statement by applying it to information theory, thereby showing that Maxwell's Demon had to obey this law. Clausius first formulated this law, which is equivalent to Kelvin's formulation that heat cannot transfer from a cooler body to a hotter one. For ten points, identify this scientific law which states that the entropy of the universe is always increasing.
Output: Science
One of this man's operas sees the Pharaoh's son Amenophis in love with Anais, while Musafa plans to marry off his wife to Lindoro in another. Another work by this composer of Moses in Egypt and The Italian Girl in Algiers sees the music teacher bribed to fake illness; that work chronicles Count (*) Almaviva's quest for Rosina's love in an operatic "prequel" to Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. He also depicted Leuthold's murder of one of Gessler's soldiers in an opera that sees the title figure forced to shoot an apple off of his son's head. For ten points, name this Italian composer of The Barber of Seville and William Tell.
Output: Fine Arts
One figure in this work burns a stack of hay, causing a giant oak tree to grow from the ashes, obscuring the sun and moon. The first section of this work describes how the protagonist was birthed by a spirit of the air. (*) Aino drowns herself rather than marry the protagonist, whom she mocks after taking the form of a salmon. Objects in this work include the kantele, an instrument fashioned from the jawbone of a pike, and a magical device forged by Ilmarinen, the sampo. Characters such as Lemminkainen and Vainamoinen appear in, for 10 points, what work compiled by Elias Lonnrot, the national epic of Finland
Output: Social Science
The title event of this work is preceded by Jasiu winning a wrestling match against an opponent who walks into the sea, and its protagonist has a nightmare about flute-playing forces of the "strangergod. " A street singer convinces that protagonist that he only has to fear sirocco, contradicting the British agents warnings that Lido Beach is infested with Indian cholera. Thus, the main character does not warn the Polish family he has observed of the danger. For 10 points, Tadzio causes the title event upon Gustav von Aschenbach in what Thomas Mann novella
Output: Literature
One man in this work points out his father's snoring by quoting Othello: "The Moor, I know his trumpet. "  That character quotes Baudelaire when he's courting a comically obese prostitute named Fat Violet, and also questions the aptitude of "a cheap old quack," who "hardly only charges a dollar," Doc Hardy. A servant in this play is a "buxom Irish peasant" named Cathleen, who sneaks sips of alcohol. James is an actor who can only play one role, Jamie fatally infects Eugene when he enters the infant's room, and Edmund is diagnosed with tuberculosis. For 10 points, name this play in which Mary is addicted to morphine, a work about the Tyrone family by Eugene O'Neill.
Output: Literature
As a law clerk in 1952, William Rehnquist wrote a memo detailing his support of the decision in this earlier case. It was argued on behalf of the Citizens Committe by Albion Tourge. Justice David Brewer did not participate, and Justice Henry Billings Brown wrote the majority in this decision, arguing that the "badge of inferiority" assumed by the plaintiff was one he placed onto himself. It was a 7-1 decision, with John Marshall Harlan's lone dissent saying that the "Constitution is color-blind" on behalf of its one-eighth black plaintiff from Louisiana. For 10 points, identify this 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine.
Output: History
This country's space agency, founded in 1961, is named SUPARCO. Prime Minister Junejo of this country was dismissed from his job for signing the Geneva Accords. This country's chief executive was picked by an electoral college of 80,000 people during a period called "Basic Democracy". Ordinance XX [twenty] was a law oppressing this country's largest religious minority, the Ahmadis, who are not allowed to call themselves muslims in this country. In response to the Awami League, this country launched Operation Searchlight. Dictators of this country have included Muhammad Zia in the 80's, Ayub Khan in the 50's and 60's, and most recently a general from the Kargil War, Pervez Musharraf. For 10 points, name this neighbor of India, with capital Islamabad.
Output: History
It was discovered in 1986 by Roger Davies, Alan Dressler and five other scientists collectively known as The Seven Samurai. Its discovery was made clear due to peculiarities in the Tully-Fischer relationship of up to 700 kilometers-per-second and is associated with a filament-like red-shift that is directed back at the observer; a pattern called the Fingers of God. Some astronomers believe that it is a supercluster with its center at Abell 3627, but since it lies within the Zone of Avoidance, studies made to research this object in the visible spectrum have been made difficult. This structure is located just in front of a 500 million light year long filament of both baryonic and dark matter called the Great Centaurus Wall. Recently estimated to be 250 million light years across, FTP, identify this gravitational anomaly that is named from its tendency to draw galaxies toward it.
Output: Science
A 1975 constitutional crisis resulted from its bicameral parliamentary system, in which the Government is formed in the House of Representatives but the Senate can block supply, and from the fact that it is not a republic. After the Senate rejected Prime Minister Gough [GOFF] Whitlam's budget, Whitlam was dismissed by the Queen's representative, Governor-General John Kerr. FTP, what federation of 6 states and 2 territories, now led by Prime Minister John Howard, is the world's 6th-largest country and smallest continent
Output: Social Science
phylum may contain the extinct conulata, which may also belongs to its own phylum. This phylum is now thought to include Myxoza and Polypodiozoa, a parasite found in sturgeons' eggs. This phylum contains the class cubazoa, whose members move with a contractile tissue called velarium. Most members of this phylum have bodies made of mesoglea. Its members, like the sea wasp and sea pen, develop nematocysts, cells that fire a bulb-shaped projection on the end of a cord and deliver a toxic injection to prey. They go through polyp and medusa phases. For 10 points, name this phylum that contains stinging animals like anemone and jellyfish.
Output: Science
His first surviving work for piano is a "Bohemian Dance" written when he was 17. His last works for piano include "To the girl dancing with antique cymbals," "To invoke Pan, god of the summer wind," and four other Antique Epigraphs, as well as a Heroic Berceuse he dedicated to the king and people of Belgium and a "Hommage to Haydn" written for the centenary of the composer's death. All three of his ballets, including Games and Khamma, were originally written as piano scores, and the first of his Etudes is written for five fingers after a work by Czerny. He wrote musical depictions of an eccentric general named Lavine, Samuel Pickwick, and Delphic Dancers in his two books of Preludes for piano, while "Pagodas" and "Night in Grenada" are depicted in his Estampes. FTP, name this French composer, whose other piano works include the Suite Bergamasque and a collection including "Golliwogg's Cake-Walk," Children's Corner.
Output: Fine Arts
The E-158 experiment at Stanford investigated this interaction's role in Moller scattering. A simple way to visualize the elements of one mathematical structure used in this interaction is the unitarity triangle. That structure is the subject of a parametrization of Wolfenstein. The Lagrangian of this interaction is a vector minus axial vector. The decay of neutral kaons was used by Cronin and Fitch to show that this interaction violates CP symmetry. That previous structure is the CKM matrix, which describes the probability of quark flavor transitions. Salam, Sheldon, and Weinberg won a Nobel for unifying the electromagnetic force with this force, which mediates beta decay. This force is mediated by the W and Z bosons. For 10 points, name this fundamental force that is, curiously, stronger than gravity.
Output: Science
Many of this person's works were published by Friedrich Chrysander, and one of his works was   composed as background music for an event staged by Thomas Desaguliers [day- zah-gool-yay] at  Green Park. This composer set two Dryden poems to music, "Alexander's Feast" and "A Song for  St. Cecilia's Day". This composer's four coronation anthems include Zadok the Priest. One of his  works, first performed on a boat traveling near King George the First, is Water Music. This composer  collaborated with librettist Charles Jennens on a work that featured the Hallelujah  chorus. Name  this composer of The Messiah.
Output: Fine Arts
The transport protein Oatp14 has been found to play a role in regulating the transport of one substance produced (*) by this organ across the blood brain barrier. Made up of two lobes connected by the isthmus, its follicles take 11 weeks during development to create colloid, which are rich in a glycoprotein that contains tyrosine residues. The attack of its cells by a body's own antibodies is a disease named after Hashimoto, and its parafollicular cells produce calcitonin in response to hypercalcemia. Overproduction of a certain hormone may result in Graves' disease, and having an enlarged one, perhaps coming from a lack of iodine, results in a goiter. FTP, name this endocrine gland which secretes hormones for growth and metabolism and is controlled by hypothalamus and pituitary.
Output: Science
In one novel by this author, the protagonist starts taking shisha to escape the realities of his life. In the fifth section of another work by this author, the title of which is alternatively translated as "The Children of the Alley," the protagonist, Arafa, symbolizes modern science, and is claimed by the followers of the prophets who came before him as one of their own. This man's later works included Arabian Days and Nights and The Journey of Ibn Fatouma, which drew on traditional Arabic narratives for subtexts, and Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth, which discussed the ideological battle between old and new religious truths. For 10 points, name this Egyptian author of The Cairo Trilogy and winner of the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature.
Output: Social Science
The government it targeted had to divide its forces between it, raids by the Xiongnu, and tribal horsemen in Korea. Its target was the capital of Luoyang, and its participants believed that they were going to succeed the "fire" element epitomized by the government. Beginning in the provinces of Shandong and Henan, most of the people who fought on the losing side of it had no weapons, but it served as the catalyst for the fall of the Han dynasty. Led by Zhang Jue [zhoo-AY], a Taoist faith healer, for ten points, name this rebellion, put down by Cao Cao and was named for the headwear the rebels wore.
Output: History
A 1908 plot to poison a garrison of colonial troops from this country was unraveled when one of the conspirators went to confession. Along with the Spanish, this country's military lost the 1858 Siege of Tourane after its alliance with Gia Long unraveled, and this country's army brutally suppressed a 1930 mutiny in Yen Bai led by the VNQDD, as it had a 1916 uprising in Cochinchina. Missionaries from this country were successful in converting many residents in such cities as (*) Da Nang and Hue to Catholicism, but this country had to recognize the independence of several of its colonies at the 1954 Geneva Conference after it was defeated in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. For 10 points, name this European country that colonized Laos and Vietnam.
Output: History
In the book from which it was adapted, the character in this opera who claims to be impoverished student Gualtier Mald was originally Franois I, king of France. However, censors wouldn't allow such an overtly political statement, and further denied use of the proposed title "The Curse. "  Also not chosen for the title was Le roi s'amuse, the title of the Victor Hugo work from which it was taken. The unhappy title character recalls a curse after his daughter is abducted, after she loses her virginity, and after she sacrifices herself to save the libertine Duke of Mantua. FTP, name this Verdi opera about a hunchbacked court jester.
Output: Fine Arts
These objects are often underlain by Rothlisberger or Nye channels. In one form, their movement is almost entirely controlled by Glen's Flow Law. Warm ones can also move by enhanced creep, ploughing, and regelation, and both types can experience hydraulic jacking. Many of these objects experience quasi-regular surge cycles, where their movement speed can increase a thousand-fold. These objects create a range of characteristic landforms, including kames, eskers and drumlins. For 10 points, name this class of objects found in mountainous and polar regions around the world, made entirely of ice.
Output: Science