niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This island's Danum Valley Conservation Area is the only known home of the spectacled flowerpecker. Anthony Brooke was the heir apparent to the White Rajahs, a dynasty of Englishmen who controlled a kingdom on this island from 1841 to 1946. The Mahakam River flows past the city of Samarinda before emptying into the Makassar Strait, which separates Sulawesi from this island. The southern portion of this island is known as Kalimantan, and its northern portion contains the states of Sabah and Sarawak and an independent kingdom ruled by a sultan. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian island divided between Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei.
Output: Social Science
Andrew Jackson dispatched him to South Carolina during the nullification crisis in case open hostilities broke out. He was captured during the Battle of Queenston Heights and later led the Americna forces at Lundy's Lane, but he became embroiled in a discipline controversy after winning at Molino del Rey, Churubusco, Cerro Gordo, and Chapultepec. He later became the first lieutenant general since Washington and joined Henry Clay as the only major-party nominees born in Virginia to lose a Presidential race. FTP, name this officer called "Old Fuss and Feathers" who was defeated by Franklin Pierce in the 1852 election.
Output: History
In 1442, he and his brother Radu were sent as hostages to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans under Murad II would put him on his father's throne but it wasn't until 1456 when he finally succeeded in overthrowing his cousin and rival Vladislav II. One story goes that his subjects were so afraid of him that they did not disturb a cup of solid gold reserved for thirsty travelers in the Square of Targoiste. His subjects were right to be intimidated, as he had many boyars slaughtered using his preferred method, impalement. For 10 points name this Prince of Wallachia believed to have inspired Bram Stoker's Dracula.
Output: History
man designed the city of Chandigarh in India in the 1950s. He also wrote a set of essays on architecture in his Towards an Architecture. For 15 points, identify this Swiss architect who designed the Notre dame du Haut and the Villa Savoye, wherein he implemented his five point system of architecture.
Output: Fine Arts
thinker used the term "hexis" to describe acquired characteristics that must be maintained, like health and virtue. In one work, he argued that the highest virtue is thoughtful wisdom. In another work, this author discussed the ideal "complex" plot that incorporates reversals, recognitions, and suffering. This man's treatise on "being qua being" is titled for its position after his treatise Physics, and founded the discipline of metaphysics. In another work, this thinker theorized that the purpose of tragedy is to purge pity and terror, a process called catharsis. For 10 points, name this Greek philosopher who wrote the Nichomachean Ethics and the Poetics.
Output: Social Science
Edmund White's Hotel de Dream fictionalizes this author writing his lost novel about a male prostitute, supposedly titled Flowers of Asphalt. He described a man eating his own heart in the poem "In the Desert," from The Black Rider and Other Lines, and he began a short story with "None of them knew the color of the sky. " His most famous character dies in a barn fire in "The Veteran," a sequel to a work where that character watched Jim Conklin die in the woods and only received the title mark by accident, from a fellow soldier. For 10 points, name this author of "The Open Boat" and a novel about teenage soldier Henry Fleming, The Red Badge of Courage.
Output: Literature
One objection to a formulation of this statement was resolved in part by Evans and Searles's introduction of the fluctuation theorem; that objection invoked time-reversal symmetry and is Loschmidt's paradox. That formulation is Boltzmann's H-theorem, while continuum mechanics uses an inequality named for its most famous formulator and (*) Duhem. A thought experiment concerning this statement involving a creature that would sort particles based on temperature, Maxwell's Demon. Rudolf Clausius described this law by saying that no process can solely transfer heat from a lower to higher temperature body. For 10 points, name this law holding that the entropy of a closed system always increases.
Output: Science
Acids of this element are used with a palladium catalyst to carry out the Suzuki reaction. Its hydrides add in THF solution to alkenes and are oxidized by peroxides in a reaction named for Brown. The structures of those hydrides of this element can be predicted using (*) Wade's rules. It may be found in the fibrous mineral ulexite. Its enriched 10 isotope is used to capture thermal neutrons in nuclear reators. Along with helium-3, this element is used to detect ionizing radiation in Geiger counters, and it violates the "octet rule" since it can form bonds using only its three valence electrons. For 10 points, name this metalloid with atomic number 5 and symbol B.
Output: Science
Phylacteries are worn during the minchah service on this day. A period in which meat is not consumed lasts from the beginning of the month in which this holiday occurs until after this day, with an exception on the Sabbath. Traditionally, the messiah will be born on this day. In addition to the Five Calamities, both the English and Spanish explusions of the Jews came on this day. The book of Lamentations is read on this day, which is the only sundown-to-sundown fast other than Yom Kippur. For 10 points, name this Jewish fast day which commemorates the return of Moses's spies from Canaan, the end of the Bar Kochba revolt, the razing of Jerusalem, and the destruction of both Temples.
Output: Social Science
He studied under French painters Carle Vernet and Pierre Guerin before traveling to Italy to further his career. His earliest major work, The Charging Chasseur, as well as Wounded Cuirassier and Race of the Riderless Horse, convey one of the chief interests of this avid horseman. He was a frequent patient at numerous asylums and mental hospitals, which served as the inspirations for paintings like A Mad Woman with a Mania of Envy. FTP, name this 19th-century French Romantic painter who depicted a recent national tragedy by showing the dying survivors of a shipwreck in his The Raft of the Medusa.
Output: Fine Arts
The column of Bertin is located in this organ, which is surrounded by a fascia named for Gerota. Children may experience minimal change disease in this organ. Collagen disorders like Alport Syndrome and Goodpasture's Syndrome affect this organ's basement membrane, and it's also the site of Wilms' tumors. This organ and the liver are the site of gluconeogenesis. The GFR is a measurement of its function. This organ falls into the pelvis in a condition which causes it to "float". Calcitriol and erythropoietin are synthesized by this organ, which secretes renin to increase blood pressure. Bowman's capsule surrounds this organ's glomerulus, and countercurrent exchange in its loop of Henle improves its filtration effficiency. For 10 points, name this paired organ composed of nephrons.
Output: Science
Historical periods of this present-day country include the Gampola, Rolonnawura, and Yapahuva. Major figures in its history, which is chronicled in the Mahavamsa,  include Senarath, who conquered the rebel state of Sitawaka, and Rajasinha II, who signed a treaty with the Dutch. The Dutch allied with the kingdom of Kandy here, and large portions of this island have been controlled by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. FTP, name this island country formerly known as Ceylon and found off the southeast coast of India.
Output: History
One emperor in this modern-day nation erected pillars bearing his edicts. This nation's ""Golden Age"" included the rule of Samudra (suh-MOO-druh). The ""Treatise on Polity"" was a book that advised rulers of one empire in this country, and is also known as the ""Arthashastra"" (AR-thuh-SHAH-strah). Emperors of kingdoms in this modern-day nation include Ashoka (ah-SHOW-kuh) and Chandragupta (""SHAWN""-druh-GOOP-tuh). For 10 points, name this nation that was home to the Mauryan (MORE-yin) Dynasty.
Output: History
This element extracted in the Frasch process is bonded to a hydrogen atom in a functional group once called a mercaptan. In nature, this element is most commonly found in an eight atom ring. This element is only found in the amino acids methionine and cysteine; in cysteine this element forms a type of bridge that links polypeptide chains. A compound containing this element bonded to two hydrogen atoms is notable for smelling like rotten eggs. For 10 points, name this element found below oxygen on the periodic table with chemical symbol S.
Output: Science
A theory pertaining to the transfer of these items uses a quantity equal to the energy required to bring the system to its final reaction coordinates under certain conditions, and won Rudolf Marcus the 1927 Nobel in Chemistry. In the post-Hartree-Fock methods, the configuration interaction functions try to correct for neglecting the correlation energy between these particles. Nitro and halide groups "withdraw" these particles from an aromatic ring. The outer most sets of these which don't participate in bonding are called "lone pairs" and are represented in Lewis structures. For 10 points, identify these particles which carry a negative charge.
Output: Science
Loewner's inequality relates the area and systole of Riemannian metrics on one of these spaces. Arnold's cat map is a chaotic mapping from one of these spaces to itself. This name is given to connected, compact, abelian Lie subgroups, and any compact Lie group has a maximal one. Dupin cyclides are geometric inversions of these objects, and two Villarceau circles can be created by cutting one of these objects diagonally. N-dimensional versions of these objects, which have genus one, are homeomorphic to the Cartesian product of N circles. Other than the Klein bottle, these are the only closed, compact surfaces with an Euler characteristic of zero. They can be created by revolving a circle around an axis coplanar to the circle's diameter. For 10 points, name these mathematical objects that often look like doughnuts.
Output: Science
Resulting in the change of the Chamber of Peers from a hereditary body into a nominated house, it arose in opposition to the issuance of the namesake Ordinances by Prince of Polignac. Its immediate consequence was the ascension of the Conte de Chambord, but he was forced to step aside in favor of the Duke of Orleans. The occasion of the adoption of the tri-color, FTP, name this French rebellion which brought Louis-Philippe to the throne.
Output: History
Zuse and Fredkin led to a farther reaching version of this idea that is supported by the Ackermann function because it is mu-recursive but not primitive recursive. Selmer Bringsjord has written "The Narrational Case Against" it and Paolo Cotogno paired it with "Hypercomputation" in a 2003 article. It has been applied to the halting problem to show that since it cannot be computed by a Turing machine, it cannot be computed at all. For 10 points, identify this thesis that states that every effectively calculable function is generally recursive, the result of two namesake computer scientists.
Output: Science
This musician featured his characteristic "higher interval sounds" especially 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths in his standards "Moose the Mooch" and "Confirmation," while another song is a "contrafact" based on the chord progressions of the standard "How High the Moon." While playing "Cherokee" he famously had an epiphany about a style that he would later develop by using chord substitution and breaking the regularity of the rhythm section. He included the tracks "Ko-Ko" and "Billie's Bounce" on a 1945 Savoy recording called "the greatest Jazz session ever" with his longtime collaborator Dizzy Gillespie. This man got his moniker from the songs "Yardbird Suite" and "Ornithology." For 10 points, name this Bebop jazz saxophonist nicknamed "The Bird."
Output: Fine Arts
This author's analysis of society divided its mores into those that were set forth, which he termed taxis and those that emerged over time, called cosmos. That work contains a section that describes "The Mirage of Social Justice," ends with a discussion of "The Three Sources of Human Values," and is entitled Law, Legislation, and Society. In another work by this economist, he wrote of the process through which banks transferred capital through artificially low interest rates, calling for the end of central bnaks to address that issue. Those ideas were addressed in Prices and Production and The Pure Theory of Capital, but this man's best-known work contains a chapter entitled "The Socialist Roots of Nazism" and addresses the idea that Fascism is the fundamental response to socialism by capitalism. For 10 points, name this author of The Road to Serfdom who developed the idea of business cycles.
Output: Social Science
The title figures bow down to each other in this artist's etching Two Men Meet, Each Believing the Other to Be of Higher Rank from his Renaissance-inspired Inventions series. A heart forms the nose of an orange creature with a bird on its forehead in this artist's Cat and Bird. This artist included moons, flowers, and a stick figure with two faces and pink gloves in his painting Fish Magic. A sun (*) rises over a house painted in Pointillist style in this man's large composition, Ad Parnassum. While at the Bauhaus, this man wrote the Pedagogical Sketchbook. One of his best known works features several line-drawn birds standing on the title contraption. For 10 points, name this German-Swiss artist who combined Cubism and the art of children in works like Twittering Machine.
Output: Fine Arts
In one of this author's stories, the preserved corpse of John Torrington, an explorer on the Franklin Expedition, fascinates Jane, whose companion Vincent dies mysteriously. Another of her stories stars character who "felt like a god-damned owl" while searching for someone to help her bury a grain of wheat. In addition to "The Age of Lead" and "The Little Red Hen Tells All", which come from this author's Wilderness Tips and Good Bones respectively, she wrote a novel in which chapters from the point-of-view of soon-to-be-hanged maids are interspersed with a retelling of book 22 of the Odyssey by the titular character. This author of The Penelopiad wrote a novel which features two chapters called "The Toxique" and stars Tony, Charis, and Roz, whose boyfriends were all once stolen by the mysterious Zenia. For 10 points, name this author of The Robber Bride who wrote about Iris and Laura Chase in The Blind Assassin and also penned Oryx & Crake and The Handmaid's Tale.
Output: Literature
One of his works deals with the ability to extrapolate an individual situation into a structural problem and vice versa. Labeled a "utopian American" in Irving Horowitz's biography, he had a heart attack just before he was to debate Adolph Berle about another book, the product of fieldwork he did in 1960 in Cuba. A highly specialized, bureaucracy-dependent type of worker is the subject of another of his books, while such chapter as "The Warlords" and "The Higher Immorality" are found in his attack on America's most powerful people. For 10 points, name this author of The Sociological Imagination, Listen Yankee, White Collar, and The Power Elite.
Output: Social Science
This work's first act contains the performance of a Khovorod, while distinctive chords in 2/4 time are played with interspersed accents in one of its early sections. Nicholas Roerich designed the sets for this ballet, whose original choreography was replaced by one done by Leonide Masside in the 1920s. Part of this work took its inspiration from Lithuanian folk songs. Its first section, "The Adoration of the Earth," opens with a famous bassoon solo that prompted Camille Saint-Saens to walk out during its premiere. For 10 points, name this Igor Stravinsky ballet that depicts the ritual sacrifice of a girl in pagan Russia.
Output: Fine Arts
Categories of items created by these events include lapilli and "bombs," and can be more generally referred to as tephra. These events can cause the formation of lahars, which are composed of swiftly flowing mud and pyroclastic debris. The (*) phreatic type of this event primarily produces steam, while the Plinian type results in a column of gas and ash and ejects large amounts of pumice. Occurring constantly at the Hawaiian Mauna Loa, for ten points, what are these events, which have occurred at Mount Vesuvius and Mount St. Helens, often resulting in a flow of lava
Output: Fine Arts
As an attorney, this man defended William Brass from rape charges, and later served in a cabinet post under William Henry Draper. His first term in his most famous office saw the assassination of Thomas D'arcy McGee, while he would later return to that office with a protectionist economic program called the National Policy. This politician, who refused to pardon Louis Riel, also formed a coalition government with George Brown, a leader of the rival Clear Grits faction, while later the Pacific Railway scandal forced this man to resign as prime minister. Succeeded in office by Alexander Mackenzie, this is, FTP, which politician who acquired Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory as the first prime minister of Canada  
Output: History
It concludes with the narrator being saved by Giovanni Gianni, captain of the Principe Umberto, who assumes that his wards have come from the siege of Paris. In the sequel to this novel the new religion of "Sunchildism" is introduced. Its narrator encounters the Musical Banks and the Birth Formulae, and is astonished at the notion of pulmonary consumption as a crime. In fact, typical crime is not devalued as much as human infirmity. FTP, name this work that ends with the narrator flying away in a balloon, an utopian romance by Samuel Butler.
Output: Literature
of this man's compositions are based on poems from Heine's Lyrisches Intermezzo, and one of those ends with the titular poet constructing a coffin to house his misfortunes. In addition to Die Lotosblume and Dichterliebe, he created another set of fantasy pieces based on a mad kappelmeister created by E. T. A. Hoffman, and "Traumerei" and "Of Foreign Lands and Peoples" are movements of another of his works dedicated to Chopin. In addition to Kreisleriana and Kinderszenen, he, he composed another work after a visit to the Cologne Cathedral. For 10 points, identify this composer who married Clara Weick and composed the Spring and Rhenish symphonies.
Output: Fine Arts
In one sonnet, this poet wrote of a ""triple-tyrant"" who scatters the bones of Waldensians across the Alps. He also wrote a sonnet that ends ""they also serve who only stand and wait. "" This poet of the sonnet ""On the Late Massacre in Piedmont"" considered ""how [his] light is spent"" in the sonnet ""On His Blindness. "" He wrote a long poem in which Satan creates Pandemonium and launches a war against God. For 10 points, name this British poet who wrote Paradise Lost.
Output: Literature
One Senator and congressman from this state, Claude Pepper, was nicknamed ""Red"" for his left-wing positions, and was the architect of a law that abolished most mandatory retirement ages. The Battle of Olustee was the main Civil War battle fought in this state. Henry Flagler was instrumental in establishing railways in this state and making it a tourist destination. For 10 point, name this state that was the home of Osceola, a leader of the Seminoles, and was at the center of the disputed 2000 U.S. Presidential election.
Output: History
One of this author's characters reads The Stones of Venice to learn English after meeting a woman who imagines dancing goblins while listening to Beethoven's 5th symphony. In that book, Leonard Bast dies of heart failure after being pushed into a bookcase by Charles Wilcox. A desire to switch hotel rooms begins a love affair between George Emerson and Lucy Honeychurch in one of this writer's novels. This author also wrote about the haunting echo of Marabar Caves, where Dr. Aziz is accused of raping Adela Quested. For 10 points, name this English author of Howard's End and A Passage to India.
Output: Literature
This event partially arose out of anger over the imposition of the death penalty for those profaning the Catholic Host, and the Address of the 221 was directed towards the target of this event shortly before it happened. Auguste de Marmont went into exile after being unable to prevent this event. Its target had passed the Anti-Sacrilege Act and had also limited the press through the Saint-Cloud Ordinances. This event opposed the policies of prime minister Jules de Polignac. This event pushed that target's cousin to power, the Duc d'Orleans, who would himself flee years later during the 1848 Revolution. For 10 points, name this event in which the Bourbon Charles X was forced to abdicate, and Louis Philippe came to power in the namesake 1830 month.
Output: History
The quantum coupling of this quantity is described using Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. If a system's Lagrangian is rotationally invariant, this quantity is conserved due to Noether's Theorem. For atomic orbitals, this quantity, represented as the azimuthal quantum number, must be an integer multiple of h bar, and its intrinsic form was quantized in the Stern-Gerlach experiment and is called [*] spin. Both Kepler's Second Law and gyroscopes demonstrate the conservation of this quantity in the absence of net external torque. For 10 points, name this cross product of position and linear momentum, symbolized with L.
Output: Science
He conducted a successful experiment which applied his theories to the treatment of a fear of snakes, and he was able to quantify another study by noting how many of his subjects shouted sockeroo! He formulated the idea of reciprocal determinism, which states that behavior and environment have a back-and-forth influence, he is credited with starting the social cognitive theory in his book Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Perhaps his most famous experiment uses a toy and an actual clown to show that children modify their aggression based on whether they see a previous model punished. For 10 points, name this Stanford psychologist who conducted the bobo doll experiments.
Output: Social Science
Bloodstone, agate, and onyx are chalcedonic varieties of this mineral. Other color variations arise from substituting atoms for silicon; iron for citrine and amethysts, titanium for the rose variety. When cemented it makes sandstone and when fused, silica glass. For ten points, identify this mineral composed of crystalline silicon dioxide.
Output: Science
Among his works for solo organ are Three Rhapsodies on Breton Melodies, and he wrote two cello concertos, Op. 33 in A minor and Op. 119 in D minor. His symphonic poems include La jeunesse d'Hercule and Le rouet d'Omphale. His most famous opera features the aria "Mon coeur s'ouvre  ta voix" and a famous bacchanal. Another of his works contains a movement which quotes Rossini's "Una voce poco fa," Fossils, as well as ones entitled Aquarium, Pianists, and The Swan. FTP, identify this French composer of Samson and Delilah, the Organ Symphony, and The Carnival of the Animals.
Output: Fine Arts
In one legend, she took the form of a wild cat and killed all who come near, but Thoth told her stories to get her to come back, and her cult was centered at Dandarah. People would come to her temples to have dreams explained, and her cult was unusual as men and women were priests. Known as the Lady of the Limit, during the war between Horus and Seth, she danced naked around Ra in order to cheer him up. Often identified with Aphrodite, she is often depicted behind Osiris, in the form of Sakhmet, and another god had to get her drunk in order to prevent her from wiping out humanity. The Eye of Ra, her name translates as (*) the House of Horus, and her headdress features a sundisk. FTP, identify the Egyptian goddess depicted with the head of a cow.
Output: Social Science
In contrast to the internal, or L1 type, the L2 type sits between the CPU and DRAM, but both L1 and L2 are made of high-speed SRAM for the memory type. This disk type actually uses main memory, but stores information in a memory buffer. The original Pentium processor had a 16 kilobyte one of these built into it. FTP, name this high-speed storage mechanism that keeps frequently accessed data in a location separate from the main memory for rapid recall.
Output: Science
This war is the setting of a story which ends with a man callously shouting "Victory! Victory!" near a woman kneeling between the bodies of her husband and her father. In another story about this war, a watchmaker and a haberdasher cry and shake hands before being executed for refusing to give the password that let them access their favorite fishing spot. The collaborative collection Evenings at Medan consists of stories about this war, including "The Attack on the Mill. A soldier in this war exclaims "Let us explode a mine!" before destroying priceless paintings and porcelain in an (*) abandoned mansion, in a story whose heroine rings a long-silent bell after stabbing the title character with a cheese-knife. In the best-known story about this war, a woman who offers food from a picnic basket is coerced into sleeping with an officer so that a stagecoach can continue on to Le Havre. For 10 points, name this war, portrayed realistically in "Two Friends," "Mademoiselle Fifi," "Ball of Fat," and other stories by Guy de Maupassant.
Output: Literature
One example of this type of work commands the subject to climb ""slowly, slowly! "" and is featured in J.D. Salinger's Franny and Zooey. A set of these works is collected in The Records of a Travel-Worn Satchel, while many natural subjects are chronicled in a set of these works published in The Narrow Road to the Deep North. The author of those collections took his name after a banana tree, which he wrote about in another one of these works whose first line is, ""Squalls shake the Basho. "" For 10 points, name this poetic form which follows a 5-7-5 syllabic pattern.
Output: Literature
In an essay titled "concerning" this concept, Adolf Reinach argues that ordinal numbers do not exist. Maurice Merleau-Ponty drew on the phantom limb experience of amputees in a book describing this concept "of perception." Edmund Husserl wrote two books about the relationship of ideas to the "pure" type of it. The master-slave dialectic is described in a work with this word in its title. For 10 points, name this study of the way people experience things, which is "of spirit" in the title of a Hegel work.
Output: Social Science
The picture of an exiled servant is enough for a king to fall in love, much to his wife's displeasure, in one play by this author. One poem by this author uses pairs of lovers to describe periods of time like Monsoon, Frost, and Winter, while another shows the events leading up to the title event, and the title character's killing of the demon Tarakasur. In addition to Malavika and Agnimitra, "Medley of Seasons", and "Birth of Kumara", a play by this author shows the title character being forgotten by her love, until he sees a ring that had earlier been swallowed by a fish. He also wrote a poem in which the title object is used by a banished figure to communicate with his wife. For 10 points, who is this author of The Recognition of Shakuntala and "Cloud Messenger", two works in Sanskrit
Output: Literature
This term was first used by the French philosopher Jean-Marie Guyau in The Non-Religion of the Future. It was borrowed for the development of "strain theory," which emphasized the pressure that underprivileged minorities face to take advantage of any opportunity for income, even if illegal. That theory was developed by Robert Merton, who also paired this word with "Social Structure" in a famous work. It was explained as coming from the lessening role of religion in society and the economic changes associated with the Industrial Revolution in The Division of Labor in Society by the man most associated with it. FTP name this sociological term for a state of alienation and purposelessness stemming from a lack of societal norms, espoused as a cause of suicide by Emile Durkheim.
Output: Social Science
genes coding for these molecules are purposefully mutated in a process called somatic hypermutation, and they sometimes undergo isotype switching. In a process discovered by Susumu Tonegawa, they are assembled by random selection of variable region, diversity, and joining segments, called V(D)J recombination. Both the nonspecific and specific type of these molecules are used in (*) ELISA. They enhance phagocytosis in a process called opsonization, and activate the binding of proteins C1 through C9 in the complement cascade. They fall into five major classes: G, A, M, D, and E. For 10 points, identify these bivalent Y-shaped proteins consisting of two light and two heavy chains, which recognize the epitopes of specific pathogens.
Output: Science
The gene DMC1 is only expressed during this process, and the protein Rec8 is degraded near the end of it. In yeast, the absence of Ime2 and repression of Cln is responsible for an event not happening during the second half of this process. The first stage in this process is divided into five sub-stages, the first of which is lepotene. In the first half of this process, the protein monopolin is required for the formation of a kinetochore. Other events during this process include synapsis and crossing over, which produces recombination. Two cell divisions produce four daughter cells in this process, and the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to haploid. FTP name this type of cell division that is important in sexual reproduction.
Output: Science
One section in this work claims that the application of mathematical methods to philosophy "will succeed in only building card-castles. " One chapter in this work refutes the cosmological and physio-theological arguments, and this work states that the title concept should regulate knowledge rather than constitute it in its first section. This work outlines the three ideas of the world, the thinker, and the being of all beings in one section and introduces the history, discipline, architectonic, and canon of the titular concept in "Transcendental Doctrines of Method. " Claiming to be the "New Copernican" revolution of philosophy, for 10 points, identify this investigation into synthetic a priori truths, a first of three metaphysical critiques by Immanuel Kant.
Output: Social Science
This man composed a piece based on a Theodore Roosevelt speech in which Roosevelt preached the virtues of strife. In addition to ""The Strenuous Life,"" this man composed an opera whose title figure was saved by Remus from being thrown into a wasp nest after protesting against her mother buying a ""bag of luck. "" That work was Treemonisha. Interest in his music was increased after several of his works, such as ""The Entertainer,"" were featured in the film The Sting. For 20 points, name this American composer, the ""King of Ragtime. ""
Output: Fine Arts
Some of this man's philosophical positions have only been found in his Commonplace Book, which was published posthumously, while other books by this philosopher include an omnibus Some Main Problems of Philosophy. He attacked George Berkely's concept of esse es percipi in a work entitled "The Refutation of Idealism. " This person argued that "objects of mental acts and perception have an existence wholly independent of a person's mind" in his dissertation, which was published as "The Nature of Judgement. " In his most famous work, this sometime editor of Mind argued against what he termed the "naturalistic fallacy" and claimed that its central concept was a non-natural, unanalyzable concept. For ten points, identify this man who advocated a common sense approach and utilized it to analyze the concept of good in his Principia Ethica. 
Output: Social Science
This document's second article grants one party "undisturbed possession" of its Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and was preceded by a declaration of independence written by James Busby. One of this agreement's versions was produced by Henry and Edward Williams, and it was preceded by the Musket War. The signing of this document was followed by the killing of 22 British mercenaries in the Wairau Massacre led by Te Rauparaha in an attempt to uphold its continuation of Rangatiratanga, or chieftainship. Co-authored by William Hobson and signed by 500 Maori chiefs, for 10 points, identify this treaty that created the British colony of New Zealand.
Output: History
This body of water contains the volcanic Jabal al-Tair Island as well as Kamaran Island, and it also contains the Dahlak Archipelago near the city of Adulis. One coastline on this body of water contains the Hejaz (*) and Asir Mountains in addition to the cities of Rabigh and Jiddah, and the northern part of this body of water contains the Straits of Tiran and Gubol. The resort town Sharm-el-Sheik is in the city of Eilat lies on its Gulf of Aqaba, and this body of water is bounded on the south by the Bab el-Mandeb. Created by the intersection of the African and Arabian plates, for 10 points, identify this body of water bordering Yemen, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia.
Output: Social Science
A hypothetical method of decay for these particles involves breaking into a positron and a neutral pion and would have a half-life on the order of 10 to the 35 years. In astronomy, these particles are employed in a namesake chain located in the cores of stars in order to synthesis lighter elements. Particles of this type are typically composed of two up quarks and a single down quark and these particles make up about 90% of all cosmic rays. Discovered by Ernest Rutherford, for 10 points, identify this subatomic particles that contributes the positive charge of an atoms nucleus.
Output: Science
In La Disparition, Anton Vowl translates this poem into French without using the letter E. An essay about the creation of this poem begins by citing Dickens' assertion that Godwin wrote Caleb Williams backwards, and describes its author's choice of a refrain with a long O and an R. Its structure was inspired by Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poem Lady Geraldine's Courtship, and James Russell Lowells Fable for Critics mentions this poem before comparing its author to Barnaby Rudge. Its narrator thinks the air is perfumed by an unseen censer / Swung by seraphim, and later asks if another character will inhabit the distant Aidenn. Its narrator then wonders if the title character was sent as respite and nepenthe, terming it Prophet!thing of evil, and asking it to return to Nights Plutonian Shore. However, it never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting / on the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door. For 10 points, name this poem about a creature that quoths Nevermore.
Output: Literature
Tone poems by this composer include the semi-autobiographical A Heros Life and one with a really big cello solo, Don Quixote. Two of his symphonies describe single days: one, a day in the life of his household, including bathing the baby; in the other, he depicts a thunderstorm and the view from a mountain peak. In addition to Symphonia Domestica and Alpine Symphony, he depicted death by a squawk on a clarinet in one tone poem and an (*) elegant sigh in another, Till Eulenspiegels Merry Pranks and Death and Transfiguration. Appropriately, his last major work is his Four Last Songs, and his operas include Intermezzo, Die Frau Ohne Schatten, and Der Rosenkavalier. FTP, name this German composer of the opera Salome and an homage to Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra.
Output: Fine Arts
The strength of this phenomenon can be measured using the Wilhelmy plate method. The dispersion relation for water waves has two terms, one governed by gravity and one governed by this phenomenon. The strength of this phenomenon is usually measured in dynes per centimeter, as it has dimensions of energy over area. The strength of this phenomenon is lowered by surfactants, and it arises because liquid molecules at an interface experience attractive hydrogen bonds only from one side. For 10 points, name this phenomenon which allows water striders to walk on water, a cohesion observed in liquids on their interface with air.
Output: Science
Lesser-known chamber works by this composer include a trio for two violins and viola called Miniatures, which he later reworked into a four-piece cycle for violin and piano called Romantic Pieces, and a series of Bagatelles for two violins, viola, and harmonium. More famous pieces of chamber music by this composer include his second piano quintet, whose second movement is a type of dance that nicknames his fourth piano trio, a (*) dumka. He also wrote a composition for cello and piano, Silent Woods, which is a transcription of a piece from his From the Bohemian Forest cycle. The composer of a twelfth string quartet nicknamed the "American," FTP, identify this this composer better known for tone poems like The Golden Spinning Wheel, two sets of Slavonic Dances, and his Symphony No. 9, "From the New World. "
Output: Fine Arts
One character in this opera encourages fellow members of his profession that "eyes are watching you" and "love awaits you" in the aria "Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre." The female lead repeatedly sings "Tralala" while being interrogated by Zuniga. This opera's protagonist vies with Escamillo for the love of the title character, who sings "L'amour est un oiseaux rebelle," also called the "Habanera." For 10 points, name this opera in which Don Jose falls in love with and later stabs the title gypsy, by Georges Bizet.
Output: Fine Arts
Lead by Richard King Croker in the 1890s, its name comes from a leader of the Delaware, and it adopted several elaborate fake Native rituals. Along with destroying the Canal Ring, its demise was a major promise of the campaign of Samuel Tilden. It reached the height of its power before cartoonist Thomas Nast famously depicted a tiger representing William Tweed, its most famous boss. For 10 points, name this political organization of New York City known for its machine style operation.
Output: History
This ruler survived a rebellion lead by the Parlements [PAR-l'-mahn] as a child, and his armies were victorious at the Battle of the Dunes. This man acquired Franche-Comte through the Treaty of Nijmegen, and he began the War of Devolution, which led to the dissolution of the League of the Rhine. He dealt with the Fronde during his reign, and this participant in the War of Spanish Succession repealed the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this French monarch who built a palace in Versailles and was known as the "Sun King."
Output: History
At the beginning of this novel, a mysterious professor informs Berlioz, the editor of a literary magazine, that he will be decapitated by a truck. Later, the professor and one of the title characters use Berlioz's skull as a goblet from which they drink blood on Walpurgis Night. A strange magic show the professor and his assistants give at the Variety Theatre throws MASSOLIT into disarray, and one title character has written a book about Pontius Pilate which makes up several sections of the novel. For 10 points, name this sature about the devil visiting atheist Moscow, a work by Mikhail Bulgakov.
Output: Literature
The Duhem-Margules equation can be used to derive it and a similar relation, and this law can be related to the Lewis-Randall rule by the Gibbs-Duhem equation. Its proportionality constant gives a relation between the chemical potential of solute atoms and infinite dilution; that constant is determined experimentally by measurements on a liquid-vapor equilibrium and the value depends on temperature as well as the solute-solvent pair involved. It explains decompression sickness in divers and the fizzing of soda when a bottle is opened. For 10 points, name this law of chemistry that relates the dissolved concentration of a gas to its partial pressure above the solvent.
Output: Science
After he received medical treatment from the Englishman H.F. Fynn, this ruler allowed Europeans to settle at Port Natal. This man was succeeded by his half-brother Dingane, who killed this ruler after this man ordered his people not to plant crops after the death of his mother Nandi. Officers called indunas and short stabbing spears called iklwas are some of the military innovations he introduced along with his creation of the (*) ""buffalo horn"" formation. For 10 points, name this African warrior who oversaw the expansion of the Zulu kingdom.
Output: Social Science
Norman and Jensen created triangles in which they plot chemical species according to this quantity. In one model of this quantity, electrons distribute to minimize it. Besides the Allred-Rochow definition, Mulliken's original definition of this quantity involved taking the mean of the(*) electron affinity and the first ionization energy. Dissociation energies between two elements are used to calculate the Pauling scale of this quantity, on which fluorine has the highest value. For 10 points, name this property that refers to an atom's ability to attract electrons.
Output: Science
In one part of this work, the narrator recalls how he used to go to hear the "great argument" of the "Doctor and Saint," but ended up leaving by the same door through which he came in, while elsewhere he notes that "a single hair divides the false and true. " This work begins with the invocation to wake, and a later stanza notes that "Whether in Nishapur or Babylon... The wine of life keeps oozing drop by drop," while a later stanza contains the famous imagery of a moving finger that "writes, and having writ, moves on. " Its most famous lines come from its 12th stanza, which calls for "A book of verses underneath the bough, a jug of wine, a loaf of bread, and thou. " Famously translated by Edward FitzGerald, for ten points, identify this poem in 101 quatrains originally written by a Sufi poet.
Output: Literature
During this event, its attendees were told that they would not be molested with philosophical experiments with stocks, pants, and Russian belts. In its last session, Thomas McClintock read from Blackstone, and an article was read describing a group of people as sleeping as quietly as the babes in the wood while others must renew the treadmill tasks of yesterday. Hunt and McClintock joined a meeting in Waterloo, where they planned a meeting in the Wesleyan Chapel and replaced King George with all men in the a document of grievances called The Declaration of Sentiments. FTP, name this 1848 convention, headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, which sought to give rights to women at its namesake location in New York.
Output: Literature
Giovanni Vilani recorded the history of this city in a work called Cronica nuova. Giano della Bella led a movement against the nobles of this city which resulted in the 1293 Ordinances of Justice. This polity defeated the Republic of Siena at the Battle of Marciano, and early in the fourteenth century, the Peruzzi family dominated politics in this city. This city also saw a revolt by oppressed wool-workers, called the Ciompi revolt. Two other rulers of this city were targets of the Pazzi conspiracy. For 10 points, identify this Italian city, which was once ruled by Cosimo and Lorenzo of the Medici family.
Output: History
The majority of this poets works, some of which can be sung to the tune of the Gilligans Island theme song, were published posthumously. This poets sister Lavinia found hundreds of them, most of them untitled, and began their publication. She is known for a frank, concise style and such poems as Im Nobody, Who are You and I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died. FTP name this American poet known as the Belle of Amherst, the author of Because I Could Not Stop for Death.
Output: Literature
In retaliation for this event, a group known as the Hunters led by 'Pirate Bill' Johnston captured the steamship Sir Robert Peel but were unable to operate it. A second incident similar to this event was prevented when the ship Barcelona was purchased by the US government and Rensselaer van Rensselaer was persuaded to retreat by Winfield Scott. This event eventually led to the trial of Alexander McLeod for the murder of Amos Durfee, who had been a supporter of the rebellion of William Lyon McKenzie and had been supplying him arms by boat until British troops intervened. For 10 points, name this event of 1837 where the namesake ship was burned in the waters above Niagara Falls.
Output: History
This territory's Eurypontid dynasty included Agesilaus II, who was one of the commanders at the second Battle of Mantinea. That dynasty included several rulers named Archidamus. This city-state practically ceased to exist following the loss of its ruler Cleomenes III at the Battle of Sellasia to the forces of an Achaean League. The law-giver of this city-state was Lycurgus. Another ruler of this city-state was Leonidas, who died at the Battle of Thermopylae. For 10 points, name this Greek city-state that fought Athens in the Peloponnesian War.
Output: History
One of this man's novels features a disease in which the afflicted can only say "if and only if", as is the case with Titus and many others in Aburiria, while one of his plays ends with Thoni's suicide due to the eloping of her husband Remi, the title character. In addition to The Wizard of the Crow and The Black Hermit, this author also wrote a play in which the wedding between the son of Jezebel and Ahab Kioi and Gathoni forces the main character to sell his farm. Before writing I Will Marry When I Want, he wrote a novel in which Inspector Godfrey investigates the burning of the brothel of Ilmorog and another in which John Thompson catches the killer of Thomas Robson thanks to Mugo's betrayal. FTP, name this author of Petals of Blood and A Grain of Wheat, a Kenyan writer. 
Output: Literature
This god is credited as the father of Sinis, a forest-dwelling giant who was slain by Theseus. This god impregnated Chione, a daughter of Boreas, siring his son Eumolpus. The monster ketos was sacred to this deity. This deity took the form of a bull to impregnate Arne, and he had three sons named Actor, Belus, and Dictys by Agamede. Through his son Agenor, this god is the grandfather of Europa. This deity was raised by the Telchines on the isle of Rhodes. With Euryale, this god sired the man who would rape Merope, the great hunter Orion. As part of a contest, this god used his spear to create a spring, but his rival Athena created an olive tree, which was deemed more useful, and thus won naming rights to Athens. This god is also credited with giving men the gift of horses, and he is married to Amphitrite. For ten points, name this Greek god of the sea.
Output: Social Science
One of this composer's early successes was a setting of "Behold the Murmuring Sea," a poem by the same author who inspired his The Combat of Tancredi and Clorinda. An ascension of a patron led to the opera Licoris Who Feigned Madness, and he lost his wife around the time of writing an aria beginning "Let Me Die," the "Lamento D'Arriana. " Another opera with libretto by Busenello drew heavily on events in Tacitus' Annals, and in the Prologue of another opera, the Spirit of Music introduces the story of the title character, who is helped by Proserpina but fails his quest by looking backward. For 10 points, name this Italian composer of The Coronation of Poppea and L'Orfeo.
Output: Fine Arts
He attacked "vicious intellectualism" and praised Bergson and Fechner in a series of lectures collected as A Pluralistic Universe. Another lecture collection, subtitled A Study in Human Nature, often uses the work of Edwin Starbuck to illustrate his points about experiences of being, like "healthy-mindedness," the "sick soul," and the "divided self. " These were given during his Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh, Scotland and entitled The Varieties of Religious Experience. For 10 points, name this American philosopher whose lectures were also published with the title Pragmatism, a concept he advanced.
Output: Social Science