niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
One president of this country supplied his Caravan of Death with helicopters. That president also ordered his secret police, the DINA, to assassinate Orlando Letelier. Pedro de Valdivia was killed by native Mapuche in this country, which won a war caused by a tax on (*) saltpeter mining. As part of Operation Condor, one Marxist president of this country was ousted in a 1973 CIA-backed coup. This country, whose independence was orchestrated by Bernardo O'Higgins, won against Bolivia and Peru in the War of the Pacific. For ten points, identify this country once led by Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet from Santiago.
Output: History
An alternate statement of this rule is that a function and its Fourier transform cannot both be compactly supported. Local hidden variable theories tried to explain it in the context of the EPR Paradox, but Bell's Theorem disproved that explanation. Its derivation makes use of the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, and it is most accurately understood in terms of wave-particle duality, whereby the product of the widths of two different wavefunction collapses must be greater than Planck's constant over 4 pi. Describing the non-commutability of the operators for pairs of observables, FTP name this principle whose most famous example relates the inability to determine the exact momentum and position of a particle simultaneously.
Output: Science
creation of this ballet so inspired the Paris Opera that rehearsals on La Jolie Fille de Gand were stopped so that it could be immediately performed. It was inspired by a reading of Heinrich Heine's De l'Allemagne and by one librettist's infatuation with Carlotta Grisi, who starred in its first performance. In this ballet, Berthe fears the spirits led by Queen Myrta, who force men to dance to death during the hours between midnight and dawn, and indeed, the exposure of one character's disguise by the jealous gamekeeper Hilarion leads Berthe's daughter to join those Wilis. A prince engaged to Bathilde disguises himself as Loys but is revealed as Albrecht, causing the death of the title peasant girl, in this ballet, which Marius Petipa revised after the original libretto by the Marquis de Saint-Georges and Theophile Gautier. For 10 points, identify this ballet with music by Adolphe Adam.
Output: Literature
Also known by the epithets Heramba, Vinayaka, and Ekadanta, this deity is celebrated at his namesake "Chaturthi" festivals. Usually represented with a snake running around his belly, he generally holds a goad, a noose, a rosary, and a pen, in his four hands. The latter symbolizes his role as scribe, as he was the first to write down the story of the Mahabharata. The destroyer of Pride, his lack of vanity is embodied by his humble mount, the rat. But he is best known for an anatomical peculiarity gained when either Sani or Shiva decapitated him. FTP identify this deity created out of the dirt of Parvati's body, the Hindu remover of obstacles, who has an elephant's head.
Output: Social Science
Over 90% of its volume lacks oxygen, because the upper and lower layers do not intermix, making it the largest meromictic basin in the world. It is divided into two sub-basins, the northern one with a large shelf of over 190 kilometers wide. The southern shelf is narrow and borders upon the cities of Samsun and Sinop, to the west emptying through the Sea of (*) Marmara. It is separated from the Sea of Azov by the Cimmerian Bosporus, and northern cities include Odessa and Rostov. FTP, name this inland sea separating Asia from Europe.
Output: Social Science
This belief's adherents trust that the third savior Saoshyant will bring about the "final renovation. " Vishtaspa was the protector of their founder, who taught about the conflict between truth and lies, known as asha and druj. This religion's first man is Gayomart, and one sect of it believes in the timeless, apathetic god Zurvan. Hymns of this religion include the Gathas and the Yashts, which can be found in the Yasna. Parsi practitioners of it are placed in towers of silence when they die, and its sacred texts are found in the Zend-Avesta. For 10 points, name this faith that centers on the conflict between Ahriman and Ahura Mazda and was formed by a namesake Persian prophet.
Output: Social Science
One ruler of this empire held a court whose "Nine Jewels" included the witty Birbal, who joined that ruler's new religion of Din-i-Ilahi. This empire's sixth ruler re-instituted a tax on non-Muslims called the jizya, while another ruler of this empire defeated Ibrahim Lodhi at [*] Panipat. This empire's last ruler was Bahadur II. One ruler of this empire was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, and Aurangzeb's father commemorated his own wife Mumtaz with the Taj Mahal. This empire was founded by Humayun's father Babur and later ruled by Shah Jahan and Akbar. For 10 points, name this Muslim Indian empire.
Output: History
Francesco Hayez painting that alludes to the reunification of Italy shows a man with a feathered cap performing this action as he rests his leg on a staircase. In his illustrations of Fontaine's Fables, Francois Gerard showed a shy Psyche looking towards the viewer as she receives one. Fragonard showed a man sneaking through a door in a painting titled after a "stolen" one, while a flowing white cloth hides the subjects performing this action in Magritte's The Lovers II. Another painting showing this action has black and white rectangles appearing on a man's golden robe and circles on the woman's robe. For 10 points, identify this action which is depicted in a painting by Gustav Klimt.
Output: Fine Arts
A year after this man's wool partnership with Simon Perkins failed, his one-year-old daughter was accidentally scalded to death. In 2012, John Stauffer and Zoe Trodd published The Tribunal, a collection of responses to this man from figures like Wendell Phillips, Horace Greeley and Karl Marx. For a time, this man lived with his family on land owned by Gerrit Smith in North Elba, New York. Mahala Doyle wrote a scathing letter to this man after it was revealed he (*) hacked her husband to death and killed William Sherman. Thomas Wentworth Higginson was one of the Secret Six who supplied this man with weapons. This man responded to the sack of Lawrence by launching the Pottawatomie Massacre. For 10 points, name this man who launched a raid on Harpers Ferry.
Output: History
This conflict introduced swept-wing fighter jets such as the F-86 Sabre, which engaged in skirmishes   in MiG ["mig"] Alley. Outpost Harry held out against over a week of constant artillery fire, while  battles over White Horse Mountain and Pork Chop Hill ended in stalemates. The American Tenth   Corps fought their way out after being encircled at Chosin Reservoir, while U.N. forces broke out of  the Pusan Perimeter after an amphibious assault at Inchon led by Douglas MacArthur. Name this  1950 to 1953 war halted by an armistice that established a demilitarized zone along the 38th parallel.
Output: History
One character in this work talks with the chatty Captain Turner, making him late to a meal and frustrating the unseen cook Bridget. The tardy character is the landlord of the also unseen Shaughnessy who has his pigs bathe in the lake of an oil magnate. Multiple characters, including the servant Cathleen, hide their drinking by mixing water with whiskey, and the central male characters are all drunk during the final scene where Baudelaire, Dowson and Swinburne are quoted. This drunkenness follows Dr. Hardy diagnosing Edmund with consumption while the other major conflict centers on Mary's abuse of morphine. FTP, identify this play centering on the Tyrone family, a mostly autobiographical work by Eugene O'Neill.  
Output: Literature
In the fifth act of this play, one character chides another for making a bad decision regarding a casket of state secrets, and in the next scene, that same character notes that we live in such an age, with such a king, that violence can not advance our cause. After disowning his son Damis for claiming that the title character had made an advance on his wife, the main character signs his house over to the title character. In this work's final scene, the title character is arrested by an officer of the prince for his past crimes while Valere, Marianne, and Cleante, among others, look on. For ten points, identify this play about the titular hypocrite who attempts to swindle Orgon, a comedy by Moliere.
Output: Literature
This work's protagonist associates a piece of music called "Solitude" with a naked man abandoned by a fleeing bird. After Raoul comes down with a fever, the protagonist is rebuked for her "habitual neglect of the children. " Opening with a parrot repeating, "Allez vouz-en! Allez vouz-en! Sapristi!," this novel's protagonist is offered help by Doctor Mandelet and is inspired by her piano teacher, Mademoiselle Reisz. The protagonist has an affair with Alce Arobin and loves Robert Lebrun, even though she is married to Lonce. Ending with the protagonist returning to Grand Isle and committing suicide by wading into the sea, FTP, name this novel about Edna Pontellier, by Kate Chopin.
Output: Literature
It is employed by the new titanium based toothbrush called soladey, which combat plaque by neutralizing the substance's protons. In one experiment involving it, a circular zinc plate is attached to a gold leaf electroscope exposed to burning magnesium. In another experiment, the lengths of sparks generated by an induction coil were found to have become smaller in darkness. In addition to the work of Wilhelm Hallwachs and Heinrich Hertz, it is demonstrated in experiments where no detectable time lag is found, and kinetic energy is seen to be independent of intensity. The cut-off frequency times Planck's constant is used to calculate the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape the surface, the work function. FTP, name this phenomenon where electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of packets of electromagnetic radiation, famously explained by Albert Einstein.
Output: Science
In one of this man's works, Fyodor finds true love in Zina Mertz as he passionately criticizes the work of Nikolai Chernyshevski. In addition to The Gift, he also wrote about a title character who meets his ex-wife's son Victor, and struggles to maintain a job as a professor of Waindell College. The narrator of one of his works writes a commentary of the titular poem and believes he is exiled king of Zembla, Charles Kinbote, and his most famous work is narrated by a scholar from a jail cell as he recounts his adventures with the titular nymphet. For 10 points, name this Russian born author of Pnin, Pale Fire, and Lolita.
Output: Literature
A comic argument in this play turns on whether an available sofa was yellow or green. An attempted seduction goes awry when a woman reveals she is wearing clothes in mourning, but her seducer suggests she just take off her dress. A procurer leaves because she is scandalized by the presence of the mother of one of her former prostitutes. In addition to Madame Pace, other characters include one found dead in the fountain, the Girl, and the Boy, whose death from a mysterious gunshot causes the remaining figures to argue with the director over whether he's really dead or just pretending. FTP, name this play about the unnamed title figures who interrupt a rehearsal, a work by Luigi Pirandello.
Output: Literature
The STAR Collaboration reported the observation of this particle's antiparticle, the most massive antiparticle observed to date. George Gamow discovered the mechanism for the release of these particles via quantum tunnelling. This particle and a neutron are produced by the fusion of triton and deuteron particles. These particles followed a one over sine to the fourth scattering in an experiment in that detected them using a zinc sulfide screen. That experiment was conducted by Geiger and Marsden and disproved the plum-pudding model of the atom. For 10 points, name this particle used in Rutherford's gold foil experiment, which is identical to a helium-4 nucleus.
Output: Science
thinker from this country published a rebuttal of Mandeville's fable of the bees and attacked Hobbes in his essay Thoughts of Laughter after establishing an influential ethical philosophy in An Inquiry Concerning Moral Good and Evil. Another thinker from this country advocated "direct realism" in attacking the idealism of Berkeley and championed the "vulgar" or the "sensus communis. " Another philosopher from this country proposed that each person is made up of a "bundle" of attributes and argued that although it is necessary in everyday life, a justification of (*) induction is impossible. That philosopher's criticism of those who offer prescriptive instead of descriptive theories is called the "is-ought" problem and found in his A Treatise of Human Nature. For 10 points, name this home of Frances Hutcheson, Thomas Reid, and David Hume.
Output: Social Science
A ruler of this name introduced a symbolic military standard called the labarum. The fifth Byzantine emperor of this name, a son of Leo the Isaurian, was nicknamed "Copronymus" for defecating at his baptism. An early ruler of this name defeated his colleague Licinius at Chrysopolis, as described by Eusebius of Caesarea. The last member of the Paleologus dynasty held this name, and tore off his imperial clothing before charging into (*) Mehmet II's troops in 1453. The homoousios compromise came from Saint Helena's son of this name, who saw a vision in the sky before defeating Maxentius at Milvian Bridge and co-issuing the Edict of Milan. For 10 points, give this name of eleven emperors who all used a namesake capital in the Eastern Roman Empire.
Output: History
His first published work was a translation of James Baikie's history of his country, and that ancient history was the subject of his first novel Mockery of the Fates. The title character cavorts with the prostitute Nur and dies in a cemetery in his The Thief and the Dogs, and Hamida leaves her fiance to become a prostitute in his Midaq Alley. He traced the tradition of monotheistic religions in Children of Gebelawi, while another of his works was split up into three novels: Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, and Sugar Street. FTP, name this author of The Cairo Trilogy.
Output: Literature
One of the key ideas of this novel is the comparison made by Mozart between life and a radio playing Handel's Concerto Grosso in F Major, while another major moment is the protagonist's dream of a conversation with Goethe while sleeping at the The Black Eagle. The title figure is forced to reevaluate his life after meeting the bandleader Pablo and Hermine, and after visiting the Magic Theater he begins to realize the errors of his earlier way of life, in which the conflict between his intellectual ideals and his animal impulses led to his estarangment from society. FTP, such describes what novel about Harry Haller by Hermann Hesse
Output: Literature
This ruler had a daughter named Deinomache who came to marry Cleinias and have a famous son. His own mother was Agariste, a daughter of a tyrant of Sicyon who shared this ruler's name, and his father was Megacles. This man ascended to power only after the expulsion of an aristocrat, Isagoras, who ran on a platform of revoking citizenship and was supported by king Cleomenes I. This ruler divided the land into city, shore, and inland regions and set up a system of ten trittyes composed of demes. He also increased the size of the boule to 500, discouraged the use of the patronymic, and supposedly introduced ostracism. FTP, name this Alcmaeonidae ruler who came to power in 508 B.C. and reformed the Athenian democracy.
Output: History
The artist of this painting depicted a gigantic fish and a bunch of blocks moving apart in a work depicting this paintings disintegration. A large, flat surface extends from off the canvas in this paintings upper left, while the background depicts the coastline of Cape Creus. Ants swarm an object in this paintings lower right, while its center features a white object with a huge closed eyelash. A bare branch grows out of a table in, for 10 points, which work that features three melting clocks, by Salvador Dali
Output: Fine Arts
In one essay, this man claimed that Giovanni Pisano's David "had all the implications of the contradictions, troubles, and worries inside its head that Hamlet had" and hence that Giovanni was a greater influence than his father Nicola. His only brick work was Wall Relief No. 1 in Rotterdam's Bouwcentrum. He spoke of how a piece of wax became a "horned, Pan-like, bearded head" and grew a crown for one of his sculptures. Besides works in Scotland such as King and QueenGlenkiln Cross, his interest in the relation of "outer protection to an inner form" manifested itself in his and the totemic Helmet Head series and viscous socket shapes characterize his Three Vertebrae. The St. James Park station contains this man's sculpture West Wind. This close friend of Barbara Hepworth and sculptor of Knife Edge Mirror Two Piece created many works based on the "Mother and Child" motif. He also created a series of works including many "draped" pieces and was inspired by Mayan Chacmool statues. For 10 points, name this British sculptor of the Reclining Figures series.
Output: Fine Arts
This equation is used to determine slopes of a phase diagram, and can also be applied to solids as well as liquids. One form neglects the volume of the liquid and assumes the ideal gas law, while its more common form is derived from the first law of thermodynamics and assumes that the change in Gibbs Free Energy is zero. This form is expressed as the derivative of pressure with respect to temperature equals the heat absorbed divided by the temperature times the change in volume. FTP, name this equation that describes transitions from one phase to another, named for two scientists
Output: Science
His self-portraits include one "with Burning Cigarette," one "Beneath Woman's Mask," one "Between Clock and Bed," two "During the Eye Disease," and one "with Skeleton Arm. " His namesake museum in the Tyen district of his hometown, designed by Fougner and Myklebust, houses a work in which he painted a a naked woman with her head tilted back and a red halo and another in which the title character's red hair is draped over the head of a bent-over man. In addition to Madonna and Vampire, he included Death in the Sickroom in his painting cycle the Frieze of Life. FTP name this man who painted a swirling red sky and two indistinct figures on a bridge approaching a figure with a distorted face in The Scream.  
Output: Fine Arts
He was inspired by the work of Tommy Trentino, a prisoner in Trenton State Prison, to write An Open Letter to Stroker!. His essays "The Mystery of the Japanese Woman" and "On Seeing Jack Nicholson for the First Time" were collected in Gliding into the Everglades. He wrote a "study of Rimbaud" in The Time of the Assassins as well as  Reflections on the Death of Mishima, but is better known for his own works of fiction, like Quiet Days in Clichy and the posthumous Crazy Cock. A "journey through his major writings" was compiled by Norman Mailer in Genius and Lust, while a trip from Italy to Greece at the beginning of World War II produced his best book, The Colossus of Maroussi. FTP, name this author of a trilogy which includes Sexus, Plexus, and Nexus, who is best known for Tropic of Cancer.
Output: Literature
In one story, a barbarian king seeks this item out by cutting out the heart of a man who is so brave that his heart doesn't quaver with fear. This item is sought by King Atli from Hogni, though it originally belonged to a creature that died after a man dug a pit and hid in the hole so that he could avoid its blood. A body that is stuffed with this material is given to (*) Hreidmar after Loki mistook Otr for an otter. A story involving the god Ran lead the phrase "brightness of the sea" to be a kenning for this substance. Draupnir is an item that is made of it, as is the bristles of the boar Gullinbursti. For 10 points, name this treasure that comprises Sif's hair, hordes of which are guarded by the dragon Fafnir.
Output: Social Science
In solid-state physics, a dimensionally-equivalent "sheet" version of this quantity is often reported as its value "per square". Its quantum is equal to h over e squared, and the Drude model gives this extensive quantity as inversely proportional to the product of carrier number density and mobility. A complex version of this quantity includes a term equal to frequency times inductance. The power dissipated in a circuit equals (*) current squared times this value. Voltmeters work by applying a very large value for this quantity in parallel. Devices that provide this quantity are marked with a series of colored bands and symbolized with a zig-zag line. For 10 points, name this quantity set equal to voltage over current in a law named for Ohm, who also names its SI unit.
Output: Science
Thomas Tatton claimed that there was a crowd of only thirty thousand people at this event, while James Wroe, in the Observer, gave the highest estimate at 153 thousand. Wroe and Richard Carlile were imprisoned for publicizing the story of this incident, which inspired Percy Bysshe Shelley to write The Masque of Anarchy. Samuel Bamford was also imprisoned after this event perpetrated by the 15th Hussars and the Cheshire Volunteers, and Home Secretary Sidmouth responded by proposing the Six Acts. The trouble began when Henry Hunt was arrested and prevented from speaking, and eleven people were killed when cavalry troops overwhelmed the demonstrators in Manchester. FTP, name this 1819 incident, with a name reminiscent of Napoleon's final defeat.
Output: History
This poet commented, "You need the untranslatable ice to watch" in a poem appearing in the appendix of a collection that features "the sonnet-ballad" which questions, "Oh mother, mother, where is happiness" This poet asserted, "Abortions will not let you forget" and began another poem, "Think of sweet and choclate / Left to folly or to fate". One book features sections titled "Womanhood" and "The Anniad", and she also wrote "Dinner is a casual affair" for the eponymous "old yellow pair" in "The Bean Eaters". This author of A Street in Bronzeville and Annie Allen wrote a poem including the lines, "We / Jazz June. We / Die soon". For 10 points, name this female African-American poet who wrote "We Real Cool".
Output: Literature
The Tebbe reaction uses a metal carbenoid to create molecules of this functional class, while the Peterson reaction allows chemists synthesizing them to favor a specific stereoisomer. Only one stereoisomer can be generated by the Julia reaction because its last step requires that R-chains be anti- to one another. They can also be created fromcarbonyls using an ylide in the Wittig reaction, but the easiest way to produce them is through a bimolecular E2 reaction. FTP, identify these molecules, such as ethene or propene, characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond.
Output: Science
This ruler's first wife was Eudoxia Lopukhina, but he forced her to become a nun ten years after their marriage. The Bulavin Rebellion occurred during this man's reign. This ruler gave a portrait of himself as a gift to William III, and established his country's first naval base, which was named Taganrog. This ruler went on a tour in the West with his "Grand Embassy," and upon his return, he imposed a beard tax on his people. He won the Battle of Poltava, forcing Charles XII to flee into the Ottoman Empire. For 10 points, name this Russian tsar who won the Great Northern War and built St. Petersburg.
Output: History
A 2002 biography by Theron Raines attempted to rehabilitate this man's reputation. He hypothesized that the cicatrization component in male coming-of-age rituals symbolizes vagina envy, and studied child-rearing on an Israeli kibbutz in Children of the Dream. Richard Pollack's book debunking his work shows that his fabricated credentials and lack of medical training led him to attribute autism to distant parents rather than genetics, a claim this man advanced in the books The Empty Fortress and Truants from Life. FTP, name this psychologist who discussed fairy tales in The Uses of Enchantment and whose "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations" is based on his experiences in Nazi concentration camps.
Output: Social Science
Its leader is still revered in the tradition of the Hakka, the migratory people from which he came. Its latter stages were initially suppressed by Frederick Ward, who was succeeded by a more famous individual. After stalling as a result of imperial resistance organized by the scholar Guofan, it came to an end at the hands of the "Ever-Victorious Army" and Charles Gordon. It was led by Hong Xiuquan, who was inspired by Protestant missionary tracts and proclaimed a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. "  FTP, name this religious rebellion that began in 1852 in China.
Output: History
Leon Gambetta attempted to organize one side's defenses in this war, but fled in a hot air balloon. The Treaty of Frankfurt ended this war, in which the Battle of Sedan was fought. One cause of this war was the possibility of Leopold of Hohenzollern gaining the Spanish throne. Another cause of this war was an edited letter between the ambassador of one country in this war and Wilhelm I. That document known as the Ems Dispatch was used to advance the goals of Otto von Bismarck. For 10 points, name this 1870-1871 war between two European nations that led to German unification.
Output: History
Malfunctions of this organelle include Wilson's disease, Kaerns-Sayre syndrome, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. It can be found in long traveling chains, and the malate-aspartate shuttle is used between it and the cytosol. Its namesake uncoupling occurs in brown fat, and apoptosis is induced when cytochrome c is released from it. Its cristae are formed by its inner membrane, which is evidence of its endosymbiotic origin. For 10 points, name this organelle whose matrix is the site of the citric acid cycle, the so-called powerhouse of the cell.
Output: Science
While still serving in his nations military, he founded a movement known as MBR-200, which protested the government response to the sacudon protests, and which he would later replace with a new movement known as MVR. He faces a domestic opposition group known as the Sumate, whose leaders he has charged with treason following an unsuccessful effort to recall him from office. Organizing his major policy initiatives into Missions named Robinson, Ribas, Guaicaipuro, Sucre, and Bolivar, which variously involve aid to the poor and nationalization of industry. He first came to prominence during the rule of Carlos Perez, whom he tried to overthrow in a 1992 coup, and ten years later he faced an unsuccessful coup against himself. For ten points, name this current left-wing President of Venezuela.
Output: History
In one of this author's works, Beralde [bay-RALD] entertains his brother with a dance troupe, and Lucinde pretends to have lost her voice and is treated by the alcoholic woodcutter Sganarelle in his A Doctor in Spite of Himself. Horace and Arnolphe try to marry Arnolphe's naive ward Agnes in this man's The School for Wives,(*) and he wrote a play in which Argan tries to marry his daughter Angelique to the future doctor Thomas Diafoirus. For 10 points, name this author of The Imaginary Invalid who wrote about Madame Pernelle and Orgon coming under the influence of the title hypocrite in Tartuffe.
Output: Literature
This author wrote about a woman who avenges the death of her father by killing the textile boss Aaron Loewenthal. In another story by this author, the Czech playwright Jaromir Hladik asks God for one year to finish his play The Enemies before the Nazis kill him. This author of "Emma Zunz" and "The Secret Miracle" wrote of a sorcerer who creates a boy from his dreams before realizing that he too is (*) immune from fire as well as a story about a spy who communicates the name of a town in the newspapers by killing a person named Albert. Another of his stories concerns a place in which an infinite number of hexagonal rooms contain an infinite number of 410 page books. For 10 points, name this author of "The Circular Ruins," the blind Argentine short story writer of "The Garden of Forking Paths" and "The Library of Babel."
Output: Literature
In 1969, Richard Nixon implemented a plan named after this city that mandated federal employment quotas for minorities. The Paxton Boys marched in this city to protest the government's policy towards Native Americans. Ten percent of this city's residents died in a 1793 yellow fever epidemic. During the First Barbary War, a (*) ship named after this city was burned by Stephen Decatur. This site of the First Bank of the United States also housed the Second Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, both of which met in this city's Independence Hall. For ten points, name this "City of Brotherly Love" that is now the largest city in Pennsylvania.
Output: History
The New York Minerva, a Federalist paper, published Jefferson's politically damaging "Mazzei Letter," which was written in response to this; while it also prompted attacks from Benjamin Franklin Bache in his Republican Philadelphia Aurora against Washington. The Directory interpreted it as an alliance against France, but it resulted in but one gain, namely the British evacuation of forts in the northwest. Moreover, it failed to address such concerns as impressment and the opening of British ports to American trade. FTP, name this agreement which avoided war with Britain in 1795 and which was named for its chief U.S. negotiator, the then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Output: History
Transgenic sheep have been engineered to produce this amino acid, necessary for the production of wool. Along with glycine and glutamate, it forms glutathione, a common antioxidant. A variant of it exists containing the element selenium, and its use in dietary supplements raises questions of cannibalism, as a primary source of this amino acid is human hair, where it strengthens the secondary structure of the protein keratin. For 10 points, name this amino acid, whose thiol group when oxidized can bond with another to form a dimer connected by a disulfide bridge.
Output: Science
Thor disguised himself as this deity to retrieve his hammer from Thrym. This deity was said to have resided in the hall of Sessrumnir, but wandered the earth searching for Odur, a lost love. The giantess Hyndla once made disparaging remarks about this mother of Hnoss. A master of seyir, or magic, another love, the human Ottar, was transformed into a boar after a brief affair. Her most powerful possessions were the necklace of the Brisings and her chariot drawn by cats. FTP, name this daughter of Niord, the Norse goddess of lust and love.
Output: Social Science
Holmes and Marsden used the Melnikov formalism to show that coupling perturbations in this system render it non-integrable due to the introductions of horseshoes, which are intersections between stable and unstable manifolds. The differential equation describing the dynamics of a nonlinear one of these systems contains a term proportional to the sine of the angle, which means that displacement of such a system is proportional to an elliptic integral of the first kind. A linear variant of this system avoids that complication by Taylor expanding around the equilibrium point and assuming small-angle oscillations, which gives a period of two pi times the square root of the length over the gravitational acceleration. Also exhibiting chaos when two of these are connected in a "double" variant, for ten points, identify this dynamical system, a harmonic oscillator consisting of a weight on a massless rod.
Output: Science
One of these organic compounds is converted to an alkene by a diorganochromium compound in the Takai olefination. Compounds may be reduced to this functionality via the use of DIBAL-H (die-bahl aitch), and alkynes are formed by a reaction of these compounds with tetrabromomethane and triphenylphosphine named for Corey and Fuchs. When these organic compounds lack a hydrogen atom in the alpha position, their disproportionation can be induced by a base in the Cannizzaro reaction. These organic compounds are oxidized to carboxylic acids by a diamminesilver (I) complex, leading to the precipitation of metal onto the inside of the vessel, giving the positive "silver mirror" result of the Tollens test. For 10 points, name this special class of ketones with one R group being just hydrogen.
Output: Science
One character in this work disgraces his father by insisting upon consulting the witch Erichtho. One scene in this work sees two men each claim that a headless corpse is their son. In this text, Gnaeus wants to destroy the pyramids. One leader in this work ignores a request to consult the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon. In this work, Cordus buries a headless body that washes ashore. The aftermath of this work's central event involves a slew of vultures who create a bloody rainstorm of carrion as they fly away. One of the central characters of this work flees to Brindisi shortly after it begins, and later a battle is nearly won by sneaking through the woods before Scaeva rallies the troops. In the latter part of this work, Cato leads one man's forces through Egypt, while another character is seduced by Cleopatra. For 10 points, name this epic that describes the titular battle between Pompey and Julius Caesar, also known as De Bello Civili.
Output: Literature
The fourth movement of this work begins fortissimo before reaching a section marked con tutta forza and dropping abruptly to piano, then diminuendo and ending pianissimo. The sixth movement of this work attempts to approximate the Phyrgian dominant scale by using many augmented second intervals. The ninth movement of this work contains a central andante which features a 16th note triplet tremolo and is meant to mirror the first movement and evoke the sounds of large bells ringing on a clock and of a chase. The most well known movement in this work is marked Maestoso, con grandezza and features a secondary theme based on a Russian Orthodox hymn, and is supposed to mirror the opening promenade of this work. For 10 pointsname this work, featuring movements named "Cattle", "Samuel Goldberg and Schmule", "The Hut on Fowl's Legs", and "The Great Gate of Kiev", an orchestral suite by Modest Mussorgsky.
Output: Fine Arts
After studying law at Lincoln's Inn he worked diligently in the campaign of Dadabhai Naoroji [DA-du-bye NOW-roh-jee], who thus became the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons. He led his side in signing the Lucknow Pact, but would return to London in frustration between 1930 and 1935. Upon his return he spearheaded the attack on the Congress Party and became the preeminent force in the Muslim League. FTP, identify this separatist, the first governor-general of Pakistan.
Output: History
Adding polyethylene glycol to one type of these molecules is believed to be able to increase their half-life in vivo, an approach that lead to the drug PEGASYS. A common member of this family can be synthesized by activation of the TLR7 receptor, and most molecules in this family act through the expression of protein kinase R and inhibition of eIF2. Trypanosomes are able to induce waves of expression of the gamma form of these molecules, and the alpha type is commonly used to treat hepatitis, gential warts, and Kaposis sarcoma. They are usually synthesized by lymphocytes in response to double stranded RNA. FTP, name these proteins that stimulate immune defenses in virus-infected cells.
Output: Science
Herodotus claimed that these people fled from Lydia after a severe drought, though another major hypothesis claims that they are descendants of the Villanovan culture. In alliance with the Carthaginians, this civilization lost the battle of Alalia to the Greeks of Massalia but gained control of Corsica. These people were organized into the Dodecapoli, twelve cities that formed their namesake league. Servius Tullius fought this group and Camillus captured their city of Veii in 396 BC, though some kings like Tarquinius Superbus came from this group. For 10 points, name this people of northern Italy who were eventually conquered and assimilated by Rome.
Output: History
One author from this country won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his book, The Captive Mind, which had been banned by the communist government of his homeland. That writer, Czelslaw Milosz (CHES-waf ME-Wosh), also wrote a poem for a memorial to slain shipyard workers in (*) Gdansk. For 10 points, identify this country, the setting for many books by Isaac Bashevis Singer, including A Day of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw.
Output: Literature
When multiplied by charge, the difference between this quantity and the momentum three-vector is in turn multiplied by a vector whose components are matrices, symbolized sigma, on the left side of the bra-ket in the Pauli equation. This quantity is sometimes given as a function equaling q beta over r minus beta-dot-r, where beta is velocity divided by the speed of light, in a relativistically corrected model named for Lienard and Wiechert. When this is nonzero, its path integral is proportional to phase shifts in the wavefunctions of electrons moving past solenoids, according to a phenomenon first predicted by Ehrenberg and Siday in the absence of external fields; that phenomenon is the Aharaonov-Bohm effect. Setting the Laplacian of this quantity equal to the negative of permeability times current density makes the divergence of this quantity equal zero, which is called the Coulomb gauge. For 10 points, name this field symbolized A whose curl gives the magnetic field.
Output: Science
The six sforzando dominant seventh chords near the end of the exposition of this symphonys first movement become diminished sevenths in the recapitulation, and the last movement uses a theme previously used in the composers opus 35 Variations and Fugue for piano; in that piece, as in this symphonys finale, the themes bass line is presented before the theme itself. At the beginning of the first movements recapitulation, the second horn plays the opening motif four bars before the rest of the orchestra. Featuring a C minor funeral march as its second movement and opening with two staccato E-flat major chords, this is, FTP, what really good symphony, Beethovens third
Output: Fine Arts
Congress pretty much screwed this guy when they funded a competition to design a Smithsonian museum of modern art but then refused to fund his winning design. This architect collaborated with Alexander Girard and Dan Kiley on a house in Columbus, Indiana, whose living room features a square, recessed "conversation pit." An airport designed by this man features concourses not directly connected to the main terminal; instead, he designed a system of [*] "mobile lounges" to service them. Another terminal he designed features purple-tinted glass walls below two wing-like concrete shells. This designer of Dulles International Airport also created the TWA Terminal at JFK. For 10 points, name this Finnish architect, the son of Eliel.
Output: Fine Arts
The title character of this novel is addressed as Colonel throughout the book, and feels guilt for an event that took place during the Civil War but threatens to ruin him by the end of the novel. The novel begins with an interview by one of the author's recurring characters, the journalist Bartley Hubbard, who writes a piece about a self-made millionaire from Vermont who deals in paint. When he finds out that a local Bostonian dilettante, Tom Corey, has fallen in love with one of his daughters he decides to build a new house on Beacon Hill. FTP identify this 1885 novel about a man who loses all his wealth but regains his soul, written by William Dean Howells.
Output: Literature
The expression of this protein is partly controlled by the binding of NeuroD1 and Par1, and its secretion is inhibited by SIRT4, which ADP-ribosylates glutamate dehydrogenase. Artificial versions of it include Glargine and Lispro versions, and its structure consists of a central zinc ion coordinated to histidine residues in a hexamer. Originally extracted by Banting and Macleod, this hormone partly operates by upregulating the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. By up-regulating protein kinase B and PFK-2, this hormone promotes glycogen synthesis and opposes gluconeogenesis. Antagonistic to glucagon, FTP, name this peptide hormone secreted from the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans, responsible for lowering blood sugar.
Output: Science
A work about the tonality of this opera was written by Martin Chusid, who produced a recent critical edition of it. A solo cello and English horn back the lead character in Act II, which is soon thereafter ended by the cabaletta Si, vendetta, tremenda vendetta. Earlier, the aria Pari siamo points out similarities between two characters. A declaration of love in 3/8 Andante precedes an appearance by the courtier Borsa and one characters declaration that he is the poor student Gualtier Mald. Other male parts include the court usher, the knight Marullo, the Count Ceprano, and the hired assassin Sparafucile. With a libretto by Francesco Piave, FTP, name this 1851 opera based on the play Le Roi Samuse, which features the Duke of Mantua and the aria La donna e mobile as well as the title court jester.
Output: Fine Arts
This philosopher noted that the exclusion of lepers eventually transitioned to other exclusion rituals in an analogy of a ship of fools. His genealogy of knowledge is a direct allusion to Nietzsche's genealogy of morality. This thinker developed the concept of the medical gaze in his The Birth of the Clinic and argued that the conditions of discourse changed over time in The (*) Order of Things. This man analyzed Bentham's Panopticon in work,.and he developed the theory of biopower in his The Will to Knowledge. For ten points, name this French philosopher and author of Discipline and Punish.
Output: Social Science
Some avoid wearing articles of clothing made from leather on this holiday, and worshippers lightly beat their chests during one prayer said on this holiday. In addition to including a recitation of the Al Het prayer, a kittel is often worn on this holiday, and sex is forbidden on this holiday. This holiday ends with the Neilah prayer service, and it begins with the Kol Nidre prayer, which includes a request for permission to pray with those who have transgressed. For 10 points, name this Jewish day of atonement, which involves a day-long fast and is the namesake of a 1973 war between Egypt and Israel.
Output: Social Science
It has been used to synthesize such complex molecules as morphine, reserpine, and cortisone as well as other cyclic organic compounds. Take a substance containing two alternate double bonds and link it to a compound containing a pair of doubly or triply bonded carbon atoms. The two compounds will react to form a six-membered ring. In essence, it is the reaction of quinones with dienes and is also known as diene synthesis. FTP, give this reaction, named for the German scientists Otto and Kurt.
Output: Science
One serious drawback to this method is its high sensitivity, as it tends to produce many false positives in an unclean lab. Used diagnostically in some introductory lab courses for the purposes of determining the orientation of an inserted gene, it is also used in site-directed mutagenesis and in quantitative measurement of a specific mRNA in tissue. Cooling is necessary for rehybridization and for attachment of the primers to the original or newly synthesized DNA strands, but near-boiling temperatures will still not denature a certain enzyme of Thermus aquaticus, commonly known as Taq [TACK]. FTP, name this technique developed for large scale amplification of DNA, first proposed by Kary Mullis in 1983.
Output: Science
In a ten year span, he held eleven different cabinet posts, including Minister of Veterans and War Victims and Delegate to the Council of Europe. He allegedly falsified health reports to hide his fatal cancer for fifteen years. In his most powerful position, he appointed Edith Cresson as the first woman prime minister, a post earlier held under him by Pierre Mauroy and later by Edouard Balladur. During a period known as "cohabitation," this Socialist shared power with the prime minister later succeeded him as President, Jacques Chirac. For 10 points, name this President of France from 1981 to 1995.
Output: History
Tomasso Landolfi wrote a novel in which this man is married to a balloon doll named Caracas. In one story by this man a theology student is terrorized by a witch over whom he refuses to read last rites, which results in the summoning of the title gnome. He completely revised his first play three times, producing An Official's Morning, The Servants' Hall, and The Lawsuit. A better-known short story features a government clerk who loves the Chief of the Division's daughter Sophie and includes the improbable correspondences of Madgie and Fidele, two dogs. The machinations of Osip to exploit his master Ivan's case of mistaken identity in a small town is the subject of his best-known play, The Inspector General. Also known for a story about Akaky Akakievich's lost jacket and a novel about the collector Pavel Chichikov, FTP name this author of The Overcoat and Dead Souls.
Output: Literature
In one poem, this man tells readers not to "revile" a figure "who might/have lighted up and led his age," but was "fiend-goaded, down the endless dark." That poem was written in reaction to Daniel Webster's support of the Fugitive Slave Act. Another work by this poet of (*) "Ichabod" tells of how "Lee marched over the mountain-wall" into Frederick but was defied by a 90-year-old woman, who kept the American flag flying. This man described the sun cheerlessly rising on a brief December day only to give out at noon in a work subtitled a "A Winter Idyl." For 10 points, name this American poet of "Barbara Frietchie" and "Snow-Bound."
Output: Literature
One myth has it that he was a product of an orgy in which Penelope gave her sexual favors to all 129 suitors. Commonly said to be the son of Hermes and Dryops, his ugliness horrified his mother but when taken to Olympus he delighted all the gods, hence his name. He so loved his afternoon nap that if disturbed he would let loose a shout that inspired an intense fear and mental disorder named for him. FTP name this Greek god of shepherds, nature, and rustic revelry depicted as half-man and half-goat playing on his namesake pipes.
Output: Social Science
An ongoing debate concerns whether the outermost shell of this layer contains an anomalous ultra low-velocity zone. The boundary between this layer and the layer above it is home to a whispering-gallery mode called the SmKS mode. PKNP waves with N equals four and seven are multiply reflected when bouncing around this layer. The boundary between this layer and the layer above it refracts PKIKP waves. When they enter this layer, SKS and SKKS waves convert to P waves, and P-wave velocity increases smoothly with depth in this region. S wave velocity (*) drops to zero in this region, which lies immediately underneath the d-double prime layer of another region. Convection currents in which are the drivers in the dynamo theory of the Earth's magnetic field. For 10 points, name this 1400-mile thick layer of the earth bound from above by the Gutenberg discontinuity, which consisting of liquid iron and nickel.
Output: Science
This man designed a hotel named after the person who designed the street layout of Washington D.C. This creator of the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel designed a building whose glass windows kept falling off, his Hancock Tower. This main divided a trapezoidal plot into two triangles for his work on the National Gallery's [*] East Building. This man designed a cylindrical performance hall and overlapping pyramids for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. This architect was commissioned by Mitterrand to build a glass and steel object in front of a French museum. For 10 points, name this Chinese-American architect who designed the pyramid at the Louvre.
Output: Fine Arts