niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This monarch revived the 14th century custom of obtaining revenue from Forest Laws. His appointee for archbishop of Canterbury used the Court of the Star Chamber to chop off the ears of the author of Histriomastix; that author was the lawyer William Prynne. The state of Maryland was named after the wife of this monarch, who courted Maria Anna of Spain while still the Prince of Wales. He set a precedent by charging ship money from non-coastal cities. He appointed William Laud to one post and convened a body to fund the Bishops' Wars, thus ending a period of personal rule called "Eleven Years Tyranny." This man's advisors included the Duke of Buckingham, George Villiers. His supporters were forcibly ejected by Thomas Pride from the Long Parliament, a body he summoned. For 10 points, identify this monarch whose tyranny led to his execution during the English Civil War.
Output: History
In one of this man's stories, the main character dies of a stroke after a beating from the guard Nikita and debates Stoicism with Ivan Dimitrich Gromov. In that story, Dr. Andrey Yefimich is forced into his own mental institution. In another story by this author, Dmitri (*) Gurov has an affair with a young lady he meets while on vacation in Yalta. For 10 points, name this author of short stories like "Ward No. 6" and "The Lady with a Dog," who also wrote about Trigorin and Treplyov in The Seagull.
Output: Literature
In the opening battle of this war, artillery at Turtukai were used to push forces under PA Dannenburg from Oltenitza. Another battle began after Michael Gorchakov sent his generals a note reading, "Let's start it." That battle at the Chernaya was part of a larger siege during this war that included assaults on Alma, Inkerman and a fort called the Great Redan. Marechal Canrobert allied with Lord Raglan at another battle during this war which included an action called the "Thin Red Line." The battles of Balaclava and Sevastopol took place during, for 10 points, what war between Russia and a French-British-Ottoman alliance
Output: History
After a recitative in this opera, a solo chromatically descending line starting on G in the bass establishes G  minor as the key for one aria. The "Triumphing Dance" ends the first act, which is followed by a "Prelude for the Witches" to begin the second act that takes place in a cave where an elf is told to disguise himself as (*) Mercury; that disguised character convinces a man to leave with a group of sailors, which inspires a woman to kill herself. The aria "Ah! Belinda" appears in this opera, as does another with the lyrics, "remember me, but ah! forget my fate." This opera includes a famous example of ground bass and has a libretto by Nahum Tate. For 10 points, name this opera that includes "When I am laid in earth," the first title character's "Lament," which was written by Henry Purcell.
Output: Fine Arts
Projects such as ATLAS and CMS seek to find it, which based on electroweak observables, is expected to have an upper boundary mass of 219 GeV. This energy is within the range of energies generated by CERNs Large Hadron Collider when it becomes operational in 2007. The standard model, however, predicts its mass to lie between 130 and 190 GeV, which allows it to function on energy scales up to the Planck scale. As a scalar boson, it obeys Bose-Einstein statistics and has zero spin. This is, for 10 points, which particle first postulated in 1960s that is the quantum of the field that gives all particles mass.
Output: Science
At the finale of one of this composer's works, the chorus warns "Gird on thy sword, thou man of might!" Another of piece his was arranged by Arnold Schoenberg as the Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra, and another piece in that collection has a larghetto musette as its centerpiece. He's not Corelli, but 12 concerti grossi make up his opus (*) 6. This composer of the funeral anthem "The Ways of Zion do Mourn" included the song "Their Land brought forth frogs" in Israel in Egypt, and also wrote a piece in which Simon sings "Arm, arm ye brave" and the chorus sings "See, the conqu'ring hero comes." For 10 points, name this composer of Judas Maccabaeus who pioneered the English oratorio and included the "Hallelujah" Chorus in his Messiah.
Output: Fine Arts
A double analytic continuation of this type of solution reveals the "bubble of nothing" instability of the Kaluza-Klein vacuum, as discovered by Edward Witten. Recently, a correspondence between a chiral half of a two-dimensional conformal field theory and those of extremal Kerr type has been suggested. Above a minimum temperature, anti de Sitter space has a phase transition to a space containing one of these, as shown by Page and Hawking. They have entropy proportional to their area, and a temperature proportional to their surface gravity. Supermassive ones lie at the center of most or all galaxies. For 10 points, what are these objects in general relativity, discovered originally by Karl Schwarzschild, from which light does not escape
Output: Science
Samuel Taylor Coleridge declared its plot, along with those of Oedipus Rex and Tom Jones, to be one of the three most perfect in existence. Because of plague, Master Lovewit has left the city. His butler Jeremy, known as Face to his underworld friends, invites his cohorts to use Lovewit's unoccupied home as a base of operations for their rascally activities. Their victims include Dapper, Abel Drugger, and Tribulation Wholesome, who is searching for the philosopher's stone. Finally, their schemes are exposed by Pertinax Surly, friend to a would-be victim, Sir Epicure Mammon. FTP, name this 1610 Ben Jonson play which also featured the prostitute Doll Common and the swindler Subtle, who pretended to have the titular career.
Output: Literature
A Temptation of Saint Anthony produced in this country shows the title figure with three decreasingly sized heads stacked on top of each other, draped in an oversized white robe, and seated to the left of a river being poured from a large urn. A picture painted in this country shows three fiery-red figures with large ears sipping juices from pieces of fruit on a table in front of them. The Vegetarian Vampires was painted in this country, where another artist created Two Characters Attacked by Dogs on a massive piece of stone using the technique of Mixografia. Leonora Carrington lived the majority of her life in this country, which is home to an art museum called the Blue House. An artist from this country showed a woman falling through the sky and then lying in a puddle of blood on the sidewalk in the painting The Suicide of Dorothy Hale. For 10 points, name this country where Remedios Varo did much of her work, the birthplace of Rufino Tamayo and Frida Kahlo.
Output: Fine Arts
This poet asked ""when the ghost begins to quicken, ...is it sent out naked on the roads"" in his poem ""The Cold Heaven. "" He wrote about a place where he will have ""nine bean-rows"" and ""a hive for the honey-bee"" in a locale where he wishes to build a ""small cabin"" made ""of clay and wattles. "" In addition to penning ""The Lake Isle of (*) Innisfree,"" he wrote a poem in which ""things fall apart"" and ""the centre cannot hold. "" That poem is ""The Second Coming. "" For 10 points, name this Irish poet of ""Sailing to Byzantium. ""
Output: Literature
This composer called his second symphony a "requiem of wrath" because its third movement features the "Dies Irae" played on the strings at half-tempo and is partially based on the folk song "Brother Hunter" about a mother learning about her son's death. He notably used the flexatone in the "Andante con anima" movement of his piano concerto written in D-Flat Major, while his third symphony is written in only one movement and juxtaposes an organ with fifteen trumpets. His aforementioned second symphony is titled "A Bell" and he wrote suites based on Lope de Vega's The Valencian Widow and Lermontov's Masquerade. One of his best known pieces consists of quick alternations between major and minor sevenths and appears in a work featuring the "The Dance of the Pirates" and "The Dance of the Rose Maidens. " The daughter of Avanes witnesses the death of Giko and helps entrap a spy trying to steal geological secrets in his ballet about a collective farm, which he wrote a decade before Spartacus. For 10 points, name this composer whose ballet Gayane features the "Sabre Dance," who hails from Armenia.
Output: Fine Arts
His second wife Valetta Swan accompanied him on his trip to Mexico to study peasant markets and later helped to publish his notes as the volumes Foundations in Faith and Morals and Scientific Theory of Culture. During his time at the International African Institute where he met and wrote the introduction for his student Jomo Kenyatta, but he is best known for works like Sex and Repression in Savage Society, Coral Gardens and their Magic, and The Natives of Mailu. FTP identify this Polish anthropologist whose work in the Trobriand Islands resulted in his masterpiece Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
Output: Social Science
The title creature of one of this author's poems "knew the old no more" and inhabits an area described as having "irised ceiling rent, its sunless crypt unsealed." In another poem, he declared that "harpies of the shore shall pluck / the eagle of the sea!" In one poem, he described a creature who "left the past year's dwelling for the new" and "spread his lustrous coil." The narrator of a poem by this author looks to a "ship of pearl" and exhorts, "Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul!" Another poem by him begins, "Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!" and describes the USS Constitution. For 10 points, name this poet of "Old Ironsides" and "The Chambered Nautilus."
Output: Literature
Some of the victims of persecutions enacted by this man have come to be known as the martyrs of Madaura. This man served as quaestor on Sardinia after it briefly became a Senatorial province, aiding in a rapid ascent this man achieved thanks to skipping out while the Antonine Plague ravaged Roman bureaucracy. He secured a lasting peace with the Picts and secured control of the Empire after his opponent broke the German legions of Virius Lupus but fell to this man at (*) Lugdumum. Dio Cassius criticized this man's policy of expanding the army and offering them better pay, and after defeating Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus, this man became sole survivor after the Year of the Five Emperors. Taking control of Rome after the death of Didius Julianus, this man's rise to power began in the wake of the assassination of Pertinax. Notably born in Leptis Magna in Libya, FTP, identify this father of Caracalla and Geta, who founded a namesake dynasty of Roman Emperors which lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century.
Output: History
This country's waters are one of the habitats for the coelacanth, Fomboni is a chief town on the smallest of the islands that make up this nation, while Mount Karthala on the largest island is the nation's highest point. Because of the disputed the status of Mayotte, the main islands only include Mwali, Nzwani, and Ngazidja. FTP identify this nation found at the northern end of the Mozambique channel about 180 miles from the Eastern coast of Africa with its capital at Moroni.
Output: Social Science
In one myth this deity laid the egg that would become the world and his association with the equinoxes led to his epithet as the god of balance. His center of worship was at Khmunu and one of his wives, Seshat, was the inventor of writing. He carried the eye of Ra in his role as messenger, but is better known for weighing the hearts of the deceased in his role as judge of the dead. Often depicted as a baboon, he hid Horus from Set after the latter killed Osiris and returned Tefnut to Ra's fold. FTP name this Egyptian god of scribes, wisdom, and the moon, most commonly depicted with the head of an ibis.
Output: Social Science
At the request of Barbara Heck, Philip Embury delivered the first American sermon of this denomination in America in 1766. In 1784 Richard Whatcoat and Thomas Vesey were installed as Elders of this denomination for America and sent there from Ireland, along with the author of A Plan of the Society for the Establishment of Missions Among the Heathen, Thomas Coke, as Superintendent. Those three men then ordained Cokes fellow Superintendent, Francis Asbury. Beginning as a movement within the Church of England and retaining 25 of its 39 Articles, George Whitefield helped create, for 10 points, what church founded by Charles and John Wesley
Output: History
One portion of the first part of this work opens with the direction With sudden rapture and concludes with a 36-measure B-flat pedal-point reprise of the opening section. The finale of the first part features a boys choir joined by the full ensemble singing Gloria Patri, a motif featured again in the second part, which ends with a pianissimo build-up called The Sacred Feminine draws us up and another reprise of the main theme, Veni, Creator Spiritus. Following its composers Song of the Night, for 10 points, identify this 1906 E-flat major symphony of Gustav Mahler which is given its nickname due to its extremely large number of chorus and orchestra members.
Output: Fine Arts
The author of this work attacks the abstract language used by the Peripatetic school in chapter 10 of book 3, entitled "On the Abuse of Words. " This work identifies man's association of goblins and sprites with darkness as a root cause of the existence of madness in chapter 33 of book two. Also in Book two, called "On Ideas," the author distinguishes between "Primary" and "Secondary" qualities of objects and claims that all knowledge is derived from either sensation or reflection. FTP identify this work in four parts, a lengthy work by John Locke that should not be confused with similarly-titled works by Leibnitz and Hume.
Output: Social Science
One character created by this author runs his office by the motto, "Strictness, strictness, and again strictness!" Mrs. Podtochin is accused of witchcraft in another story by this man that opens with Ivan Yakovlevich finding an object that belongs to Major Kovalyov in a loaf of bread. He also wrote a story in which the Very Important Person is attacked by a ghost after the death of Akaky Akakievich. For 10 points, name this author of "Nevsky Prospect," "The Overcoat," and "The Nose."
Output: Literature
This man's daughter Theodosia mysteriously disappeared on the ship Patriot. This man was criticized in a letter penned by Charles Cooper to Philip Schuyler. In one campaign, this man lost a governorship to Morgan Lewis, who received support from the head of a rival party. This man founded the Bank of the Manhattan Company and helped start the political machine of the Tammany Society. In the election of 1800, this man tied Thomas Jefferson with 73 electoral votes, although the House of Representatives decided against him. This man was eventually betrayed by associate James Wilkinson and was arrested on charges of plotting to invade Spanish territories with a private army. For 10 points, name this Vice-President who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
Output: History
Ten years after its premiere, the composer made a piano arrangement of "three movements" from this work, including a "Russian Dance" and a piece set in the title character's room. The fourth scene features the "Dance of the Bear and the Peasant" as well as the "Dance of the Coachmen and Grooms. "  Scene one is set at the Shrovetide Fair, where a showman plays a flute to three characters. In scene three, the villain begins worshipping a cocoanut after he is unable to crack it with his scimitar. That villain, the Blackamoor, murders the title character because of their rivalry over the Ballerina, and in the end the title character's ghost appears above the theater. FTP, name this 1911 ballet by Igor Stravinsky about a puppet.
Output: Fine Arts
Its border with the Wirral Peninsula is formed by the river Dee, while other rivers include the Usk and the Afon Goch, which itself contains Aber Falls. The Gower peninsula and the Lliw uplands are found within its county of Swansea, while the Harlech dome is found in the foothills of the Snowdonia Range, which also contains this politys highest point, Mt. Snowdon. Other members of its Seven Wonders include the Overton Yew trees, St. Giles church in the city of Wrexham, and the falls of Pistyll Rhaeadr. For 10 points, identify this state of Great Britain whose inhabitants celebrate the eisteddfod, with capital at Cardiff.
Output: Social Science
One variety of this mineral occurs naturally from the metamorphism of dolomitic limestone. That variety of this mineral reacts with quartz to form enstatite. This mineral differs from quartz in that it cannot form from magmas rich in silica. Bina and Wood attribute a sharp increase in seismic velocity at 400km to this material's transformation to its spinel-structure. This mineral undergoes weathering most easily according to the Goldich dissolution series. Its iron-rich version is known as fayalite. These minerals form the majority of the Earth's upper mantle. It is located above pyroxene on the discontinuous branch of Bowen's reaction series, making it the highest-ranking member. For 10 points, name this magnesium-iron-silicate whose green gem form is called peridot.
Output: Science
Oddly named towns near its western border include Overflowing Bay and a place presumably named in tribute to the Boer War, Mafeking. Duck Mountain park contains its highest point, Baldy Mountain, and its official coat of arms is a St. George's Cross and a bison on a green shield, which is set next to a Union Jack against a red background on its flag. It is home to a lake where Black, Deer, and Hecla islands can be found near the town of Gimli and the source of the Nelson River, while its town of Brochet is on the east side of Reindeer Lake and York Factory and Churchill sit on its shore with Hudson Bay. The smallest territorial division of the Lake of the Woods is also found in this province which borders Minnesota and North Dakota. For ten points, name this home of Lake Winnipeg which lies between Ontario and Saskatchewan.
Output: Social Science
After his painting The Croquet Game received some notice, he went to study in France. Eight Bells is considered one of his realist masterpieces, while Prisoners from the Front is his most important war painting. Returning home from Europe, he crafted such homespun scenes as Snap the Whip and Long Branch, New Jersey. In the next decade he found his typical subject matter with works like The Life Line and Fog Warning. FTP, name this American painter of The Gulf Stream.
Output: Fine Arts
One story about this battle says that the baggage train of one side's rear force was attacked by a band of peasants led by three knights, who stole jewels and a crown, leading to a panic in which that side ordered the killing of all of its prisoners. Casualties on one side included Michael de la Pole and Edward of Norwich, while the Duke of Barabant arrived late from a christening party. The losing side's vanguard was commanded by the Marshal Boucicaut, Jean le Maingre, and was notably decimated by longbowmen in this contest which saw the Constable Charles d'Albret defeated on St. Crispin's Day. For 10 points, name this big victory for Henry V in 1415 during the Hundred Years War.
Output: History
At the end of the second act, Hafi tries to persuade the title character to accompany him to the Ganges. In the opening scene, the title character returns home to be told by Daya that his house had been on fire during his absence. This work has been called the "twelfth Anti-Goeze pamphlet," as it was written a few months after the author was forced to halt his controversy with Pastor Johann Goeze. The title character's adopted daughter Recha is rescued by a Templar who falls in love with her, but they turn out to be siblings. That Templar had been captured by the man who turns out to be his uncle, Saladin. It is in reply to Saladin's question about the true religion that the title character tells his parable of the three identical rings. FTP, name this play that was first performed in 1783, a work of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.
Output: Literature
The economy of this states rural northwest region boomed in 1950 when uranium was discovered at Grants. As early as 1922, this state had a female secretary of state, Soledad Chacon. A noted shootout in this state occurred after its denizen Oliver M. Lee was implicated in the disappearance of Albert Jennings Fountain. The Civil War campaign in this state culminated when an undermanned Confederate force under Henry Hopkins Sibley defeated E.R.S Canby at Valverde. One of its native peoples was forced to undergo the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo after the Treaty of Fort Sumner was signed in this state. This state was the home of the lavish mansion of the Secretary of the Interior during the Teapot Dome scandal, who was previously a senator from this state. For 10 points, name this home state of Albert Fall, whose capital is the oldest in the U.S., and is called Santa Fe.
Output: History
A depiction of this figure by Bartolommeo Bandinelli is housed in the Bargello and is referred to as the Cleopatra one. In the same building is Giambologna's bronze of this figure, which was inspired by another sculpture of him in the same room. That sculpture shows this figure with a faun sitting on a rock beneath his right hand and is one of the major works of Jacopo Sansovino. A huge depiction of him from the 2nd century AD which shows him with a panther was once housed in the Villa Ludovisi. Another depiction of this figure in the Bargello shows him holding a kylix in his right hand and a tiger skin in his left; that sculpture, which notably features a broken penis, was created in 1497 by Michelangelo. A better known sculpture shows this deity cradled in the left arm of another god. For 10 points, name this god who was depicted with Hermes as an infant in a sculpture by Praxiteles.
Output: Fine Arts
This writer borrowed Emile Benveniste's divide between the system of history represented by the aorist tense and the system of discourse in an essay that outlines the rise of the middle voice and questions the transitivity of a certain verb. Another of his works lays out a topos formed by the referential, symbolic, semic, proairetic, and hermeneutic codes. He may be best-known for an essay that claims that language "knows a subject, not a person" and advocates the advent of the "scriptor". For 10 points, name this structuralist who analyzed Balzac's "Sarrasine" in his S/Z and who claimed that "the birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author".
Output: Literature
This quantity changes the refractive index of a material in the Kerr Effect. It splits spectral lines in the Stark Effect. The product of it and the magnetic field is the Poynting Vector. Its divergence equals charge density over permittivity by Gauss's Law. Equal to charge over (*) radius squared, it is measured in volts per meter. For 10 points, name this vector field symbolized capital E.
Output: Science
Many examples of this relationship involve components that may be separated by reaction with tartaric acid. This relationship, first discovered between cyanic and fulminic acid, may emerge when steric effects prevent a compound from rotating around otherwise freely rotating bonds. (*) Tautomers are rapidly interconverting examples of one form of this relationship. Another example of this relationship occurs between cis and trans examples of the same alkene, a type of diastereomerism (die-ah-STARE-ee-AH-mer-ism). Another example of this relationship, called "constitutional," exists between tert- and n-butane. For 10 points, name this relationship describing molecules with different structural formulas but the same molecular formula.
Output: Science
The aria "Di provenza il mar" is sung by one character in this opera to comfort his son, whose love for the title character was first admitted to her by Gaston de Letorires in Act I. Later, the title character's new husband, the Baron Dauphol, becomes infuriated with the gambling successes of Giorgio Germont's son, who misunderstands the title character's warnings and storms off. Earlier, the duet "Libiamo" is sung at the opening party by Alfredo and the object of his affection, the titular courtesan. For 10 points, name this opera in which Violetta eventually dies of consumption, a work by Giuseppe Verdi.
Output: Fine Arts
This man's earlier works raise the notion that supposedly incontrovertible scientific discoveries are, in fact, the product of social and ethical structures. He would later explain the method that he used in three works based on this notion as based on discursive formations controlled by rules that define the boundaries of thought in a given time. In addition to the archeological method, explained in The Archaeology of Knowledge, this philosopher also used a method to trace the descent of systems of thought, the genealogical method, that he applied in a work about the history of prisons. Who is, for 10 points, this French philosopher and author of Discipline and Punish
Output: Social Science
One series of works by this composer features such titles as "Versatility" and "The New Classicism," those Satires were written four years before this composer's Folksongs for Chorus. A series of trills on one of the title instruments ends this composer's Fantasy for Violin and Piano. This man used a series of ascending fourths and descending minor seconds to symbolize the severity of the title figure in his Ode to Napoleon, while his final works, including A Survivor from Warsaw and Kol Nidre, reflected his Jewish heritage. This man, who composed a huge cantata for 140 players based on poems by Jens Peter Jacobsen, the Gurrelieder, discussed his ideas in such volumes as Theory of Harmony and used "Sprechstimme" in his song cycle about a clown. For 10 points, identify this creator of the 12 tone technique, the composer of Transfigured Night and Pierrot Lunaire.
Output: Fine Arts
A minor character in this novel has the last name "Gv," and another character sings the lines "by two oars guided," her "little barque. . slips. " The beauty of that character prompts the title character of this novel to note that "breeding in women, as in horses, is a great thing," who christens her "my Undine. " That occurs prior to the title character's departure for Gelenjik in the section "Taman," and his arrival in Pyatigorsk is followed by his brief reunion with his ex-lover Vera prior to his flirting with "Princess Mary. " Describing the title figure as a "portrait built up of all our generation's vices in full bloom," it is partly narrated by the staff-captain Maxim Maximytch. In a duel taking place on the edge of a cliff, the title character kills his friend Grushnitsky and falls from grace after Kazbich kidnaps his beloved Bela. For 10 points, name this superfluous man novel centering on the adventures of Grigoriy Pechorin by Mikhail Lermontov.
Output: Literature
Shortly before getting his Ph. D., one of this man's first projects was studying the Wishram and Takelma languages of southern Oregon. One of his earliest assignments by his mentor was studying the nearly extinct Yana language of northern California. This man obtained support for (*) Leonard Bloomfield to do his work on Algonquian languages, and like Bloomfield, also wrote a work called Language. It was while heading the anthropology department at Yale, however, that he and a student developed a theory about how language affects the way people think. FTP, name this student of Boas who worked on many native American languages and developed a namesake theory with Benjamin Whorf.
Output: Social Science
This chairperson of the Virginia Peace Convention died before he could take his seat in the Confederate House of Representatives, though he died before he could take his seat. Earlier, he had opposed Andrew Jacksons Force Bill and resigned his seat in the U.S. House during the nullification crisis. He may be better known, however, for his vetoes defeating the enactment of Henry Clays American System, creating a rift that destroyed the Whig Party. Despite putting down Dorr's Rebellion, he was not renominated in 1844. For 10 points, name this accidental president, who succeeded to office upon the death of William Henry Harrison.
Output: History
Images observed in 1996 found that this object emits two streams of polar winds which initiate a shock front dubbed a dancing sprite by scientists. In January 2003, Titans transit of it allowed astronomers to use this objects x-rays to measure that moons atmospheric thickness. Iosif Shkolvsky suggested that synchrotron radiation could be emerging from this remnant of SN 1054, a supernova discovered by Chinese astronomers. For 10 points, name this first member of the Messier catalog, a pulsar wind nebula found in Taurus and named for a crustacean.
Output: Science
This ruler's chief minister, Georg Heinrich von Gortz, became hated for debasing his nation's  currency through the issuing of copper tokens. This ruler manipulated the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III  into an unpopular war with Russia, therefore making himself the target of an uprising called the  "kalabalik." He was killed while besieging the fortress of Fredriksten, after which his army was  decimated by a brutal winter while making this ruler's namesake "Death March." After two early  victories, he forced (*) Frederick IV and Augustus the Strong to sign the Treaties of Travendal and  Altranstadt, respectively, but he is perhaps best known for a crushing defeat he suffered after allying  himself with the Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa. For 10 points, name this loser of the Battle of Poltava,  who ruled as King of Sweden for much of the Great Northern War.
Output: History
In the phase spaces of continuum Newtonian systems, transitions to this behavior occur at Hopf bifurcations. Important length and time scales for this phenomenon vary as the negative one-forth and negative one-half of the specific power dissipation; those scales and a one-thirds power law governing it in the mean are named for Kolmogorov. The Reynolds time-averaging theorem was created to allow valid physical laws in the presence of this behavior, in spite of its chaotic nature. FTP, name this type of flow which occurs in general at high values of the Reynolds number.
Output: Science
Among the "instruments" of torture on the right part of this work are a giant bagpipe, harp, and lute, and nude figures are devoured by cats, a giant rabbit, and insects. The other two panels are significantly cheerier, with the left panel depicting a nude male and female, as well as an older, robed male in the foreground, in front of a fanciful lake surrounded by animals including a giraffe, elephant and flock of birds. In the central panel, large groups of nude figures cavort with deer, goats, giant birds and enormous fruit. FTP, name this painting in the Prado in Spain, the most famous work by Hieronymus Bosch
Output: Fine Arts
As a result of this agreement, Mauritius Burdinus was arrested and imprisoned. One man who signed this agreement came to power after the death of Gelasius II, and the text of this agreement was preserved by Ekkehard of Aura. Burgundy and Italy were excepted from one provision of this agreement. This agreement distinguished between the lance and the ring, which symbolized two different kinds of power that would be officially granted by two different sides to this agreement. It was confirmed a year later at the First Lateran Council. For ten points, name this agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire, which ended the investiture controversy.
Output: History
The 2010 Tony Award for Best Play went to an author from this country who depicted Ken helping Mark Rothko paint the Four Seasons murals in Red. One author from this country collected such plays as Sure Thing and Words, Words, Words in his series All in the Timing, which also contains his Variations on the Death of Trotsky. This is the home country of John (*) Logan and David Ives. In one play by an author from this country, Don, Teach, and Bobby plan to steal a coin with a buffalo on it, and in another play, that author described the attempts of Ricky Roma and Shelley "The Machine" Levene to acquire real estate leads. For 10 points, name this home country of the author of Glengarry Glen Ross, David Mamet.
Output: Literature
The narrator of this poem mentions the tale of the murder in cold blood of four hundred and twelve young men after noting that not one escaped to tell the fall of the Alamo. In another section, a woman watches Twenty-eight young men bathe by the shore. In the sixth of this poems fifty two sections, the narrator suggests answers like the handkerchief of the lord to a childs query of What is the grass The narrator justifies the line very well then I contradict myself by declaring I am large, I contain multitudes. For 10 points, name this poem which opens with the line I celebrate myself, the longest poem Walt Whitman included in his Leaves of Grass.
Output: Literature
In one of this composer's ballets, a castle is hidden by vines for 100 years until Prince Desire kisses Princess Aurora. This composer of Sleeping Beauty included the Waltz of the Flowers and the Russian Trepak in another ballet, while his third ballet sees Von Rothbart turn Odette into the title (*) bird. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of the ballets Swan Lake and The Nutcracker.
Output: Fine Arts
This country's independence was opposed by the Wiriyamu Massacre and Operation Gordian Knot. The first president of this country was a former nurse, who signed the Nkomati Accord pleding not to support foreign opposition movements and was killed in a 1986 plane crash. A right-wing organization opposing the socialist government of this country drew support from such cities as the Beira port in Sofala province, was formed by Andr Matsangaissa, and laid down its arms in the 1990s following the Rome Accords. Since then, Afonso Dhlakama has led that group into the government, though this country's presidency has always been in the hands of a left-wing group founded by Eduardo Mondlane, which was later led by Samora Machel and Joaquim Chissano. The guerilla organization RENAMO opposed the governing FRELIMO group in, for 10 points, what country which achieved independence from Portugal in 1975 and is located on a namesake channel
Output: History
This city's walls were paid for with a ransom acquired by Leopold the Virtuous, and the constellation Scutum honors events at this city. It's not in France, but bakers in this city apocryphally invented the croissant during a battle. It was the site of a battle where the winning side utilized Polish "Winged Hussars" in one of the largest cavalry charges in history. Jan (*) III Sobieski led the Holy League in a battle near this city, after which Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed. That battle occurred over a hundred years after Suleiman the Magnificent's drive was stopped here. In 1529 and 1683, this city was twice the subject of failed conquest by the Ottoman Empire, stopping their expansion into Europe. For 10 points, name this city that became the capital of the Austrian Empire.
Output: History
The values of this property along certain lines are the semi-major axes of the Poinsot ellipse; the colatitude partial derivative of this quantity is zero along those lines, which are known as geometric principle axes. For planar translations, this property transforms by Steiner's theorem, which can be derived directly when one considers this quantity as a contravariant rank-two symmetric tensor. Its magnitude is equal to an object's area of gyration times its mass. For 10 points, identify the material property that is equal to the integral over a body of distance from an axis with respect to mass, is symbolized I, and is the rotational analogue of mass.
Output: Science
This mans The Orators was about the effects of hero-worship, and was written at around the same time as the verse drama The Dance of Death. Around this period, he also started a collaboration that produced such works as a work about self-destroying climber Michael Ransom, The Ascent of F6 as well as The Dog Beneath the Skin. Earlier, this man had written Paid on Both Sides, which combined content from Icelandic sagas with jokes about English schools. His interest in Iceland was continued in Letters from Iceland, while other works inspired by countries include Journey to a War and Spain. The latter was rewritten, along with September 1, 1939, which had been first published in 1940s Another Time, along with other poems such as Dover and Musee des Beaux Arts. FTP, name this poet who wrote Funeral Blues and collaborated with Christopher Isherwood.
Output: Literature
Unlike its partner, it does not change sign under spatial reflection, though it does change sign under time reflection, and its boundary conditions stipulate that its normal component must be continuous across a boundary between media. The great strength of this property for a neutron star results in the formation of two "hot sports" on its surface and is responsible for the short timescale of a neutron star's rotational damping. A spin will precess around an applied one, and an equation which states that it is divergence-free indicates that classically, its monopoles do not exist. FTP identify this physical quantity whose behavior is governed by such equations as Ampere's law, the dual of the electric field.
Output: Science
This thinker compiled a didactic set of essays on education and religion originally attributed to Lady Mary Wray. That work, The Ladies Library, preceded a piece on Mt. Vesuvius and a work with a Latin title analyzing the nature of motion. He expressed an interest in monetary reform in The Querist and in another essay penned the line, "Westward the course of empire takes its way. "In addition to criticizing the theory of fluxions, he argued against Malebranche's representationalist theories by positing that because we perceive objects, but can only immediately perceive ideas, it is virtually impossible for an object to exist outside of the mind. That idea, now known as "the master argument," was elaborated upon in a work written "in opposition to Skeptics and Atheists," as a supplement to his 1710 work Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. For 10 points, identify this Bishop of Cloyne who wrote The Analyst and Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous. 
Output: Social Science
He studied at the London School of Economics before returning to his homeland and founding the Convention People's Party in 1949 with the slogan "self government now. " He was imprisoned a year later but was elected to parliament while still in jail. He was released a year later and became virtual Prime Minister with the title "Leader of Business in the Assembly. " He was confirmed in office in 1956 but his regime was overthrown in 1966. FTP, name this leader, a promoter of Pan-African feeling and the first Prime Minister of Ghana.
Output: History
One work by this thinker posited that "collective effervescence" enables a tribe to ascribe power to a totem. This man argued that capitalist societies demanded more moral and economic regulation in order to maintain order than primitive societies in a work that contrasted organic and mechanical solidarity. Another work by him divides the titular action into four types, including caused by "relative normlesness" or alienation. For 10 points, name this French sociologist who coined the term anomie and wrote The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, The Division of Labor in Society and Suicide.
Output: Social Science
His father enlarged his kingdom at the expense of the Wendish chiefdoms, and built a line of forts that allowed this prince to win his most famous battle. Taking advantage of internal rivalries among the Lombards, he launched an invasion of Northern Italy to free the Lombard Queen Adelaide, whom he later married, claiming parts of Northern Italy as a dowry. Invading again in 960 at the behest of a besieged Pope John XII, the Pope rewarded him by crowning him emperor. FTP, name this Saxon king who repulsed a 955 Magyar invasion at the battle of Lechfeld, the first Holy Roman Emperor.
Output: History
Traditions of this event include the recitation of both the Talbiyah and a Niyyah, and participating in the Sa'ee of Safa and Marwah, while it concludes with the Tawaf al-Wada' prayer. A miqat is used to change into the clothing of Ihram during this event, though many of that state's restrictions are removed after a sacrifice on the Tenth of (*) Dhul. Al-Tamattu', al-Ifrad, and al-Qiran are three different ways of performing this obligation, though they each include ramy and Tawaf al-Ifadha: the stoning of a pillar representing the devil and the circling of the Kaaba. For 10 points, identify this pillar of Islam, a ritual pilgrimage to Mecca.
Output: Social Science
This figure was the subject of a murder plot by Giampolo Baglioni, whom he deposed along with Giovanni Bentivoglio. In his early career he was outmaneuvered by Ascanio Sforza and another man, prompting this figure to retaliate by convincing Charles VIII to invade Naples. He called on Duke Federigo to help subjugate Citta di Castello, while one effort to limit the power of this man saw a Synod at (*) Tours dictate that this ruler had no right to launch wars against foreign princes. Convening the Fifth Lateran Council, his best-known achievements occurred after negotiations with Louis XI and Maximillian, leading this successor of Pius III to acquire the territories of Rimini and Faenza from the Republic of Venice after forming the Holy League in the War of the League of Cambrai. FTP, identify this opponent of Alexander VI, the "warrior pope" whose patronage of Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo saw the creation of works like the Sistine ceiling.
Output: History
One type of motion at this location is called Slichter modes, and the existence of this location was first proposed by Inge Lehmann. The rotation of this region and its interaction with a region above it give rise to the dynamo theory, the idea that this region is responsible for the Earth's magnetic field, and this region is theorized to be solid despite its high temperature, because of the high pressure here. For 10 points, identify this deepest region of the Earth, located within a similarly-named ""outer"" region.
Output: Science
After losing a sledding competition, this deity became enemies with a snow goddess. Another of her enemies is a pig-god who was her former lover and who has the power to make solid rock into arable ground. This deity's father possessed a tiny shell which grew into an enormous ship if placed on the ocean. That father responded to this deity's seduction of her brother-in-law by exiling her from their homeland, after which she sailed with her brother, a shark god, to Hana. Once there, she was torn apart and transformed into a god who often appears as an old woman accompanied by a white dog. FTP, name this daughter of Kane Hoalani, a fire goddess who was said to live in Mount Kilauea.
Output: Social Science
MODERATOR NOTE: Poincare-[pwAN-ca-ray] Resigning as mayor and deputy after failing to mediate between the National Assembly and the Paris Commune, he engineered the downfall of the cabinet of Jules Ferry and also had a hand in the resignation of Maurice Rouvier. Imprisoned on account of an advertisement published in Le Travail, he was arrested, but began a new paper, Le Matin, upon his release. He was called upon by Raymond Poincare to form a government, and after convincing the Allies, he appointed Ferdinand Foch as the sole commander. FTP, identify this French leader who helped draw up the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I.
Output: History
A substitution creating a bond between this element and a ligand is used to determine the Tolman electronic parameter. This element's acetylacetonate is used to prepare a complex in which it is bound to two cyclo-octa-diene molecules, which serve as donors of its "zero" form. Using this metal as a catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch process tends to favor the formation of methane. It's not titanium or aluminum, but during the development of Ziegler- Natta catalysts it was discovered that impurities of this element stopped the reaction at 1-butene. The process used to purify this element creates its tetracarbonyl by adding a bunch of (*) carbon monoxide in one step. It's not palladium, but several catalysts for the Negishi and Kumada couplings use this element. The Mozingo process is catalyzed by this element, and that process involves the removal of a thioketal group after protecting a carbonyl. A catalyst containing an alloy of it and aluminum is activated by sodium hydroxide; that catalyst is used for hydrogenation and named for Raney. For 10 points, name this transition metal.
Output: Science
Created as a solution to the Entscheidungsproblem, this theoretical construct consists of a head and a tape. The head may or may not alter its internal state and may or may not overwrite a symbol on the tape. Depending on the input, the head performs an operation such as moving to the right or left or halting the tape. FTP name this device, the basis for modern computers.
Output: Science
Primary ones can be made from phthalimide anions without danger of overalkylation, a convenient synthesis discovered by Siegmund Gabriel. They can also be made by reducing alkyl azides via either catalytic hydrogenation or treatment with lithium aluminum hydride. They can be converted to alkenes via the Hoffmann elimination, or acylated to form amides. Most of their chemistry is due to the reactivity of a lone pair, which makes them function as bases, and the simplest one is ammonia. FTP, name this class of compounds characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom.
Output: Science
One character in this book admonishes that, even after thirty years of exile in the mountains, you will find that ""you do not know anything, you are nothing, and there is no punishment so terrible...that the corrupted flesh cannot tolerate it. "" After a bolt of lightning splits a tree in two, the main characters meet that man, the hermit Father Aubry, and his trusty dog. It's earlier revealed that the primary female is not the daughter of Simaghan, and instead her father is the elderly Lopez. Her companion is freed as he's about to be burnt at the stake during the Feast of the Dead. A painting of the burial scene in this book was created by Anne-Louis Girodet. The frame story of the book sees Chactas, the patriarch of the Natchez tribe, relate his adventure to Rene, who became the title character of the author's subsequent book. Subtitled as the ""Loves of Two Savages in the Desert,"" FTP, name this Romantic novella by the French writer Chateaubriand, titled for its central character, an Indian maiden.
Output: Literature
In one of this author's works, Edward chooses Rose Bradwardine over Flora Mac-Ivor after taking part in the Battle of Prestonpans, while in another work he wrote about Frank Osbaldistone's marriage to Diana and his various encounters with MacGregor. In addition to Waverly and (*) Rob Roy, this author wrote a work in which the Presbyterian Jeannie Deans travels to London, and in his most famous work, he wrote about a man who saves Jewess Rebecca from burning and gets Cedric the Saxon's permission to marry Rowena. For ten points, name this author of The Heart of Midlothian and Ivanhoe.
Output: Literature
During the Trojan War, the Greeks brought his bones to Troy because of a prophecy that only by doing so could they conquer the city. The grandson of Zeus and son of Tantalus, he was cut up, stewed, and served to the gods. He was saved and re-assembled except for his shoulder, which had been partially eaten by Demeter, and which was replaced with a shoulder of pure ivory. FTP, name this king, whose name was given to the southern area of Greece containing the cities of Sparta and Olympia.
Output: History