niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This person was attacked in a "Letter... to a Friend," in which Giovanni Caroli questioned his claims. The Piagnoni formed to preserve the memory of this thinker, who wrote Infelix ego, a meditation on Pslam 51, shortly before his death. His Compendium of Revelations contains his dichotomy of prophecies and images of a black cross above Rome and a gold cross above Jerusalem. He supported the invasion of Florence by Charles VIII, but was excommunicated for defying Pope Alexander VI. FTP, name this Dominican friar and reformer, who led the 1497 "Bonfire of the Vanities. "
Output: History
This person wrote "Nobody can advise you and help you. Go into yourself. confess to yourself   whether you would have to die if you were forbidden to write." At the advice of Rodin [roh-daan], this  poet spent time at a zoo and produced a poem about an animal that "paces in cramped circles, over   and over". Another of his poems ends with the exhortation "You must change your life." He wrote a  collection of ten works while staying at a castle near Trieste. That collection begins "Who, if I cried  out, would hear me among the Angelic Orders". This poet of "The Panther" and "Archaic Torso of  Apollo" had his writings to Franz Xaver Kappus published as Letters to a Young Poet. Identify this  German poet of The Duino Elegies.
Output: History
Charles Taylor has written two books about this philosopher, one of which considers him "and modern society," and he was also the subject of Herbert Marcuse's Reason and Revolution. Walter Kaufmann's "reinterpretation" of his work argues that he was strongly influenced by Goethe and Schiller and dismisses the view that he thought that Germany was the culmination of world history, a position others have read into his Philosophy of Right. FTP, name this thinker who wrote The Phenomenology of Spirit, whose notion of the dialectic proved highly influential.
Output: Social Science
Edmund Whites The Beautiful Room is Empty takes its name from a letter this man wrote to Milena Jesenska. One of his stories discusses the mythic belief in the Chinese empire in small towns, The Great Wall of China, while another concerns a man who dies in the Black Forest but is left on Earth by the pilot of his death ship, The Hunter Gracchus. More famous are a story where an ape finds a way out onto the variety stage and one where an unnamed officer shows an explorer a Harrow that cuts the name of a criminals crime into his skin, and then must lie in it himself. FTP, name this author of Report to an Academy and In the Penal Colony, as well as The Trial.
Output: Literature
The results of this experimentwere confirmed by the Trouton-Noble experiment. One participant in this experiment continued to work with Dayton Miller in an attempt to achieve a different result, while the result in this experiment was a failure to detect any significant fringe shift after light passed through an (*) interferometer. Such a shift would have provided evidence for a medium in which light travels, a theory which was therefore debunked by this experiment. For 10 points, name this experiment that disproved the existence of the luminiferous aether.
Output: Science
As an infant he was saved from death by his mother Polymede, who pretended that he had been stillborn to spare him from his usurping uncle. Raised in a wilderness cave by the centaur Chiron, he became the pawn of Hera, who held a grudge against his uncle Pelias. After bearing Hera in the guise of a mysterious woman across a river, he undertook his most famous task, which was to journey to Colchis to retrieve a possession of King Aeetes. FTP, name this hero who searched for the Golden Fleece as captain of the Argonauts.
Output: Social Science
Lake Hvz, the largest thermal lake in the world and a tourist destination noted for its curative properties, is located in this country. Its highest point is Kkes in the Mtra range, but most of the country consists of plains and hills. The largest lake of central Europe, Lake Balaton, is located in this country. The Ipoly River flows along this countrys border with Slovakia, and the Drava River forms most of its border with Croatia. However, its largest river is the Danube, which flows through its capital. This is, for ten points, what Eastern European country with capital at Budapest
Output: Social Science
An enzyme in the ADAT family is needed for the synthesis of these molecules, and their attachment is catalyzed by the hydrolysis of a GTP molecule attached to the EF-Tu protein. Robert Holleys 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine came in part due to his discovery of the structure of these molecules, which contain several nonstandard bases like inosine and pseudouridine. Their L-shaped structure allows them to fit into P and A sites, and the wobble hypothesis accounts for the extra amino acids that may be carried by the roughly 40 different types of these molecules. FTP, name these small chains of nucleotides that add an amino acid attached to their anticodon region to a polypeptide chain at a ribosome, usually drawn with a cloverleaf structure.
Output: Science
This emperor began the custom of donatavum, a cash bonus to soldiers which became increasingly cumbersome later on. The only primary source on this man is a work by Philo Judaeus that recounts an embassy of Jerusalemites which tried to persuade him to intervene in a religious dispute with pagans. This leader was told that he had as much chance of becoming emperor as he did of crossing the bay and keeping his feet dry, so he created a floating causeway of boats. When audience members booed him for a poor gladiator show, this emperor had their tongues cut out and then fed them to the lions. This emperor once threw a party for Incitatus, presenting him with paintings to hang in his marble bedroom. He also appointed Incitatus, a horse, to the Senate. for 10 points, name this son of Agrippina the Elder who preceded Claudius as Roman emperor.
Output: History
Home to the last Barbary Macaque population in the whole of Europe, it joined the EU in 1973, but is a continuing source of diplomatic rows between two of its member states, also because of its role as an international tax haven. Its current status dates back to the 1713 treaty of Utrecht. During the Second World War, the German army devised the Operation Felix to capture this site that acted as an important and strategic British garrison and stronghold, but abandoned it subsequently. Its name is supposed to be derived from Arabic, meaning mountain of Tariq, and in Greco-roman mythology, it was known as one of the Pillars of Hercules. FTP, what is this site, famous for its rock, controlling the entry to the Mediterranean
Output: History
Employers and unions in this country made the Wassenaar Agreement in 1982, leading to a political   consensus called the Polder model that was criticized by Pim Fortuyn until he was assassinated. During World War Two, the Nazis stopped food shipments in this country, causing the Hunger Winter.  Part of a kingdom that includes Aruba, Curacao, and Sint Maarten, this country considers its first  king to be William the First of Orange, and it was recently headed by Queen Beatrix. During the  1830s, Belgium separated from this country. Name this country often referred to as Holland.
Output: History
In certain regions, one equivalent of this festival is celebrated by performing the thabal chongba dance; that version of this festival is called Yaosang. One group celebrates this holiday with three days of displays of physical strength and mock battles and a procession beginning and ending at the Takth Keshgarh Sahib. Pictures of gods are swung around to the time of special song cycles in the Dol-yatra, which is a Bengali variation of this festival, and other reasons to celebrate this festival include the death of the sister of Hiranyakashipu, who tried to get her to help kill his son Prahlada. It takes place during the full moon in Phalguna, and it is best remembered for its association with Krishna's love for Radha. For 10 points, name this holiday which sees people throw colored powder at each other, a Hindu spring festival.
Output: Social Science
nation was defeated at Koh Chang by the French. Khana Ratsadon led a bloodless revolution in this nation, one kingdom in which compiled the Dharmashastra. A kingdom in this nation succeeded the Kingdom of Hiran and was founded by Mangrai. This nation, once home to the kingdom of Lanna, was the site of a capital founded by General Taksin at Thonburi. The collapse of the Ayutthaya in this nation preceded the ascent of the Chakri dynasty of Rama I. It was invaded by Japan during World War II to access the Malay Peninsula. It was once dominated by the monarchs of Burma. For 10 points, name this nation, once known as Siam, whose capital is Bangkok.
Output: History
One of these which performs an important action only when writing data to disk is used in the Reiser4 file system and is known as a dancing one. The Day-Stout-Warren algorithm runs in linear time when operating on these objects, of which the radix variety is used to store sets of strings. The tasks of spatial searching and the storage of database information usually use the R and B varieties respectively, while types known as scapegoat, splay, red-black, and AVL are all self-balancing and binary. For ten points, identify these directed acyclic graphs, a type of data structure which consists of nodes that each have one parent and possibly many children.
Output: Science
During this man's reign, Archbishop Alphege was taken hostage during an invasion. This monarch issued the Edicts of Enham and Bath to promote nationwide fasting. His ascendance to the throne was aided by Elfrida's murder of his half-brother, and this king's reign was characterized by turbulence with a certain group, culminating in the St. Brice's Day Massacre. After this man's death and the short reign of his son Edmund Ironsides, the throne would not return to the kingdom of Wessex until Edward the Confessor in 1042. For 10 points, name this Anglo-Saxon king whose unfortunate nickname signified that he was poorly counseled, not unprepared.
Output: History
A king of this name was the older brother of Hugh of Vermandois and was nicknamed "the Amorous." Along with his son, Charles, the Count of Valois, a king of this name faced off against Peter III in the Aragonese Crusade. Another king of this name was advised by Guillaume de Nogaret and lost to the Flemish at the Battle of the Golden Spurs. The last French king of this name had his navy destroyed at the Battle of Sluys. The second French king of this name was the last King of the Franks, and defeated the Angevins at the Battle of Bouvines. The Avignon papacy began due to the conflict between Boniface VIII and the fourth French king of this name, who suppressed the Knights Templar. For 10 points, give this name shared by six French kings, the fourth of whom was nicknamed "the Fair."
Output: History
region was home to Port Famine, a city founded by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. This region was divided by the Boundary Treaty of 1881. The Yaghan were early inhabitants of this region, whose major cities include Puerto Williams, Porvenir, and Punta Arenas. Jemmy Button, a native of this region, was taken along with three others by Robert FitzRoy upon his 1830 voyage here. This archipelago includes Isla Navarino, which is close to Cape Horn. Its largest city, and the capital of half of this region, is Ushuaia. For 10 points, name this region that is divided between Argentina and Chile, named for the Spanish for "land of fire. "
Output: Social Science
parents, James and Lady Charlotte, want her to marry the wealthy Roger Solmes, but she refuses. For 15 points, name this virtuous woman who dies after Robert Lovelace rapes her, the title character of a Samuel Richardson epistolary novel
Output: Literature
One of these creatures named Hylonome committed suicide when her husband Cyllarus was killed in a\n battle. Along with fairies, this creatures were said to inhabit the Foloi Oak Forest. A pair of these figures\n named Hylaeus and Rhaecus attempted to rape Atalanta but were killed by Meleager. A group of these\n creatures beat Caeneus into the ground using stones, and a group of them were killed by a certain hero after\n one of them named Pholus offered wine. At the wedding of Pelops and Hippodamia, these creatures fought\n against their rivals, the Lapiths. These creatures were the product of the union of Ixion and Nephele.\n Deianeira took a shirt and dipped it into the blood of one of these creatures named Nessus, which caused\n Heracles great agony when he wore it. For 10 points, name these wise creatures from Greek Mythology\n which were half-human half-horse.
Output: Social Science
In the Noyori [3+2] reaction, a compound containing two atoms of this element and nine carbonyl groups is used to generate cyclopentadienones. In some bacteria, a specific type of chelating agent known as a siderophore complexes with ions of this element, and its levels in the blood can be assayed by measuring FR5RI. Mohr's salt contains a central atom of this element, and seven atoms of it are found in every molecule of Prussian blue. Pauson and Kealy found this element coordinated to two cyclopentadiene molecules in the first example of a metallocene, and catalase contains four atoms of it coordinated to a certain tetrapyrrole. FTP, name this metal, which is found coordinated to porphyrin in myoglobin and hemoglobin.
Output: Science
This philosopher wrote an unpublished work about the manifestation of sexuality in Christian confessions. This thinker used the example of Apollo denying his rape of Creusa in Euripedes' Ion as an example of parrhesia, or truthful speech, in his lectures collected as Fearless Speech. He discussed the presence of a series of Xs [exes] in the opening of a work that explores the origins of the humanities and the concept of representation from Descartes to Kant. This thinker used the ship of fools as a central symbol in one work, and considered Velasquez's Las Meninas in the first chapter of his The Order of Things. This philosopher analyzed power systems used to control abnormal individuals through hierarchical observation, judgment based on social norms, and examination in a work that idealized Bentham's Panopticon. For 10 points, name this French thinker who wrote Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality.
Output: Social Science
Hyperplasia in this organ is associated with myasthenia gravis, while aplasia of it results from failure of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches to develop and is known as DiGeorge syndrome. Keratinized cells called Hassalls corpuscles are found in its medulla, and dendritic cells at its corticomedullary junction recognize self-reactive cells. Epithelial cells in its cortex express MHC molecules that allow for positive selection. Found posterior to the manubrium of the sternum, this pyramid-shaped organ reaches its maximum size at puberty. For 10 points, identify this lymphoid organ, the site of T cell development.
Output: Science
Catherine J. Golden discussed the differing meanings of asterisks in this story. The narrator of this story always looks out the window for the first ray of sunlight, but notices a pattern of bars under any light at night. This story was inspired by the an interaction with (*) Weir Mitchell, who forbade writing. The narrator speaks her own name for the first time while crawling over her knocked-out husband. The protagonist convinces Jennie to leave her in the nursery to free a shadowy woman from the title material, much to the dismay of John. For 10 points, name this short story about the depressed Jane, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman.
Output: Literature
In 1918, he was legal counsel to the US delegation to the Versailles conference, which also included his uncle, Secretary of State Robert Lansing. He engineered the CENTO alliance in Asia and instigated the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala. He always carried a copy of Problems with Leninism, and he famously said that The United States does not have friends, it only has interests, and opposed containment in favor of a more aggressive rollback strategy. For 10 points, name this career diplomat, Eisenhowers Secretary of State after Dean Acheson and older brother to CIA director Allen.
Output: History
A recurring character named Sganarelle appears in this author's version of Don Juan. In the deux ex machina concluding one of his plays, Anselme explains that he really is Don Thomas d'Alburci, and survived a shipwreck with his daughter Marianne. A character created by this author hides under a table to see if a "holy man" will start flirting with his wife. This author died while playing Argan, a hypochondriac, in a performance of his play The Imaginary Invalid. This man's patron, Louis XIV, makes a guest appearance in this author's work titled for a religious hypocrite. For 10 points, name this author of The Miser and Tartuffe, a comic French playwright.
Output: Literature
One of this author's works features a main character who ages thirty-six years over three centuries and undergoes a sex change halfway through. This author of Orlando also wrote a book which includes the suicide of shell-shocked Septimus Smith, while another examines the plight of a hypothetical "Judith (*) Shakespeare." For 10 points, name this author of Mrs. Dalloway who wrote that "a woman must have money" and the title abode "if she is to write fiction" in A Room Of One's Own.
Output: Literature
The Sorbonne is the university of this city, which is divided into twenty arrondissements. This city is the site of a monument built to commemorate victory at the Battle of Austerlitz, the Arc de Triomphe. Notre Dame cathedral is located in this city on the Seine River, where tourists may also visit the Eiffel Tower. For 10 points, name this capital of France.
Output: Fine Arts
The rule of a dynasty in this modern-day country was interrupted for more than sixty years by a revolt started by the Mac family. Christoforo Borri observed the dynamic in this country between two rival ruling families, which both agreed to a 100-year truce in 1673. Both of those families in this country were defeated a little over a century later in a rebellion started by three brothers. The Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes developed this country's Latin-based script. A dynasty in this country was ended by the Tay Son rebellion. During China's Han Dynasty, Ma Yuan defeated an uprising in this country led by the Trung sisters. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian country where Bao Dai served as the final emperor of the French-supported Nguyen Dynasty.
Output: History
The composer of this piece revised its finale in 1899 to include an extra 100 bars of music and a part for organ. One movement in this piece, marked Romanza: Moderato, quotes from Mendelssohn's Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage Overture. Another movement features a solo part for viola that imitates a student's string-crossing exercise, while another portrays an architect's incompetent efforts at playing the piano, and yet another containing a cello solo is dedicated to Basil G. Nevinson, who premiered its composer's Cello Concerto. Most famous for an Adagio depicting the composer's friend Augustus Jaeger titled "Nimrod", for 10 points, this is what group of portraits which contains a mysterious "hidden theme", by Edward Elgar.
Output: Fine Arts
This ruler came to power after grand pensionary Johan de Witt and his brother were executed by a lynchmob, ending the Act of Seclusion that had barred him from power since the death of his namesake father. Some of his military exploits included capturing Bonn from the elector of Cologne, and forcing the English into signing the second treaty of Westminster. He would build the Het Loo palace, and with the aid of emperor Leopold I, he'd force the French into signing the treaties of Nijmegen. Partly due to his longtime mistress Elizabeth Villiers, he was invited by a group called the "Immortal Seven"; a refusal to swear oath to his rule resulted in the Glencoe Massacre. That rule would be recognized by the French in the Peace of Ryswick, ending the War of the Grand Alliance. FTP, name this victor at the Battle of the Boyne, a Dutch stadtholder who became king of England after the Glorious Revolution.
Output: History
Along with Burton Wheeler, he co-sponsored an act which put the federal government at the head of railroad reorganization, and also headed the group that exposed production deficiencies and graft in the lead-up to World War II, the Special Committee Investigating National Defense. His Attorney General wrote the majority opinion in Mapp v. Ohio as well as School District of Abington v. Schempp. In a famous speech, he stated that the United States must support free people fighting (*) subjugation against either armed minorities or external pressures, which led to aid being sent to Greece and Turkey. For 10 points, identify this figure the predecessor to Dwight Eisenhower as President of the United States.
Output: History
His belief that the ethical spirit attempts to relieve the pain of others only because it sees all pain as its own is the subject of his The Basis of Morality. He defined frustration as the stubbornness that results when the intellect is displaced by the determination of spirit in a series of Essays of Parerga and Paralipomena. The root of his belief is the choice that man must make between a boring or painful existence, guided by a variety of the Kantian "thing-in-itself. "  FTP, name this philosopher of pessimism, who expounded his original thesis in The World as Will and Idea.
Output: Social Science
Theories that do not include this substance include John Moffat's theory that G over c holds constant over time but neither quantity does individually and one proposed by Bekenstein called TeVeS. Its presence explains the formation of stellar structure through the Jeans instability. It may be accounted for by certain leptons with the opposite helicity from experimental prediction, called "sterile. " One model of this substance suffers from the "cuspy halo problem" and cannot explain the lack of many satellite galaxies a thousandth the size of the Milky Way. One hypothesized example of this substance is the Nambu-Goldstone boson that results from spontaneously broken Peccei-Quinn symmetry; that particle accounts for the theta-bar term in strong CP violation and is called the axion. Its baryonic forms include brown dwarfs and MACHOs. For 10 points, name this hypothetical substance postulated by Fritz Zwicky, which is classified based on its speed as hot, warm, or cold and is detectable only by its gravitational effects, not by emitted radiation.
Output: Science
W. V. O. Quine's essay "Epistemology Naturalized" contrasts Hume's language theories with those of this philosopher, who emphasized the importance of paraphrasis, or contextual definition, and translating whole sentences containing abstract terms to show the meaning of the terms without identifying corresponding objects. In addition to that "theory of fictions", this philosopher distinguished between positive and negative acts and attacked theories of natural rights for relying on normative principles. His first book addressed Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, and another work by this philosopher contrasts social and hedonic calculations of the aggregate and individual forms of a quantity central to his "greatest happiness principle". FTP, name this philosopher who wrote A Fragment on Government and An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, the founder of utilitarianism.
Output: Social Science
One author from this country wrote a novel which opens with the assassination of a sleeping man by Chen Ta Erh and chronicles a revolt led by Kyo Gisors. In another novel from this country, Leon Robinson is met in an African trading post and at a Ford plant in Detroit by Ferdinand Bardamu. The authors of Man's Fate and Journey to the (*) End of Night are from this country. A plesiosaur battle and an emergence from Stromboli figure in a novel by an author from this country who also wrote a novel in which a black flag is planted at the South Pole by a man who captures the harpooner Ned Land and Professor Pierre Arronax aboard the Nautilus. For 10 points, name this birthplace of Andre Malraux, Louis-Ferdinand Celine, and Jules Verne.
Output: Literature
In some myths he is the grandson of Gerreindour the Giant, while in others his grandfather is Aegir. Through his intervention Thrall, Karl, and Jarl were born and went on to differentiate the races of men. Because of his shining, golden teeth he is also called Gullintani. He lives in the hall of Himinbjorg and rides the powerful horse Gulltop. At Ragnarok he and Loki will kill each other, so apparently his great hearing and vision can not save him. FTP, name this Norse god who blows Gjallerhorn to announce Ragnarok and who is the guardian of Bifrost, the rainbow bridge.
Output: Social Science
Veronese changed the title of his Last Supper to Feast in the House of Levi after he was told to replace one of these with Mary Magdalene. Two flowers, two pens, and some sheet music lay by another one of these at the bottom left of the portrait of Madame de Pompadour by Francois Boucher. The periodic motion of a woman's feet and one of these can be found in a painting by Giacomo Balla titled the Dynamism of one of these, and another one of this animal is curled up at the foot of the bed as a woman rummages through a chest in the background in Titian's Venus of Urbino. For 10 points, a series of sixteen paintings by C. M. Coolidge depicts what animals playing poker
Output: Fine Arts
In one work he claimed that the problem with philosophy was the attempt by philosophers to divroce language from its context. That work, the Blue Book, served as notes for another work which considered the thought experiment of a "beetle in a box" and another concerning a "duckrabbit" to investigate the possibility of (*) private language. His most famous work is a series of logical propositions that build upon themselves, ending with "Of what we cannot speak, we must pass over in silence," and beginning with "the world is everything that is the case." For 10 points, name this German-British ordinary language philosopher, a logical positivist who wrote Philosophical Investigations and Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
Output: Social Science
One side in this war used its outbreak as an excuse to execute political prisoners in the Bodo League Massacre. An army in this war launched the Second Phase Offensive, resulting in the longest retreat in US military history, made possible due to the heroics of the Turkish Brigade. A long stalemate during this war included the bloody battles of Heartbreak Ridge and (*) Pork Chop Hill. Another theater of this war pitted the F-86 Sabre against the MiG-15 in airspace above the Yalu River. Peng Duhai led Chinese forces in this war, in which Douglas MacArthur ordered the landing at Inchon before being replaced by Matthew Ridgway. For 10 points, name this war fought between US-led UN forces against the northern part of a divided Asian peninsula.
Output: History
Alexander Calders Ordinary is located outside of this structure, which lies across from the Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill-designed Lever House. The shear trusses and shear walls of this building extend to the 29th and 17th floors of it respectively. This building has three specified positions for window blinds, which its architect included to maintain uniformity. Mark Rothko was going to create displeasing art for the Four Seasons Restaurant in this International Style building. For 10 points, name this structure designed by Johnson and Mies van der Rohe.
Output: Fine Arts
One of these objects is framed on the left by five roundels depicting Christ's life and on the right by five roundels depicting Christ's death and resurrection. That object symbolizes God's omniscience. Another one of these features Edward James's backside in Not to be Reproduced, and a bored woman serving drinks stands in front of one of these items in a Manet painting. Another shows Mariana and Philip IV, who pose for a painting as their young daughter and her attendants watch. Often held by nude Venuses, they appear in the background of A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, Las Meninas and The Arnolfini Wedding. For 10 points, name these objects used to paint self-portraits.
Output: Fine Arts
He outsmarted his brother Karttikeya to marry Buddhi and Siddhi, personifications of wisdom and prudence. He is usually shown carrying a mace, discus, shell, and water lily, and he was the scribe to whom Vyasa dictated the Mahabharata. He rides a rat, and one version of how he got his most distinctive feature involves his uncle Sani just looking at him, while another version has him guarding the bath of his mother Parvati and angering his father Shiva. For 10 points, name this Hindu god, the remover of obstacles who had his head replaced by that of an elephant.
Output: Social Science
Some Catholics celebrate it following mass under the alternate name of Shigmo, and those belonging to the Banjara tribe mark it by a series of specialized dances. Among the legends associated with it are the murder of a woman who possessed poisonous breast milk, the evil Pootana, and the chasing away of the demon Dhundi. It is typically celebrated on the full moon day, or Poornima, in the month of Phalgun and is characterized by consumption of the drink thandai [thun-DYE] laced with bhang [bung], a form of cannabis. It chiefly commemorates the devoutness of Prahlad, the love of Rati and Kami, and the worship of Krishna. FTP, name this Indian spring festival characterized by large bonfires and people throwing colored powders and water on each other.
Output: Social Science
This man once vetoed a bill to appropriate funds for drought-stricken Texas farmers by saying "federal aidencourages the expectations of paternal care. " He used the slogan "Public office is a public trust," and as President, had to deal with such incidents as a march on Washington led by Jacob Coxey. During this man's presidency, he also sent in the army to deal with a strike led by Eugene V. Debs, and this man signed both the Interstate Commerce Act and the Dawes Act. For 10 points, identify this President who defeated both James G. Blaine and Benjamin Harrison to win two nonconsecutive terms.
Output: History
Late in his reign, this emperor constructed a secret central police force headed by Count Pergen, who also designed the education system under him. Around the same time, in a very sickly condition, this emperor commanded an army that famously confused the word Halt! for Allah! on the eve of battle, resulting in his infantry attacking his cavalry, firing shots in a drunken stupor. His first wife Isabella of Parma died of smallpox long before that blunder in the Battle of Karansebes. His quarrels with Pope Pius VI originated when he attempted to dissolve all contemplative monasteries in his kingdom, though hes better known for issuing the Patent of Religious Toleration and edicts on freedom of the press. For 10 points, name this emperor who also abolished serfdom after succeeding Maria Theresa as Holy Roman Emperor.
Output: History
One slogan during this war was "remember Majuba Hill". The Battle of Colenso occurred during Black Week before Lord Roberts took command, and the later founder of the Boy Scouts, Robert Baden-Powell, defended Mafeking during this war. The Jameson Raid helped lead to this war, and Lord Kitchener used a scorched earth policy to combat the guerrila warfare of Generals Jan Smuts and Louis Botha. Ending the independence of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, For 10 points, name this war between the namesake farmers of Dutch descent and the British in South Africa.
Output: History
In one of this author's stories, a woman dies of pneumonia and sees a vision of a gigantic parrot, and in another, the title character saves the Emperor of Occitania from the Caliph of Cordova and is taken up to heaven by Jesus posing as a leper. One of his works, inspired by a trip to Carthage, recounts the love of Matho for the title priestess. In one work, Frederic Moreau pines for the older Madame Arnoux but ultimately rejects her, and in this author's best-known novel the title character swallows arsenic after having affairs with Rodolphe and Lon. Famous for such works as Salammbo and A Simple Heart, for ten points, name this author of The Sentimental Education and Madame Bovary.
Output: Literature
The title character of one of this man's novels was raised in the house of his godfather Mayakin and often goes drinking with his childhood friend, a satirical journalist named Ezhoff. That title character is confined to an insane asylum after he gives a long speech revealing the misdeeds of the rich businessmen in attendance. Another of his novels sees the hunchbacked Nikita attempt to become a monk, at which he eventually fails, leading him to hang out with the revolutionary Tikhon Vialov. In that novel by this man, Ilya appears in the town of Dromov and builds a linen factory, which is eventually taken over by his son Pyotr. This author of Foma Gordeyev wrote a play, which ends with the Actor hanging himself after losing the support of the optimistic Luka. That play is set in a flophouse owned by Vasilissa, who has an affair with Pepel, and her husband Kostilyoff. For 10 points, identify this proponent of socialist realism, the Russian author of The Artamanov Business and The Lower Depths.
Output: Literature
In one essay by this man, he described the difficulty of formulating what he termed "parallelistic hypotheses". In that same essay, this man wrote about the influence of Pillsbury and called for a "functionalist" psychology. In one experiment by this psychologist, rats accustomed to running a certain distance in a maze began to crash into the walls when the corridor was shortened. Another more controversial experiment by this man involved striking a steel bar whenever the test subject touched a white rat, thus creating a fear of things that looked or felt like white rats. For 10 points, name this psychologist who wrote Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,conducted the Kerplunk experiment and the Little Albert experiment, and who coined the term "behaviorism".
Output: Social Science
One swimmer from this country won the women's 50 and 100 metre freestyle events at the 2012 Olympics, Ranomi Kromowidjojo. A gymnast from this country performed a Cassina-Kovacs-Kolman combination to win this country's first gymnastics Olympic gold medal. One sportsman from this country beat MaliVai Washington in 1996 to end Peter Sampras' three-year winning streak at Wimbledon. Two of the people who have won the Ballon D'Or three times are from this country. For 10 points, name this home country of Epke Zonderland, Richard Krajicek, and Johan Cruyuff.
Output: History
This quantity is increased by a factor of one plus the negative gain of the amplifier in the Miller effect. A type of component will have this form of reactance above its resonant frequency when displaying its "parasitic" type. Calculation of it for an arbitrary shape is accomplished by solving Laplace's equation with a constant potential along a conductor's surface. This quantity's inverse is elastance, and it is additive in series. For one type of device, it is inversely related to the distance between two plates, and in general, it equals charge over voltage. For 10 points, name this measure of the ability to store charge, measured in farads.
Output: Science
Marlowe called him "the Scythian Shepherd", but he was actually a Tartar born in Turkestan. After gaining the throne in 1369, he proceeded to beat the living snot out of Afghanistan, Persia, India, and Asia Minor. He sacked Delhi, conquered Baghdad, captured Damascus, pushed into Egypt, and died of fever before he could subdue China. All this in the space of 36 years. FTP identify this descendant of Genghis Khan who apparently lost the athletic prowess he had in his youth.
Output: History
One work by this artist features the title figure working at her profession intently in a yellow dress, next to a blue cushion in the foreground. In addition to The Lacemaker, another one of his works features the title locale with a woman seen churning butter in an alley and another woman sewing in a doorway, The Little Street. Some speculate that he used a camera obscura for the precision of his painting and his pointille technique, evidence such as the detailed map in the background of Officer and a Laughing Girl and the intricate proportions seen in View of Delft. For 10 points, identify this Dutch painter whose most famous painting is The Girl with the Pearl Earring.
Output: Fine Arts
This man dealt with a troublesome guerrilla force in Kwilu by inviting its leader, Pierre Mulele, to a formal negotiation and then pulling off various parts of Mulele over the course of a day. The Popular Movement of the Revolution promulgated this man's doctrine of "nationalism", "revolution", and "authenticity" in the Manifesto of N'Sele. He faced two conflicts centered around the Shaba province, and rose to supreme power after his major rival and predecessor was captured and executed, likely with the aid of nefarious CIA operative Sydney Gottlieb. This predecessor of Laurent-Desire Kabila deposed the government of Joseph Kasavubu, forced Moise Tshombe to flee Katanga, and benefited from the aforementioned murder of Patrice Lumumba. For 10 points, identify this African strongman who weathered the Congo Crisis to become the President of Zaire.
Output: History
Divination based on the movement of an image of this deity occurred in the sanctuary of Atargatis in Hierapolis Bambyce. This god turned Clytia into a sunflower after that woman betrayed this figure's lover to her father Orchamus. Zephyrus jealously blew a discus thrown by this god into the head of his lover Hyacinthus, killing the latter. This god was forced to serve as Admetuss shepherd after avenging the death of his son Asclepius. His rejection by Cassandra led him to curse that prophetess never to be believed. This god surrendered his stolen cows to Hermes in exchange for the lyre, and he and his twin sister killed the fourteen children of Niobe. For 10 points, identify this son of Zeus and Leto and twin to Artemis, the Greek god of light and music.
Output: Social Science
Laplaces rule may be used to compute a version of this quantity for its namesake tensor in order to prove the Alon-Tarsi conjecture for Latin squares of even order; that proof uses Cayleys version of this operator. The Cauchy-Binet rule generalizes it to commutative rings, while Leibnizs formula uses permutations of elements to compute it. Setting to zero the result of this operation on lambda I minus A allows us to calculate As eigenvalues. Cramers rule uses ratios of these to solve systems of linear equations. For ten points, name this quantity that is a d minus c b for a 2 by 2 matrix a b c d.
Output: Science
In an article about this musician in Time Magazine, his first publicity campaign was described as "the Abominable Snowman caged by Blue Note Records. Other of his albums include "Underground" and "Brilliant Corners," an album featuring Max Roach on drums and timpani on such tracks as "Ba-lue Bolivar Ba-lues-are. " On this man's most famous album, Charlie Rouse's tenor saxophone is showcased on "Locomotive" and the Duke Ellington-penned "I Didn't Know About You. " This man's namesake quartet included John Coltrane and performed at the Five Spot Caf. His other charts include "Crepuscle with Nellie" and "Epistrophy. " A proponent of funny hats, for 10 points, name this hard bop pianist best known for his "Straight, No Chaser" and "'Round Midnight. "  
Output: Fine Arts
One of this man's theories was supported by the discovery that Hittite contained forms in which distinct reflexes of the laryngeals are recorded, and he explained how the vowel alternations of a came about in his first work, Memoir on the Original System of Vowels in the Indo-European Languages. He is noted for his terms langue, or regularities and patterns in speech, and parole, or actual acts of speech. The work he is most famous for is often considered the foundation for structural linguistics, though Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye actually published it. FTP name this Swiss linguist whose lecture notes and other materials were posthumously turned into the seminal Course in General Linguistics.
Output: Social Science
This thinker described the monumental, antiquarian, and critical methods of using history for life in one work. He claimed that conceptions of good and evil arose from ressentiment of slaves in one work, and in another, the "Parable of the Madman" appears alongside a formulation of eternal recurrence. This author of On the(*) Genealogy of Morals and The Gay Science discussed the importance of people creating values for themselves to become Ubermenschen in Thus Spoke Zarathustra. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who coined the phrase "God is dead."
Output: Social Science
author wrote the short poem "You fit into me / like a hook into an eye / a fish hook / an open eye. " In one of her novels, Moira removes a metal lever from a toilet and passes it off as a knife in order to steal Aunt Elizabeth's clothes. In another novel, the newly engaged Marian finds herself completely unable to eat until she bakes a woman-shaped cake for her fianc. This author of The (*) Edible Woman described a novel written by Iris Chase, but initially attributed to her sister Laura, who committed suicide after World War II. This author also wrote about Snowman, who recalls the genetic engineering of a docile race of humans by one of the title characters. For 10 points, identify this author of The Blind Assassin, Oryx and Crake, and The Handmaid's Tale.
Output: Literature
In the aria Mal reggendo, one character in this opera relates how a strange voice stopped his hand from killing his opponent in a duel in Act 1. The arias Di due figli and Abbietta zingara are used by one character to narrate a ghost story to a gathering which is dispersed by the ringing of a bell. In Prima che d'altri vivere, the protagonist bids farewell to his lover after she poisons herself. After the first act in which Ferrando conjures the image of a baby burnt alive on a pyre, Chi del gitano i giorni abbella, or the Anvil Chorus, is sung by a group of gypsies. After the death of Leonora, the mother of Azucena is avenged when Count di Luna orders the execution of the title character Manrico. FTP, name this opera by Giuseppe Verdi.
Output: Fine Arts
One alternative to this reaction uses diorganochromium and is named for Takai, while one variant is further modified by using KHMDS and is named for Still. The ability of one intermediate to interconvert is called stereochemical drift, and one modification uses a sulfur-containing compound in order to create epoxides. In addition to the Corey-Chaykovsky reaction, and ester version of this reaction was developed by Horner, Wadsworth, and Emmons, while the erythro betaine can be converted to the threo version using phenyllithium in a version named for Schlosser. The formation of an oxaphosphetane drives, FTP, this reaction which uses a phosphonium ylide to create alkenes from carbonyls, named for a German.
Output: Science
Martin Orans has recently published a critique of this work, and the opening chapter extols the virtues of studying developmental psychology as a means of studying cultures. The eighth chapter of this work discusses the role of the dance in its titular culture, while the amauga custom is also studied in this work in the context of strengthening society as a whole. Some of the interviews in this book are given by Chief Tufele, while others are given by Lola, Fala, Mala, who lived on Tau island. This work was notably critiqued on the grounds of pre-acculturation by Derek Freeman, who alleged that its subjects gave false answers to interview questions posed by its author, which may have included the suggestion that masturbation was universal and homosexual activity was widespread. For ten points, identify this work about growing up on a certain Pacific island, a work by Margaret Mead.
Output: Social Science
A character in this play adopts the name Astrea while working for a princess who assigns her the task of discovering the identity of a woman in a nobleman's locket. A soldier in this play recognizes his daughter, whom he thinks is a boy, through the sword he gave to her mother Violante. This play begins when a character traveling with Clarin in the mountains loses her horse, leading her to venture to a tower by foot. In this play Rosaura is raped by Astolfo, who makes an alliance with Estrella to succeed King Basilio as rulers of Poland. For 10 points, name this play by Pedro Calderon de la Barca about the imprisoned Prince Sigismund's realization that existence is an ephemeral illusion.20.
Output: Literature
This thinker wrote that assertive utterances are distinguished by an assertoric force. In the same essay, he claimed that the question of truth pertains only to thoughts, which belong to a third realm besides the realm of matter and ideas. This thinker argued that words only have meaning in the context of a proposition. He introduced the axiom that the value-ranges of two functions are identical if and only if for any object, they map it to the same value. This philosopher explained the difference between identity statements of the form a=a and a=b in "On Sense and Reference." He also showed that Hume's principle could be used to derive all five Peano axioms. Bertrand Russell showed that this philosopher's "Basic Law V" leads to Russell's Paradox. For 10 points, name this German logician who wrote Begriffsschrift and The Foundations of Arithmetic.
Output: Social Science
Carnegie Corporation head John Gardner was tapped to lead this large-scale effort, one of the effects of which was to increase the ratio of the income of Blacks to that of Whites from 54 to 60 percent by the time its promulgator left office. It included the creation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and included the rapid creation of 32 national parks as well as Clean Air Act and laws on vehicle emissions. Its cultural achievements include the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. First enunciated at a 1964 speech at the University of Michigan, its cornerstones included the Voting Rights Act and the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. FTP what was the name for this ambitious legislative program enacted under Lyndon Johnson
Output: History
This building exhibits a four-leaf clover shape, with a large central dome flanked by smaller semi-domes. The central worship area features the four famous "elephant foot" pillars, each over 20 feet in diameter. When construction began in 1609, some objected to its six minarets because it was unholy to rival the mosque at Mecca, though its namesake Sultan insisted on keeping them. FTP, name this imposing mosque in Istanbul, whose nickname comes from the 20,000 colorful Iznik tiles decorating its interior.
Output: Social Science
George Wigg was responsible for revealing it, and it led to the suicide of Dr. Stephen Ward. Alledgedly triggered during a party at the house of Viscount Astor, it is often mentioned as a major factor behind the election loss of Alec Douglas-Home. Alfred Denning led the official investigation into it, and it saw Yevgueni Ivanov being recalled in the aftermath. The then cabinet secretary, Sir Norman Brook, supposedly ended it based on MI5 evidence that Christine Keeler's association with Ivanov led to a potential intelligence threat, as Ivanov was using Keeler to get access to government secrets. Revealed in 1963 and a major thrill for the tabloids, FTP, what is this British political affair, named after Harold MacMillan's Secretary of State for War
Output: History