niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
A toccata in D minor by this composer starts with the repetition of the note D, interchanged between the right and left hand. His second symphony consists of minor key first movement followed by a set of variations, which was based on the structure of Beethoven's last piano sonata. One suite by this composer consisted of portions such as "March" and "The Prince and the Princess" and was taken from his opera, The Love for Three Oranges. Many of his works were in praise of Stalin and the Soviet Union, including a series of mass songs featuring a Hail to Stalin, as well as Cantata for the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution, and the score to the Sergei Eistenstein's propagandistic allegory, Alexander Nevsky. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Peter and the Wolf.
Output: Fine Arts
This ruler was protected by the Bond of Association, which authorized the execution of anyone who attempted to usurp the throne. That document was drawn up by William Cecil and the man who helped foil the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, Francis Walshingham. This ruler defeated the Earl of Tyrone's Irish revolt in the Nine Years War, and her forces defeated the Spanish Armada, which was attempting to restore Catholic rule to her country. For 10 points, name this "Virgin Queen" of England.
Output: History
This country is home to the Mentawai Islands, as well as to a volcano which in 1815 had the largest\n eruption of modern times and led to the "Year Without a Summer." Major cities in this home of Mount\n Tambora include Medan, Surabaya, and Bandung. The Kalimantan provinces of this country are bordered\n by the Celebes Sea. This country controls both the Sunda and Madura straits. This country's Banda Aceh\n region was the site of an earthquake on Boxing Day in 2004, which created a massive tsunami. For 10\n points, name this most populous Muslim country, whose islands include Sumatra and Java.
Output: Social Science
This thinker's early work was focused on natural philosophy and includes a self-described unsuccessful attempt to mediate between Cartesian and Leibnizian theories of physical force as well four essays on earthquakes and winds. Besides writing, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces, this philosopher asserts that the laws of nature and the laws of human conduct are compatible precisely because they are both products of human thought in his last work, The Conflict of the Faculties. His work on religion includes an essay ridiculing metaphysical theories as the fantasies of the Swedish Theosophist Emmanuel Swedenborg whom this author calls a "Spirit Seer," and rejects both the ontological argument and the argument from design in The Only Possible Argument. For 10 points, name this philosopher who answered the question "What is Enlightenment," and rejects the supposed right to lie due to philanthropic concerns in a supplement to his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals.
Output: Social Science
Chaumpfery, one of the few critics to initially praise this painting, claims that the traces of wine in the red faces of some figures provide an uplifting tone. A man whose eyes are obscured by a black hat exchanges gazes with a child in a red skullcap in this work, whose alternate title calls it a "Painting of Human Figures. " One figure has a Black 'X' marked on his robe, while a nearby child carries a brass vessel. A white hat lies strewn on the ground, while a black and white dog turns its head to our right. A priest stands next to two men in red robes, as another man at kneels before the big hole in the center. FTP, identify this painting of a funeral at the artist's hometown, the first great masterpiece of Gustave Courbet.
Output: Fine Arts
Extant classes of this phylum of animals include Crinoidea and Stelleroidea. They have a simple nervous system consisting of nerve rings, a rudimentary circulatory system, and no brain, and movement is achieved using a rounded muscular sac called an ampulla. Unique in their posession of a water vascular system and tube feet, their spiny skin gives them their name, and many of them have pentaradial symmetry. FTP, name this phylum which includes sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and starfish.
Output: Science
Minor characters in this work include Romola Martin and Adore Loomis, a neighborhood brat. The main character is described as man with a "whole set of personalities, one inside the other like a nest of Chinese boxes. " One character paints an apocalyptic scene containing the middle-class Midwestern immigrants who "have come to California to die" and hosts a cockfight in his garage, and the painter of "The Burning of Los Angeles" gets into a fight over who will dance with Fay Greener. Following Todd Hackett and Homer Simpson, it labels its Hollywood setting "Caliphonia. " For 10 points, name this novel by Nathanael West.
Output: Literature
According to local legend, Jacob Waltz established the Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine near this state's\n Superstition Mountains. Brigham Young's son John built Fort Moroni on this state's San Francisco Peak,\n which includes its highest point, Humphreys Peak. This state's northern border straddles Monument\n Valley, where John Ford filmed many of his movies. Its largest cities include Chandler and Scottsdale, and\n it is home to the Big Horn Mountains and Sonoran Desert. The Colorado River forms this state's most\n notable feature. For 10 points, name this home of the Grand Canyon.
Output: Social Science
Aleksandr Benckendorff was charged with hunting them down, and many had been members of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare. Five of them were officially executed including Pavel Pestel who organized the Southern Society and the poet Kondraty Ryelev who hoped that his Northern faction's refusal to support Nicholas I's ascension would spark an uprising that would leave Prince Trubestkoy as dictator. FTP identify this mostly upper-class group of Russian revolutionaries whose 1825 rebellion failed and who are named for the month in which their aborted operations took place.
Output: History
According to Maryanoff and Reitz, interconversion of reaction adducts in this reaction results in stereochemical drift. A triply eponymous alternative to this reaction uses the products of the Arbuzov reaction. This chemical reaction is used in the production of Vitamin A1 by BASF. In a similar reaction to this one, a beta-hydroxysilane undergoes an elimination; that reaction is named for Peterson. That previous alternative is named for Emmons, Wadsworth and Horner. Using a phenyl lithium deprotonating agent allows interconversion of erythreo to threo betaine in the Schlosser modification of this reaction. This reaction can preferentially produce Z-alkenes and its intermediate is an oxophosphetane. For 10 points, name this reaction in which aldehydes or ketones are reacted with a phosphonium ylide.
Output: Science
At this play's conclusion a character known simply as "The Officer", a proxy for the nation's monarch, is used as a dues ex machina. In act Three, one character in this work is able to escape punishment, in spite of the informed eavesdropper Damis hiding under a table, by calling himself "a guilty man". That title character, who is arranged to be wed to Mariane, uses the trust in him placed by the head of household to take a strongbox of incriminating letters and leverage it in an attempt to seize Orgon's estate. For ten points, this is what play about a pseudo-religious hypocrite, one of the best know plays of Moliere
Output: Literature
One battle in this war saw the Earl of Pembroke fail to stand his ground while waiting for reinforcements under the command of the Earl of Devon. That engagement, the Battle of Edgecote Moor, was a resounding victory for Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, who was known as the ""kingmaker. "" That battle occurred several years after Warwick had helped Edward IV secure power, partially due to Edward's victory at Towton. Concluding with the Battle of Bosworth Field, this is, for 10 points, what war that pitted the houses of York and Lancaster against each other and is named for a flower
Output: History
The Treaty of Versailles barred any final settlement with Germany until this artwork was returned. Two statues of different saints named John are shown in grisaille at the bottom of it, while the Desis at the top shows a Last Judgment scene. Large nudes of Adam and Eve are prominent on the inside, while it shows the Annunciation when closed. Commissioned by Joos Vijd for what is now the Cathedral of St. Bavo, a poem on its frame credits this work to "Hubert," a brother of its more traditionally ascribed painter. FTP, name this Northern Renaissance masterpiece found in a Flemish cathedral and created by Jan van Eyck.
Output: Fine Arts
One sect of this religion derives its teachings from the Saheb-e-Dilan, who are believed to reside near Mount Damavand. The Ahuna Vairya is a sacred hymn of this religion that should be recited upon entering a house, according to the Denkard. Members of this religion are initiated through the navjote ceremony, after which they must wear the Sedreh and Kushti. This religion's Book of Arda Viraf describes the journey of Viraf, who is guided through the afterlife by the angel (*) Adar after crossing the Chinvat bridge. An important text of this religion is the Qissa-i Sanjan, which ends with refugees settling in Gujarat and establishing a Fire Temple. This religion's teachings describe the conflict between Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu, and its primary sacred texts are collected in the Avesta. For 10 points, name this Persian religion founded by a namesake prophet.
Output: Social Science
This event occurred primarily in the Sichuan region; about 50 years later, the related Nien arose in Shandong. The funds intended for the suppression of this rebellion were embezzled by Ho-shen, and soon after his removal, the prosecution began in earnest. The organization behind this insurgency originated in the 1200's, and to motivate the populace, they promised the return of the Maitreya Buddha at the conclusion of their rebellion, which began to be crushed around 1799. For 10 points, identify this rebellion against the Qing dynasty, ended in 1804, which was symbolized by the flower used as a symbol by its backing religious sect.
Output: History
In this novel, the protagonist commits crimes with Jack Duane and works for the corrupt Mike Scully. Later, he goes to jail after attacking Phil Connor, who had slept with his wife Ona. The end of this novel focuses on a socialist rally whose speaker chants, ""Chicago will be ours! "" The protagonist of this novel is a Lithuanian immigrant named Jurgis Rudkus. And the outcry from this novel was largely responsible for the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. For 10 points, name this Upton Sinclair novel known for its graphic depictions of Chicago slaughterhouses.
Output: Literature
The Wigner D-matrix satisfies a number of differential properties if space-fixed operators of this quantity are introduced and the summation of this quantity can be governed by using Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. In quantum mechanics, the spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of this quantity and they obey a commutation relation equal to I times h-bar times this quantity in the mutually (*) orthogonal direction. The time derivative of this quantity is equal to torque and its conservation is demonstrated in Kepler's Second Law. Planck's constant has the dimensions of, FTP, what conserved quantity symbolized L and defined as the cross product of a position vector and linear momentum.
Output: Science
This work claims that "Self-commentary, self-ridicule, and self-admonition are logically condemned to eternal penultimacy," in the section titled, "The Systematic Elusiveness of the I'. " In Daniel Dennett's introduction, he describes zombie banks that people believe have created a substance called anti-cash, which like anti-matter destroys cash to maintain balance sheets, as an analogy to this work's central target described in, "The Absurdity of the Official Position. " Someone watching the march of a division, being provided a University tour, or watching a game of cricket to understand team-spirit are all examples that this work uses to illustrate a principle concept. The author uses the example of the "Hamlet of the ring" in order to show how the boxer is appraised in the light of his performance, that is, in the delivery of blows, and not in the eloquent rejection of propositions about blows, in, "Knowing How and Knowing That. " Written by the author of Dilemmas and Plato's Progress, for 10 points, name this 1949 work of philosophy, which described the "the dogma of the Ghost in the Machine," and the "category mistake," in regard to Cartesian dualism by Gilbert Ryle.
Output: Social Science
This quantity remains constant in a Joule-Thomson process. The van't Hoff equation relates the derivative of the natural log of the equilibrium constant to the change in this quantity, and Gibbs free energy equals this quantity minus the product of temperature and entropy. The change in this quantity can be found by subtracting the (*) heats of formation of the reactants from those of the products, since the change is independent of the reaction path according to Hess's Law. For ten points, identify this thermodynamic quantity, equal to internal energy plus pressure times volume, and symbolized H.
Output: Science
artist gave his doctor a roundel in which a haloed Mary leans into a railing while holding an infant Christ. He sculpted putti blowing horns and celebrating around a severed head in the bas relief of the pedestal of his sculpture Judith and Holofernes. This artist of the "Chellini Madonna" has another of his sculptures housed inside a niche made by Perfetto di Giovanni and Albizzo di Pietro; that sculpture of (*) St. Mark was initially rejected by a linen guild and rests outside the Orsanmichele. He brought back the genre of life-size equestrians with his depiction of Erasmo of Narni titled Gattamelata, and he sculpted another man holding a sword and standing on Goliath's head. For 10 points, name this Italian Renaissance sculptor known for his bronze effeminate David.
Output: Fine Arts
During this war, Lord Raglan defeated Menshikov at the battles of Inkerman and Alma. The Black Sea fleet won the naval battle at Sinope during this conflict. Gorchkov, one of this war's commanders, invaded the Danubian provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia. Military medical care became more sanitary during this war under the direction of Florence Nightingale. The Battle of Balaclava and the Siege of Sebastopol took place during this war. For 10 points, name this war fought between the Russians and the Allied French and British over religious territory in the Ottoman empire.
Output: History
He claimed that technology could not improve man's barbarism, calling the technology centers, the cities, the "deserts of souls. "  His only financial success was Austrians and Turks in Hungary: The Life  of Carafa, but his first major work was "On the Method of Studies of Our Time. "  Shortly thereafter he condensed his theories into the text Universal Law, which was reworked and reprinted in 1725 as Scienza Nuova. FTP, name this man who divided history cyclically into an age of the gods, an age of heroes, and one of men - an Italian philosopher of the early Enlightenment.
Output: Social Science
Its tenth ruler ordered that solar temples and houses for acllas be built in Tumi Pampa, Hatun Colla, and Charcas. Originating in the village of Pagari-tampu, it extended its influence under Yupanqui, and the earliest date that can be assigned to its timeline is 1438, when Pachacuti Yupanqui usurped the throne from his brother Urcon. Under its eighth ruler, Viracocha, it first instituted its policy of establishing permanent garrisons among the conquered, which included such peoples as the Chacanas, the Chimu, and the Quechua. The death of Huayna Capac resulted in civil war between Huascar and his brother, and this empire collapsed when its last emperor was captured at Cajamarca. FTP, name this South American empire whose last ruler was Atahualpa and which was destroyed by Francisco Pizarro.
Output: History
One movement of this work depicts a scene from the ballet Trilby and is followed by a depiction of a conversation between Two Jews: Rich and Poor. In one movement in this work, the alto saxophone is played above a continuous bass, evoking a troubadours song in front of The Old Castle. 16th note tremolos are found in its ninth movement, inspired by a drawing of a large clock in the shape of Baba Yagas Hut on Fowls Legs. Orchestrated by Ravel, this piece ends with a two-part rondo depicting The Great Gate of Kiev. For 10 points, name this piano work originally composed by Modest Mussorgsky, a setting of various Viktor Hartmann artworks.
Output: Fine Arts
This deity descended upon Tollan with spider webs and hurled a blast of such cold wind that the townspeople were advised to go to Anahuac. Disguising himself as Toueyo, he stood naked outside the king of Tollan's, Uemac's, palace pretending to sell peppers in order to sleep with the king's daughter, and he also defeated his brother in the ball court by pouncing on him as a jaguar and chasing him around town. He once also seduced the wife of the god Xochipilli, the goddess of flowers Xochiquetzal, and he was honored at the festival of the Teotleco. Usually depicted carrying an atlatl and a mirror-shield that gave off smoke and killed his enemies, for ten points, name this Mesoamerican deity, the brother of Quetzalcoatl
Output: Social Science
One of this mans essays claims the field he was a professor in had the task of disappearance, while another essay considers the leafy nature of leaves. We Philologists and On Truth and Lies in a Non-Moral Sense were both published posthumously, along with a collection of notes compiled by this mans sister following this philosophers mental breakdown. Another question asked by this thinker is Why am I so smart in his Ecce Homo. Famous for the doctrine of eternal recurrence and the Apollonian/Dionysian split, as well as the concept of an Ubermensch, for ten points, identify this philosopher, author of The Anti-Christ and Beyond Good and Evil.
Output: Social Science
His apprenticeship featured plein-air works such as Morning, while History shows an older man and a young boy sitting under the shade of an oak tree. The Day After depicts a woman sleeping next to abandoned liquor bottles, while his Madonna offers herself to the viewer as she stands next to an embryo. His self portraits include one "between a clock and a bed" and one "in hell. " It was in Berlin that he began a 22 painting cycle that he would title The Frieze of Life, as well as complete his most celebrated pictures including Puberty and Vampire. His most famous work depicts an orange and red sky in the background as a bald man on a bridge holds his head and emits the titular shout. FTP, name this Norwegian artist of The Scream.
Output: Fine Arts
This figure claimed that God was the inspiration for all human knowledge in his book On the Trinity. This man fought against a group of heretics who condemned sexual immorality but claimed sexual urges were natural and God-given. One book by this man asserts that we must reject pacifism in the face of grave harm and introduces a "just war" as an appropriate response. That book by this man contrasts the worldly society of (*) pagans with the title place. This strident anti-Pelagian was commanded by a child's voice to "take and read", which led him to fully embrace the teachings of Ambrose of Milan. This author of City of God described how his mother, Monica, urged him to abandon Manichaeism in an autobiography that details his conversion to Christianity. For 10 points, name this North African Church Doctor who wrote Confessions.
Output: Social Science
In a Fermi fluid, this property is equivalent to Fermi energy at absolute zero, while it is identically zero for a conservative system of phonons. Diffusion may be understood as the action of its gradient, which is known as the chemical force. For each component of a system, it is defined as partial derivative of the system's free energy with respect to that component's particle number, so the equilibrium condition is that its sum over all components vanishes. FTP, name this energetic thermodynamic quantity, symbolized  and useful for deriving the law of mass action.
Output: Science
On a lower shelf is a book of arithmetic, two Lutheran hymn books, and a lute with a broken string which some believe signifies religious strife in the painter's homeland. Symbolizing mortality, what appears to be a distorted skull protrudes into the foreground. Leaning on the upper shelf, next to some cartographical instruments and maps are George de Selve, Bishop of Lavaur and Jean de Dinteville two French men who are, FTP, what envoys to the Pope and England respectively, the title of a work by Hans Holbein the Younger
Output: Fine Arts
One of this authors stories consists of a womans letter to her abusive husband relating a dream about the titular blemish on her back. One of his novels finds a man recalling his life as he sleeps next to six titular virgins, and in another novel a young war veteran beats up his mistress in an attempt to force an abortion. Uragami reports on a match between Shusai and Otake in The Master of Go, but better-known is a novel about an affair between the businessman Shimamura and the geisha Komako at a hot springs in western Japan, Snow Country. FTP name this author, also known for a work centering around the tea ceremony, A Thousand Cranes.
Output: Literature
One character in this work sings the aria Parmi veder la lagrime after learning about the abduction of a character whom he met earlier when disguised as Gualtier Mald. That character is the subject of the aria Caro Nome and at the beginning of this work he sings Quaesta o Quella when he attempts to seduce Countess Ceprano. Based on Victor Hugos play Le Roi samuse, the title character is cursed by Monterone for aiding the Duke of Mantua in his flings and unwittingly aids in the abduction of his daughter Gilda, who is killed by the assassin Sparafucile. Featuring the aria La donna  mobile, for 10 points, identify this Giuseppe Verdi opera about a hunchbacked court jester.
Output: Fine Arts
This politys intervention in Korea resulted in a victory at the Battle of Baekgang, propping up the Silla kingdom. Its second ruler consolidated its power by defeating Dou Jiande at the Battle of Hulao, purged his relatives at the Xuanwu Gate incident, and conquered the Eastern Tujue tribe with the help of his advisor Li Jing. Apart from Taizong, its early rulers included the founder, Emperor Gaozu, and it was the first dynasty to open the Imperial Examination to all male citizens. Difficulties faced by it included the Anshi rebellion, led by a Sogdian Turk named An Lushan, as well as a defeat at the Battle of the Talas River at the hands of the Abbasid Caliphate. Founded by a Central Asian governor, name this Chinese dynasty that followed the Sui and preceded the Song.
Output: History
He wrote an opera in which the title character is forced to marry Almuzir, though she loves Abenamet, and another opera by this composer contains characters named Jafet, Sem, and No, and is based on the Biblical story of Noah. This composer of Zoraida di Granata and The Great Flood wrote another opera in which Doctor Malatesta is the physician of the title elderly bachelor, Don Pasquale. His Larghetto for Piano in A Minor is based on the aria "Una furtiva lagrima". that was originally sung by Nemorino in the second act of one this man's more well known operas. That opera focuses on an object sold to Nemorino by Dr. Dulcamara to make Adina fall in love with him, while another well known work by this composer sees Sir Edgardo di Ravenswood kill himself after discovering that the sister of Lord Enrico Ashton has died. For 10 pointsname this composer of The Elixir of Love and Lucia di Lamermoor.
Output: Fine Arts
The Chehel Sotun was erected under the auspices of this dynasty. It weakened under the reign of Shah Tahmasp, and its troops were organized into ghulams, tofangchis, and topchis under the military reforms of the Englishman Robert Sherley. Before it lost the important Diyarbakir site, this dynasty's greatest leader expelled Portuguese traders from their most popular port, and its capital fell to Ghizlzai Afghans in 1722. Its founder captured Tabriz from the White Sheep federation of Uzbek Turkmen, and this dynasty was eventually supplanted by Nader Shah. Its capital was moved to Esfahan in the early 17th century, and it was founded by Isma'il I and reached its peak under Abbas I. Lasting from 1502 to 1736, for 10 points, name this dynasty that established Shi'a Islam as the state religion, and which was based in Iran. 
Output: History
Deficiency of this substance can sometimes result from Hartnup's Disease and Carcinoid syndrome, the latter of which occurs because tumors cause tryptophan to be used to create serotonin rather than this vitamin. Children at risk of Type-I diabetes are injected with its derivative to protect beta cells from decay, while its non-derived form has been used to reduce LDL levels. A more typical deficiency of this vitamin comes from diets reliant primarily on maize, an affliction known as pellagra, and its derivative is primarily used in the body to form coenzymes NADP and NAD. For 10 points, name this substance also known as Vitamin B3.
Output: Science
This effect can be witnessed in a rotational microwave spectrometer, in which one looks for signal low J line transitions. Its discovery was the result of the first application of perturbation theory to quantum mechanics. This effect, generally not symmetric like its magnetic counterpart, occurs when an atom becomes polarized and the resulting dipole moment interacts with the electric field. Analogous to the Zeeman effect, FTP, identify this effect that results in the splitting of an atom's energy levels by an electric field.
Output: Science
Made up in part by parenchyma grouped into star-shaped arrangements, its action is explained by the evaporation-cohesion-tension model, in which transpiration from the shoot and negative potential of dry air lead to pressure in the (*) ascending sap. Consisting of spindle-shaped tracheids in gymnosperms and the larger oblique vessel elements in angiosperms, for 10 points name this plant tissue that conducts water to leaves.
Output: Science
An important moment in this nation's history was the June 16 1960 "Mueda Massacre. "  Ruled by Maoist leader Samora Machel for much of the 1970s and 1980s, in 1992 the U.N. helped end a prolonged Civil War between the resistance movement Renamo and the leading party. Its current president, Joaquim Chissano, is a member of that party, Frelimo, which earlier had led its fight for independence from Portugal. FTP, identify this African nation containing the Zambezi delta which is separated from Madagascar by its namesake channel and has its capital at Maputo.
Output: History
His lost works include On the Calendar, On Sphere Making, and Catoptrica, a book on optics. His extant works include Quadrature of the Parabola, which gives a formula for calculating the area of parabola segments; The Sand-Reckoner, which includes a system for expressing really big numbers; and On Spirals, which features the spiral now named for him. FTP, identify this Greek mathematician, whose other works include The Method, On Floating Bodies, and Measurement of the Circle, which gave pi its first exact value, who was killed in 212 B.C. during the capture of Syracuse when he was drawing a figure in the sand.
Output: History
This man painted a satyr hanging from a tree with his panpipes, while in another of his works, cherubs sit atop a black cloud while Saint Peter sits below next to the Virgin Mary. This artist of The Flaying of Marsyas and The Pesaro Madonna painted (*) cheetahs drawing Bacchus's chariot as he leaps out to protect Ariadne. This artist painted Cupid reaching into a sarcophagus while a bride in white sits opposite Venus in his Sacred and Profane Love. His most famous work shows a dog sleeping on a white sheet beside the title goddess. For 10 points, what Renaissance artist depicted Venus lying on her side in Venus of Urbino
Output: Fine Arts
This man got William Chaloner arrested for counterfeiting while he served as Master of the Royal Mint. Samuel Clarke supported this man, who succeeded Isaac Barrow as the second Lucasian Chair. He wrote the manuscript De motu to William Halley. This man introduced a dot over a variable to represent its derivative. Alexander Pope wrote, "God said 'Let [this man] be, and all was light." In a letter to Robert Hooke, this man mentioned that he had "seen further" by "standing on the shoulders of giants." He used a prism to separate a beam of light, as detailed in his tract Opticks. For 10 points, name this man who theorized universal gravitation, though an apple had nothing to do with it.
Output: History
In his second term in this politicians highest office, he proposed a transcontinental railroad, which his opponents considered unrealistic and which later became the CP Railway. In addition to squashing a Northwestern rebellion, he bought Ruperts Land from the Hudsons Bay Company. This man formed a group specifically to prevent another Riel rebellion, which later became the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The Pacific Scandal of 1873 regarding the Canadian Pacific Railway led to the resignation of this politician. For ten points, name this Prime Minister who also added British Columbia, PEI, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories under his tenure as the first Prime Minister of Canada.
Output: History
The first molecules found to exhibit it were discovered in coal tar in the 1860s, and it is prevented by heavy angle or steric strain. Despite the conjugation of their bonds, linear alkenes do not have this quality because they are not cyclic, and other criteria for it include planarity. 10-annulene has extraordinary stability due to it, although benzene may be the best-known compound displaying it. FTP, name this resonance-derived lack of reactivity in many hydrocarbons, named for the odor arising from the first of said hydrocarbons.
Output: Science
A key development of its early history was the discovery of an optical illusion in which two still images, flashed at an appropriate interval, would appear to a viewer to be in motion. This phi phenomenon was one of the first discoveries that led this school's founders to oppose previous atomistic views of perception. Its proponents' later work led to the formulation of several laws of organization that noted that humans tend to group items by proximity and similarity, fill in gaps in incomplete figures, and perceive multiple items in as simple a way as possible. Founded by Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka, FTP, name this school of psychology characterized by emphasis on the whole rather the sum of parts.
Output: Social Science
The first chapter of this book opens with two epigraphs which purport to be "for" and "against" the title concept, and after a brief consideration of the "myth of destiny" the author moves on to a chapter about Heraclitus. The book then deals with the "descriptive sociology" and the "political program" of a major thinker before treating the "background" of that thinker's "attack" in a chapter which shares the book's title and considers the "breakdown of tribalism" and the Peloponesian War. The second volume of this work is entitled "The High Tide of Prophecy" and deals with Marx and Hegel, while the first considers "The Spell of Plato. "  FTP, name this work which suggests that the aforementioned philosophers were proto-fascists, which was written by Karl Popper.
Output: Social Science
In one novel by this author, Robert Cohn and Jake Barnes both pursue Lady Brett Ashley as they travel through Spain. In another novel by this author, Catherine loves an American soldier fighting in World War I, Frederic Henry. In one of this man's novellas, (*) Santiago goes eighty-four days without catching a fish. For 10 points, name this author of The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and The Old Man and the Sea.
Output: Literature
This work discusses a stone falling on a man's head, which its author argues should not be explained by the will of God, which is a "sanctuary of ignorance. " Its third section defines emotions as ideas that cause the mind to act and suffer, and which increase, diminish, help, or hinder the mind's faculties, and it contrasts necessary laws, or "infinite modes", with non-universal "finite modes". This work defines God as consisting of "infinite attributes, each of which expresses eternal and infinite essence". Presented in a Euclid-imitating "geometrical order," it contains the section "Of Human Bondage. " For 10 points, name this book that, like the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, was written by Baruch Spinoza.
Output: Social Science
The Young-Dupr equation relates this property to the contact angle. The ratio of buoyant forces to forces generated by this property is the dynamic Bond number. The Marangoni number is directly proportional to the variation in this property during Marangoni convection, which is induced by this property. For certain objects, it is equal to the change in (*) pressure times the radius of the object divided by two via Laplace's Law. Defined as the free energy per unit of surface area, for 10 points, name this tendency for like molecules at an interface to cohere, a property that can be reduced with the use of surfactants.
Output: Science
One event in this city earned Gail Halverson the nickname ""Candy Bomber"" and was nicknamed ""Operation Vittles. "" One construction in this city was started on August 13th by the orders of Walter Ulbricht. The building of that structure in this city was supervised by Erich Honecker, the future leader of a government in this city. This city was blockaded by the Soviets from 1948 to 1949, which led to its requiring an airlift of supplies. For 10 points, name this city that was the capital of East Germany and was divided by a wall until 1989.
Output: History
This man is the subject of the second historical novel by R. R. R. Dhlomo. He is referred to as an Ancient Spirit whose children will make the earth free for the Palm Race in an epic poem by Kunene, and defeats the King of the Pool in a novel where he kills Noliwa on the urging of Isanusi. H. R. Haggard's novel Nada the Lily focuses on this man's illegitimate son Umslopogaas the Axe. He patronized the court poet Magolwane, and the izibongo of this man describes him "devouring" his enemies, such as Zwide. In a Thomas Mofolo novel, this man joins forces with Dingiswayo before crushing his enemies during the mfecane and being stabbed to death by Dingane. FTP, name this Zulu leader.
Output: Literature
This country was the location of the Ogaden War, which occurred during the time when Colonel Mengistu led this country as the head of a committee called the Derg. Many of its forces in the nineteenth century were organized by Ras Gobena, an ally of its emperor (*) Menelik II. It fought a series of wars against Italy that included the Battle of Adowa. For many years during the twentieth century this country was ruled by Haile Selassie. For 10 points, name this African nation, sometimes called Abyssinia, with capital Addis Ababa.
Output: History
One historian of this period argues that we must ask the question "why not" rather than "why" in seeking to understand it, citing the role of "uncontrollable forces" in it. That man, Paul Schroeder, has analogized this period to a "Galloping Gertie". Arno Mayer cites the rise of radical groups in characterizing this period as "counterrevolutionary" and arguing for "The Primacy of Domestic", rather than international, "politics". This period is characterized as the beginning of the "Age of Catastrophe" in The Age of Extremes; in that work Eric Hobsbawm argues that the beginning of this period was also the beginning of the > "Short Twentieth Century". Factors traditionally cited as contributing to the beginning of this conflict include rigid war plans, militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. For 10 points, identify this conflict, which was sparked by Gavrilo Princip's assassination of Franz Ferdinand.
Output: History
In one story by this author, a peasant stoops to pick up a bit of string, causing his fellow townsmen to accuse him of stealing a purse. He created a title character who sleeps with a Prussian officer so a traveling party can leave Totes. In another of his stories, Monsieur Loisel uses the money he had been saving for a rifle to buy his wife a dress, after which she borrows the title object from Madame Forestier. In that story, the protagonist borrows a piece of jewelry that is made out of paste. For 10 points, name this French author who wrote "The Ball of Fat" and "The Necklace. "
Output: Literature
The Qaraqum canals inefficiency has caused partially recession of this body, whose surrounding hands were once home to Khwarezm. Once home to more than 1000 islands, this Sea of Islands consists of three separate bodies water, including a Greater and Lesser one. On its eastern edge lies the Ustyurt Plateau, while its southern shore holds the Amu Darya delta. Once the fourth largest inland lake, the diversion of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya into Soviet irrigation and hydroelectric power projects have caused its waters to recede, leaving a large desert in its wake. FTP, name this Eurasian saltwater lake shared by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
Output: Social Science
One work by this thinker discusses certain culinary practices during the Lent holidays and on Fridays in his Concerning the Eating of Fish. In one of this author's works, he personifies Peace as a means of describing her benefits. Prior to his The Complaint of Peace, he argued against the idea of just war on the basis that a sufficiently motivated ruler will find any pretext to rationalize the cause. At the same time, this man wrote of the danger of a monarch embarking on such a campaign, stating "a prince cannot revenge himself on his enemy without first opening hostilities without first opening hostilities against his own people" in his (*) Institutio principis Christiani. This man continued to support Plato's idea of a philosopher-king in the Enchiridion, in which this man espoused a dualistic relationship between the soul and the physical body. A pacifist who saw war as a disruption of reason, FTP, name this philosopher who argued against Luther in his A Discussion of Free Will, who also published the Humanist tract In Praise of Folly.
Output: Social Science
theorem named after this man states that an infinite series which converges only because it contains both positive and negative numbers can have its terms rearranged so that it sums to any given value. Another theorem named after this man concerns the placement of areas in the complex plane onto unit disks, and is known as his mapping theorem. He gave a famous lecture on geometry in order to earn a position in which he introduced his namesake (*) manifold. More famously, he studied a function which is the infinite sum of n to the negative s, where s can be any complex value, and hypothesized that the nontrivial zeros of that function all have real part one half. For 10 points, name this mathematician who gives his name to a method to approximating an integral using a sum of rectangles and a zeta function.
Output: Science
This man's conception occurred as a result of the "fun of the roads", a form of coitus interruptus gone wrong. He made use of the medical skills of Francis Fynn, and one source for his reign comes from Nathaniel Isaacs, who had been dispatched to search for shipwrecked men. The winner of a battle at Mome Gorge, he sheltered refugees from the Khumalo kingdom and fought numerous conflicts with Zwide, including the Battle of Gqokli Hill. He used his mother Nandi's death as the pretext for a political massacre, and started his career among the Mtethwa confederation. He started a movement called the Mfecane, or "crushing", which provided a model for the neighboring Ndelebe and Sotho peoples. The successor to Dingiswayo, his successor Dingane was crushed by the Voortrekkers at Blood River. For 10 points, name this ruler who pioneered the 'bull horns' and impi tactics and established the Zulu Empire.
Output: Science
Its notable flat plains are dotted with irregular dark areas surrounded bright halos of material. Originally discovered by William Lassell, its thin (*) atmosphere of nitrogen and methane was discovered during a close passage by Voyager II, and its unique landscape is thought to be caused by icy volcanism. For 10 points identify this icy moon, possibly the coldest object in the solar system. and the largest known moon of Neptune.
Output: Science
This man proposed the mechanism of the epigenetic principle, and his work partially springs from his observations of the Yurok tribe. Before collecting his speeches in the compilation Insight and Responsibility, this thinker collaborated with Kivnick on an examination of Vitality in Old Age. One of this man's books describes the process through which the concept of satyagraha emerges, while another book examined "The meaning of meaning it" and described its subject's "fit in the choir. " The author of Ghandi's Truth, this person set forth contrasts like integrity and despair, autonomy and shame, and industry versus inferiority. For 10 points, identify this author of Young Man Luther and Childhood and Society, the psychologist who developed the identity crisis and eight psychosocial stages of development. 
Output: Social Science
Solmundae Halmang offered to create one of these in exchange for some underwear. Elsewhere in Korean mythology, Chumong is held to have conjured one of these with an arrow. Good deeds may be exchanged for a white horse near one of these that touches the Hauzu'l-Kausar and Jehennam, the Sirat al-Mustaqim of Islam. One of these guarded by the husband of Uzume can be reached from Mount Takachihi. Horatius Cocles held one of these against Etruscans as it was demolished. Perhaps the best-known example of these objects from mythology is also known as Asbru and is guarded by Heimdall. FTP, name these objects, the Norse "rainbow" variety of which is known as Bifrost.
Output: Social Science
In his Inaugural Address, this President recommended extending the term length to six years and forbidding re-election. A section of the Chaco was named after this President after he arbitrated a territorial dispute between Argentina and Paraguay in Paraguay's favor. When informed of his running mate, he allegedly quipped, ""Who is Wheeler"" This man's wife established the Easter egg roll on the White House lawn and was known as ""Lemonade Lucy"" for her refusal to serve alcohol at White House Parties. He was known as (*) ""His Fraudulency"" after a party-line vote of an Electoral Commission gave him a victory over Samuel Tilden. For 10 points, name this nineteenth President of the United States who ended Reconstruction.
Output: History
A contemporaneous parody of this poem, titled "The Counter-Jumper," was published in Vanity Fair. Paul Ebenkamp and Robert Hass included a lexicon of every word that appears in this poem in a 2010 anthology that they co-edited. In this poem, the "ambulanza slowly passing trailing its red drip" arrives at the site of a "fan-shaped explosion." The speaker of this poem says "Continue your annotations, continue your questionings" to conclude a section in which requests a breather by yelling (*) "Enough! Enough! Enough!" This poem's speaker says, "you splash in the water there, yet stay stock still in your room," to a woman who joins several men and becomes the "twenty-ninth bather." The speaker of this poem realizes that "now it seems to me the beautiful uncut hair of graves" in pondering a child's inquiry "What is the grass" This poem's speaker asks "Do I contradict myself," admits "Very well then I contradict myself," and explains "(I am large, I contain multitudes.)" For 10 points, name this long poem that begins "I celebrate myself, and sing myself," and takes up most of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass.
Output: Literature
Isaac II Angelus made a pact to impede the progress of one member of this campaign, who would later sack Iconium, the capital of the Sultanate of Rum. After this campaign, Leopold V of Austria captured one of its leaders for taking down Leopold's standards following the Siege of Acre. This campaign began after Raynald of Chatillon's defeat at the Horns of Hattin. One leader of this campaign won the battle of Arsuf, but ultimately organized a peace that left Jerusalem under the control of Saladin. Frederick Barbarossa drowned during, FTP, what crusade led by Philip II and Richard the Lion-Hearted
Output: History
One notable ambassador to this dynasty was Kibi no Makibi, and this dynasty was founded partly by the chancellor Li Shimin. It was ended by a rebellion lead by Huang Cho, and was weakened by the rise of military governors known as jiedushi. One ruler of this dynasty required visitors to perform oral sex on her as a sign of respect, and briefly interrupted this dynasty with the Second Zhou. That ruler, Empress Wu, was usurped by Zuanzhong. This dynasty saw the rise of the civil service exam system, as well as the rebellion of a Sogdian Turk, An Lushan. With its capital at Changan, FTP, name this Chinese dynasty that preceded the 5 dynasties and 10 kingdoms period and lasted from 618 to 907 AD.
Output: History
Many of this mans final poems were destroyed but reconstructed by his editor, James Laughlin. He described how the edge of a petal of an "obsolete" flower "cuts without cutting" in "The Rose and declared that "the pure products of America go crazy" in "To Elsie", both of which appeared a collection whose title poem opens "By the road to the contagious hospital". In another poem, this author of (*) Spring and All apologizes for eating some "delicious" items "which you were probably saving for breakfast". His Imagist poems included one about an object "glazed with rain water beside the white chickens". For 10 points, name this poet of the epic Paterson, as well as "This is Just to Say" and "The Red Wheelbarrow".
Output: Literature
One of this religion's texts follows the seeker through places named for Search, Knowledge, and Wonderment, before arriving in the "Valley of True Poverty and Absolute Nothingness. " Along with The Gems of Divine Mysteries, that work, The Seven Valleys, was written by this religion's founder. After the death of this religion's Guardian, its Hands of the Cause announced the election of its ruling body, the Universal House of Justice. Haifa is the site of the tomb of one of its holy men, the Bb. Its texts include the Most Holy Book and the Book of Certitude. For 10 points, name this religion, an offshoot of Shi'a Islam that venerates all major prophets and the Bah'u'llh.
Output: Social Science
He fought at South Mountain, Antietam, and Cedar Creek, and was breveted a major in 1865, only four years before he was elected prosecuting attorney of Stark County. Elected to Congress in 1876, he was an advocate of high tariffs, and the tariff bill he sponsored in 1890 led to his defeat that year, after which he became governor of his state. FTP, name this Republican, who served two terms as governor of Ohio before becoming the 25th President, who twice defeated Bryan before being assassinated in 1901.
Output: History
The colonial history of this nation includes a time when it was dominated by the "Hundred Associates," and a longstanding dispute in this nation was partially resolved through the recent Clarity Act. William Vander Zalm was elected to a leadership role in one part of this country under the banner of the Social Credit movement. One leader of this nation was intermittently opposed by George Brown and was involved in the Pacific Scandal. Another leader of this nation took advantage of the War Measures Act to proclaim a state of "apprehended insurrection," in one part of this country, a response to a series of events known as the October Crisis. This nation held a constitutional convention in 1987 which culminated in the Meech Lake Accords, and its leaders have included Brian Mulroney and Pierre Trudeau. For ten points, identify this country currently led by Steven Harper.
Output: History