niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This conflict was precipitated by the death of Woopigwooit, which caused the separation of the Mohegans. Tensions reached a head when trader John Oldham was killed after trying to cheat the participants; in retribution, Massachusetts began raids without telling Connecticut, leaving Connecticut garrisons to be slaughtered by the retaliations, until finally John Mason and John Underhill killed five hundred Natives at Mystic River and sold Sassacut into slavery, destroying the nation entirely. FTP, identify this 1637 conflict between natives and colonists in southwestern New England.
Output: History
An arena designed by this man contains a 300-foot backbone and has been nicknamed the "Yale Whale," and a skyscraper in New York has a jagged top and is nicknamed "Black Rock. " Another one of his designs features five buildings surrounding a reflecting pool in Warren, Michigan, and he used an eighth of a sphere to design a university building in Massachusetts. In addition to the General Motors Technical Center and Kresge Auditorium at MIT, he designed the TWA terminal at JFK and the main terminal of Dulles International Airport, though it is for a landmark on the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in Missouri that he is most famous. For 10 points, identify this architect who created the Gateway Arch, a Finn.  
Output: Fine Arts
One of his works contained an "exposure of the needlessness and mischievousness" of taking oaths, while another of his works was written under the pseudonym Philip Beauchamp, namely An Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind. Another religious work, Not Paul, But Jesus, was published after his Chrestomathia, which invisioned a new system of education. He criticized William Blackstone in A Fragment on Government, while another of his works said mankind was ruled by two "sovereign masters", pain and pleasure. FTP, name this author of Defence of Usury and Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, usually credited with founding utilitarianism.
Output: Social Science
Recently postulated to have a salt-water ocean underneath its crusty surface, the Hubble Space Telescope has found ozone around this body. Its largest crater is called Galileo Regio and is surrounded by parallel grooves and ridges called sulci. Though it is associated with another man, it was actually discovered by Simon Marius. Larger than both Mercury and Pluto, it is theorized to have been pulled into a slightly elliptical orbit by the neighboring moon Callisto. FTP, name this moon of Jupiter, the largest in the solar system.
Output: Science
One forms an alcohol when coupled with a vinyl halide in the Nozaki-Hiyma-Kishi reaction, and the Nef reaction forms one via the acid hydrolysis of a nitroalkane salt. Their Zincke variety forms when the terminal imine group of a pyridine ring is hydrolyzed, while Meyers and Stephen synthesis yields them from oxazines and nitriles. The Tollens reagent forms a silver mirror in their presence, differentiating them from ketones. For 10 points, name these compounds with terminal carbonyl groups, whose simplest member is commonly used for embalming.
Output: Science
This writer rejected Georg Simmel's definition of a city, saying instead that it consisted of people living close together in anonymity. His work The City was posthumously incorporated into one of his works describing several of his ideal types, including three types of religious behavior: world-flying mysticism, world-rejecting asceticism, and inner-worldly asceticism. That combined work is Economy and Society. One work by this writer states that Calvinists used worldly success to determine their religious fate, leading to a belief that earning a profit was a positive religious sign, which in turn explains economic improvements in parts of Europe. Name this author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
Output: Social Science
One member of this group killed the inhospitable king Amycus with a single blow to the elbow. Euphemus joined this group, which fought the Bebryces and dealt with a pair of rocks which repeatedly pulled apart and clashed together. This group made use of a sacred plank of oak which could talk. Castor and Pollux joined this larger group, which employed the wings of Calais and Zetes to deal with the Harpies. Its leader passed King Aeetes's challenges in Colchis and married the sorceress Medea. For 10 points, name this group of Greek heroes which sailed for the Golden Fleece aboard a similarly-named ship, led by Jason.
Output: History
Pneuman and Kopp provided the first ab initio model of this phenomenon by integrating the MHD equation for a dipole source; their model closely matched Parkers 1956 model. Evidence for this object was provided by Biermanns observations of comets, though it was not observed until Luna 1. Its interaction with the terrestrial magnetic field results in the bow shock. It ceases being supersonic at the termination shock and its velocity falls to zero at the heliopause, where it merges with the interstellar medium. Radiation pressure and pressure from this plasma flow cause comet tails to always face away from the center of the solar system. For 10 points, name this stream of particles constantly emanating from the sun.
Output: Science
Plutarch contrasts this man with Agesilaus II and claims he told defenders of a city "Stop quoting laws to us. We carry swords." His son Sextus held off Octavian and Antony's forces in Sicily until 36 BC. This man received accolades for defeating (*) Mithridates VI. The eunuch Pothinus convinced Ptolemy XIII to behead this man after battles at Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus forced him to flee to Egypt. For 10 points, name this Roman general who fought Julius Caesar in a civil war.
Output: History
This author wrote about geese podging home in a work where "A church clock subdivides the day" and "No bishops pursue their archdeacons with axes in a crumbling lair" in his poem "Et in Arcadia Ego. " In one of this man's works, a radio projects "Buy a bond. Blood saves Lives. Donate Now. Name this Station. " In that work's fourth section "The Dirge," the main characters take a cab to an apartment where they dance in a section called "A Masque. " One of his poems describes "barbed (*) wire enclosed an arbitrary slot / where bored officials lounge," and repeats "She looked over his shoulder. " A long of work of his focuses on Quant, Emble, Malin and Rosetta, and he wrote a poem that describes "the forsaken cry" and "dogs on with their doggy life. " For 10 points, name this author of "The Shield of Achilles" and The Age of Anxiety, who wrote "Musee des Beaux Arts. "
Output: Literature
One result of this war was a revolution led by the MNR Party, and it ended with a mediation led by Carlos Lamas. This war saw a massive siege of Fort Boqueron. It began with the Battle of Pitiantuta, and one decisive battle saw the defeat of General Penaranda. The defending country was led by Jose Estigarriba and advised by numerous Russian migrs such as General Belaieff. The attacking country, led by President Salamanca and General Hans von Kundt, had warplanes and tanks, but these proved ineffective against the guerilla tactics of Paraguay. For ten points, name this 20th century war where Bolivia failed to conquer the namesake region.
Output: History
The surreal numbers have the universal embedding property for ordered varieties of these objects. A finite one with n elements exists if and only if n is a prime or a power of a prime. One is called "algebraically closed" if univariate polynomials whose coefficients are elements of it also has a solution in it. FTP, identify these mathematical structures, examples of which include the reals and the complex numbers but not the quaternions, and which are defined as rings wherein every element has a multiplicative inverse.
Output: Science
Bodies of water in this state include Dworshak Reservoir, near Orofino, and Priest Lake in the north, and the Clearwater and Salmon River Mountains are found in the center of this state. Castle Peak is located in this state's Sawtooth National Recreation Area. This state's highest point is Borah Peak, and features in its southwest include the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Craters of the Moon National Monument, and American Falls. Its cities of Caldwell, Nampa and Twin Falls can be found along the Snake River. For 10 points, name this state whose other cities include Pocatello, Coeur d'Alene, and Boise.
Output: Social Science
Once, while hunting, he pursued a white boar only to be found later touching a golden bowl; he was freed when his wife caught a mouse, which was the wife of a magician, and the magician freed him. Though he then owed his freedom to his wife Cigfa, he already owed his life to his foster father, who had seen a mysterious beast outside his stable and came out to kill it; having found the baby, he called him Gwn of the Golden Hair until Teyrnon realized who he was. He was once tricked by Gwydion into giving him his pigs, and the resulting war was settled by single combat, which he lost. For 10 points, identify this king of Dyfed about whom the rumor was spread that he was eaten shortly after birth by Rhiannon.
Output: Social Science
The Casparian strip enables the endodermis to filter out harmful substances that would otherwise enter this tissue. Guttation results when increases in pressure cause the contents of this tissue to be exuded. The function of these structures is explained by the cohesion-tension theory, which involves (*) transpirational pull. This tissue is composed of tracheids and vessel elements, and dead cells that were formerly part of this tissue form wood. For ten points, name this tissue which transports water and, along with phloem, forms the plant vascular system.
Output: Science
Pierpoint Mauler is the corrupt owner of a meat packing plant in one of this man's works, which also contains that characters Jackson, Paul Snyder, and Joan Dark, who are members of the Black Straw Hats. He wrote another work in which Wong is a water carrier and Shen Te buys a tobacco shop before she reveals that her cousin Shui Ta is actually her alter-ego. In addition to Saint Joan of the Stockyards and The Good Person of Szechwan, he wrote a play in which Simon Chachaba watches the maid Grusha Vashnadze bathe in the river, and one in which Swiss Cheese, Eilif, and Kattrin are killed by soldiers during the Thirty Years' War. For 10 pointsname this author of The Caucasian Chalk Circle and Mother Courage and her Children.
Output: Fine Arts
The Anti-Chain-Store Act made its regulations on price and other forms of discrimination more easily enforced and section 7's prohibition on one firm acquiring another's stock when it would reduce competition was solidified by the Celler-Kefauver Act. It legitimized boycotts and non-violent strikes and protests against companies and allowed unions and agricultural companies to have directorates worth more than $1,000,000, though such directorates were prohibited in other industries and forbade cutting prices in only certain regions in order to destroy competitors. For 10 points, name this antitrust act passed in 1914, which augmented the Sherman antitrust act.
Output: History
The brother of one man killed at this battle was named Tostig, and himself was killed weeks before this battle. One force in this battle was initially deployed on Senlac Hill, and one battle that preceded this one was at (+) Gate Fulford, while another took place north of the site of this battle and featured an invading force led by Harald Hardraada of Norway. That battle, Stamford Bridge, had weakened one side in this conflict, who were led by (*) Harold Godwinson, and this battle is famously depicted by the Bayeux Tapestry. For 10 points, name this 1066 battle in which Harold's English force was defeated by the Norman army of William the Conqueror.
Output: History
The purex process begins by dissolving used nuclear fuel in an aqueous solution of this compound. Heating a mixture of Gunzburg's reagent and this compound gives a yellowish-red residue, while Erdmann's reagent combines it with (*) sulfuric acid. A 90% platinum/10% rhodium gauze catalyst is the most common one used in the first step of the process that produces this compound, which consists of three oxidation steps and is named after a German chemist born in Latvia. This product of the Ostwald Process combines with hydrochloric acid to form aqua regia. For 10 points, identify this strong acid used in the production of fertilizers and other nitro compounds.
Output: Science
The conservation of this quantity is a consequence of the translational invariance of the Lagrangian, and this quantity is canonically conjugate to position. The kinetic energy of a particle is equal to this quantity squared divided by two times the mass. Impulse is the change in this quantity. Newton's second law states that the time derivative of this quantity is equal to net force. The net value for this quantity in a system, along with the value of kinetic energy, is conserved in an elastic collision. For 10 points, name this vector quantity defined as mass times velocity.
Output: Science
He worked on the restoration of Titians Emperor Vitellius and Emperor Galba, while several of his own works were adapted into sculptures by Bernini. His Iconography series consists of portraits of several of his contemporaries. His self-portraits include one with a broken column and one with a sunflower, and he also painted several portraits of Queen Henrietta Maria. Another work depicts his patrons upper body in three positions, while his most famous work depicts the same figure in hunting dress. For 10 points, name this student of Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish portraitist who was court painter to Charles I of England.
Output: Fine Arts
Proteins destined for these structures often possess a C-terminal SKL sequence. Mutations in theABCD1gene lead to a demyelination disease involving these organelles called adrenoleukodystrophy. In humans, a reduction in their number is the cause of Zellweger syndrome. Beta oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA occurs in these structures, which also contain the enzyme catalase, which is responsible for breaking down a certain toxic material into oxygen and water. For 10 points, name these organelles that isolate and destroy hydrogen peroxide.
Output: Science
His attorney general, Godfrey Lule, often had to defend this man's practices at the United Nations, while his defense minister, Mustafa Adrisi, was his brother-in-law. Upon taking power, he murdered his main rival, Pierino Okoya, and he created the Public Safety Unit and the State Research Center, whose employees spent most of the time murdering members of the Langi and Acholi tribes and feeding their bodies to Nile crocodiles. A member of the Kakwa ethnic group, after becoming chief of his country's army and air force, he deposed Milton Obote in a coup. FTP, name this man accused of helping the Palestinians at Entebbe, who, from 1971 to 1979, was dictator of Uganda.
Output: History
fictional example of this group is director of European sales for American Express and is named D. Ray Morton. Another example is the "insane" couple, Bruce and Harriett Nyborg. " An infamous example of this group wouldn't sign if "fuckin' Shiva handed him a million dollars," while the only member of this group to appear in person is James Lingk. FTP, name this group of characters perhaps interested in the real estate offered in a certain David Mamet play.
Output: Literature
This goddess was first wooed by her husband when he disguised himself as a cuckoo and hid in her bosom. Ixion was condemned to Tartarus for making advances on this goddess who blinded Tiresias after he ruled in favor of women in an argument. This goddess placed the eyes of the watchman (*) Argos in her favorite animal, the peacock. This goddess refused to allow Leto a place to give birth, sent a gadfly to sting Io, and placed snakes in the crib of Heracles, all out of jealousy over her husband's affairs. For 10 points, name this goddess of marriage, a wife of Zeus and queen of the Greek gods.
Output: Social Science
A triply eponymous reaction of this type uses aluminum alkoxide as a catalyst. A ketone undergoes this reaction enantioselectively in the presence of borane and a chiral oxazaborolidine catalyst. In a modification of another reaction of this type, carbonyl compounds, hydrazine hydrate, and a base are heated with diethylene glycol and, once hydrazone formation is complete, the temperature is raised to 200  C to drive off excess water and hydrazine hydrate. That reaction of this type is the base-promoted transformation of carbonyl compounds into corresponding hydrocarbons through the decomposition of hydrazone intermediates. Yet another reaction of this type transforms carbonyl groups to methylene groups with zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid. Those mentioned reactions include Meerweein- Ponndorf-Verley, Corey-Bakshi-Shibata, Wolff-Kishner, and Clemmensen. For 10 points, identify this type of chemical reaction that is contrasted with oxidation.
Output: Science
According to Fubini's theorem, the order in which this operation is performed does not matter. The surface variety forms the basis of the divergence theorem, while the line form of this operation can be calculated with Green's theorem. If one of their bounds is positive or negative infinity, they are known as improper. Depending on whether or not their endpoints are defined, they can be either definite or indefinite, and they can be approximated using Riemann's sum. For 10 points, name this operation in calculus which can be used to find the area under a curve.
Output: Science
To isolate volatile compounds from nonvolatile impurities, the steam form of this process is used when the compounds decompose at standard temperatures and pressures. Two miscible liquids are heated under a Liebig condenser to increase the concentration of the liquid with the lower boiling point in a common type of this process. FTP, name this separation method by boiling point, whose fractional variety yields cosmetics from petroleum and alcohol from a water mixture.
Output: Science
Some have suggested that this man was influenced by Native American sand paintings, and some of his early works, like The Moon-Woman Cuts the Circle, shows his interest in Native American mythology. Clement Greenberg proposed a title for one of his paintings that displays a strong atmospheric effect with minimal colors. That painting, Lavender Mist, also has a hand-print in its top right corner, while yellow paint crisscrosses his No. 5, 1948. This husband of Lee Krasner studied at the Art Students League of New York under Thomas Hart Benton. The inspiration for the term "action painting," for ten points, name this American Abstract Expressionist who is best known for his "drip-style" of painting.
Output: Fine Arts
This author denounced V. S. Naipaul for identifying with wealthy, modernized countries, and contrasted him with Narayan's interest in the people of Malgudi in his essay "Today, a Balance of Stories. " He described a boy ashamed of writing about the harmattan in an essay about the function of the author, "The Novelist as Teacher. " This author wrote that "art for art's sake is just another piece of deodorized dog-shit" and argued that Armah's novel The Beautyful Ones are Not Yet Born ignores the sickness of Ghana for the sickness of the modern world in "Africa and Her Writers. " This founding editor of the literary magazine Okike wrote a novel in which Odo prostitutes his daughter Edna for money paid by Nanga, who maneuvers to win an election over Odili Samalu. The protagonist of another of his novels wins a scholarship from the UPU before returning to Lagos and taking bribes to pay for the abortion of his girlfriend Clara. For 10 points, name this author of A Man of the People, who wrote about Obi Okonkwo in No Longer at Ease, the sequel to his novel Things Fall Apart. 
Output: Literature
Eleazer Hosannah convinces a mob of the death of Dr. Godspeak in this authors play Requiem for a Futurologist. This author described a racist landlady who asks a potential tenant ARE YOU LIGHT OR VERY DARK in Telephone Conversation, and wrote about mendicants operated on by the sinister Bero in Madmen and Specialists. This author of the recent King Baabu also wrote a play about the metamorphosis of a religious charlatan first introduced in The Trials of Brother Jero, and depicted a ruler who forces Danlola to present him with the New Yam in a play about a dictator based on Nkrumah. FTP, name this playwright of Kongi's Harvest who described the ritual sacrifice of Elesin in Death and the Kings Horseman.
Output: Literature
Robert Benchley wrote a parody of it entitled "Compiling [this novel]. " The protagonist of this novel has a sister named Esta who is impregnated and abandoned by her lover. When that protagonist is working in a hotel in Kansas City, he falls in love with Hortense Briggs. Later, he lusts after the wealthy Sondra Finchley despite having impregnated Roberta Alden. While canoeing on Big Bittern Lake, he knocks Roberta unconscious with a camera and she drowns, leading to his conviction for murder. For 10 points, name this novel about the execution of Clyde Griffiths by Theodore Dreiser.
Output: Literature
Pelias earned the ire of this goddess for killing his stepmother Sidero while she hid in a temple to this goddess. While posing as an old woman, she caused Jason to lose one sandal in the river Anaurus, inadvertently triggering the quest for the Golden Fleece. In gratitude for being saved from Porphyrion during the Gigantomachy she gave her daughter Hebe as a wife to Heracles, though earlier she had sent serpents to kill him as a baby. This goddess cursed Echo, Lamia, and Dionysus's mother Semele while attempting to circumvent her husband's many affairs with mortals. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of women, the wife of Zeus.
Output: Social Science
This novel's protagonist creates such compositions as Marvels of the Universe and an operatic adaptation of Love's Labor's Lost. That man studies the piano with Wendell Kretschmar and takes theology classes under Ehrenfried Kumpf and Eberhard Schleppfuss. Rdiger Schildknapp is forced to perform the hackwork of translation, and the name Heraeta Esmeralda describes both a butterfly and a syphilis-ridden prostitute in Serenus Zeitblom's narration. FTP, name this novel about Adrian Leverkhn, who trades his soul for twenty-four years of musical talent, written by Thomas Mann.
Output: Literature
A series of cables attached to a reinforced concrete arch supports the roof to this architect's Ingalls Ice Arena at Yale University. Earlier in his career he often collaborated with his father Eliel, and this designer of the Kresge Auditorium at MIT employed a curved concrete roof for his design of the Dulles International Airport. Hannskarl Bandel aided this man in the design of his best known work, a 630-foot tall inversed (*) catenary located in St. Louis, Missouri. For 10 points, name this Finnish-American architect who designed the Gateway Arch.
Output: Fine Arts
This composer's Opus 3 was a collection of twelve violin concertos titled L'estro Armonico. This composer's Opus 8 is made up of twelve concertos, including The Hunt, and is titled The Conflict Between Harmony and Invention. This man wrote a set of violin concertos, in which the call of a cuckoo is depicted by the solo violin in the second part, "L'estate," while in the fourth concerto, "L'Inverno," this composer used violin arpeggios to depict "fierce and biting winds." For 10 points, name this Italian composer of The Four Seasons.
Output: Fine Arts
Its name is derived from the Turkic for "island", referring to its position as a remote outpost of water in a sea of desert. Its Barsa-Kelmes island houses an important nature reserve and this body of water is now divided into a small northern "lake" and a large southern one, but this was not the case before cotton production began diverting river water in the 1960's. It is fed by the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers and is shared by Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. FTP, name this rapidly-shrinking Central Asian lake.
Output: Social Science
In some cases, zeolites act as a type of these that present molecules at the interface between an aqueous solution and an organic solution. Quaternary ammonium salts are often used as a type of these that help anionic samples dissolve in organic solvents. These compounds, which come in (+) "phase- boundary" and "phase-transfer" varieties, include a heterocyclic carbene bound to a central ruthenium atom in the kind named for (*) Grubbs. Palladium poisoned with lead salts composes the one named for Lindlar. These compounds function by lowering activation energy. Biological examples of these compounds are called enzymes. For 10 points, name these compounds that increase the rate of a reaction.
Output: Science
This composer included a poem apostrophizing a "contented river" in the score of one work. One of his works features seven exchanges between increasingly atonal flutes and a solo trumpet. Another has a first movement based on a theme found in "Old Black Joe" and "Jesus Loves Me." He ended his second symphony with a dissonant (*) "Bronx cheer." This composer had the woodwinds seek "The Invisible Answer" in the aforementioned The Unanswered Question. His second piano sonata has sections named for The Alcotts and Emerson and is called the Concord Sonata. Putnam's Camp and The Housatonic at Stockbridge are movements of another of his works. For 10 points, name this American composer of Three Places in New England.
Output: Fine Arts
This man wrote the definitive biography of the duke of Marlborough. He introduced labor exchanges and industry-specific minimum wages as president of the Board of Trade. That led to his promotion to First Lord of the Admiralty, where he orchestrated the disastrous Gallipoli campaign. During his ""wilderness years,"" he denounced the Munich Pact, which lent him credibility when he promised to ""fight them on the beaches. "" For 10 points, name this Prime Minister who succeeded Neville Chamberlain and led the U.K. for most of World War II.
Output: History
The line, Into each life some rain must fall, comes from his early poem The Rainy Day from the collection Voices of the Night. Some of this mans other work includes The Spanish Student and Christus, while his poetry includes The Belfry of Bruges and The Golden Legend. After seven years of courting, he married his second wife, about whom he wrote The Cross of Snow and The Evening Star, this mans only love poem. This poets more famous works include The Jewish Cemetery at Newport, The Psalm of Life, and an epic which takes place "by the shores of Gitchee Gumee. " For 10 points, name this poet who wrote The Song of Hiawatha.
Output: Literature
This deity owns Hildesvini, the "battle boar," which is actually the human Ottar in disguise. Other possessions include the eternally loyal chamberbaid Fulla; falcon skin that allows one to take the form of a bird; and the palace of Folkvang, where love songs are always played in the hall of Sessrumir. Depicted as riding into battle in a chariot drawn by two cats, she is always found wearing the necklace of the Brisings, though it was once stolen by Loki. FTP, name this daughter of Niord, the foremost goddess of the Vanir and sister of Frey.
Output: Social Science
When it was originally published as part of larger work in 1855, this poem was not divided into sections and was not even given a separate title. The speaker is not a bit tamed and untranslatable and sounds his barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world. The poet asserts that, what I assume you shall assume/ for every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. For 10 points, what is this transcendentalist poem by Walt Whitman, which opens with the line I celebrate myself
Output: Literature
The chanting of the hymn "Luriana Lurilee" occurs before the shorter second section, where we learn that Andrew died in the War and that Prue died giving birth. Time Passes is also preceded by the arrival of the fat poet Augustus Carmichael at the family retreat during the first section, The Window, which describes characters such as Charles Tansley, who cruelly judges another character's work by saying "Women can't paint. Women can't write. " In the final section, Camelia and James finally go to the titular location and Lily Briscoe picks up a portrait of Mrs. Ramsay that she began years ago. This describes events in - for 10 points - what most famous work of Virginia Woolf
Output: Literature
He advocated the approach of a dog hunting fleas in his paper The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism, and claimed that to transfuse emotion is the function of the title art in his 1933 Leslie Stephen lecture, The Name and Nature of Poetry. He said of the title group that What God abandoned, these defended in his Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries. After meeting Charon at the River Styx, he recalls his time at Oxford with Moses Jackson in Stoppards The Invention of Love. The thought that Fifty springs are little roomto look at things in bloom prompts him to go see the cherry hung with snow in his poem Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now. FTP, name this author whose poems Terence, This Is Stupid Stuff, When I Was One and Twenty, and To an Athlete Dying Young, are found in his collection A Shropshire Lad.
Output: Literature
Archbishop Mario Casariego was kidnapped by insurgents in this country, which was ruled by Mario Mendez Montenegro, a man whose tenure saw the atrocities committed by the so-called Butcher of Zacapa. In the wake of Jorge Serrano's disastrous auto-coup, Ramiro de Leon Carpio became leader of this country. One leader of this country redistributed chunks of land bigger than 226 acres to the landless as part of the Agrarian Reform Law of 1952. In the wake of Jorge Ubico's overthrow, a 1944 presidential election saw the rise of scholar Juan Jose Arevalo in this country. Carlos Castillo Armas wrestled power from this country's ruler Jacobo Arbenz, who was overthrown during a CIA coup led by Allen Dulles. For 10 points, identify this country whose plight was the subject of a biography by K'iche Rigoberta Menchu, and whose capital is a city named after the country.
Output: History
According to legend, he measured his casualties by ordering his soldiers crossing the Santas pass to leave a stone there and pick it up when they returned back over Tian Shan. He besieged Balkh in an effort against his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, and overcame the knights of Rhodes to take Smyrna. Shah Rukh was the only one of his sons to keep this rulers dynasty alive in Transoxiana, but his patronage of the arts survived, including a Quran inscribed on a signet ring. He defeated Toktamish of the Golden Horde seven years before capturing Bayezid I at Ankara. Famous for brutally sacking Baghdad and Dehli, FTP name this ruler of Samarkand known for his limp.
Output: History
Melvyn New recently edited the complete Florida Edition of this mans work, an early entry of which is a satire about a York lawyer, archbishop, and Dean, A Political Romance. His mature works were influenced by his friendship with the author of Crazy Tales, John Hall-Stevenson, and his love letters addressed to Mrs. Draper are collected in his Journal to Eliza. His two best-known works make liberal use of the aposiopesis, such as one ending with the narrator waking a woman in an inn in Moulines and possibly grabbing her chambermaids bottom. In another of his novels, Obadiah and Slop debate the responsibility of a cows failure to calf, which Yorick terms a cock and bull story. For 10 points, name this author of A Sentimental Journey and Tristram Shandy.
Output: Literature
This man had a dream where he was instructed to "serve the Master rather than the man" after giving his armor to a poor knight. This man especially revered the chapel at Porziuncola. One of his most famous miracles occurred after he saw a man with six wings suspended from a cross while praying. This saint pawned many of his father's possessions to fund the restoration of the church of San Damiano. One group of his followers split into the heretical Spiritualist group. A dream prompted Innocent III to recognize this man's order, and he unsuccessfully tried to convert al-Malik al-Kamil during the Fifth Crusade. This author of the "Canticle of the Sun" pacified the Wolf of Gubbio and inspired a female order known as the Poor Clares. For 10 points, name this founder of the Friars Minor who preached to the birds
Output: History
Though it's not glutamate, DARPP-32 is expressed in medium spiny neurons with this molecule's receptors and is phosphorylated by those receptors, thus becoming an inhibitor of protein phosphotase 1. Bupropion blocks reuptake of this and another molecule by binding to this molecule's transporter. That transporter is important in all four of this molecule's major pathways, which include the mesolimbic and the mesocortical. Tuberoinfundibular neurons secrete this neurotransmitter to inhibit Prolactin, which counteracts one of its effects. It is a precursor to other catecholamines like epinephrine and is mainly produced in the substantia nigra. One theory of schizophrenia is that it is related to hyperactive receptors of this compound. For 10 points, name this neurotransmitter which is used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Output: Science
In contrast to other related compounds, these compounds have their acidic side chains esterified with methanol or phytol. The "e" type is a rare type found in golden algae, while the "c" and "d" types are often found with the "a" type, which with the "b" type is the major type found in land plants and green algae. Found in the grana of plant cells, they are porphyrins which contain magnesium. FTP, what is this green pigment which allows plants to carry out the process of photosynthesis
Output: Science
One tactic in this battle was inspired by the Battle of Nicopolis, where infantrymen dug palings into the ground to drive off cavalry. Sir Thomas Erpingham led troops in this battle against the Count of Vendome and the Duke of Bourbon. Humphrey, the Duke of Gloucester, was wounded in this battle, which saw French armored troops led by Charles d'Albret get [*] stuck in the mud while English longbowmen picked them off. Leading to the Treaty of Troyes, for 10 points, name this battle fought on St. Crispin's day, 1415, that saw the French routed by England's Henry V in the Hundred Years' War.
Output: History
The Ripon (RIP-uhn) Falls at the outflow of this body of water are now submerged. Its features include the Winam (WIN-am) Gulf and the Sese (SAY-SAY) archipelago. Its Speke (SPEAK) Gulf is named for one explorer of this lake. Much of the water coming into this lake goes through the Kagera (kuh-GAIR-uh) River. Kampala (KAHM-pah-lah), the capital of (*) Uganda, is located nearby. This lake's only outlet is the Nile. For 10 points, name this largest lake by surface area in Africa, named for a British monarch.
Output: Social Science
Basilio saves his lover Quiteria from being forced to marry the title character in this composers comic opera The Marriage of Camacho, while he wrote an oratorio about a biblical prophet one year after his opus 66, Piano Trio No. 2 in C minor. This composer struggled to complete his sole violin concerto in E minor after a request from King Frederick William IV, finished near the completion of eight volumes of six pieces for solo piano as part of his Songs without Words. A trip to Fingals Cave inspired his Hebrides Overture, and he wrote a Wedding March as part of incidental music for A Midsummer Nights Dream. FTP, name this German composer of the Scottish, Italian, and Reformation Symphonies
Output: Fine Arts
In one work from this country, the title character helps Fabio administer a ranch he inherited from his father Don Caceres; that work is Don Segundo Sumbra by Ricardo Guiraldes. In another work from this country, the titular character and her cousin Daniel protect Eduardo from the Rosas regime in what is considered this country's first novel, Amalia by Jose Marmol. One author from this country wrote The Tunnel and Of Heroes and Tombs and is named and Ernesto (*) Sabato. One of the most famous works from this country is written in the eight-syllable style of local ballads known as payadas; that work is a 2,316-line epic poem describing an impoverished farmer who has been drafted to serve at a border fort, El Gaucho Martin Fierro. For 10 points, identify this South American country home to Jose Hernandez, Manuel Puig, and Julio Cortazar.
Output: Literature
Mutations in the APL gene cause defects in this tissue, and another type of cell in this tissue expresses WRKY27, which influences the NO response. The CONSTANS protein in Arabidopsis acts in this tissue in order to regulate flowering. In sections this tissue appears green under the fast-green stain, but it is more commonly viewed using . 05% aniline blue, which stains callose. This tissue is surrounded by Bast fibers, and these tissues sometimes operate by Robert Turgeon's polymer-trap mechanism. This tissue is responsible for some forms of translational repression by carrying fragmented tRNA, and the ribosomes and mitochondria for this tissue are primarily stored in its companion cells. Ernst Munch proposed the pressure-flow hypothesis for transport through this tissue, which consists of sieve tube elements. For 10 points, name this tissue that transports organic molecules and sugars in plants.
Output: Science
Its government had a constitution providing for the payment of taxes and salaries by using produce. Opponents of the government, led by John Tipton, protested the preliminary conventions at Jonesboro and the first assembly meeting at Greenville. After a period of four years, Tipton successfully had its governor arrested on a charge of high treason, though that governor, John Sevier, would later serve in the North Carolina legislature. Existing from 1784 to 1788, FTP, name this one-time autonomous state in eastern Tennessee.
Output: History
He wrote a variation on Henry James' Turn of the Screw in which a composer named "D" kills the titular character, Aghwee the Sky Monster, and attacked a famous countryman in the novella The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away. A writer leaves his son in the care of Ma-Chan to spend a year at the University of California in his A Quiet Life, while a terrorist incident in his homeland was the basis for his novel about the Church of the New Man, Somersault. He has also written a novel featuring sodomy with a cucumber and one about a mentally ill boy and a black man named Bird, A Personal Matter. FTP, identify this Japanese author of Nip the Bud, Shoot the Kids and The Silent Cry.
Output: Literature
By a special case of the projection-slice theorem, performing the Hankel transform is equivalent to performing this man's transform for axially symmetric functions along with Fourier's. The absolute value of the inner product of two vectors is bounded by an inequality named for this man, who sometimes names the formula for summation by parts. The equation of titration is derived from this man's equation, which equates f(h(x)) with f(x+1), but he is better known for an identity linking the Wronskian of a second order differential equation to the equation itself and for an identity with Ruffini. Better known for proving that the general form of a quintic polynomial is insolvable, for 10 points, name this mathematician who names groups which are commutative, a Norwegian. 
Output: Science
Redpath, Thaden, and Fong found that E. Coli could be transformed from streptomycin-sensitive to streptomycin-resistant in the presence of this. Since this depends on the phase velocity, this can be achieved with very low particle velocities in a periodic medium, an effect known as the Smith-Purcell effect. Experiments such as VERITAS and MAGIC seek to determine the source and intensity of cosmic rays by detecting this, and Nag and Sayied found certain cases in which the energy released by this was larger than predicted by the Frank-Tamm formula, the usual method of calculating the amount of this emitted. For ten points, name this phenomenon, the subject of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, caused by charged particles traveling faster than the speed of light in a medium, a type of radiation famous for the blue glow it gives nuclear reactors.
Output: Science
Among his late works is the string quartet From My Life. His brief time spent with Wagner led to one opera, Dalibor, which was much less successful than Libuse, an opera about a legendary figure in his nation's history. Another opera, The Brandenburgers of Bohemia, like many of his works was created after the deafness that set in as a result of syphilis. Vyserad and Moldau are just two of the six symphonic poems that make up his Ma Vlast, or My Country. FTP, name this Czech composer of the opera The Bartered Bride.
Output: Fine Arts
Its precursor, the Distribution Act, increased the money supply by distributing the accumulated federal surplus to the states, but the effect spurred deflation and caused a seven-year depression. Issued by treasury secretary Levi Woodbury, it was the largest attack of the president's war against the Second Bank of the United States as well as state "pet banks. "  Though specifically targeted only at those profiting unfairly from government land transactions, FTP, name this 1837 executive order by Andrew Jackson that made only gold and silver payments acceptable.
Output: History
The protagonist of one work by this author becomes an opium addict after realizing that he has fallen in love with a prostitute and abandoning his life as an artist. That work opens with a description of the people found on the titular thoroughfare at different times of the day, and centers on Pirogov and Piskarev. In another work by this author, the protagonist goes to a newspaper office to place an ad to solve his problem after giving up hopes at a police station. That work sees the titular figure pose as a State Councilor and deny that he is actually the titular object that belongs to Major Kovalyov, and opens in an establishment which advertises that it lets blood. For 10 points, name this Russian author of "Nevsky Prospect" and "The Nose."
Output: Literature
One president of this country was scandalized when he allowed the warship Esmerelda to fly its flag. That leader was succeeded by a man known as the "Old Battler," Eloy Alfaro, who led the liberal revolution here in opposition to Gabriel Garcia Moreno; both of those leaders were assassinated and journalist Juan Montalvo bragged that his pen killed the latter. The populist Jose Velasco Ibarra served as its president five times in the 20th century. Its independence came with the defeat of the general Melchor Aymerich by Sucre in 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha, after which it briefly became the southern district of Gran Colombia. More recently, its leaders have resolved border disputes with neighboring president Alberto Fujimori. FTP, name this South American country home to Cotopaxi, Guayaquil, and Quito.
Output: History
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation assumes the change in this to be zero. Because this quantity is most useful when the substance in question is both isothermal and isobaric, a different quantity is used for explosive substances. An equation partially due to the namesake of this quantity gives the temperature dependence of this quantity for an ideal gas. A zero change in this quantity for a system implies that the system is in equilibrium, but a negative value for this quantity implies that a reaction is spontaneous. One may derive this by utilizing the Legendre transform on the internal energy of a system. For ten points, name this state function named for its American inventor, which measures the maximum amount of work attainable from a system, defined as enthalpy minus the product of temperature and entropy.
Output: Science
In one story, this god disguises himself as the farmhand Bolverk in a successful attempt to retrieve the Mead of Poetry. This god sits atop the ""high place"" of Hlidskjalf, and that which he cannot see is recalled to him by his two ever-circling ravens, Hugin and Munin. This god, who hung from the world tree on the spear Gungnir to earn mastery of the runes, will be swallowed whole by the wolf Fenrir at Ragnarok. For 10 points, name this one-eyed chief god of the Norse pantheon.
Output: Social Science
One poem by this author claims that "there's nothing sentimental about the technique of writing," which can be mastered by "any young man with a mind bursting to get out." This author argued that "The United States without self- seeking has given more of material help to Europe and to the world than have all other nations of the world put together in the entire history of mankind" in the chapter "Jacataqua," from a book which contains short biographies of people like Eric the Red, Walter Raleigh, and Daniel Boone. Another book by him begins with the section "The Delineaments of the Giants," which mentions "blank faces of the houses and cylindrical trees" to reinforce that there are "no ideas but in things," and describes a place that  "lies in the valley under the Passaic Falls, its spent waters forming the outline of his back." For 10 points, name this author of In the American Grain and an epic about his New Jersey hometown, Paterson.
Output: Literature
The first mosque in this country was built at Marree by a group of laborers known as the "Afghan cameleers." The Nan Tien Buddhist temple was built near this country's Mount Kembla. It's not France, but its first native saint founded the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart and is known as "Saint Mary of the Cross." Ceremonial musical instruments from this country include the (*) bullroarer. Some people from this country believe in "songlines," invisible paths across the landscape which mark the routes taken by totemic creator figures such as Barnumbirr, Baiame, and the Rainbow Serpent, who were active during the sacred "Dreamtime." For 10 points, name this country in which Ayers Rock, or Uluru, is considered sacred by its aboriginal population.
Output: Social Science
At one point the protagonist compares himself to a gadfly that stings a lazy horse, and at another point is accused of belief in a semi-divine, daemon spirit. The third section argues that death should not be feared, since it is either a peaceful sleep or another world filled with heroes from the past. The second part sees the protagonist propose that Athens punish him with free board at the public's expense for his crimes; earlier, Meletos was led into a series of contradictions, but nonetheless Meletos and his two fellow accusers are victorious. FTP, what is this Platonic dialogue concerning Socrates' defense against charges of sacrilege and corruption of the youth
Output: Literature
Robert Conrad was elected mayor of Philadelphia after being revealed as a member of this group. In Massachusetts, it helped elect Senator Henry Wilson, while in Indiana it recruited congressman Schuyler Colfax. One member was the only man to defeat Boss Tweed in an election. Their presidential candidate was a former Comptroller of New York who led the Silver-Grey Whigs, while their vice-Presidential candidate was Kitchen Cabinet member Andrew Donnelson. For 10 points, name this political party formed out of the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which nominated Millard Fillmore for President and was defined by its secrecy and opposition to Catholic immigrants.
Output: History
One of this composer's works pairs the "Largo alla Siciliana" movement "La Paix" with "La Rejouissance," which includes ad lib. snare drum parts in addition to that work's 3 sets of timpani and 24 oboes. This composer included an "Alla Hornpipe" in the second suite of one of his orchestral works. This composer included a musical depiction of flies in Israel in Egypt and the chorus "See, the Conqu'ring Hero Comes!" in Judas Maccabeus. He included a fugue on the words "and he shall reign for ever - and ever" in one work. For 10 points, name this German-English composer of Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks, whose Messiah includes the "Hallelujah Chorus."
Output: Fine Arts