niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
An army from this country won the 1513 Battle of Novara, giving this country temporary control of\n Milan. The Field of Rutli is considered the place where this country was founded, and was also the site of a\n 1940 rally led by General Henri Guisan, who commanded this country's forces during World War II. Early\n in its history, this country won the Battle of Mortgarten, preventing its annexation by the Habsburgs. The\n Kapel Wars were fought between Catholics and Protestants in this country, which is home to several\n valleys where Romansch is spoken. This country is currently composed of 26 cantons. For 10 points, name\n this Alpine country in Europe, known for its neutrality.
Output: History
The person on the left side of this painting, wearing an apron and sailor trousers, is next to a kneeling man with green trousers, a black suit, and black top hat. That man's knee is on the same cobblestones as the hands of the person with a blue shirt and red bandana who is looking up. The right side of this work shows a student with a cartridge pouch carried in a sling over his shoulder and with a gun in each hand. There are also wounded bodies lying on the ground, and the central figure has a loose yellow dress and is holding up a flag. Name this work set during the July Revolution showing the tricolor flag of France, painted by Eugene Delacroix [deh-lah-kwah].
Output: Fine Arts
The Satsuma Rebellion occurred during this period. Most political power during this period was held by Choshu and Tosa clan leaders, in spite of an authoritarian constitution drafted by Ito Hirobumi. Founded under the slogan "Enrich the country and strengthen the military," this period's philosophy was espoused in the Charter Oath and propagated the return of imperial rule. Occurring after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, FTP, identify this period of modernization in Japanese history known as the "restoration" of its namesake emperor.
Output: History
This man's third symphony was originally composed for the 19 strings in the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra and features a chaconne as its third movement. His trilogy of "portraits of nature" consists of The Light, The Canyon, and Itaipu, while his later symphonies include the Ginsberg-inspired Plutonian Ode and the Toltec. His eponymous six-movement chamber work includes the piece "Facades", which was drawn from his score to Godfrey Reggio's Koyaanisqatsi. This man adapted the Hymn to the Sun and the Book of the Dead for the third of his "portrait" operas, Akhenaten. For 10 points, name this American minimalist who scored films like The Hours and The Truman Show.
Output: Fine Arts
Particles of dielectric materials may be separated in a fractionation method that uses a nonuniform one of these. Band-bending occurs because it varies linearly in a depletion layer. Symmetric top molecules undergo line-splitting in their microwave spectrum due to the application of one of these. Modulators for active Q-switching lasers rely on an effect in which crystals lacking inversion symmetry become birefringent in linear proportion to the magnitude of one of these. Its flux through a surface is proportional to enclosed charge, and its curl is equal to the negative time partial of the magnetic field. Its magnitude is proportional to one-over-r for a line charge, and it is proportional to one over r squared for a point charge. For 10 points, name this vector field given in units of volts per meter.
Output: Science
Several of his early works, including such operas as Cleonice, Demofoonte, and Artaserse, were written with librettist Pietro Metastasio. He had begun composing an opera based on the Song of Roland, but the discovery that Niccolo Piccini was given the same libretto to work on sparked a rivalry in the Parisian press and motivated him to compose Armide. Collaboration with the librettist Calzabigi resulted in the composition of the ballets Semiramide and Don Juan, as well as an opera featuring the "Dance of the Blessed Spirits" and another in whose preface he declared his intent to "restrict music to its true office of serving poetry. " FTP, identify this German classical composer of "reform" operas such as Alceste and Orfeo et Euridice.
Output: Fine Arts
During his reign he built a string of forts from Rhacotis to beyond El-Alamein, suggesting trouble on the western border. In the 34th year of his reign he married the daughter of Khattushilish; this peace stands in sharp contrast to a conflict begun in the fourth year of his reign when he had to defend his vassal state Amurru. To do so, he led a force across the Orontes river before he was ambushed by forces under Muwatalli II at the battle of Kadesh. Despite the inconclusive battle against the Hittites, grandstanding accounts of his exploits appear at Abydos, the Temple of Luxor, Karnak, and Abu Simbel alongside busts of his wife, Nefertiti. For 10 points, name this nineteenth century BC pharaoh of Egypt son of Seti I.
Output: History
The beneficial type of this concept would be produced by such factors as the development of an AIDS vaccine, a better educational system, or a more efficient highway system. Costs of this type are not factored into the GDP; therefore, the GDP overstates economic welfare. FTP, name this economic concept in which a third party is affected by production or consumption of a commodity.
Output: Social Science
This man's namesake elasticity describes surface tension resistance when a surface is stretched, and can be applied to surface-tension-related mass transfer in an effect named for this man and Marangoni. For a mixture at constant temperature and pressure, the change in the chemical potential of the system can be obtained using an equation named for this man and Duhem. Another equation named for this man is used to calculate the degrees of freedom of a system depending in part on its number of components. For 10 points, name this man with a namesake phase rule and a thermodynamic quantity useful in predicting the spontaneity of a chemical reaction, his free energy.
Output: Science
The speaker of a poem by this man describes a rose that "grows and smells" "not of itself" but of his lover, whose kiss he considers a fine substitute for wine. Another poem by this man mourns a child "lent to [him]" for "seven years" whom he regards as "his best piece of poetry," and is entitled "On My First Son." At the end of one of this author's plays, a villainous servant is forced to become a galley slave, and the forced retirement of an old gentleman results in property inheritance for Bonario, the son of Corbaccio. This author of "Song to Celia" and creator of Mosca also wrote a play in Epicure Mammon is convinced that Jeremy and Subtle have the philosopher's stone. For 10 points, name this British poet and playwright of Volpone and The Alchemist.
Output: Literature
This work asserts that is is "not improbable" that a Trojan army led by a "Northern king" "would have driven Agamemnon and Achilles into the sea more decisively than the Greek hexameter routs the alliterative line. " Originally delivered as the seventh Israel Gollancz Memorial Lecture, this essay claims that the work it addresses is "wild" only in the sense that King Lear is "silly" and repeatedly critiques the notion that its subject places "the unimportant things at the centre and the important on the outer edges. " This work quotes and attacks W. P. Ker's assertion that "there are other things in the lives of Hercules and Thesues besides the killing of the Hydra or of Procrustes," whereas another figure has "nothing else to do. " Claiming that "a man might well exchange for one good dragon what he would not sell for a wilderness," this essay notes that there are only two important dragons in all of northern literature, the other being Fafnir. This lecture claims that a certain work ought to be studied to promote "understanding the poem as a poem" rather than as a mere historical or linguistic source and disputes the notion that battles with fantastic creatures render literature unserious. For 10 points, identify this lecture by J. R. R. Tolkien which defends the quality of an anonymous Old English poem.
Output: Literature
This artist was influenced by his early consumption of James Gibbs' Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture, and his first creation drew from the Semple House. Frederick D. Nichols asserts that his reading of Roland Frart de Chambrays Parallle de larchitecture antique et la moderne made him obsessed with octagons, (+) exemplified in the garden and general layout of the Poplar Forest house he designed. Charles-Louis Clerisseau introduced this man to the French "cubist" style of architecture and sparked his enthusiasm for the Maison Carree, later adapted into a building he designed for his home polity's capitol (*) building. One of his final creations, known as The Rotunda, was essentially a half-scale Pantheon and was flanked by five pavilions on either side, an idea drawn partially from William Thornton. Probably his best known work contained Mulberry Row on the same property and drew heavily from his reading of Palladio. FTP, identify this architect best known designing the University of Virginia and his home, Monticello.
Output: Fine Arts
compound can be used in rocket propellants, and corrosion of metal by it can be inhibited by phosphorous pentafluoride or a small amount of hydrogen fluoride. Another early process to produce this compound involved blowing air through an arc furnace at temperatures greater than 3000 C, cooling the products, and bringing them into contact with water, and was developed by Birkeland and Eyde. It is commonly added to solutions to remove unwanted ions which react with silver nitrate in a test for halide ions. It has two "fuming" forms; it appears white when highly concentrated, and red when an additional precursor is added to the solution. For 10 points, name this strong acid which is formed in the Ostwald Process and can be used with sulfuric acid to add an NO2 group to an aromatic ring.
Output: Science
This poet wrote that to get with child a mandrake root is more likely than to find a woman true, and fair in one poem. This author delivered a deathbed sermon about Deaths Duel and wrote that virtuous men pass mildly away in a poem that uses a compass metaphor to connect him to his love. This author of the lines Go and Catch a Falling Star tells the listener to "mark this" titular creature that suckd me first, and now sucks thee" in his poem The Flea. This poet coined the phrase For whom the bell tolls in his Meditation XVII and wrote the sonnet Death Be Not Proud. For 10 points name this English poet of A Valediction Forbidding Mourning.
Output: Literature
This ruler faced a scandal when Amy Robsart, the wife of Robert Dudley, died by falling down some stairs. This ruler was dubbed a "servant of crime" and excommunicated in the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, a response to the passage of the Second Act of Supremacy. Anthony Babington's plan to assassinate this ruler was uncovered by spymaster Francis Walsingham. This ruler ordered the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots and sent Francis Drake to defeat the Spanish Armada. For 10 points, name this Tudor monarch, the "Virgin Queen" of England.
Output: History
I of Hungary married the daughter of one Duke of this region, which was ruled by the Wittelsbachs and reunited by Duke Albert IV. One conflict fought over the succession of this region called the Potato War was ended with the Peace of Tetschen, and was caused by Joseph II's attempts to control it. The Duke of Marlborough fought the Battle of Blenheim in this region during the War of Spanish Succession. Henry the Lion was the Duke of Saxony and this state, and other rulers of this state included Ludwig II, also called Ludwig the Mad. For 10 points, name this South Western German state, with capital at Munich.
Output: History
This universal property of all spinless boson systems can be derived exactly for all charged scalar fields at any temperature. This property is most easily observed in symmetric electronic structures such as ionic crystals. Materials with this property do not fit into the assumptions of Earnshaws theorem, as they have negative susceptibility. Bismuth has the highest elemental value for this property, and superconductors demonstrate the perfect variety of this property when they expel magnetic fields. For ten points, identify this type of magnetism employed in a namesake type of levitation and distinguished from paramagnetism.
Output: Science
His relentless attacks on Christianity can be seen in his essay Of National Characters, which was later added to his two volume Essays, Moral and Political. Criticized for defending Charles I in his 1754 History of England, this philosopher established a system of morality based on utility and human sentiments alone in his Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, but is more famous for a work containing the essay Of Miracles. FTP, identify this Scottish empiricist philosopher, the author of Treatise of Human Nature and Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
Output: Social Science
This composers vocal works include a Korean Partisan Song and a Firemens Song. His earliest regularly encountered piece is a Piano Concerto in D-flat major featuring an instrument called the flexitone, and his patriotic second symphony in E minor, sometimes called the Bell Symphony, remains the most noted of his three symphonies. His diverse inspirations include music for Lopes comedy The Valencian Widow and his Masquerade Suite on a drama by Lermontov. But, this composer of Happiness is more famous for pieces which include the Dance of the Pirates, the Dance of the Rose Maidens, and Lezhginka. FTP, name this composer of the ballets Spartacus and Gayane, which contains the famous Sabre Dance, a man born in Armenia.
Output: Fine Arts
Thalassemia patients have a reduced quantity of these cells, which can be measured using the mean corpuscular volume. The schizont phase of malaria is found within these cells. At the end of their lifespan, which is about 120  days, these cells are relocated to the spleen and destroyed. The body condition when a low number of these cells are present is anemia. These cells, which do not have nuclei, gain their color from an iron-containing protein known as hemoglobin. For 10 points, name these cells in the bloodstream, which carry oxygen throughout the body.
Output: Science
One of the men in this work holds a list in his left hand and sits beside another gentleman who is standing in front of a broadsheet that bears the artist's signature and the date of its composition. Painted during the artist's time at Uylenburgh's workshop, it depicts an event that took place on January 31 of the same year that another figure in this work was punished for committing armed robbery. Its namesake was well known in his time for publishing a work describing the then unknown symptoms of Beri-Beri. That subject is surrounded by a group of black-clad onlookers, wears a large floppy hat, and holds a pair of forceps over the flayed arm of a man stretched out on a table. For 10 points, identify this 1632 work commissioned by the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, a work by Rembrandt.
Output: Fine Arts
It regulates the expression of cis-Nat genes in Arabidopsis, and its failure is the cause of the FMR1 mutation in fragile X syndrome. Drosha and Pasha are proteins that disrupt exportin-mediated transport involved in this process, which leaves behind subcomponents that bind to foreign molecules and targets them for the RDE-1 nuclease. Dicer cuts out the stem and loop structure of the double strand precursor to create a single strand template used by the RISC complex to repress translation or destroy messenger templates. Earning a Nobel prize for Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, FTP name this naturally occurring gene silencing process also used by biologists to inhibit gene expression, often using micro RNA or siRNA.
Output: Science
After the bill in question was defeated in Congress, William Waters' attempts at maintaining order up and down the tents and shanties along the Anacostia River fell on deaf ears and tensions rose. Under pressure from local authorities Generals Perry Miles and Douglas MacArthur were called in to drive out the demonstrators resulting in the death of one veteran and the appropriation of 100,000 to appease the protestors. FTP identify this 1932 gathering of WWI veterans who demanded extra payment for wartime services.
Output: History
Pathological enlargement of this organ is called Menetrier's disease, and hematemesis can result from persistent bleeding in it. The uppermost portion of this organ is called the fundus, which contains glands whose chief cells secrete zymogens. Another secretion of this organ is necessary for B12 absorption and is called (*) intrinsic factor. Its surface area is increased by folds called rugae. This organ's parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, which, along with enzymes like pepsin, works to produce chyme from macerated food. For 10 points, name this organ between the esophagus and the small intestine.
Output: Science
Some of this man's later works were created for television, including a score for the 1942 adaptation of his opera The Pilgrim's Progress as well as an adaptation of his seventh symphony for Scott of the Antarctic. His first choral symphony is a setting of parts of five Walt Whitman poems, including "A Song For All Seas, All Ships. " This mans operas also include one featuring a prize fight between the title character and John the butcher, as well as a direct adaptation of a J.M. Synge play. Hugh the Drover and Riders to the Sea were composed by, FTP, which British composer, who also created The Lark Ascending, the London Symphony, and Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis
Output: Fine Arts
quantity is constant in the body frame of an object, but has a time dependence in the space frame given by the position times this quantity in the body frame times the inverse of the position. For a random object, finding this quantity involves taking the integral of an outer product. Half of the time derivative of this quantity is equal to the scalar virial. This quantity provides the coefficients of the axes in Poinsot's ellipsoid. Euler's equations has this quantity in a dot product with the time derivative of angular velocity. The products of this 2nd order symmetric tensor form the non-diagonal term in the tensor matrix while the principal ones of this tensor form the diagonal in the tensor matrix. Given this quantity for one axis, one can find it for another axis with the Parallel Axis theorem. For 10 points, name this quantity that for a hoop is one-half times mass times the radius of gyration.
Output: Science
One composer from this country composed a harp concerto and the Concertante Variations during his "subjective nationalist" period, which was followed by the techniques of his "neo-expressionist period". That period was highlighted by his first piano concerto, which ends with a famous "Toccata", as well as an opera about the last Visigothic king of Spain. Another composer from this country had his chamber works collected in Yiddishbbuk and created St. Mark's Passion, which premiered in 2000. In addition to Osvaldo Golijov and the composer of Don Rodrigo, Alberto Ginastera, this country was home to a man whose works such as La Camorra revolutionized this nation's banodeon-heavy national dance. For 10 points, name this South American country, home of Astor Piazolla's "nuevo tango".
Output: Fine Arts
He was the first to equip his knights with Percheron horses, explaining their military effectiveness. His great-grandfather the "Elder of Landen" first served in the post that became hereditary for his family, though he would step out of that post after defeating the Neustrians. His greatest victory however came over Abd-ar-Rahman, the emir of Spain, but it was his "Short" son who would found a new dynasty. FTP, name this mayor of the palace and grandfather of Charlemagne, who earned his nickname of "hammer" for his victory over Arab forces at Tours in 732.
Output: History
Vincent Persichetti's Parables XIV and XXV were written for this instrument, which has a secondary solo role in Shostakovich's First Piano Concerto.Three of them are employed at the opening of Ashkenazys orchestration of Pictures at an Exhibition, as opposed to the one usually used. Joseph Hummel wrote a concerto for this instrument for Anton Weidinger, for whom another pioneering work for this instrument was written to utilize a "keyed" version to access low-register chromatic notes not on the overtone scale. It is featured in a notable Concerto in E-flat by Joseph Haydn. The titular five-note query in Charles Ives' The Unanswered Question is played by this instrument. For 10 points, name this valved brass instrument, whose jazz virtuosi include Louis Armstrong.
Output: Fine Arts
The maximum energy of these things created by a given voltage is given by the Duane-Hunt law.  Like electrons, they were discovered using a Crookes tube. Riccardo Giacconi won his Nobel Prize  for figuring out how these could be used in astronomy, and Max von Laue won his Nobel Prize for   work on the diffraction of these things. These things were used by Rosalind Franklin to make an  image of DNA molecules, and these are measured by the Chandra Observatory. This electromagnetic  radiation is more energetic than ultraviolet light but less energetic than gamma rays. Name this  radiation discovered by Wilhelm Rontgen, used to observe bones.
Output: Science
It was signed in Aix-la-Chapelle ten days after a conference began in another city. It was addressed to a former leader of the Albany Regency who had signed the first reciprocity treaty entered into by the United States. One of the men who signed it was a longtime rival of John Slidell, while another had served as Tyler's secretary of the navy and as Polk's attorney general. It claims that the actions it describes could lead to the extension of railroads to Cadiz, Malaga, and northern Portugal. However, it was blasted in the Republican Party platform as a "highwayman's plea that 'might makes right. '"  It condemned the seizure of the Black Warrior and warned that America should not permit the establishment of another "Africanized" Santo Domingo. Its repudiation by William Marcy brought about the resignation of one of its writers, Pierre Soul. FTP, name the 1854 document that called on the U.S. to invade Cuba if Spain refused to sell it, which is named for the city in Belgium where it was written.
Output: History
This president sent federal troops into Baltimore and Pittsburgh to put down the ""Great Railroad Strike. "" This man's First Lady was known as ""Lemonade Lucy"" for her support of temperance. Despite his veto, the Bland-Allison Act was passed during his presidency, as were bills weakening the Force Acts passed to crack down the Ku Klux Klan. During his only presidential election, he actually received less electoral and popular votes than opponent Samuel Tilden. For 10 points, name this president who took office by promising to end Reconstruction in the controversial ""Compromise of1877. ""
Output: History
His incidental music includes some for The Widow of Valencia by Lope de Vega, and his first foray into ballet was Happiness, to be followed by Spartacus. His first work was a piece dedicated to his mother called The Song of the Wandering Ashugh. In another of his ballets, Giko is killed and the titular daughter of Avanes, a collective farm leader, safeguards precious geological secrets. For 10 points, name this composer whose Gayane contains the iconic Sabre Dance, the namesake of the Grand Concert Hall of Yerevan and hero of twentieth-century Armenian culture.
Output: Fine Arts
A bronze atrocity by Barbedienne, sits on the mantle in the location in which this play takes place. The characters period of introspection ends with an outbreak of the song beginning with What a crowd in Whitefriars Lane! One character then volunteers to be a mirror for another character. The journalist from Rio admits to having deserted from the war, while two other women admit to having extramarital affairs. While the former housewife attempts to stab Inez with a paper knife at this plays end, she fails to afflict any damage, as she, Garcin, and Estelle are already dead. It is revealed that Hell is other people in, FTP, what play by Jean-Paul Sartre
Output: Literature
One variant of this phenomenon can be used to tune the electronic properties of boron nitride nanotubes from nearly insulating to metallic. Another variant of this phenomenon is induced by interference of standing laser waves to trap atoms of a Bose-Einstein condensate loaded into an optical lattice. Schrdinger's third article from his 1926 series of papers presented his perturbation theory treatment of this effect's modification of the Balmer and Lyman series. Along with van der Waals broadening and resonance broadening, this effect can produce pressure broadening of spectral lines. In addition to the giant version and the AC or Autler-Townes form of this effect, it exhibits variants that are linear and quadratic in the applied field. FTP name this shifting and splitting of spectral lines due to an external electric field, the analogue of the Zeeman effect.
Output: Science
It ended the oppressive dragonnades, but the end of its political benefits was achieved by the Peace of Alais and the capture of the stronghold at La Rochelle, while a series of declarations beginning in 1665 interpreted it so narrowly that it became virtually useless. Officially revoked in 1685, it had originally created what was essentially an independent state within France with its provisions for French subsidies for troops and fortifications for its constituents. FTP, what was this 1598 edict of Henry IV which ended the Wars of Religion by granting religious toleration to the Huguenots
Output: History
One of these molecules containing two geminal acceptor groups is the product of the Knoevenagel reaction. Ethers can be formed by alkoxy-mercuration between an alcohol and one of these, or by reacting a peroxy-acid with one of these. In the process of hydrogenation, some of its bonds are broken by reacting them with protons, and Lindlar's catalyst is often used to yield the cis-variety from an alkyne. Markovnikov's rules state that when hydrogen halides are added to them, the acid hydrogen attatches to the carbon with the greatest bonded hydrogens and the halide attaches to carbon with the fewest bonded hydrogens. Ethylene is the simplest member of, for 10 points, what group of unsaturated organic compounds that have at least one carbon-carbon double bond 
Output: Science
He used parallel chords, or ""planing"", in a piano work inspired by the myth of Ys, his prelude ""The Sunken Cathedral"". He parodied Clementi and Wagner in a set of piano pieces which opens with ""Doctor Gradus Ad Parnassum"" and was written for his daughter. Another piano work by this composer ends with a passepied, but is most famous for a D-flat major third movement inspired by a Verlaine poem. For 10 points, the Children's Corner suite was written by this French Impressionist whose Suite bergamesque includes ""Clair de lune"".
Output: Fine Arts
This man's time in Spain resulted in works such as Tales of the Alhambra. In a short story that appears in this author's Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, a man falls asleep for twenty years, awaking to find the American Revolution has occurred. In another short story by this author, Brom Bones marries Katrina van Tassel after Ichabod Crane disappears during an encounter with a headless horseman. For 10 points, name the American author of "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."
Output: Literature
This man's earliest political post was Governor of Seringapatam (ser-in-GAH-pah-tam), to which he was appointed by his older brother, Lord Mornington. Under this man's government, the Test Act was repealed and the Catholic Emancipation Act was passed. He succeeded Castlereagh as Britain's delegate to the Congress of Vienna. He is the only man to have concurrently held the offices of Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. For 10 points, name this politician, who was given a dukedom a year before he ended the Napoleonic Wars with a victory at Waterloo.
Output: History
This artist included "Reincarnation of a Lovebird" in an album featuring narration by Jean Shepherd who describes a man "who tried to please most people . . . but nobody liked until he was dead" in "The Clown. " This artist ran a group called "The Jazz Workshop" and often collaborated with drummer Dannie Richmond and pianist Jaki Byard. He had his psychotherapist Edmund Pollock to write the liner notes for his six-part suite The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady. This musician made an album titled after his name "Ah Um" that featured the track "Fables of Faubus" and a piece later called "Theme for Lester Young. " The instruments imitate police whistles and car horns in his reimagining of a Gershwin classic "A Foggy Day" found on an album titled for a tone poem about humanity's evolution into a upright hominid and eventual downfall from pride. For 10 points, name this jazz musician who composed "Goodbye Pork Pie Hat" and the album Pithecanthropus Erectus who played the bass.
Output: Fine Arts
The arrival of the French bishops raised the question regarding the divine basis for the obligation for bishops to reside in their sees. Debate raged over its title because it was feared that adding the phrase "representing the Church universal" to its title would be taken to express superiority over the Pope. Defining the mass as a true sacrifice, it fixed the Old and New Testament canon, set the number of sacraments at 7, and defined the Nicene Creed as the basis of the Catholic faith. Convened by Paul III, it ended under Pius IV almost twenty years after it began. For 10 points, what church council confirmed transubstantiation and condemned Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone
Output: History
He once won a fight with the god of death over who was to give water to Ajamila, and he towed a boat to Mount Himavan to save a man from a flood. He once stopped the demon Hiaranyaksha from pushing the world under the sea, and he will appear as a warrior riding a white horse at the end of the Kali Yuga. The goddess of Wealth lives in his torso, and his other consorts include the goddesses of earth and devotion, Bhuavevi and Neeladvi. Riding the son of Kashyap, the giant bird Garuda, this god has appeared as fish, a dwarf, or a man with an axe. FTP, name this Hindu preserver god who forms the trimurti with Brahma and Shiva and whose avatars include Rama and Krishna.
Output: Social Science
A woman of this name ruled over a so-called "Moderate Decade," in which Ramon Maria Narvaez's party came to power. Intrigue over the planned marriages of that woman and her sister Luisa Fernanda caused a diplomatic affair between France and Britain in 1846 as the second Carlist war began. An early royal with this name beat Joanna la Beltaneja in a succession war as a descendant of Henry of (*) Trastamara, and treated with the Nasrid dynasty ruler Boabdil. The Second Vatican council revoked a decree by that woman of this name, called the Alhambra decree, which expelled all Jews living in her country. For 10 points, give this name held by a queen of Castile who accepted Granada's surrender, completing the Reconquista, and married Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Output: History
One of these animals in Greek myth is Laelaps, who was converted to stone by Zeus along with its potential prey, the Teumissian Fox. Another example from Greek myth was Argos, who was unable to give away the disguise of a man whom he had not seen for many years due to his sudden death. In Norse myth, Garm was this type of animal. The best known example from Greek myth served as a guardian to the underworld. For 10 points, Cerberus had three heads of what kind of animal
Output: Social Science
One logical positivist derided emotivism as a "Boo Hurrah theory" of this field while, in the Provincial Letters, Pascal attacked casuistic approaches to it. G.E. Moore elucidated the naturalistic fallacy, which occurs when approaches to it appeal to some definition of a certain "indefinable" construct, which Henry Sidgwick considered across three primitive paradigms of the field. Kant's categorical imperative is hailed as the most reasonable approach in deontology, a stance that John Rawls clarified by defining with respect to justice and right the construct of good. FTP, name this branch of axiology concerned with philosophical morality.
Output: Social Science
This piece was orchestrated by the composer of the Grand Canyon Suite, Ferde Grof. After this work's distinctive solo opening, which was improvised by Ross Gorman, a trumpet theme enters. This piece's composer played piano when it premiered at the Aeolian Hall during the "Experiment in Modern Music" concert. This "musical kaleidoscope of America," which was written for Paul Whiteman's band, opens with a trill followed by a seventeen-note clarinet glissando. For 10 points, name this George Gershwin work for piano and jazz band.
Output: Fine Arts
It allows the renormalized Higgs mass to be finite and also improves the unification of the coupling constants at the Grand Unification scale. Since R-parity must be conserved, then all of its particles must be produced in pairs, and its lightest particle cannot decay. It is the basis for such postulated particles as selectrons, neutralinos, photinos, and gluinos. Relating gravitational forces to subatomic forces, FTP, name this hypothetical equivalence between fermions and bosons, often abbreviated SUSY.
Output: Science
Its formulator extended it by citing work that he had performed under Kolbe, while Henrys independent discovery of this statement led to another generalization by its formulator. Hornback explained it in terms of positively-charged intermediates, and this statement is notably abrogated in a procedure sometimes named for Herbert Brown. Often paired with a similar rule that governs eliminations, Zaitsevs rule, this rule is violated in reactions using peroxides and in hydroboration reactions due to steric hindrance. FTP, name this rule from organic chemistry that states that when a halide adds to an alkene, the more substituted carbon attaches the halide, named for a Russian chemist.
Output: Science
Appian suggests that the victorious general at this battle organized his manipuli like the rungs of a ladder rather than like the black squares of a chessboard. During the early stages of this conflict the hastati were able to confuse the first rank of Libyans, Gauls and the Balearic contingent and Vermina's apparent failure to arrive on the day of the battle exacerbated one side's cavalry advantage already gained by the additional forces of Dacamas. Fought by the river Bagradas near Naraggara, its dating can be attributed to a statement by Zonaras which suggested one side's fear of solar eclipses. This battle was preceded by Masinissa's capture of the Numidian ruler Syphax and saw the Romans bang on their shields with their swords in order to scare the war elephants. For 10 points, name this decisive 202 B. C. Roman victory that marked the end of the Second Punic War.
Output: History
Notable biographies of this person were written in the 19th century by David Strauss and Ernest Renan, and when Renan delivered a lecture referring to him as "an incomparable man" he was promptly suspended from his professorship at the College de France. He appears as the character Ha-Nozri in The Master and Margarita, and one of Jose Saramago's novels is entitled "The Gospel According to" him. FTP, name this man represented by C.S. Lewis in the character of Aslan and by Nikos Kazantzakis in the title character of a novel about a last temptation.
Output: Social Science
Actions perpetrated by one side of this conflict prompted the formation of the Fawcett Comission. General Penn Simons was killed in a successful attack against the enemy's elevated position in the opening Battle of Glencoe. The victorious side suffered initial defeats at Stormberg and Colenso in a period known as the Black Week, and hundreds of Imperial Troops were also lost on a day known as Bloody Sunday. After winning at Paardeberg, Field Marshal Roberts lifted the sieges of Ladysmith and Mafeking, while the latter half of this conflict saw Lord Kitchener employ scorched-earth tactics against the namesake group. Concluding with the Treaty of Vereiniging, identify, for 10 points, this war lasting from 1899 to 1902, a conflict between British forces and a certain Afrikaans-speaking people in South Africa.  
Output: History
An early theory of the origin of these involved the breakup of relativistic "beebees" while Meszaros and Rees proposed the relativistic fireball shock model to explain their non-thermal broken power law spectrum. Woosely and Paczynski proposed that they are explicable by the collapsar model for Wolf-Rayet stars, which form black holes that feed an electron-positron-baryon jet. First detected by Vela military satellites, their afterglow was first observed by the BeppoSAX satellite using an x-ray detector and data from NASA's Compton Observatory showed they originate from far outside the Milky Way. FTP, identify these astronomical phenomena classified either as long- or short-duration depending if they last over two seconds and named for their intense output of high-energy photons.
Output: Science
Farmer King" was an epithet given to the infrastructure-obssessed King Denis of this country, and one of its most important leaders is known for having a Jewish advisor, Jehuda Cresques. The papal bull Aeterni regis divided colonial sovereignties between this polity and Castile by ratifying the Treaty of Alcacovas. The Tavora Conspiracy to kill its king led to the expulsion of Jesuits from this country, which provided the wife to (*) Charles II of England and later saw its dictatorship fall in the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, identify this nation whose Aviz Dynasty included Henry the Navigator, the colonizers of Mozambique and Brazil.
Output: History
One tribe in this country had two opposing sorcerors, the bari and the aroettowaraare. The book The Masters and the Slaves argued that a "polygamous patriarchal regime" in this country's early history allowed the miscegenation that gave this nation its identity. One ethnography set in this country described how children whose mothers considered them fated to die from "child sickness" were often just malnourished. This setting of Death Without Weeping is home to the Piraha people, whom Daniel Everett claimed to lack recursion. In Tristes Tropiques, Claude Levi-Strauss describes his travels to study this country's Nambikwara, Tupi-Kawahib, and Bororo people. For 10 points, name this home of Gilberto Freyre where Nancy Scheper-Hughes documented conditions in the favelas
Output: History
Who Jenny is and which is the right and which the wrong way of a woman, the author declares, won't be revealed in this book until the chapter before the one on button-holes. This is stated after the title character's father had only half employed one in hunting down Susannah, who had been tasked with telling the curate the name of the union of Hermes and Thoth, but which the curate claimed had no "gistus to it. '' An attempt to access the opposite pocket with the right hand called to mind a siege before the gate of St. Nicholas and an injury to the groin of Trim's master, Uncle Toby, at the siege of Namur. For 10 points, name this satirical novel by Laurence Sterne.
Output: Literature
The Rodrigues formula and Hermite polynomials figure into the analytic method for finding the wavefunctions of these systems. The allowed energies for these systems can be calculated using the ladder operators. A quantity determining peakedness for energy graphs of these systems is the dimensionless quality factor. Their behavior can be split into transient and steady-state motions when they are subjected to a sinusoidal driving force and a simple damping force, and they exhibit resonance at certain frequencies. For 10 points, name this kind of system whose periodic, sinusoidal motion is described by Hookes law, examples of which include a mass on a spring and a simple pendulum.
Output: Science
In a short story by this author, Michael erects a barbed wire fence alongside the namesake walkway near\n the school he supervises. Besides "Dead Men's Path", he wrote of his country's civil war in "Girls at\n War" and wrote of Jonathan being robbed after converting his money into egg-rashers in "Civil Peace." In\n one of his novels, a heated battle between the Okperi and Umuaro is stopped by Captain Winterbottom.\n That work centers on a priest of the god Ulu named Ezeulu and is titled Arrow of God. In his best known\n work, the protagonist executes Ikemefuna and is sent into exile for seven years after his gun accidentally\n explodes. For 10 points, name this creator of the character Okonkwo, the Nigerian author of Things Fall\n Apart.
Output: Literature
He wrote a book attacking the New Testament under the pseudonym Gamaliel Smith, while another work concludes that laws punishing masturbation will never be implemented. In addition to Not Paul But Jesus and Offences Against One's Self, he also attempted to diagram the motives and consequences of human action in A Table on the Springs of Action. Another work consists of thirteen letters about Britain setting a legal maximum rate of interest, while another attacks William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. Those works, Defense of Usury and Fragment on Government, were published around the same time as a work that discusses psychological hedonism. An Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation was written by, for 10 points, what English philosopher who was known for originating the concept of the panopticon and for founding utilitarianism
Output: Social Science
One group in this phylum probably descended from heteractinids, which went extinct during the Paleozoic Era. This phylum's immune response includes the accumulation of grey cells. In organisms in this phylum, totipotent amoebocytes allow for reproduction and the distribution of nutrients digested by current-producing choanocytes. Those choanocytes, with epidermal pinocytes, bound a gelatinous matrix known as the mesohyl, which separates the two layers of organisms in this phylum. The asconoid and syconoid body forms also feature an osculum along with spicules produced by sclerocytes. For 10 points, name this invertebrate phylum of sessile, suspension-feeding animals commonly known as sponges.
Output: Science
His refusal to enforce his own Consolidation of Labor Laws led workers to attack him in the Miner's Manifesto. His abuses caught up with him when his guard Tenente Fortunato was implicated in the murder of Rubens Vaz during the Tonelero Street conspiracy. His replacement of the Constitution of 1891 attempted to ease the lot of the workers, but his brutal suppression of the cangaos did not endear him to his anti-coronelist power base, and he used the Cohen Plan, a fabricated plot by the Integralistas, to assume dictatorial powers. Starting out as the governor of Rio Grande do Sur, he led the Liberal Alliance in overthrowing the government of Washington Luis in 1930, and he modeled his rule on the Estado Nvo of Antonio Salazar. FTP, name this president of Brazil.
Output: History
The title character of one of this man's operas sings the "Shadow Song" while chasing her pet goat, and he wrote an aria for soprano in which the insane Catherine is accompanied by Peter the Great on flute, "La, la, la, air chri. " This composer of Dinorah saw his early opera Jephtha flop, and Gaetano Rossi wrote the libretto to one of his works in which Armando rescues the sultan from Osmino and which includes a castrato role, Il crociato in Egitto. This composer of Margaret of Anjou also collaborated with Rossi on an opera in which the title characters both love Teobaldo, Romilda and Costanza. In one of this man's operas, an explosion kills the titular character, John de Leyden, and he wrote another in which Bertram offers the title character a magic bough and takes him to frolic with dead nuns, Robert le Diable. For 10 points, identify this composer of Les Huguenots and L'Africaine. 
Output: Fine Arts
The Midrash Raba relates how Nimrod forced this figure to worship the fire, an event which ended in the death of Haran. He rescued a relative by defeating Chedorlaomer at Dan, which led to his blessing by Melchizedek. He fathered Zimran by Keturah, and he was twice forced to pretend that his wife was his sister. He provided the mother of his surrogate first-born with food before his wife exiled her to the desert of Paran, and managed to save his nephew Lot when escaping from the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. FTP, name this Biblical figure, husband of Sarah and father of Ishmael, who was spared from sacrificing his son Isaac.
Output: Social Science
He wrote three symphonies, the third of which is scored for 15 solo trumpets, orchestra, and organ. His Violin Concerto was transcribed for flute by Jean-Pierre Rampal, while his other orchestral works include the Solemn Overture and the Concerto-Rhapsody for violin and orchestra. His 1966 Jazz Composition was written for Benny Goodman, but he is better known for stage works like the ballets Happiness and Spartacus. FTP, name this composer of the ballet Gayane, which features his famous "Sabre Dance. "
Output: Fine Arts
One of these substances with phenyl and methyl substituents is known as anisole, while a cyclic type of these compounds features electronegative interior atoms which capture cations. Along with the "crown" type, epoxides are another class of these compounds which can be synthesized from alcohols and halocarbons in the Williamson synthesis. Containing an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrocarbon groups, for 10 points, name this class of organic compounds derived from the name of a classical Greek heavenly element, the "diethyl" variety of which was formerly used as an anesthetic.
Output: Science
The Mundell-Tobin effect pertains to the increase in interest rates along with this process, and the Taylor rule claims that interest rate should be changed by a central bank alongside increases in this. The opportunity cost resulting from this phenomenon is called the shoe leather cost, and aggregate demand overcoming the potential output of an economy leads to the demand-pull variety. It is calculated by comparing two years' Consumer Price Index. For 10 points, name this economic phenomenon that is defined as the rise in the price of goods over a period of time.
Output: Social Science
The beginning of this event was heralded in a speech on the twentieth anniversary of Victorious February which claimed that Klement Gottwald had failed in his handling of the trial of Rudolf Slansky. Ota Sik's "third way" was the underlying economic policy of this period, and a meeting at Cierna nad Tisou failed to put an end to it. The weakness of the Action Programme during this period led Ludvik Vaculik to publish a document which called for the resignation of inept leaders, the "Two Thousand Words". This event began after the resignation of Antonin Novotny, and in response to the end of it, Jan Palach set himself on fire in protest. Gustav Husak became President after this event was crushed by a Warsaw Pact invasion, which was justified by the Brezhnev Doctrine. This period was led by Alexander Dubcek, who attempted to create "socialism with a human face". For 10 points, name this period of liberal reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
Output: History
An accretion disk and one of these entities can be used to extract energy from a spinning black hole in the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. The "ballerina skirt" model was used to describe the effects of another one of these entities, whose generating body's rotation influences the shape of the Parker spiral. A star with a particularly strong one of these entities explains bursts from soft gamma repeaters; those stars are a subtype of (*) neutron stars, whose revolution rate decreases over time due to these things. The solar wind is guided by one of these entities, whose reconnection causes solar flares. For 10 points, name these entities, the one of which generated by the earth's core is explained by the dynamo model and influences the direction of compass needles.
Output: Science