niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Members of the genus aeromonas have polar and lateral types of these, and it has a paracrystalline filament running along its length in T. brucei. In some organisms, a MS ring and a periplasmic P ring are found at its base, and a June 2008 study in Science discusses a protein that acts a clutch to halt the rotation of these. Their components are connected by nexin linkages, and dyneins generate the force which causes a bending motion in eukaryotes, wherein they have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules that form an axoneme. For 10 points, identify these structures consisting of hooks and filaments in basal bodies, present in euglena and sperm cells, which allow for motility of the cells.
Output: Science
The most precise measurement for this quantity has come from the magnetic moment of the electron. For an electromagnetic interaction with n vertices, the amplitude for the interaction is proportional to this constant to the nth power. The square of this number is the ratio of the Hartree energy to the rest mass of the electron, and it is the ratio of the classical velocity in the ground state of the Hydrogen atom to the speed of light. The probability of a mechanism of an electromagnetic interaction involving n virtual photons is proportional to this constant to the 2n power, which in Quantum Electrodynamics indicates that this is the coupling constant for electromagnetic interactions. For 10 points, name this dimensionless constant in quantum mechanics, famously miscalculated by a numerological argument by Eddington, which is approximately one over 137.
Output: Science
The Berry phase is almost never present in it, with the exception of the "JT valley" caused by the Jahn-Teller effect, and it fails for graphenes, due to rigid oscillations of Dirac cones and a stiffening of the Raman G peak. Its first step consists of solving the time-independent Schrodinger Equation to obtain namesake potential energy surfaces, which can be used to determine nuclear eigenvalues, while Eckart conditions are used in its second step. The Franck-Condon principle assumes that the vibrational and electronic wavefunctions are separate in, FTP, this physical approximation used to model molecular dynamics, which assumes nuclei do not move in relation to electrons and is named for two physicists.
Output: Science
He wrote about the shooting of Wolfgang by Konny in Schwerin in one work, which is narrated by a man born during the sinking of WIlhelm Gustoff, Paul Poriefke. In addition to Crabwalk, he wrote an autobiography called Peeling the Onion, and wrote a novel which parodies the style of Being and Time. More well known works by this author include one in which Pilenz describes the theft of a German U-Boat captain's Iron Cross by Joachim Malke, and one in which Sister Dorothea is killed after rejecting the advances of virtuoso jazz drummer and dwarf Oskar Matzerath. For 10 pointsname this author of Dog Years, Cat and Mouse, and The Tin Drum, all part of his Danzig Trilogy.
Output: Fine Arts
Neither the children's chorus nor the soprano soloist appear until this work's fourth section. The sixth movement, entitled Dance, is for the orchestra alone, while the short nineteenth movement, about the exploits of a young couple, is sung by an a cappella men's semi-chorus. Both the soprano and tenor soloists must sing a high D flat, while the baritone is asked to sing a high B in the sixteenth movement, Dies, nox et omnia. Liquor and the enjoyment of life are the themes of, for 10 points, what set of songs by Carl Orff that begins and ends with O Fortuna
Output: Fine Arts
This prophet, the son of Amittai, caused an entire city to fast and wear sackcloth, and at the end of his namesake book he becomes angry when a worm destroys a plant that was providing him shade. After boarding a ship in Joppa, God created a great storm, which prompts the other passengers to throw this prophet into the sea. Earlier, he had purposely disobeyed God's wishes by not going to the sinful city of Ninevah (NIN-ee-vuh). For 10 points, name this prophet of the Old Testament who was swallowed by a large fish.
Output: Social Science
Agnes is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra in a play by this author whose prologue and epilogue consist of an insistent ringing telephone, while the narrator of another work by this author casts a black magic spell on his own daughter after associating with a group of Parisian artists. This author of A Dream Play and Inferno wrote a trilogy which begins with the meeting of a Stranger and a Lady on a Street Corner and features a scene in which the Stranger yells, "Strike me with your lightning if you dare! Frighten me with your thunder if you can! " In addition to The Road to Damascus, this author wrote a more well known work in which The Count leaves his gloves and boots on the stage throughout the play and Jean kills a bird before giving a razor to the title character. For 10 pointsname this author of Miss Julie.
Output: Fine Arts
Working closely with real estate developer William Zeckendorf, he created such urban projects as the Place Ville-Marie in Montreal. After branching out on his own, notable designs included those for the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, N.Y. and a pentagonal control tower for use by the FAA. He began a rebuilding project for the Louvre in 1984, but much of his work was in the northeast U.S. such as the New York City Convention Center and the JFK Memorial Library at Harvard. After founding his own firm in 1955, he might have been returning to his roots with designs for the Luce Memorial Chapel in Taiwan and the Beijing Fragrant Hall. FTP, name this Chinese-born American architect.
Output: Fine Arts
The "gene shears" technology is a synthetic one of these molecules that is being developed for the treatment of viruses. One of these molecules regulates cellular production of glucosamine-6-phosphate. Hepatitis D relies on one of these molecules for its replication and viability, and another is used by plant viruses to process the products of rolling circle replication. The latter is a hairpin one of these molecules, a form which, like the hammerhead variety of these, does not require a metal ion to be catalytically active. These molecules are able to catalyze aminotransferase activity, but they are most notable for their ability to cleave themselves and are thought to be evolutionarily related to the spliceosome. For 10 points, give this name for RNA molecules that are able to catalyze chemical reactions.
Output: Science
This opera parodies oversentimentality in its arias "Vorrei dir" and "Smanie implacibili. " A bass in this opera sings "Io crepo se non rido" and undercuts a farewell scene by laughing during its quintet "Di scrivermi ogni giorno. " After being given a locket, this opera's leading baritone sings "Donne mie, la fate a tanti" in its second act. During the first act's final scene, extended woodwind trills play when a fake doctor based on Franz Mesmer uses a huge magnet on two characters who pretend to poison themselves. A soprano in this opera compares herself to a rock in the aria "Come scoglio," but is eventually seduced after being encouraged by her maid, Despina. In this opera's first scene, Ferrando and Guglielmo swear that their fiances will be eternally faithful to them, but after disguising themselves and successfully seducing Fiordiligi and Dorabella, they lose a bet to the cynical Don Alfonso. Subtitled "The School for Lovers," for 10 points, name this opera buffa by Mozart, whose title roughly translates to "they're all like that. "
Output: Fine Arts
One of this composer's overtures calls for the second violins to tap the music stands with their bows. This composer of Il Signor Bruschino wrote a work in which one character helps Elvira regain the love of her husband; that work ends with Isabella sailing away with Lindoro. A character in another opera by this man sings of plans to drive his rival out of town in La calunnia e un venticello; that character is the music-master Basilio. He wrote L'italiani in algieri, and his last opera (*) features a galop in the overture reminiscent of a cavalry charge. The title character of his most famous opera enters with Largo al factotum and helps Count Almaviva win the love of Rosina. For 10 points, name this Italian composer of William Tell and The Barber of Seville.
Output: Fine Arts
One essay claims that, like the Mona Lisa, more people consider this work "a work of art because they have found it interesting, than interesting because it is a work of art." J.M. Robertson and Minnesota professor Elmer Stoll studied it as a "stratification" with a series of authors. An essay on this literary work claims it doesn't contain any "chain[s] of events" or physical things representing "particular emotion[s]." Thomas Kyd may have written a proposed "Ur-" version of this play, which is an "artistic failure" because it lacks an "objective correlative" according to a T.S. Eliot essay on the title character "and His Problems." This plays' backstory includes poison in a king's ear. For 10 points, name this tragedy in which poisoned wine kills Queen Gertrude after a ghost talks to her princely Danish son.
Output: Literature
Seven years after the book was published, Shigeru Nakayama (she-GAY-ru nah-kah-YAH-mah) convinced the author to write a "Postscript--1969" which suggests a project for sociological study of a certain kind of community. The introduction considers a "role for history," and subsequent chapters take on anomaly, crisis, and the nature and necessity of the titular occurrences, which appear as invisible revolutionary changes in world view. FTP, identify this book, first published in 1962 by MIT professor Thomas Kuhn, which introduced the concept of "paradigm shifts. "
Output: Social Science
His novels include Querelle of Brest and Funeral Rites, both of which were published in 1947. His youthful experiences at the Mettray reform school are described in Miracle of the Rose, while The Thief's Journal tells the story of his life as a male prostitute. FTP, name this French criminal and author, best known for Absurdist dramas like The Screens, The Blacks, and The Maids.
Output: Literature
Early alliances in this war were shuffled around by the treaties of Traventhal and Altranstadt. The end of one phase in this war saw the naval battle of Hang, and it continued in name only for three years after the throne devolved to Ulrika Eleonora and Frederick I following one commander's death at Frederikshald. Parts of Ingria and Karelia changed hands under the final peace which ended this war, the Treaty of Nystad. For 10 points, name this war including the battles of the Pruth River, Poltava, and Narva, that targeted Charles XII and ended in 1721 when Peter the Great secured control of the Baltic Sea from Sweden.
Output: History
In his later work he distinguished between value that is invoked when an interpersonal exchange occurs and value as denoting the qualitative mental evaluation of elements. Using these definitions, he created an algebra of social exchange in his Sociological Studies. In his earlier work he argued that information processing is guided by a need for equilibrium, which is restored by either assimilating new information into old patterns, or altering the old pattern to accommodate the new information. Known for his belief in instinctual "schemas" of behavior at birth, he sought to understand the formation of knowledge in terms of "genetic epistemology. " FTP, name this French developmental psychologist, best known for positing four stages of development beginning with the sensorimotor.
Output: Social Science
This thinker argued against relativism in the true critique of art and posited a universal "mental" form of the title concept in one essay in his Four Dissertations. Another book by this author of "The Standard of Taste" outlines three fundamental laws of justice. This man wrote a work narrated by Pamphilus that contains a conversation between Cleanthes, Demea, and Philo. He introduced the "copy principle" and posited a man able to deduce the "missing shade of blue" in a work that includes the sections "Of the Origin of Ideas" and "Of Miracles. " For 10 points, name this empiricist who wrote Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and A Treatise of Human Nature.
Output: Social Science
This writer began one poem describing the ""various language"" with which Nature speaks to those who hold ""Communion with her visible forms. "" One of this author's poems asks the title creature why ""dost thou pursue thy solitary way"" In another poem, this author instructed the reader ""go not, like the quarry slave at night,"" instead urging the reader to ""[lie] down to pleasant dreams. "" For 10 points, name this long-time New York Evening Post editor who wrote ""To A Waterfall"" and ""Thanatopsis,"" an early American poet.
Output: Literature
A Grothendieck topology defines a sieve as a collection of subsets of a set with this property that themselves have this property. The Lindehf condition for a space requires every cover of this type to have a countable subcover. Generally, two points are "separated" if each point is contained in a set of this type that doesn't contain the other. In the particular point topology, all sets that contain an arbitrary point are of this type. A subset U of a metric space has this property if every point therein has a neighborhood inside U. Sets have this property in R^n when every point is an interior point. For 10 points, name this topological property, possessed by a set if its complement is closed.
Output: Science
approximated the time period of one ruler of this polity through evidence found on the Olympic Discus. One ruler of this polity gave Cleombrotus power in an effort to pass reforms that would redistribute land to the perioikoi. Another of its reformers introduced a council of twenty eight men over sixty years of age called the (*) Gerousia and introduced the agoge program. Its general Pausanias led the Greek coalition forces at Plataea and was part of its Agiad family, which along with the Eurypontids provided its two kings. This city's forces were crushed by Thebans at the Battle of Leuctre. Its government included five ephors and its economy rested on the labor of helots. For 10 points, name this warlike Greek city state, the major rival of Athens.
Output: History
Modal notation was developed in this modern-day country in the 12th century as a means of notating rhythm. Though probably not originally from this country himself, Anonymous IV was an important source about two composers from here whose pieces are compiled in the Magnus Liber. A 1722 theory treatise from this country introduced the concept of viewing six and six-four chords as inversions of triads rooted in a "fundamental bass". Two composers from this country, (*) Perotin and Leonin, wrote organa, which are the earliest notated polyphonic compositions in Western music. The style of one composer from this country was opposed by supporters of Pergolesi's opera buffa in the War of the Buffoons. That composer from here wrote such "lyric tragedies" as Hippolytus and Aricia and Castor and Pollux. For 10 points, name this country of origin of Jean-Philippe Rameau and of the composers of the Notre Dame School.
Output: Fine Arts
These entities can enhance the s-wave component of fermion wave functions through the Callan-Rubakov effect. Hooft suggested that a topological excitation present in the non-abelian Higgs model was one of these entities. The lower bound for their mass is obtained from the Bogomol'nyi bound, and in the (*) Witten effect, fermion interactions convert them to dyons. Their existence would explain the quantization of electric charge according to Dirac. For 10 points, name these hypothetical particles that posses a magnetic charge.
Output: Science
On the night of June 3, 1943, eleven sailors on shore leave stated that they were attacked by a group of Mexicans, and in response  a group of over 200 uniformed sailors chartered 20 cabs and charged into the heart of the Mexican American community in East Los Angeles. The specific object were any person wearing a style of clothing associated with Mexicans and criminal behavior, and this violence was repeated over several days until the Navy intervened put a stop to it. Such are the actual, rather unpleasant events known as, FTP, what a name now used in a popular song by the Cherry Poppin' daddies
Output: History
This battle featured an embarrassing incident in which one commander wandered about for several hours around Rohrbach, which became known as Burnside's Bridge. It began with a skirmish involving Stonewall Jackson in a cornfield near Hagerstown Pike and it took four hours for Union soldiers under Sumner to secure the sunken road, which became known as (*) Bloody Lane. Burnside was finally pushed back when A. P. Hill's forces arrived from Harper's Ferry, and Edwin Stanton opposed Lincoln's reappointment of the commander of the army of Potomac just prior to this battle, which was marked by a failure to pursue the confederates that led to criticism of George McClellan. FTP, name this 1862 pyrrhic Union victory that kept the Confederates out of Maryland, took place near Sharpsburg, and also saw the greatest loss of American lives in battle in a single day.
Output: History
Founder-flush models of this phenomenon propose that it may result from repeated bottlenecks. Changes of ploidy in plants can cause this process due to the frequent sterility of the resulting offspring. The(*) sympatric version of this phenomena occurs between populations in the same region, and punctuated equilibria are a sign of the allopatric variety of this process in the fossil record. For 10 points, name this biological process, in which populations become reproductively isolated and diverge, leading to the formation of new species.
Output: Social Science
Many of its participants had been members of the Society of Salvation and the Society of Prosperity, both of which had been founded by Pavel Pestel, and which called for a Peoples Veche and a Supreme Sobor, though ultimately these folded into the Northern and Southern Societies. During it, Pyotr Kakhovsky assassinated Count Miloradovich, who had served on the Pratzen Heights, while Sergei Troubetzkoy was declared dictator. Calling for a Constitution and sparked by the abdication of Constantine I, it was put down by his brother Nicholas I and resulted in the last public executions in Russia. For ten points, name this 1825 revolt of idealistic military officers, named for the month in which it took place.
Output: History
Womack authored an essay "on the value of" this poem, which Arthur Barker argued is composed of three separate but parallel movements. Its final passage refers to the "uncouth Swain" who "touch'd the tender stops of various Quills," and appears to introduce a new narrator in ottava rima. Earlier, the poet refers to the "fair Guerdon when we hope to find and think to burst out into sudden blaze" before speaking of the "blind Fury with th' abhorred shears" who "slits the think spun life. " More famous passages refer to the "two-handed engine" which may represent a sword and the "Pilot of the Galilean lake. " Opening "yet once more, O ye laurels, and once more ye myrtles brown," this self-described monody was written on the death of Edward King by drowning on the Irish Seas. FTP, name this elegy for a dead shepherd by John Milton.
Output: Literature
One novel about this country concerns the finding of a dead body by Jacobus, which is then exhumed by a flood and given a proper burial by Mehring. Melanie Isaacs is seduced by the English professor David Lurie in this country, the setting of The Conservationist and Disgrace. A novel from this country sees a letter from Theophilus bring a priest back home, where he discovers that his son, Absalom Kumalo, has murdered Arthur Jarvis. Nadine Gordimer and J. M. Coetzee are from this country. For 10 points, name this country, the setting of Alan Paton's Cry, The Beloved Country and Athol Fugard's critiques of apartheid.
Output: Literature
A misplaced pin in this opera leads one character to malign women in the aria, Aprite un po quegli occhi, while another character expresses his love for Barbarina in the aria, Voi che sapete. A contract is dissolved when it is revealed that Marcellina is the mother of her betrothed and she decides to marry Bartolo instead, and the page Cherubino is dressed in womens clothes in a scheme to trick Rosinas husband. FTP Count Almaviva realizes the woman he was trying to seduce is not Susanna but his wife at the end of this Mozart opera about the wedding of a barber of Seville.
Output: Fine Arts
Its subtitle is derived from a piece discarded by the Goddess Nugua from the dome of Heaven, which ends up in the mouth of a youth at birth. Characters in the novel include the protagonist's half-brother Huan, and his sister Cardinal Spring, all of whom descend from Madame Shih. Yet all is not well in the two compounds owned by the family: Black Jade perishes, while Phoenix's abuse of power and usurious practices are exposed as the Chia clan falls into ruin. FTP identify this 18th century work set in Peking which centers on PaoYu's family and is alternately known as The Story of the Stone.
Output: Literature
In one opera by this composer set in Stockholm, the fortune-teller Ulrica prophesizes that Riccardo will be killed by the next man who shakes his hand. This composer of A Masked Ball included "Va, pensiero," or the Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves, in an opera which details the exile of the Jews from Babylon, Nabucco. In addition to the drinking song "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" in an opera about Alfredo and Violetta, this composer wrote an opera which sees the Duke of Mantua sing "La donna e mobile" and another opera about an Egyptian princess. For 10 points, name this Italian composer of Rigoletto, La traviata, and Aida.
Output: Fine Arts
This state's Republican Party chair Pat Brady has come under fire for supporting gay marriage. This state's  most senior Representative, Jerry Costello, did not seek re-election, and its current governor defeated Bill Brady in the 2010 election. This state has one of the lowest credit ratings, due to its 96 billion dollar pension liabilities. The current Senate Majority (*) Whip is from this state, whose senators are Mark Kirk and Dick Durbin. For ten points, identify this state governed by Pat Quinn, from which Roland Burris was selected by Rod Blagojevich to succeed Obama in the Senate.
Output: History
This poet wondered if the title concept could govern in a thing so small in a poem about a white spider on a white flower holding a white moth. This poet admitted I have passed by the watchman on his beat and dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain in his tirza rima poem Acquainted With the Night. This author of Design wrote that He is all pine and I am apple orchard in one work, and concluded another of his poems with the concession I have promises to keep, and miles to go before I sleep. For 10 points, name American poet who wrote Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and quoted the adage 'Good fences make good neighbors in his poem Mending Wall.
Output: Literature
One of them claims that the ascent to the summit of consciousness is not for the timid  "sharp like a razor's edge . . . is the path to Reality, difficult to traverse. " Another describes fourth stage of being that lies beyond waking, dreaming, and dreamless sleep and which is known as turiya. Another tells of Nachiketa who receives three boons from the god of Death. The most famous piece of philosophy from them might be the declaration "tat tvam asi" [tutt twam uh-see] or simply "you are that," in clarifying an individual's identity. In addition to those described  the Isha, Katha, and Chandogya  there are at least 105 more, though eleven principal ones are said to exist. Chiefly concerned with the distinctions between individual and collective souls or Atman and Brahman, FTP, name this group of sacred Hindu texts also known as the Vedantas due to their commentary and closure to the Vedas.
Output: Social Science
Glauconite is an unusual representative of this class of minerals since it has no apparent cleavage and typically occurs as pellet-like grains formed on seafloors. Lepidolite is useful as a source of lithium and rubidium, while phlogopite is usually found in impure limestone. Usually separated into light and dark colored groups, typical characteristics include perfect cleavage and splendent luster. FTP, identify this group of hydrous aluminum and potassium silicate minerals including biotite and muscovite, which usually occurs in scales or sheets.
Output: Science
One character in this work is demoted upon releasing his female prisoner; he later returns a gold coin to its owner. That character professes his love to his ex-prisoner in the "Flower Song, who is also serenaded in the bullfighter Escamillo's (ESS-kah-MEE-yo's) "Toreador Song." The singer of the "Habanera" (HAH-bahn-YAY-ruh) is stabbed by Don Jose in, for 10 points, what opera about a Spanish gypsy girl by Georges Bizet
Output: Fine Arts
He was present at the death of Monet and wrote a biography of the painter, while Toulouse-Lautrec illustrated his history of the Jews, At the Foot of Mount Sinai. As a Radical deputy, he was accused of being in league with Panama intriguer Cornlius Herz and fought a duel with Paul Droulde. He later shifted right and urged readiness for war in his newspapers The Free Man and Man in Chains, which led Poincare to name him premier. Another paper he edited was LAurore, which published Emile Zolas JAccuse during the Dreyfus affair. For 10 points, name this man known as the Tiger, who led France through the end of World War I and at Versailles
Output: History
The Pergola commissioned this man to write an opera on the life of Skanderbeg, and he drew upon his Kyrie for two movements of the Madrigalesque Concerto. He dedicated a set of Concerti to Charles VI called La Cetra, and Vettor Delfion was the dedicatee of his La estravaganza. The Ryom-Verzeichnis catalog is used to index this man's works, including twelve concerti called L'estro Armonico. His best-known works precede "The Hunt" and "The Sea Storm" in The Contest Between Harmony and Invention. For 10 points, name this Italian composer known as "The Red Priest", whose four concerti "Spring," "Summer," "Autumn," and "Winter" make up The Four Seasons.
Output: Fine Arts
One player of this instrument collaborated with Bob Haggart to compose the duet "Big Noise from Winnetka." That musician, Ray Bauduc, was one of the many players of this instrument to imitate the style of Warren "Baby" Dodds. Modern players of this instrument frequently use the Purdie shuffle. Lee Musiker secretly recorded videos of a player of this instrument yelling insults at other band members on his tour bus. Another player of this instrument recorded the 1958 hard bop album Moanin' along with his band, the Jazz Messengers. This instrument plays an extended solo in the middle of "Take Five." Art Blakey and Joe Morello both played this instrument, which is sometimes played using a brush. For 10 points, name this instrument featured in the legendary battles between Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich.
Output: Fine Arts
In studying this structure, Elizabeth Gould showed that dendrite spine density and estradiol levels peaked together. A circuit of structures interconnecting this structure and the cortex was proposed by James Papez, and axon collaterals named for Schaffer innervates neurons in the CA1 portion of this structure. Neurons that respond only when an animal is in a certain region of space, known as place cells, are located in this structure. It consists of two sheets of neurons called Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus, the first of which sends axons into the fornix. Connected ventrally and laterally to the olfactory cortex, this structure inhibits CRH release. For 10 points, name folded structure of the limbic system that plays a major role in learning and memory.
Output: Science
In a debate with Antoine Arnauld, he was accused of fatalism and determinism for suggesting that everything that would happen to Alexander the Great followed from the latters essence. Louis Couturat later suggested that this man believed every truth to be analytic. One of this man's works was the subject of John Dewey's first philosophical work, a critical response to the empiricism of John Locke entitled New Essays on the Human Understanding. For 10 points, name this seventeenth-century German philosopher and mathematician, who talked about monads and was satirized by Voltaire as Dr. Pangloss in Candide.
Output: Social Science
In the Heimskringla, this god succeeds Odin as the leader of the Swedes after Odin's death; he eventually died, had himself marked for Odin using a spear, and was burned. Loki claims this god was urinated upon by the daughters of Hymir. In the Gylfaginning, this god was said to be called on by hunters and voyagers, and he was exchanged as a (*) hostage for Hoenir. After his marriage, this god spent half of the year in Thrymheim before deciding he did not like living in the mountains and hearing the cries of wolves, going back to his residence at Noatun. This god's wife chose him after only being able to look at his feet and mistaking him for Baldur. For 10 points, name this husband of Skadi, the Norse god of the winds and the sea.
Output: Social Science
At one point, this work asks which man is more capable, one who is able to walk on his feet or one who tries to walk with his hands. Using the example of a lowly community of mice, it examines the pursuit of power in book two, and then the pursuit of fame, describing both as temporary and worthless. Its opening sees the approach of a magnificent woman who sits on the couch, replacing the maimed Muses previously there. She is recognized as the former nurse of the main character, who then laments to her about Fortunes fickle bounty and how he defended Albinus and thereby incurred the wrath of Cyprian, who was reportedly the Count of the Sacred Largesses and Master of Offices. Written while in prison under order of Theodoric the Great, FTP, name this work of the early 6th century CE by Boethius.
Output: Literature
This man was the most famous disciple of the author of the Great Book of Writing, Neolin. He participated in the war against Nicholas Orontony, a chief of the Huron, and may have met Robert Rogers and his rangers during their western campaigns. General Jeffrey Amherst may have attempted to wipe this man and his followers out with smallpox after this mans victory over the British at Bloody Run. After making peace with the British supervisor William Johnson, he was assassinated by a Peoria Indian in 1769. FTP, name this Ottawa chief who laid siege to Detroit in 1763, an action which began the rebellion named for him.
Output: History
The battle of Alcacer Ceguer and the defeat of the Moors at Ceuta bookended his brief military career and he organized the assault on Sala-ben-Sala's forces at Tangier. He was assisted in his most important tasks by the Jew Jehuda Cresques, who lived with him at his estate of Sagres. Zurara is the best source for relations between this man and men such as Gil Eanes, Goncalves Zarco, Dinis Dias, and Nuo Tristao, who sighted the Gambia River. The son of Juan I and Philippa of Lancaster, he sponsored the development of the caravel and quadrant and the exploration of Porto Santo and Madeira. FTP, name this prince of Portugal who, despite never having commanded a ship, was nicknamed "The Navigator. "
Output: History
One ruler of this name employed the general Aleksy Khvost in his war against Suzdal and Novgorod, and became known as ""the red. "" In addition to that father of (+) Dmitri Donskoy, this name was borne by the man who overthrew Alexander of Tver and became rich by collecting tribute on behalf of the Golden Horde, acquiring the nickname "moneybag." The (*) third ruler of this name stopped vassalage to the Horde and was known as "the great." For 10 points, give this name for several princes of Muscovy, including the first to take the title of Russian tsar, the fourth one known as "Grozny" or "the terrible."
Output: History
Before embarking on his most famous conquests, he secured Kandahar against Uzbek opposition, and his best-known battle was the result of appeals from Dawlat Khan and Alam Khan. His diaries detail the ways in which he motivated his troops during their southward march, and at Khanua, his forces stood firm against the forces of Rana Sanga of the Rajputs. He lost an early battle at Sar-e Pol, which resulted in his losing both Samarkand and his principality of Fergana. In his most famous clash, he used wagon tactics and his 12,000 troops decisively defeated Ibrahim Shah Lodi at the 1526 battle of Panipat. FTP, name this father of Humayun, who founded the Mughal empire.
Output: History
Verdi used one of this composer's tunes for the Grand Chorus of Aida. Enrico di Borgogna was his first opera to be staged, and he did not become widely known until the premiere of Anna Bolena. He was comfortable with French as well, debuting operas in that language after 1840. Among his better-known 73 are Lucrezia Borgia, Don Pasquale, and Daughter of the Regiment. FTP, name this composer of the The Elixir of Love and the Sir Walter Scott adaptation, Lucia di Lamermoor.
Output: Fine Arts
In one novel by this author, the protagonist continually encounters threatening red-haired men before purchasing some over-ripe strawberries. In another novel by this author, Naphta and Settembrini continually debate. This author created the writer Gustav von Aschenbach, who expires on the beach after witnessing a fight between Jasiu and Tadzio. In another novel by this author, (*) Hans Castorp visits a sanatorium. For 10 points, name this German author who wrote Death in Venice and The Magic Mountain.
Output: Literature
This author's translations of Wang Wei, Du Fu, and Li Po were collected in the book Three Chinese Poets. His own poetic output includes a poem which begins, "Some men like Jack and some like Jill, I'm glad I like them both. " That poem, "Dubious," appeared in his first poetry collection, Mappings. A translation by Charles Johnston inspired his novel in verse set in Francisco. He also wrote an epically long novel set in Nehru's India which follows Rupa Mehra's search for a husband for her daughter Lata. For 10 points, name this author of The Golden Gate and A Suitable Boy.
Output: Literature
A graph of this equation's terms natural log of k and 1 over T results in a straight line with a gradient of its exponential term. This equation uses a term called the frequency factor, which varies with the temperature, though its variance is small in relation to the exponential term, so it can be considered a constant. The other constants that appear in the equation are the Stefan-Boltzman constant, Euler's constant, and a constant based on how many ways the molecules can combine. FTP, name this equation that relates the rate constant, the ambient temperature, and the activation energy of a reaction.
Output: Science
One character in this play notes that she "never travel[s] without [her] diary" because "one should always have something sensational to read in the train". Another character notes that only vegetarians go without their dinner while fighting over some muffins, and attempts to explain the rules of "Bunburying" before telling his Aunt Augusta that he "killed Bunbury this afternoon". Confusion reigns when Cecily Cardew and Gwendolen Fairfax believe themselves to be engaged to the same man, who doesn't actually exist. Jack Worthing, left as a baby in a handbag at Victoria Station, is discovered to have the first name Gwendolen desires in a husband, for 10 points, in what Oscar Wilde play
Output: Literature
This writer distinguished between learning through description and learning through acquaintance in a work that introduces the Cartesian method of doubt with the example of a table. This man attempted to solve the problem of negative existentials in a work that claimed that "Aristotle" was not a name but a description. That work by this man also criticized Meinong and rejects the distinction between propositions and truth values proposed in (*) Frege's On Sense and Reference. This author of The Problems of Philosophy and "On Denoting" introduced his namesake paradox in naive set theory in a work that attempted to explain mathematics with axiomatic logic. For 10 points, name this British philosopher who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Alfred North Whitehead.
Output: Social Science
This man wrote in one work that professionalism caused the title object to be insincere, and that the real form of the title object could be distinguished by its infectiousness in his "What is Art" Another of his works includes the vain Lieutenant Rosencranz, who seems to take pleasure in the carnage of the titular action of "The Raid". In another work by this author, a lawyer named Peter meets his colleague Schwartz on the way to visit the title character, although upon hearing of that title character's disposition, his first thought was of his chances of promotion. The title character of that work finds Gerasim's truthful evaluation of his situation a refreshing change from the dishonesty of his family about his condition, which began as a pain in his right side. For 10 points, name this Russian, who along with "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" also wrote some longer works like War and Peace.
Output: Literature
One work by this man features the invention of inflatable pants as the means for the protagonist's entry into high society, where he sometimes transforms into the "Complete Man" to overcome his lack of confidence. In one novel by this author, the protagonist's friend Brian commits suicide, and Mark loses a leg on an adventure, as Anthony eventually becomes a pacifist. Mary and Mark Rampion serve as the moral compass in another one of his works as a happily married couple, in contrast to the infidelity of Marjorie Carling with her lover Walter Bidlake. In addition to writing Antic Hay and Eyeless in Gaza, this author advocated the use of LSD, depicting its religious use in Island, in contrast to the use of a fictional drug with similar effects in his most famous work. For 10 points, who is this author of Point Counter Point and Brave New World
Output: Literature
The "Colliget", or "Book of Generalities", was this man's most notable work on medicine. This man argued that the active and passive intellects were separate from the individual soul and advocated the concept of "double truth". Boetius of Dacia applied this man's ideas to argue that the Resurrection the Dead was impossible, and along with Siger of Brabant founded a medieval Christian heresy named for this man. This man's most notable work begins by defending ways to prove the eternity of the world, a feat deemed impossible by his Asharite opponents. For ten points, name this rival of Al-Ghazali and author of "Incoherence of the Incoherence", a rationalist philosopher of Muslim Spain.
Output: Social Science
Act III of this opera begins with the shanty "Come away, fellow sailors" after those sailors have resolved to "take a boozy short leave" of their nymphs. A storm breaks out when one of the main characters displays the head of a freshly-killed boar, leading one character to sing the aria "Haste, haste to town." The death of one character in this opera is reflected on by the chorus in "With drooping wings." In Act I of this opera, one character tells her maid that "Peace and I are strangers grown" and later sings "Remember me, but ah! forget my fate" in a section that makes extensive use of ground bass. This opera was partially inspired by John Blow's Venus and Adonis, and its libretto was written by Nahum Tate. Belinda is the maidservant of the Queen of Carthage in, for 10 points, what opera featuring the aria "When I am laid in Earth," a work of Henry Purcell based on a work of Virgil
Output: Fine Arts
Susan Barton attempts to find her kidnapped daughter before meeting Daniel Foe, Cruso and Friday in one of this man's novels, while in another work by this author the classics professor Mrs. Curren grows close to her servant Florence as she grows weaker and weaker. In addition to Foe and Age of Iron, this author created the typist Anya and the aging writer Seor C in one work, and another work discusses the title fictional author of The House on Eccles Street. This author of Diary of a Bad Year and Elizabeth Costello wrote about a man who makes a garden in Prince Albert before meeting a woman who has sex with him after escaping from a rehabilitation camp in Cape Town, and another work about a frontier town whose peaceful existence is ended by Colonel Joll. For 10 pointsname this author of The Life and Times of Michael K and Waiting for the Barbarians who wrote about professor David Lurie in his novel Disgrace.
Output: Fine Arts
This leader attempted to regain lost territory in the War of Attrition and supported the rebels during the North Yemen Civil War. Along with Muhammad Naguib, this figure founded the Free Officers Movement and deposed King Farouk, and he combined his country with Syria to form the short-lived United Arab Republic. This co-founder of the (*) Non-Aligned Movement supported the construction of the Aswan High Dam and nationalized the Suez Canal, though he later lost the Six Days War. For ten points, identify this predecessor of Anwar Sadat who served as the second President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970.
Output: History
He composed Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo and Les Illuminations specifically for the tenor Peter Pears, who gained fame as the lead in his opera Death in Venice. A student of Frank Bridge, he composed music intended for church performance like Noye's Floode and Curlew River, but is better known for operas like Billy Budd and The Turn of the Screw. FTP, who is this British composer of the War Requiem and Peter Grimes
Output: Fine Arts
This mans calligrapher Omar Aqta was so skilled that he supposedly transcribed the entire Quran on a signet ring. He promoted unity among his soldiers by founding the tradition of Kurash wrestling. His grandson Shah Rukh briefly reunited his empire after it was divvied up among his descendants. He kidnapped the artisans of Damascus and was victorious over Tughluq at Panipat in 1398, after which he sacked Delhi. He waged war with the Knights of Rhodes at Smyrna, and his underling Tokhtamysh fought against Russia for him before turning against him, leading this man to order rebels skulls stacked into pyramids. For 10 points, name this Samarkand-based cripple.
Output: History
On the day Nazi troops moved into this country, an afternoon newspaper printed all of its articles double-spaced in order to alert citizens to "read between the lines. " Teenagers in this country formed their own partisan movement called the Churchill Gang, while other efforts were coordinated by the Freedom Council. The vast majority of Jews in this country were saved from an impending Nazi action by ambulance drivers who looked for Jewish names in phone books and used their vehicles to hide whomever they found. The Lutheran Church recognizes Kaj Munk, a pastor in this country who was killed after delivering an anti-Nazi sermon, as a martyr, and its other World War II figures included the collaborationist prime minister Erik Scavenius.After a German officer threatened to shoot anyone removing the swastika flag from this country's government headquarters, the king of this country volunteered to climb the flagpole himself. For 10 points, name this country where a false urban legend states that king, Christian X, wore a yellow star himself. 
Output: History
Examples of these materials include methoxy-benzilidene butylanaline and fluorinated tolans. The Onsager model can be used to explain lyotrophic examples, which undergo phase transitions as a result of concentration changes rather than temperature. Cholesteric varieties, which induce circular dichroism, exhibit chirality and are sometimes known as twisted nematic. In the typical nematic phase, their molecules have a random distribution but preferred orientation, while their smectic phase displays an ordered layered structure. In their most famous application, a thin layer of them is placed between two cross polarizers, and applied electric fields can create order in them to stop the transmission of light. FTP name these substances used in namesake displays in computer monitors and HDTV's.
Output: Science
One work by this composer includes five different settings of the hymn "O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden". Four individual compositions by him were compiled into the P180 manuscript, which is a copy of a piece that includes a chorus derived from his "Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen". In one work by him, the chorus divides antiphonally and asks "Whom" and "How" in response to the command "See Him". One work by him includes violin obliggato in D major accompanying a duet for two sopranos in its second movement "Christe eleison" and also includes a symmetrical "Symbolum nicenum" with a crucifixion in the center. One work by this composer opens with "Kommt, ihr Tochter, helft mir klagen" and features a "halo" effect in the strings whenever Jesus sings. For 10 points, name this German Baroque composer of Mass in B minor and the St. Matthew Passion.
Output: Fine Arts
The Marr-Albus model attributes learning in this region to the weakening of parallel fiber synapses. This organs cortex includes the molecular, Purkinje, and granular layers, the last of which is the innermost and originates at the pontine nuclei. Many forms of ataxia, a gross loss of muscle movement, can be traced to lesions here, since this region coordinates voluntary muscle movement such as walking. For 10 points, name this region at the base of the brain responsible for coordination and balance, which comes from the Latin for little brain.
Output: Science
The founders of this polity traced their descent from the Kayi tribe. The Candar family of nobles was influential during the early years of this polity. The second ruler of this polity appointed his younger brother Alaeddin as his chief minister, won the Battle of Pekekanon, and gave this polity its first seaport by capturing the city of Mudanya. At its establishment, this polity's armed forces consisted primarily of (*) Ghazi raiders. This polity's capital was moved to Bursa during the rule of Orhan I, who was the son of this polity's founder, Osman. For ten points, name this Anatolian empire that eventually conquered Constantinople.
Output: History
This thinker argued that one should engage with unstable structures through flexible play in an essay about the "rupture" of the center in Western thought. The first section of one work by this thinker asserts that Western thought privileges phonetic languages and speech over writing. This author of "Structure, Sign, and Play" formulated the "trace" and wrote another work that maintains that concepts like "light and dark" exist in uneven binary pairs and introduced the term "differance". For 10 points, name this French thinker who wrote Writing and Difference and Of Grammatology and founded deconstructionism.
Output: Social Science
A river of this name divides just before the confluence of the Arkansas and Mississippi and manages to enter both directly. Another river of this name, a tributary of the Wabash, passes through Muncie and Indianapolis. A sea of this name receives the Northern Dvina River at Archangel. Mountain ranges with this colorful adjective include the home of the oldest tree in the world and the home of the self-proclaimed "worst weather in the world", the Mount Washington Observatory. The highest mountain in the French Alps, translated into English, is also given this name. For ten points, give the common name of the major mountain range in New Hampshire and "Mont Blanc".
Output: Social Science
In one novel by this author, the title character dances with Barbra Flick while choosing not to pursue the tanner Emil Rothfuss's wife. This author of Knulp wrote about Joseph Knecht's pursuit of the role of Magister Ludi in the title intellectual game, and described a journey undertaken with Govinda in search for the Buddha in another novel. This author of The Glass Bead Game wrote about the saxophonist Pablo bringing Hermine to the Magic Theatre, causing Harry Haller to stab her. For 10 points, name this German author of Siddhartha and Steppenwolf.
Output: Literature