niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This battle started after troops under Henry Heth (HEETH) spotted John Buford's cavalry. Key locations in this battle included the Peach Orchard and Devil's Den. One general in this battle, Dan Sickles, disobeyed orders by moving his corps from its location along Cemetery Ridge. That ridge was the object of Pickett's Charge at the end of this battle. George Meade's victory in this battle ended a Confederate invasion of the North. For 10 points, name this battle whose site was later the location of an Address by Abraham Lincoln.
Output: History
Its publication in 1852 intensified sectional conflicts but it was also the best-selling novel of the century. Minor characters include the little girl Eva as well as Cassy and Emmeline, who meet Elizas family in Canada before continuing on to France and later Liberia. Meanwhile, the title character is killed by Simon Legree for keeping their secret. FTP name this influential anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Output: Literature
Ordinary numerical integration causes systems of this type to deviate, so symplectic methods are often used instead. Systems of this type obey Liouville's Theorem, and their dynamics can be described by taking derivatives of a single function on phase space. Their evolutions are determined by the functions of the same name that express their energy in terms of momentum and positional coordinates. FTP, what are these dynamical systems named for the developer of quaternions
Output: Science
One section of this work contains a passage depicting a goat-herd resting with his faithful dog, while another movement depicts a calm fireplace and uses pizzicato to represent the rain. Originally, they were published under the title The Contest between Harmony and Intervention". The last of these is in F minor, and the accompanying sonnet compares the brisk, rushing tempo to the north wind. The last movement of the second, written in G minor, is likened to a thunderstorm, and the third ends in a triumphant allegro representing a hunters song. FTP, name this set of violin concertos originally published as part of the Opus 8 of Antonio Vivaldi.
Output: Fine Arts
Schwinger worked out a model of this operator by considering it as two uncoupled harmonic oscillators and showed that combinations of them satisfy the same commutation relations as this quantity. One theorem states that matrix elements of tensor operators in eigenstates of the operator of this quantity can be written as a coefficient term times a term independent of this quantity; that is the WignerEckart (*) theorem. The isotropy of space guarantees conservation of this quantity, and this quantity is the generator of rotations. Spherical harmonics are eigenstates of the operator of this quantity which is time integral of torque. For 10 points, name this quantity given by angular frequency times the moment of inertia, one type of which is spin.
Output: Science
The Bohr van Leeuwen theorem states that any plasma with a kinetic equilibrium will reach a state where this phenomenon is zero. Free electron gases display the Landau type of this property, and materials exhibiting it have negative susceptibility. Superconductors display the "perfect" variety of this property in the Meissner Effect. This property is often described as Lenz's Law applied on a microscopic scale, and it was originally though to violate Earnshaw's Theorem. This property is exhibited by pyloric graphite and bismuth, and materials displaying it can be levitated for a few seconds. For 10 points, name this form of magnetism that expels applied magnetic fields.
Output: Science
The hymn I Vow to Thee My Country takes its melody from it, and its last section features a (*) chorus singing off-stage. In its first section, a march in 5/4 time, the string players strike their strings with the wood part of the bow, and the timpani players use hard-ended sticks. Clashing bells interrupt the fifth movement, Bringer of Old Age, while the jumpy theme of its third movement is indicative of its namesake, the Winged Messenger. FTP, identify this seven-movement suite by Gustav Holst which excludes Pluto.
Output: Fine Arts
This man wrote an essay on the trial of Gaston Dominici which described his conviction as "the triumph of literature," while another of his essays contrasts the Nautilus in Verne's novels with Rimbaud's Drunken Boat. His first book opens with a discussion of Hbert's technique of using obscenities in every issue of Le Pre Duchene and ends with a chapter describing literature as "the utopia of language. "  One of this man's most famous essays criticizes the belief that texts have "a single 'theological' meaning," and instead posits that meaning should be "disentangled" rather than "deciphered" as a result of replacing the title figure with "the scriptor. "  That essay by this man opens by discussing Balzac's story "Sarassine," as did this author's book S/Z. FTPE, name this French literary critic who wrote Writing Degree Zero and "The Death of the Author. "
Output: Literature
Measurements of this quantity are always subject to a Malmquist bias. This property is proportional to the fourth power of the velocity dispersal, and this quantity is calculated using the Faber-Jackson and Tully-Fisher relations for elliptical and spiral galaxies. This quantity is larger for objects with longer periods in systems like (*) Cepheid variables, which have constantly varying values for this quantity. This quantity is known for standard candles. For 10 points, name this quantity that is plotted against temperature in the Hertzsprung Russell diagram, which describes objects' brightness.
Output: Science
Howard Barker discussed the aftermath of this battle in Scenes from an Execution, and the Fontana dei Quattro Mori in Marino commemorates it. It reversed the outcome of the Battle of Preveza fought forty-four years earlier, and it was followed by a brief campaign of expansion which captured Tunis. The Marqus de Santa Cruz's reserve forces helped annihilate the defeated side after this event, whose immediate cause was the siege of Famagusta and capture of Nicosia during a war over Cyprus, whose surrender two years later reversed this battle's practical impact. The king of one country involved in this event appointed Luis de Requesens responsible for controlling the temper of the military commander, whose other lieutenants included Alessandro Farnese and Andrea Doria. FTP, name this battle in which Pius V's Holy League fleet commanded by Don John of Austria sailed to the Gulf of Corinth and defeated Ali Pasha in 1571.
Output: History
Its creator described it as "very loud and noisy," and admitted that he was only interested in the lucrative commission. Composed for the consecration of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior for the 1882 Moscow Exhibition, it debuted on August 20th to immediate accolades, and was eventually made the composer's Opus number 49. Using the Marseillaise and the Tsarist national anthem to depict two armies, it uses bells, cannons, and a fireworks finale to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino. FTP, name this famous Tchaikovsky overture named for the year Borodino was fought.
Output: Fine Arts
Fleischmann et al used silver electrodes in the first-ever reported observation of the "surface-enhanced" version of this effect; that effect is sometimes known as surface plasmon resonance. Neodymium YAG lasers are often used in the pump-probe experiment used to measure the "time-resolved" version of this effect. This effect works because a (*) vibration changes a molecule's induced dipole moment or polarizability. Spectral lines appear on either side of the Rayleigh lines; those at higher energy are called anti-Stokes lines while those at lower energy are Stokes lines. For 10 points, name this inelastic scattering named after an Indian physicist.
Output: Science
Frank Hodder proposed that the man who initiated this legislation was motivated by the prospect of organizing support for a transcontinental railroad that began in his home state. This legislation was opposed by Theodore Parker in a speech in which he cautioned that "Spain. . . stands there a perpetual warning for all of us," while Charles Sumner's notable "landmark" speech was delivered in opposition to this act. Josiah Miller and R. G. Elliott organized the Sandbank Convention as a consequence of the passage of this act, which also stimulated the activity of the Emigrant Aid Company. Among the fallouts from this bill were repeated conflicts with "border ruffians" who sought to influence decisions in the territories addressed by this bill, as well as multiple candidate constitutions, including a pro-slavery one drawn up on Lecompton, in one territory. Introduced by Stephen Douglas, for ten points, identify this 1854 act which repealed the Missouri Compromise and established the principle of popular sovereignty in its namesake western states.
Output: History
The events of this opera follow from the sickness of Garzia and burning of a woman, whose daughter accidentally throws her own baby in the same fire. That story is told to retainers by the captain of the guard in "Abbietta zingara". The Count and Troubador decide to duel soon after singing "Di geloso amor spezzato" with their love Leonora, who faints to end Act I. The second act opens with the "Vedi! le fosche notturne spoglie".Ferrando later captures the Gypsy woman who had burned her child, and her supposed son holds Leonora as she dies from taking poison.For 10 points, name this Verdi opera about Manrico, Azucena, and the Count Di Luna, which contains the Anvil Chorus.
Output: Fine Arts
The child of German immigrants, this character bequeathed his inherited fortune to charity, saying he would "demonstrate the possibility of achieving anything from nothing. " In 1966, this character joined a group founded by Nelson Gardner. In his final appearance, this character states that he is not a Republic serial villain, as demonstrated by his refusal to play by supervillain clichs. Inspired by another character, Peter Cannon, Thunderbolt, this man owns a genetically engineered cat which he names (*) Bubastis, a reference to his admiration for the figure that replaced Alexander the Great as his idol, Rameses II. Some of his dastardly deeds have included murdering Moloch the Magician and Edward Blake, alias the Comedian. FTP, identify the secret identity of Adrian Veidt, the ultimate villain of Alan Moore's Watchmen, who shares his name with a famous poem by Percy Shelley.
Output: Literature
This man fought as the head of the Uruguayan navy in the Guerra Grande, opposing Manuel Oribe, and he won victories at Cerro and Sant'Antonio. He was exiled from his home country after a failed Carbonari insurrection, and upon his return he battled Louis Napoleon and was exiled again. In his most successful campaign, he won the battle of Volturno against the Neapolitans before Cavour's Piedmontese army prevented him from marching on Rome. FTP, name this leader of the red shirts whose military victories helped unite Italy.
Output: History
The capture of this nation's ship Marqus of Olinda led to a war in which its forces were commanded by the Duke of Caxias. This state achieved independence with the "Fico" speech of its first ruler, who was deposed in favor of his son nine years later. That son  promulgated the Lei urea or Golden Law which freed this country's slaves, but one year later, Dom Pedro II abdicated. This country joined Argentina and Uruguay in the Triple Alliance and has been run in more recent times by Itamar Franco, Fernando Cardoso, Getlio Vargas, and Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. FTP, name this South American country claimed by Pedro Cabral for Portugal.
Output: History
An impotent character begins this work by admitting his desperation with being "reined up in old language and old assumptions. " A magistrate in the legal system convinces one character to see another in this work; her name is Hesther Salomon. Taking place in the Rokesby Hospital in England, this play suggests that the patient's insanity may have come from being forbidden from watching television by his father or the hanging of a poster with the Christ loaded down with chains. However, it becomes clear that it is the protagonists obsession with the title character that prevents him from consummating a relationship, driving him to blind Nugget and five fellow creatures with a metal spike. Dysart tells Alan Strang that he won't gallop anymore in, FTP, which Peter Shaffer play that recently starred Daniel Radcliffe
Output: Literature
After signing the Treaty of Stolbovo with Russia, he participated in a war that would be ended by the Truce of Altmark, a conflict in which this man, a brother-in-law of Transylvanian prince Gabor Bethlen, won the Battle of Gniew (pronounced "Niev"), besieged Orneta, was wounded at the Battle of Dirschau, and made an amphibious landing at Pillau. He annexed Stralsund after saving it from Imperial occupation, and at the Battle of Lech his forces killed the Count of Tilly after having earlier defeating him at Breitenfeld, but then this man died at the Battle of Lutzen. For ten points, name this employer of Axel Oxenstierna, a Swedish king who intervened in the Thirty Years's War.
Output: History
Marini is found dead on a beach by Klaios, a villager of Xiros, in one of this man's stories, while in another Rice is forced to play the part of John Howell. Irene and the unnamed narrator lose their home in one of his short stories, "Casa tomada," and in a story from the same collection, a tiger roams around Rema's house. In addition to Bestiario, he wrote a story in which Roberto Michel photographs a woman and a boy caught in an illicit act, The Blow-Up. In another of his works, Horatio Oliveira searches for La Maga throughout France and South America. For 10 points, name this Argentine author of Hopscotch.
Output: Literature
A trombone quartet alternates playing with a string quartet in the "Prelude" and "Postlude" of a composition this man wrote late in his career in memory of a dead author. This non-Beethoven composer incorporated variations in the form of a march, a waltz, a cancan, and a fugato in 5/8 time, in the second movement of his Octet, scored only for brass and woodwind instruments. An extended chorale composed in memory of the deceased Claude Debussy concludes this composer's one-movement (*) Symphonies of Wind Instruments. The horn plays a glissando at the start of the "Finale" replete with passages in 7/4 time in a suite by this composer, which follows a bassoon-introduced "Berceuse." Two clarinets play the first instance of a recurring dissonant C major and F sharp major "chord" in a composition by this man which begins at the Shrovetide Fair. This composer called for a bassoon solo in a very high register at the start of a ballet with a riotous 1913 premiere. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of The Rite of Spring.
Output: Fine Arts
Bucladesine is used as an analog of this compound, and theophylline inhibits the enzyme that breaks it down. In the temporal lobe, this compound activates HNC channels, and it leads to the activation of the RAPGEF3 protein. Cholera toxin increases the levels of this compound by ribosylating G-proteins, and in the lac operon, this compound binds to the Catabolite Activator Protein, which enhances RNA polymerase binding to the promoter. Another protein that binds to it contains two catalytic and two regulatory subunits, Protein Kinase A. Usually destroyed by phosphodiesterase and created by adenylate cyclase, FTP, name this second messenger, a cyclic nucleotide often created from ATP.
Output: Science
Scott Nelson believes that a Virginian prisoner was the basis for this legendary figure, but John Garst believes his basis originated at Oak Mountain in Leeds, Alabama. An eight-foot tall bronze statue of this legendary figure can be found in Memorial Park above Big Bend Tunnel, which was built in the 1870s as part of the C&O Railroad. He was capable of progressing more than 10 feet in a single day with a 14-pound hammer, but in his most famous contest, he used two 20-pound hammers. FTP, name this African-American mythical figure who died of a heart attack after successfully defeating a steam hammer in a race.
Output: Social Science
This politician's early and unexpected death was partly due to his acceptance of Lincoln's request that he travel to the south and northwest to rouse Union sentiments in the face of the Civil War. Known as the "Little Giant", as chairman of the Committee on Territories in the U.S. Senate he was at the forefront of the slavery question, addressing it with his concept of "popular sovereignty", which he was able to implement in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. To address the Dred Scot decision, he developed his controversial Freeport Doctrine during his famed series of debates with Abraham Lincoln in 1858. FTP, who was this Democrat who went on to lose the 1860 presidential election
Output: History
Implicants of this type are minimal in their number of literals when considering Boolean functions. Finite fields can only have orders of this type. Elements of this type in rings divide some element in an arbitrary factorization and they are equivalent to irreducible elements in a unique factorization domain. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that a number may be written as a unique product of numbers of this type. The Sieve of Eratosthenes was an early method for finding these numbers. For 10 points, identify this adjective that, when applied to the natural numbers, describes a number with exactly two divisors.
Output: Science
Molecules with this property have a negative diamagnetic susceptibility exaltation value, and they also induce a negative Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shift in lithium atoms that complex with them. The Mobius version of this property occurs in molecules with an odd number of out-of-phase overlaps between orbitals. It can be determined computationally via the Pariser-Parr-Pople method, but a simpler formulation stipulates that molecules with this property be planar with 4n+2 pi electrons in a delocalized shell; this is called Huckels Rule. FTP, what is this extensive delocalization of electrons in a conjugated system, most notably exhibited by benzene, so named because some molecules possessing it have a distinct smell
Output: Science
One of this author's novels begins after a man who was seduced by a servant girl leaves his umbrella below-decks on a ship. In another of this author's works, the protagonist meets the painter Titorelli and the lawyer Herr Huld. Karl Rossman befriends a stoker in this author's Amerika, and Josef K. dies "like a dog" in another work. This author of The (*) Trial is most famous for a novella whose protagonist has apples thrown at him by his father and dreams of sending his sister Grete to play violin at the conservatory. For ten points, name this author who wrote of Gregor Samsa's transformation into a bug in The Metamorphosis.
Output: Literature
People escaping during this event utilized the McCorkell Line to seek passage to Canada and US. In the country where this took place, it is referred to as ""an Gorta Mor"" or ""an Drochshaol. "" One response to this event was Robert Peel's decision to repeal the Corn Laws. Thought to be caused an oomycete known as Phytophthora infestans, this event resulted in approximately a million deaths. For 10 points, name this massive dying caused by a blight, which affected a particular crop in the 1840's and 50's in Ireland.
Output: Social Science
Through bribery, one character in this novel is made a chevalier in order to give his wife a fancier funeral, and another character hides in the nunnery at Grandview Garden due to her illness. Another character hires a sorceress to bewitch her sons half-brother and Phoenix, but her efforts are thwarted by a lame priest. Opening with the story about an object abandoned by Nuwa, this story also sees one character attempt to marry Precious Virtue to her cousin, which results in the death of Black Jade. After passing the Imperial exams with flying colors, Pao-yu is nowhere to be found. FTP, name this classical Chinese novel about the downfall of the Jia family, written by Cao Xuequin.
Output: Literature
Works by this thinker include Lectures on Jurisprudence and The Theory of Moral Sentiments, but this thinker's most famous work included a critique of mercantilism that was later used in Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage. That work attributed to the market an ability to manipulate prices, and introduced the term ""invisible hand. "" For 10 points, name this thinker who wrote Wealth of Nations.
Output: Social Science
This composer's first string quartet borrows from Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor and several hymns. Sometimes nicknamed "The Revival Service", it was written while he was a Yale undergraduate. His third symphony was premiered by his friend Lou Harrison and lasts only about twenty minutes. Its sections are titled Old Folks Gatherin', Children's Day, and Communion, and the overall work is called The Camp Meeting. One of his works was originally paired with Central Park in the Dark, and another is set at Putnam's Camp in Redding, the Housatonic at Stockbridge, and Boston Common. Name this composer of The Unanswered Question and Three Places in New England.
Output: Fine Arts
In the middle layers of this structure, amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells work together to produce a graded response to synaptic input from receptors, which they transfer to the outermost layer of ganglion cells, neurons whose axons constitute the output from this structure to the brain via the second cranial nerves. The innermost layer is known as the pigment epithelium, and serves to prevent backscattering of light. FTP, name this structure of the eye that also has two types of photosensitive receptor cells, commonly referred to as rods and cones.
Output: Science
One painting by this man shows a troubling inscription in Greek at the top about a future apocalypse juxtaposed with joyous dancing and celebration in a stable on the bottom. This artist painted a baby Jesus holding a pomegranate while the Virgin Mary is being crowned by two angels. In addition to The (*) Mystic Nativity and Madonna of the Magnificat, he painted Hermes picking a fruit while Chloris is being kidnapped by Zephyr and another work in which the title figure stands impossibly upon a seashell. For ten points, name this Renaissance painter of Primavera and The Birth of Venus.
Output: Fine Arts
These people were defeated at the battle of Third Battle of Homs, after winning the first two battles of that same name. Tamerlane became hostile to Barkuk, the founder of one branch of this dynasty. Tuman Bey, the last sultan of this dynasty, suffered a stunning defeat at the battle of Ridyana. Earlier, they ended the expansion at the Ilkhanate when Kitquba was defeated at the Battle of Ayn Jalut by Baybars. In 1811, Muhammad Ali invited a few hundred of them to his court for a celebration but ambushed and slaughtered them on the way to his palace. They overthrew their Ayuubid masters after Aybak was killed and Qutuz took power, establishing the Bahri dynasty. For ten points, name this military caste of Islamic slaves who ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1517.
Output: History
This politician responded to Francois Barbe-Marbois in his Notes on the State of Virginia. This man founded the University of Virginia and designed the mansion of Monticello.. This president sent the Lewis and Clark expedition and authorized the (*) Louisiana Purchase. He was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. For 10 points, name this third president of the United States.
Output: History
This number is believed to be the only odd untouchable number. Along with six, this number makes up the first Ruth-Aaron pair, in which the sums of the prime factors of each number in the pair are equal.. Niels Henrik Abel showed that there is no general algebraic solution to find the roots of polynomials of this degree or higher. This is also the first safe prime and the second Fermat prime. Additionally, this is the number of Platonic solids that exist. Along with one, this is the only number to be for which the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence is equal to n. Name this number, the base of the quinary number system and the number of sides of a pentagon.
Output: Science
An example of its inverse is the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, and the cross-section of this process, derived from the assumptions of conservation of energy and momentum, is given by the Klein-Nishina formula. It results in a shift proportional to one minus the cosine of the incident angle and also proportional to Planck's constant over the electron mass times the speed of light, a parameter known as this effect's namesake wavelength. FTP, identify this effect which describes the inelastic scattering of a photon from an electron, which demonstrated the particle nature of light and won its discoverer the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Output: Science
composer of this opera was convinced to pursue it by his friend Sybil Seligman, who commissioned a translation of its text. At one point, a character reads the Fifty-first Psalm of David, though the original text had a book entitled "Old Joe Miller's Jokes. " Another character expresses frustration in the first act by declaring "Che terra maledetta," after which the romantic conflict is established by the aria "Chi c'e per farmi I ricci" In the second act, another character's knowledge of Nina Micheltorena is asked into by Ashby, and later that character sings the aria "Ch'ella mi creda libero. " Based on a play by David Belasco, it also features Wowkle and Billy, who are urged to marry in a church, and Jim Larkens who simply longs to go home. Ramirez is the secret identity of Dick Johnson, who is saved by his beloved Minnie. FTP, name this opera set in the American west, by Puccini.
Output: Fine Arts
John Constable described this man's The Mill as one of the four memorable paintings in the history of landscape. Mythological-themed works by this painter include a depiction of Ganymede crying and urinating and another of Danae, which was vandalized with sulfuric acid in 1985, while his religious works include The Blinding of Samson and Joseph Accused by Potiphar's Wife. He studied painting under Pieter Lastman for only six months, and some of his most famous works were done on commission from groups such as a surgical association and members of an Amsterdam militia. Famous for his many self-portraits, this is, FTP, what Dutch, Baroque painter of the Night Watch and The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
Output: Fine Arts
The title of this poem was probably taken from a work by Bion. Written in 55 Spenserian stanzas, it laments the death of the title character, but ends by placing him among the Immortals, declaring that, while "We decay/ Like corpses in a charnel," the creative spirit of the title character, "like a star,/ Beacons from the abode where the Eternal are. " FTP, name this elegy on the death of John Keats, written by Percy Shelley.
Output: Literature
Alfred Draper wrote a definitive 1981 history of this event. It was followed by the enforcement of a declaration known as the "Crawling Order" for two weeks before that order was revoked by Chelmsford. The chief perpetrator claimed that it was in response to an attack on Marcia Sherwood, and had the support of Police Superintendent Ploper. Due to the observance of Baisakhi Day, several thousand had gathered in the square known as Jalianwalla Bagh and the subsequent actions would result in the assassination of regional governor Michael O'Dwyer for his role 21 years later. Chaos resulted soon after Sir Reginald Dyer's order to fire resulting in, for 10 points, what incident in which 379 people were killed by British troops in the namesake holy city in northern India in 1919
Output: History
Although the protagonist does not place much value in her required duties, she enjoys illegally playing Scrabble and discovers an inscription that says "Don't let the bastards grind you down. " Framed as a study of a found audio recording, the protagonist had her daughter taken from her and is forced to put up with the Commander's wife, Serena Joy, as part of her time in the Republic of Gilead. The protagonist, Offred, must attempt to get pregnant in, for 10 points, what religious post-apocalyptic dystopian novel by Margaret Atwood
Output: Literature
This painting was commissioned by the Baron de Julien, a priest who had cuckolded a bishop, and its artist took the job five years after returning from his Prix de Rome trip. Julien's flush cheeks are reminiscent of the artist's style in such works as Blind Man's Bluff. On the left, a cupid statue with a finger to its mouth observes the action from above, while two putto statues look at the title object from below. The aforementioned bishop sits at the right side of the work, while Julien hides in the lower-left bushes and looks up the billowing pink skirt of his mistress, who is kicking off her left shoe. A tree to the far right suspends, FTP, which title object of a lush Rococo landscape by Jean-Honor Fragonard
Output: Fine Arts
The fact that it does not affect the ground state can be derived heuristically from symmetry considerations or explicitly from the Wigner-Eckart theorem. In semiconductor heterostructures, a quantum-confined version of this effect occurs, which results from the enhancement of this effect by excitons. For higher quantum numbers, the energy levels induced by this effect are degenerate, and leading to the commonly observed quadratic form, whose components are proportional to the polarizability tensor. Particularly useful for analyzing molecular rotational spectra, for ten points, identify this effect from atomic physics, which consists of the splitting and shift of a spectral line into several components in the presence of an electric field.
Output: Science
This effect was incorrectly explained by Bohr-Kramers-Slater theory, and the relativistic formula for it is a function of a parameter, epsilon, defined as Planck's constant times the frequency divided by the mass of an electron times speed of light squared. The Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect applies its inverse effect to cosmic microwave background radiation photons gaining energy when they travel through a hot electron cloud, and its above differential cross-section is given by the Klein-Nishina formula. The most likely interaction between an X-ray and soft tissue, FTP, name this effect in which a photon loses energy as it scatters off of a single electron, named for an American Nobel-winning physicist.
Output: Science
One proponent of this idea wrote The Mentality of Apes while in Tenerife, where he also studied how people matched the words "takete" and "baluba" to spiky and rounded shapes, respectively. Another proponent of this idea illustrated the pitfalls of blindly obeying rules to solve problems in his book Productive Thinking. Fritz Perls developed a type of therapy based on this concept. Proximity, continuity, closure, and symmetry are among the tendencies explained by this idea's principle of (*) Pragnanz. A proponent of this idea defined the apparent movement caused by a changing static image as the phi phenomenon. It was first theorized by the trio of Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Kohler. For 10 points, name this school of psychology that examines the brain's tendency to perceives the whole.
Output: Social Science
The most common type of this reaction is the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, which is often used as a synonym for the reaction as a whole. The products go on to form Acetyl CoA or sometimes used in fermentation. Since two ATP molecules are required to activate it, it produces only two net ATP molecules in addition to two NADH molecules. Name this process which breaks one glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Output: Science
This student of Jean-Leon Gerome at the Ecole des Beaux Arts was one of the subjects of Mumford's The Brown Decades. His students included Henry Ossawa Tanner and Thomas Anschutz, and he painted Mending the Net and Arcadia after learning of Muybridge's work. He painted a portrait of his friend Walt Whitman, rumored to be Whitman's favorite, and painted himself in a small boat behind the title figure in Max Schmitt in a Single Scull. A man lectures to the students of Jefferson Medical College in, FTP, this American realist's monumental painting of a surgery in progress, The Gross Clinic.
Output: Fine Arts
The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of motion may be used to analyze the multicycle variety of this phenomenon. One significant researcher of this phenomenon wrote Elements of Electrical Engineering as a supplement to his Alternating Current Phenomena that uses his phasor analysis of circuits. When plotting magnetization in terms of magnetic field strength, the coercivity and remanence of a permanent magnet may be seen on the graph associated with this phenomenon. The physicist that names an equation often modified by a term for sinusoidal excitation frequency, which multiplies a power of the peak flux amplitude to find the time-average loss due to this effect, is named Charles Proteus Steinmetz. For 10 points, name this phenomenon that is central to magnetic tape memory, that means "lagging behind," and whose loop demonstrates path dependence.
Output: Science
In one novel by this author, the false talent scout Maurice Venice recruits the protagonist while Dr. Tamkin takes Tommy Wilhelm's money. In another of his novels, Dr. Elya Gruner is the niece of the title one-eyed Polish Holocaust survivor. This author of Seize the Day and Mr. Sammler's Planet wrote a novel in which the title character fights for custody of Junie with his second wife Madeleine, Herzog. His most famous protagonist marries Stella after going to Mexico with Thea and working for Einhorn. For 10 points, name this Jewish author who wrote about ""an American, Chicago-born"" in his novel The Adventures of Augie March.
Output: Literature
Accounts of this conflict were written by Roger of Howden and Giraldus Cambrensis. Before one of  the main combatants could reach the area of conflict, some of his ships as well as his fiance were  seized by Isaac of Cyprus. Another Isaac, the Byzantine Emperor, made a secret alliance to impede the progress of the German armies during this conflict, but after sacking (*) Iconium, that army retreated anyway because its commander fell off his horse and drowned. Following a successful capture of the city  of Acre, Leopold V of Austria left this conflict. For 10 points, name this military venture led by Frederick I Barbarossa , Phillip II of France, and Richard I of England to retake the Holy Land from Saladin's control.
Output: History
This author noted that "Not all the vats upon the Rhine yield such an alcohol" in a poem about tasting "a liquor never brewed." This poet wrote about experiencing "a tighter breathing and zero at the bone" when encountering a snake in a poem about "a narrow fellow in the grass." This author of "I'm Nobody, Who Are You" wrote about a carriage ride with death in another poem. For 10 points, name this reclusive American poet known as the "Belle of Amherst."
Output: Literature
He was brought up by foster parents and was subsequently educated at San Carlos College before being sent to England. He left England for Spain in 1799, but not before associating with a secret Masonic Lodge established in London by Francisco Miranda. Beginning in 1814, Royalist forces began a three-year occupation after his Chilean patriots lost at Rancagua. In 1817 at Chacabuco, along with Jose de San Martin, he led a combined force of Argentine troops and Chilean exiles in a successful effort against the Spanish and was subsequently elected interim Supreme Director of Chile. For 10 points, name this South American independence leader who had a father of Irish descent.
Output: History
Its namesake was elected after a resignation by Simon Cameron. William Yancey's development of the "Alabama Platform" was formed in response to this amendment, which was ratified twice in the house, but the senate refused to impose its restrictions on President Polk's Army appropriation bill for lands acquired from Mexico, which would have barred slavery in the new territory. FTP identify this congressional proposal of August 8, 1846, named after a senator from Pennsylvania.
Output: History
Eight eyes stare off in all directions from the two pillars of one stone sculpture by this man, who also carved twelve drum-like stools to sit around a large counter for another sculpture. In addition to The Kiss Gate and the Table of Silence, which, along with The Endless Column, form his Sculptural Ensemble, he created one sculpture of a young naked woman crossing herself, and one work which consists entirely of a bronze head which is supposed to look female. This artist of The Prayer and Sleeping Muse sculpted two stone blocks with their arms wrapped around each other in one more well known work, while he created several marble and bronze propellor looking things which supposedly represent flight. For 10 pointsname this sculptor of The Kiss and Bird in Space.
Output: Fine Arts
He was a noted womanizer and used to brag in slang, "Je peint avec mon bitre," or "I paint with my phallus. " In fact, his later career proved successful after he found a market for seductive portraits like those of Jeanne Samary and Mademoiselle Charpentier. This native of Limoges will always be noted for his warm, luminous nudes and other portraits like Child With Watering Can. During the last 20 years of his life, he was crippled by arthritis and had to paint with a brush strapped to his arm. This explains the lack of notable canvases following his 1887 Bathers series. FTP, name this French painter of Au Moulin de la Galette and Luncheon of the Boating Party.
Output: Fine Arts
His On the Rainbow and On the Calculation of Chances were printed together posthumously. Decades earlier, while living with surgeon Hermann Homan, he penned the Korte Verhandeling and Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione. He made arguments about Old Testament prophets in 1663s Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, and in 1662 he finished a geometrical version of Descartess Principia Philosophiae, which influenced his most famous work, subtitled Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata. For 10 points, name this Dutch philosopher of Jewish origin and author of Ethics.
Output: Social Science
The main target of this event was involved in a controversial dispute over the control of a ship called the Porpoise and he had the former captain court marshaled, and that same man disrupted the barter economy in the region where it occurred by giving out free food to people who had been hurt by a recent flood. He was later found and captured by the people involved in this event, led by Major George Johnston, while he was cowering under his bed supposedly looking for missing papers, and a picture depicting his capture is considered the first political cartoon in the country in which it took place. That governor, who had earlier been overthrown in the Bounty Mutiny, Robert Bligh, brought enmity upon himself after receiving a letter from Castlereagh suggesting that he stop the trade of this event's namesake product. His replacement, William Paterson, returned to Sydney to take up Bligh's former post. For 10 points, name this 1808 uprising in Australia over a certain kind of alcohol.
Output: History
This artist created "Moose the Mooche" for one recording session with Dial Records. In one piece, this artist launches into a solo after Max Roach thumps the bass drum, during which he quotes the clarinet solo from "High Society"; that piece is "Ko Ko". This artist utilized the chromatic scale to vastly expand his range of possible solos during a performance of "Cherokee". Like Igor Stravinsky, this person was fascinated with combining jazz and classical music, and thus recorded "Everything Happens to Me" and "If I should lose you" as part of a collaboration with a full strings section. Miles Davis once claimed that the history of jazz could be summed up entirely in the names of Louis Armstrong and this man. For 10 points, name this innovator of bebop, a jazz saxophonist who recorded the album "Ornithology" and whose nickname inspired the titles of "Bird Gets the Worm" and the "Yardbird Suite".
Output: Fine Arts
The first movement of this composer's fifth symphony breaks out into a scherzo in its development section. One of his compositions opens with the an F-sharp minor 6/4 ["six-four"] chord in the low brass resolving to a French sixth. His violin concerto opens with hushed D minor tremolos in the orchestra violins before the soloist enters playing G-A-D. His seventh symphony, which is written almost entirely in the key of C, is in only one movement, and is his last completed symphony. Paavali's mother has a vision of dancers before Death comes for her in his Valse Triste. He drew on the same poetic source for Tapiola and Kullervo as he used for a piece that depicts a bird swimming in the underworld, "The Swan of Tuonela". For 10 points, name this composer of the Lemminkainen Suite and Finlandia.
Output: Fine Arts
One part of this work describes "three little branches coming down like sprigs of Spanish broom" when discussing cassowaries. This work quotes a letter of the "learned and worthy Mr. Molyneux" on making a blind man see and distinguishing between a sphere and a cube. It mentions the effects of a maid telling a child about goblins and sprites in "Of the Association of Ideas", and advocates putting a football between one's hands in the section "Idea of Solidity. " This work's first book focuses on why "Neither principles nor Ideas are Innate", and goes on to distinguish between complex and simple ideas, as well as claiming color, a secondary quality, is derived from an object's primary qualities. For 10 points, name this work that advocates a tabula rasa view of the human mind, a work of John Locke.
Output: Social Science
Baptist and Methodist churches were burned in this colony in the 1830s after Anglicans blamed those groups for inciting Samuel Sharpe's rebellion. It was also the location of the Maroon Wars, which resulted in the ex-slave Cudjoe winning independence for an area in its interior. This country was known by its native population as the "Land of Wood and Water," whereas the Spanish first called it Santiago when Juan de Esquievel founded the first European town here. The Battle of the Saintes quashed French plans to occupy this island, which were resumed in 1806 and again crushed by John Duckworth. Robert Venables and the elder William Penn had seized it for Britain in 1655, and Spain conceded that fact in the 1670 Treaty of Madrid. Twenty years later, an earthquake destroyed its then-capital at Port Royal, which had been the base of operations for Henry Morgan. FTP, name this island country full of rum and Rastafarians.
Output: History
One character in this novel has a fascination for a large wooden anchor that he nicknames Niobe; that character is Herbert Truczinsk, who has a tattoo of a hieroglyphic on his back that fascinates the protagonist. The protagonist of this work has conflicting accounts of his defense of a polish post office. Roswitha Raguna becomes the lover of the protagonist in the second part of this work, when he works at a circus. Sister Dorothea Kngetter is the focus of the third part of this work, when she is the love interest of the protagonist. The protagonist of this novel is a patient at a mental hospital whose scream can be used as a weapon; his name is Oskar Matzerath, and he refuses to grow. For 10 points, name this novel which precedes Dog Years and Cat and Mouse in the Danzig Trilogy, a work by Gunther Grass.
Output: Literature
One character created by this author is outraged and disheartened when his opponent commits the sealed Move 121. This author of a series of brief tales called the Palm-of-the-Hand stories wrote about a student who becomes close with a family of entertainers in "The Dancing Girl of Izu." In another of his novels, the businessman Shimamura has an (*) affair with the geisha Komako in a hot spring town. For 10 points, name this Nobel prize winning Japanese author of The Master of Go and Snow Country.
Output: Literature
While serving as music tutor to the Esterhazy daughters, this man composed a C major sonata for piano four-hands which is known as his "Grand Duo." This man was unable to play his own "Wanderer Fantasy," and he substituted a double bass for one of the violins of the typical lineup for his Piano Quintet in A major. This composer's incidental music to Rosamunde has been suggested as a (*) conclusion to his eighth symphony. For 10 points, name this Romantic German composer of the "Trout Quintet" and the "Unfinished Symphony."
Output: Fine Arts
The UCP1 protein found in some of these structures can be activated by beta-3 adrenergic signalling cascades. Defects in this structure can cause conditions such as Leigh's disease and MELAS syndrome. The hydrogen hypothesis is a model for the evolutionary development of this structure while Peter Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory explains its function. These organelles contain numerous infoldings called cristae as well as a viscous matrix. For 10 points, name this maternally inherited organelle, the so called powerhouse of the cell.
Output: Science
This author wrote a novella in which the title girl misses her sisters after they are sent to India and Scotland, while she stays with her aunt. She also wrote in a little known work that Richard III must have been a "very respectable man," her The History of England. In one work, the matchmaking title character is engaged to Frank Churchill but ends up marrying Mr. Knightley. Her best known work ends with Elizabeth Bennet marrying Mr.  Darcy, and Elizabeth's sister marries Mr. Bingley. For 10 points, name this author of works such as Emma, Sense and Sensibility, and Pride and Prejudice.
Output: Literature
The Kepler conjecture states that this quantity is maximized for HCP and FCC crystals. The reciprocal of this quantity is called specific volume. This quantity is the ratio between kinematic and dynamic viscosity. The melting point line has a negative slope when this quantity is greater for liquids than for solids. The ratio of it to a reference standard is specific gravity. Among elements, this quantity is greatest for osmium and iridium. For water, it's maximized at 4 degrees Celsius. If two substances are immiscible, the one with a greater value for this will form the bottom layer. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to mass over volume.
Output: Science
One of these compositions begins in 3/8 time and is essentially a triple concerto for violin and two "flauti d'echo," with the violin playing the bass line at points. The last of these compositions features a third movement gigue that turns out to be a set of variations on a ritornello theme presented in the first movement. The first of these compositions features horn calls and ends with a polacca and trio, and may have been derived from the composer's (*) Hunting Cantata. The sixth is scored for viola, cello, viola da gamba, violone, and harpsichord, notably omitting violins. The fifth of these works has a long solo cadenza for the harpsichord. For 10 points, name these six compositions by J.S. Bach, named for the state ruled by Margrave Christian Ludwig.
Output: Fine Arts
The fifth of them is a D major work whose second Affetuoso movement centers on the flute, violin, and harpsichord soloists. The third of them has a pair of chords known as a Phrygian cadence rather than a slow movement, while the fourth of them calls for two "echo flutes," which may be a reference to the sopranino recorder. The last is a B flat major work which oddly has no parts for violin, while the first is an F major work which features an extra fourth movement. They are written in the Italian style, alternating fast, slow, and fast movements, and were composed around the year 1720. FTP, name this group of six concertos written by Johann Sebastian Bach for a German margrave.
Output: Fine Arts