niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
If two variates obey this, their difference obeys a Skellam distribution. It has moment-generating function e to the quantity lambda times quantity e to the t minus one, where lambda is the only parameter on which this distribution depends. Bortkiewicz called it the "law of small numbers" after noting that it models rates of rare events like radioactive decays or horse-kick deaths. This function gives as lambda to the n times e to the minus lambda over n factorial as the probability of n successes from a large number of the trials named for its French namesake. FTP, name this distribution usually symbolized P.
Output: Science
According to Charles Burney, its first use in an opera came in Johann Christian Bach's Orione. Two pioneering concertoes for it were written by F. X. Pokorny, while an early set of six concertoes for it was written by J. M. Molter. Max Reger wrote three sonatas for this instrument and piano, a combination also employed in Schumann's Opus 73, a set of three "fantasy pieces. "  Heinrich Baermann inspired Carl Maria von Weber to write two concertoes for it, while Hermstedt was the original soloist in the four concertoes for it by Louis Spohr. One of its early virtuosi was Anton Stadler, for whom the "Kegelstatt Trio" was composed by Mozart. More recent performers include Gervase de Payer, for whom Thea Musgrave wrote a concerto, and a man for whom Copland's concerto and Bartok's Contrasts were written. FTP, name this musical instrument, whose noted performers include Woody Herman, Artie Shaw, and Benny Goodman.
Output: Fine Arts
Some of the parenchyma cells which help form this tissue are grouped together to form rays that radiate horizontally. Vessel elements do not occur in most conifers and are more highly specialized for transport, while the elongate tracheids have thick, hard, secondary cell walls which become interrupted with pits after their lengthwise growth has ceased. FTP, identify this complex of conducting and supporting tissue that conducts water and dissolved mineral nutrients in vascular plants.
Output: Science
After a successful attack by the Saxons against this man, he retaliated by executing 4500 Saxons in a single day. His focus on the destruction of Pamplona led to his inability to capture Zaragoza. He put down a revolt by Hunald, and distaste with his wife Fastrada led to a minor revolt by Pepin the Hunchback. This ruler's court was centered around a unique octagonal chapel at the royal capitol of Aachen, where this ruler died after bathing in the warm springs. The brother of Carloman and son of Pepin the Short, FTP, identify this second Carolingian king, crowned emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800, with a name meaning Charles the Great.
Output: History
He used Persian myth as the basis for his oratorio Paradise and the Peri and wrote of the love triangle between Siegfried, Golo, and the title woman in his only opera. Two sections of another worked are marked hastig and einfach und zart, those are the middle sections of his ironically titled Humoreske. The sequence A-E flat  C- B represents the Asch motif in his Carnaval, which also includes sections denoted "Florestan" and "Eusebius". He dedicated Kreisleriana to Chopin, and later works include the five-movement Rhenish Symphony. FTP, identify this husband of Clara Wieck whose first symphony is also known as Spring.
Output: Fine Arts
Alexander McLeod was arrested after drunkenly discussing his role in this event, and Amos Durfree was killed during it. The group behind it set up a headquarters on Navy Island under the command of Rensselaer van Rensselaer, and targeted an object owned by William Wells which carried supplies to aid William Mackenzie. That item was ultimately captured, set on fire, and sent over Niagara Falls. For 10 points, name this 1837 incident in which the namesake American commercial steamer was destroyed by some rowdy Canadians, nearly causing war with Britain.
Output: History
This man was praised for his stoic response when his sons Nadav and Avihu were struck down by fire. His possessions included a staff which was left in the sanctuary with those of the princes, whereupon it blossomed and produced sweet and bitter almonds, as well as a breastplate which featured the Urim and Thummim. He cured the plague after the rebellion of the Korah, and the kohenim are the direct male descendents of this man, as was John the Baptist. Though he criticized his brother, a stammerer, for marrying a Cushite woman, this Levite was saved by his brother from the Lord's wrath after he erected a golden calf for the Israelites. FTP, name this brother of Moses.
Output: Social Science
One reaction of this type reacts alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls with Hantzsch esters under amine catalysis. Discoverers of an asymmetric version of this reaction used in the industrial synthesis of L-DOPA from an achiral arene won part of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. That asymmetric form of this reaction can be catalyzed by ruthenium-BINAP complexes developed by Noyori. A square-planar tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium(I) complex was developed in 1966 to homogeneously catalyze this reaction; that is Wilkinson's catalyst. When this reaction is incomplete, it can result in cis-trans isomerization, and thus its "partial" form is responsible for the production of trans fats. For 10 points, name this reduction that involves reacting a substrate with the namesake light gas.
Output: Science
In the extended title of his most famous work this economist claims to respond to the speculations of William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet. From 1805-34 professor at the East India Company's college at Haileybury, he wrote 1820's Principles of Political Economy and An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, but is best-known for a 1798 work in which he uses the argument that one element of society increases at an arithmetic rate, while another increases at a geometric rate, implying the need for moral restriant, crime, disease, war, and vice. FTP, who was this author of An Essay on the Principle of Population
Output: Social Science
This structure's namesake trafficking regulator gene is mutated in sufferers of ChediakHigashi syndrome, in which these structures are both abnormally enlarged and reduced in number. Proteins targeted to this organelle have mannose 6-phosphate residues. Tay-Sachs disease is characterized by the accumulation of gangliosides in these organelles, which can fuse with phagosomes. Found only in animal cells, these organelles have a pH of approximately five, and are prone to storage diseases. FTP name this cell organelle that has digestive enzymes for breaking down certain cell parts.
Output: Science
This functionality can be used as a stereoselective directing group when using diiodomethane and zinc to form a cyclopropane ring from an alkene. Ketones are enantioselectively converted into a compound of this type using borane and a chiral ox-aza-boro-li-dine catalyst. Tartrates can be used to control stereochemistry when reacting allylic compounds of this type with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and a titanium catalyst to form epoxides with this functionality. An allylic compound of this type can be produced by reacting stoichiometric quantities of an alkene and an (*) aldehyde under high temperature, acidic conditions. These compounds are formed stereoselectively if hydrogen peroxide is used immediately after a hydroboration reaction. Under acidic conditions a carbonyl group can react with a molecule of this type to form a hemiacetal, and a molecule of this type can also react with an alkyl halide to make an ether. For 10 points, name this type of compound which can react with a carboxylic acid to form an ester.
Output: Science
This painting's companion piece, The Olive Trees, features a wispy, yellow cloud in the sky; both of those pieces were created during the artist's stay an asylum at Saint-Remy. A church steeple can be seen near the center of this work, which also features a glowing yellow crescent moon in the upper right corner and large, flamelike cypress trees in the foreground. For 20 points, name this painting featuring a swirling deep blue sky dotted by the title celestial objects, which was created by Vincent Van Gogh.
Output: Fine Arts
They often form stacks of G-quadruplexes with potassium or sodium ions between each quadruplex. They are not necessary or present in most prokaryotes, especially those with circular DNA, and are only maintained in the germ cells of multicellular eukaryotes. When they become uncapped, they can lead to apoptosis or senescence of somatic cells, which may be the root of normal aging. Considered the solution to Watson's "end-replication problem," FTP, identify these repeated nucleotide sequences that protect and define the ends of chromosomes.
Output: Science
During his reign, his forces defeated Spain at Jarbah and lost in a battle with the Knights of St. John in an attempt to capture Malta. While serving as governor in the Crimea, he helped his father to build an army. A principle known as the "circle of justice" guided the legal kanuns which he set up, and he supported the ascension of John Zapolya following one of his military victories. Against Rhodes, he used the naval forces enhanced by his grandfather Bayezid II and led by Khayr ad-Din or Barbarossa, though he later failed at the first siege of Vienna. The winner at Mohacs and son of Selim the Grim, this is, FTP, what Ottoman Sultan, who oversaw that empire's "golden age"
Output: History
One of these characters, Hylonome, loyally committed suicide after the death of her husband Cyllarus. Two of them named Hylaeus and Rhaecus were killed by Meleager in defense of Atalanta. One of these characters, the son of Cronus and the nymph Philyra, rescued the unarmed Peleus and traded his immortality for the life of Prometheus, while another one gave a shirt soaked in his poisoned blood to (*) Deianeira. Many of them lived on Mount Pelion, and most stories consider them the children of Ixion and Nephele. One of them named Eurytus drunkenly attempted to abduct Hippodamia, sparking a massive fight with the Lapiths which did not involve the most famous example of them, the wise teacher Chiron. For 10 points, name these mythical creatures whose bodies were half-man and half-horse.
Output: Social Science
When Marc Chagall became director of the Vitebsk School of Art in 1918, he invited this man to teach under him; but shortly thereafter, during a brief Chagall absence, he took over the school and dismissed him. A member of the Knave of Diamonds group and a participant in the 1912 Donkey's Tail exhibition, he was once arrested for distributing banned literature. For 10 points, who was this artist of Yellow Parallelogram on White and Suprematist Composition: White on White
Output: Fine Arts
Much of this tissue's extracellular matrix consists of proteoglycans, primarily aggrecan bound to a hyaluronan backbone. The aggrecan core protein is heavily glycosylated by keratin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, making it very negatively charged and extremely hydrated, properties which lead to its cushioning effect. Collagen fibrils give the matrix tensile strength, while the chondrocytes make up only a small percentage of tissue volume. FTP, name this non-vascular tissue that is found in the trachea, ear lobes, at the tip of the nose, and in joints.
Output: Science
A type of vegetation called fynbos is found in this country, which is also home to the Karoo [kuh-ROO], a semi-arid plateau. This country extracts natural gas offshore of Mossel Bay, and its city of Germiston is a railroad hub. North West is one of this country's nine provinces, and Venda is one of its eleven official languages. A political prison was once located on Robben Island seven miles offshore of this country. Swaziland is mostly surrounded by this country, and Lesotho is completely surrounded by it. For 10 points, name this country whose cities include Pretoria, Cape Town, and Johannesburg.
Output: Social Science
In a section of this work, the speaker addresses the title creature with the words "Ah you who are silent!". This work that includes "White Bee" describes "white hills, white thighs" in "Body of a Woman". Including "Drunk with Pines" and "Ah Vastness of Pines", this collection ends with the line "It is the hour of departure. Oh abandoned one!". Its final poem accuses the addressee of "swallowing everything" and repeats the lament "in you everything sank!". Its penultimate poem opens "Tonight I can write the saddest lines". For 10 points, name this somewhat erotic collection of romantic poems by Pablo Neruda.
Output: Literature
One art movement in this country, Renaixensa (RON-uh-SEN-shuh), influenced an architect that designed a park that includes terrace walls designed to look like the nests of birds. That architect of Park Guell (GWELL) also designed an unfinished art nouveau cathedral in this country. This country is the location of the Sagrada Familia (suh-GRAH-DAH fuh-mil-YAH), as well as an art museum designed by Frank Gehry, which has an organic fish scale like appearance. That museum is this country's Guggenheim, located in its city of Bilbao (bill-BOW). For 10 points, name this country whose Prado art museum is located in Madrid.
Output: Fine Arts
Its third section discusses various kinds of its namesake "literature," and compares certain German writers to monks who wrote "silly lives of Catholic saints" over ancient manuscripts. That section mentions Karl Grn as the classical type of a kind of "foul and enervating literature," and derides as "duodecimo editions of the New Jerusalem" such concepts as the "Home Colonies" and "Little Icaria. "  Its second section claims that upper class marriage is merely a "system of wives in common" in which men amuse themselves by seducing each others' wives, and offers ten applications of its philosophy, including confiscation of the land of emigrants and rebels. In its fourth and last section, it describes temporary alliances with Polish agrarians and French Social Democrats, though it notes that its immediate interests are in a projected German revolution. FTP, name this 1848 pamphlet which claims that a specter is haunting Europe, a work written by Marx and Engels.
Output: History
An early work by this artist shows a centaur blowing a conch as Neptune arrives in a seashell, and another of his works shows George Augustus Elliot pointing toward a sinking ship at the Siege of Gibraltar. One of his paintings shows the title character meeting Faith dressed in a bright white robe and Hope dressed in blue, while another is a portrait of Henry Pelham who has a rodent enchained. In addition to The Red Cross Knight and Boy with a Squirrel, he painted a portrait of Paul Revere, and another of his works shows a man ready to strike a fish as a young man struggles to reach for a helping hand. For 10 points, name this painter of Watson and the Shark.
Output: Fine Arts
This nation's Diogo de Silves discovered the Azores. It split lands with Spain in the Treaty of Tordesillas (tor-day-SEE-yahs). This nation's Henry the Navigator promoted exploration, and its explorers were the first Europeans to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail to India. Those explorers were Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama. For 10 points, name this country that colonized Brazil.
Output: Social Science
He earned the nickname "Kid Gloves" because he wore kid gloves to protect his hands from skin infection, which some say cost him the working class vote. Some of his writings included This Country of Ours, a series of essays on how the federal government works. During the Civil War, he raised the 70th Indiana Volunteer Regiment, becoming a brigadier general in 1865. While in office, he signed the McKinley Tariff Act, which primarily led to his downfall. When James Blaine, the leading Republican, declined a presidential nomination, this man and Levi Morton, for vice president, became the Republican duo. FTP, name this 23rd president, elected in 1888, who interrupted Grover Cleveland's two terms.
Output: History
Besides his work with Igor Stravinsky, Robert Craft is also known for trying to record all of this man's works, including a collection that features the pieces "Ausdrucksweise" and "Landsknechte" though it closes with the more homophonic "Verbundenheit. " Besides his Opus 35 6 Pieces for Male Chorus, this man's Opus 13 is his Friede auf Erden, while his second string quartet ends with a setting for soprano of the poem "Entrckung. " Another work follows an orchestral interlude with the "Voice of the Wood Dove" and has voices representing Waldemar and Tove, characters drawn from the poems of Jens Peter Jacobsen. For 10 points, name this occasionally tonal composer of the Gurrelieder and Pierrot Lunaire.
Output: Fine Arts
One of this piece's quirks is that audiences often forget etiquette and applaud after its third movement, a powerful march. The mood is set by an introduction in a dark register of the bassoon with a drone bass and sighing strings. The second movement, in uneven 5/4 time, might not be as memorable as the brass chorale interruption in the first movement, which features a melody from the Russian Requiem. It was named by the composer's brother as a reference to a sonata of the same name by Beethoven. FTP, identify this symphony of Pyotr Tchaikovsky.
Output: Fine Arts
In one part of this work, a low note played after an ascending scale represents several drunken partygoers' unsuccessful attempts to stand up. Many modern performances play the melody louder than the plucked strings representing rain on a window, assuming that the composer's instructions to make the rain sound louder are erroneous. In another part of this piece, several violins represents a brook, the lead violin plays a shepherd, and a viola plays the part of a sheepdog. The shepherd's fear of Zephyr and Boreas are discussed in one of the poems which accompany this cycle, which is part of a larger work dedicated to Wenzel von Morzin entitled The Contest Between Harmony and Invention. FTP, name this concerto series depicting "La Primavera," "L'estate," "L'autunno" and "L'inverno," which was composed by Antonio Vivaldi.
Output: Fine Arts
Male commoners among one people from this country wore a sleeveless tunic called the "onka," while the royalty wore a red woolen fringe around the forehead. One culture from this country sculpted the Raimondi Stela, and Bernabe Cobo wrote a history of the founding of this country's capital city. During the late 19th century, this country made huge profits by selling guano gathered from its (*) Chincha islands. This home of the Chavin culture and the Lord of Sipan was also home to an empire with a name meaning "The Four Regions." That empire used knots of colored rope to encode information, and another culture from this country made giant geoglyphs depicting animals such as the pelican and the monkey. For 10 points, name this country home to the Nazca and the Inca.
Output: Social Science
Willy Lott is the owner of the building shown in this painting, in which a figure makes his way through thick hedges along the river at right, below which a boat is concealed. Four figures are plying their trade in a meadow across the river Stour opposite a cottage behind Flatford Mill, in front of which a small dog watches the main action. FTP, what is this famous painting depicting two men attempting to guide a large ox-drawn cart through the water, the masterpiece of John Constable
Output: Fine Arts
A ring of impact features on this body is named for Gaubatino. Kraken Mare is this body's largest known body of water. Although not Venus, this body's Ganesa Macula resemble pancake domes, and  was originally thought to be cryovolcanic. Xanadu is a large reflective region on the surface of this celestial body, and Xanadu shares a border with (*) Shangri-la on it. A mission partially named for Huygens, this body's discoverer, was sent to it in 2005, and found that it resembled a primordial  earth. This body is in close proximity to Norse, Gallic and Inuit groups of similar bodies, and Giovanni Cassini names prominent features of this satellite's largest neighbor; those features are rings. For 10  points, name this largest moon of Saturn.
Output: Science
During this mans first term, he appointed Norman Jay Coleman to be the first Secretary of Agriculture, and in a later term, J. Sterling Morton would occupy that role. Earlier, he had served as the mayor of Buffalo, during which time he earned a reputation as the veto mayor, and as governor of New York, he gained notoriety for opposing Tammany Hall. During his first term, the Interstate Commerce Commission was established, and during his second, he sent federal troops to intervene in the Pullman Strike. In his first election campaign, he defeated John St. John and James Blaine. For ten points, identify this President who served two discontinuous terms, elected in 1884 and 1892.
Output: History
This book opens with a quotation from a French priest commenting that religion gives many people an "oceanic feeling" in response to the author's previous publication which attacked religion as an illusion. It traces the parallel development of Eros and Thanatos in the course of human society. FTP, name this 1930 work by Freud which explains why some people don't like their own culture.
Output: Social Science
The insertion of AQP2 into the apical membrane is caused by this hormone's GPCR stimulating the production of cAMP through the Gs protein. With CRH, this hormone is produced in parvocellular neurons and, also with it, stimulates the secretion of ACTH. The movement of this hormone is facilitated by neurophysin II. Deficiency of this hormone causes central diabetes insipidus. A syndrome of inappropriate secretion of this hormone normally results in hyponatremia. This nonapeptide is released from the posterior pituitary and is structurally similar to oxytocin. When bound to its V1 receptor, this hormone promotes vasoconstriction, and it increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules. For 10 points, identify this hormone that is downregulated by ethanol, thus making you have to pee a lot.
Output: Science
In this work, the author argues that communism's assumptions about human goodness are "an untenable illusion" and elsewhere, he uses modern Rome, with its many layers, as a metaphor for the "oceanic feeling" of oneness with eternity. Its author also argues that modern man has become nearly God-like, but is unsatisfied with this state. The author notes that the rules of the universe run counter to pleasure satisfaction, creating a struggle between Eros and Thanatos, and that the titular construct creates misery while promoting order. For 10 points, name this Sigmund Freud work which discusses dissatisfaction in modern society.
Output: Social Science
This novel begins with a philosophical investigation into the idea of eternal return proposed by Nietzsche, but then goes on to refute that point, suggesting that events only happen once, and that the Hegelian dialectic is invalid. One character in this novel spends much of her time trying to degrade the uniqueness of the human body and shaming her impressionable, insecure daughter. Another character dreams of escaping life as a small town waitress when she meets the protagonist, a successful surgeon who likes to keep several mistresses on the side. Those characters, Tereza and Tomas go off into the country to deal with the pain caused by the titular concept and escape from the brutal oppression they encountered in their native city, Prague. For 10 points, name this masterpiece of modern Czech literature, one of the most famous works of Milan Kundera.
Output: Literature
In this novel, the narrators husband is able to prevent a match between Pansy and Edward Rosier, and as a result, Pansy ends up in a convent. In a later episode, the countess Gemini tells the narrator about her brothers past, including the time when Madame Merle bore him a child. In an earlier episode in this novel, Henrietta arrives in Europe to write an article about its sites, and visits the narrator at Touchett house. Another guest at that house is the narrators English suitor, Lord Warburton, and through Henrietta, Caspar Goodwood learns of her whereabouts and is rejected. He later offers her marriage again after the deaath of her husband, Gilbert Osmond. For ten points, identify this first major success of Henry James, a novel about Isabel Archer.
Output: Literature
The complaints of Francis Topham over not receiving appointments to some ecclesiastical courts provoked one of this author's works, a satire which depicts Topham as "Trim" seeking more than his "watch-coat. " In addition to A Political Romance, this author also wrote a work in which the protagonist allows a count to believe that he is the king's jester in Hamlet, allowing him to procure a passport to avoid arrest in a foreign country. This author wrote another novel with a character named Yorick, which does not discuss the birth of the title character until the fourth of nine volumes that make it up, and that title character is misnamed when Susannah is unable to tell Parson Yorick his intended name, leading to great disappointment for Walter, although Trim and Uncle Toby put less importance on it. For 10 points, name this English author of A Sentimental Journey and Tristram Shandy
Output: Literature
One of this mans stories concerns a false prophet who blinds all the women in his harem so they cant see that he is afflicted with leprosy. That tale of Hakim, the Masked Dyer of Merv joins Man on Pink Corner and several other stories in his collection A Universal History of Infamy. In addition to Tlon, Uqbar, Orbus Tertius, this author wrote about a Frenchman who sets out to recreate Cervantess masterpiece, and a story set in an infinite array of hexagonal rooms lined with bookshelves. For ten points, name this author whose stories Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote and The Library of Babel can be found in the collection Ficciones.
Output: Literature
The protagonist of one of his novellas unearths repressed memories like insulting an old man just because he had a great one-liner ready. In that novella by this author, a family of "some ten or twelve" daughters play games like "proverbs" and "foxes and hounds" at the expense of a main character who gets locked in a room for an hour in a game of "hide-and-go-seek." The narrator of another novella by this author concocts elaborate plans to get revenge on an officer who had shoved him out of the way. This author created a girl who dies in the foster care of the Pogoreltsevs, and who turns out to be the daughter, not of (*) Trusotsky, but of Velchaninov. In the second section, "Apropos of the Wet Snow," of one of his novellas, the protagonist accidentally shows up an hour early to a dinner party and gives a speech insulting all of Zverkov's friends. A novella by this author of The Eternal Husband begins "I am a sick man...I am a wicked man." For 10 points, name this author of Notes from Underground.
Output: Literature
He contrasted the lifestyle of "the fleet nomads of desert lands" with the intellectual ideas of Kotzebue and Schiller in his poem "The Bedouin," and he critiqued Bruno Bauer and the Young Hegelians in a work he co-authored titled The Holy Family. During a trip to Manchester while working for a textile firm he took notes on the working class life that culminated into his first book, The Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1844, and his best known collaboration ends with the section "Private Accumulation" that talks about the "economic original sin" and critiques capitalism. For 10 points, name this philosopher, who edited Das Kapital after Karl Marx's death.
Output: Social Science
After writing his Treatise on Probability, he contributed to the Cambridge cash-balance theory of money with his publication Tract on Monetary Reform, and responded to the Treaty of Versailles in his The Economic Consequences of the Peace. However, it was the work of Richard Kahn that resulted in his major idea, namely the multiplier effect arising from governmental spending. For ten points, name this British economist and author of The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.
Output: Social Science
Ecclesiastically, it ended all religious persecution in Germany and confirmed the Treaty of Passau and the Peace of Augsburg. Politically, it ceded the archbishoprics of Bremen and Verden to Sweden, while the Lower Palatinate was restored to Charles Louis, eldest son of Frederick V, and the de facto independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands was recognized. Including the Treaties of Munster and Osnabruck, FTP, what was this agreement that was signed on October 24, 1648 and ended the Thirty Years' War
Output: History
The man at the center of this novella was the inheritor of the Divine Face cattle ranch known for his love of horses, falconry, church pomp and firearms. The milk vendor Clotilde Armenta frantically tried to prevent the event the narrator is investigating 21 years later. After Bayardo San Roman discovered that his new wife Angela Vicario had been deflowered, her brothers Pedro and Pablo reluctantly kill Santiago Nasar. FTP, what is this novella by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Output: Literature
Like the Gospel of Luke, this Biblical book begins with a dedication to Theophilus. Seven Greek deacons are appointed in this book, including a man whose stoning is ordered by the Sanhedrin. In this book, a mighty wind descends upon 120 followers fifty days after the Resurrection. When a man on the road to Damascus is blinded by holy light in this book, he decides to convert and change his name from Saul to Paul. For 10 points, name this book which describes the deeds of Jesus' followers.
Output: Social Science
Sir Walter Coutts was the last colonial Governor-General of this country that was later led by Bazilio Olara-Okello. In 1966, one leader of this country led an assault against Kabaka in the Battle of Mengo Hill. The Common Man's Charter laid out the principles that led to the proposed nationalization of 60% of this nation's industry in the Nakivubo Pronouncement, part of this country's (*) "Move to the Left". Operation Thunderbolt was executed in this country, in which Yonatan Netanyahu led a rescue of hostages from a flight hijacked by the PFLP. The National Resistance Army was led by Yoweri Museveni in a civil war in this country. For 10 points, name this site of the Entebbe Raid, an African nation that was led by Milton Obote and Idi Amin.
Output: History
In one of this authors novels, the narrator admires the gambler Hat, and tells of the carpenter Popo who never builds anything useful and the poet B. Wordsworth who is still working on the first line of his epic poem. In addition to Miguel Street, this author wrote about Salim, who opens a shop across from a Big Burger franchise in a country ruled by the Big Man. In another novel, this author wrote about a six fingered journalist who is tricked into marrying into the Tulsi family while working as a sign painter. For 10 points, name this Trinidadian author of A House for Mr. Biswas and A Bend in the River.
Output: Literature
Formally, this agreement consisted of its namesake treaty, as well as the Treaty of Baden and Rastatt. France agreed to transfer the Spanish Netherlands to Austria and granted mutual most-favored-nation status to Britain and the Dutch Republic. Spain ceded Gibraltar to Britain and Sicily to Savoy. In the New World, the French were forced to turn over Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and most notably Port Royal to the British. This treaty ended French hegemony in the New and Old Worlds. FTP, identify this 1713 agreement that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.
Output: History
This thinker's lecture notes and marginalia were collected in Manuscript Remains, and replied to Goethe's earlier treatise with his On Visions and Colours. "On the Basis of Morality" was one of the two essays in this thinker's Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics. His doctoral dissertation sets forth physical, logical, mathematical, and moral necessities as the title entity in On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. He wrote an essay collection consisting of one volume of essays such as "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and Real", and another volume of "Stray yet systematically arranged thoughts on a variety of subjects". One title concept of one of his works is how things present themselves through experience, while another is the world in itself, beyond how human knowledge can define it. For 10 points, name this author of Parerga and Paralipomenon and The World as Will and Idea.
Output: Social Science
Cities lying on this body of water include Bol and N'guigmi. When its water levels are high, its water is\n diverted through a string of basins called the Soro, and its water is also discharged into the Bodele\n Depression. It is partially fed by the Yobe River, but primarily by the Chari River, and it separated into\n northern and southern basins by the Great Barrier. In the 1960s, there was a proposal to divert the Ubangi\n River into this lake to maintain its volume. For 10 points, name this shrinking lake which borders Niger,\n Nigeria, Cameroon, and its namesake country.
Output: Social Science
This composer included an F-sharp minor depiction of Polchinelle in a collection of piano pieces that includes his Elegie in E-flat Minor. That collection by him includes a piece with the repeated progression: C-sharp minor  E major  D-sharp minor  D major 6/4 ["six-four]  G-sharp seventh. This composer of Opus 3 Morceaux de fantaisie made recordings of all his piano concertos with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Ormandy and Stokowski. The second of those piano concertos opens with eight bell-like chords in C minor for the soloist before the orchestra enters. In another work by him, the eighteenth variation in D-flat inverts the theme of another composer's Caprice No. in A minor. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Prelude in C-sharp minor and Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.
Output: Fine Arts
The acceleration named for this person can take place when particles repeatedly cross the shock front   caused by a supernova. The type of gas named for this person exerts pressure even at absolute zero. This person and Paul Dirac worked out the statistical distribution of particles that obey the Pauli  Exclusion Principle, which is why such particles are named for this person. Those particles, which  have non-integer spins, are contrasted with particles named for Satyendra Nath Bose. Name this  Italian American who created Chicago Pile-1 in 1942, the first man-made nuclear chain reaction.
Output: Science
Howard Belsey's hatred of this painter is central to the plot of On Beauty. A stunned woman in a   red dress on the right of one of his paintings spills something from a gold goblet. Hebrew text in the  upper right of that painting is written in columns instead of right to left. Many men in white ruffs   are enthralled by the exposed musculature of a man's forearm in one of his paintings. Another work  by this artist shows a military company headed by Frans Banning Cocq. Identify this Dutch artist of  Belshazzar's Feast, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, and The Night Watch.
Output: Fine Arts
Slogans which became popular in this country included "we don't want to be slaves anymore"  and "down with the government, down with the police." This country was home to the underground Christian organization Young Congregation, which helped instigate an event whose nine demands were issued by the Bitterfeld committee, the most influential of the workers' councils which emerged here. People in this country received boxes containing peas, flour, milk, and lard that were known as (*) Eisenhower Packages. After this country announced the New Course program, replacing Constructing Socialism, and including a ten percent increase in production quotas, workers walked out onto Stalin Alley. In this country, where the play The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising takes place, Soviet tanks were deployed to end a 1953 popular uprising. For 10 points, identify this country which erupted into mass demonstrations against Walter Ulbricht's regime.
Output: History
One character sings  il sol dellanima in this opera before tossing a bag of coins to Giovanna, allowing him to slip into the garden. Possente amor mi chiama is sung by one character in this opera after Marullo attempts to take revenge against the title character by telling him that he has an inamorata, but it is the curse that Count Monterone places on the title character that sets the main plot in motion. Maddalena falls in love with the Duke, who sings the canzone La donna  mobile, and pleads with her brother Sparafucile so that she will not have to kill him. When the title character comes for a sack with a body in it, it contains not the body of the Duke of Mantua, but instead Gilda, the daughter of the title court jester, in, FTP, which opera by Giuseppe Verdi
Output: Fine Arts
This psychologist utilizes Thomas Gabor's work Everybody Does It to describe the "inhibitive" and "proactive" modes of moral agency, the disengagement of which, via a network of supportive systems, can lead to the "Perpetration of Inhumanities. " In studying those with snake phobias, he noticed a phenomenon in which self-referential thought could exercise control over such phobias, a phenomenon this psychologist would call "self-efficacy. " This author of Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory, in his most significant experiment, showed that patterns of behavior associated with adolescent aggression are gained through observation and imitation, which are forms of social learning. For 10 points, name this psychologist, conductor of the Bobo Doll experiment.
Output: Social Science
This man wrote a cantata about a creature from Persian myth that tries to regain entrance into heaven. This composer wrote a set of variations on his imaginary friend Meta Abegg. This composer wrote his only cello concerto in A minor and dedicated to Frdric Chopin his Kriesleriana. One composition by this man contains quotations of Grandfathers Dance and he quoted from that work in his later piece Carnaval. Of this mans four symphonies, the third opens powerfully like a fanfare in E-flat major and his first was written the year after he married Clara. For 10 points, name this German composer of the Spring and Rhenish symphonies. 
Output: Fine Arts
This ruler's architect Rabirius built his private residence, the Domus Augustana, and he reinstituted the Ludi Capitolini. He celebrated a triumph over the Chati and gave himself the title Germanicus, and later he formally added the provinces of Upper and Lower Germania to the empire. This man declared himself censor for life, and his prefect Cornelius Fuscus oversaw a disastrous war with Dacia. More notably, he recalled Agricola from Britain and after a revolt led by Saturninus, began to purge the senate. He was assassinated in 96 CE and succeeded by Nerva. For 10 points, name this last of the Flavian emperors, who followed his elder brother Titus.
Output: History
Quinton decried this person's fixation on the static and the "Methods of Experimental Inquiry" of a later countryman criticized his oversimplification of causes. The forth stage in this thinker's namesake scheme is the "ladder of the intellect," exemplified by his conclusion that heat is a motion of particles, arrived at by inductive "tables. " This philosopher's Advancement of Learning was adapted as the first part of his Instauratio Magna, and he described the land of Bensalem in his utopian novel The New Atlantis. FTP, name this seventeenth-century English philosopher who advocated the scientific method in Novum Organum.
Output: Social Science
This man paired two works, one published only posthumously, which were entitled The World and The Man. One of his works, which is divided into six parts, explains the interaction between the consciousness and the outside world with a metaphor of impressions on a ball of wax, hypothesizes that the human soul is located in the pineal gland, and begins from a position of absolute (*) skepticism, contemplating the existence of an evil demon and ultimately ending at the conclusion "I think, therefore I am." For 10 points, give the French mathematician and philosopher who wrote Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy.
Output: Social Science
One law named for this scientist is due to the conservation of angular momentum, and states that a line drawn from a planet to the center of its orbit will sweep out equal areas in equal times. This writer of Astronomia nova and Mysterium cosmographicum analyzed data collected by (*) Tycho Brahe [TEE-koh BRAH] to develop that statement as well as to determine that planets' orbits are ellipses. For 10 points, name this German astronomer who published three laws of planetary motion.
Output: Science
In a story by this man the protagonist injures his head while rushing to read The Arabian Nights' Entertainments, leading him to convalesce in the title region, while Ryan quests to identify the assassin of Fergus Kilpatrick in another. The author Jaromir Hladik is persecuted by the Nazi Julius Rothe in "The Secret Miracle," and other characters from his works include a man who develops perfect memory after being thrown from a horse and Yu Tsun, a Chinese spy for Imperial Germany being pursued by Captain Richard Madden. In addition to "Funes, the Memorious" and "The Garden of Forking Paths," he wrote about a "Lottery in Babylon" and of an author praised for exactly rewriting Don Quixote. FTP name this author, whose most famous works include "El Aleph" and "The Library of Babel. "
Output: Literature
This man had Charles Blair create nearly a thousand pikes to be used as a part of one of this man's plans. Another action led by this man targeted the absent Dutch Henry, resulting in the death of five other men. This leader of the Pottawatomie Massacre also led an action that was put down by marines under Jeb Stuart and Robert E. Lee. That action resulted in this man's capture after he tried to capture a federal armory. For 10 points, name this abolitionist who was hanged after he led a raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859.
Output: History
In a paper concerning "Nilpotent Energies" in the theory of these materials, Ericksen explores a modulus undetermined in the Oseen-Frank hydrostatic theory of these materials. A statistical model of these materials relies on applying the molecular field approximation on a weak anisotropic pair potential and can easily be made more accurate by including terms for deviations from cylindrical symmetry, called Maier-Saupe theory. In one phase of these materials, named for its thread-like defects also called disinclinations, particles display orientational but no positional order. The layered and positionally ordered smectic phase, thus, contrasts with the higher-temperature nematic phase. The phase transitions of one class are modeled in the Onsager hard-rod model, and those "lyotropic" ones resemble the properties of some block copolymers, since they behave like these materials only in the appropriate concentration range. For 10 points, identify this class of substances that display an intermediate phase of matter by both flowing and exhibiting regular structure, notable for being used in flatscreen displays.
Output: Science
This artist's move to more nationalistic music was marked by "The Leafy Grove Howls," which was expanded in songs based on Nestor Kukolnik's work, such as A Farewell to St. Petersburg and Prince Kholmsky. He is also responsible for pieces related to Spain like Recuerdos de Castilla and Jota aragonesa, which came around the same time as the tone poem Kamarinskaya. One of his operas contains music in the gusli and bilina styles for Bayan, and also uses a whole-tone scale to depict the dwarf Chernomor, who abducts one of the title characters. Another opera ends with the chorus "Slav'sya," which comes after the Poles are repulsed and Susanin has sacrificed his life. An inspiration to the Five, for 10 points, name this composer of A Life for the Tsar and Ruslan and Ludmila.
Output: Fine Arts
This author discussed an inexperienced girl, who marries a syphilitic man and is told by the church that she cannot get divorced or use birth control, in a work that claims that religion is based on fear. In another work, he discussed two meanings of the phrase "the present King of France is not bald." The paradox of this author of "On Denoting" asks whether the set of all sets that do not contain themselves contains itself. For 10 points, name this author of "Why I Am Not a Christian" who collaborated with Alfred North Whitehead on Principia Mathematica.
Output: Social Science
Originally it was slated to be designed by the firm of Luckman & Pereira, but Phyllis Lambert was allowed to choose the architect for it, and her final three included Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Sitting across the street from the Lever House, it is the home of the Four Seasons restaurant, and its architect used visible bronze I-beams to hint at its structure. The plaza on the outside of it includes marble benches and two reflecting pools, and its glass curtains are tinted dark brown. FTP, identify this Park Avenue building designed by the team of Philip Johnson and Mies van der Rohe.
Output: Fine Arts
One of this author's characters kills all of the nuns in a convent with poisoned rice and later frames the friar Jacomo for the murder of another friar named Barnardine. The "Baines note" quotes this author as saying that "they who love not tobacco and boys [are] fools." He wrote about a character who boxes the pope's ears after giving grapes to the Duchess of Vanholt. One of his characters, the father of Abigail, kills his Turkish servant Ithamore before being tricked into falling into a pot of boiling oil. He also wrote about a scholar who sells his soul to Mephistophilis. For 10 points, name this author of The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.
Output: Literature
One pope of this name had all German churches read an encyclical written in German rather than Latin; that encyclical by a pope of this name was Mit brennender Sorge. Another pope of this name declared Rome an ""open city"" and was criticized as being the ""Pope of (+) Silence"" for his lack of action against the Holocaust. The longest-reigning pope had this name; that pope wrote the Syllabus of (*) Errors and was responsible for the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. For 10 points, give this papal name used by the twelfth, who reigned during World War II, and the ninth, who organized the First Vatican Council that decreed papal infallibility.
Output: History
The central figure of this work takes her pose from one of Raphael's Sibyls and it contains simulated bronze reliefs of Mucius Scaevola putting his hand in the fire as well as Scipio sending back a captured maiden to represent the Cardinal Virtues. Near the bottom of this work, a putti places its hand in the mouth of Time, who carries a scythe and sits alongside the Fates. The primary figure is seated on some clouds, where she tells a personification of Rome to take a crown of immortality consisting of stars towards a circle of putti and maidens who hold a garland and the papal tiara and are surrounded by giant golden bees, the heraldic symbol of the family that commissioned it. For 15 points, name this quadratura work commissioned by Urban VIII for the ceiling of the Gran Salon of the Palazzo Barberini, a work of Pietro da Cortona.
Output: Fine Arts
During his time in Oklahoma, he came to believe that the United States had mistreated the Native Americans, and he later reorganized the Bureau of Indian Affairs. When his wife invited a black woman to the White House and the Texas legislature demanded his impeachment, he said, "One of the consolations of organized religion is that it provides a hot hell for the Texas legislature. " As Secretary of Commerce, he denied a radio frequency to a group wishing to announce the imminent end of the world, saying if there really was only a month left, they had better ways to spend their money. FTP, name this President, who also said that he was the only man of such economic genius as to have a worldwide depression named for him.	
Output: History