niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi were returned to their original owner as part of the terms of this treaty, which also transferred approximately ninety percent of one signatory nations coal mines. Richard von Kuhlmann represented the Germans at the negotiations that led to this agreement, while other powers were represented by Talat Pasha and Ottokar Czernin. An independent Armenia was created as a result of this treaty, which also renounced one parties claims to Finland and other Eastern European possessions. Leon Trotsky represented Bolshevik Russia at the negotiations, creating a treaty that ended hostilities for only about eight months. For ten points, identify this treaty between Russia and several Central European powers which led to Russia leaving World War I, named for a city in modern Belarus.
Output: History
In one novel by this man, Felipe Montero learns that the title character is a younger version of General Llorente's widow, while this writer's first novel follows Ixca Cienfuegos ("chee-en-fue-gos") in search of a sacrifice to avenge his gods. This author of Aura and Where the Air is Clear created Pollo Phoibee, who falls into the Seine and ends up in Ancient Rome and Philip II's Spain in [*] Terra Nostra. Another work by this man sees an Ambrose Bierce-inspired character killed by one of Pancho Villa's generals, while another work describes a dying tycoon's life from the Revolution to days of great wealth. For 10 points, name this Mexican author of The Old Gringo and The Death of Artemio Cruz.
Output: Literature
Data obtained from this equation can be correlated with the Reidel Equation; another alternative to it is the Wagner Equation which works over a wide range of temperatures. This statement can be derived from the Gibbs-Duhem relation assuming phases are in equilibrium contact and chemical potential is equal. It only applies when a gas is one phase of the transition, and its formulation can be derived given one point on the coexistance line. Using two approximations, it assumes the change in Gibbs free energy is zero and its common form is derived from the First Law of Thermodynamics. Modified by the Antoine Equation, it states that the derivative of pressure with respect to temperature is equivalent to the heat absorbed over the temperature and volume. FTP, identify this equation used to model phase transitions.
Output: Science
This battle saw an early skirmish in which surprise fighting broke on in the streets of Wachau, but its beginning occurred as Austrian forces advanced on a Polish-held mill in Dolitz. Usually considered the successful execution of the Trachenburg Plan, this battle saw the French expulsed from a school house by Poniatowski and the Polish forces in the town of Markkleeberg. One important turning point in this battle was Murat's disastrous use of cavalry arranged in columns at Liebertwolkwitz, followed shortly by Blucher's routing of Marmont's French forces at Mockern. Though Napoleon's side was bolstered by men from the Confederation of the Rhine, the Prince of Schwarzenherg's coalition of six nations emerged victorious. For 10 points, name this October 1813 battle that resulted in Napoleon's abdication and exile on Elba.
Output: History
Rosenheim and Callow developed a test in which a mixture of this compound and metal acetates are used to detect the presence of sterols. Millon's reagent is a solution of mercury in this substance and a similar substance, which turns red in the presence of phenolic compounds and is useful in detecting tyrosine residues. The commercial production of this compound begins with the combustion of ammonia using a platinum-rhodium catalyst; that process is the Ostwald process. For 10 points, identify this acid which is found with hydrochloric acid in aqua regia, and has chemical formula HNO3.
Output: Science
The formation of these compounds shows both a fast and slow relaxation phase, which lead to Aniansson and Wall's stepwise association-dissociation equilibrium model for their formation. Armstrong and Henry developed an HPLC variant that uses them, which analyzes proteins in biological fluids. Milk clotting results from casein forming these structures. One of their properties is determined using steady-state fluorescence quenching; that value is the number of molecules present in one of these structures at their critical concentration, known as the aggregation number. They only form above the Krafft temperature, and inverted ones form in organic solvents and have heads pointed inwards. They are the basis for the action of detergents, and are formed from surfactants. Similar to liposomes, for 10 points, name these spherical structures formed from amphipathic molecules, which have their hydrophobic tails pointing in and heads pointing out.
Output: Science
This author wrote about a woman who renounces her father to live with her Aunt Maud Manningham Lowder; that woman is secretly engaged to Merton Densher, who is loved by a wealthy American named Milly Theale. In another work, this author wrote about a woman who--after the death of her father--visits her Aunt Lydia Touchett and then marries Gilbert Osmond. In another work, a governess learns of a relationship between the deceased Miss Jessel and Peter Quint while caring for Miles and Flora. Name this author who wrote about Kate Croy in The Wings of the Dove, Isabel Archer in The Portrait of a Lady, and Mrs. Grose in The Turn of the Screw.
Output: Literature
The Sleeping Beauty system uses these to stably deliver genes or RNA interference to mammalian cells. The Shapiro intermediate is associated with the Class I type of them. Thought to be a driving factor behind the development of chromosomes and DNA methylation, gypsy elements are common examples in Drosophila, while in humans, Alu [ah-LOO] elements are the most common type. Two human varieties, LINES and SINES, differ in their length and their ability to code for proteins, such as reverse transcriptases. The first system of these items to be described was the Ac/Ds system, whose members use a "cut and paste" method to move around in the genome. FTP, name these genetic elements first discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock.
Output: Science
It was discovered that the ground state of a material is unstable with respect to these groups in 1956. Quite resistant to vibrations within the lattice, they move about relatively unaffected by thermal vibrations below the critical temperature. Since it takes a non-zero amount of energy to break them, and imperfections in superconducting solids, which would normally lead to resistance, are incapable of breaking them, no dissipation and no resistance exist. FTP, name these units formed by superconducting or superfluid state electrons in which two electrons act as a single unit.
Output: Science
In 1995, a team at Ohio State found that some examples possess a capability called "homing", in which RNA transcripts splice them into DNA at the exact spots they are found in other genes. Much debate still rages about the two major theories of their origins, the "early" and "late" theories. Confined to eukaryotes, they are removed in the cell nucleus by spliceosomes. A Nobel Prize was awarded to Philip Sharp and Richard Roberts for leading the teams that discovered them in 1977. FTP, what are these nucleotide sequences that do not code for the gene product, as opposed to exons
Output: Science
An unpublished work of criticism by this author on the works of Sainte-Beuve surfaced in the middle of the 20th century. His first published books, Portraits of Painters and Pleasures and Regrets, appeared with illustrations contributed by Madeleine Lemaire shortly after he gave up finishing Jean Santeuil. He began translating several works of John Ruskin soon afterward, but his time spent in the army contributed to his most famous work, which contained sections titled Within a Budding Grove and Sodom and Gomorrah, as well as the characters Charles Swann and Odette de Crecy. FTP, identify this French author of a seven-volume work translated as In Search of Lost Time or Remembrance of Things Past.
Output: Literature
This man was made Prince of Benevento by a ruler who would later call him a "silk stocking full of shit" in front of his generals. Upon Ferdinand's forced surrender and abdication at Bayonne, he and his family were forced to this man's chateau at Valencay. The namesake of a partition plan of Poland, he was appointed as a bishop of Autun, although he would repudiate that role after his excommunication. This man had been providing advice to Alexander I after the Treaty of Tilsit, betraying a man he had helped to power in the 18th Brumaire coup. This man's tendency to demand bribes for his services nearly provoked war with the United States in the XYZ affair. For 10 points, name this duplicitous and talented diplomat under Napoleon who represented France at the Congress of Vienna.
Output: History
One character in this opera sings the aria "Avant de quitter ces lieux," in which he reveals he will be safe at war because of his sacred medallion but worries about his sister. The antagonist rouses Siebel and Wagner with the "Song of the Golden Calf." The lead soprano of this opera is Marguerite, who sings about the finery of her necklaces and earrings in the "Jewel Song." The antagonist of this opera uses an image of (*) Marguerite at her spinning wheel to convince the title character to sell his soul. For 10 points, name this Charles Gounod opera about Mephisopheles and a German scholar.
Output: Fine Arts
This author calls the title entity a "true daughter of Old Time" in his Sonnet to Science. In one short story by this man, Rowena dies and is reborn as the title character, who had written the poem "The Conqueror Worm." This author of Ligeia wrote about an object taken by Minister D, and another of his stories takes place at [*] Prince Prospero's ball. A man escapes from the Inquisition with the help of some rats in a work by this man, and one of his stories sees Fortunato sealed in a dungeon by Montresor. Author of The Masque of the Red Death and The Purloined Letter, for 10 points, name this creator of Auguste Dupin who wrote The Pit and the Pendulum and The Cask of Amontillado.
Output: Literature
Vincent van Gogh complimented the tones of bare earth found in the feet of one person depicted in this work. The asymmetrical groupings of figures in this painting were inspired by the artists desire not to replicate a similar work by Thomas de Keyzer. One figures shoulder casts a shadow that forms a mask over the central figures eyes. Another figure in this work holds a list in his left hand and stands in front of a scroll displaying the artists name. The lower right foreground of this work depicts a huge open book, likely a work of Vesalius. In this painting, seven figures with ruffed collars observe the forearm muscles of the criminal Aris Kindt being held up with a forceps. For 10 points, name this painting in which an Amsterdam surgeon performs a public dissection, a work of Rembrandt.
Output: Fine Arts
He never finished the chalice that Clement VII had commissioned, though he did create a button for that Pope's cape. He created a medallion depicting Atlas Supporting the Sphere, and he also sculpted a statue of Mars for Fontainebleau and a statue of Ganymede Riding the Eagle. Personifications of the winds ring the base of another of his works, which also features reclining gold models of Neptune and Ceres, while the first title figure of his most famous work holds the sword with which he decapitated the other title figure. For 10 points, identify this murderous Mannerist goldsmith who sculpted Francis I's Salt Cellar and Perseus with the Head of Medusa.
Output: Fine Arts
Corny has adventures with with friends Dirck and Guert in a novel by this author named for a peninsula shaped like the devils foot. That novel, Satanstoe, is the first of a trilogy that includes The Chainbearers and The Redskins, which are collectively known as The Littlepage Manuscripts. In another of his novels, Harry Wilder has continual run-ins with the title character, a pirate who is known by the nickname of his ship, The Red Rover. His first novel featuring La Longue Carabine is subtitled The Sources of the Susquehanna, while his first novel, Precaution, was followed by one about Harvey Birch, The Spy. FTP, identify this author of The Prairie, The Pathfinder, and The Deerslayer, best known for creating Natty Bumppo in The Leatherstocking Tales.
Output: Literature
Issachar J. Roberts, the Southern Baptist who inspired this movement, refused to baptize its leader, though he had been the first missionary to depart Macau, one year after the British arrived nearby. When Yang Xiuqing, its minister of state, threatened to usurp the leader's title, he was killed by General Wei Changgui, who was then himself assassinated. It was put down by Tsing Kuofan, who took Nanking after Frederick Townsend Ward, Charles Gordon, and the Ever-Victorious Army had kept its adherents out of Shanghai. FTP, name this "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace," an uprising against the Qing dynasty led by Hong Xiuquan.
Output: History
A steel plant in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania was the site of an event that led to a challenge of this law. Chief Justice Charles Hughes wrote the majority opinion in the resulting Supreme Court case against the Jones and Laughlin steel company that upheld the application of this law to interstate commerce. Airlines, railroads, agriculture, and government were exempt from the provisions of this law, which was amended by a law twelve years later that expanded the size of its namesake board among other changes. Heavily amended by the later Taft-Hartley Act, for 10 points, name this act passed in 1935 that established a namesake board to protect labor rights and encourage collective bargaining, sponsored by a New York senator.
Output: History
Lev Vygotsky criticized one of this man's theories by stating that syncretism is a useful means of experimentation, while David Elkind extended this man's concept of hypothetico-deductive reasoning to the imaginary audience and personal fable phenomena. This man collaborated with Barbel Inhelder to ask the subjects of one study to identify a doll's perspective of three mountains. He posited that equilibration is the balance achieved between (*) accommodation and assimilation, processes used to organize knowledge into schemas. The subjects of this man's most famous theory realize object permanence during the sensorimotor stage and are less egocentric by the concrete operational stage. For 10 points, name this Swiss psychologist who created genetic epistemology and formulated a four-stage theory of child cognitive development.
Output: Social Science
Tribonian compiled his legislation into the Codex Constitutionum, later known as the Body of Civil Law. Later legislation under his name included the Novellae, the first enactments in his empire to be published in Greek, not Latin. Early in his reign the Blues and Greens revolted against his rule and convinced Hypatius to take the imperial seat at the hippodrome; on his wife Theodora's advice he sent to put down the rebellion Belisarius, who later reconquered much of the Roman Empire for him. FTP, name this greatest Byzantine emperor.
Output: History
In one of this author's works, the feminist Bertha attempts to humiliate her artist husband with the help of Abel. The arrival of Eleonora helps to redeem the Heyst family in a play set on a certain holiday. The Baron and Baroness Sprengel are featured in a one-act play in sixteen scenes known as The Link, while in a more famous work Captain Adolf is taken to an insane asylum due to the machinations of his scheming wife Laura. The student Arkenholz is the protagonist of a work which, along with After the Fire, Pelican, and The Storm makes up his series of Chamber Plays. His better known characters include the writer Arvid Falk in The Red Room and a titular girl who seduces and makes a suicide pact with the valet Jean. FTP name this author of Miss Julie.
Output: Literature
This man was removed from his position as a captain in Luoyang after instituting a policy that resulted in the flogging of an uncle of Jian Shuo. He had his subordinate Dong Zhao build the Pinglu and Quanzhou trenches, which he used to convey supplies north for his campaign against the Wuhuan; in that campaign he won a decisive victory at White Wolf Mountain. At the suggestion of his advisor Xun Yu, he convinced Emperor Xian to move the capital to Xuchang. His greatest victory came after minor skirmishes at Boma and Yan Ford and saw him lead a strike force that burned the Wuchao supply depot. In a later battle, he was fooled by Huang Gai's false defection, resulting in the burning of his navy and his defeat at the hands of the forces of Zhou Yu, Sun Quan, and Liu Bei. This general, who triumphed over Yuan Shao's forces at the Battle of Guandu and lost the Battle of Red Cliffs, gained early fame for putting down the Five Pecks of Rice and Yellow Turban revolts. For 10 points, identify this villainous first King of Wei.
Output: History
In one essay, this philosopher discusses a figure who could "do with evil precisely what he does with Rahab or with the shades" and concludes that that figure, who "sees in unity what you see in fragments," suffers, thus resolving "The Problem of Job. " One chapter of one of his works traces its subject back to the second definition of knowledge given by Theaetetus and defines its subject as an "incomplete thought" that failed in its purpose according to a higher thought. Another chapter by this author explains the World of Interpretation using Pierce's "doctrine of Signs. " The former work is "The Possibility of Error" and requires the existence of "an infinite unity of conscious thought. " One of this author's works rejects conceptions of being such as mysticism, critical rationalism, and realism in its first volume, and then goes on to consider "Nature, Man, and the Moral Order"; that work is The World and the Individual. Ubiquitous to this author's work is the existence of an Absolute Knower. For 10 points, name this American idealist and author of The Problem of Christianity.
Output: Social Science
The chairman of this country's Communist Party was dismembered with a chainsaw while its military dictator listened on the phone, and a different military dictator of this country ordered his 70-year-old mother flogged in public after he learned he'd been born out of wedlock. Following civil unrest between tenant farmers and landowners and an extra-constitutional action in this country's senate, Fernando Lugo was overthrown as president of this country in 2012. The most vilified leader of this country was a paramour of Eliza Lynch who shouted "I die with my nation!" at the Battle of Cero Cora. The likely victory of Horacio Cartes in this country's upcoming presidential election would return power to the major 20th century party in this nation, once led by Alfredo Stroessner. For 10 points, name this South American country which Francisco Solano Lopez led into the War of the Triple Alliance, with capital Asuncion.
Output: History
[AR] Using a different technology than diodes, FlatLite is an electroluminescent light source that uses Light-Emitting versions of these devices. An incorrect electrolyte formula can cause failure of these devices on motherboards known as its eponymous plague. The inverse of this devices quality factor is known as tan-delta. Reservoir types of these devices are used in power supplies to smooth the output of a full or half wave rectifier. The limit on the power density of these devices is based on the breakdown voltage of the dielectric employed. A precursor to this modern device is known as a Leyden jar. Capable of storing energy between two conducting plates, for 10 points name this electric component whose eponymous SI unit is measured in farads.
Output: Science
This instrument is featured along with the piano in "Praise to the Eternity of Jesus," part of the Quartet for the End of Time. Like a larger instrument in the same family, this instrument often uses a wolf tone eliminator. A concerto in E minor for this instrument was written by Edward Elgar and famously played by (*) Jacqueline du Pre. Bach wrote six suites for this instrument which plays accompanied by pianos in the Swan movement of The Carnival of the Animals. Pablo Casals and Mstislav [MIST-ih-slav] Rostropovich play, for 10 points, what string instrument which is smaller than a double bass yet larger than a viola
Output: Fine Arts
The overture to this opera was first composed for Aureliano in Palmira. One character in this opera lists vicious gossip about the protagonist in the aria "La Calunnia. " Its premiere was disturbed by annoyed fans of Giovanni Paisello, who had composed an earlier opera of the same name. In this opera's second scene, one character sings "A un dottor dell mia sorte," ordering another character to be locked in her room. That character sings of her love for Lindoro in "Una voce poco fa. " The title character introduces himself in the aria "Largo al Factotum," and helps foil Doctor Bartolo's plan to marry Rosina, who ends up marrying Count Almaviva. Based on a play by Beaumarchais, for 10 points, name this comic opera by Rossini named for the profession of Figaro and set in Spain.
Output: Fine Arts
In one novel by this author, the protagonist resolves to learn classical languages to help her husband write The Key to All Mythologies. She created a title character who loves Hettie Sorel, a woman who has Arthur Donnithorne's illegitimate child. One novel by this author sees Dunstan Cass steal the title character's gold. In another novel by this author, Dorothea Brooke marries Will Ladislaw despite the provisions of Edward Casaubon's will. For 10 points, name this author of Adam Bede, Silas Marner, and Middlemarch, a British female novelist with a male pen name.
Output: Literature
One section in this work discusses a whole boatload of sensitive bullshit that has gone down the American river! The second section of this work likens Solitude! Filth! Ugliness! Ashcans and unobtainable dollars! to a Canaanite god to whom children were sacrificed by fire, Moloch. The composer of this work claimed that its meter is meant to imitate Lester Young. The last part claims that the author is in Rockland with the poems dedicatee, Carl Solomon. For 10 points, name this poem, perhaps the best known by Alan Ginsberg; his lamentation for his generation.
Output: Literature
The supposed murder of Oliver Miller was one of the events that precipitated it, inspiring the rise of the Mingo Creek Militia and the assault on John Neville's house. Its leader, David Bradford, claimed to have been blackmailed into joining the insurgents, and when Governor Thomas Mifflin refused to get involved, Harry Lee led 13,000 militiamen called by President Washington to restore order in Washington County, Pennsylvania. For 10 points -name this 1794 rebellion that protested a new tax on distilleries.
Output: History
This man's Second Piano Concerto is dedicated to his psychologist Nikolai Dahl, who treated him after he had a breakdown after the premiere of his First Symphony. That symphony which features a  theme based on Dies Irae as well as a gypsy scale as part of the second theme of its first movement, a grave-Allegro non troppo. This man wrote another work which employs 5/8 time to evoke the sense  of (*) rowing and the Dies Irae to symbolize death. That work by him is based on a painting of the same name by Arnold Bocklin. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Isle of the Dead, as well as Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.
Output: Fine Arts
Tim Crow argues for an evolutionary origin and links it to the development of language. Studies link it to a gene known as COMT, and a prevalent theory claims that overactivity of dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway result in the main symptoms associated with it. The term for it was coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1911, replacing Emile Kraepelin's term "dementia Praecox. "  FTP, name this psychiatric disorder, which may be classified as undifferentiated, disorganized, catatonic, or paranoid.
Output: Social Science
William Walton wrote a set of variations on the Andante from this composer's cello concerto. One of this composer's works opens with a Praeludium in C, includes a series of interludes and fugues, and ends with the Praeludium's retrograde inversion. Besides Ludus Tonalis, this author of The Craft of Musical Composition composed an opera based on E.T.A. Hoffmann's Mademoiselle de Scudri, Cardillac. This composer wrote a requiem based on Whitman's "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," as well as Symphonic Metamorphosis on Themes of Von Weber. For 10 points, name this twentieth century German composer of an opera about the painter of the Isenheim Altarpiece, Mathis der Maler.
Output: Fine Arts
The Moessbauer spectra of tin salts has shown a strong correlation to this property, and this property can explain the inductive effect observed in sigma bonds. Neon exhibits this property the most on the Allen scale, while this quantity's equalization was developed in a model by Sanderson. Slater's rule is applied to find the effective nuclear charge used in the (*) Allred-Rochow definition, while it can also be found by taking the average of the first ionization energy and electron affinity using the Mulliken definition. Caesium exhibits this property the least, and is assigned a value of 0.7 on a scale developed by its formulator, Linus Pauling. For ten points, name this chemical property that describes an atom's tendency to attract electrons towards itself.
Output: Science
This man wrote Flos Campi for solo viola, small orchestra, and a small chorus, and he composed a Serenade to Music, which was a setting of a scene from The Merchant of Venice. His seventh symphony was based on his film score for Scott of the Antarctic, and his operas include Hugh the Drover, The Pilgrims Progress, and Sir John in Love. He used texts by Whitman as the basis for his Sea Symphony. For 10 points, name this composer of The Lark Ascending and Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis.
Output: Fine Arts
He ousted Ilyas-Khoja and Tughlugh, the Jagataite khans of the Ili River region. A duumvirate formed with his brother-in-law, Mir Husain, proved short-lived, as he assassinated Husain after besieging the city of Balkh to secure his control over the rebellious Afghans. Successive victories followed over Mogholistan, the Kipchak khanate, and the Egyptian Mamlukes. After capturing the Ottoman sultan Bayezid the Lightning-bolt at Ankara, he massacred the Knights of Rhodes at Smyrna. Vowing to undertake the conquest and conversion to Islam of Ming China, he died of disease near Otrar before his departure. FTP, name this Central Asian leader, whose warlike exploits inspired a blank verse drama by Christopher Marlowe.
Output: History
This battle opened when the jester Taillefer attacked a soldier while reciting the Song of Roland. After this battle, victorious troops were ambushed in the Malfosse. One side in this battle employed housecarls and effectively used a shield wall to defend against archer attacks. This battle took place after Tostig's brother defeated a Viking invasion at (*) Stamford Bridge that was led by Harold Hardrada. This battle occurred at Senlac Hill, where its loser was shot in the eye. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Harold Godwinson's loss at this battle. For 10 points, name this 1066 victory for William the Conqueror.
Output: History
Commoners in this country protested the restoration of the aristocracy by burning tax archives in the Bourla-Papey uprising. Under the command of Karl Josef von Bachmann, a last stand of soldiers from this country occurred on the 10th of August, 1792, an event commemorated by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. David Frankfurter killed the founder of this nation's branch of the Nazi party, Wilhelm Gustloff. Earlier, FrA(c)dA(c)ric-CA(c)sar de La Harpe worked with the French Directory in establishing a republic here. A federal state was established in this country after Henri Dufour won the Sonderbund War; earlier wars fought in this country included the Kappel Wars, in which Huldrych Zwingli died. For 10 points, name this country whose cantons supply the Vatican's soldiers and guards.
Output: History
work by this thinker contrasted the natural differences between men with the artificial moral types that arise from property and the division of labor. This man described the perfect woman as "passive and weak" in a work that outlined the ideal schooling of the titular character. Another work by this author of Discourse on Inequality asserts that the government be separate from the sovereign whose concern is the general will of the people in order to enforce the titular political agreement. For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote Emile and argued that "man is born free and everywhere he is in chains" in The Social Contract.
Output: Social Science
This thinker argued the titular men all created a "secondary language" that separated its practitioner from the rest of the world in Sade, Fourier, Loyola. One work by this thinker man described a "twilight of the raw" cuisine and deems Japan a land of empty semiotics. In addition to writing Empire of Signs, this man argued that style and language are conventions are only unique when manipulated into a certain form in his first work. This man outlined five codes through which a text derives meaning, examining an (*) "axis of castration" in Balzac's story Sarassine. in one major work. The best-known work by this thinker asserts that texts are "never original," and insists that the titular figure be replaced with a "Scriptor" who is born "simultaneously with the text. " FTP, name this French literary critic, author of Writing Degree Zero, S/Z, and "The Death of the Author. "
Output: Literature
Louis Hammett developed a function relating their strength to thermodynamic activity coefficients. The pH of a solution is related to the negative log of their namesake equilibrium constant by the Henderson- Hasselbalch equation. Boron triflouride has an unpaired p orbital, which makes it the Lewis variety of these chemical substances because it readily accepts electrons. According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, they donate protons. These produce hydronium in water according to the Arrhenius definition. For 10 points, name these chemicals which have a pH less than seven.
Output: Science
This author decried modern attitudes toward the elderly in the 1972 work La Viellese, translated as The Coming of Age. This author also wrote The Ethics of Ambiguity and was a signatory of the "Manifesto of 343," which bore the signatures of women who publicly admitted having had illegal abortions. Her best-known work examined the title people in literature and history and stated that putting a woman on a pedestal allows man to keep her in a pit. Author of the novel The Mandarins and a one-time lover of Nelson Algren, FTP name this author of The Second Sex who also wrote Adieux: Farewell to Sartre.
Output: Literature
An anharmonic oscillator exploiting this effect as a microelectromechanical system component was proposed by Serry, Walliser, and Maclay. Julian Schwinger has postulated that sonoluminescence arises due to this effect, and this effect requires that bag radius and mass are independent under a combination of the Skyrmion and MIT models, the chiral bag model of the nucleon. One setup for measuring it attached a polystyrene sphere to an atomic force microscope, and Lamoreaux used a torsional pendulum to achieve the first precise measurements of this effect. This force may produce pressures as large as an atmosphere at a separation of ten nanometers. For 10 points, name this effect arising from zero-point energy, described by the attraction or repulsion due to virtual photons between two close uncharged metallic sheets in a vacuum.
Output: Science
The names of the people depicted in this painting can be seen on an oval-shaped stone cartouche that hangs on the right of its central arch. The drummer on the right-hand side of this painting is partially cut off due to an alteration, and a helmeted man whose eyes peer out from behind the flag bearer may be a self-portrait of the artist. A (*) chicken hangs from the illuminated white dress of a girl in this painting, which also depicts a man in yellow holding a sword in his left hand who is standing next to Frans Banning Cocq. For 10 points, name this Rembrandt painting named for its dark finish.
Output: Fine Arts
In its fourth section, the author considers the claim that "Brutus killed Caesar" and notes that it would be false even if the word "killed" were to mean "begat. "   In its final section, the author asserts that as a "lay physicist" he doesn't believe in Homer's gods, but insists that questions about centaurs, brick houses on Elm Street, and classes are more or less on par. The first section offers some historical background, including discussion of such pairings as "Scott" and "the author of Waverley," before considering the claim that "No bachelor is married. "  The author attacks Lockian and Humian definitions of the titular concept, and claims to espouse a "more thorough pragmatism" than that of C. I. Lewis or Carnap by repudiating the imagined boundary between the analytic and synthetic. FTP, name this seminal 1951 essay which appears in From a Logical Point of View, a work by Willard Van Orman Quine.
Output: Social Science
The author of Philosophy of the Revolution, this man saw his shining foreign policy moment at the Treaty of Bandung; later missteps included involving his nation in the Yemeni civil war. The target of a 1954 assassination attempt at the hands of the Muslim Brotherhood, he rose to power earlier that year following Mohammed Naguib's fall from grace after the overthrow of King Farouk. Before leading his country into an ill-fated union with Syria, he defied the West with his handling of the Aswan High Dam Project and the Suez Canal. FTP, name this president of Egypt from 1956 to 1970.
Output: History
This author of a letter entitled The Prayer of Twenty Millions supported Nathaniel Bankss election as Speaker of the House, leading to this mans caning by Albert Rust. He was succeeded in his best known position by Whitelaw Reid. During the Civil War this man urged the slogan forward on Richmond! and he lost popularity after signing the bail bond of Jefferson Davis. This onetime ally of Thurlow Weed and William Seward joined with Carl Schurz and Charles Sumner to create an organization that pushed for civil service reform, the Liberal Republican Party. He was unsuccessful in his bid to defeat Ulysses S. Grant in the 1872 Presidential Election and died soon thereafter. For 10 points, name this founder and longtime editor of the New York Tribune who once urged go west, young man.
Output: History
One character in this novel lies about the contents of his portmanteau, which contains money rather than stockings as claimed. Later on, that character joins the protagonist at the Black Bear Inn.The protagonist of this novel visits Mr. Owen at Tolbooth prison accompanied by Andrew Fairservice. This novel's main action begins when Tresham sends a letter alerting the protagonist of a plot to embezzle his father's funds. The protagonist of this novel fell in love while watching Diana Vernon at a fox hunt on the way to live with her uncle, Sir Hildebrand. The novel ends when the protagonist pursues Rashleigh, who is in turn killed by MacGregor Campbell. For 10 points, identify this novel about Frank Osbaldistone, which takes its name from the appearances of the titular Scottish outlaw, a work of Walter Scott.
Output: Literature
She characterizes her situation as one stop on the train line of her life in a scene in which she agrees to a triangular arrangement. This character is disappointed by news of a fracas involving the police and a mighty huntress of men, the redhead Mademoiselle Diana, since it means that her vision of another character with vine leaves in his hair did not come to fruition. She blames a moment of pity while walking by the Falk mansion for her marriage to a man who plans to write a book on the domestic crafts of medieval Brabant, which he puts off to work with Thea Elvsted on reconstructing the last manuscript of Eilert Lvborg. FTP, name this wife of George Tesman, the title character of a Henrik Ibsen play.
Output: Literature
In the Epistle of Barnabas, this act is considered a prefiguration of Christ's crucifixion, because the number 318 in Greek, TIH, resembles Christ on the cross according to the author. During the Reformation, Zwingli opposed Anabaptism, citing this practice as justification for infant baptism. This practice was forbidden in Eugenius IV's papal bull reuniting with the Coptic Church after the Council of Basel-Florence. Chapter 15 of Acts features an apostolic council where it was decided that this act was unnecessary, and in the fifth chapter of Galatians, Paul declares that Christians who have performed this act have "fallen away from grace". In the early church, this practice was associated with Jewish Christians, who were distinguished from Gentile Christians by it. Considered the foremost mark of the Covenant, this is, for 10 points, what practice whereby the foreskin is cut from the penis
Output: Social Science
One conflict for independence within this nation was known as the Little War, which took place shortly after the Pact of Zanjon ended the Ten Years' War. One leader of this nation led the 26th of July Movement that overthrew Fulgencio Batista, and U.S. control over this nation was the subject of the Teller Amendment. The best known leader of this nation was the target of the Bay of Pigs invasion, and this country was blockaded by the U.S. during a namesake "missile crisis." For 10 points, name this Caribbean nation long ruled by Fidel Castro.
Output: History
One offshoot of this group was founded by Clarence Smith, called the 5% Brigade, and this group celebrates Saviors day on Feb. 26. One of its leaders began the publication The Final Call, and also published a dietary guide entitled How to Eat To Live. Among its tenets is the existence of a gigantic sphere loaded with bombs and made of 15 billion dollars worth of gold called the Mother Plane. Its doctrine also tells of a 600-year experiment conducted on the island of Patmos by the evil Yakub, which created a white germ from a black germ. Founded by Wallace Ford Mohammed and currently lead by Louis Farrakhan, FTP, name this pseudo-religious sect whose members included Elijah Mohammed and Malcolm X.
Output: History
This man included six of his sisters compositions in his Op. 8 and Op. 9 publications, and this man dedicated his Piano Quartet No. 3. in B Minor to J.W. Goethe. A student of Carl Friedrich Zelter, he was heavily influenced by the work of J. S. Bach, as evidenced by his op. 35 set of six Preludes and Fugues and biblically themed oratorios like St. Paul and Elijah. Also notable by this man is his Italian Symphony and several piano concerti. For ten points, name this composer of The Hebrides, incidental music for A Midsummer Nights Dream, which included his Wedding March, and the Songs without Words.
Output: Fine Arts
This man's illegitimate son was the last Loyalist governor of New Jersey. He founded the American Philosophical Society as well as the Union Fire Company, a volunteer fire department. He was appointed the first United States Postmaster General in 1775. This publisher of Poor Richard's Almanack was Pennsylvania's delegate at the Second Continental Congress. For 10 points, name this Founding Father who invented bifocals and the lightning rod.
Output: History
British conquest in Ceylon and Mauritius was recognized as a result of it. One representative was so hard of hearing that he needed the exchanges shouted into his years, and another would commit suicide seven years later for fear of having his homosexuality exposed. Prince Hardenberg represented Prussia and Viscount Castlereagh represented Britain, but it was Alexander I who suggested a Holy Alliance. Talleyrand allowed for French borders to be returned to those of 1792 in, FTP, what meeting called by Metternich in 1815
Output: History
Her third husband was a farmer who lost his crops to a horde of fairy mice, but they stopped harassing him after he caught one and threatened to hang it. Before she married Manawydan, she had a child by her second husband who vanished from their home and ended up at the court of Teirnon. The daughter of Hefeydd the Old, this lady of the Singing Birds decided that she preferred a lord of Dyfed to her first husband, Gwawl. Considered a version of the horse goddess Epona, she was the mother of Pryderi by the man she loved, Pwyll. FTP, name this figure from Welsh myth who rings like a bell through the night in a song by Fleetwood Mac.
Output: Social Science
When they landed in the Bebrycian land, one of their number killed a son of Melie who forced people to box, Amycus. That endeared them to Lycus of Mariandynia. King (*) Aeetes chased them out of Colchis, and this group encountered both the Sirens and the Harpies. For 10 points identify these people, including Polydeuces and Heracles, who used a namesake ship to find the Golden Fleece and were led by Jason.
Output: Social Science
This nation's Machalilla state park is home to the Agua Blanca archeological site which contains relics of the Guangala and Valdivia cultures while indigenous peoples to the east regions of this nation include the Secoya and Siona. The Agoyan Waterfall, this country's highest, is part of the Pastaza River which originates at Mt. Tungurahua. This nation's capital is found on the eastern slopes of Mt. Pichincha and this country is also home to the volcanoes, Cotopaxi and the farthest point from the Earth's center, Mt. Chimborazo. The country that holds the Galapagos Islands, For 10 points, identify this South American Andes nation, home to the cities of Guayaquil and its capital, Quito.
Output: Social Science
In the Kjeldahl method for analyzing organic nitrogen content, this procedure is followed by titration of its ammonia product. VLE diagrams are used in the McCabe-Thiele method to determine the number of stages over which this process must occur. One type of these involves lowering the pressure on the system below the vapor pressure of the desired product, and is called the "vacuum" type. The Fenske equation gives the number of theoretical plates required for the "fractional" type of it. For 10 points, identify this process used to separate volatile liquids based on the differences in their boiling points.
Output: Science
One resident of this city condemned wayward wives for making their husbands impotent by baking bread from wheat and honey smeared on the wives' naked bodies; that passage is contained in the Corrector sive Medicus, the 19th volume in a collection of 20 books on church government written by Burchard, an 11th century bishop of this city. An agreement reached in this city provided for the reception of the regalia "through the sceptre"; that agreement reached between Callixtus II and emperor Henry V was the 1122 concordat of this city that brought a halt to the investiture controversy. In the Nibelungenlied, this city is the location of the Burgundian court. Along with Speyer and Mainz, it is home one of the three imperial cathedrals of the Rhineland. In a later meeting at this city, Johann Eck, assistant to the Archbishop of Trier, asked a question which drew the response "my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything." For 10 points, what German city was visited by Charles V and Martin Luther during a 1521 Diet
Output: History
Along with Charles Eames, this man designed the 9th of Arts and Architecture's Case Study houses. For the Knoll Company, he designed the Tulip chair, and the University of Chicago's law school building was designed by this man. Aaron Copland's "Canticle of Freedom" was composed for the dedication of a concert hall designed by this architect, and another building by this architect was the first of its kind to feature baggage carousels. Those buildings, the Kresge Auditorium at MIT and the TWA Flight Center at JFK airport, exemplify the thin-shell roofs used in his designs. For 10 points, identify this Finnish architect who designed the Gateway Arch in Saint Louis.
Output: Fine Arts
This painting is analyzed in the opening of the book The Order of Things by Michel Foucault. Scenes painted by Rubens hang on the back wall in this painting as a bodyguard and a nun converse to the right. A man can be seen through a doorway at the back of this painting, while a man wearing a red cross and working at an (*) easel is this work's artist himself. A mastiff in this work's foreground is being nudged by the foot of a dwarf as a small girl in a large white dress stands at its center. For 10 points, name this painting showing the Infanta Margarita and the family of Phillip IV of Spain, a work by Diego Velazquez.
Output: Fine Arts
At the premiere of his last ballet, Relache, the curtain bore a sign stating that "[Blank] is the greatest musician in the world; whoever disagrees with this notion will please leave the hall. " The musicians Sauguet (so-GAY), Desormire (daze-orm-YARE) and Milhaud (mee-OH) organized the "School of Arcueil" (ar-COY) in honor of the suburb of Paris where he lived, and his compositions include the Mass of the Poor, the Bureaucratic Sonatina, and Parade. FTP, name this man, upon whose ideas Les Six were founded, and who is best known for such pieces as Dessicated Embryos and the Gymnopdies (zheem-no-pay-DEE).
Output: Fine Arts
Hans-Georg Gadamer argued that the ideal described in this work is heuristic in nature in an essay about this work's author "and the poets. " Books six and seven of this work assert that knowledge is ultimately for the Good, which shines on intelligible essences like the sun. It asserts that love is "a tyrant" over man, and compares imaginative, real, intelligent, and abstract levels of thought to a line divided into four segments. In its first book, Thrasymachus describes justice as "the advantage of the stronger," while its seventh book likens people unaware of Forms to humans viewing shadows on the wall of a cave. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue that describes an ideal society.
Output: Social Science
He gained fame as a translator with his Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights, while works of nonfiction include 1942's Bombs Away and the Robert Capa collaboration A Russian Journal. He is better known for his novels, lesser-known examples of which are The Short Reign of Pippen IV, and The Wayward Bus. His first work, Cup of Gold, was followed by works like In Dubious Battle and The Red Pony, many of which were based on his experiences in Salinas, California. FTP, identify this American writer of such works as East of Eden and The Grapes of Wrath.
Output: Literature
One character in this work tells a story about being courted by Edgar Atkins Teagarden from Jasper, Georgia, and every Saturday, he would bring her a watermelon with his initials carved into it, while dining at "The Tower," which is run by Red Sammy Butts, who declares the title phrase. A story about a house with a secret panel leads to an incident where Pitty Sing leaps out of her basket and lands on Bailey's shoulder. Hiram and Bobby Lee take the children John Wesley and June Starr into the woods despite the pleas of the grandmother, in, for 10 points, this short story about a family that is murdered by the Misfit, written by Flannery O'Connor.
Output: Literature
At the end of the novel, the title character's daughter marries Aaron Winthrop, who is happy to allow the title character to live with them. After the opium addict Molly Farren dies in the snow, 16 years pass, and the skeleton of Dunstan Cass is found in a drained pit, along with the title character's stolen gold. FTP, identify this 1861 novel, which ends with Godfrey Cass admitting that Eppie is his daughter, the story of a linen-weaver from Raveloe which was written by George Eliot.
Output: Literature