niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
BakTangWiesenfeld sandpile model of self-organized criticality has been used to study a spin-1 version of this model and applications of this have been used to study the cooperative phenomena of ligand-gated ion channels. The use of Monte Carlo methods in the application of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm can be used to find numerical solutions for it. Because the basic Kuratowskian of it is NP-complete, Istrail showed that no analytical solution to it can be extended to three dimensions. It relies on a nearest neighbor strategy wherein the coupling interactions contribute to the overall Hamiltonian of the system where the sum is taken over all pairs of neighbors. A generalization of this, useful in studying phase transitions is known as the Askin-Teller or Potts model and this model for a two dimensional square lattice with no magnetic field was analytically solved by Onsager. For 10 points, name this eponymous mathematical model that is capable of describing various phenomena notably ferromagnetism.
Output: Science
Dividing this quantity by Avogadro's number to the one third times molar volume to the two thirds and multipliying by a steric coefficient gives specific surface energy according to Stefan's formula. This quantity is on the y-axis of a Mollier diagram, where it is plotted against entropy. This quantity is divided by the square of the temperature on the right side of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, which relates it to Gibbs free energy. The differential of this quantity equals TdS plus VdP. This quantity equals internal energy plus pressure times volume. Only the change in this quantity can actually be measured. For 10 points, name this quantity, a state function computed using Hess's Law.
Output: Science
Takoka developed one version of this data structure called the 2-3 variety, while other versions of this structure include the skew and leftist varieties. Tarjans algorithm can be used to construct them in linear time, and Dijkstras algorithm often uses the Fibonacci type. This structures namesake sorting algorithm has a worst-case runtime of big O of n log n, and operations allowed within these structures include delete-max and merge. FTP, name these data structures used to implement priority queues, that consist of a tree in which each child node has a key less than that of the parent node.
Output: Science
This country's "National Rainbow Coalition" was ended by a 2005 referendum in which "yes" and "no" votes were represented by bananas and oranges respectively. That referendum spawned this country's Orange Democratic Movement, which is led by Prime Minister Raila Odinga. Odinga recently entered into a power sharing agreement with President Mwai Kibaki after the violent aftermath of the 2007 elections. For 10 points, name this African country with capital at Naiobi.
Output: History
He created the NF system of set theory and, with Hilary Putnam, made an indispensability argument for the reality of mathematical entities. He advocated looking to the limits of a formal language in order to determine the ontological commitments of any statement in that language in his The Ways of Paradox and Ontological Relativity, and he identified logical reductionism and the analytic/synthetic distinction as the titular fallacies of another work. For 10 points, name this American analytic philosopher, the author of Word and Object and Two Dogmas of Empiricism.
Output: Social Science
J. Gwyn Griffiths argued out that the title of this work is derived from Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historia though Johnstone Parr pointed out that Raleighs History of the World may have also been a possible source. The speaker of most of the poem commends an artist for having well those passions read and creating a figure with [a] frown and wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command. For 10 points, identify this poem whose titular king of kings commands the narrator to Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!, a sonnet about Ramses the Great by Percy Shelley.
Output: Literature
This composer used an unusual structure for his Sonata for cello and piano, which begins with a "Prologue" and features the cello imitating the lute Pierrot uses to sing to the moon. One pieces opens with rising parallel fifths, inspired by the Javanese gamelan and evokes an underwater building near the Island of Ys. He quoted the Scottish folk song "Keel Row" in the "Gigues" section of his musical triptych Images, and included the pieces "The Submerged Cathedral" and "Footsteps in the Snow" in his Preludes. This composer wrote a tone poem with sections about the "dialogue between the wind" and the title entity, and the third section of his Suite Bergamasque takes its title from a Verlaine poem. For 10 points, name this French Impressionist composer who wrote "Clair de Lune" and Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun.
Output: Fine Arts
Heinrich Sudermann filled the new post of Syndic and tried to revive its power in later years. Earlier, after a loss at the Battle of Helsingborg, it formed the Cologne Confederation. Broken into three parts, the most powerful of which was the Wendish third, it built foreign posts known as (*) Kontor including Bergen, Peterhof, and the Steelyard. After a successful blockade of Copenhagen, it signed the Treaty of Stralsund, which cemented a victory over King Valdemar IV of Denmark by extorting 15 percent of Denmark's trading profits. It convened at a Diet, with representatives from 70 to 170 cities, which periodically met at the city of Lubeck. For ten points, name this alliance of trading cities and guilds that maintained a trade monopoly along the coast of Northern Europe during the late Middle Ages.
Output: History
One character has a tradition of giving chocolate to the girl's pool, and another claims to be dumber than an eight year old because she doesn't know what a charlatan is. The crazy Knowles operates the mayonnaise elevator number five. Hazels' obsession with Hoosiers is an example of a false karass, while the ambassador Horlick and his wife Claire represented a duprass; Horlick was later fired for his comments regarding Americans. Frank, who stages bug fights and was known as secret agent X-9, and Newt, who is shorter than an umbrella stand, are the sons of Dr. Hoenikker, whose central invention of the novel was originally developed for marines. Featuring the banana republic of San Lorenzo and the religion of Bokononism, for 10 points, name this Vonnegut novel about ice-nine, which takes its name from a string game played by Dr. Hoenikker.
Output: Literature
This man painted a horse with black spots across its abdomen jumping over a figure in a reddish-yellow robe, while in another a winged figure is sharpening a knife while stepping on two books. In addition to Spill of Paul and Bogenschnitzender Amor, he painted a pair of angels around a globe next to the title figure in Emperor Charles V Receiving the World. An old man stands next to a woman holding three cherubs in his Five Angels, and the Bufanali chapel commissioned his Vision of St. Jerome. Another painting has a group of four people on the left of the title figure, with a large column next to a man holding a scroll on the right. FTP, name this mannerist who depicted himself in Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror and created an elongated Mary with the infant Jesus in Madonna with the Long Neck.
Output: Fine Arts
In the Merseburg Incantations, this character is also referred to as Phol and is aided by his family when his mount sprains its foot. The Gylfaginning claims that "none may gainsay his judgments" while Saxo Grammaticus held him to be a historical rival of Hotherus in the Gesta Danorum. Due to the treachery of Thokk, and despite the use of Hringhorni, the largest ship in the world, Hermod failed in his mission to retrieve this god. However, the Voluspa foretells his resurrection following Ragnarok. FTP, identify this son of Frigg mistakenly killed by his brother Hoder's mistletoe arrow; the Norse god of beauty.
Output: Social Science
21 (Tiebreaker). This man was put in charge of the prison fort of Puerto Cabello [cah-BEY-oh] by Francisco de Miranda. This man appealed for help with his most famous cause in his Letter from Jamaica. Earthquakes and Catholicism were cited as causes for the fall of his country's First Republic in his(*) Cartagena [CAR-tah-HAY-na] Manifesto, and he broke with Jose de San Martin at the Guayaquil [guay-ah-KEEL] Conference. This man won the Battle of Boyaca, liberating Colombia, and he won the Battle of Carabobo in his own country. For 10 points, name this Venezuelan revolutionary, namesake of a country with capitals at Sucre and La Paz.
Output: History
an American speaking engagement, the U. S. president allegedly grabbed this man by the lapels and screamed "Don't you come into my living room and piss on my rug! " He won his first term by campaigning for "Sixty Days of Decision" and accepting Bomarc nuclear missiles into his country. Tommy Douglas's New Democrats were crucial to this man's two minority coalitions, which pushed through the Canada Pension Plan. As Prime Minister, he pushed for the adoption of the Maple Leaf flag, and had earlier won the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating an end to the Suez Crisis. For 10 points, name this Canadian who served as a Liberal Party PM from 1963 to 1968.
Output: History
This psychologist coined the term "phenomenal field" for all sensory experiences that a person is aware of at any given moment. This psychologist used the Q-sort technique for personality assessment, and suggested that within each person is an organismic valuing process. This author of A Way of Being included the section "How Can I Be of Help" in his book On Becoming a Person. Along with Maslow, he was a member of the humanistic school of psychology, and he developed a type of therapy in which therapists communicate empathy and show unconditional positive regard. FTP name this psychologist who developed client-centered therapy.
Output: Social Science
A boy named Hans in this novel idolizes the protagonist, and another Hans is the landlord of the Bridge Inn. The protagonist gets a job as a janitor at a schoolhouse where he annoys Miss Gisa at the instigation of two characters the protagonist calls Arthur although one is named Jeremiah. He eventually meets Amalia, the kindly sister of Olga and Barnabas, the man who delivers a (*) letter from Klamm. Klamm's mistress Freida falls in love with the protagonist, but leaves him after his meeting with The Superintendent leaves him no closer to the title possession of Count West West. For 10 points, name this novel in which a surveyor named K attempts to enter the title structure, a work of Franz Kafka.
Output: Literature
Troops from this city lost the Battle of Montaperti because of the treachery of Bocca degli Abati. This city expanded during the Primo Popolo, and in 1378, it saw a revolt of lower-class woolworkers known as the Ciompi. This city briefly became a republic after the disastrous rule of Pietro the Unlucky, and in 1497, the Bonfire of the Vanities occurred in this city under Savonarola. For 10 points, name this capital of Tuscany, an Italian city once ruled by Cosimo and Lorenzo de Medici.
Output: History
The theme of passion in this novel is addressed by the character Professor Josu, who asserts that a lover should write a ballad, not a sonnet, for the title character. Set in the village of Ilhus, a young cacao exporter arrives to relieve the town of control by various "colonels," including Manuel of the Jaguars, Jesuno Mendona, and Ramiro Bastos. The title character, the wife of Vesuvius Bar owner Nacib Saad, is a beautiful mulatto with equal skill in the kitchen and bedroom. Relating the reform efforts of Mundinho Falco, FTP, identify this best known work of Brazilian novelist Jorge Amado.
Output: Literature
Britzinger showed that chiral ansa-indenyl ligands can help direct the action of these compounds, and these compounds use MgCl2 or SiO2 as a support. Using vanadium instead of the usual central atom reverses the stereochemistry of the product, and metallocenes are sometimes used to improve control of the product distribution. The less-accepted Green-Mooney mechanism for their operation has a hydride shift, while a competing theory has a substrate occupy a vacant site in the coordination sphere of the central metal atom, followed by a migration. This results in repeated 1,2-insertions and is known as the Cosee-Arleman mechanism, which produces either iso or syndiotactic products. Usually terminating via beta-hydride elimination, for 10 points, name these aluminum and titanium chloride compounds used to create polyethylenes, a type of catalyst named for two chemists.
Output: Science
One author from this country wrote a novel about a house named for a bouquet of sunflowers, in which the gift of a mysterious box reveals that two principal characters are committing incest, and a novel in which the newspaper The District Voice exposes the title priest's affair with Amelia, which ends with the infanticide of their child. This country was home to the author of The Maias and The Crime of Father Amaro. A poet from this country wrote a book titled for a Latin acronym for the phrase "the mind commands the matter," which predicts that this country's "hidden" king will found the spiritual "Fifth Empire." That poet from this country wrote "The Keeper of Flocks" as Alberto Cairo and several odes to Greek gods as Ricardo Reis. For 10 points, name this country, home to Jose Maria de Eca de Queiroz and the heteronym- producing Fernando Pessoa.
Output: Literature
A fleet led by Lourenco de Almeida was among the first Europeans to colonize this modern day nation. One empire in this modern day nation, whose largest ethnic group is known as the Sinhalese, had its capital at Nallur. The Palk Strait is at the northern end of this nation, as is a series of small islands known as (*) Adam's Bridge. The northern tip of this island was also home to this nation's Jaffna kingdom, which ruled at the same time as other empires on this modern country like the Kotte Kingdom and the Kandy Kingdom. For 10 points, name this Asian nation once known as Ceylon.
Output: History
Martin Doutre and Phil Parkinson have argued that this document is derived from the "Littlewood Document" that was created in the home of J. R. Clendon. A recent distillation of this document called "Principles" of this document argues that this document is intended to enhance the "duality and unity" of subjects in order to foster an "outcome of reasonable partnership" of "equality and "self-management". Part of this document was modified by the Sim Commission, which declared some of its claims to be "excessive" and ordered an annual payment of 3000 pounds to the Waikato. This document released control of the Land and Estates Forests Fisheries from the "Chiefs of the United Tribes" to a party supported by Eruera Maihi Patuone. This treaty, signed on the property of James Busby, was ratified on the behalf of Queen Victoria by William Hobson. For 10 points, name this 1840 treaty signed by a bunch of Maori chiefs that effectively founded New Zealand.
Output: History
In NMR, the nucleus independent chemical shift is used as a reference when working with molecules that exhibit this property. Also in NMR, molecules with this property exhibit a diamagnetic ring current. If half the vertices of a molecule's structure lie fully in the lower half of a Frost circle, it will have this property, which corresponds to no occupation of antibonding molecular orbitals. Molecules with this property generally show a high degree of unsaturation, but prefer substitution reactions to addition reactions. A molecule is said to have this property if it contains a fully-conjugated cyclic system. Four n plus two pi electrons is one criteria for this property put forth by Huckel. For 10 points, name this property of molecules like benzene, which exhibit unusual stability.
Output: Science
This treaty voided a document that was partly intended to counter the plans of Charles de Thierry, and this treaty was violated by Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Dissatisfaction with this treaty led to wars fought by the King Movement, and it was partly inspired by one side being ravaged in the Musket Wars. Instructions for this treaty were issued by Lord Normanby, and it was drafted in four days by James Busby and Lieutenant Governor William Hobson. However, the concepts of governorship, or kawanatanga, and chieftainship, or rangatiratanga, were poorly defined due to translation into the native language. For 10 points, name this treaty first signed on February 6, 1840 by Hono Heke and later by over forty other Maori chieftains, which allowed British annexation of New Zealand.
Output: History
A mountain range in this state begins at Cape Yakataga, and includes Mount Marcus Baker. In this state's southeast, the Inside Passage begins. Ash flow from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in this state created the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, which is in its Katmai National Preserve. Much of this state's land is part of the so-called Unorganized Borough. A bridge connecting Gravina Island in this state's Alexander Archipelago to its city of Ketchikan was never built, and became nicknamed "the bridge to nowhere." The golden king crab is native to this state's island of Kodiak. A historic dog race in this state ends at Nome after departing from Anchorage. For 10 points, name this state with capital Juneau.
Output: Social Science
It is asserted in this work that the law of God does not permit a better man to be harmed by a worse, and the true champion of justice must shun politics to survive. As proof of his character, the speaker points to distinguished military service at Potidaea and Amphipolis and recalls his refusal to fetch Leon for execution. He begins by claiming that his accusers lied when they implied he was a skillful speaker, unless by skillful they mean truthful, and while interrogating his accuser Meletus he points out that the heretical astronomical beliefs at issue really belong to Anaxagoras. For ten points name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates unsuccessfully defended himself in the court of Athens against charges of atheism and corruption of the youth.
Output: Social Science
This painter depicted a saint fallen from a white horse with a spotted bridle in his version of The Conversion of St. Paul. portrayed a bearded man sporting a diagonal square hat in his Portrait of a Man, and created a fresco of Three Foolish Virgins Flanked by Adam and Eve. A saint covers his eyes while imagining a muscular Christ pulling a cross in his 1527 painting The Vision of Saint Jerome. He painted a man unfurling a scroll next to a single Doric column in a painting which features an elongated baby sitting in the lap of a woman with the title feature. For 10 points, name this Italian Mannerist painter of Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror and Madonna with the Long Neck.
Output: Fine Arts
When this man visited Argentina, Severino Di Giovanni planned to bomb the train he was on. His namesake ""moratorium"" called for a one-year cessation of reparation payments by Germany. This man signed the act outlawing yellow dog contracts named for Norris and La Guardia. This man had Douglas MacArthur break up the Walter W. Waters-led Bonus Army. For 10 points, name this President whose time in office was marred by his poor response to Black Tuesday, which occurred at the start of the Great Depression.
Output: History
In this novel, the protagonist is sent to consult with the psychiatrist Sanderson after sexually assaulting Nurse Duckett. Another character in this novel is promoted by an IBM machine with a sense of humor such that his rank is the same as his name. The title of this novel, set on the island of Pianosa, refers to the fact that anyone seeking to get out of a (*) mission must be sane, and thus fit to go out on another mission. For 10 points, Yossarian is the protagonist of what novel about a World War Two bombing squadron written by Joseph Heller
Output: Literature
A tapestry depicting the history of this sect was conceived by Anne Wynn-Wilson. Members of this sect can request a clearness committee if they seek solutions to their concerns or problems. An early group of leaders of this sect was known as the Valiant Sixty, and included people like James Nayler and Margaret Fell. It is considered one of the peace churches because of its practice of peace testimony. Many regional groups within this sect issue Books of Discipline and are named for the Yearly Meetings which they organize. The founder of this sect advocated "plain speaking," including the use of the pronoun "thee." They believe that God is present in each person in the form of the inner light. For 10 points, name this sect founded by George Fox, officially known as the Society of Friends.
Output: Social Science
This molecule functions as the substrate to adenylate cyclase enzymes, and this molecule is made up of a purine base attached to a pentose sugar. This molecule notably contains two high energy bonds, and glycolysis yields two of these molecules. Most active transporters derive their energy from these molecules. The bulk of the production of this molecule occurs when protons pass through its namesake "synthase" enzyme after the electron transport chain. For 10 points, name this molecule often called the "molecular currency of the cell."
Output: Science
This organ contains macrophages called Kupffer Cells, and it is also the primary site of gluconeogenesis. Prior to the bone marrow taking over, this organ creates red blood cells. Another function of this organ is the degradation of insulin, and it stores glycogen, along with secreting bile that is stored in the gallbladder. Alcohol leads to scarring in this organ, a condition known as cirrhosis. For 10 points, name this largest internal organ, responsible for detoxification and affected by hepatitis.
Output: Science
Arabesque swastikas decorate the arch closest to the viewer in this painting. A sculpture of a man holding a sphere appears on another arch towards the rear of this work next to which can be seen glimpses of blue sky. Statues of Minerva and Apollo flank the central group of this painting, which includes depictions of(*) Zoroaster, Epicurus, and Avveros. This painting contains a depiction of Michelangelo resting his head on his arm, and another of Diogenes sprawled out on a set of stairs reading a scroll. Also depicting Plato and Aristotle, for 10 points, identify this fresco by Raphael.
Output: Fine Arts
If it were always true, fractional distillation would never work since all mixtures would be azeotropes. Instead, it usually only holds for dilute solutions of nonelectrolytes where the partial pressures are not too large. For ten points, name this law stating that the partial pressure of a component in a liquid mixture is proportional to its mole fraction.
Output: Science
This man described moon and lantern light provoking the splash of jumping fish in Overflowing. Two of his later poems respectively describe people coming helping him after he falls off his horse drunk and note its the greatest timber thats hardest to put to use. One of his early poems asserts that its better to have girls than boys because the latter are merely buried amid the grass. Many of his middle-period poems are devoted to his thatched hut, while many other works of this friend of Abbot Zan are lushi, like his two Poems on a Bend in the River and three Sighs of Autumn. For 10 points, name this author of Ballad of the Ancient Cypress and Song of the Wagons, a Confucian Tang poet.
Output: Literature
This king unsuccessfully tried to make his bastard son Morgan the Bishop of Durham and appointed William Marshal as tutor for another son. An army led by this king's advisor Ranulf of Glanvill won the Battle of Alnwick, which led to the Treaty of Falaise with William the Lion. This man's foreign policy was greatly aided by the papal bull Laudabiliter issued by Adrian IV, which addressed Ireland. This initiator of the Assizes of Northampton also seized the Duchy of Northumbria from Malcom IV of Scotland. This contemporary of Louis VII of France became heir to the throne under the Treaty of Winchester, signed by his mother and the previous king, and a struggle over this king's Constitutions of Clarendon led to the death of Thomas a Becket. For ten points, name this successor of Stephen of Blois and first Plantagenet King of England, the father of Richard the Lion-Heart.
Output: History
He warned a friend that "man-woman is not woman-man" in the poem "On One Who Affected an Effeminate Manner. "  He asked one of the title figures to let his "iron spanker" fall on "broker and banker" in "What Thor Said to the Bard Before Dinner. "  Auden greatly admired a poem he wrote about an "Irish Legend" of A.D. 700, "The Voyage of Maeldune," though his more famous late poems include "The Death of Oenone" and "Merlin and the Gleam. "  He imagined falling to sleep to a poem by Chaucer in "A Dream of Fair Women," while he wrote about a "lordly pleasure-house" built on a "huge crag-platform" which would house his soul in "The Palace of Art. "  More famously, he noted that "After many a summer dies the swan" in a poem about Tithonus. FTP, name this poet of "The Lotos-Eaters" and "Crossing the Bar. "
Output: Literature
One gene which is commonly implicated in the early-onset form of this disease forms a complex with Nicastrin, Aph-I and Pen-2 called the Gamma Secretase complex. In addition to the PS1 and PS2 proteins, an aspartyl protease implicated in this disease called BACE. BACE, along with the similarly named TACE are potential drug targets for slowing the progression of this disease. Treatments for it include the NMDA receptor antagonist called memantine, and cholinesterase inhibitors. A 40-peptide fragment central to this disease has E22Q and E22G mutations called the Arctic and Dutch variants, and those fragments of the APP protein form plaques which accumulate in the cerebral cortex, along with fibrillary tangles of the Tau protein. Beta-amyloid plaques occur in, for 10 points, which neurodegenerative disease named for a German neurologist
Output: Science
The hair of the figure on the left is dotted with olive green leaves, while the hair of the figure on the right contains some white and green stars. The bottom of this canvas is a mass of green highlighted by purples, blues, reds, and golds that were supposed to represent a field of flowers. This transitions up to a series of colored rectangles that stud a gold mass. At the time it was completed, it was the foremost example of Art Nouveau in Vienna. FTP, name this painting by Gustav Klimt of two lovers in an embrace.
Output: Fine Arts
One character in this work sings "Io son disonorato" as Ramfis and priests seize him for being a traitor. The title character sings "Ritorna vincitor" after her love leaves to battle her father King Amonasro, to whom she sings "O patria mia." A ruler's son returns with captives during a triumphal march in this opera. This work ends with a double scene, at the top of which Amneris laments her condemned lover Radames who is imprisoned alive in a tomb at the bottom. For 10 points, name this Giuseppe Verdi opera about the title Ethiopian princess.
Output: Fine Arts
The propensity of nitroso compounds to participate in a variant of this reaction has been used to synthesize oxazine derivatives. Another variant of this reaction yields 2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones and uses a compound named for Danishefsky. In addition to that 'aza' variation, this reaction is usually thermodynamically favorable since it sees the formation two sigma bonds from pi bonds. Under kinetic control, it preferentially yields an endo product, and one component must be in the s-cis conformation for the reaction to occur. For 10 points, name this cycloaddition reaction in which a diene reacts with a dienophile to produce a ring and is named after two German chemists.
Output: Science
In his earlier years, he was inspired by a visit to Alassio for his overture In the South, and he paid homage to a medieval historian in his Froissart Overture. Major successes included his Imperial March and a four-part work, whose first part, "Land of Hope and Glory," would become his nation's unofficial second national anthem. Another major piece was a fourteen-part collection that depicted numerous friends of his, and contained such cryptically titled movements as "C.A.E. " and "Nimrod. "  FTP, name this British composer of the Enigma Variations and the Pomp and Circumstance marches.
Output: Fine Arts
Urban renewal in this city has focused on the Docklands neighborhood. It is the location of La Trobe, Deakin and Monash universities and its downtown is centered on the pedestrian malls of Bourke and Swanston. Extending east to Point Nepean, it is the southernmost metro area of more than a million residents in the world and is found where the Yarra River enters Port Phillip Bay. For ten points, name this southeastern Australian city, the capital of Victoria and the second-largest city in the country after Sydney.
Output: Social Science
The Banno Bir is an unauthorized version of this text, and a noted copy of it was lost during the 1762 "Second Holocaust. " The Dasam is a companion piece to this scripture, parts of which laud Kabir and other sections of which were written by Tegh Bahadur. Other sections are arranged according to their raga, and portions of this text include the Japji, or "Recital" and the opening Mul Mantra, which declares truth as the quintessential property of the Deity. Found in all gurdwaras, where it is ritually wrapped every night, it carries the authority of the head of the religion that reveres it. First compiled by Arjun, for 10 points, name this scripture that includes the writings of Guru Nanak, the holy book of the Sikhs.
Output: Social Science
In one of this mans works, Noorna, disguised as a crone, meets the barber Shibli just before he performs the title action, while the titular lowly boy meets and marries the upper class Rose Jocelyn in Evan Harrington. The speaker describes himself as the pilot of his own life after his wife cuckolds him in this authors best-known poem, Modern Love, but he is better known for a novel in which the prohibition of female encounters until the protagonist turns 25 leads to a young mans travails, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. FTP name this author, also known for a novel in which the title characters relationship with Laetitia Dale reveals the harm of his excessive pride, The Egoist.
Output: Literature
Although not the lungs, antibodies target a structure in these organs in Goodpasture's syndrome. They detect decreased oxygen levels and release erythropoietin, stimulating erythrocyte generation. Their failure is characterized by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, as well as increased createnine serum levels. This organ responds to vasopressin which increases fluid retention. It filters blood through nephrons, and dialysis performs this organ's function. The adrenal glands are located above, For 10 Points, what structures connected to the bladder by the ureter.
Output: Science
One of this composer's operas includes the song "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" [kah-LEE-chee], a duet sung   by Alfredo Germont and the woman he loves. That woman, who later sings "Addio, del passato", is  Violetta Valery. Another work by this composer, in which Abigaille becomes queen, features the song  "Va, pensiero", which is sometimes called "Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves." In another opera by this  composer, Amneris tells the man she loves to confess to treason. That man, Radames [rah-dah-mayss],  has in turn fallen in love with the title character, an Ethiopian princess. Name this composer of  Nabucco, La traviata, and Aida.
Output: Fine Arts
This composer commented that he wanted to use the title "Divertissement" for a concerto because he thinks that concertos are "written not 'for' but 'against' the piano." That piece's "Allegramente" movement features a "blues" theme and opens with a whip crack. This composer wrote a piano work that begins with the cellos and double basses playing the background for an unusual contrabassoon solo. He uses a G-sharp arpeggio to depict ascending waves in the section " A Boat on the Ocean" of a piano work whose other parts include "The Valley of Bells" and "Night-Moths." This composer of Piano Concerto in G uses a recurring B-flat ostinato to represent tolling bells surrounding the corpse of a hanged man in a section called "Le Gibet." This composer of Miroirs was commissioned by Paul Wittgenstein to write a piano concerto for the left hand, and he depicted an evil dwarf in a section titled "Scarbo" designed to be more difficult than Islamey. FTP, name this composer of Gaspard de la nuit who also wrote a ""Pavane for a dead princess. ""
Output: Fine Arts
One character in this work describes her mother having to distinguish between her husband, "My Jim", and her houseboy, "Our Jim". It also repeatedly makes reference to a pair of pink glass teacups owned by the protagonists. One of those protagonists is shocked by a photo in a Life magazine coffee table book of her friend Lydia holding her books and later drowns the newborn kittens that Nyiko and Gina were playing with. Its title character takes a bakkie without permission, allowing his friend Daniel to drive it. Another character builds a water-tank for the central village and shoots two warthogs with a shotgun. This novel ends with Bam's husband Maureen running for a helicopter. For 10 points, name this work titled for the Smales family's ex-servant, a 1981 novel by Nadine Gordimer.
Output: Literature
While arranging an orchestral suite for organ, this man added a new movement entitled Ecstasies of a soul before the glory of Christ, which is its own glory. That movement was added to his Ascension, and this man later published a book entitled Technique of my Musical Language. This man wrote Twenty Gazes on the Infant Jesus for his student and wife Yvonne Loriod. This composer spent a lot of time notating and cataloguing birdsong, which he used in his own compositions, and this man composed the movement Music for the Blood of the Stars as part of his ten-movement symphony. This mans best known work was composed for violin, cello, piano, and clarinet, which were the four instruments available in his prison camp. For ten points, identify this composer of the Turangalila Symphony and the Quartet for the End of Time.
Output: Fine Arts
Cleanth Brooks discusses how this poet renews a "stale metaphor" with a poem's final lines, "Dear God! the very houses seem asleep; and all that mighty heart is lying still." One of his poems describes a girl who "seemed a thing that could not feel / the touch of earthly years" while another poem claims, "getting and spending we lay waste to our powers." This poet of "Composed upon Westminster Bridge" created a speaker who hopes to "hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn" in his sonnet "The World is Too Much With Us." This poet claims his mind "shall be a mansion for all lovely forms" after reminiscing about his sister Dorothy and the River Wye. For 10 points, name this Romantic poet who wrote "Tintern Abbey."
Output: Literature
Nicolas Chedeville impersonated this composer in his "The Faithful Shepherd" after making an agreement with Jean-Noel Marchand. He utilized the ritornello form in several works from a collection of 12 string concerti that pioneered that genre. A pastoral dance in Allegro ends another of his concerti, whose first movement's depiction of birds is cut short by a trill representing a storm. This composer of L'estro armonico is best known for a set of four works included in The Contest Between Harmony and Invention. For 10 points, name this Italian composer nicknamed "the Red Priest," whose "La primavera," or "Spring," is part of The Four Seasons.
Output: Fine Arts
This author wrote "I am an old man now, and a lonesome man in Kansas" in his poem "Wichita Vortex Sutra." Another of his poems asks "Which way does your beard point tonight" That poem, "A Supermarket in California," was published along with a poem that repeats the line "I'm with you in Rockland" and is addressed to Carl Solomon. The line "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness" begins the best known work of, for 10 points, what American poet who wrote "Howl"
Output: Literature
This man's most prominent theory was described in his Little Commentary. He appended a disclaimer that his claims were not literally true, but merely provided a simpler way to perform astronomical calculations. This scientist wrote On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. For 10 points, identify this Polish astronomer best known for his heliocentric theory.
Output: History
This man labeled marriage as something that "must sooner or later come to pass," and had his teacher, the Earl of Bute, provide him with a list of eligible princesses before finally marrying Charlotte Sophia. Unable to form long-term alliances with such ministers as the Earl of Newcastle and George Grenville, he finally found a fruitful relationship with a man whom he would ultimately break with regarding the idea of Catholic emancipation to preserve unity with Ireland. Besides William Pitt the Younger, this man's ministers also included Lord North, who was forced out of office by a vote of no confidence after the battle of Yorktown. For 10 points, identify this British monarch, noted for his violent mental breakdown late in his life and for reigning during the American Revolution.
Output: History
One leader of this town wrote a letter that became known as his "Rude Answer," leading to the sending and eventual wreck of the Sea Venture. A violent protest against Governor William Berkeley caused this town to be burned to the ground during Bacon's Rebellion. While it was directed by George Percy, many inhabitants of this town died during its "Starving Time," due to their dependence upon trade with the Powhatan. For 10 points, John Rolfe and John Smith led what Virginia town, the first permanent English settlement in the United States
Output: History
In the beginning of this novel, people in an auditorium listen to the wild music of Scriabin as an example of primitive irrationality. Set in an indeterminate future after the Two Hundred Years War, this novel also describes a riot caused by thousands of people casting dissenting votes during the Day of Unanimity. Its protagonist, a mathematician in charge of building the spaceship Integral, writes For Reason must prevail after he undergoes a forced operation to remove his imagination, which causes him to betray his revolutionary friends to the Benefactor. Written as the diary of D-503, one of the many Numbers that make up the One State, FTP, identify this dystopian novel by Yevgeny Zamiatin.
Output: Literature
De Bruijn invented an alternative syntax for use in this system, and Sinot created director strings in order to find the complexity cost of beta reduction in this system. Rosser and one formulator of this system found a paradox proving the untyped version of this system to be inconsistent as a basis for logic, while Rosser and the other creator of this system showed that this system possesses confluence. The funarg problem can arise when implementing this system in stack-based languages, since such an implementation requires treating functions as first-class objects. Containing "abstractions" and "applications," this system was shown to be Turing-complete. Implemented in functional programming languages such as Haskell and Lisp, for 10 points, name this formal system for representing functions, developed by Stephen Kleene and Alonzo Church and named for a Greek symbol.
Output: Science
This city's winning mayoral candidate in 1927 courted the Irish vote by boasting that, if given the chance, he'd punch King George V in the face. One mayor in this city was opposed by the Vrdolyak 29 [vruh-DOH-lee-ack "29"] in the Council Wars after 81% of this city's whites and 3% of its blacks voted for Bernard Epton, who would have been its first Republican mayor since 1931. Its final Republican mayor, who defeated William Dever in 1927 and controlled a faction opposed by the candidates supported by U.S. senator Charles Deneen in the violent "Pineapple Primary" of 1928, was the massively corrupt "Big Bill" Thompson. Another mayor of this city, whose tenure was chronicled in local columnist Mike Royko's book Boss, called Connecticut senator Abe Ribicoff a "Jew son of a bitch" for denouncing the "Gestapo tactics" used during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. For 10 points, name this city once led by mayor Richard J. Daley.
Output: History
This author, who was contrasted with Samuel Beckett in Ihab Hassan's The Literature of Silence, discussed his decision to drop out of college rather than read The Faerie Queene in his Stand Still Like the Hummingbird. In one of his novels, the narrator sees a universe in a cabbage leaf and works at the Cosmodemonic Telegraph Company. He also wrote about a man who pockets Fillmore's money and decides not to return to Mona in New York. That character is based on this author's actual time sponging off Alfred Perls and diarist Anas Nin in Paris. FTP, name this creator of the "Land of Fuck," the author of Black Spring, The Air-Conditioned Nightmare, the Rosy Crucifixion trilogy, and two books which ran afoul of U.S. obscenity laws, Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer.
Output: Literature
This man's sacred works include the motet In convertendo, while his instrumental works consist primarily of two sets of "pieces for harpsichord," as well as the individual harpsichord pieces Les petits marteaux and La Dauphine. One opera-ballet by this composer consists of a prologue and four acts, which include The Incas of Peru and The Savages of America, all with different characters. Along with The Gallant Indies, he wrote about celebrations of Hebe, Ramiro, and Polyhymnia, and an Hommage to this man was included in Debussys first book of Images. In one of his operas, the aria "Tristes apprets" is sung by Telaira on the death of one of the title brothers, while his first and most famous opera, which features the aria "Quelle plainte en ces lieux m'appelle," ends with the reuniting of the title characters after one had been swallowed up by flames. For 10 points, name this opponent of Lully, a French Baroque composer most famous for Castor et Pollux and Hyppolyte et Aricie.
Output: Fine Arts
In the far background of this painting, one can see the sky through an arch, and across the bottom of this painting, a series of dark yellow panels are interspersed with painted marble statues. The author can be seen near the lower right side of this painting, where he is conversing with three men, one of whom holds a globe and another of whom holds a blue ball. Another scene in this painting shows a man writing on a marble stool, and near the artist, a red robed man is demonstrating the use of a compass for an admiring crowd. Diogenes of Sinope sits alone on the stairs in the middle of this painting. For ten points, identify this Raphael Sanzio painting, which notably depicts Plato and Aristotle conversing in its center.
Output: Fine Arts
This man's opponents formed the Lichfield House Compact in order to consolidate their power, and his government ordered that factories be cleaned every fourteenth month and that women and children couldn't work more than 12 hours a day in the Factory Act. An insane lumberjack killed this man's personal secretary in an assassination attempt; that assassin was Daniel McNaughton. This man refused to replace Lord Melbourne in an incident in which he asked for the Queen's personal attendants to be replaced, the Bedchamber Crisis. He outlined his party's political philosophy in the Tamworth Manifesto, but his most famous action was in response to the Irish Potato Famine. An ardent opponent of Daniel O'Connell and Catholic emancipation, for 10 points, name this Prime Minister of Britain who repealed the Corn Laws.
Output: History
Like Rachmaninoff, he used the twenty-fourth caprice for his Variations on a Theme of Paganini. He used the drinking song ""Gaudeamus Igitur"" (GOW-day-ey-mus EE-gih-tour) as the basis for a work written upon receiving an honorary degree from Breslau, his Academic Festival Overture. This longtime friend of Clara Schumann composed a German Requiem seven years before premiering a symphony nicknamed ""Beethoven's Tenth. "" For 10 points, name this German composer, who also wrote a notable lullaby.
Output: Fine Arts
A leader of this country is shown proclaiming its independence in the painting Independence or Death. A composer from this country created a musical portrait of pianist Arthur Rubinstein entitled Rudepoema. Roberto Burle Marx helped design a city in this country which contains the Plaza of the Three Powers and the Monumental Axis. A style of music from this country was popularized in the U.S. by the 1964 album (*) Getz/Gilberto, which included the tracks "Corcovado" and "The Girl from Ipanema". Its airplane-shaped capital city was designed by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, while native pianist Antonio Carlos Jobim (zho-BEEM) pioneered its bossa nova music. For 10 points, name this South American country, the home of the samba.
Output: Fine Arts
In addition to his achievements in Congress, this politician gained renown for his public addresses, notably the Bunker Hill oration and his speech on the deaths of Jefferson and Adams. He served as Secretary of State for a second time from 1850-52 after having alienated the antislavery movement with his eloquent support for the Compromise of 1850. Earlier, he had emerged as a champion of the federal government in his famous series of 1830 debates with Robert Hayne, and won acclaim as a lawyer for his arguments in the cases Dartmouth v. Woodward and McCulloch v. Maryland. FTP, who was this Massachusetts senator perhaps best known for his 1843 treaty with Ashburton
Output: History
This quantity is plotted on the y axis against entropy in a Mollier diagram. The heat capacity at constant pressure is given by the derivative of this quantity with respect to temperature, and this quantity appears in the numerator divided by RT across from the derivative of the log of pressure with respect to temperature in the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Joule-Thomson cooling occurs at a constant value of this quantity, which can be written as the derivative of the log of the partition function with respect to the inverse temperature. For ten points, identify this quantity which is used to calculate heat transfer, often across phases, and is defined as the internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume.
Output: Science
In one of this philosophers works, he advocates a Galilean cosmology, and in the same work, he wrote about the study of light refraction in Dioptrics. One thing named for this philosopher consists of the admonitions to admit as true only what was so perfectly clear and distinct that it was indubitable, and to make such accurate enumerations of the steps of reasoning so as to be certain of having omitted nothing, known as his method of doubt, and which can be found in Meditations on First Philosophy. For ten points, identify this philosopher, whose best known for his work Discourse on Method and the statement of existence Cogito ergo sum.
Output: Social Science
This civilization believed that humans had two souls, one of which returned to its place of origin after death. One deity of these people changed herself and her son into rocks after she was impregnated by a fruit made of sperm. These people were allegedly founded when four brothers and four sisters came out of the Tavern of Dawn. They believed that the world was created when a god sometimes known as Con-Tiki emerged from Lake Collasuya. These people also believed that their second ruler, Sinchi Roca, was son of a deity, who taught the art of spinning to mankind. That deity, Mama Ocllo, was the daughter of a sun deity, who was worshipped in the festival Raymi, Inti. For ten points, name this civilization, which worshiped deities like Illyapa and Viracocha, and was centered at Cuzco.
Output: Social Science