niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This man's nomination was opposed by the "immortal 306", convention delegates who refused to abandon Roscoe Conkling's candidate. His Supreme Court appointments included William Woods, as well as the lone dissenter in Plessy v Ferguson, John Harlan. Acting on the findings of the Jay Commission, he removed New York customs house officials Alonzo Cornell and Chester Arthur, but less successful was his overriden veto of the Bland-Allison Act. For ten points, name this man who defeated Samuel Tilden in the disputed election of 1876 and served as President between Grant and Garfield.
Output: History
In one of this authors novels, Pavel tells a story about how he threw a newlywed couple out of a carriage to save himself from wolves. In a second novel by this author, Frank shoots his wife Marie when he finds her cavorting with the protagonists brother Emil in an orchard. In the former novel by this author, the protagonist first works for the Harlings and then takes a job with Wick Cutter after establishing a relationship with Jim Burden in Black Hawk. The latter work of this author centers on Carl Linstrums relationship with Alexandra Bergson and is set in Hanover, Nebraska. For 10 points, name this author ofO Pioneers!who wrote about the Bohemian Shimerdas inMy Antonia.
Output: Literature
One of this author's protagonists compares the concentric circles of Amsterdam to the levels of hell and visits the Mexico City bar where he acquires the Just Judges panel of the Ghent Altarpiece. In addition to writing about the lawyer Clamence, who doesn't prevent a woman's suicide in The (*) Fall, this author wrote a novel in which thousands of rats die in the streets of Oran while Dr. Bernard Rieux investigates The Plague. In another of this author's novels, the protagonist is friends with Raymond Sintes, and shoots an Arab after feeling no emotion at his mother's death. For ten points, identify this absurdist French author who wrote about Meursault in The Stranger.
Output: Literature
One of the title character's sons declares that he wants to become a Viking. That child shares his name with the title character's father-in-law, who is nicknamed "Badger. "  Mrs. Busk fires the title character's daughter from her teaching job, and the ship-owner Vik fires Captain Horster near the end of this play. The title character's father-in-law, who owns a tannery in Molledal, buys shares in the central business, which was created in part by the title character's brother Peter, the mayor. The discovery of infusoria in the water leads the title character to call for the closing of the public baths in, FTP, this Ibsen play in which Dr. Thomas Stockmann earns the title designation by opposing the townsfolk.
Output: Literature
Victoria Guzman holds a grudge against the protagonist of this work, probably because he has a penchant for grabbing her daughter Divina by the vagina. A stranger to the central town sees a woman carrying artificial flowers with her mother, and he buys up all the raffle tickets in the town to win her a music box. The protagonist cavorts with Cristo Bedoyan and spends some quality time with the family of his betrothed, Flora Miguel. Bayardo San Roman brings Angela Vicario to her mother Purisima on their wedding night in this novel, and Santiago Nasar is fingered as Angelas perpetrator, causing her twin brothers to grab knives and seek him out. FTP, name this novel in which the entire town is aware of the murder plot but does nothing, a work of Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
Output: Literature
This poet wrote "Without a name or history I wake / Between my body and the day" in his poem "Prime," and asked "What does the song hope for" in his poem "Orpheus. " He noted that the "crack in the tea-cup opens / A lane to the land of the dead" in "As I Walked Out One Evening," while his "Lullaby" begins with the lines "Lay your sleeping head, my love / Human on my faithless arm. " One of his most famous works features four "bucolics" from various countries who meet in a bar during World War II, whlie another begins by noting that "About suffering they were never wrong, / The Old Masters" in the course of describing a painting about the fall of Icarus. FTP, name this British poet of "Muse des Beaux Arts" and The Age of Anxiety.
Output: Literature
The early leader Matthew Davis guided the shift of this group's activities away from its early emphasis on parade marches and drinking parties in Martling's Tavern. Later, Richard Croker sought to reverse the reforms which had made it an efficient, autocratic organization. Originally founded in 1789 by William Mooney as a patriotic organization with an elaborate Indian ritual, it gained great power with the election of Fernando Wood as mayor of New York, but soon experienced a reversal in fortunes due to an expose of its graft by the New York Times and Harper's Weekly. FTP, what was this group that has frequently controlled New York politics, most famously headed by Wiliam Tweed
Output: History
Ninhydrin forms a Schiff base with this chemical, resulting in a hue known as Ruhemanns purple. The Birch reduction takes place in a liquid substrate of it, the reason it is common in methamphetamine labs. The Kjeldahl method uses this molecule as an end-product to measure the amount of nitrogen in a sample, and it is oxidized in the first step of a nitric acid forming procedure, the Ostwald process. For 10 points, name this weak base found in fertilizers, formed by combining hydrogen and nitrogen in a three-to-one ratio in the Haber process.
Output: Science
Prior to this event the so-called "Brigandage at Ephesus" saw Dioscorus of Alexandria force the reversal of Flavian's decision that Eutyches [YOO-tuh-keez] was a heretic, and Dioscorus did not allow representatives of Pope Leo to read his written opinion. That work was the basis of deliberations that began shortly after the death of Emperor Theodosius II and the accession of Marcian. It accepted as canonical both the Tome and the Two Letters of Cyril, the latter of which refuted the Nestorian heresy. The current orthodox doctrine that the Second Person of the Trinity has two natures was determined at, FTP, what council that took place in 451 near Constantinople and condemned the Monophysite heresy
Output: History
One legend about this mythological figure credits him with founding the Isthmian Games in honor of Palaemon, the deified spirit of his nephew Melicertes. Another myth states that one of the missing Pleiades was his wife, who was disgraced to be married both to a mortal and, it would turn out, a criminal. Robert Graves states that at the origin of the most famous story about him is iconography depicting his original status as a solar deity, noting that his name which seems to contain the root word meaning "wise" and was given to him as the all-wise sun god. That myth describes his wife Merope playing a significant part, by obeying his request not to bury him, allowing him to escape Hades to go and correct her. Condemned, according to legend, as much to keep him busy as to avenge his telling Asopus that Zeus had kidnapped his daughter Aegina, for 10 points, name this mythological figure eternally rolling a stone to the top of a hill which falls back down just before reaching the top.
Output: Social Science
This artist used a Claude Lorrain painting as the basis for his Dido Building Carthage. Spectators on the banks of the Thames watch a blazing fire in his The Burning of the House of Lords and Commons. This artist showed a tugboat hauling away a British naval vessel that had served in the Battle of Trafalgar. Another work by him supposedly depicts a rabbit crossing in front of an extremely obscure and clouded train. For 10 points, name this painter of the works The Fighting Temeraire and Rain, Steam and Speed.
Output: Fine Arts
This work proposes "powerful deflections," "substitutive satisfactions," and "intoxicating substances" as three methods for dealing with suffering, and argues that technology has enabled the development of "auxiliary organs," turning man into a kind of "prosthetic god. " This work's first section argues that earlier mental stages are preserved alongside more advanced ones, contrasting that phenomenon with the development of the city of Rome, while its last two sections deal largely with the development of the "sense of guilt. " This work describes the struggle between the (*) death drive and Eros and posits the supremacy of the pleasure principle, building on its authors earlier The Future of an Illusion to essentially argue that not being able to start having optionally-consensual sex with everyone you see generates social problems. FTP, name this essay that argues that rules meant to preserve the integrity of the titular institution repress the id and thus generate the misery of the titular group, a work of Sigmund Freud.
Output: Social Science
Sound engineer Kurt Munkacsi was an integral part of this composer's namesake ensemble, processing Farfisa organ lines through a mixer in this composers early 1970s work Music in Twelve Parts. The "Hymn to the Sun" in the third of this composer's "Portrait Trilogy" of operas is directed to always be sung in the language of the audience attending. That opera, Akhnaten, followed Satyagraha by this composer and a previous opera including a third part called "Field/Spaceship" and broken up by "Knee Plays." FTP what minimalist composer wrote the opera Einstein on the Beach
Output: Fine Arts
One poem by this writer, which describes an object "now warm and capable of earnest grasping," is "The Living Hand". Another poem begins with three stanzas addressed to somebody "Alone and palely loitering" while "no birds sing." In another poem, this writer compared himself to Cortez looking at the Pacific after he read a translation of Homer. Another work begins "Thou still unravished bride of quietness", and ends "'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'--that is all / ye know on earth, and all ye need to know". Name this poet who wrote "La Belle Dame sans Merci", "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer", and "Ode on a Grecian Urn."
Output: Literature
This celestial body is surrounded by 4 rings, the outermost of which, 1989N1R, displays non-uniformity of particle density never before observed in the solar system. Visited by Voyager 2, the mission found it to be characterized by a bright feature dubbed the "scooter," an atmospheric storm called the "Great Dark Spot", and not 2 moons, as was previously believed, but rather 8, including Despina, Larissa, and Proteus. With an nearly circular orbital eccentricity of 0.009, FTP name this planet, usually the 8th in distance from the sun.
Output: Science
Posthumous releases from this composer include the collection of songs "Orpheus Britannicus" and the opera The Indian Queen. He wrote a number of odes for Saint Cecelia's day, and incidental music for A Midsummer Night's Dream, but his most famous composition was written for a girls' school in 1689. FTP, name this English composer who, with librettist Nahum Tate, wrote the opera Dido and Aeneas.
Output: Fine Arts
One of his works centers around the peasant girl Zohra, who works as a servant at the titular pension, while this author of Mockery of the Fates and The Struggle of Tyba wrote about Said Mahran, the title criminal in another work. He wrote about the death of the barber Abbas in one work, while an earlier work tells of the families of Adam, Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed, all of which settle in the same imaginary alley. Better known than Miramar, The Thief and the Dogs, Midaq Alley, and Children of Gebelawi is a work about the al-Jawad family, a series of novels that includes Palace Walk and Sugar Street. FTP, name this Nobel Laureate of 1988, best known for his Cairo Trilogy.
Output: Literature
The speaker of this poem notes how the title entity laughs "with white teeth" and "as an ignorant fighter laughs who has never lost a battle". Although the speaker concedes that he has seen "the gunman kill and go free to kill again" and "painted women under the gas lamps", he issues a challenge to, "Come and show me another (*) city with lifted head singing" and defends the title entity of this poem by asserting that it is a "Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler". For ten points, name this Carl Sandburg poem which calls the title city a "Tool maker", "Stacker of Wheat", and "Hog Butcher for the world".
Output: Literature
The IceCube project in Antarctica is designed to detect these particles in the previously unexplored PeV energy region and is based on the earlier AMANDA project also located near the South Pole. The direct Urca process, described by George Gamow, is one the simplest interstellar processes which produce these particles, and it is currently unproven whether these particles are Majorana particles, serving as their own antiparticles. Work conducted at Super-Kamiokande provided evidence for flavor oscillation, which in turn proves that they have non-zero mass. For 10 points, name these extremely low-mass, uncharged leptons, which come in tau, mu, and electron varieties.
Output: Science
It is the title of a 1934 drawing in which the wife of the artist appears as the assailant, and his mistress, Marie-Therese Walter, as the title victim. Besides the carving knife, a pair of darts symbolizing the horns of a bull impales the reclining figure. The more famous work of this title is a painting in which the name of the artist appears on a box in the lower right, and before a plain background lies the title character, holding a quill in his right hand and a blood-stained letter in his left. FTP, give the name shared by these works of art, one by Pablo Picasso, the other a 1793 painting by Jacques-Louis David (dah-VEED).
Output: Fine Arts
The man who called this council traveled to it with this wife, Barbara of Celje, and this council created the Diocese of Samogitia. A conflict between two of the parties here was mediated by Pierre d'Ailly, who balanced the opposing viewpoints on regicide of Paulus Vladimiri and John of Falkenberg. This council condemned adherents of the Utraquist and Taborite factions. It was called by a man who succeeded (*) Wenceslaus on the throne of one nation; that man was Emperor Sigismund. This council challenged the Conciliarism that had been a large factor in the previous council. It also condemned John Wycliffe and supported Gregory XII's resignation as pope. The successor of the Council of Pisa, for 10 points, name this council that executed Jan Hus and elected Martin V as pope, effectively ending the Western Schism.
Output: History
This novel parodies Freudianism in a chapter about the protagonist's dream of holding a live fish in his hands. In this novel's final chapter, the protagonist realizes why a prostitute often beat his ex-roommate over the head with a shoe. It satirizes McCarthyism in a chapter about the Great Loyalty Oath Crusade, and in its chapter "The Eternal City," the protagonist realizes the title means that "they have a right to do anything that you can't stop them from doing. " This novel's protagonist sleeps with Luciana, Nurse Duckett, and the wife of General Scheisskopf, and runs away to Sweden after the death of Snowden causes him to oppose Colonel Korn and Colonel Cathcart. For 10 points, name this World War II novel about Yossarian by Joseph Heller.
Output: Literature
A later poem by this author describes an individual who meditates in a grove by the title structure and chants "Let Buddha be my refuge. " In one of his works, the title character is granted a boon by the God of spring and the God of love, which helps her gain the love of a warrior prince. This author of "Boro-Budur" and Chitra, wrote a play in which the sickly son of Madhav expects a letter from a King. Another of his plays contains the demoralized Bishu whose life is changed after (*) Nandini helps the town of Yakshapuri overcome a cruel king who desires gold. This author also wrote "Thou hast made me endless" as the first line of his most notable volume of poetry, which includes a preface by W. B. Yeats. For 10 points, identify this author of works such as The Post Office and Red Oleanders, who also wrote the poetry collection Gitanjali, or Song Offerings.
Output: Literature
This man's advisors included Ustat Ali, who helped him reform the military. Shortly before his death, this man won the Battle of Ghaghra against an alliance of rebels that included King Nusrat Shah of Bengal. Early in his career, this man suffered dual defeats when Farghana successfully rebelled against him during his unsuccessful invasion of Uzbek territory. This man later won a battle because of the defection of General Silhadi to his side; that battle was the Battle of Khanwa, in which this man defeated (*) Rana Sanga, the leader of the Rajputs, this man's southern neighbors. This man came to power after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. For ten points, name this founder of the Mughal dynasty.
Output: History
This politician gained prominence for defending Nils von Schoultz and other Hunter Patriots who participated in the Battle of the Windmill. This man's first government collapsed when a telegram sent to Hugh Allan that mentioned bribery was stolen from John Abbot's office. This politician formed the Great Coalition with George Carter's Parti Bleu and George's Brown's Clear Grits faction, and his National Policy favored high tariffs. This politician purchased Rupert's Land, which became part of the newly formed Northwest Territories, and his administration passed the Manitoba Act in the aftermath of Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion. This man led his country's delegation at the Charlottetown Conference, and his resignation during the Pacific Scandal led to the government of Alexander Mackenzie. For 10 points, name this first Prime Minister of Canada.
Output: History
This figure is depicted as having four arms, in which he carries a club, shell, discus, and lotus. Also known as Hari and Narayana, at various times he takes the forms Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Matsya, Vamena, Rama, Krishna, and the Buddha. FTP, who is this kindly preserver god of Hinduism
Output: Social Science
The third led a revolt based in Britain and was briefly recognized by Honorius before being suppressed. The second died in a civil war with his similarly-named brothers. The fifth was nicknamed Copronymus and continued the iconoclastic policies of his father Leo II. The last was the eleventh and was also the last emperor of Byzantium. All these men shared their name with, for 10 points, what emperor who fought Licinius and Maxentius on his way to becoming the first Christian Roman emperor.
Output: History
In this painter's works depicting the sculptor of Water Nymph and Bittern, a nude model is used even though the sculpture is clothed. In addition to those works showing William Rush, this painter made a portrait of a professor who pets a black cat as he reads a book, Benjamin Rand. One of his outdoor works that shows a young man standing on a rocky promontory while another lies on it, another sits, and another dives off it. Another painting shows his high school classmate on the Schuylkill [SKOO-kul] River in Philadelphia and is entitled Max Schmitt in a Single Scull. Name this artist who also painted surgery demonstrations in The Agnew Clinic and The Gross Clinic.
Output: Fine Arts
This works villain plans to rape Anna, her mother, and her maidservant on their voyage to the Isle of Wight. In the last of the protagonist's letters, which is found thirty years after her death among the personal effects in her brother's estate by the executor of his will, she begs her cousin the Colonel not to avenge her death; a concluding monologue attributed to Dame Belford notes that he did anyway. The conflict begins when the protagonist's family betrothe her to Mr. Solmes, despite her protests and those of Morden. To escape their tyranny, she takes up correspondence with mysterious suitor, who takes her to a brothel, drugs her with laudanum, rapes her, and offers to marry her, but she refuses Robert Lovelace and dies slowly of shame. FTP, identify this epistolary novel about the "history of a young lady," the 2nd work of Samuel Richardson.
Output: Literature
His interest in the essay, "The Relation between the Logical Theory of Classes and the Geometrical Theory of Points," by A. B. Kempe, along with Pierce's notion of "Existential Graphs," prompted him to retake up his work in a "transcendental logic" that would merge mathematical logic with a theory of space. In his Gifford Lectures, this philosopher discusses the "Four Historical Conceptions of Being" in the context of experience and validity of religion and the external world. In his Supplementary Essay "The One, The Many, and the Infinite," he discusses the philosophy of F. H. Bradley, whose work is seen as closely related to this author of The Philosophy of Loyalty. In his last major published work, this thinker adopted Pierce's conception of the "triadic" nature of interpretation in order to generate a "naturalized" version of Hegel's Absolute Consciousness that is made immanent in "Community of Believers. " In addition to writing The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, for 10 points, name this American Idealist philosopher author of The World and the Individual and The Problem of Christianity.
Output: Social Science
Walborn et. al demonstrated in a 2002 paper that this phenomenon appears independent of when the observer detects it, and Popescu and Rohrlich wrote about the Joy of this phenomenon. Another scientist who described it as spooky introduced hidden variables to account for it, although Bells theorem proves that hidden variables cannot adequately explain it. It leads to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox because it violates locality, allowing for information to travel faster than the speed of light. This idea is behind qubits, the basic unit of information in quantum computers. For 10 points, what phenomenon describes multiple particles which share linked quantum states
Output: Science
Mice lacking Cks2 were sterile because the gametes were unable to progress beyond this stage. Before this can begin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase must be activated which destroys the targets through the 26S proteasome. The degradation of one of those targets, securin, allows separase to breakdown cohesin, which marks the start of this. The cohesins hold together sister chromatids, and, once separated, daughter chromosomes are formed and move towards the spindle poles. For 10 points, give the name of this stage of mitosis, which results in two sets of chromosomes being formed at the poles of the cell and that starts after metaphase.
Output: Science
A system named for Rott features has two of these structures with horizontal SFP and BFPs at stable equilibria. In the phase-space representation for the system, the upper-half of the separatrix shows solutions for these systems starting at their inverted positions. Two coupled ones are commonly used to represent chaotic systems. When their displacements are assumed to be small, the sine theta term in the equation is approximated to theta. Another of these was used to demonstrate the rotation of the earth and was named for Foucault. For 10 points, identify these physical systems which can be used to model simple harmonic motions, and which swing back and forth in some clocks.
Output: Science
A scribe of these people, Ahmes, was responsible for the creation of what is now known as the Rhind Papyrus. One ruler of this empire, King Apepi, ruled for at least forty years and went by the epithet of Aauserra. A Semitic people, much of what we know of them comes from Tell el-Daba and they were given a name which likely means rulers of foreign lands. They introduced the composite bow and chariot after their invasion, and ruled from the capital of Avaris, but were finally expelled by Ahmose I around 1540 BCE, which led to the establishment of the 18th Dynasty. FTP, name these people who ruled northern Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period.
Output: History
party game in this work sees people counting fast in a circle, with mistakes being punished with a box on the ear. One character says he will not use pistols after an incident when a bullet went through a maid's hand. In one scene, the protagonist argues with Albert about the morality of a girl drowning herself. Near the end of this work, the protagonist recites the songs of Ossian to his beloved, who declares the meeting their "last time. " The protagonist ultimately realizes he can never be with Charlotte, prompting him to commit suicide. For 10 points, name this epistolary work of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe about the sensitive problems of the youthful titular character.
Output: Literature
An RAF volunteer in 1917, he survived an airplane crash during his first flight and being hit by a bus during a London blackout. His political career began with the Canadian Department of External Affairs as First Secretary, and he later became Canada's first ambassador to the U.S.  Elected to Parliament for Algoma East as a Liberal, he served in St. Laurent's cabinet and led the Liberal opposition during the Diefenbaker years. His own government was responsible for universal medicare. FTP, name this Canadian Prime Minister best remembered for his role in the Suez Canal crisis.
Output: History
This author of "Contribution to the Theory of Sense Perception" published his "Lectures on the Mind of Humans and Animals" one year after becoming the first person ever to teach a course on scientific psychology. After being  passed over to succeed his mentor William von Helmholtz in 1871, wrote the  seminal work "Principles of Physiological Psychology. "  For 10 points, name this German, the so-called father of experimental psychology.
Output: Social Science
It uses the tried and true wicked stepmother plot, with that stepmother hoping to get rid of the heroine to place her son, Cloten, upon the throne. The heroine's husband is deceived about her fidelity and asks his friend Pisanio to take her to Wales and kill her. Pisanio relents and the heroine soon meets her long lost brothers, Polidore and Cadwal, who had been carried away as babies by Bellarius, a former lord of her father's court. FTP what is this Shakesperean play, centering on Imogen, the daughter of the title king of England
Output: Literature
An analysis of this work by Ebehard Ruhmer shows that the central figures arm was repositioned at least three times and his head was lowered. The innermost scene features sculptures of St. Jerome and St. Anthony in the center section, and the Temptation of St. Anthony on the right. The predella features the lamentation of Mary Magdeline, and the second view contains a Concert of Angels in the center and a resurrection scene on the right. When closed, it depicts Anthony and Sebastian flanking a crucifixion. With sculptural contributions by Nicholas Hagenhaur, FTP, name this piece that was dedicated to the monks of St. Anthony, the most famous work of Matthias Gruenwald.
Output: Fine Arts
This composer included a poem by Holty in a work dedicated to Clelia Gatti-Aldrovandi, his Harp Sonata. This man wrote a symphony that includes a third movement "Colloquy" that involves offstage violin and viola soloists. This composer of Symphonia Serena also wrote a piece whose second movement uses a "Chinese" flute that repeats a melody eight times and is based off of another composer's incidental music to the play Turandot. He may be best known for a symphony that whose movements are based off of the (*) Isenheim Altarpiece. For 10 points, name this 20th century German composer of Symphonic Metamorphosis of Themes by Carl Maria von Weber, who based a symphony off of his opera Mathis der Maler.
Output: Fine Arts
The dioptric form of this is the degree to which an optical system causes light to converge or diverge. This property of a statistical test is the probability the test will not commit a Type II error. The electrical form of this is equal to the integral of the Poynting vector over an area. The volumetric flow rate times pressure gives this in fluid systems. The integral of this quantity yields work, and this word is sometimes used in place of exponent. Name this, the rate at which work is performed or energy converted, with the watt as its SI unit.
Output: Science
It mediates the quantum field of the same name, which has a constant vacuum expectation value of 246 gigaelectronvolts. It is CP-even, but because it is a scalar particle, it has zero spin. Several alternate models, such as top quark condensate theory, have been proposed in which it need not (*) exist, as it is the only particle in the Standard Model that has yet to be observed. FTP, name this hypothetical boson, sometimes called the God particle, thought to be responsible for giving mass to the gauge bosons.
Output: Science
As a trace element, it is essential to human red blood cell development, in that it is required by Vitamin B12. Isolated in 1753 by Georg Brandt, it has since been detected in Egyptian statuettes and glass at the ruins of Pompeii. Its German name was originally applied to ores thought to carry copper, but which were actually arsenic-bearing ores of this metal, perhaps explaining why its German name refers to goblins that live in mines. Most commonly used in magnetic alloys and its eponymous blue pigment, FTP, identify this chemical element with atomic number 27 and symbol Co.
Output: Science
This artist showed a figure in golden armor flying on a hippogriff stabbing a dragon while the titular maiden is chained to a rock in the sea in his painting Roger Freeing Angelica, while a line of alabaster soldiers made from clouds appear above a figure in a red cape sleeping on his harp in his The Dream of Ossian. In one work Shakespeare, Dante, and Racine surround the title character, who has the personification of the Iliad sitting below him, while another work features a reclining nude that is holding a turquoise curtain on the right and possesses an extra vertebra. FTP, name this artist, who painted The Apotheosis of Homer and Grand Odalisque.
Output: Fine Arts
One character in this work repeats, "He could do so much for me if he just would" and says that "everything in the world...is inside a tub of guts." Another character in this novel goes out every night for five months, making his brothers think he's "rutting," but he is actually working for Lon Quick in order to buy a horse. In this novel, one character is raped by (*) Skeet Macgowan while seeking an abortion. It is revealed that the matriarch of the central family had an affair with Reverend Whitfield, who is the real father of Jewel. This novel follows Cash, Darl, Anse, and others as they travel to Jefferson. For 10 points, name this novel about the Bundrens' attempts to bury Addie written by William Faulkner.
Output: Literature
Among this country's possessions are two islands named for saints, San Felix and San Ambrosio, which make up two of the four Desventuradas, or Unfortunate, Islands. This country also owns two islands whose names are inspired by a work of Daniel Defoe, the whole group of which are named after the Spaniard who discovered them and San Felix and San Ambrosio. In addition to the Juan Fernandez Islands, which include Alexander Selkirk and Robinson Crusoe Islands, this country possesses another Pacific Ocean island known for its moai. For 10 points, what is this country that owns Easter Island, with its capital at Santiago
Output: Literature
A recent book discussing this nations Presidential election is You Must Set Forth at Dawn, which discusses the fraud at the heart of the administration of Umar Musa YarAdua. Recent troubles in this country have centered on a group partially led by Ateke Tom, which has been undertaking raids in its Rivers State near Port Harcourt, near a region from which Royal Dutch Shell employees have been kidnapped, the delta of its namesake river. For 10 points, name this oil-rich nation long ruled by Olusegun Obasanjo; a large nation of west central Africa.
Output: History
Drum rolls occur during the entrance of the strings following a brief violin solo near the end of this work, while the main instrument enters for the first time near the beginning, following a theme played by a muted trumpet. This is followed by the first entrance of the whole orchestra, then a cymbal crash, after which the solo instrument has its first extended solo in this work, which opens and ends in B-flat. Orchestrated by Ferde Grofe and written on behalf of Paul Whiteman, it was conceived by its composer on a train ride to Boston. A clarinet glissando over a seventeen-note diatonic scale opens, FTP, which work for solo piano and jazz band written by George Gershwin
Output: Fine Arts
Along with the Gibbs-Kelvin relation, this relation appears as a b over R cubed term in the Kohler equation that relates saturation in cloud condensation nuclei. The first practical application of it was determining molecular weights of compounds through a differential thermometer developed by Ernst Beckmann. This law is applicable over large ranges for ideal systems like toluene/xylene, but otherwise requires the limiting condition of low solute concentrations. Similar to a law stating that the pressure of a gas is proportional to the concentration of a gas, for 10 points, name this law which states that the vapor pressure of a solvent is proportional to the mole fraction of a solute.
Output: Science
were stone benches set up at crossroads for this god, and one of his manifesetations was Miquiztli or "one death. " He seduced the daughter of Uemac while disguised as Toueyo the seller of green peppers and his ixiptla sacrifice involved finding a beautiful young man and giving him eight pages and four wives for twenty days. Those wives included Uixtociuatl as well as the hairy Xilonen or Chicomecoatl and this destroyer of Tollan later kidnapped Xochiquetzal from Tlaloc. His four forms are children of Ometecuhtli and Omechihuatl and include the red and black forms, and this god is usually depicted with black and yellow stripes. Tepelloyotl represents this figure's jaguar aspect, and he often antagonized Quetzalcoatl. For 10 points, name this Aztec god, known for his smoking obsidian mirror.
Output: Social Science
One character in this work first meets the narrator on a bus, and spends fifteen days with him in a tent while he attempts to pick cotton to support them. In addition to Terry, this work contains one character who leaves a note on his door to invite the narrator in through the window, and later takes the narrator to see Duke Ellington at the Metropolitan Opera, one who takes benzedrine tubes with an airgun and goes into the bathroom twice a day to shoot heroin, and one who rubs his belly and drives his Hudson like a maniac. For 10 points, name this work, containing Remi Boncoeur, Old Bull Lee, Carlo Marx, Dean Moriarty, and narrator Sal Paradise, a novel by Jack Kerouac.
Output: Fine Arts
He wrote about "days I have held,/ days I have lost,/ days that outgrow, like daughters,/ my harbouring arms" in Midsummer, while his musical The Capeman, based on the gang member of the same name, was co-written with Paul Simon. In another one of his works, he wrote "I'm just a red nigger who love the sea, / I had a sound colonial education, / I have Dutch, nigger and English in me, / and either I'm nobody, or I'm a nation", a sentiment that exemplifies his literature, including The Schooner Flight, while he is perhaps most known for his epic poem which tells stories of Achille and Hector and their feud over Helen, and of the mad Dennis Plunkett, Helen's former employer, Omeros. For 10 points, name this St. Lucian poet who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1992.
Output: Literature
One figure with this name defeated the rebel George Maniakes, and married his daughter to the son of Yaroslav the Wise. Another figure of this name convened the Sixth Ecumenical Council and condemned monothelitism as heresy before being defeated by the Bulgarian Khan Asparukh at the battle of Ongal. One man by this name ruled the Despotate of Morea before overcoming his brother Demetrios to obtain his most famous title, and that figure died anonymously shortly after the death of Giovanni Giustiniani. The most famous figure of this name executed his son Crispus after defeating Licinius. For 10 points, give this name whose most famous bearer crushed Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge before moving his capital to Byzantium, which he renamed after himself
Output: History
This wars major engagement was the month-long Siege of Lille. It was ended due to the diplomatic intervention of the Triple Alliance that included the defending power as well as England and the Netherlands. This war saw the first major victory for the fortification engineer Sebastien Vauban, and much of this conflict was fought over the Duchy of Brabant. It was sparked when Spain proved unable to pay the dowry of Maria Theresa as required by the Peace of the Pyrenees, and France sought other compensation. For ten points, name this war in which Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands, named for a concept from property law.
Output: History
The alkyl form of these molecules can be treated with triphenylphosphine and ozone to produce nitro compounds, and these compounds can also be reduced to primary amines via the Staudinger ligation. Isocyanates can be produced by treating carbon monoxide with these compounds, and their reactions with alkyl or aryllithium compounds produce primary amines. The Curtius rearrangement pyrolises the acyl variety of these compounds to give isocyanates, and they can be produced by reacting alcohols or olefins with hydrazoic acid. Typically sensitive to shock, the lead forms of these compounds are used in detonators and blasting caps, while the sodium salt is commonly found as an explosive in automobile airbags. FTP, name this functional group which contains three double-bonded nitrogens.
Output: Science
One legend states that he freed the town of Gubbio from an attacking wolf. G.K Chesterton wrote that this man was visited by a six-winged seraph on the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross and received the stigmata. He wrote of his love for Sister Moon and Mother Earth in his Canticle of the Sun. He is credited with creating the first Nativity creche scene, and his mission inspired a noblewoman to begin a group of women followers, the Poor Clares. For 10 points, identify this Roman Catholic patron saint of animals and founder of a namesake group of friars.
Output: Literature
Within a constant it's the Laplacian of the function "one over distance"  and is also the charge density of a point charge. Actually an operator which projects out a function's value at the origin, it's not really a function at all. For ten points, name this mathematical entity, which is zero everywhere except the origin and is designated by a Greek letter.
Output: Science
The definition of this concept was called into question by Edmund Gettier, who attacked the established doctrine that had dated back to Plato's Theaetetus. Externalists argue that it is possible to possess it unawares, while internalists deem it a matter of the correct relation of ideas in the mind. Foundationalists claim that one must have correct basic beliefs to possess it, while coherentists argue that it is a matter of the interlocking of beliefs. FTP, identify this concept which, according to Cartesian skepticism, humans entirely lack.
Output: Social Science
For a solid, it can be determined using the Knudsen method or thermogravimetry. One can use the Kelvin equation to calculate it for a single drop of liquid, and the Goff-Gratch equation is the meteorological standard for calculating it for water. If the value of this quantity is known at one temperature, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation can be used to find its value at any other temperature, and this value can be calculated as the product of its value for a pure solvent and the solvent's mole fraction in Raoult's Law. Adding solute molecules to a solution lowers this quantity but raises the boiling point, which is defined as the temperature at which this quantity equals the external pressure. FTP name this quantity defined as the pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a confined liquid or solid.
Output: Science
This artist created a bronze candle stick for the Palazo della Signoria, while Lucrezia Donati was the subject of his Woman With a Primrose. Other works by this man include a painting that features two children in white kneeling in front of Saint Monica and a bust of Alexander the Great, in ancient armor, that was given as a gift to the King of Hungary. The relative lack of Christian imagery in his work is particularly notable in his porphyry and marble tomb of Piero and Giovanni de Medici at the Church of San Lorenzo, though his only surviving metal work is The Beheading of John the Baptist. Although the Villa Careggi is home to his bronze Putto with a Dolphin, his greatest work was originally placed in the Piazza San Marco in Venice and depicted a noted condotierro on horseback. For 10 points, name this sculptor of the Equestrian Monument of Colleoni, whose painting Baptism of Christ was created with his student, Leonardo da Vinci. 
Output: Fine Arts
Whiskers form on the face of these structures due to the polymerization cause by thousand-gauss magnetic fields, and binary x-ray sources occur when these objects compress accreted material from their companions. Their size can be abruptly changed by starquakes, and their cores contain particles made up of only strange quarks, called hyperons. Their outer layers are about a half mile of iron; in between is a superfluid. Their mass must be below the indeterminate Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, but above the Chandrasekhar limit, and they include soft gamma repeaters, magnetars, and pulsars. For 10 points, name these twelve-mile-wide, very dense stars, composed mostly of chargeless baryons.
Output: Science
Among his scientific works was Treatise on the Astrolabe, written for his ten-year-old son, and one of his earliest works was an elegy for Blanche, the first wife of the Duke of Lancaster: Book of the Duchess. The first recorded use of the word "galaxy" is found in his House of Fame. Most of his works were left unfinished, but one of his completed poems took the plot from (*) Boccaccio's Filostrato and saw rhyme royal used in English for the first time. That poem, Troilus and Criseyde, is often considered to be his best work, although his most famous depicted a storytelling contest between pilgrims travelling to the shrine of Thomas  Becket. FTP name this author of The Canterbury Tales.
Output: Literature
His "Arusha Declaration" proposed a form of African socialism to oppose the personality-driven style of Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana. His own influence over East Africa was no less complete, however: he drove Idi Amin from power in Uganda and merged his own nation with Zanzibar. FTP, who allied with Oscar Kambona to lead Tanganyika to independence in 1961 and was President of Tanzania until 1985
Output: History
This country's Waikato region is home to the Waitomo Glowworm caves while the West Coast region is home to Fox Glacier and Franz Josef Glacier. This country is located on the boundary of two tectonic plates, leading to volcanic activity in the Taupo Volcanic Zone and frequent earthquakes, such as the one that struck Christchurch in February 2011. Most people in this country live on the North and South Islands. A May 2011 tornado cut a three mile wide path through this country's city of Auckland. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Wellington.
Output: Social Science
This political entity was disastrously defeated by the Cimbri and the Teutoni at the Battle of Arausio. It fought against a group of cities including Marsi in a war sometimes called the Marsic, or Social, War. One defeat for this government came at a battle in which Varro was outsmarted by the use of a double envelopment tactic; that was the Battle of Cannae. However, this republic eventually defeated Carthage over the course of the Punic Wars. For 10 points, name this republic that later became an empire under the rule of Augustus.
Output: History
The sun decreases this entity's linking number, called its helicity, in coronal mass ejections. In the presence of this entity, the Lyman alpha transition exhibits ten lines instead of two, and the wave propagation vector is parallel to this entity in Alfven waves. An armature rotates within a stator that generates this phenomenon in a dynamo, and this entity is expelled from a superconductor in the Meissner effect. This quantity is proportional to the integral around a loop of wire of the wire element cross the unit vector to the wire over the distance to the wire squared. For 10 points, give this entity, which exerts a force on a charged particle proportional to velocity's cross product with it.
Output: Science
The presence of this compound in drinking water can be detected using a colorimetric procedure described by Snell and Snell, or through reactions with potassium permanganate, potassium iodide, or ceric sulfate. Sato et al proposed an alternative to traditional adipic acid production using a 30 percent solution of this molecule. This compound may be used to separate titanium from iron, and the second step of the (*) Ruff degradation method uses this compound and an iron salt. Commercial production of this compound typically uses stabilizers such as acetophenetidin and acetanilide, and this molecule is used along with a Lewis acid to produce esters from ketones in the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation. Along with MCPBA, it is often used to create epoxides. In the body, it is broken down by catalase, and generated by superoxide dismutase. For 10 points, name this potent oxidative species often used as a disinfectant, with chemical formula H2O2.
Output: Science
Mormons often engage in this activity on the first Sunday of the month, giving money saved as an offering to the church. Some Hindu women do this to boost the well-being and longevity of their husbands in an act called karwa chauth. Luther concurs with Catholic theology, saying that those taking Communion should do this the previous hour. Rules on this in Judaism ban the brushing of teeth during days where it is practiced due to water usage. For 10 points, name this activity practiced by Jews on Yom Kippur and by Muslims during the days of Ramadan.
Output: Social Science
A former student of this man disappears from a nursing home at the beginning of a novel set near the sinister Great Ohio Desert. That female student of this man passes down his theories to her granddaughter Lenore Beadsman in David Foster Wallace's The Broom of the System. Bruce Duffy fictionalized this man's relationship with two of his older colleagues in the novel The World as I Found It, whose title comes from one of this man's books. A novel named for this man begins with the line "in the beginning, sometimes I left messages in the street," and describes how the narrator drives to the great art museums of the world and burns the frames of paintings to keep warm. That novel named for this man is narrated by Kate, a woman typing a series of mostly one-sentence paragraphs in an East Coast beach house, who believes herself to be the last person on Earth. For 10 points, name this philosopher, who titles a David Markson novel about his "mistress."
Output: Literature
This thinker observed that "every action can only take place in consequence of a sufficient motive" in The Basis of Morality, and also wrote an essay arguing that the title group of people can't take a "purely objective interest in anything", titled "On Women". This philosopher applied "observations of unbiased physical investigators" to the "kernel of [his] Metaphysics" in On the Will in Nature, and described four classes of objects in On the (*) Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. The "Epistemology" volume of his best known work discusses the Kantian "thing-in- itself". For ten points, name this pessimistic German author of The World as Will and Representation.
Output: Social Science