niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
A 2006 paper by Given explored how this biological mechanism related to social policy towards the tobacco industry, while Kathleen Eisenhardt used it to describe how administrative organizations change. Richard Dawkins has argued that the fossil record does not validate this mechanism. One of the co-proposers of it stated that cladogenesis predicted by it would occur in small, isolated populations. Based off of Mayr's theory of allopatric speciation, it was first proposed in a 1972 paper by Nils Eldredge and Steven Jay Gould. For 10 points, name this theory of evolution which states that relatively long periods of evolutionary stability occur between relatively short periods of rapid change.
Output: Social Science
This conflict began when the eldest daughter of Emperor Charles VI attempted to take the throne but was opposed because of Salic law. The later stages of this European counterpart to King Georges War saw several victories by the Prussians including the battles of Hohenfriedberg and Kesselsdorf and it ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1748. FTP name this conflict that began when Maria Theresa attempted to take the Habsburg throne in keeping with the Pragmatic Sanction.
Output: History
The Idler and The Rambler were two periodicals written by this man, and he popularized the term "Metaphysical Poets" in his series of biographies Lives of the Poets. The title prince travels with his mentor Imlac out of Happy Valley in search of true happiness in this author's prose work, Rasselas, while his greatest accomplishment was an epic of over 115,000 entries, the standard of its type until the creation of the Oxford English version. Author of an 18th-century Dictionary of the English Language, FTP name this British writer whose own biography was written by his one-time companion James Boswell.
Output: Literature
The Boltzmann-Matano method gives coefficients for this process, whose Knudsen type occurs at low pressure. On surfaces, it can occur in reptation and leapfrog modes, while it names an approximation used in reconstruction of optical tomograms. The Bohm type occurs in plasmas, and its constant is related to the ratio of terminal drift velocity to an applied force in the Einstein relation. Multiplying that same constant by 4 and time gives the square of the length associated with this process, whose flux is inversely related to separation in Fick's Laws. For 10 points, name this process also described by Graham's law, the movement of a particle down a concentration gradient
Output: Science
The equation that balances a pressure difference against this force times twice the mean curvature is given by Young and Laplace. Mass transport due to differentials in this force is named for Marangoni. Molecules with nonpolar and polar ends, which often may be used as (*) detergents or emulsifiers, act to decrease it; they are called surfactants. This force, which causes capillary action, arises in its namesake location because cohesive forces are exerted from only one direction, unlike in the bulk fluid. For 10 points, name this force present at the surface of a liquid.
Output: Social Science
In the preface to this play, the author describes its characters as "conglomerates of past and present cultural phases" and lists among them a bell, a pair of boots, a pet greenfinch and a straight razor. Humans in this one-act, 80-minute drama include a cook named Kristin, and Jean, a footman who is seduced by the title character, and compels her to commit suicide. FTP, name this 1888 play by August Strindberg.
Output: Literature
In prokaryotes, the Shine-Dalgarno Sequence is necessary for them to assume their proper orientation. Also in prokaryotes, as part of the stringent response they produce (p)ppGpp, a set of two phosphorylated derivatives of GDP and GTP to counter amino-acid starvation. They have three subsites, A,P, and E and consist of two subunits, the smaller of which is the first to bind to the mRNA. For ten points, what is this cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis and sometimes found fixed to endoplasmic reticulum
Output: Science
Tarui's disease is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme required for this process. Fluoride and iodoacetate inhibit it. The TIM barrel protein motif was named for an enzyme in this pathway. Warburg discovered that cancer cells exclusively make use of this pathway. This process' rate-limiting step is activated by AMP, is inhibited by ATP, and is catalyzed by (*) phosphofructokinase. Gluconeogenesis is roughly the reverse of this process. It is divided into an energy investment and an energy payoff period. In this pathway's first reaction, hexokinase phosphorylates glucose. For 10 points, name this process which occurs in the cytoplasm and forms pyruvate as the first step in cellular respiration.
Output: Science
Photolysis or pyrolysis in which a bond is broken without forming ions can produce these by-products of normal metabolism, which play a valuable role in fighting infection. Dr. Denham Harman, a professor emeritus at the University of Nebraska, is considered the father of a theory of aging in which they are key. Their namesake reactions involve covalent single bond changes in which one electron comes from each reactant. FTP, name these molecules with at least one unpaired valence electron, and thus an electrical charge, which can damage cell membranes and cause DNA mutations.
Output: Science
According to the Tale of the Two Brothers, this god produced a stream in order to protect Bata. This god was worshipped in the form of the all-black oracular Mnevis bull. His saliva was mixed with some dust and formed into a snake, which poisoned and immobilized him, allowing a goddess to interrogate him and learn his true name. The deifications of perception and command, Sia and Hu, were said to accompany this god during his time on the Mesektet and the (*) Mandjet. In another story, he mixed beer with ocher or hematite to pacify Sekhmet. During his travels through Duat, he fought the evil serpent Apep. He, or a god with whom he was syncretized, created Shu and Tefnut by masturbating, and he was worshipped at Heliopolis. For 10 points, identify this god with whom Atum and Amun were regularly syncretized, the Egyptian god of the sun.
Output: Social Science
One depiction of this man sees him looking up at a man in a red coat while a man in green points towards him. John Trumbull painted him "resigning his commission" and "apotheosis" of him can be found in the dome of the Capitol Rotunda. In addition to being depicted in Grant Wood's Parson Weem's Fable, this man was also painted in the "Lansdowne" and "Athenaeum" portraits, the latter of which can be found on a certain piece of (*) currency. For 10 points, name this man who was also depicted by Emmanuel Leutze "crossing the Delaware."
Output: Fine Arts
The gift of an elephant prompted Leo X to issue Praecelsae devotionis, which partially abrogated it in favor of an earlier papal declaration, Nicholas V's Romanus pontifex. An abortive conference was held on a bridge between the cities of Elvas and Badajoz to amend this document, which was based, in part on the earlier papal bull Inter Caetera. This document was extended by the Treaty of Zaragoza, which was prompted by the need to establish an eastern equivalent to this agreement. A distance of three-hundred seventy leagues west of Fogo, one of the Cape Verde Islands was established for a line of demarcation between the competing claims of two colonial powers. For 10 points, name this 1494 treaty which divided the New World between Portugal and Spain.
Output: History
It holds only when the molecular attraction between different components is equal to the attraction of any one component in its pure state. Dealing primarily with changes in colligative properties, it allows for the calculation of molecular weights of dissolved substances and leads to the definition of a solution as ideal. FTP, identify this law that relates the vapor pressure and mole fraction of a solution, a law named for its French discoverer.
Output: Science
Some buildings that this architect designed using interconnected textile blocks include his Freeman House, La Miniatura, and Ennis House. This architect designed the Wingspread for the same client for whom he produced the no-walled Great Workroom, the interior of the Johnson Wax Headquarters. Roman brick and Bedford limestone were used in this architects Robie House, which exemplifies his Prairie style of architecture. This architect of the Tokyo Imperial Hotel is best known for a cantilevered structure for Edgar Kaufmann in southwestern Pennysylvania. For 10 points, name this American architect who designed Fallingwater.
Output: Fine Arts
He initially published his first novel under the title Darkness and Light, though it is more commonly known as Mr. Cevdet and His Sons. He wrote about three siblings spending time with their dying grandmother from five different points of view in The Silent House, and first received international acclaim for writing about an Italian scholar and a Hoja attempting to prove the superiority of their culture. In addition to The White Castle, he wrote about the murder of Master Effendi in his novel about miniaturists during the reign of Murad III in My Name is Red, and about the trip to Kars by the poet Ka in his novel Snow. FTP, identify this Turkish author whose denouncements of the Armenian genocide helped him win the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Output: Literature
This man wrote a woodwind octet on the death of his mother and some Shakespearean songs including Who is Sylvia. His classically themed opera Adrast was set aside and left fragmented, as was the three-act opera based on a Sanskrit tale, Sacontala. Six of his dances, catalogue number 820, were lost for a century until orchestrated by Anton Webern. After the failure of the operas The Devils Palace of Desire and The Friends of Salamanca, this musician produced six of his twenty-one piano sonatas while staying with Schober in 1817. Like the rest of his works, this composers German Dances are in the Deutsch catalog. FTP, name this composer of hundreds of lieder, the German Requiem and nine symphonies including the Great and Unfinished.
Output: Fine Arts
It reached its summit in its victories over Waldemar IV of Denmark, gaining in the Treaty of Stralsund a virtual monopoly in Scandinavia, but its hegemony was curbed by a Dutch defeat in 1441. The last diet was held in 1669, but this group never formally dissolved. Originating in a treaty between Lbeck and Hamburg in 1241, its goal was to obtain mutual security and exclusive trading rights for its members. FTP, identify this medieval German mercantile league.
Output: History
Molecular orbital theory explains how the naturally occurring form of this element contains a double bond and is paramagnetic. This element was named dephlogisticated air when it was discovered by Joseph Priestley. An ether contains an atom of this element bonded to two alkyl groups. This element has the second highest electronegativity behind fluorine and reacts with a hydrocarbon in a typical combustion reaction. For 10 points, name this element, three of which are bonded to nitrogen in a nitrate ion.
Output: Science
This man examined the connection between tradition and ego formation in the essay collection Insight and Responsibility. He described the development from "vow to vocation" of a man he labeled "Homo Religiousus" in one work, and of another man's struggle to break with religious tradition in another work of psychoanalytic theory. In addition to writing Gandhi's Truth and Young Man Luther, this man coined the term "identity crisis" and outlined a series of conflicts including generativity vs. stagnation and industry vs. inferiority. For 10 points identify this author of Childhood and Society, the creator of an eight stage scale of personality development.
Output: Social Science
Nikolai Ges version depicts the main figure reclining on a bed and features strong chiaroscuro. Andrea del Castagnos canvas is framed by sphinxes and features an odd perspective, while Michael Rothensteins painting is dominated by the color blue, and has everyone dressed in contemporary clothing. In Emil Noldes version many of the figures wear red and hold one another. Other notable takes on this event include a work by Perugino set outdoors, possibly on Gethsemane, and one including servants and utensils by Dieric Bouts. For ten points, identify this oft-depicted Biblical scene, most associated with Leonardo da Vinci: Christs final meal
Output: Fine Arts
The French army reached a point about 2 1/2 miles from Alessandria. Rather than wait to be attacked, General Michael von Melas lashed out at the French army. Taking the French by surprise, the attacking army inflicted heavy casualties and forced a hasty retreat. Von Melas then turned command over to a subordinate and retired to Alessandria. However, the slow pursuit allowed the French to regroup and they counterattacked with ferocity and routed the attacking army. FTP, name this 1800 battle between the forces of Napoleon and the Austrians.
Output: History
It was only performed twice in its creators lifetime: once by the Societe de la Trompette and as a private performance for the composers close friend Franz Liszt. It references Berliozs Dance of the Sylphs in its allegro pomposo fifth movement, while its fourth movement parodies the galop infernal from Offenbachs Orpheus in the Underworld, also known as the Can-Can. The only movement published before the composers death was the 13th, entitled Le Cygne. For 10 points, Tortoises, Kangaroos, and Wild Asses are also movements from what set of orchestral character pieces by Camille Saint-Saens.
Output: Fine Arts
This battle led to a treaty that was signed in the palace of Bratislava, the Peace of Pressburg. The turning point of this battle came when the attackers captured the Pratzen Heights. This battle led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. For 10 points, name this December 1805 battle in which Napoleon divided his army against a larger force and still beat the combined forces of Russia and Austria.
Output: History
This man's doctorate work examined The Family Among the Australian Aborigines, the success of which granted him the chance to study The Natives of Mailu. His second wife, Valetta Swann, aided his later studies in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico, and was primarily responsible for the publication of his posthumous A Scientific Theory of Culture. His most famous work features chapters on "The Power of Words in Magic" and "Canoes and Sailing," but it is mostly concerned with the Kula exchange of the Trobriand Islanders. Also the author of the Introduction to Facing Mount Kenya, FTP name this functionalist anthropologist most famous for Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
Output: Social Science
His fantasia on Weber's Euryanthe is lost, though his fantasias on Ernani and Norma are extant. His only opera of his own was Don Sanche, although he composed a number of melodramas including Lenore and Love of the Dead Poet. Sacred choral music like Christus and St. Elizabeth was well-received, as were his secular cantatas Titan and The Four Elements, but he is better known for his piano music. His piano compositions for four hands include Les Preludes, but better known are his Transcendental Etudes and a set of 19 compositions on his home country, the 15th of which is the "Rakoczy March. " FTP name this piano virtuoso, composer of Liebestraume, the Faust Symphony, and the Hungarian Rhapsodies.
Output: Fine Arts
The plan for this clash was doomed after forces for one side were crushed about a month before at La Roche-aux-Moines, which prevented their stirring up expected local revolts. In the aftermath of this battle, one of the defeated commanders was promptly restricted to his original domain of Brunswick. The aggressors counted on the support of the rebellious Ferrand of Portugal and Renaud of Dammartin, both of whom were captured in the wake of this battle, which contributed to the appointment of Frederick II as Otto IV was crushed and narrowly escaped with his freedom. The winning side was able to assert its claim to large chunks of Norman and Angevin. A decisive victory by the French over the Flemish and Germans, for 10 points, identify this July, 1214 battle which allowed Philip II Augustus to assert control over France and led in part to King Johns granting the Magna Carta.
Output: History
In one painting by this artist, a backwards-facing female statue stands in a grove of trees while the title figure, who has roses on his shoes, sits on a bench strumming a guitar. A formerly lost painting by this artist of Mezzetin depicts yet another guitar-strummer sitting next to a passionately kissing couple. Another painting by this artist of The Surprise depicts a gathering of people admiring pieces of artwork on the right, and two people packing up paintings on the left, including one of Louis XIV. In one of this artist's most famous works, a large collection of couples makes their way to the golden boat surrounded by cherubs which is going to the title island. For 10 points, name this French Rococo artist of Gersaint's Shop Sign, and The Embarkation for Cythera.
Output: Fine Arts
The narrator of the story "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" tells how he left this character at home when he went to the fair at Port Washington. In a different work, this character leaves three women from Seattle in the Lavender Room, eventually returning to his room and finding the prostitute Sunny. After a talk with Carl Luce, he tries to call Sally Hayes but eventually just walks home, breaking the "Little Shirley Beans" record on the way. He sleeps in Grand Central Station after leaving Mr. Antolini's home, after which he takes his sister to the zoo and watches Phoebe reach for the golden ring on the carousel. FTP, name this protagonist of J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.
Output: Literature
This poem notes how "first music ventured to penetrate arid rigidity" following the death of Linos and earlier asks "Have you remembered Gastara Stampa sufficiently yet" One section of this work introduces the image of a fig-tree, noting that "there has been meaning for me in the way you almost wholly omit to flower. " This poem names constellations like the rider, the staff, the cradle, the burning book, and the doll before mentioning "a clearly shining M, that stands for the Mothers. " In a work subtitled "Reflections on the Problems of Translation," William Gass reviews seven versions of this poem before offering his own translation. This poem notes "Every angel is a terror," and the first of this poem's ten sections begins "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the Angelic Orders For 10 points name this long poem inspired by a visit to a castle by Rainer Maria Rilke.
Output: Literature
This novel recalls an incident in which a clerk known as The Tiger for his soccer prowess became involved in a gunfight over the pock-marked girl Joana, in the chapter "Of the Law of Concubines. " When asked how to entice one character in this novel, Professor Josu says to write a ballad instead of a sonnet, and this novel is in fact prefaced with a poem in rondeau form that praises "His beard a sheet of dreams, the Imperial beard. " Hanging over the entire timespan of this novel is the shooting of the doctor Osmundo Pimentel and the doctor's lover by the woman's husband, who is imprisoned only at the end of the work after the regime of Ramiro Bastos and the other colonels is brought low by Mundinho Falco. Against the political backdrop, this novel discusses the title character's many affairs in the cacao-growing town of Ilhus, where that character works at the Vesuvius Bar run by Syrian-born Nacib Saad. For 10 points, name this book in which Nacib is enticed by the titular smell and skin color of the titular woman, written by Jorge Amado.
Output: Literature
This man showed that Lie groups could be approximated by finite groups and independently proved the central limit theorem using the Gaussian error function. His namesake degree is the level of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers, and this man posited that there is no way to determine whether a given program-input combination will terminate, thus showing the halting problem is undecidable. Computable functions can be computed by constructs like the busy beaver in a certain thesis named for Church and this man. For 10 points, name this British computer scientist, the namesake of a test of computer intelligence and a set of machines on which that test can be applied.
Output: History
of this man's theories was inspired by the work of Dollard and Miller, and proposed that attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation were the four steps involved in learning. Later work by him focused on the importance of "self-efficacy" in therapy. An experiment conducted by this man included a model who assembled tinker toys as a part of its design, and initially included subjects playing with potato prints. That experiments shows that subjects were more likely to violently attack a namesake object when shown films of adults performing the same action. For 10 points, identify this psychologist best known for his work in the social learning theory as well as his Bobo Doll experiment.
Output: Social Science
The highest point in this nation is Phou Bia, just south of the Plain of Jars on the Plateau de Xiangkhoang. Its eastern border is formed by the Annamese Cordillera, which run until meeting the Boloven Plateau in the south. These highlands are the source of many rivers, including the Ou, Kadong, Wa, Kong, and Banghiang, and flow past cities such as Muang Huang, Saravan, Phongsali, and Pakxe into the Mekong, which forms the western boundary with Myanmar and Thailand. FTP, name this landlocked southeast Asian nation with a capital of Vientiane.
Output: Social Science
This man's last work was a lecture series that included a discussion of "Galileo's Mathematization of Nature," and was later collected as The Crisis of European Sciences. Gottlob Frege notably criticized this thinker's psychological treatment of mathematics in his first published work entitled Philosophy of Arithmetic, and after studying under Thomas Masaryck, this man began to extend the ideas of Franz Brentano, a move which led to his development of the technique of epoche, or bracketing. A critique of psychologism in philosophy is contained in this man's "Prolegomena to Pure Logic," which forms the first volume of his most famous work, the volumes of which address topics such as intentionality and cognition. For ten points, identify this founder of phenomenology and author of Cartesian Meditations and Logical Investigations. 
Output: Social Science
This man argued that archiecture has historically been dominated by the influence of "regulating lines." The Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard is one of this man's two buildings in the Americas. He connected one of his buildings with the wings of a dove and included irregularly spaced rectangular openings within its two-feet thick walls. This man based his designs on the Modulor system, based on the figure of a human male. This city planner of Chandigarh, India used columns called pilotis to raise many of his buildings above the ground. For 10 points, name this Swiss-French architect who designed Notre Dame du Haut and the Villa Savoye.
Output: Fine Arts
Two major types of these can be converted between by the so-called "subset method. " The trajectories of some of these are governed by the Cohen-Kung theorem; these include Langdon's Ant. Formally type-0 mininal automata, these exhaust the space of computable algorithms according to a thesis due to Church and their namesake. They were originally used to demonstrate the undecidability of the Halting Problem and consist of an action table, register, read/write head, and infinite tape. FTP, name these theoretical computing constructs; ideal computers named for a pioneering British computer scientist.
Output: Science
This artist depicted his wife sitting in a car and painting a mountain in his painting Jo in Wyoming. His \nTwo Comedians shows the title figures clad in white holding hands on a stage. He depicted a pensive, blond\n woman in a blue uniform leaning against the wall of a theater in one of his works, and painted a row of\n businesses, including a barber's shop, in another. In addition to his New York Movie and Early Sunday\n Morning, this artist painted a pair of women having lunch with parts of the title sign visible through the\n window in Chop Suey. For 10 points, name this American painter, best known for depicting a group of\n nocturnal diner patrons in Nighthawks.
Output: Fine Arts
Optical properties of this mineral include a change from biaxial positive to negative when its most common cation makes up 85% of its total cationic sum, and Poldervaart provided the most popular diagram for estimation of this mineral's composition based on birefringence and 2V, though optical geochemistry estimations often fail due to its compositional zonation. Conchoidal fracturing provides a route for its alteration to iddingsite, and its alpha form changes to wadsleyite and ringwoodite with increasing pressure, leading to use of its structure as a depth indicator for kimberlites. Substitution of manganese in its M1 site produces the rare variety tephroite. Mafic rocks such as gabbro or basalt contain it in abundance, since it is at the beginning of the discontinuous branch of Bowen's Reaction Series. FTP, name this nesosilicate whose end members include fayalite and forsterite, the most abundant mineral of the upper mantle, named for its particular shade of green.
Output: Science
While Labdacus was still an infant, this city was ruled by the regent, Nycteus. During Labdacus' reign, this city lost a boundary war against a city then ruled by Pandion. One female figure from this city fled to the court of King Epopeus of Sicyon after being raped by Zeus, while another was transformed by Hera into the goddess Leucothea. That woman, Ino, tried to have her husband, Athamas, kill her stepchildren, Phrixus and Helle. During the Trojan War, this city's forces were led by Thersander, who along with Sthneleus and Diomedes was one of the Epigoni. The Epigoni were the descendant of a group of men including Amphiarus, Hippomedon and Parthenopaeus, who had attacked this city while it was ruled by Eteocles. For ten points, name this Boeotian city founded by Cadmus, that was attacked by seven dudes and was ruled by Oedipus.
Output: Social Science
artist from this movement produced a set of painted reliefs called the Sculpto-Peintures. In addition to Alexander Archipenko, another proponent of this movement painted The Chessboard in addition to pioneering the use of papier-colle in its "synthetic" style. This movement was led by a man who created collages such as Musical Forms and by another figure whose portrait was executed by Juan Gris, and who included African masks in a painting depicting prostitutes from a namesake street in Barcelona For 10 points, identify this art movement whose participants sought to depict forms using basic geometric shapes, and whose most notable proponents were Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.
Output: Fine Arts
These particles are invariant under transformation of center vortices. Collisions of these particles result in excess strangeness at energies above 160 mega-electronvolts. These particles form a hypothetical composite whose ground state has a total angular momentum of three. Two of these particles fuse into a top loop in the dominant production mechanism of the Higgs boson observed at the LHC. Experiments at PETRA determined the spin of these particles via measurement of the Ellis-Karliner angle during three-jet events. These particles belong to the adjoint representation of SU(3) ["S-U-3"]. These particles generate a tensor field whose components are linear combinations of Gell-Mann matrices. Vacuum polarization of the virtual counterparts of these particles creates an anti-screening effect that gives rise to asymptotic freedom. These particles are responsible for the color confinement of quarks. For 10 points, name this group of eight gauge bosons that act as carriers of the strong force.
Output: Science
One section of the Sritattvanidhi details the thirty-two different iconographic representations of this deity, while the Mudgala Purana describes his eight incarnations. The primary festival dedicated to this deity sees devotees immerse clay representations of him in the nearest body of water. One story claims that he ate most of a city on Mount Kailash, while another story claims that he once suffered from Shani's evil eye. He once ran in a circle around his parents in order to win a race against his brother Skanda. His mount is a rat or a mouse, and he is often worshipped as the remover of obstacles. The most famous story about this god details how his attempt to stop his father from seeing his mother in the bath, resulting in his decapitation. For 10 points, identify this son of Parvati and Shiva, known for his one-tusked elephant head.
Output: Social Science
Though he completed etchings including Abduction of Proserpina on a Unicorn and Agony in the Garden during his period of maturity, he was better known for a form he learned while serving as an apprentice under Michael Wolgemut. Among his work in that form is a 1515 work derived from written description and brief sketch of a rhinoceros, and a depiction of an angel in sad thought with a magic square in the background, Melancholia I. For ten points, name this artist, famous for woodcuts like Knight, Death, and the Devil, and Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.
Output: Fine Arts
One of his early works commented on Burke's text about our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, and he contrasted laughing and sentimental comedy in his Essay on Theatre. He wrote of the "long-remembered beggar" residing in the "sheltered cot" of Auburn in one of his poems. He wrote of Sophia, who marries Mr. Burchell in a work about the misfortunes of Dr. Primrose. In another work of this author of "The Deserted Village," George Hastings encounters Tony Lumpkin at the Three Pidgeons pub, and Kate Hardcastle is mistaken for a maid and marries Young Marlow. For 10 points, name this author of The Vicar of Wakefield and She Stoops to Conquer.
Output: Literature
In one scene in this novel, the main character remembers watching a drunken mob beat his horse to death as a young boy. The testimony of Lebezyatnikov helps free Marmeladov's daughter of theft charges in this novel, which also features the eventual marriage of Dunya to the central character's friend Razumikhin. The prostitute Sonya helps the protagonist of this novel, who spends most of it avoiding Porfiry Petrovich after having killed the pawnbroker Alyona with an ax. For 10 points, name this novel following Raskolnikov, by Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Output: Literature
Important men in this conflict included John Oldham and John Endecott. The decisive action in this conflict was undertaken by John Mason when he burned an enclosure of women and children in the Mystic Massacre. Fought by Massachusetts against members of the namesake Native American tribe and ended by a treaty signed in Hartford, for 10 points, name this war fought in the 1630s.
Output: History
During this war, the Meteor gunboat was engaged in a prearranged, indecisive duel outside Havana Harbor. One new national holiday celebrating a battle in this war was set for 2 September. The losing side's army was forced westwards in the Battles of Spicheren and Worth, but were prevented from going further by the Battle of Mars-la-Tour, which was lost by Marshal (*) Bazaine, who also lost the subsequent Battle of Gravelotte, which trapped him in Metz. The withdrawal of a Roman garrison by the losing side in this war let Italy complete the Risorgimento. In this war, Leon Gambetta escaped his capital in a hot air balloon to organize resistance. A government change occurred in this war after the defeat at Sedan. For 10 points, name this 1870-1871  war that resulted in the formation of the Second German Empire, which took Alsace-Lorraine from its defeated opponent.
Output: History
Along with the state to its north, this state contains the Front Range Urban Corridor. The highest incorporated town in America, Leadville, is also found here. It is home to Mount Elbert and the Western Slope, which is the location of (*) Telluride, Vail, Aspen, and other ski resorts. This state, which forms the northeastern part of the Four Corners, contains Pike's Peak and cities such as Pueblo and Boulder. For 10 points, name this state whose capital is Denver.
Output: Social Science
According to this poem when you "Come to the window" to smell the sweet night air, "Listen! you hear the grating roar" of pebbles that "bring the eternal note of sadness in. "  "Sophocles long ago" heard what the speaker hears, and thought similar thoughts. The view is also like "The Sea of Faith," which now also ebbs. FTP, name this poem in which the speaker finds neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain;" but only "ignorant armies clash[ing] by night," a poem by Matthew Arnold
Output: Literature
One poem by this author exhorts its readers to ""Have done with childish days- the lightly proffered laurel, the easy, ungrudged praise. "" Another poem describes the things that the subject must learn to ""be a man, my son,"" and begins most lines with the same conjunction. In a third poem, published in Barrack-Room Ballads, the narrator exclaims, ""You're a (*) better man than I am, Gunga Din! "" For 10 points, name this author of poems celebrating British expansionism, such as ""The White Man's Burden. ""
Output: Literature
The category of these objects has the property that every morphism is a monomorphism. The spectrum of one of these objects contains one point, and the p-adic numbers for a given p form one of these. These objects necessarily have zero Krull dimension. Those with a finite number of elements have order equal to a power of a prime. Their extensions have a one-to-one correspondence with their intermediates according to the fundamental theorem of Galois theory. A division algebra is one of these without multiplicative commutativity, and can be defined as a ring with multiplicative identity, inverse, and commutativity. For 10 points, name these algebriac structures that include the rationals and reals.
Output: Science
This man published a 1629 translation of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War into English. This man's works De Corpore, De Homine, and De Cive were to be part of this man's Elements of Philosophy. He described the causes of civil war in his book Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament. In another of his works, he described fear of violence as the reason for creating a state and described the natural state of men's lives as (*) ""nasty, brutish, and short. "" For 10 points, name this British philosopher who wrote Leviathan.
Output: Social Science
This event sees the non proteolytic dissociation of a majority of cohesins from chromosomes by Polo-like kinase in Xenopus. Plant cells sometimes also need a phragmosome to split large vacuoles during it, and this stage sees the use of Gamma Tubulin to drive the centrosomes apart. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear during this stage, which also sees the connection of two sister chromatids at a centromere. The chromatin material condenses into chromosomes in, for 10 points, which first stage of mitosis, which is followed by metaphase
Output: Science
As the weak charge is not invariant under a reflection unless particles are replaced by their antiparticles as well, the fundamental laws of physics may well have this property. It can arise in spiranes and allenes due to their cumulated bonds and restricted rotation. Many familiar objects, such as the S and Z tetronimoes in Tetris, possess this property, with a pair being enantiomorphic. FTP, name this property that states that a molecule is not superimposible over its mirror image.
Output: Science
This man's only fully extant work for four strings is his Chacony in G minor, and many of his songs were collected posthumously in the publication Harmonia Sacra. His brother Daniel completed his opera The Indian Queen, which adapted music from his ode Come Ye Sons of Art, written for Queen Mary's birthday. A rondeau from his incidental music to (*) Abdelazar served as the basis for Benjamin Britten's Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra. This pupil of John Blow used a libretto by Nahum Tate for his most famous opera, which contains the aria "Ah, Belinda" and the lament "When I am Laid in Earth" and was inspired by Virgil. For 10 points, name this English Baroque composer of Dido and Aeneas.
Output: Fine Arts
This god was represented as a vigorous, red-haired youth, and was armed with iron gloves, a belt of strength, and a magical hammer that returned to him. Associated with marriage, the hearth, and agriculture, according to tradition, he failed to smash the skull of Jormungand and the 2 are destined to kill each other in the Ragnarok. FTP name this Norse god of thunder, might, and war.
Output: Social Science
He began the tradition of the Delian League, a sort of Greek mafia, by demanding tribute of the Argives in return for protection. Playing a major role in Herodotus' Histories, he flaunted conventional strategy by informing the Persians of the Greek fleet's position, thus bringing the cumbersome Persian navy into an area where only Greek ships could maneuver. FTP name this Greek general who engineered the defeat of Xerxes at Salamis.
Output: History
He's not Leonardo, but he was quite a Renaissance man, proposing flying machines and motorized ships. Following Alexander of Hales, whom he heard lecture in Paris, he wanted to expand university courses to include natural science. He proposed the compilation of an encyclopedia, produced under papal direction, and he ended up writing part of another by himself. The first European to describe gunpowder, For 10 points-name this English friar, philosopher and alchemist of the 13th century.
Output: Social Science
LDA is used to transform propargyl diol into one of these compounds in the Whiting reaction. A  useful one of these compounds is synthesized using zinc chloride to combine trimethylsilyl chloride  with methoxybutenone. The namesake value of these compounds is expressed as the mass of iodine  equivalent to the amount of (*) maleic anhydride reacting with a unit mass of one of these. The  cumulated type of these compounds are less stable than other types. Electrophilic addition can result in  both 1,2 and 1,4 additions in the conjugated type of these molecules. That type also undergoes a type of  reaction that follows the endo addition rule and forms cyclohexenes, the Diels-Alder reaction. For 10  points, name these hydrocarbons that contain two carbon-carbon double bonds.
Output: Science
In a poem written by Horace Smith in response to this poem, Smith wonders ""What powerful but unrecorded race / Once dwelt in that annihilated place. "" This poem's narrator recalls how he met ""a traveler from an antique land,"" and how that traveler told him about a ""wrinkled lip"" and a ""sneer of cold command"" that are captured in the emotions conveyed by the statue of the titular figure. This poem describes a statue whose pedestal states ""Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! "" For 10 points, name this poem inspired by a sculpture of an Egyptian pharaoh, written by Percy Shelley.
Output: Literature
One song by this musician begins with him alternating between the notes G and C and was first composed for an album named after his "trio." Another song by this musician of "Bemsha Swing" begins with alternating C sharp and D seventh chords and was composed with Kenny Clarke; that song was "Epistrophy." Trumpeter Clark Terry and saxophonist (*) Sonny Rollins were among the several performers who joined this man on the album Brilliant Corners. This performer frequently used dissonance and often played with a percussive banging on the keys of his instrument. For 10 points, identify this jazz pianist who composed "Round Midnight" and "Straight, No Chaser."
Output: Fine Arts
A little-read second part of this work contains such sections as the sixteenth, on The Need for Metaphysics; for forty-forth, on The Metaphysics of Sexual Love; and the thirtieth, on The Pure Subject of Knowing, which holds that that pure subject is one of the titular concepts. This work opens by drawing a parallel between that same titular concept, the root of causality and unique object of experience, and the Ding an sich of Kant, which this books author claims is not only knowable, but is all that is known. More famous is the authors claim in the second-half books that salvation can only come through subversion of the individual spirit, especially by the power of art, especially music; a doctrine known as the authors Pessimism. For ten points, name this magnum opus of Arthur Schopenhauer.
Output: Social Science
This element combines with nitrogen to form cyanides, and it combines with iron to make steel. Sixty atoms of this make a molecule of buckminsterfullerene (BUCK-min-ster-FULL-er-een), and another allotrope, mistakenly referred to as lead and used in pencils, is graphite. It exists in all organic molecules. A molecule made of this element and two oxygen atoms is used by plants in photosynthesis. For 10 points, name this element whose atomic symbol is C.
Output: Science
In one of this man's novels, the owner of the After the Show Retreat is married to the radical politician Yuken Noguchi. Another novel sets the Daphnis and Chloe story on Uta-Jima and stars the lovers Hatsue and Shinji. In addition to After the Banquet and The Sound of Waves, this author wrote a novel in which Fusako falls in love with Ryuji, the titular Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea. More famously, he wrote a series of novels about Honda and Kiyaoki's births and rebirths, as well as a novel about Mizoguchi, a young monk who sets fire to the titular building. For 10 points, identify this author of The Sea of Fertility tetralogy and The Temple of the Golden Pavilion.
Output: Literature
Herzog et al. showed that this protein is activated by ATM kinase, and a different study showed it also activated by ATR kinase. Along with its regulator, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, this protein is controlled by the Wip1 gatekeeper. When the pathway named for this protein is damaged, the retinoblastoma pathway is often damaged as well. Inheritance problems in this gene, along with CHEK2, can lead to Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. When it binds with DNA, it generates a similarly named entity that inhibits cdk2. In humans, it is suppressed by HDM2, a homolog of mdm2. Its production can be stimulated by bombarding DNA with gamma or x-rays, requiring repair, and as a last resort, it induces apoptosis. For 10 points, name this tumor suppressing protein often mutated in cancer sufferers, "the guardian of the genome.
Output: Science
This man and his family are depicted as Roman gods in a Jean Nocret painting. Moliere and this man are shown dining at court in a Jean-Leon Gerome painting. Jean-Baptiste Colbert's admonitions not to show his hairline went unheeded by the artist of a sculptural bust of this man, whose court painter was Charles Le Brun. This subject of portraits by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Hyacinth Rigaud was famously depicted in poncey stocking and draped in fleur de lis embroidered robes. FTP, name this French monarch nicknamed the Sun King.
Output: Fine Arts
A lone figure stands on a gold and black pentagon in this artist's Dog, while three birds hunch on a branch in Owls. He depicted a nurse from Battleship Potemkin, and figures on a rail dominate his "study after Muybridge. " He painted a triptych showing himself flanked by George Dyer and Lucian Freud and created a Sphinx Portrait of Muriel Belcher. Bizarre red arrows often dot landscapes by this painter, who showed something vaguely purple in a red bowl in Lying Figure with (*) Hypodermic Syringe. Mutilated figures against a red background comprise his Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion, while his best-known work was inspired by a portrait by Diego Velazquez. FTP, identify this painter who liked painting slabs of meat and allegedly depicted Innocent X in his Screaming Pope series, the descendant of an English philosopher.
Output: Fine Arts
A woman in this novel wears her hair in the shape of a helmet and continues to stand on the shore despite rifle shots. A painting of a blindfolded woman holding a torch factors into this novel, in which a "universal genius" pens a report on the suppression of local customs which ends with the post-script "Exterminate all the brutes!" A hut surrounded by staked rebel heads in this novel is home to an ivory trader whose final words were not his fiancee's name, but rather "The horror! The horror!" For 10 points, name this novel in which Kurtz is visited by Marlow on a trip up a river into the Congo jungle, by Joseph Conrad.
Output: Literature
This value appears in both terms of the definition of the Lagrange invariant. Whether this value is in the numerator or the denominator of the expression for momentum is the focus of the Abraham-Minkowski controversy. The square of this value minus one all over the square of this value plus two is equal to four pi over three times number of molecules per unit volume times polarizability. The square of this value is equal to one plus a series of terms with B times lambda squared over lambda squared minus C according to the (*) Sellmeier equation. The difference between its ordinary and extraordinary versions gives birefringence. This value is on both sides of a law which relates the angle of incidence to another angle; that law is named for Snell. For 10  points, name this value symbolized n that is used to measure how much light bends when it moves between media.
Output: Science
In his many letters to his lifelong friend, Willibald Pirckheimer, he stressed geometry and measurement as the keys to understanding art and he turned notes and drawings into his best-known treatise, the Four Books on Human Proportions. After meeting Bellini in Venice he obtained a commission for the Madonna of the Rose Garlands. Back in Nuremberg he devoted himself to engravings including The Knight, Death, and the Devil , and Saint Jerome in His Study. His last monumental works are two large panels, depicting the Four Apostles. FTP identify this man most famous for his woodcut series Large Fortune, The Fall of Man, and the Apocalypse.
Output: Fine Arts
The battle was over in less than twenty minutes, and resulted in the capture of 918 enemy troops by eight in the morning. Colonel Johann Rall and his 1400 soldiers rose quickly and fought with courage, but they were overwhelmed by Washington's surprise attack of 2400 men. FTP, what December 26, 1776 defeat of Hessian forces in New Jersey led Cornwallis to leave his winter camp and engage Washington at Princeton a week later
Output: History
This composer wrote "An du Natur" and 16 other songs for singer Therese Grob, whom he was too poor to marry. He also wrote many of his songs for Johann Michael Vogl, a baritone who greatly admired his work. His treatment of Goethe's Erlkoenig is particularly striking for its dramatic content, while one of his chamber pieces include a string quartet whose second movement is a set of variations on his song "Death and the Maiden. " For 10 points, name this composer of The Trout Quintet and The Unfinished Symphony.
Output: Fine Arts
On the left side of this painting we see a cross section of humanity, including a poacher, a cloth merchant, and a rabbi, who all seem to be focused on a dog standing over a guitar on the floor. On the right side of the painting are the intellectuals, including Charles Baudelaire, George Sand, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. These people surround the central figure in this painting, who is turned away from a nude model while he works on a landscape scene. For 10 points, name this painting by Gustave Courbet showing his place of work.
Output: Fine Arts