niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This man names an energy value for which the coupling constant of a quantum field blows up to infinity, which is his namesake pole. He also developed a solution to the Vlasov equation by treating it as in initial value problem which allowed the calculation of energy transfer in plasmas, and thus describes the collisionless damping of electrostatic waves. He proposed that neutrinos are formed from two different component spinors and discovered a phenomenological explanation for various second-order phase transitions such as that of the ferromagnetic transition. Noteworthy for predicting the superfluidity of helium below the lambda point, for 10 points, name this physicist who along with Ginzburg developed a model of superconductivity
Output: Science
This philosopher's accomplishments include the first recorded diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease, which he described in his text General Medicine. In his Decisive Treatise on the Agreement Between Religious Law and Philosophy and his Examination of the Methods of Proof Concerning the Doctrines of Religion, this philosopher drew the ire of the mutakallimun with his argument that only metaphysicians skilled in the use of syllogisms could properly interpret Shar'iah Islamic law. He responded to Al-Ghazali's attack on the philosophy of Avicenna, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, with his own work The Incoherence of the Incoherence. FTP, name this medieval Arab philosopher known for his commentaries on the work of Aristotle.
Output: Social Science
One character in this work misses her meeting with the DAR after stopping to check on her daughter's   progress at typing school. Another character in this play earns the nickname "Shakespeare" for his  avid love of literature. That character, Tom, goes to the movies every night, much to his mother's   dismay. In this play, the central family awaits the arrival of Jim O'Connor, a potential suitor for a  disabled girl who is concerned about the title objects. Name this play in which Amanda is worried  about the well-being of her daughter Laura Wingfield, a work by Tennessee Williams
Output: Literature
One character in this novel gets her fiance a gift of a turtle with her initials encrusted in diamonds on its shell. The protagonist meets two prostitutes, who he nicknames "The Death's Head" and "The Sickly Child," during his trip to Ma Mayfield's "Old Hundredth," which ends badly when Boy Mulcaster gets arrested for drunk driving and Rex Mottram has to bail them out of jail. The deathbed repentance of Lord Marchmain leads the protagonist to end his affair with Julia Flyte. For 10 points, name this novel in which Sebastian first brings Charles Ryder to the titular Catholic estate, written by Evelyn Waugh.
Output: Literature
"Lulu lies spread-eagled on the table, Stanley bent over her. Stanley, as the torchlight hits him, begins to giggle. Goldberg and McCann move towards him. He backs against the hatch, giggling. The torch draws closer. His giggle rises and grows as he flattens himself against the wall. Their figures converge upon him. "  FTP, name the play that ends with this stage direction, a tale of ritual murder by Harold Pinter.
Output: Literature
A journey down this river is the subject of Between the Woods and the Water by Patrick Leigh Fermor. Before flooding due to a hydroelectric project, this river's small island of Ada Kaleh was home to a large Turkish population. In 2000, tributaries of this river were affected by a huge cyanide spill from a gold mine near Baia Mare. This river is home to Europe's largest binational hydroelectric dam at the Iron Gate. A major canal links this river to the Main. The Regen flows into this river at Regensburg, and its other tributaries include the Sava and the Tisza. Before the construction of the Szechenyi Chain Bridge, this river divided the twin cities of Buda and Pest. For 10 points, name this river that flows past Belgrade and Vienna and empties into the Black Sea.
Output: Social Science
A rake lies at the bottom of this work, and a fluffy white dog to the right of it peeks over a bridge. Gabriel Doyen was initially asked to paint this work's subject, but refused and passed on the commission. A stone cupid observes to the left of the central figure in this painting, while two more cupids observe from the right. The central figure's lover (*) hides in the bushes at the bottom of this painting and gazes lewdly as her husband pushes the title device unawares. For 10 points, Jean-Honore Fragonard painted a girl with a billowing pink dress kicking her shoe off while riding the titular device in what masterpiece of the Rococo style
Output: Literature
This god was sometimes required to appear in Duat, where he achieved his most important task. Some myths attribute the birth of Khepri to this god, who was believed to intervene on both sides of mortal battle so that neither side could attain true victory. He sometimes attained the aspect of A'an, which required him to don a baboon's head, and this god is responsible for mediating the conflict between Heru-Bektet and Set, as well as between Ra and Apep. The masculine counterpart to Seshat, this god notably bet with Khonsu and won part of the moon's light, and during the process of judging for the afterlife, this god weighed the hearts of mortals against the feather of truth, or Ma'at. For ten points, identify this Egyptian god, who invented writing and had the head of an ibis.
Output: Social Science
His early theory of evolution led to Galen labeling him the founder of Italian medicine. A native of Acragas, he had been expelled from the Pythagorean order for "stealing discourses. "  Of his original written works the poem Katharmoi is one of only two extant. In his philosophy he proposed cycles of Love and Strife that would join and separate the natural makeup of the world. FTP, name this Greek philosopher, who might have thrown himself into Mt. Etna and believed that matter was made up of fire, water, earth, and air.
Output: History
He served as a militia captain in Indian conflicts, although it is said that he received his first paints from Indian friends in Springfield, Pennsylvania. He painted religious and historical subjects on huge canvases, such as Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus, and anticipated developments in French romantic painting with his Death on a Pale Horse. For ten points, name this court artist of George III, who painted the Death of General Wolfe.
Output: Fine Arts
Admirals in the service of this man included Dragut and Khair ad Din, the latter of which was victorious at the Battle of Preveza, giving this ruler mastery over the eastern Mediterranean. On his eastern borders,he fought a war sparked by the treachery of the Governor of Bitlis, eventually defeating Shah Tahmasp I and taking control of Baghdad. On his western borders, he supported the pretender John Zapolya as the successor to Louis II, whom this mans armies had killed. At home, he employed the architect Sinan and instituted land reforms which earned him the nickname of Kanuni  the lawgiver. For ten points, name this Ottoman Sultan better known as The Magnificent.
Output: History
A nymph raped by this god had her wish granted to become a male warrior, and he fathered twins while disguised as Enipeus. Alongside his nephew, this god helped build the walls of Troy. He fathered a horse able to speak with his sister while in the form of a stallion. Erechtheus was the emissary of this god, who slept with Aethra on the same night as Aegeus and may have fathered Theseus. This husband of Amphitrite cursed Odysseus's voyage home after Odysseus blinded his son Polyphemus. For 10 points, name this Greek god of seas and earthquakes who wields a trident.
Output: Social Science
One character in this work goes on a tirade about people named Patel and idolizes Jerry Graf's savvy. Mitch and Murray are unseen bosses in this work, in which one character cant shut up about Harriett and Bruce Nyborg, leading another to state Fuck the machine. Much of the action takes place within a Chinese restaurant, where one character converses with a sap named James Lingk. Dave Mosss scheme to steal premium leads from Williamson to win the first prize of a new Cadillac at the office contest gets Shelley Levene fired from the real estate firm that Richard Roma works at in, FTP, what play by David Mamet
Output: Literature
This thinker wrote that God enables us to know God only through teaching us the "absolute difference" of sin, thus producing the "absolute paradox" of thought. This thinker described the unwillingness to believe in the self and God's plan for the self as the title form of despair, in a work written under the pseudonym Johannes Climacus. He attached to his Philosophical Fragments a Concluding Unscientific Postscript. He contrasted the Knight of Faith with the Knight of Infinite Resignation in a work that discusses the sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham. For 10 points, name this author of The Sickness unto Death and Fear and Trembling, a Danish existentialist philosopher.
Output: Social Science
A version of this process that only occurs in prokaryotes is known as the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Hexokinase is involved in the first step of the preparatory phase of this pathway, and during the pay-off phase a net gain of (*) 2 NADH and 2 ATP molecules is achieved by this pathway. For 10 points, name this common metabolic pathway that produces pyruvate from glucose.
Output: Science
This author wrote of fictionalized accounts of real criminals in A Universal History of Infamy and described 120 mythical beasts in Book of Imaginary Beings. One work by this author describes an artifact that can reveal the entire universe at once; that work is "El Aleph". One of his short stories sees a structure of infinite hexagonal rooms, while another tells the murder of Dr. Albert by Yu Tsun. For 10 points, identify this author of "The Library of Babel" and "The Garden of Forking Paths," which are collected in his Ficciones.
Output: Literature
Dasius Altinius, who betrayed the city of Arpi to Hannibal, claimed descent from this man. Following the blasphemous speech of Acmon, several of this man's companions were turned into "snowy swans. " Kometes, the son of Sthenelos, took over this man's kingdom as part of a plot with his wife Aigialeia, prompting him to found a new city, Argyripa, in Italy. Like Sthenelos, he was a member of the Epigonoi's expedition against Thebes to avenge their fathers. During his aristeia in Book V of the Iliad, this son of Tydeus wounded both Aphrodite and Ares with the help of his patron, Athena. FTP, identify these great Greek hero, who shares his name with the Thracian owner of man-eating horses stolen by Hercules.
Output: Social Science
He incorporated Eastern ideas, free-jazz tendencies and boundless energy in such pieces as My Favorite Things, Sun Ship and Meditations. His first jazz recordings were with Dizzy Gillespie's band; he joined the original Miles Davis Quintet in 1955, but was booted because of heroin addiction two years later. He then quit heroin, had a religious awakening and rejoined Miles Davis in early 1958. He would leave, however, to form his own quartet. For 10 points-name this tenor saxophonist whose masterwork was 1964's A Love Supreme.
Output: Fine Arts
His last major accomplishment was a filming trip with his field assistant, Julia Averkieva, when he was 70 years old. With Ella Delora he coauthored Dakota Grammar a far cry from his first publication, Growth of Children. His most famous work was done amongst the Kwakiutl Indians and during his excursions to Baffin Island. These resulted in works like The Mind of the Primitive Man and the respect of students like Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict. FTP, name this founder of American anthropology.
Output: Social Science
This country's central region is dominated by the Bi plateau, and major cities include Luena, Malanje, and Uiga. Major ethnic groups include the Kimbundu and Makongo. The Cunene forms a southern border of this country, while the Kasai and Kwango rivers form part of the boundary with its neighbor to the north. Huambo and Namibe are other large cities, and after achieving independence in 1975, it collapsed into a bloody and lengthy civil war between the pro-Soviet MPLA and the US-backed UNITA separatists. For 10 points, name the African country that has been at fragile peace since 2002 while also struggling to maintain control of Cabinda, with a capital at Luanda.
Output: Social Science
His widow, the painter Valetta Swann, finished his posthumously published Scientific Theory of Culture. He emphasized the importance of daily interaction with his subjects over structured interviews and was the first person to document the kula exchange of Papua New Guinea, while his studies in Melanesia and the Trobriand Islands led to his founding of the functionalist school. He also wrote the introduction to his student Jomo Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya. For 10 points, name this author of 1922's Argonauts of the Western Pacific.
Output: Social Science
Life in this city is described as "prey to hallucinations (not visions)" and "against the very grain of American civilization as we know it" in the essay "My City My Wilderness" by Andrei Codrescu. Philadelphian Joseph Frowenfield is received by a resident of this city, prompting that character to consider the murder of Aurora's husband by his uncle Agricola. Along with Chicago, this city is the primary setting for the wanderings of Binx Bolling in Walker Percy's The Moviegoer, while a bus trip that ends with the theft of a beloved jacket from a bathroom stall is the only adventure that (*) one character has outside of this city, whose literary residents include a family descended from the slave Bras Coupe. This setting for George Washington Cable's The Grandissimes is also home to Ignatius Reilly in John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces. After Allan Grey kills himself over his homosexuality, Stella Kowalski is sought out in this city by her cousin, Blanche DuBois. FTP, identify this Southern city, the setting for A Streetcar Named Desire, Old Creole Days, and numerous dirty limericks scribbled on walls during Mardi Gras.
Output: Literature
A 1968 riot in this city saw thousands of people march upon the Palacio Tiradentes. Marcio Moreira Alves' speech caused a dictatorship to close the Chamber of Deputies in this city. France Antarctique contained its predecessor, and this city saw an 1889 coup by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca. This location was, in 1808, the only European capital outside of Europe, due to the conquests of Napoleon. This place was first ruled by a son of John VI, who delivered the Cry of Ipiranga. In the Zona Sul of this town, the suburbs of Ipanema and Copacabana are overlooked by a 1931 statue of Christ the Redeemer. For 10 points, name this city, which until 1960 was the capital of republican Brazil.
Output: History
One character of this work quotes Baudelaire in mocking his father, prompting that father to call Dante Gabriel Rosetti a "dope fiend. " One character notes that despite eating less, she is gaining weight, and calls her son "my Frankenstein. " Another character tells a comic anecdote concerning the tenant Shaughnessy, while his mom chews out her husband for hiring Doc Hardy to take care of a consumptive son. The servant Cathleen takes care of Jamie, an alcoholic whom the protagonist calls a "waste. " Confessing that she dreamed of being a nun, Mary tries to fight off a morphine addiction. FTP name this Eugene ONeill play about a dysfunctional family led by James Tyrone.
Output: Literature
Sophie Kowalevski completed a theorem involving local existence and uniqueness of analytical partial differential equations initially proven in a special case by this man, whose name, along with that of Binet, is also appended to a formula generalizing the multiplicativity of the determinants of two matrices. If the partial sums of an infinite series become arbitrarily close to each other, said infinite series converges under a test named after this man, who is also the namesake of a set of differential equations for finding holomorphic functions in the complex plane with Riemann, as well as a theorem stating that the closed line integral of holomorphic functions in simply connected subsets of the complex plane is equal to zero. A theorem stating that the product of the length of two vectors is greater than their inner product is named after, FTP, which German mathematician, along with Hermann Schwarz
Output: Science
In a book subtitled Art in Metamorphosis, Dorothy Johnson claimed that this artist was one of the first to express the attitudes of his subjects in their entire bodies. Two horn players appear behind a tree trunk on the right hand side of one canvas by this artist, in which three men hold outstretched wreaths behind a Spartan king. This painter of Leonidas at Thermopylae depicted a divan perched on some clouds in Mars Being Disarmed by Venus, while a divan is again the seat of the primary subject of his portrait of Madame Recamier. One of his paintings shows a stairway through a stone archway on the left and features a man in a toga being passed a cup of hemlock. In a different painting by him, three brothers gesture towards their father, who holds their swords. For 10 points, name this French Neoclassical painter of The Death of Socrates and The Oath of the Horatii.
Output: Fine Arts
A catalog of these objects was published by Mazets, who analyzed data from the KONUS experiment, while another was published by Fishman using data from the BATSE experiment. Lamb and Paczynski participated in a 1995 debate about their location. Berezinsky and Prilutsky analyzed one possible mechanism for their formation, based on (*) neutrino-antineutrino annihilation, while Prilutsky and Usov developed the first cosmological model of them, using active galactic nuclei. The BeppoSAX experiment discovered the first x-ray afterglow in these objects, discovered by Klebesadel et al while analyzing data from the Vela satellites, whose original purpose was to watch for nuclear tests. For 10 points, name these intense flashes of the namesake uncharged radiation.
Output: Science
Joao de Barros described this structure in the chronicle Da Asia, and its acropolis or hill complex is considered to have been a royal palace. After its initial discovery, it was thought to have been built by (*) Solomon and the Queen of Sheba in the land of Ophir mentioned in the Book of Kings. However, carbon-14 dating has placed its habitation to the 11th through 15th centuries by the Shona people. Its population may have exceeded 10,000, but the area was later abandoned due to the exhaustion of the hinterlands. Rediscovered in 1868 by Adam Renders and Karl Mauch, for 10 points, name these ruins meaning "stone houses" a cultural landmark located in the namesake modern-day African country.
Output: History
In late life this man became known as the "Hermit of Turin. " He promulgated the April Laws and, after defeats such as one to Alfred I of Windisch-Grats at the Battle of Schwechat, he released a letter calling his successor Artur Gorgey a "Judas. " This author of the "Cassandra" letter created a stir with Queen Victoria and Lord Palmerston in England with speeches inspired by his love of Shakespeare. Jealously hated by Bertalan Szemare, he was a minister in Count Batthyani's government, and appealed to Archduke Franz Joseph of Austria before taking over his country in a fit of Magyar nationalism. For 10 points, name this Hungarian journalist who briefly led his nation during the Revolutions of 1848.
Output: History
Harnik et al. argue against the anthropic principle by proposing a universe that lacks this. One instance of this interaction is modeled with a unitary matrix that includes three mixing angles and a complex phase that models CP violation. A vector minus axial Lagrangian for this force leads to maximal parity violation, making this force only affect left-handed particles. This force is responsible for quark flavor changing, was unified with electromagnetism by Glashow, Weinberg, and Salaam, and is transmitted by the massive W and Z bosons. For 10 points, name this fundamental force involved in radioactive decays.
Output: Science
Along with lead and belladonna, it is used to make Aqua Tofana. It is poisonous because it disrupts ATP production by inhibiting NAD+ in the citric acid cycle. During the Bronze Age, it was included in bronze to make the alloy harder. The Grainger challenge is to find an economical way to remove it from contaminated groundwater in countries such as Bangladesh. Some of it was found in Otzis (*) hair and Napoleons wallpaper and couldve caused their deaths. FTP, name this metalloid with atomic number 33 and symbol As.
Output: Science
The 2004 film The Ister was inspired by a lecture given by this man about the poetry of Friedrich Holderlin. This man contends that beginning with Pre-Socratics, namely Parmenides, humanity has misunderstood what it means "to be," arguing that our notions of "common sense" lead us to errors in understanding. Later in life, this man wrote an analysis of Vincent van Gogh's painting "A Pair of Shoes," called (*) "The Origin of the Work of Art," along with a work in which he contrasts the "openness to being" to Nietzsche's "will to power," Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. FTP, name this German philosopher, most famous for a work that opens by quoting Plato's Sophist, Being and Time.
Output: Social Science
The addition of potassium hydroxide as a promoter increases the efficiency of this process, and one of its ingredients was originally isolated by the water-gas process invented by the man whose name is sometimes appended to this process. Although an initial pass typically has a small yield, its inventor also came up with the idea of recycling the output of this process, which consumes roughly 1% of the world's annual energy output. The use of an iron catalyst in it allows it to be employed at lower temperatures, while constant removal of the end product ensures a continuous reaction according to Le Chatelier's principle. For ten points, identify this efficient method of nitrogen fixation and ammonia synthesis, named for a German chemist.
Output: Science
In relativistic quantum mechanics, the additional contribution to this quantity of spin is given by the Pauli-Lubanski pseudovector. "Coupling" eigenstates for this quantity in total from separate eigenstates requires use of the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. This quantity's conservation gives rise to Kepler's third law of planetary motion. For a rotating body, this quantity is equal to the product of angular velocity and moment of inertia. For 10 points, name this quantity, symbolized L, the rotational analogue of linear momentum.
Output: Science
One aspect of this property was confirmed in an experiment that fired silver atoms through an inhomogeneous magnetic field. That experiment, performed by Stern and Gerlach, showed that this property was quantized. Fine structure refers to splitting spectral lines due to coupling between it and an electron's orbital angular momentum. Pauli names a set of matrices associated with it, and was the first to propose it as a quantum number. For 10 points, name this property that is an integer for bosons and half integer for fermions, a particle's intrinsic angular momentum.
Output: Science
The people on the left side of this painting include a man in a brown turban, a capped ma in a white suit, and a seated man wearing a beret, all focused on a dog standing over a guitar on the floor. The background of this painting is a large curtain, a portion of which is being held up by a nude male. The right side is dominated by Charles Baudelaire, George Sand and Proudhon, all friends of the painter, and flanking the right of the central figure is a nude model inspecting the central figure at work. For 10 points, name this work premiering at the Salon des Refuses, a Gustave Courbet oil painting whose central figure is painting an outdoorsy scene.
Output: Fine Arts
novel focuses on the clash between an unnamed frontier magistrate and the brutal Colonel Joll. For 15 points, name this 1980 novel by J. M. Coetzee.
Output: Literature
A thermal form of process can be seen in a mixed gas through the Soret effect, while another form involving momentum can be observed in the laminar flow of a liquid across a solid surface. When semiconductors are produced, certain layers are sometimes doped via this process, although ion implantation is typically preferred.The most commonly observed form of the phenomenon can be described by a law which shows that flux is proportional to the concentration gradient and in the direction of lower concentration, Fick's law. FTP, name this form of passive transport that involves spontaneous movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
Output: Science
This act was stated to have been created for the protection of the public in the case Spectrum Sports Inc v. McQuillan, while the case Rice v. Norman Williams co-created a two-step process by which courts would see if this act was pre-empting state laws. George Hoar helped draft this legislation, and it was based on an act named for Valentine passed in its namesakes home state of Ohio. A follow-up to this legislation was amended by the Robinson-Patman Act and included provisions about tying arrangements and price discrimination; that act was named for Clayton. For 10 points, name this piece of legislation that forbade the formation of monopolies, an early antitrust law.
Output: History
In quantum mechanical systems, this can be defined as the negative trace of the density matrix multiplied by the log of the density matrix. For a gas of photons, this quantity is directly proportional to the total number of photons. Pressure can be calculated as temperature times the partial derivative of this quantity with respect to volume. The Sackur-Tetrode equation gives the value of this for an ideal gas, while inverse temperature is equal to the derivative of this with respect to energy. It is generally defined as Boltzmann's constant times the logarithm of the number of microstates. FTP, identify this quantity that always increases according to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.
Output: Science
One form of this quantity is equal to h-bar squared divided by two times Boltzmann's constant times the molecule's moment of inertiathat form simplifies the expression for the rotational partition function. It's not the number of particles, but this quantity is a natural variable for both the Gibbs and Helmholtz free energies. This quantity is located in the denominator of the integrand in the (*) Clausius inequality. This quantity is the thermodynamic conjugate of entropy. Equipartition states the kinetic energy of a monatomic ideal gas is 3/2 times Boltzmann's constant times this quantity. Gibbs free energy is equal to enthalpy minus entropy times this quantity. For 10 points, name this quantity found in the denominator of the combined gas law, which is often measured in Kelvin.
Output: Science
One member of this movement was Pasquier [pas-key-YAY] Quesnel [kay-nel], whose 101 propositions were condemned by Clement XI. Earlier members included Pierre Nicole and Jean Duvergier de Hauranne, the latter a friend of its founder, the Bishop of Ypres [EE-pruh]. Though the movement proclaimed an attachment to the Roman Catholic Church, they believed in predestination and the total corruption of human nature owing to original sin, as stated in 1640's Augustin. Centered at the Port-Royal Monastery, FTP, name this pessimistic religious movement whose heyday was from 1640-1710, and whose members included Antoine Arnauld and Blaise Pascal.
Output: History
In this work, one character attempts to use the idea of gifts to define the central idea, which is disputed by another man's claims that this concept would then be pleasing to the concerned entities, but not beneficial or dear, a contradiction of the title character's earlier assertions. The first of the earlier attempts is rejected as only an example of the central concept, and the namesake "dilemma" of this work is brought up in response to the title character's definition of the central concept, which another character questions, using the example that something that is "carried" is called such just because it is being carried. For 10 points, what is this Platonic dialogue in which the title character defines piety as something that all the gods love
Output: Social Science
An early work of this person attacks the idea that competition exists in industrial organization in discussing The Concept of Countervailing Power; it's entitled American Capitalism. A later work posits tension between "managerialism" and (*) socialism; that work corrects a previous work that argues against over-production of consumer goods and coined the term "conventional wisdom". For 10 points name this economist, the author of The New Industrial State and The Affluent Society.
Output: Social Science
His early works of rural landscapes, such as Landscape with Ditch and Women and Child in front of a Farm, failed to win him the Prix de Rome when he entered in 1898 and 1901. A critical component of his work was the tilted "lozenge", leading to an established structure of his following period which would be modified in works like 1942's New York City I. After meeting Theo van Doesburg, he created several works based on one of Doesburg's stained glass window, during a period where he was a frequent contributor to the De Stijl magazine. The creator of a style translated from the Dutch phrase nieuwe beelding, or "new image," for 10 points, name this artist known for typifying Neoplasticism in such works as Broadway Boogie-Woogie.
Output: Fine Arts
At one point, this character drinks the balm of Fierabras (FIE-UR-uh-brass). He tells a story about his descent into the cave of Montesinos. This character's story is supposedly chronicled by Cide Hamete Benengeli. Characters encountered by him include the Knight of the Mirrors, who is the squire of Sanson Carrasco. He rides the horse Rocinante, and is accompanied by Sancho Panza on his quest to find Dulcinea. For 10 points, name this title character of a novel by Miguel de Cervantes.
Output: Fine Arts
[AR] During his studies at university, this man develops an interest in the negritude movement and founds Le Groupe des Griots, a group committed to Black Nationalism and Voodoo mysticism in 1938. During his time in office, he organizes the Volunteers for National Security with his chief aide Clement Barbot, who would reportedly transform himself into a black dog to avoid capture after an unsuccessful coup attempt. Famously manipulating election results in his 1967-reelection campaign so that the official tally showed him winning 1,320,748 votes to zero; his rule was marked with autocracy and corruption. Exacting a reign of terror with his notorious Tonton Macoutes, for 10 points name this paternal dictator of Haiti from 1957-1971.
Output: History
Comas Sol made the first observations of one of this body's distinct characteristics, which for a long time prevented an accurate determination of this place's diameter. One region on this body is a large reflective sheet named Xanadu, and Ontario Lacus is in the far south of this body. The Cassini mission found sand dunes here, and this body possesses orbital resonance with Hyperion. A probe recently confirmed that this body's atmosphere is somewhat similar to the environs of the Miller-Urey Experiment, and it also contains hydrocarbon lakes and ice on its surface. A. D. Fortes considered the spectroscopic analysis of this body's atmosphere in relation to its potential for microbiotic life. For 10 points, name this body that was visited by the Huygens probe, the second largest moon in the solar system which is noted for its atmosphere and prebiotic characteristics.
Output: Social Science
All known solutions of these satisfy the Clausius-Duhem entropy inequality and are only valid when there exists thermodynamic equilibrium over sufficient time and length scales. Derived in their most common scalar form by substituting the Newtonian stress tensor into the Cauchy momentum equation, examples of exact analytic solutions to them, which are generally only attainable under unrealistic assumptions, include the equations for Couette and Hagen-Poiselle flow. Simplifying to Euler's equation in the limit that the viscous stress is negligible, FTP, identify the equations that comprise the momentum balance for a fluid element and are named for named for a French engineer and British mathematician.
Output: Science
It can be studied at zero temperature on a Bethe lattice, and theoretical approaches to it involve calculations based on the Preisach model. It can be represented via the Landau-Lifshitz equation, and the thermodynamic type is intrinsic in superelastic deformation. It is characteristic of first-order phase transitions, and supercooling generates a thermal curve of this type. Demonstrated in a random-field Ising model, in this phemonenon, ,motion in domain walls generates Barkhausen noise, which is represented as small jumps in loops of this type, and the energy loss due to reversing the magnetization is proportional to the area of loop. For 10 points, what is this phenomenon where the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material remains after the external magnetic field is removed
Output: Science
In a running gag from this novel, amateurish poems written by the protagonist keep falling out of his journals and books. Its protagonist attends a church service unusually held in the catacombs, when a stranger comes up behind him and whispers "You are in danger in this city." In this novel, a hostage who is executed by drowning in a lake turns out to be the same man who had accused the protagonist of pilfering money from his portmanteau. The antagonist of this novel is first met at a fox-hunt, and is nearly killed in a duel by the protagonist after being discovered embezzling funds from Mr. Tresham. The comic relief in this novel is provided by the magistrate (*) Baillie Jarvie and the gardener Andrew Fairservice. The title character of this novel is saved by his ruthless wife Helen, and kills Rashleigh after strategically altering Sir Hildebrand's will so that the protagonist inherits his father's estate. The protagonist of this novel marries his cousin "Die," or Diana, Vernon. For 10 points, name this novel in which Frank Osbaldistone crosses paths with the title outlaw, written by Sir Walter Scott.
Output: Literature
This man's works such as Israel and the Law and Frieze of Prophets were painted for the Triumph of Religion series at the Boston Public Library. He painted portraits of Frederick Law Olmstead and Lady Agnew of Lochnaw, in addition to depicting Evelyn, Mabel, and Mildred Vickers in The Misses Vickers. He also depicted soldiers holding rifles walking in a file with bandages over their eyes in Gassed, while a better known work shows two girls lighting Chinese lanterns and is called Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose. Better known for a scandalous depiction of Virginie Gautreau, for 10 points, identify this American artist of Madame X.
Output: Fine Arts
Though she was once quoted as saying, "I was brought up to believe that the only thing worth doing was to add to the sum of accurate information in the world," her most famous book was eventually revealed to be based on a hoax. A pioneer of the use of film to document culture, she and her husband produced such films as Trance and Dance in Bali and Learning to Dance in Bali. For ten points, who claimed that lack of sexual repression made adolescence less troublesome in Samoa
Output: Literature
Kucklick and Robinson both worked to extend this thinkers general science of order in collecting his Logical Essays. This person aimed to solve the problem of evil using so-called process theism by rejecting the idea of God as other in The Problem of Job. One central work of this writer argues that a commitment to self-consciously asserted will is the root of all morality, an assertion that forms the basis for his anti-Nietzschian theory of community. In addition to writing The Philosophy of Loyalty, this man argued that the title issue is In what sense, if any, can the modern man consistently be a Christian in another work, a condensation his 1913 Hibbert lectures; those are respectively The World and the Individual and The Problem of Christianity. For 10 points, name this foremost American exponent of absolute idealism.
Output: Social Science
The 19th of these compositions by Mozart features a slow, eerie introduction that earned it the nickname "Dissonance." The fourth of these compositions by Bartok is in arch-form and features an all-pizzicato fourth movement. The most famous Adagio of Samuel Barber was originally the second movement of a work of this type. The Grosse Fuge was originally the finale movement of the 13th work of this type by Beethoven. Schubert wrote one of these in D minor entitled "Death and the Maiden." For 10 points, name this type of composition for two violins, viola, and cello.
Output: Fine Arts
Their distinguishing characteristic results from the conversion of helium plus ions into alpha particles in their atmospheres. This causes their atmospheres to expand until the reverse reaction takes over and restores their size to their initial magnitudes. They were discovered in 1784 by John Goodricke, and Harlow Shapley employed them to show that the Magellanic Clouds are not part of the Milky Way by using their characteristic period-luminosity relationship, which was first demonstrated by Henrietta Leavitt. FTP, what are these stars useful in measuring intergalactic distances and whose prototypical example is Delta Cephei
Output: Science
Chan and Kim at Penn State discovered that crystals can display this phenomenon. One instance of this phenomenon is distinguished by either an A or B phase, and is anisotropic. Some materials that exhibit this phenomenon display a 30 nm Rollin film, and their movement sometimes displays the Onnes Effect. Landau theorized that quantum sound waves are responsible for this effect, which he posited occurs below the lambda point. For 10 points, name this property notably displayed by helium, when a liquid or gas displays no resistance to flow.
Output: Science
He's not Franz Schubert, but this composer wrote a suite of Valses nobles et sentimentales, while another of his pieces features movements such as "Scarbo" and "Ondine." That work was intended to be more difficult than Mily Balakirev's Islamey and is titled Gaspard de la nuit. By request of Paul (*) Wittgenstein, this man wrote the Piano Concerto in D for the Left Hand. Among this man's ballets are Daphnis et Chloe. His most famous work originated from a commission by Ida Rubinstein and features an ostinato in which snare drums play repetitively; that work is named after a Spanish dance. For 10 points, identify this French composer of Bolero.
Output: Fine Arts
With Simon Kuznets, this man looked at the income levels of professionals like lawyers and dentists and\n concluded that the presence of the American Medical Association helped artificially boost the salaries of\n doctors. This man argued that temporary changes in economic conditions or policies had unusually small\n impacts on consumer habits in A Theory of the Consumption Function, which outlined his permanent\n income hypothesis. Chapters like "The Cure For Inflation" appear in a book he co-authored titled Free to\n Choose. With Anna J. Schwartz, this man argued that bad policies by the Federal Reserve greatly\n exacerbated the Great Depression in his A Monetary History of the United States. For 10 points, name this\n Chicago school economist, the author of Capitalism and Freedom.
Output: Social Science
His early works include collections of poetry like Man: A Broad Garden and The Last May, as well as a one-act play, The Owners of the Keys. The author of the critical works Testaments Betrayed and The Art of the Novel, he moved to France in 1975, a year before The Farewell Party appeared. FTP, name this novelist of Life Is Elsewhere, The Joke, and The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, a Czech author best known for 1984's The Unbearable Lightness of Being.
Output: Literature
This document ceded Shandong to Japan, not China, leading to the May Fourth Movement. Britain's interests in this document were represented by the "Heavenly Twins." This treaty created the the Free City of Danzig within the Polish Corridor. Henry Cabot Lodge prevented America's ratification of this treaty, which was created at the same conference as the [*] League of Nations. This treaty caused hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic through its "war guilt" clause, which placed all blame for the war on Germany. Signed five years after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, for 10 points, name this treaty that ended World War I, signed at a palace outside Paris.
Output: History
A boarding school in one of this author's novels is run by a hunchbacked crone named Sesame Weichbrodt. In that novel, the alcoholic hops merchant Alois Permaneder is briefly married to Tony, who also has a brief and loveless marriage to Bendix Grunlich. In another of his novels, Mynheer Peeperkorn and the protagonist are both attracted to the intriguing Russian woman Clavdia Chauchat. In one of his novels, Christian ends up in an insane asylum and Hanno dies of typhus, which is the culmination of the decline of the title family. He wrote about the contrasting philosophies of Naphta and Settembrini in a novel about Hans Castorp's stay in a Swiss sanatorium. For 10 points, name this author of Buddenbrooks and The Magic Mountain, who also wrote Death in Venice.
Output: Literature
One poet from this country wrote Exile at Home as well as Not of this Time, Not of this Place. This country awards the Bialik (bee-AL-ick) Prize in literature, which has been won by authors such as David Grossman and A. B. Yehoshua (yeh-HO-shwah). Another writer from this country is the author of A Tale of Love and Darkness, Amos Oz. Its capital gives its name to a hymn based on William Blake's poem ""And did those feet in ancient time. "" For 10 points, name this country whose literature is often written in Yiddish or Hebrew.
Output: Literature
A chaperone unique to these cells removes CLIP from the invariant chain protein. An ABC-class transporter unique to these cells is TAP, which transports peptides to the ER's peptide-loading complex. The avidity model explains the differential development of these cells. By suppressing NF-AT transcription factors, cyclosporine prevents the growth of these cells. These cells are regulated by both positive and negative selection, and they undergo somatic recombination but not somatic hypermutation. These cells present the major histocompatibility complex. One class of these cells has the CD8 glycoprotein on its surface and secretes perforin and granzymes. For 10 points, name these lymphocytes which come in "helper" and "cytotoxic" forms and mature in the thymus.
Output: Science
He earned a law degree from Lincoln's Inn at 19, and helped in the successful election campaign of Dadabhai Naoroji, who became the first Indian elected to Parliament. An advocate of Hindi-Muslim cooperation, he split with Gandhi over the practice of non-cooperation. FTP name this statesman, who, as leader of the Muslim League, eventually oversaw the partition of the subcontinent and became the first governor-general of Pakistan.
Output: History
A member of the Alcmaeonid family he was born under a family curse incited by his great-grandfather. Peisistratus exiled him and his family, but he returned twenty years later, and during the reign of Hippias convinced the Delphic oracle to tell Sparta to help overthrow the tyranny. Gaining power in 510, he broke the traditional aristocracy, instituting a system of the ten tribes of Attica.. FTP,  identify this Athenian tyrant who created the council of 500 in order to favor equal rights for all citizens.
Output: History
Along with mottness' the order of this property is necessary to describe a Mott insulator and materials with this property have an energy function that is the product of consecutive spins under the Ising model. An effect known as exchange bias occurs when the hard' behavior from this property causes a shift in the (*) soft' behavior of materials with a similar property. Materials that exhibit it include metals such as chromium as well as manganese oxide. Reverting to paramagnetism above the Nel Point, this is, FTP, which property resulting from a pattern of alternating or spiraling alignments of magnetic moments in a material, the opposite of a certain form of magnetism displayed in iron
Output: Science
His theories were the basis of Rudolf Dreikurss practical therapy. He argued that the unhappiness of homosexuals stems from failure to meet a social need to reproduce in What Life Could Mean to You. His theory about the personality traits of eldest, second, middle, and youngest children has become conventional wisdom, while his theory of socially useful and antisocial personality types and the struggle between social demands and self-idealization are discussed in 1912s The Neurotic Character. For 10 points, name this founder of individual psychology, who pioneered work on inferiority complexes.
Output: Social Science
This artist took a series of pictures of clouds, known as Equivalents. A woman walking several feet in front and to the side of a man carrying two long sticks, and a man sitting on a wood pile feeding a horse are his two photographs with the title A Snapshot: Paris. He published the magazine Camera Work as part of his Photo-Secession movement, and one of his early works shows a carriage head-on riding toward snow with wheel tracks in it. He took several photos of his wife's hands in various positions, and showed a man with his back turned from the viewer looking at a horse-drawn trolley in one photograph. Besides Winter, Fifth Avenue and The Terminal. Another of his works features a narrow drawbridge with side chains, a deck, a ladder, and an "inclining funnel", all at different angles, while crowds of people fill the title section of the ship. For 10 points, name this photographer of The Steerage, the husband of Georgia O'Keeffe.
Output: Fine Arts
opera's third act opens with a shepherd boy singing "Io de' sospiri. " One character in this opera retorts with the aria "Mi dicon venal" when asked what his price is. Another character in this opera sings about how brightly the stars used to shine after he trades his ring to his captor for the chance to write his lover one last letter. That character is killed by a (*) firing squad that he thinks will be shooting blanks after withstanding a session in a torture chamber and refusing to give up the political prisoner Cesare Angelotti. The title character of this opera sings about her good deeds and her dedication to her art in the aria "Vissi d'arte," before she kills the police chief Scarpia and jumps to her death after the execution of the painter Mario Cavardossi. For 10 points, name this Puccini opera about a singer.
Output: Fine Arts
A man in blackface plays a banjo while another catches a fish in a parody of this painting by Robert Colescott featuring an African American hero. The original was painted in Dusseldorf after its artist received a commission from Montgomery Meigs in the late 1840s. Edward Hand is depicted holding his hat in this painting. This most famous painting by the artist of (*) Westward Ho! appears behind a trio of dour old women who may be crossdressers in Grant Wood's Daughters of Revolution. A soldier holds an anachronistic flag next to the central figure of this painting, while others try to navigate an icy river. For 10 points, name this Emanuel Leutze painting of an American Founding Father on his way to the Battle of Trenton.
Output: Fine Arts