niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
This composer used the four-note motif E-C- D-sharp - C-sharp as the basis for his Piano Variations, and in another of his works the trumpet quotes the popular song "El Mosco. " He recast his Short Symphony as a much more popular sextet, and James Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men inspired him to team up with librettist Horace Everett to write the opera The Tender Land. Besides the aforementioned El Salon Mexico, He only used 13 instruments in a ballet set in western Pennsylvania, and another of his works features a narrator speaking over the orchestra with the refrain "that is what he said. " For ten points, name this American composer of Lincoln Portrait and Appalachian Spring.
Output: Fine Arts
Richard Lindzen first described the Quasi-Billenial Oscillation here. Dobson units are used to measure the concentration of a key compound in this layer whose lower boundary is marked by a temperature inversion from a lower level. Aerosols in this layer of the Earth's atmosphere can cool climate due to their long atmospheric lifetime here. Exchange with its lower neighbor occurs through Rossby wave propagation in polar regions, but this region lacks the high energy particles found in higher regions. For 10 points, name this layer of the atmosphere between 100 and 10 millibars of pressure which can be found directly above the troposphere and which contains the ozone layer.
Output: Science
This book claimed that Noah spent 950 years "prayerfully exhorting" his people to not sin, and it uses the example of the changing of the Qibla to claim that God often destroys old habits to test faith, and it divides religious rules into groups named for things in the sky, such as the sun, moon, stars, and clouds. This text's introduction calls for its followers to give up all that is earthly and tread the path of faith in order to attain the shore of true understanding, and part of this book is called the "Tablet of the Truth Seeker". This book discusses the multiple Manifestations of God, as seen in the succession of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, and finally the Bab. For ten points, name this book by Baha'ullah, the primary theological text of the Baha'i faith.
Output: Social Science
This author wrote a short story in which a swallow takes gems from the title character to benefit the poor, titled ""The Happy Prince. "" Aubrey Beardsley illustrated this author's play in which the title character demands the head of Iokanaan and dances the Dance of the Seven Veils; that play is Salome. One work sees Algernon and Cecily become engaged while Jack proposes to Gwendolen, and in his only novel, Basil Hallward paints the title object while the title character is corrupted by Lord Henry Wotton. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright and author of The Importance of Being Earnest and The Picture of Dorian Gray.
Output: Literature
His last lover, Camilla Selden, appeared as "Mouche" in his poetry, while he immortalized his future wife Crescence-Eugnie Mirat as "Matilde. "  Max Brod's The Artist in Revolt is a study of this author, from whom Matthew Arnold borrowed the term "Philistine. " After settling in Paris, this author wrote The Situation in France, which built on ideas he had earlier developed in his Travel Pictures, which includes The Town of Lucca and Ideas: The Book of Le Grand. His other works include a poem on the death of a trained bear, Atta Troll, and the collection Romanzero. He was admired by Marx and Engels, who especially liked the biting irony of his Germany, A Winter's Tale. FTP, name this Jewish author, whose Book of Songs includes his ballad "The Lorelei. "
Output: Literature
These molecules can be hydrolyzed from the condensation of an aldehyde and ammonium chloride with potassium cyanide. Visualized on a Ramachandran Plot, these products of the Strecker Synthesis can contain sulfur, such as the one produced by the start codon AUG that is considered essential. Consisting of a carboxylic acid group and a namesake group, they form peptide bonds. Exemplified by methionine (me-THAY-uh-neen) and glycine (GLAHY-seen), for 10 points, name these "building blocks" of proteins.
Output: Science
Prior to this event, the HMS Porpoise was boarded and its captain, Joseph Short, was court-martialed and his land grants revoked, an act committed by the successor of Philip King. Events leading to it included the firing of the magistrate Thomas Jamieson and the surgeon DArcy Wentworth by a protg of Joseph Banks. One incident during this event involved the judges Richard Atkins and Anthony Kemp threatening to imprison each other for contempt during the trial of John McArthur. Resulting in the succession of Governor Lachlan Macquarie and led by Lieutenant Governor George Johnston, it saw settlers along the Hawkesbury River rise up against a man who had previously been deposed by Fletcher Christian. For ten points, name this 1808 rebellion in New South Wales, named for Governor Blighs attempt to regulate the namesake drink.
Output: History
The production of this compound was described by Yang and Hoffman in 1980, years after Dmitry Neljubow first identified its relevant function. Its biosynthesis is commonly inhibited by AVG and AOA, as well as cobalt chloride and NBD which inhibit its action. That synthesis occurs by a series of three steps, including the second rate-limiting step which forms the cyclic compound ACC catalyzed by the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate. It generates what is known as the triple response as displayed in Arabidopsis, and this compound, which is biologically formed from L-methionine, can be chemically added to benzene to produce styrene. Shown to be enhanced by auxin, FTP, name this gaseous plant hormone which promotes fruit ripening.
Output: Science
Valproate, or Depakote, can cause encephalopathy in individuals in which this pathway is defective, and CSPI deficiency is a particularly severe disorder affecting this pathway. Disorders in this pathway may be treated with sodium phenylbutyrate, which is metabolized to phenylacetate in the body. One enzyme in this pathway is an isomer of an enzyme that makes up part of the CAD complex in pyrimidine biosynthesis; that enzyme is allosterically regulated by N-acetylglutamate and is called CPS-I. In one step in this pathway, carbamyl phosphate is combined with ornithine to produce citrulline. Originally discovered by Henseleit and Krebs, for 10 points, name this cycle which is used to remove nitrogen from unneeded amino acids from the body.
Output: Science
The M+1 peak in mass spectrometry is due to an isotope of this element. An isotope of this element is used in a form of NMR which uses DEPT to determine chemical shifts between 0 and 220 ppm. Three alpha particles are transformed into an isotope of this element in the triple-alpha process. The mass of one dalton is defined based on the mass of one of this element's isotopes. The natural logarithm of two, divided by 5700, gives the rate constant in inverse-years for a process undergone by an isotope of this element. A mole is defined as twelve grams of its most common isotope. For 10 points, name this element used in radioactive dating, which normally has six neutrons.
Output: Science
The main character does not know of her illegitimate origins, and her mother believes her to be dead. Her father's lawyer, Mr. Tullinghorn, suspects her mother's secret and reveals it before he is mysteriously killed. The mother, Lady Dedlock is under suspicion, yet she too is murdered. Finally, Mr. Bucket shows that the Lady's maid is actually responsible for the deaths. A secondary plotline of the novel centers on the lawsuit of Jarndyce vs. Jarndyce over proper inheritance of family assets. FTP, what is this Charles Dickens novel, in which several of the characters including the heroine, Esther Summerson, live in a "dreary abode"
Output: Literature
He delivered a series of lectures on the political system of Greece and the role of technology in society as reflected in a poem about the Danube. In 1926 he was visited by a man whom he criticized for having a lack of historical understanding and prioritizing theoretical knowing. That former teacher was later removed from the dedication page of his masterwork upon the suggestion of (*)Niemeyer. His former lover called his treatment of Husserl tantamount to homicide as he, acting as Rector of Freiburg University, expelled academics of Jewish descent. For 10 points, name this German philosopher and Nazi collaborator, proponent of the concept of Dasein, and author of Being and Time.
Output: Social Science
One of this mans works is framed as a letter from Mrs. Curren to her daughter. Another one of his works centers on the relationship between Paul Rayment, who loses his leg in a biking accident, and his nurse Marijana. In addition to Age of Iron and Slow Man, this author wrote about a woman who rewrote Ulysses from the perspective of Molly Bloom, entitled Elizabeth Costello. This author wrote about Susan Bartons encounter with Cruso and Friday in Foe. Another work focuses on the gruesome exploits of Colonel Joll, while another one of his protagonists moves to his daughter Lucys farm after seducing a student. FTP, name this South African Nobel Prize winning author of Waiting for the Barbarians and Disgrace.
Output: Literature
The break-off events of these objects are exemplified by an event affecting Altels in 1895, which was thought to have been triggered by infiltrated water. A tunnel under one of these objects in Kluane National Park collapsed and formed a canyon 20 years after a surge that almost recreated a lake. The islands Santonen and Hanhinen merged into Hailuoto, a process called rebound, after one of these objects receded. They are divided into zones of ablation and accumulation, and they leave behind moraines at their furthest extent. Sometimes forming aretes between their 'u'-shaped valleys, for 10 points, name these moving sheets of ice which cover Greenland and Antarctica.
Output: Science
This nation's analogue of Molly Pitcher gave her name to an auxiliary women's battalion in operation during World War II, called Lotta SvA$?rd. A bishop generally credited with establishing this country's written tradition wrote a primer called ABC-kiria. Frederick Charles of Hesse was the only king of this country, which produced a soldier nicknamed "White Death" for being the deadliest sniper in history. This home of Simo HA$?yhA$?, prime minister Risto Ryti, and Mikael Agrikola won the Battle of Suomussalmi during a war that led into the Continuation War, in which it built a defensive line running from Taipale to its namesake Gulf. For 10 points, name this country once led by Gustaf Mannerheim, a Baltic nation that fought the Winter War against the neighboring Soviets.
Output: History
This man's vice president, the only one elected by the Senate through the 12th Amendment, was the supposed killer of Tecumseh, Richard Mentor Johnson. This man was elected to the Senate over Nathan Sanford, and was the key organizer of the Bucktails political machine. He was accused of dining with gold spoons, and resigned following the Petticoat Affair. His presidency saw the Caroline Affair, the Aroostook War, and the slave rebellion aboard the Amistad. After his single term, he ran again in 1848 for the Free Soil Party, but was unpopular due to his handling of the Panic of 1837. For 10 points, name this successor to Andrew Jackson.
Output: History
One architect from this country designed the library at Mount Angel Abbey in Oregon, and another  worked with Albert Kahn on Michigan's Cranbrook Educational Community using ideas from the arts-  and-crafts movement. Another notable architect from here once drew diagrams for bomb  disassembly manuals before designing Noyes dormitory at Vassar and Ingalls ice skating rink at his  alma mater, Yale. That same architect from here invented the (*) chair made of aluminum and  fiberglass shown on Star Trek, the Tulip Chair. Architects from this country designed MIT's Kresge auditorium and the MIT dorm Baker House, in addition to Washington Dulles International airport. For  10 points, give this country home to the designers of the Essen Opera house and the Gateway Arch,  Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen.
Output: Fine Arts
His name originally meant "wielder of missiles", and one of his feats was accomplished at the spring of Peirene. This man, who was sent to kill the Solymi tribe, fathered two daughters, Laodameia and Deidameia, and Stheneboea unsuccessfully attempted to seduce him. He sought out the advice of Polydius, and he carried a letter with instructions for his own death to Iobates, the uncle of Proteus. The sting of a gadfly caused his mount to throw him to earth, but Athena gave him a soft landing. He used a golden bridle to obtain his mount, and then killed a monster with the head of a lion and tail of a dragon. For ten points, name this hero who slew the Chimera with the help of Pegasus.
Output: Social Science
In this author's most recent work, LA cop Bigfoot Bjornsen manipulates hippie private investigator "Doc" Sportello to go after the Golden Fang. His penultimate book features the reading dog Pugnax, who belongs to the Chums of Chance, who visit the Chicago World's fair. Besides writing Inherent Vice and Against the Day, this novelist described the secret machinations of followers of the Tristero as uncovered by Oedipa Maas in one short novel, while in his debut novel he chronicled Benny Profane's attempts to capture an albino alligator in New York's sewers. These plot summaries can't do justice to, FTP, The Crying of Lot 49 and V., written by what author of Gravity's Rainbow
Output: Literature
The so-called Southern school of this religion emphasized sudden enlightenment, but had died out by the 8th century. Introduced to the west largely through the writings of D.T. Suzuki, it was originally introduced by the legendary Bodhidharma. Its varied practices include the continual invocation of Amida in the Obaku school, while the Soto school uses the practice of zazen, or sitting in meditation without expectation, but most famous is the Renzai sect's use of paradoxical koans. FTP, what is this major branch of Buddhism
Output: Social Science
This country's People's Life First party merged with its Tomorrow Party, and its prime minister recently called for "bold" monetary policy, 5 years after finally apologizing for the "comfort women" used by its army. Property belonging to individuals from this country was destroyed in China after a September dispute over its buying of the Diaoyu Islands. This country's TEPCO stock rose in value after news that the government sought to resume (*) nuclear power production. This country's LDP defeated the DPJ in the 2012 elections, meaning its new prime minister is Shinzo Abe. For ten points, identify this country whose Diet is located in Tokyo.
Output: History
The Guardian newspaper was founded by a witness to this event, which saw William Hulton dispatch a\n Yeomanry regiment under the drunken Captain Hugh Birley. Unlawful Drilling and Blasphemous Libel\n were outlawed by Lord Sidmouth in response to this August 16 event, which also inspired the Cato Street\n Conspiracy. The Six Acts were passed in the aftermath of this 1819 attempt to arrest the radical orator\n Henry Hunt, which saw cavalry kill fifteen of the 70,000 Mancunians who were gathered to protest\n Parliamentary representation in the midst of a famine. For 10 points, name this massacre whose name is a\n combination of St. Peter's Field, where it occurred, and Napoleon's final defeat.
Output: History
Indigenous Dahomey people worshiped these creatures to the point of instituting the death penalty for killing one of them. The Khmer people claimed descent from these creatures, citing the marriage of Soma and Kaundinya as mythological origin. In Hindu mythology, the highest status that one of these creatures can attain is "naga." The Altuna Runestone depicts Thor using the head of an ox in an effort to capture one of these creatures that encircles the earth. The caduceus has two of, FTP, what reptilian tempter of Eve in the Garden of Eden
Output: Social Science
In a work by this author, Jopp humiliates Lucetta by reading her love letters to a crowd. In that novel, after he sells his wife Susan to the sailor Newson in a fit of drunkenness, the protagonist swears off drinking. In another novel, a note reading "Done because we are too menny" is left behind after Little Father Time commits suicide. In addition to creating Michael Henchard and (*) Jude Fawley, this author created a character who murders Alec and is executed after being caught with Angel Claire. For 10 points, name this author of The Mayor Of Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure, and Tess of the d'Urbervilles.
Output: Literature
Proteins associated with these structures include kinesins and dynein, which move along them in order to transport other molecules throughout the cell. Many of these structures in a given cell will be in a state of dynamic instability, in which the protein subunits that make them up can be either added to or removed from the plus end of the structure at any given time. The ability of the structures to shorten is useful during mitosis, when they attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and pull them toward the spindle poles. For 10 points, name these components of the cytoskeleton, which also make up cilia and are composed of tubulin subunits.
Output: Science
It was the first gem mineral to be synthesized in the lab by flame fusion in a process developed by Auguste Verneuil; this technique and flux growth are still used to synthesize it today. At the turn of the century, discovery of these artificial techniques caused widespread panic in regions where it is mined from gem gravel deposits, especially Southeast Asia. Crystallizing in the hexagonal system, it forms in silica-poor igneous and metamorphic rocks. With chemical formula Al2O3, varieties include Padparadscha (pod-pa-Rah-sha), star sapphire, sapphire, and ruby. FTP, name this mineral, 9 on the Mohs hardness scale.
Output: Science
Horace Vernet painted this figure on his deathbed, while Antoine-Jean Gros's paintings of him include one at Jaffa and one at the Arcole Bridge. In one work by his most famous depicter, he stands in his signature pose as his candles burn out at dawn in his study, while in another the names of Charlemagne and Hannibal are carved  into a mountain beneath the hooves of his leaping horse. If it were not for a mis-measurement of The Marriage at Cana, the painting of him placing a crown on his wife's head would be the largest at the Louvre, whose central hall bears his name. For 10 points, name this favorite subject of Jacques-Louis David, former Emperor of France.
Output: History
In the presence of ethanol and sodium, these compounds can be reduced to primary alcohols in a reaction named after Bouveault and Blanc. The heterocyclic amine of DMAP attacks the less-hindered carbonyl of an anhydride to form an intermediate that reacts with alcohol to produce one of these in one reaction. A reaction that forms another type of these compounds is reacts a ketone with a peroxyacid. Both of those reactions, the (*) Yamaguchi and BaeyerVilliger reactions, can synthesize the cyclic version of these compounds, which are called lactones. They can be synthesized in by heating carboxylic acids with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. For 10 points, name this functional group which has a carbon single-bonded to one oxygen and double bonded to another, commonly created in a reaction named for Fischer.
Output: Science
For an RLC circuit, the frequency associated with this effect is where impedance is at a minimum. Substances can be analyzed through a technique that uses the nuclear magnetic form of this effect. That technique's commonly used medical variant is called MRI. This effect causes the amplitude of a system to hit a maximum. For a vibrating string, the frequencies of this are multiples of the fundamental. For 10 points, name this effect where the frequency of the input force equals the natural frequency of the system.
Output: Science
This element can be detected in a test that uses strips of paper sensitized with mercuric chloride placed in a bottle containing granulated zinc, water, and hydrochloric acid. Another test for this element precipitates metallic silver out of a silver nitrate solution after a compound containing this element is reacted with nascent hydrogen. Those tests, named respectively for Gutzeit and Marsh, are used to distinguish this element from antimony. Paul Erlich developed syphilis-treating drugs containing this element, such as atoxyl and Salvarsan. More modern drugs containing it include Mel B, which is used to treat trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness. People who were given it tended to have brick red-colored mucosa on the post-mortem. For 10 points, name this element famed as a poison.
Output: Science
The Bar Confederation fought for the independence of this nation. The thirteenth of the Fourteen Points called for this country's establishment and its access to the sea. The Piasts were one line of kings from this nation, which was home to a parliament called the Sejm (""SAME""). This thrice-partitioned nation was the birthplace of Pope (*) John Paul II. For 10 points, name this country whose first post-communist president was Lech Walesa, who started the Solidarity union in this nation's Gdansk shipyards.
Output: History
Giovanni Bologna did a statue of this title which was set in marble in 1583 in the Loggia dei Lanzi. In the better known painting of the name, an elderly woman appears at the center who would later serve as the model for a figure in Delacroix's Massacre at Chios. A man robed in orange looks on the action from the upper left, while the grouping of a woman with left arm extended, grabbed around the waist by a man, is repeated 6 times from different angles in the painting. FTP, what is this 1636 work, which depicts a famous abduction from early Roman history, by Nicolas Poussin
Output: Fine Arts
Theobald V of Blois died during a siege in this conflict, and Frederick VI of Swabia attempted to preserve the body of a ruler who died en route to this conflict using vinegar. That Holy Roman Emperor allegedly died of a heart attack upon entering the cold water of the Cillica river en route to it, and a late victory in it saw the heroic rescue of Christians garrisoned at a Citadel in Jaffa. Cyprus was captured while its main commander was en route to the siege of Acre. Prompted by the fall of Jerusalem after the defeat of Guy of Lusignan and Raymond III at Hattin to Saladin, FTP, identify this crusade led by Phillip Augustus and Richard I, also known as the King's Crusade.
Output: History
The Treaty of Fort Stanwix involved acquisition of land south of this river. In the late 1700's, this river was the southern boundary of the Northwest Territory. The mouth of this river is located in Cairo, Illinois and this river flows through such cities as Wheeling and Evansville. The Wabash is one of the largest tributaries of this river. In the heart of Pittsburgh, this river is formed by the joining of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers. For 10 points, name this river which as its name suggests forms the southern border of a state with capital at Columbus.
Output: Social Science
In one painting by this man, the subject wears a red hat with a violet flower and stuffs a jagged, blue handkerchief into her mouth. That painting depicts his sorrowful looking lover Dora Maar. This artist of Weeping Woman depicted a harlequin playing a clarinet next to a figure holding a guitar. In the middle of one of his paintings, a flower emerges from a broken sword. This artist of Three Musicians painted five prostitutes looking at the viewer in another work, and he also depicted a horse crying out in anguish after the bombing of a Basque town. For 10 points, name this Spanish Cubist painter of Les Demoiselles d'Avignon and Guernica.
Output: Fine Arts
The Voluspa states that this figure and his wife lie under a grove of hot springs, and later refers to him as the brother of Byleist. This figure killed a man in the form of an otter, paying the weregild for that death with gold stolen from Andvari. This killer of Fimafeng was punished with the death of his son Narfi, whose entrails were used to bind him to a tree. This god writhes in agony as a snake drips venom on his face, which occurs whenever Sigyn has to empty the poison bowl. This god arms Hoder with a sharpened sprig of mistletoe, which is used to kill Balder. The father of Hel, for 10 points, name this trickster god of Norse mythology.
Output: Social Science
Late onset of this disease is correlated with having two mutant alleles of ApoE4. Galantamine and rivastigmine are common treatments for this illness, in which overexcitement of glutamate receptors can cause nerve cell death. Microtubule disintegration occurs in this disease due to hyperphosphorylation of (*) tau protein. Sufferers of this disease exhibit degeneration of the cerebral cortex, as well as aggregations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaques. For 10 points, name this most common form of dementia.
Output: Literature
The parity of these types of interactions may be determined by examining the aggregate marginal utility and private marginal utility curves; these interactions are not occurring where those curves are the same. The positional form of these phenomena results from a perceived need to one-up competitors. Pigouvian taxes are designed to cease these phenomena, which comprise a common market failure when barriers to resolution exist. These are formally defined as effects from a transaction experienced by non-parties to the transaction and can be positive, in which case they are also called Merit goods, or negative, as exemplified by pollution. For 10 points, name these economic phenomena that will practically resolve themselves under certain conditions according to Coases theorem.
Output: Social Science
An empty bottle and one or two other small objects sit on a curved-legged wooden table in one corner of this painting, which also features a background of red drapes with a curtain pull hanging from the top of this painting. A bed at the center of this painting is covered in yellow clothes, and the red clothes on that bed spill on to the floor. The central figure of this painting wears a yellow pendant on a chain. A cows head with inwardly lit eyes comes out of shadows at the back of this painting and looks over the shoulder of another creature in this painting. For ten points, identify this painting in which a terrifying small brown creature sits on the chest of a prostate sleeping woman in white, which is a work by Henry Fuseli.
Output: Fine Arts
This conflict saw the last combat between fighter planes with piston engines fought and resulted in electoral success for the PCN, or National Conciliation Party. It was provoked by the eviction of squatting peasants who, it was feared, would return to their homeland and foment rebellion against rich landowners there. Lasting six days in July of 1969, it ended with a cease-fire brokered by the Organization of American States. For ten points, identify this war between Honduras and El Salvador given its name because it occurred soon after a series of FIFA qualifying matches.
Output: History
His botched funeral saw his relatives forced to pay sixty schillings for his gravesite on the spot, and may have been marred with a fire or his bowels exploding when he was shoved into his sarcophagus. His marriage to a cousin required that they donate the Mens and Womens abbeys, dedicated to St. Stephen. His loyal advisers included his half-brothers Robert and Odo, who was instrumental in putting down a revolt led by Ralph de Guader. He forced the nobles of his kingdom to swear allegiance at the Oath of Salisbury, and he faced resistance from the pretender Edgar Aetheling. He elevated the Archbishop of Canterbury over York in the Accord of Winchester, put down the Revolt of the Earls, and married Matilda of Flanders. For 10 points, name this Domesday-Book-authoring, Battle-of-Hastings-winning first Norman king of England.
Output: History
In Maori mythology, Maui owns one of these objects that becomes the South Island of New Zealand. In Norse mythology, Frey owns one named Skidbladnir that can fit in a pocket but hold all the gods. Another one of these objects in Norse myth is made from fingernails and called Naglfar. Another one of these objects fits through the Symplegades rocks and carries Atalanta, Heracles, and Jason on the quest for the Golden Fleece. For 10 points, the Argo is an example of what floating object
Output: Social Science
This state contains Mount Columbia and Mount Oxford in its Collegiate Peaks. This state's capital city was built on Sloan's Lake and lies near the confluence of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River. (*) Cripple Creek is in this state, which also contains Great Sand Dunes National Park. The Spruce Tree House and the Cliff Palace are in this state's Mesa Verde National Park. For 10 points, name this state that contains Mount Elbert, Pike's Peak, and the Air Force Academy and has cities such as Aspen, Boulder, and Denver.
Output: Social Science
This man collected a treatise classifying the title entities into "calm" and "violent" types with considerable moralistic resonance, along with a work of aesthetics describing the interaction of innate human sentiment and critical faculty, into his Four Dissertation. Those essays "Of Passions" and "Of the Standard of Taste," are far more direct than a meandering work arguing that warfare and shoddy masonry must had made the ancient world far less inhabited than the modern. That work, "Populousness of Ancient Nations" was collected along with works like "Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth" in another collection by this man. A Thomas Macauley work replaced this author's (*) History of England as the standard text on the subject, while in another work Pamphilus recounts the debates between Cleanthes, Philo, and Demea about the existence of god. This author of Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion articulated the "is-ought" problem and was credited with awaking Kant from his "dogmatic slumber. " FTP, name this Scottish philosopher who wrote A Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
Output: Social Science
This author outlined four "victim positions" characteristic of a certain country's literature in Survival. In a novel by this author, Simon Jordan investigates the title character, who was institutionalized after allegedly murdering her employer Thomas Kinnear. Newspaper clippings and excerpts from a fictional pulp novel about the planet Zycron punctuate a novel by this author about Alex Thomas, Richard (*) Griffen, and Iris and Laura Chase. This author of Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin penned a novel set in the theocratic Republic of Gilead, in which increasing sterility causes men like the Commander to employ concubines like Offred, the title character. For 10 points, name this female Canadian author of The Handmaid's Tale.
Output: Literature
Some 37 delegates were killed in Mechanics Hall in this city while drafting a new constitution. This city hosted the unsuccessful World Cotton Centennial in 1884. During the Civil War, the so-called "Women's Order" issued in this city made it a crime to insult (+) Union soldiers, although that order eventually led to the removal of Benjamin Butler as its military commander. This city fell to Union forces under the command of David Farragut in the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. French representatives (*) relinquished control of this city from its Cabildo statehouse following a massive land transfer to the US in 1803. For 10 points, name this site of a battle where General Packenham's soldiers were defeated by those under Andrew Jackson after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812.
Output: History
His late works include a depiction of a doleful "cottage girl" who holds a pitcher in her right hand and a dog in her left hand, as well as a depiction of Actaeon surprising Diana and her attendants. His early works include the desolate Landscape with Sandpit and a self-portrait with a woman in a voluminous pink dress who is probably his wife. One of his most famous works is set at the Auberies and features an enclosed pasture of grazing sheep, a girl named Frances Mary Carter, and a man wearing a three-cornered hat and holding a rifle. Another of his paintings shows his children Margaret and Mary chasing a butterfly, while he made portraits of William Wollaston, the Duchess of Cumberland, and the Honorable Mrs. Thomas Graham. FTP, name this artist who famously depicted Mr. and Mrs. Robert Andrews, as well as a notorious boy dressed in blue clothing.
Output: Fine Arts
Debye was able to derive a formula for specific heat of a solid by summing their energies over the vibrational modes of the solid. Like photons, they obey Bose-Einstein statistics, and can thus be considered bosons. They play a central role in the BCS theory of superconductivity by interacting with electrons and connecting them in Cooper pairs. FTP, name these objects, the quanitized vibrations of an atomic lattice.
Output: Science
One model that explains the allosteric change in this protein is the Monod, Wyman, and Changeux model. The Koshland, Nemethy, and Filmer model states that one subunit's change in the structure of this protein promotes conformotional state changes in adjacent subunits. This molecule fluctuates between T and R states. 2,3-bi-phospho-glycerate and inositol hexa-phosphate act to promote the disassociation between this protein and the molecule that it most commonly binds to. The fact that the aforementioned disassociation is promoted when this protein is at low pHs is called the Bohr effect. The carbamation of its N-terminal amino groups allows this protein to carry carbon dioxide. For 10 points, name this iron-containing protein found in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen.
Output: Science
A Roman statue that may depict this figure, a replica of a Lysippos bronze, portrays him hunched over while fastening his right sandal. In another sculpture of this figure, he points skywards with his right hand while he balances on his left foot, stepping on a column of air blown from Zephyr. That bronze is by Giambologna. A marble of this figure nude is missing his right arm, while a cloak is draped over his left arm which cradles the infant Dionysus in a work by Praxiteles. For 10 points, name this god often depicted with a winged hat, winged ankles and a staff with two snakes intertwined around it, the caduceus.
Output: Fine Arts
This composer reworked his fifth symphony, stitching together the first two movements. That work's finale features a theme inspired by the sight of sixteen swans. An early five-movement symphonic choral work by this man was in 5/4 and tells the story of six cantos of his country's national epic, wherein the title character seduces his sister. He wrote a cycle of Four Legends from that epic, including one featuring the (*) Maidens of the Island. One of his nationalist pieces was played under the title Impromptu so that Russian authorities would not pick up on its message. The aforementioned cycle includes "The Swan of Tuonela" and is also called the Lemminkainen Suite. For 10 points, name this composer who wrote the patriotic Finlandia.
Output: Fine Arts
This sculptor unusually emphasized the figure of Iakchus in his trio Demeter, Kore, and Iakchus, which was designed for the Eleusinian Mysteries. His statue of a Pouring Satyr was made for his favorite model, the courtesan Phryne. One of this sculptor's works was rejected by the citizens of Kos and shows its main figure holding a piece of clothing in her left hand draped over an urn. A deity watches as a lizard climbs up a tree without any leaves in his statue that may symbolize the slaying of the python, Apollo Sauroktonos. He created the first full size female nude, Aphrodite of Knidos, but he may be better known for a sculpture in which a deity looks at a baby that is perched on his left arm. For 10 points, name this ancient Greek sculptor of Hermes and the Infant Dionysos.
Output: Fine Arts
James Wood argued in his essay about this man's "Complacent God" that his writing was more style than content. He has written about a New Jersey teenager who attempted to bomb the Lincoln Tunnel, and published a poetry collection called "Endpoint" and essays called "Due Considerations. " In one story, he writes that Stokesie has "two babies chalked up on his fuselage already," and the main character lusts after Queenie, an unknown girl in a bathing suit. Most of his novels are set in fictional Olinger, Pennsylvania and Eastwick, Rhode Island, and they including the Bech books, Buchanan stories, and "The Scarlet Letter" trilogy, while he is best known for a trilogy involving one character, whose first book ends with the pregnancy of his mistress after his legitimate daughter is accidentally drowned. For 10 points, name this American author of Terrorist and "A&P" best known for his character Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom.
Output: Social Science
One of these phenomena almost caused the destruction of the Aeta people and Clark Air Base, while a recent one in the United States was classified as Pelean. Lake Toba was formed by one of these actions and tuya form when this action occurs beneath a glacier. In February 2001, the most severe recorded instance of this action in the solar system took place on [*] Io. These actions produce tephra, which can be classified as blocks, bombs, or lapilli, and they can form calderas and pyroclastic flows. For 10 points, name these lava-spewing actions performed by explosive mountains like Vesuvius and Mt. St. Helens, one of which caused the burial of Pompeii.
Output: History
Following his resignation due to a failed harvest, the pipiolos and Diego Portales jockeyed for power. Jose Miguel Carrera shifted allegiances to and from this man, and led the aristocratic opposition to his rule. The illegitimate son of the viceroy of Peru, he led the army that was defeated at Rancagua. Later, he was one of two men who led the victory at Chacabuco, along with Jose de San Martin. For 10 points, name this South American revolutionary, who from 1817 to 1823 was the ruler of Chile.
Output: History
According to Giorgio Vasari, this artist's first commission was a stone carving of the Annunciation for the Church of Santa Croce [CROH-chay]. This artist's wealthiest patron commissioned him to create a bronze statue of Judith and Holofernes, and he also depicted a bald prophet in his Zuccone [zook-KOH-nay]. Three guilds commissioned this sculptor to design statues of various patron saints that sit in the Orsanmichele, in his home town. This sculptor created an equestrian statue of Erasmo da Narni in Padua, but is best known for sculpting a free-standing nude commissioned by the Medici family, in which the title figure holds Goliath's sword. Name this sculptor of Gattamelata and a bronze David.
Output: Fine Arts
In 1998, researchers at Bell Labs measured the anisotropy of the Compton profile for the most common example of this, showing that there is some wavefunction coherence and thus a covalent component to this. Beijer and others constructed a self-complementary molecule, diacetyl diaminotriazine, which could undergo this type of interaction in four locations simultaneously, alternating donors and acceptors. The strongest form is bifluoride, which is a three-center, four-electron bond, and this interaction is best described in most cases as a proton in a potential well. FTP, identify this interaction which holds DNA base pairs together, accounts for waters high boiling point, and is named after an atom involved.
Output: Science
This man satirized the Belgian Congo in one essay, King Leopolds Soliloquy, while in another, he described and enumerate Fenimore Coopers Literary Offenses. Fictional works by this man include a short story about a mysterious man who leaves 40,000 dollars in gold to the Richards family and another about the gambler Jim Smiley. His novels include one he co-wrote with Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age, as well as the detective story Puddnhead Wilson. For 10 points, name this author of The Man that Corrupted Hadleyberg and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Output: Literature
It is prefaced with a Greek quote from Plato, which makes an allusion to Hesperus. It has since been revealed that the critic John Wilson Croker was the subject of the line, "Light on his head, who pierced thy innocent breast," in this poem. Later, a reference to the Irish poet, Thomas Moore is made with the line, "The sweetest lyrist of her saddest wrong," and Chatterton, Sidney, and Lucan are also praised, though 15 stanzas forward. It ends, "Beacons from the abode where the Eternal are," and begins with the poet weeping for the title character, who has not lived to fulfill his promise. FTP, name this elegy to John Keats written by Percy Shelley.
Output: Social Science
This man's artistic influences included his stepfather Peter Pelham and the late Rocoist Joseph Blackburn, who created the "portrait d'apparat" technique which this man used to depict Epes Sargent and Baron Graham. This painter of The Red Cross Knight depicted a man suffering a stroke in Parliament in The Death of Chatham and an animal on a gold chain near a glass of water in another work. For 10 points, name this painter of Boy With a Squirrel who showed a distressed man being pulled back into a boat in Havana harbor in Watson and the Shark.
Output: Fine Arts
A ubiquitin ligase that marks specific proteins which the 26S proteasome breaks down is known as its (*) promoting complex, and in plants, the step immediately following it features vesicles moving along the phragmoplast. The step preceding it is ended by inactivation of cyclin dependent kinases, and the kinetochore fibers become shorter during this step. Chromatid pairs separate into identical chromosomes, which are subsequently pulled to the poles by the spindle fibers. FTP, identify this step of cell division that follows metaphase.
Output: Science
This property is changed by the Walden inversion. Changing only this property for an alcohol involves using tosyl chloride and pyridine, then adding sodium acetate and THF, and finally adding potassium hydroxide and water. This property is not possessed by meso compounds, and it can be visualized using Fischer projections. Pasteur found this property in tartaric acid, and glycine is the only amino acid lacking it. A mixture of products with this property is said to be racemic. Molecules with this property are designated R or S in the CIP system. Name this concept of a compound's "handedness," which describes compounds with a non-superimposable mirror image.
Output: Science
The artist composed this work by first dividing it into four groups of men. The first group includes a man in the background pulling at his hair in frustration, and an older man in the foreground staring blankly with his arm draped over the body of his deceased son. A second group consists of four men huddled together, on the lookout for something in the distance. A third group includes a man with a dead body draped over his legs, struggling to stand up in excitement for a ship that has been identified in the distance. A final group of men waves their clothing in the air while mounted upon some barrels to attract the attention of the vessel Argus. FTP, identify this 1819 painting which depicts the remaining crew of a French frigate by Thodore Gricault.
Output: Fine Arts
He took part in a "secret meeting" held at the home of Mary Talbert which helped found a notable organization. This editor of Atlanta University's quarterly Phylon wrote in another work about the death of his child, in the chapter "the Passing Of The First-Born". One article by this man cited the examples of Alexander Crummell and Benjamin Banneker to emphasize the importance of educating black intellectuals, and was a longtime editor of Crisis magazine. Writer of "The Talented Tenth", and founder of both the Niagra Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, for 10 points, name this opponent of Booker T. Washington's policy of accommodation, author of The Souls of Black Folk.
Output: Literature
Mikhail Tsvet coined the term when he discovered this technique while doing research on plant pigments. He did this by making a solution of his samples with ether and alcohol, then running this solution over powdered sugar or calcium carbonate columns to extract pigments. Other varieties of this technique use paper or finely ground silica or alumina on top of a glass plate or film as the stationary phase, while gases and liquids are common mobile phases. For 10 points, name this laboratory technique that makes use of each component of a mixtures differing affinities for the stationary phase in order to separate out these components.
Output: Science
This composer revised Anton Seidl's orchestration of his piano pieces for a suite that included a new arrangement of his "Shepherd's Boy". The original version of one movement by him concludes with a male chorus singing "Kill him! Kill him!" at its climax. One work by him opens with a pentatonic melody for flute in 6/8 time over alternating E major and C-sharp minor chords. That work by him includes a mazurka for strings and triangle. He included an arrangement of his "March of the Dwarves" in his Lyric Suite. A timpani roll directly precedes the entrance of the pianist at the opening of his Piano Concerto in A minor. Incidental music he wrote spawned suites including the movements "Morning Mood" and "In the Hall of the Mountain King". For 10 points, name this Norwegian composer of the Peer Gynt Suites.
Output: Fine Arts
This compound is produced with graphite in the Bosch reaction, and organic reactions in this medium have been demonstrated to be faster than in toluene and cyclohexane by Sharpless. This compound notably has a solid-liquid boundary with a (*) negative slope on a phase diagram, and the absolute temperature scale is based on this compound's triple point. It is produced with carbon dioxide during combustion, and this molecule has a bent geometry and two lone pairs, allowing the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds that reduce its density when solid. For ten points, identify this "universal solvent" with formula H2O.
Output: Science
This man insisted that he was lobbying for a relaxation of sugar rations to help beet farmers in his constituency, leading to his nickname as the "Pepsi-Cola Kid." The Hennings report questioned various aspects of this man's finances. Millard Tydings led a committee that challenged this man. During a course of hearings this man had with the (*) Army, Joseph Welch asked him if he had ""no sense of decency. "" For 10 points, name this Senator from Wisconsin who led the communist ""witch hunts"" during the 1950s.
Output: History
In a regular Sturm-Liouville problem, the spectrum of these numbers is discrete and semi-infinite. There is a conjecture that, for some positive operator, the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function are in fact this type of value, whose magnitudes can be bound by the size of matrix elements using Schur's inequalities. Symbolized lambda, they can be found by setting to zero the determinant of the matrix minus lambda times the identity matrix or by finding the roots of the* characteristic equation. FTP, what are these values that reveal by how much matrix multiplication changes their corresponding eigenvectors
Output: Science
The flux-flow coefficient for this effect in type II superconductors is directly proportional to the Hall effect coefficient. The basic equations involving it were formulated by Lord Kelvin and are now considered a special case of the generalized Onsager relations. One source of it is phonon-electron collision, or drag, in the material, which can be estimated from the lattice heat capacity, and the other source, charge carrier diffusion, from Mott theory. When its coefficient is multiplied by the Thomson coefficient, the Peltier coefficient is produced. FTP, name this effect where a potential difference is created by a temperature gradient, utilized in thermocouples.
Output: Science