niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Phytoplankton with very high levels of this element are called "survivalists" because they are better at acquiring scarce resources. Agropyron repens dominated areas high in this element in experiments by David Tilman, which found that early successional species are better at acquiring it. The partner choice and sanctions hypotheses can explain a symbiosis centering around this element. Plants produce leghemoglobin to avoid oxygen poisoning of an enzyme that processes this element. Diazotrophs are able to survive without external sources of this element, and in oceans, the anammox process decreases its availability. This is the most commonly limiting element in terrestrial ecosystems, but most legumes have rhizobial root nodules capable of fixing it into ammonium. For 10 points, name this element whose diatomic form makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere.
Output: Science
Some of his early works include The Spirit of the Age and Two Letters on the Measure of Value, and he laid out the five principles of inductive reasoning, which would become known as his namesake method in his book System of Logic. In one essay he discusses the tyranny of the majority and created the Harm Principle, and in another work he would defend the Greatest (*) Happiness Principle and lay the foundation for a movement that would include philosophers such as Henry Sidgewick and Jeremy Bentham. FTP, name this philosopher who wrote On Liberty and Utilitarianism.
Output: Social Science
The fifth of them is dedicated to Frau Hertha Koenig, the eighth is dedicated to Rudolf Kassner, and they are collectively designated the property of Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis-Hohenlohe. The first begins with the question "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angels' hierarchies," while the tenth and last imagines a young man who enters the land of Lament. FTP, identify this group of poems, written between 1912 and 1922 and considered the masterwork of Ranier Maria Rilke.
Output: Literature
A museum branch located in this city's Fort Tryon Park containing medieval art is known as The Cloisters. One of its straits, which includes Roosevelt Island and Rikers Island, is the East River. Some of its neighborhoods are Bensonhurst and Flatbush, and its Turtle Bay neighborhood includes the headquarters of the (*) United Nations. For 10 points, name this city whose boroughs include Queens, Staten Island, and Manhattan.
Output: Social Science
The causative agent of this disease can be typed using either IS6110 RFLP analysis or spoligotyping. One blood test for the disease is QFT-G, which checks for the presence of interferon gamma. Treatment uses the DOT strategy. The Mantoux test works by injecting PDD into the patient. That test works for the latent form of this disease and is a skin test. It is caused by a Mycobacterium. A symptom of it is a persistent cough. For 10 points, name this deadly disease of the lungs that used to be called consumption.
Output: Science
To the speaker of this poem and "to darkness" is left the world by a ploughman who "homeward plods his weary way." The speaker of this poem muses about "hands that the rod of empire might have swayed, or waked to ecstasy the living lyre." The denizens of the title location of this poem were "forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne," meaning one of them may be "some (*) Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood." This poem concerns those who lived "far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife," and it begins as "the curfew tolls the knell of parting day." For 10 points, name this poem by Thomas Gray.
Output: Literature
A part of this opera which parodies Handel takes the unusual step of assigning the coloratura part to a bass. A man who disapprovingly marks a chalkboard is told that Winter is waiting in a thorn bush in an allusion to an anti-Semitic tale of Grimm in this opera. A list of important tones is found in its aria Mein Herr, while Toscanini simplified the arrangement of this works Riot Scene. Also including the Midsummer Magic music and Trial Song, a key decision in this opera takes place shortly after the first appearance of Pogner and Becksemmer. Over the course of this work, the Morning Dream Song develops into the Prize Song, and it ends with Sachs defending the holiness of German art. In its first scene, a character is instructed to retrieve a handkerchief, clasp, and prayer book in order for Eva to delay telling Walter that she has promised to marry whoever the title character turns out to be. For 10 points, name this comedic opera by Richard Wagner about a man who wins his love in a singing contest.
Output: Fine Arts
Bolshiye Koty is a town located on the western shore of this lake, and the largest bay in it is the Barguizin Bay. The mountain region Dauria lies to the east of this lake, whose Proval Bay was created by an 1862 earthquake at a river delta. The islands of Ushkani and Olkhon are located in this lake, and the Selenga and Barguzin rivers drain into it. Its sole outlet is the Angara River, and it is located in the republic of Buryatia and the province of Irkutsk. For 10 points, name this Russian lake, the oldest and the deepest in the world.
Output: Social Science
In a surprising move it was voted down by Iowa's legislature. In its first appearance it was linked to a two million dollar appropriations bill and the next year to a three million dollar appropriations bill. In the nominating convention the next year, Lewis Cass failed to address it and his Democrats voted down a resolution condemning it, giving Zachary Taylor the momentum. FTP, name this resolution that passed in the House but not the Senate and which sought to ban slavery in any acquired Mexican territory.
Output: History
An early work by this man was The River War, which discussed his military experiences in Sudan. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, this man returned his country to the Gold Standard, leading to mass deflation, and he had earlier lost his job as First Lord of the Admiralty due to the failure of the(*) Gallipoli Campaign. This man gave a speech in Fulton, Missouri, where he said that "An iron curtain has descended across Europe," while in another speech he had "nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat." For 10 points, identify this British Prime Minister during World War II.
Output: History
As this figure's ship sailed, rotten planks were replaced with new ones, leading to a philosophical problem concerning whether the original ship remained. Parts of this man's thighs were left in the underworld after he Pirithous were stuck to magical chairs. He killed a robber who forced victims to conform to the size of his bed named Procrustes. Aided by Ariadne's ball of string, this figure slew the Minotaur in the labyrinth. For 10 points, name this man who founded Athens and served as its first king.
Output: Social Science
The founder of the Juvenalia and a namesake festival, he installed Tigranes and later Tiridates as kings of Armenia, and used the henchman Anicetus in divorcing and murdering his first wife. Like Claudius, he married a Messalina as his third wife, but his only child died in infancy. This ruler was rebelled against by Clodius Macer, the governor of Africa, and commanded the general Corbulo to commit suicide. In early life he was advised the praetorian prefect Burrus and also the author of De Ira and the Apocolocyntosis. He forced a man known as his arbiter elegantiae, Petronius, to commit suicide, and employed the architect Fabullus to build a palace known as the Domus Aurea. The target of the Pisonian conspiracy, he was eventually unseated by the revolt of Gaius Vindex in Gaul. For Ten Points, name this husband of Poppaea, student of Seneca, and predecessor of Galba, the last of the Julio-Claudian Roman emperors.
Output: History
Combustion reactions produce carbon dioxide, energy, and this substance. Sometimes called the "universal solvent", it has high surface tension because it forms many hydrogen bonds. This compound is unusual in that as it is cooled, it becomes less dense, so its solid form (*) floats on top of its liquid form. For 10 points, name this compound that boils at 100 degrees Celsius, freezes at zero degrees Celsius, and has formula H2O.
Output: Science
One of his campaigns was conducted against Grimoald III, duke of Benevento, who had formerly been his hostage. In his namesake Libri, theologians attacked the Second Council of Nicaea, before he himself convened the Synod of Frankfurt, which overruled that ecumenical council. In his "cold war" with the Byzantines, he advanced his own candidate to succeed Hadrian I, Pope Leo III. Defeat at Zaragoza forced his troops to retreat to Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees, a site famous for the poem it inspired, The Song of Roland. His biographer Einhard served as secretary for his son and successor, Louis the Pious. FTP, name this king of the Franks, whom Leo crowned Holy Roman Emperor on December 25, 800.
Output: History
In 75 AD, Plutarch wrote a biography of this man, describing him as avaricious. An adherent of Sulla, he was forced to flee to Hispania during the purges by Cinna, only to return with Sulla after Cinnas death in 84 BC, defeating the final remnants of the Cinna-supporters. Profiting heavily form Sullas proscriptions, he would be nicknamed dives, or the rich. During the Spartacus uprising, he would raise and train troups at his own expense and lead them into battle. From that period dates also his rivalry with Pompey, whom he accused of stealing the honor of the victory over the slaves from him. He would later reconcile with him, however. FTP, who is this man, who allegedly came to his end after molten gold had been poured into his mouth by the Parthians
Output: History
Some participants in a raid on this country joined up with Swallow Team and escaped this country on skis after blowing up their target. A team of Royal Engineers was executed after a failed raid in this country with gliders in Operation Freshman. Those operations targeted a plant at Vemork in this country's Telemark region which produced heavy water for nuclear weapons. Vidkun Quisling served as Germany's puppet ruler of this country, whose King Haakon VII went into exile during World War II. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country which the Nazis controlled from Oslo.
Output: History
In 1842, he contributed a series of letters to The Nonconformist in which he argued that government actions should be limited to upholding natural rights. The writings were collected and published as the pamphlet, The Proper Sphere of Government. The Principles of Psychology speculated on ideas that would become much more popular four years later, while The Man Versus the State discussed political liberty. In his first book, Social Statics (1851), he presented a progressive model of the changes in human society over time in which he asserted and defended the emergence of individualism as the natural culmination of societal evolution. For 10 points, name this British thinker and author of A System of Synthetic Philosophy who argued that "the survival of the fittest" is morally justified.
Output: Social Science
This state was where the author of Sand County Almanac, Aldo Leopold, taught for many years. The 1924 Progressive Party candidate for President was from this state, where as governor, he had previously introduced such progressive policies as direct election of senators. That governor of this state was Robert La Follette. This state's current governor survived a 2012 gubernatorial recall election and is staunchly opposed to public employees' collective bargaining rights. For 10 points, name this state governed by Scott Walker, whose largest city is Milwaukee.
Output: History
This element's only oxidation state is -1, and it is impossible to free from its compounds by chemical means. It is prepared commercially be the same method which Henri Moisson used to isolate it in 1886, and is also found in the mineral cryolite. Its only isotope is the stabe 19 version, and in its gaseous form takes on a pale yellow color. The most electronegative and reactive of the elements, FTP, what is this lightest of the halogens with atomic number 9 and symbol F
Output: Science
This author used his experiences training as an obstetrician to write his first novel, about a factory worker who has an affair with Jim Blakeston and dies after a miscarriage. A later short story describes missionary Davidsons attempts to convert prostitute Sadie Thompson. Besides Liza of Lambeth and Rain, this author also wrote about painter David Stricklands journey to Tahiti in a work based on the life of Gauguin, The Moon and Sixpence. In one of his more famous works, World War I veteran Larry Darrell travels to Paris and then India in search of spiritual guidance, while an autobiographical work describes the life of clubfooted Philip Carey. FTP, name this British author of The Razors Edge and Of Human Bondage.
Output: Literature
One party in this conflict was led for part of it by the namesake of a battleship famous in a later conflict, the Duke of Caxias. This clash was precipitated by the ouster of Atansio Aguirre. Victory at Curupayty forestalled defeat for the eventual losers, whose fate was practically sealed after the naval Battle of Riachuelo. This war's namesake treaty was the brainchild of Bartolom Mitre, who favored the Colorado Party over the Blanco Party in Uruguay. FTP, name this conflict in which Paraguay under Francisco Solano Lpez was eventually defeated by the namesake entity, consisting of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.
Output: History
One of these named Wotjek carried ammunition at the battle of Monte Cassino, and in an 1887 Thomas Nast cartoon, one of these animals replies to a turkey with "Gobble, gobble, you bet". A Punch cartoon titled "As Between Friends" shows the British Lion looking on as this animal sits on the Persian Cat, while a sick one of these animals is captioned "California Republic" in a Cagle cartoon. A famous one of these was rescued in the Capitan Mountain, and they are often used to symbolize Russia. For 10 points, name this animal depicted on the cover of "The Great Wall St. Game" next to a bull, one of which is the mascot of the US Forestry Service.
Output: History
One incident during this conflict saw Redvers H. Buller ordering troops into regions such as Colenso and the Stormberge mountains, only to see them soundly whipped in a period referred to as "Black Week. " After Bullers' replacement by Frederick S. Roberts, one side began a string of military victories which culminated in the defeat of Piet Cronje. A precipitating event of this conflict included the actions of Leander Jameson, while another issue of tension revolved around the discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand region. The wrap up to this war saw Horatio Kitchener setting up concentration camps while fending off guerrilla attacks led by men like Jan Botha and Jan Christiaan Smuts. For 10 points, identify this conflict that lasted from 1899 to 1902 that pitted the British against the Dutch-descended Afrikaners in what is now South Africa.
Output: History
A testo narrates a work by this composer that features a Christian knight who kills a Saracen maiden, The Fight Between Tancredi and Clorinda. A piece sometimes known as "Lasciatemi morire" and later arranged by the composer for five voices is the only extant part of his opera Arianna. The text of his first opera was provided by Alessandro Striggio, and it begins with a recitation by La Musica of her powers. Another opera by this composer features Ottone, who dresses in female clothes in an attempt to kill the title character, who is having an affair with Nero. FTP, name this Italian composer of the early operas The Coronation of Poppaea and Orfeo.
Output: Fine Arts
In a latter section of this work, a man who refuses to enter heaven without his dog is told that he has passed a test of constancy. Twelve years of exile are wagered in a dice game in this poem, which begins with a blind king abdicating in favor of his brother, but then coming back to rule with the advisor Bhisma. After victory in war over the Kauravas, Yudhishthira becomes king. Earlier, Draupadi is married to all five Pandava brothers, including the archer Arjuna. FTP, name this epic poem of India which contains Krishna's recitation of the Bhagavad Gita.
Output: Social Science
In one work by this author, a woman detaches her right arm and gives it to the narrator to keep for a night. In one of his novels, the patriarch of the Ogata family reconsiders his relationship with his philandering son Shuichi. In another, Kikuji has an affair with Mrs. Ota, a former mistress of his dead father. He also wrote a novel which centers on a match between Otake and Shusai, and one in which Shimamura has an affair with the geisha Komako while visiting the titular region of Japan. For 10 points, name this first Japanese winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, who wrote The Sound of the Mountain, Thousand Cranes, The Master of Go, and Snow Country.
Output: Literature
This author wrote about the spoiled poet Jaromil, who dies of a cold at age twenty, in Life is Elsewhere. Tamina makes love to Hugo so that he will retrieve the letters she wrote to her dead husband in this man's story, "Lost Letters." In one of his novels, Marketa receives a postcard reading (*) "Optimism is the opium of the people!" from her boyfriend. This man wrote a novel composed of seven interlinking stories entitled The Book of Laughter and Forgetting. He wrote about Ludvik Jahn in The Joke, and about the philandering Tomas and his wife Teresa in his most famous novel. For 10 points, name this Czech author of The Unbearable Lightness of Being.
Output: Literature
white faces emerge from black clothing in this man's Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion. For 15 points, name this twentieth-century artist, who parodied Velasquez's Innocent X for the most notable member of his Screaming Popes series.
Output: Fine Arts
This man's son drew on his work in order to publish the monograph Wayward Puritans. This man attempted to provide evidence for his best known theory by writing books examining the lives of well adjusted people; one such book coined the phrase "homo religiosus," examined "the origins of non-violent militantism," and was entitled Gandhi's Truth. One theory by this man, elaborated in his work Childhood and Society, posits that every child must choose between (*) trust and distrust and ego-identity and role confusion at various times. For 10 points, name this man who coined the term "identity crisis" and proposed an eight stage theory of psychosocial development.
Output: Social Science
One of his works claims that twelve categories of human understanding posited in the Critique of Judgment are reducible to causality. His last work, a set of "stray yet systematically arranged thoughts on a variety of subjects," includes sections "On Din and Noise" and "Additional Remarks on the Doctrine of the Suffering of the World. "  This author of Parerga and Paralipomena wrote On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and another work argues that art tries to represent the Platonic ideal of an object and that works expands Kant's "Ding an Sich" to the whole universe. For 10 points, supposed pessimist, the author of The World as Will and Idea.
Output: Social Science
He painted a series of devotional paintings for the Palazzo Coccina while one of his depictions of the Crucifixion features a figure shrouded in bright yellow kneeling her head before the main scene. He painted St. Francis in Ecstacy and St. Nicholas Named Bishop of Myra for the San Nicol della Lattuga, while tondos like Music and Honour are among the works for the Biblioteca Marciana. One of his paintings depicts himself alongside Bassano, Tintoretto, and Titian as musicians seated around a table with an (*) hourglass. That painting sits in San Giorgio Maggiore and shows a man in yellow pouring a huge gourd of wine into a golden goblet for the ongoing banquet. For 10 points, name this Venetian painter of works like The Wedding Feast at Cana.
Output: Fine Arts
One author from this country is known for his autobiographical work The Days. In addition to Taha Hussein, this country has produced an author who wrote about the assassination of this country's president in The Day the Leader Was Killed. That author also wrote novels such as The Thief and the Dogs and (*) Palace Walk. For 10 points, name this home of Naguib Mahfouz whose literature also includes The Book of the Dead and was often written on papyrus.
Output: Literature
religion's believers practice the Four Restraints and they adhere to right vision, knowledge, and conduct, or the ratnatraya. Followers perform the five-fold bow when they recite this religion's primary prayer, the Namokar Mantra. This religion reserves the highest level of its seven-tiered heaven for those who have obtained liberation, or moksha. It reveres twenty-four figures who have recaptured dharma and lead others towards enlightenment, and this religion requires adherence to ahimsa, or non-violence. For 10 points, name this non-violent Indian religion founded by the last tirthankara, Mahavira.
Output: Social Science
In one of this author's books, Elaine Risley and her brother Stephen travelled with their father, who was a field entomologist. This author wrote about a woman who is married to Luke and has an affair with Nick at Serena's prompting. Nick tells that character that the Eyes are part of Mayday, a resistance group opposed to the Republic of Gilead, who are coming to rescue Offred from her work as a reproductive slave for the Commander. For 10 points, name this Canadian author who wrote Cat's Eye and the dystopian novel The Handmaid's Tale.
Output: Literature
The protagonist of this work compares a lover unfavorably to the cultured Mr. and Mrs. Vance. That character goes to live with her sister and brother-in-law Sven, but is forced to work for a shoe factory and give all but fifty cents of her income to her relatives. A marriage ceremony that probably wasnt legal takes place in Montreal in this work, while one main character assumes the pseudonym Wheeler. In the end, one character dies destitute and is buried in a potters field, while the protagonist becomes a successful actress in New York. The title character of this novel first meets Charles Drouet on a train, and that man sets her up with G.W. Underwood, a married man. FTP, name this novel about the title girl from Wisconsin, a work of Theodore Dreiser.
Output: Literature
In the late 1800's, this scientist claimed that the geometric rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was directly proportional to a linear rise of the Earth's temperature. This man developed an equation that can be extended to transition state theory with the Eyring-Polanyi (EYE-RING POLE-ahn-YEE) equation. That equation based on collision theory contains a term called the pre-exponential factor and relates the rate constant to the (*) activation energy and temperature in chemical kinetics. For 10 points, name this Swedish chemist who names an acid-base theory in which an acid is an electron acceptor.
Output: Science
composed a set of works dedicated to Grand Duke Paul of Russia that includes pieces such as "The Birds" and "How Do You Do" and one finale contains various pauses to confuse the audience, titled "The Joke. " One of his works contains the "Ewiger, machtiger Gott" chorus towards the end of its "Spring" movement. Another set of his works are occaisonally named for his collaborator Johann Salomon, including one whose second movement contains an 8-note accompaniment by the bassoons that imitates the ticking of the title device, and another which derives its name from the loud G chord in its sixteenth measure. For 10 points, identify this composer of the Clock and Surprise symphonies.
Output: Fine Arts
This man designed the main building of a museum from Texas Shell Stone, and over the course of forty years, also designed two major additions to that structure. In addition to the Amon Carter Museum, his other designs include a building consisting of what he termed zogs, and, with one of his collaborators, an elliptical building with a red granite and gray steel exterior, the Lipstick Building. The two inclined towers of the Puerta de Europa and the Crystal Cathedral were designed with his partner John Burgee. He also designed an oddly shaped red building he called Da Monsta, and a tower dedicated to Lincoln Kirstein to go with a brick guest house and another structure whose interior contains a brick tower containing the bathrooms and consists of walls of grey steel and glass. For 10 points, name this architect of the Glass House who collaborated with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe on the Seagram Building.
Output: Fine Arts
This author wrote about Scott Martineau, the assistant of the novelist Bill Gray in his novel Mao II, while his first novel was narrated by David Bell and was titled Americana. He published a short story entitled "Midnight in Dostoyevsky" in 2009, while his other short stories include "Baghdad Towers West", "Human Moments in World War III", and "Pafko at the Wall". His more well known works include a work of historical fiction that analyzes Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and one in which Jack Gladney is a Professor of Hitler Studies at College-On-The-Hill. For 10 pointsname this author of Libra and White Noise.
Output: Fine Arts
One section of it quotes Berliozs Waltz of the Sylphs, and it also features a slowed down version of the can-can from Offenbachs Orphe aux Enfers. Its eleventh movement contains a pair of pianos practicing in the C, D flat, D, and E flat scales, and the xylophone is used to denote rattling bones in a section which includes part of its composers Danse Macabre and is entitled Fossils. Opening with a Royal March, its penultimate movement, a cello solo, is sometimes published separately as The Swan. FTP, identify this zoological fantasy by Camille Saint-Saens.
Output: Fine Arts
It attempted to implement such changes as the banning of private property and the shift to a solar calendar, and one theory holds that the game of Mah-jongg was created during it by bored army officers. Its king was eventually dethroned by the Xiang Army led by Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zongtang, a man more famously known as General Tso. Its leader, a member of the Hakka ethnic group, added a third book to its official Bible. FTP, name this rebellion whose leader, Hong Xiuquan, believed he was Jesus Christ's younger brother, an uprising that was finally suppressed in 1871 by forces including Charles Gordon's Ever-Victorious Army.
Output: History
The daughter of an internationally renowned archaeologist, she worked for an electrical engineering firm for ten years before turning to writing. Later works include Men, Women, and Places and The Faithful Wife, and she published The Wild Orchid and The Burning Bush after her conversion to Roman Catholicism, and her continuing interest in the "immoral love" of women resulted in both Jenny and Images in a Mirror. But she may be best-known for investigating medieval Nordic themes and her long historical novels, including Olav Audusson and a long work with three parts entitled The Garland, The Mistress of Husaby, and The Cross, respectively. FTP, name this creator of Kristin Lavransdatter
Output: Literature
This country controls the island of Wolin. Mount Rysy lies in its Tatra Mountains, which, along with the Sudetes, forms much of this country's southwest border. This country lies south of Kaliningrad Oblast and across the Western Bug from a neighboring country's city of Brest. The Masurian Lake District is located in this country, and its city of Stettin lies on the Bay of (*) Pomerania. Its cities include Krakow, Lublin, and Gdansk, and it contains Auschwitz. This country's western border is formed by the Neisse and Oder Rivers, and the Vistula flows through this country before draining into the Baltic Sea. For ten points, name this country with capital at Warsaw.
Output: Social Science
While in a flower shop, this woman hears the backfiring of a car that she believes may be carrying the queen; that event occurs shortly after this woman meets Hugh Whitbread. Later, this woman hears of the suicide of a man who jumps out of a window, Septimus Smith. She is visited by (*) Peter Walsh and Sally Seton, making her reconsider her decision to marry Richard. For 10 points, name this party hostess and title character of a stream of consciousness novel by Virginia Woolf.
Output: Literature
One of this thinker's essays begins by quoting the Monologue of Novalis and concludes by citing a text on the "diversity of the structure" of the titular concept by Wilhelm von Humboldt. Another of his essays discusses the "Lichtung," or clearing in the forest, in relation to a definition of truth as "unconcealment" which he takes from  Parmenides. Yet another of his essays discusses C. F. Meyer's poem "Roman Fountain" and a painting of shoes by Van Gogh in order to understand the titular concept. In addition to "The Way to Language," "The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking," and "The Origin of the Work of Art," he criticized French appropriations of his thought in the "Letter on Humanism" and suggested that the modern world is enframed by scientific thinking in "The Question Concerning Technology. "  However, he is best known for an unfinished book whose first part appeared in 1927, in which he discussed the nature of Dasein. FTP, name this German author of Being and Time.
Output: Social Science
One of this man's paintings depicts a girl wearing a blue dress and red hat who enigmatically glances to the right, and is titled The Terrace. One of his paintings depicts a basket-toting red-haired woman in front of a crowd toting the title Umbrellas. Portraits like Jeanne Samary and Madame Charpentier and Her Children provided his later income. A child wearing a red bow is the subject of his Girl With a Watering Can, while another work depicts some bare-armed dudes in straw hats, women in fancy dresses, and men in top hats eating and commiserating under an awning. FTP, name this French painter of Le Moulin de la Galette and Luncheon of the Boating Party.
Output: Fine Arts
On the first day of this battle, General Johnston's right flank attack stalled in front of Sarah Bell's peach orchard, and much of the heavy fighting took place in the "Hornet's Nest. " The Confederates withdrew to the site of this battle after the losses of Forts Henry and Donelson in February, and the CSA army hoped to attack before reinforcements led by Don Carlos Buell arrived. General Halleck ordered Grant's forces at Pittsburg Landing to advance, and Confederate General Johnston was killed at this battle. FTP, name this April 6th and 7th,1862 Civil War victory for the Union in Tennessee.
Output: History
The tensor analog of this quantity can be diagonalized by defining a coordinate system along the principal axes, and its middle eigenvalue corresponds to unstable motion according to Euler's Equations of Motion. The deflection of a cantilevered beam is inversely proportional to Young's modulus and this quantity. It is given by "cross-sectional area times the square of the radius of gyration", and it can be found by the parallel axis theorem. For a sphere it is equal to "two-fifths m r squared", while it has half the value for a disc that it has for a ring. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized "I", the rotational analog of mass.
Output: Science
According to a 2001 Science magazine report this molecule, which is bound to the protein apolipoprotein E, is the synapse-promoting signal released by the glial cells. In their 1985 Nobel lecture, Brown and Goldstein discussed a receptor-mediated pathway for the homeostasis of this bio-molecule. This molecule also decreases the rigidity of cellular membranes, especially at low temperatures. It is the common precursor of steroid hormones, and also forms crystals in gout and in gallstones with bile salts and phospholipids. Importantly, apolipoprotein E, phospholipids, and free forms of this molecule have been  shown to bind low density lipoproteins, or LDL. FTP, name this lipid which is often associated with atherosclerosis.
Output: Science
One Supreme Court case arising out of this state found that evidentiary hearings must be open to the public; that was the case of Waller versus this state. Another decision naming this state as respondent upheld the Article III provision allowing a citizen of one state to sue another. In two related cases, the Court found that federal courts cannot review state laws and that Indian tribes hold distinct sovereign powers. Appeals against this state invalidated then reinstated the death penalty. For ten points, name this state brought before the Supreme Court by such plaintiffs as Chisolm, Cherokee Nation, Worcester, Gregg, and Furman.
Output: History
This country is the setting of a novel in which Inni meets Arnold and Phillip Taads after his wife Zita leaves him. One character born in this country, where the novel Rituals takes place, travels to Japan and joins a cult led by Abbot Enomoto, whose monks murder their children in the hope for eternal life. That character's "Thousand Autumns" are chronicled in a book by David Mitchell. Drystubble narrates the colonial exploits of this European country in a book which includes a story about the rice farmer Saidjah. The author of Max Havelaar is from this country, home to the bar Mexico City where Jean-Baptiste Clamence narrates his angst. A woman living here wrote about the elderly dentist Mr. Dussel and the kiss from Peter van Daan in a series of entries addressed to "Kitty." For 10 points, name this country that is the setting Camus's The Fall and The Diary of Anne Frank.
Output: Literature
This process can be triggered by molecules like phosphatidylserine. Some organisms try to avoid this process by using a slime layer or fimbriae. Another way to avoid this process is via protein A, which blocks IgG binding and opsonization. After undergoing this process, some organisms use molecules like sulfatides to avoid encountering acidic conditions, while others use proteins such as listeriolysin O or phospholipase A to avoid death by breaking out of the vacuole that they are sequestered in. Pathogens that aren't so lucky are broken down by the cell that performed this process in an oxygen dependent manner. Cells that do this "professionally" include neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages. For 10 points, name this process in which a cell internalizes solid particles.
Output: Science
This leader survived a crushing defeat at Dyrrhachium (deer-RAWK-ee-um) to win a civil war. He built two concentric walls to besiege the city of Alesia, and wrote that ""all of Gaul is divided into three parts"" after defeating Vercengetorix (vur-sin-GET-uh-riks) there. This husband of Calpurnia won the battle of Pharsalus and made up the First Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey. Like his lieutenant Mark Antony, he fell in love with Cleopatra. For 10 points, name this Roman dictator who was killed by Brutus and Cassius on the Ides of March.
Output: History
The allegro movement in the first of these compositions features a solo violin while the rest of the orchestra plays 32nd notes, and the presto movement of the second composition starts off with straight 16th notes. These pieces' composer wrote accompanying sonnets to provide images like "The [*] Barking Dog" and "The Sleeping Shepherd." These pieces were originally published with 8 other concerti, collectively titled "The Contest Between Harmony and Invention." The last movement of its second piece, which is in G minor, depicts a thunderstorm. For 10 points, name this set of four concerti by Antonio Vivaldi which includes the pieces "Summer" and "Spring."
Output: Fine Arts
This celestial object is the largest in a namesake class of bodies that have 2:3 mean motion resonance with a certain larger body. Nix and Hydra are two satellites of this body, the presence of which was originally predicted by Perceval Lowell. The New Horizons probe is en route to this celestial object. The discovery of Eris raised controversy regarding this object, which was discovered by Clyde (*) Tombaugh. It and its largest satellite are sometimes referred to as a binary planet system, although Charon is still officially classified as a moon of this body. This body's highly eccentric orbit occasionally brings it closer to the Sun than Neptune. For ten points, identify this celestial object that was stripped of its "planet" status in 2006.
Output: Science
Orpheus was killed by devotees of this figure. Perseus and the Argives defeated this deity and his followers after he stumbled into Mycenaea . This grandson of Cadmus and Harmonia rescued his mother from the Underworld and placed her among the stars before ascending to Mount Olympus. He became the immortal lover of Ariadne. This wielder of the thyrsus sought revenge on Lycurgus and Pentheus when he returned from India. The maenads were female followers of this god. His cult celebrated the Eleusinian Mysteries. Midas did a favor for Silenus, one of this god's devotees. For 10 points, name this leader of the satyrs, who presided over ecstasy and wine.
Output: Social Science
An atypical 1904 work of this person was designed to abut railways for the Larkin Company; a more characteristic work from the same period was designed as a cube of light facing inwards from the noise busy Lake Street and is known as the Unity Temple. The complex that is now the Hollywood Municipal Art Gallery was designed by this architect on commission from Aline Barnsdall shortly he designed a building having a floating cantilever that allowed it to survive an earthquake, the Imperial Hotel of Tokyo. Taliesin was the studio of this artist perhaps most famous for the design of Fallingwater. For 10 points, name this exemplar of the Prairie style; a notable American architect.
Output: Fine Arts
This term refers to a knot which is defined in cylindrical polar coordinates by the equations "r equals 2 plus cosine of p theta over q", and "z equals sin of p theta over q", where p and q are relatively prime integers. The fundamental group of one of these objects is equal to the cartesian product of the integers with themselves. The Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theorem concerns quasiperiodic orbits described by trajectories moving on the surface of one of these objects, which can be viewed as the cartesian product of two circles. By the Heawood conjecture, 7 colors are needed to color this genus one surface, which can be obtained by gluing opposite edges of a rectangle together with no twists. For 10 points, identify this kind of three-dimensional surface with a single hole, whose name describes the shape of a donut.
Output: Science
He developed one of the first versions of compatibilism in his The Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance, and claimed that the cause of all things is the diversity of motion in his first work A Short Tract on First Principles. Doing proofs in Euclid's Elements inspired a trilogy that deduces organization of society from bodily motion and cognition and which includes the works De Cive, De Corpore, and De Homine. He tutored an exiled Prince Charles in France, but he is best known for his ideas that a sovereign entity is created to avoid a life which is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. "  FTP, name this author of Leviathan.
Output: Social Science
At the end of this war, the duchies of Lorraine and Bar were taken away from France for a generation and the displaced duke of Lorraine was given the duchy of Tuscany after the death of its last Medici ruler. Sardinia entered in hopes of dislodging the Austrians from Lombardy, but it was Spanish entry that caused the defeat of Anna of Russia, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, and their candidate. It began upon the death of Augustus II and escalated after the fall of Danzig, which forced the flight of Stanislaus I.  FTP, name this war that ended with the Treaty of Vienna in 1738, a conflict over ascension to an Eastern European throne.
Output: History
Ingram de Umfraville fought for the losing side of this battle that John Coyme the Younger participated in to avenge his father's murder by its victorious commander at Dumfries. Sir Philip Mowbray commanded the besieged forces during this battle, and Thomas of Lancaster contributed the minimum legal number of troops. Robert Keith led a 500-man cavalry charge around a swamp that scattered archers during this battle, and the losing forces were jointly commanded by the Earls of Gloucester and Hereford, who failed to break the siege of Stirling Castle. FTP, name this 1314 battle in which Edward II's English forces lost to Robert the Bruce, strengthening his claim to the Scottish throne.
Output: History
One song by this group describes the title figure as "a human in flesh but not by law" who is "free to be without the worries of a quick to diss society", because he is homeless. That song, like two others on their debut album, featured the vocals of Dionne Farris. Their second album, Zingalamaduni, was recorded two years after their song (**) "Revolution" was commissioned by Spike Lee for the soundtrack to Malcolm X. The aforementioned "Mr. Wendal" appeared on their debut album, whose highest-charting single features a chorus beginning "Take me to another place / take me to another land" and is called (*) "Tennessee". For 10 points, identify this hip-hop group founded by Speech and Headliner, best known either for their 1992 album 3 Years, 5 Months & 2 Days in the Life Of... or for sharing their name with a recently-resurrected TV show about which you will not be hearing a question.
Output: Social Science
This work discusses the "ebionitic elements of the New Testament" in Richard Baxter's The Saints Everlasting Rest, and its fifth chapter outlines "outlook. " Its author argues that the interaction of the two title concepts has left man in an "iron cage of rationality" and discusses the rise pietism and asceticism in a certain man's "Conception of the Calling. " It claims that the "vocational calling" led to a "steel hard casing" of work from which there is no escape, which causes the title group to conflate wealth and predestination. For 10 points, name this sociological work that examines the connection between Calvinist ethics and business success, by Max Weber.
Output: Social Science
A contemporary account of this dynasty can be found in the 130-volume Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian [Ssu-ma chien]. One important ruler of this time period was Wu Di, who blended Confucian and Legalist philosophies and ordered the first census in recorded history. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin, created by Wang Mang after he decided that the ruling Liu family had lost the Mandate of Heaven. Agrarian crises near the end of it resulted in the uprising of a Taoist sect lead by Zhang Jiao, the Yellow Turbans. It ended after the warlord Cao Caos rise to power, resulting in the Three Kingdoms period. FTP, name this dynasty that lasted from 206BC to 220AD, which lends its name to the major ethnic group of China.
Output: History
military defeat for this country inspired a play also based on the Oedipus myth, You Killed the Monster; that same author from this country also wrote the short story collections City of Love and Ashes and The Cheapest Nights and Other Stories. One novel set in this country sees the protagonist cheat on his wife Kamelia with the dancer Warda and the singer Margarete. Besides The Beggar, a work sometimes considered this country's first novel sees the title peasant girl die of TB after her lover is conscripted; that novel is titled Zaynab. A Nobel laureate from this country described a man who had children with names like Jesus, Moses and Muhammad in (*) Children of Gebelawi. That same author from this country was a co-patriot of Yusuf Idris and penned works like Sugar Street and Palace Walk. For 10 points, name this home to Naguib Mahfouz, author of the Cairo Trilogy.
Output: Literature
One of Nesper's criteria states that if a Zintl phase has this property, then that property must be temperature-dependent. Gorter developed an empirical equation describing absorption due to this property, and Al'tshuler developed a theory of (*) relaxation in lanthanides due to this property. Two theories of this property are named after Brilouin and Langevin. The van Vleck form of this property is temperature-independent, and its weakest form was explained in terms of Fermi-Dirac statistics by Pauli. Certain types of oximetry take advantage of the fact that oxygen has this property, which occurs above the Curie temperature. For 10 points, name this type of magnetism found in substances with unpaired electrons.
Output: Science
It's not Chicago, but a building in this city used a technique called "walking the columns" to support its curving floor slabs and facade. That building will soon be surpassed as the tallest residential building on its continent by Christian de Portzamparc's One57. This home of Frank Gehry's 8 Spruce Street is also home to a building whose Nirosta-clad crown features seven terraced arches; that William (*) van Alen building also features ornamentation resembling radiator caps. David Childs reworked a contest-winning design by Daniel Libeskind for a building in this city which stands 1,776 feet tall and features the America's Response Monument at its base. For 10 points, name this city, home to both the Chrysler Building and One World Trade Center.
Output: Social Science
One of this man's overtures is normally performed in an arrangement made by Carl Bier for the Vienna premiere of the opera that it precedes. In that opera, one character is annoyed by her lover's hour-and-a-quarter-long violin concerto. In another of his operas, a soprano sings "Les oiseaux dans la charmille." Various pieces by this composer were arranged by Manuel Rosenthal for the ballet (*) 'Gaite Parisienne.' An unfinished opera by him is partially set in Luther's tavern and contains the barcarolle "Belle nuit, o nuit d'amour," which is sung by Giulietta and Nicklausse. That opera's title character recounts how he fell in love with Spalanzani's mechanical maiden Olympia in a segment inspired by "The Sandman." For 10 points, name this composer of Orpheus in the Underworld and The Tales of Hoffmann.
Output: Fine Arts
Part 1 of this work, which was originally meant to have a section called "Christmas games with the Christ child," opens with an allegro impetuoso whose polyphony was inspired by the composer's recent studies of Bach and features a notable trombone motif. The "Eternal-Feminine" section of its 2nd part was admired when it premiered, and follows a section featuring Doctor Marianus while preceding an instrumental coda of the first part, a setting of the Latin hymn "Veni, creator spiritus. " For 10 points, identify this work whose second part is a setting of the final scene of Faust, the eighth symphony by Mahler, nicknamed for the large number of musicians who performed it.
Output: Fine Arts
In one of the treaties which ended this war, one side ceded Bremen to Hanover and much of Pomerania\n to Prussia. One side's navy accomplished its first ever naval victory at the Battle of Gangut. The Ottomans\n temporarily entered this war but withdrew after their victory in the Pruth River Campaign. Poland's\n Augustus the Strong was forced to abdicate after bowing out of this war with the Treaty of Altranstadt. One\n side in this conflict was led by Charles XII, who defeated the Danes and won at Narva before losing at\n Poltava and dying in 1718. For 10 points, name this war between Sweden and a coalition led by Russia's\n Peter the Great.
Output: History
In one work by this author, the protagonist's first wife, Lucy, gives him sage advice on how to win his pastorate back, but John cheats on her again, and after her death he marries two more times before his death by train. In addition to Jonah's Gourd Vine, she also wrote a retelling of a Biblical book that combines the Scripture of Exodus with African-American culture. In addition to Moses, Man of the Mountain, this author wrote a work in which the protagonist is also married three times, although she outlives at least two of her husbands, one due to natural causes and one due to her own hand in self-defense. For 10 points, name this author of Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Output: Literature