niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
One method of producing this functional group involves an elimination and then expulsion of sulfur dioxide from an alpha-halo sulfone in the Ramberg-Backlund reaction. Also produced form the treatment of tosylhydrazones with strong base in the Bamford-Stevens reaction, this functional group changes positions in the Cope rearrangement. Shrock carbenes and Fischer carbenes catalyze a reaction switching the substituents of two of these compounds, and Lindlar's catalyst is used to produce their cis examples stereoselectively. They are most easily produced in Zaitsev elimination of alkyl halides, and two of them are crossed in a namesake metathesis. For 10 points, name these compounds with formula CnH2n, the simplest example of which is ethylene.
Output: Science
He describes flicking his sword and singing Taking the Hard Road in Ancient Air, and claimed My thoughts of you are like the Wens waters in a poem written to his greatest rival. Another of his poems describes himself, his shadow, and the moon surrounding a pot of wine, though Americans may known him best from a work where the addressee has gone to the land of the swirling eddies and has abandoned his child-bride, and from Mahlers use of a compilation of his work, The Chinese Flute, in Das Lied von der Erde. Notably translated into English by Ezra Pound, FTP, name this Tang poet of The River Merchants Wife, best known for not being Du Fu.
Output: Literature
This countrys northern lakes include Chiuta and Shirwa, and port towns include Xai-Xai and Lichinga. Ethnic groups in this country include the Shangaan in the southern regions, such as the Gaza province, while the north is dominated by the Makua. The Ruvuma River forms part of this countrys northern border, and this country disputes the name of a lake which borders its Niassa Province. Its capital city lies in the southern tip and was once known Lourenco Marques, and the Zambezi River empties into the this countrys namesake channel in the Indian Ocean. FTP, name this former Portuguese colony with capital at Maputo.
Output: Social Science
Two of its products play a role in fetal brain maturation, and OATP1C1 and MTC8 have been implicated in their transport across the blood-brain barrier. In humans, this organ is on the same plane as the cricoid cartilage, and its namesake superior artery emerges from a point above the origin of the ascending pharyngeal, lingual, and facial arteries. Its follicular cells secrete tyrosine derivatives, its parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin, which is opposed by PTH produced by four glands embedded in its surface. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine, or T3 and T4, are the primary products of, for 10 points, this butterfly-shaped organ, which may develop a goitre because of iodine deficiency.
Output: Science
The Tano Sulcus bisects part of this bodys surface. Its motion is technically anti-synchronous with respect to the object it orbets. Found by William Lassell, its so-called cantaloupe terrain is probably caused by cryovulcanism and its atmosphere consists largely of hydrocarbons, including methane. For ten points, name this largest moon in the solar system with a retrograde orbit, the most massive moon of Neptune.
Output: Science
This man came to power after the Clean Hands investigation uncovered the so-called bribesville scandal, which wiped out his countrys five biggest political parties. His party made two political alliances known as the Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government, while one government led by this man was known as the House of Freedoms coalition. Reforms enacted by this man include modifying his countrys proportional representation system to give the largest party an extra 5% of seats in the hope of creating more workable majorities. His usual coalition partner is the Northern League, and with his connections to the Finivest Holding Company, this man controls most of his countrys television stations, as well as A.C. Milan, and his primary political opponent is Romano Prodi. For ten points, name this controversial conservative Prime Minister of Italy.
Output: History
This man argued that chance has an objective status in the universe, a theory known as tychism. In another paper by this thinker, "The Doctrine of Chances," he maintained that a logical man would be willing to sacrifice his life to save the world and branded social Darwinism "The Gospel of Greed." This man also dubbed the world of appearances the (*) "phaneron" and claimed that the triadic relation of sign, object, and interpretant necessitated an infinite and evolving sequence of signs. He also proposed three titular universal groupings, "Firstness," "Secondness," and "Thirdness," in his "On a New List of Categories," and asserted that the scientific method should be used as a basis for the title concept in "The Fixation of Belief." FTP, identify this author of "How to Make Our Ideas Clear," an American pragmatist.
Output: Social Science
It typically occurs at triple junctions, though often one arm becomes a failed rift, as happened with the Red Sea and the Niger River. Debate continues over whether this process is driven by active or passive upwelling, but bands of alternatingly polarized ferromagnetic deposits confirmed its existence. Proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, it is now believed to be caused by convection currents in the upper mantle. Notably occurring at the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, FTP name this geological process in which oceanic crust is created, the mechanism that drives plate tectonics.
Output: Science
servant at an inn in this work loses his leg when he develops gangrene after the surgery intended to correct his club-foot fails. That surgery is performed upon Hippolyte by a doctor in the provincial town of Yonville, where that doctor and his wife meet the law student Leon Dupuis and as the wealthy landowner Rodolphe Boulanger. Both of these men have affairs with the doctors wife, Emma, the title character of, for 10 points, what 1857 novel by Gustave Flaubert
Output: Literature
One writer from this country concludes that "each of us holds / something / in our mouths" in her poem "Blue Bird." Another wrote that "With me it wasn't all that dramatic. / A slight stroke in the morning, from time to time" in a poem that says that for another person, it was "a one-time thing." One poet from this country wrote that "Each of us has a name / given by the sea / and given by / our death." In a verse novel from this country, Dita moves in with the father of her boyfriend Rico, an accountant named Albert Danon. One poet from this home country of Zelda asked "through what crack shall I see the white housing projects of my dreams" in his poem "Half the people in the world," and in another poem wrote "That's not a scar you feel under my shirt, that's / A letter of recommendation." That author of the radio play Killing Him refers to a friend named "Little Ruth" who died in the (*) Holocaust. For 10 points, name this home country of Agi Mishol, Natan Zach, Yehuda Amichai and Amos Oz.
Output: Literature
The 4-thio version of this molecule is useful as a zero-length crosslinker, and a fluorinated version of this molecule shows promise as an anticancer agent because it inhibits thymidylate synthase. The pseudo- version is found in the psi arm of certain structures, and its diphosphate is a carrier for glucose during glycogen synthesis. It spontaneously deaminates into cytosine, and its misincorporation is caused by extreme folate deficiency. First isolated by the hydrolysis of herring sperm, FTP, name this pyrimidine nucleotide that base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine in RNA.
Output: Science
The Mayan prefix ""ox"" or ""ux,"" as in the place-name ""Uxmal,"" means this in English. A defining feature of Semitic languages is that every word is formed from this number of consonantal roots. In German and Latin, this is the number of grammatical genders. In Mandarin and in Japanese, this number is ""san. "" American legal writing preserves an outdated term for quantities that have been multiplied by this number, ""trebled. "" For 10 points, give this number, which in Portuguese and Spanish is ""tres. ""
Output: Social Science
Results of this technique for organic molecules can be used to calculate the Kovats index. The molar mass distribution of polymers can be found with the size-exclusion type of this technique. The retention factor of this technique can be calculated as the migration distance of the analyte divided by the migration distance of the solvent. Pigments can be analyzed in the "paper" type of this technique, which also comes in high-performance liquid and "thin layer" types. For 10 points, name this chemical technique that separates mixtures based on polarity.
Output: Science
One phase of this people's creation myth involves another god turning people created by Con into monkeys. The wife of this people's chief deity is seen as the patroness of fishermen, and the aforementioned primordial people were divided into ten separate communities by four brother-sister pairs who used a golden staff to emerge from caves to the Earth's surface. One god in this people's pantheon was allegedly appeased by people who tied up and starved black dogs, and this mythology's primordial flood only spared two brothers and their families and was caused by Paricia. Mama Occlo and Manco Capac founded the World Pole in this culture's pantheon, and its empire's capital is considered the "navel of the world". Drawing inspiration from the earlier Tiahuanaco culture, for 10 points, name this mythological system that venerates deities such as Mama Quilla, Inti, and Viracocha.
Output: Social Science
This Biblical figure gained his name when, at his birth, his mother said "I have possessed a man by the favour of the Lord." This man founded the city of Enoch, which he named after his son. He bore a special mark on his forehead, "lest any finding him should kill him," and was banished to the Land of Nod. After performing his best-known action, this figure asked, "Am I my brother's keeper" For 10 points, name this Old Testament son of Adam who killed his brother Abel.
Output: Social Science
One man from this country described the Newbys' attempts to dissolve the title character's marriage with a white woman leading to his pursuit by police in The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith. Another author described a bet about the transportation of a glass cathedral up this country's coast in Oscar and Lucinda. Laura Trevelyan and the titular German explorer travel across this country in [*] Voss, and another work from this country centers on a Nazi who protects Polish Jews from the Holocaust. For 10 points, name this nation home to Peter Carey, Patrick White, Thomas Keneally, the author of Schindler's Ark.
Output: Literature
The Dominican bachata may derive from this genre. Songwriters in the duple meter Latin American version of this genre include Rafael Hernandez, Pedro Flores, and Jose Pepe Sanchez, whose "Tristezas" is sometimes considered the first song in this genre. Works in the triple meter European version include Chopin's Opus 19 in C Major and a piece in which the snare drum plays the exact same thing for fifteen minutes. For 10 points, identify this genre of music and dance which lends its name to a terribly repetitive work by Maurice Ravel.
Output: Fine Arts
This element blocks the flow of calcium through NMDA channels, while compounds containing this metal are used to treat eclampsia. The hairpin ribozyme requires this metal to fold, and the the CorA protein transports this element across bacterial membranes. It is weakly bonded to the terminal phosphate groups of ATP. EDTA is used to chelate this metal, and it is found in a compound that contains a phytol side chain. Its stabilizing effect on the backbones of nucleic acids makes it a necessary cofactor for DNA polymerase, meaning its chloride is used in PCR reactions. Also found at the center of the porphyrin ring of chlorophyll, for 10 points, name this metal present as a +2 ion in solution, with atomic number 12 and symbol Mg.
Output: Science
In a paper promoting the TIP5P model of this compound, Mahoney and Jorgensen noted that incorporating terms for flexibility or polarizability does not improve accuracy in modeling its major density anomaly. One of the earliest five-site models of this substance is named for Ben-Naim and Stillinger, and four-site models of this substance place its center of negative charge on a dummy atom and began with the Bernal-Fowler model. Ether is guaranteed free of this compound, when bottled with three or four angstrom molecular sieves, and this compound is removed from reaction mixtures using magnesium and sodium sulfate. This compound reacts with Grignard reagents to give alkanes and forms an azeotrope that is commonly entrained using benzene with ethanol. Such computational models all must take into account its unusually strong hydrogen bonding, which drives up its boiling point to one hundred degrees Celsius. For 10 points, name this compound whose triple point defines the Kelvin scale.
Output: Science
Though he was a strongly nationalist composer, he found his own musical language in Paris after studying with Ravel for 3 months. This French influence is apparent in his first string quartet in G minor, and a song cycle for tenor, string quartet, and piano that took its title from the first of the six poems of Housmans A Shropshire Lad. Near the outbreak of World War II he adapted words from The Merchant of Venice for his Serenade to Music and also wrote Five Variants of Dives and Lazarus. His first symphony contains text by Walt Whitman and his seventh depicts impressions of life on Antarctica, while a poem by Meredith inspired his romance for violin and orchestra, The Lark Ascending. FTP, name this English composer of Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis.
Output: Fine Arts
This novel was published in the U.S. under the title The Labyrinthine Ways. The main character is contrasted with criminals when his picture in the police station is put up next to that of a bank robber. The main character avoids the Red Shirts by traveling by mule into the country's interior, where he takes Marca for his wife, as did his counterpart Father Jos. The main character is then duped by a mestizo and then imprisoned for practicing the rituals of the Church despite being outlawed in Mexico. FTP, identify this novel centering on Father Montez, one of the most famous works of Graham Greene.
Output: Literature
In Sinclair Lewis's It Can't Happen Here, this figure authors a "lively pamphlet" where he identifies key politicians as "Liars [who] Have Refused to Accept My Freely Offered Advice" after being appointed Ambassador to England. A pair of lovers turn anything they touch into ivy in his Springtime and Harvest, while he examines eighty-five historical artists in Mammonart, one of his (*) "Dead Hand" works. A series of works by this author of They Call Me Carpenter includes Wide is the Gate and World's End and centers on Lanny Budd, while another work tells of James Arnold Ross, whose son Bunny likes socialism. FTP, identify this author of Dragon's Teeth and Oil, best known for writing about Lithuanians like Jurgis Rudkus who endure the horrors of the Chicago stockyards in The Jungle.
Output: Literature
The southern branch of this movement erroneously identified the Magyars as Slavs. Their leader, Colonel Paul Pestel, proposed Jacobin-style dictatorship but departed from his French model in advocating communal land ownership as a solution to the deprivation of the peasants. The competing Northern Society proposed instead emancipation and a democratic system in the constitution of Nikita Muraviev, while radicals coalesced around Kondraty Ryleev. The military officers who met in Senate Square were dispersed and exiled to Siberia. FTP, name this movement which, upon the abdication of Constantine, resisted the accession of Nicholas I as Tsar in the last month of 1825.
Output: History
His first opera was about a 13th century German knight who loves the wife of the antagonist Duke Robert, the lady Freihild. His last opera or "conversation piece" on the contrary, is a debate among musicians, poets, and artists about whether words or music is more important in opera, set in a 18th century Countess's house in a single act entitled Capriccio. His final work uses Joseph Eichendorff's poem Im Abendrot and three Herman Hesse settings related to death for Vier letzte lieder. FTP, name this composer of Tod und Verkalung, Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks, and Ein Heldenleben, which were among his tone poems, the most famous being Don Juan.
Output: Fine Arts
The Franz Joseph and Fox Glaciers can be found in this nation, notable for existing at low altitudes. Its largest lake, found in the caldera of Mount Tauhara, is drained by the Waikato River and is called Lake Taupo. Its region known as the Canterbury Plains is found to the south of Christchurch, while its tallest mountain is Mount Cook. Also including the city of Auckland, the Cook Strait separates its two constituent islands, which are called North and South Island. For 10 points, Wellington is the capital of which island nation found east of Australia
Output: Social Science
Edvard Munch painted two versions of his own of this work, but Munchs versions feature his former lover Tulla Larsen in a role left out of their predecessor. Remaining obscure after the imprisoning of one known as the Incorruptible at the Htel de Ville, this work was praised by Baudelaire, who stated that its title figure could now challenge Apollo. the title characters right arm dangles lifelessly, while in his left hand is a letter on which the viewer can see the name of Charlotte Corday. FTP, identify this painting by Jacques-Louis David that depicts a leader of the Reign of Terror stabbed in his bathtub.
Output: Fine Arts
Proteins destined for these structures are post-translationally modified to include mannose-6-phosphate residues on their N-linked oligosaccharides. The addition of the M6P tag to enzymes, such as aryl-sulfytase A, is being investigated as a potential treatment for diseases that affect these organelles, which diseases include metachromatic leukodystrophy and Fabry's disease. Once inside these structures, the proteins and their M6P tags dissociate due to the environment created by vacuolar ATPase, which is closely related to the proton pump used in oxidative phosphorylation. FTP, identify these organelles containing hydrolases that function best at a pH of about 5 and which are structurally similar to peroxisomes.
Output: Science
This work compares being "in a slough of foul and filthy lusts" to being "kept down by the lusts of an unclean swine" in showing that unrighteousness degrades humanity. A Latin pun along the lines of "The sole power which can see all is justly to be called the solar" is used to illustrate the power of God in a section that ends asking "Why do ye sluggards turn your backs When the earth is overcome, the stars are yours. " One figure claims the siren Fortune has "preserved her own constancy by her very change. " It opens with the title figure angrily asking "Who has suffered these seducing mummers to approach this sick man" when she sees the Muse of poetry encouraging the narrator to write gloomy songs. The narrator bewails how he saved Paulinus and Albinus and opened himself to the persecutions of Conigastus and Trigulla, favorites of Theodoric. Written during its author's imprisonment in 524, for 10 points, name this work of Boethius.
Output: Social Science
This president appointed Joseph McKenna as his attorney general and William Day as Secretary of State, after the brief tenure of John Sherman in that office His wife Ida suffered from epilepsy, and during state dinners he would cover her face during seizures. He supported the Dingley Tariff after taking office by way of a campaign funded by Mark Hanna. Following the death of his first vice president Garrett A. Hobart, the position remained vacant for two years. For 10 points , name this Republican in power during saw the explosion of the USS Maine and much of the Spanish-American War, before being assassinated by Leon Czolgosz.
Output: History
His works like "Principles of Social Education for Deaf and Dumb Children" and "Problems of Mental Retardation" showed his concern for the education of the handicapped, whose difficulties he attributed to social barriers rather than clinical abnormalities. The founder of a laboratory dedicated to the study of defectology, he used the controversial term "pedology" to describe his studies in childhood education. He is often compared to Piaget because of his theory of cognitive development in children, which argues that the assistance of more experienced peers is crucial to the ability of children to learn concepts outside their limited range of understanding, a process he called "scaffolding. " The author of Thought and Language, this is, FTP, what Byelorussian psychologist known for his concept of the zone of proximal development
Output: Social Science
In this conflict, Christian of Anhalt's forces were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain, marking the end of the "Bohemian" period of this war. The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II tried to retroactively enforce the Peace of Augsburg and replace Protestant leaders in German states with Catholic leaders during this war. Although the Protestant forces were victorious at the battle of Lutzen in this conflict, they lost their leader, Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden. For 10 points, identify this war that was ended by the Peace of Westphalia and lasted from 1618 to 1648.
Output: History
This religious movement traditionally recognized "Recorded Ministers," some of whom ran unplanned "waiting worships" that concluded when the two eldest worshipers exchanged a handshake. Its earliest leaders were known as the "Valiant Sixty." The "Gurneyites" are one offshoot of this movement, whose members typically attend Yearly Meetings. This religious movement, which traditionally used the pronoun (*) "thee" and refused to swear oaths, believes that they all have Christ's "inner light" shining within them. It was founded in the 1600s in England by George Fox. For 10 points, name this nonviolent protestant sect also known as the "Society of Friends."
Output: Social Science
It exists because of electron degeneracy pressure; as electrons are compressed closer together, more exist per unit volume and must take on higher energy levels as mandated by the Pauli-exclusion principle. A relativistic state equation can be used to calculate it as the radius of a white dwarf decreases with an increase in its mass. Developed shortly before its namesakes theory on black holes, for ten points, name this value of about 1.4 solar masses, the maximum mass of a star which can be supported against gravitational collapse.
Output: Science
This author wrote about a young man and an assassin looking for a cheap inn in ""An Experiment in Misery. "" One work by this author sees Scratchy Wilson pick a fight with the sheriff before learning that Sheriff Potter is married. Another work features an easterner, a cowboy, and a Swede at Pat Scully's title establishment. This author of ""The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky"" and ""The Blue Hotel"" wrote a novel set in the Bowery in which Pete leaves the title character for Nellie in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about Henry Fleming in The Red Badge of Courage.
Output: Literature
His early career included working as an army scout during the Battle of Monmouth and as the adjutant general to William Alexander, Lord Stirling. His treatise A View of the Conduct of the Executive defended his conduct as minister to France and viciously attacked Washington, who never forgave him. His diplomatic career continued as he assisted Robert Livingston in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase and argued against impressment in Britain. He supported the founding of the Liberia colony and was known as the "Last-Cocked Hat" for being the last of his generation to be President, but his best-known contribution was actually written by John Quincy Adams. FTP, name this man whose isolationist stance is now known as his "Doctrine," the fifth President of the United States.
Output: History
Members of this phylum a triploblastic protostomes that generally exhibit bilateral symmetry. Their larval development suggests close links to Annelids, but veliger stage of their larval development is unique. A class of this phylum is represented by the chitons, consisting of the highly muscular foot, the shell, and the mantle. The mantle cavity contains leaflike flaps extending from the foot called gills, and all members excepting one contain an extensible raspy tongue called a radula. Its largest and most diverse class is the gastropoda, which can retreat within its shell for protection. Others include the cepholopods and bivalves. For ten points, name this animal phylum who counts among its members oysters, clams, and octopuses.
Output: Science
The fascist party in this country used the logo of a man riding a bear, and this country was home to the Diet of Porvoo. Frederick Charles of Hesse briefly served as King of this country, but was deposed after World War One. This country developed the motti tactic, which allowed it to win the Battle of Raate Road against a numerically superior force, but it was forced to cede the Petsamo region to its eastern neighbor. Before fighting the Continuation War, this country built a defensive line named for Carl Mannerheim and developed the Molotov Cocktail. For ten points, name this country that fought the Winter War against the Soviet Union, with capital at Helsinki.
Output: History
The mouth of this river includes Baker Bay, Grays Bay, and Youngs Bay. Its early course takes a u-turn around the Selkirk Mountains to flow south, although it most notably flows west. Important points along this river include Kettle Falls and Celilo Falls and it was first called the River of the West by Spanish explorers. It also includes Sauvie Island and Miller Island, formerly known as Rock Island, the site of one of the many dams built on this river. It enters the Pacific Ocean near Astoria. For ten points, identify this river of the northwest U.S. that forms much of the Washington-Oregon border.
Output: Social Science
Angels flutter overhead while an outstretched man is brutally tortured in his Martyrdom of St. Erasmus, which ruined his career as a public painter, while women weep at right as spear-wielding soldiers discover the titular event in his Death of Germanicus. A baby is handed to one figure as a boat attempts to rescue stranded men in Winter: the Deluge, while a sickly man is attended in Extreme Unction, which joins Ordination as part of his (*) Seven Sacraments series. His Plague of Ashdod is a large action scene separated by columns, much like his depiction of Romans committing the titular crime. He showed the internment of an Athenian stateseman in Burial of Phocion and depicted twirling figures holding hands in Dance to the Music of Time. Also noted for his Rape of the Sabine Women, FTP, name this French painter responsible for a work showing some shepherds around a sarcophagus, Et in Arcadia ego.
Output: Fine Arts
This battle's outcome was partially caused by the losing commander's decision to split up his army so it could live off the land, leading to the initial skirmishes at Benautzen, Grossbeeren, and Katzbach. Also, the losing general was so badly afflicted with bladder problems that he could not mount a horse and even fell asleep at one point in the action, leading his subordinates to try to hold Mochern without his guidance on the first day. After the second day, the losing commander tried to retreat during the night, but he prematurely blew up the stone bridge over which his army was retreating and stranded his rear guard, whose 30,000 men were annihilated. Despite the efforts of Marmont and  Murat, this battle ended in victory for the forces of Karl van Schwarzenberg , Crown Prince Jean Bernadotte, and Marshal Gebhard van Blcher. FTP, name this battle fought in October, 1813, a defeat for Napoleon whose nickname came from the alliance of the victorious side.
Output: History
In one story, an early ruler of this city made eleven copies of a prophecy-inscribed shield that fell from the sky. This city was home to the Sibylline Books. Amulius overthrew the grandfather of one of this city's founders, leading that man to be brought up as a shepherd by Faustulus. Twelve vultures appeared over its Palatine Hill during this city's founding. The doors of the temple to Janus were opened during times of war in this city, whose founder killed his brother for jumping over its walls. For 10 points, name this city, founded by Romulus after killing Remus.
Output: Social Science
This country and its southern neighbor entered into the Ogdensburg Agreement. Freight rates were lowered in this country following the Crow's Nest Pass Agreement. The speedy arrival of a force under Frederick Middleton led to the relatively quick end of a rebellion in this country. After the death of Premier Duplessis, the desire to be "masters of our own house" led to the Quiet Revolution in this country. The passage of Bill 178 led to great opposition to the "distinct society" clause of the Meech Lake Accord, which was an attempt to amend this country's constitution. Hugh Allan was given the contract to build this country's namesake Pacific Railway, which led to the resignation of John Macdonald. For 10 points, name this country whose PMs have included Kim Campbell and Pierre Trudeau.
Output: History
One of this work's key points is illustrated by an Indian who can't remember what supports a turtle ridden by an elephant. Its second book features thought experiments like the grinding of an almond and the destruction of a shaft of wheat which brings to light the relationship of an altered object with its full perception, which the author elaborates in his reply to the Molyneux Problem. In its third book, the author attacks the abuse of language inherent in the Scholastic perception of "the essence," citing a disconnect of the word with its idea. Its first book contains the observation that children possess no mutual assent to a set of knowledge, thus refuting Descartes's doctrine of innate ideas. FTP, name this treatise that introduces the concept of the "tabula rasa," the major epistemological work of John Locke.
Output: Social Science
This poem may have been written to compete with a similar one by Horace Smith. An unnamed man tells the speaker that the subject's creator had correctly identified "the hand that mocked" and "the heart that fed." This poem's speaeker describes a "wrinkled lip" and a "sneer of cold command." The head of this poem's central figure is [*] shattered and lies "half sunk" in the sands, which "stretch far way" around the "colossal wreck," while "two vast and trunkless legs of stone" in the desert are all that remain. Containing an inscription that reads, "Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!," for 10 points, name this Percy Shelley poem about a fallen statue.
Output: Literature
One reaction to prepare these compounds adds diazomethylphosphonate esters to aldehydes under basic catalysis and generates vinyl-diazo intermediates. Along with aldehydes, these compounds are the degradation products of alpha, beta-epoxy tosylhydrazones in the Eschenmoser fragmentation. A coupling involving both palladium and copper catalysis, in which these compounds react with aryl halides, is the Sonogashira reaction. These compounds react with azides to form triazole rings in a well-known click-chemistry reaction, and terminal ones can be deprotonated by sodium amide. They are reduced to cis-alkenes by the poisoned Lindlar catalyst. This functional group is composed of two sp-hybridized carbons. For 10 points, name this functional group consisting of a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Output: Science
One battle won by this non-Norman polity is also known as the battle of the battle, because a city named the battle was established there in celebration of victory. This polity signed the Treaty of Zamora, and won its independence at the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, which led to the establishment of the House of Burgundy in this polity under its first independent king, Afonso Henriques. This politys capital was liberated from the Moors with the help of English knights who were en route to the Second Crusade, and at the Battle of Aljubarrota this country defeated an invasion from Castile. After the Battle of Alcazaquibir, where this politys King Sebastian died, it would be annexed by Philip II of Spain. For ten points, name this Iberian country with capital at Lisbon.
Output: History
Code and Welch first observed the kind of these structures that emit ultraviolet radiation, challenging popular opinion that they would be dark in that part of the spectrum. Their metallicity is given by the magnesium-sigma relation. Isophotes that describe these structures may feature a twist in them, or a boxy appearance. AGNs that emit radio waves are typically found within these structures, one example of which is M87. They have their surface intensity related to empirical distance via de Vaucouleurs' law. An empirical law modeling the luminosity of these structures is derived from the fundamental plane relation and states that the luminosity is equal to the fourth power of the velocity dispersion, which is known as the FaberJackson relation. For 10 points, identify these galaxies named for their oblate shape.
Output: Science
Pilgrims departing from Vienna or Venice began to go through southern Moravia following this event, which closed three competing routes. A treaty at Messina kicked off this event. This event began after Urban III died of shock upon receiving Josius of Tyre. Berengaria of Navarre was released from Cyprus at the start of this event, which also included Isaac II's cooperation being secured by the capture of Adrianople. At its end, a one hundred thousand mark (*) ransom was demanded by Leopold of Austria for a hostage. In what is now known as the Goksu, a leader of this event died, in the river then known as the Saleph. For 10 points, name this crusade on which Frederick Barbarossa died, which fell apart after Philip II of France and Richard the Lion-Hearted bickered about how to fight Saladin in the early 1190s.
Output: History
This "Foremost of the Westerners" is linked with Serapis through the Apis bull. This son of Geb and Nut (NOOT) was cut into fourteen pieces that were scattered throughout the country by his brother. His wife revived him after she and Nephthys (NEF-this) found thirteen of those pieces. After he was revived, this brother of Set fathered Horus. For 10 points, identify this husband of Isis and the Egyptian god of the dead.
Output: Social Science
artist painted himself holding a cello in an early self-portrait and depicted himself behind bars in Self-Portrait at St. Pelagie, based on a real sentence he incurred for being the President of the Arts Commission for the Paris Commune. He painted a golden hair comb at the feet of two embracing women in The Sleepers. After three of his paintings were rejected from the 1855 Universal Exhibition, this artist held his own private pavilion, in which he displayed a painting that includes (*) Proudhon and Baudelaire and is divided in half by a giant canvas and a nude model. He drew both praise and condemnation for his painting of an ordinary provincial funeral. For 10 points, name this foremost member of the French realists who painted The Artist's Studio and The Burial at Ornans.
Output: Fine Arts
Literature-inspired works by this man include a ballet score based on Nosferatu, Grohg, and a piano trio after Anskys The Dybbuk, Vitebsk. He wrote the play opera for high-school performance The Second Hurricane and a Scherzo Humoristique, The Cat and the Mouse, while his biblical works include 4 Motets and In the Beginning. Known for orchestral works such as An Outdoor Overture and his Short Symphony, he created a musical and spoken word portrait of Abraham Lincoln along with a ballet containing a famous Hoe-down, Rodeo. Also known for Appalachian Spring, this is, FTP, what composer of a Fanfare for the Common Man
Output: Fine Arts
One short story by this author sees a father tell his daughter a parable about the dangers of wishing a certain holiday came around too often, while another sees the title character convince her fianc George Gearson to enlist, only for him to be killed early in the Spanish-American War. Besides "Christmas Every Day" and "Editha," one of his better known works sees the title character advised by David Sewell, though he is hurt financially by the destruction of his Back Bay house. Another famous work sees Conrad killed in a streetcar riot and the literary magazine Every Other Week run by the protagonist Basil March. For 10 points, identify this author of The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Hazard of New Fortune.
Output: Literature
The original use of osmium and uranium catalysts for it has now given way to iron catalysts containing potassium and aluminum oxide promoters. The reaction involved is reversible and exothermic, so that a high yield is favored by low temperatures around 450 degrees Celsius. The raw material now most frequently used for it is called synthesis gas, which is used in the reaction between 3H2 and N2. Of immense importance for the fixation of nitrogen for fertilizers, FTP, what is this industrial process for producing ammonia
Output: Science
Fort Campbell straddles this state's northern neighbor and its own city of Clarksville. The Hunter Museum of American Art is located in one of this state's major cities. The busiest cargo airport in the United States is found in this state, in a city located at the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi Rivers. A landmark in this state includes several tombstones in its Meditation (*) Garden, and a "Jungle Room" that was used as a recording studio. Centennial Park, located in this state's capital, is home to a replica of the Parthenon, as well as the Grand Ole Opry House. For 10 points, name this home state of Elvis Presley whose largest cities are Memphis and Nashville.
Output: Social Science
Mother Peep is a facist demagogue in a play that this author set in the Radiant City, which also includes the typist Dany. Another play by this author claims that philology leads to calamity, which is said by the maid in response to the Professor and the Student. In addition to The Killer and The Lesson, he rewrote a Shakespearean tragedy into MacBett. He wrote a play in which Marguerite and Marie are the wives of the title character, entitled Exit the King . An elderly couple jumps out of a window in one play, while multiple Bobby Watsons appear in a play by this author, which also shows a fireman looking for a fire. For 10 points, identify this most famous for The Chairs, The Bald Soprano, and a play where everyone except Bernger turns into the title animal, The Rhinoceros.  
Output: Literature
This religion led to the creation of the Paulicians, whose founder Constanine cited it as the basis for his beliefs. Its doctrines were communicated after the 26 days of trials, or "Passion of the Illuminator," that its founder underwent. According to its divisions, the auditors were allowed to marry and hoped for rebirth, while the celibate elect were allowed ascension after death. This notion was in line with the dualistic realms of Light and Darkness that it preached. FTP, name this religion founded in the third century AD in Persia by the "Apostle of Light," Mani.
Output: Social Science
The converse of this theorem is the basis of the Pratt certificate. Paul Zeitz' proof of this theorem relies on considering a bracelet consisting of beads with a fixed number of characters, then removing those with only one unique character. Another proof of it relies on using Lagrage's theorem on a multiplicative group G. Also the basis of the RSA encryption scheme, the Carmichael numbers notably foil the test named for this theorem, which can be generalized using Euler's totient function. Stating that a to the p is congruent to a modulo p, for ten points, identify this theorem of number theory named after a French mathematician, which is less famous than its namesake's last one.
Output: Science
The Vedic god Soma represented it, and in Hindu myth the god associated with it presides over Rohini and Shravana. In Aztec myth, it was formed after the head of Coyolxauhqui was cut off by Huitzilopochtli. The Mesopotamian representation of it was the husband of Ningal, and was born to Enlil and Ninlil, and is called Nanna or Sin. In Norse myth, Hati chases Mani, who is the god of this entity, while the Mayan goddess representing it sometimes holds a rabbit in her hands. For 10 points, identify this entity represented by Selene for the Greeks and Luna for the Romans.
Output: Social Science
Influenced by the lectures of Francois Guizot, he was a close friend of Gustave de Beaumont, traveling with him to America, England, and Algeria. The July Revolution of 1830 caused him to break with the old liberals, whom he criticized in The Ancient Regime. Intending to study prison reforms, he set out for America, and produced Marie, or Slavery in the United States. FTP, name this political theorist, the author of Democracy in America.
Output: Literature
One character in this novel retrieves a cross of cypress and a cross of copper from a drawer. This novel includes a policeman who drinks champagne in the Crystal Palace named Zametov. This novel's epilogue takes place in a prison hospital, where the protagonist ponders the suicide of Svidrigailov. Porfiry Petrovich investigates this novel's protagonist, who is loved by the prostitute Sonia Marmeladov and murders the pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna. For 10 points, name this novel centering on the murderous Raskolnikov, written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
Output: Literature
In of this man's large works which drew upon Egyptian mythology contains a "fulfillment" section, and was executed for the Palais Stoclet. Another of his paintings shows a red-haired woman curled in a fetal position who smiles in a contended manner as a shower of gold flows down her thighs. In addition to that depiction of Danae, he painted depictions of "Lavisciousness, Wantonness, and Intemperance" and "The Three Gorgons" which are flanked by depictions of "Suffering of Humanity" and a "choir of angels" for another exhibition. That work was inaugurated along Gustav Mahler conducting the titular artist's Ninth Symphony. In addition to painting Beethoven Frieze, he also painted two portraits of Adele Bloch-Bauer and depicted a man decorated with rectangles and a woman decorated with circles as they embrace. For 10 points, identify this artist who painted The Kiss.
Output: Fine Arts
The ecclesiastical policies of this king caused a riot that began when Jenny Geddes threw a stool at a minister's face. He faced a scandal after he ordered the execution of Sir John Eliot and eight others for holding down Sir John Finch in his chair. Thomas Darnell was among the "five knights" who brought a common-law challenge to this king's "forced loans," which he used to raise funds alongside an unconventional "ship money" tax on people living within fifteen miles of the sea. This king, who set off a rebellion in Ireland when he signed the death warrant of Thomas Wentworth, entered into "The Engagement" with the Scots, which prompted John Cook to accuse him of treason. After the murder of the Duke of Buckingham three years into his reign, this king's policies prompted the promulgation of the Petition of Right. For 10 points, what king, who appointed William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury during a "personal rule" that prompted the English Civil War, was executed in 1649
Output: History
A fish couple and a pot full of pure water are numbered among its eight auspicious symbols, and the endless knot is another prominent motif. Its cosmogony divides the universe into seven parts, including the Nigoda, where the lowest life-forms reside, and its members practice Satya, or truthfulness, as well as aparigraha or 'detachment. ' Visions of a famine by one of their leaders led to the schism between the "white-clad" and "sky-clad" sects, and its followers perform a fivefold bow when reciting the fundamental prayer, the Navakar Mantra. Based on the teachings of men like Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, FTP, identify this Indian religion which teaches that the way to bliss is through nonviolence and renunciation.
Output: Social Science
While ruled by Reccared I, these people converted from Arianism to Catholocism. This group collapsed after Roderic was killed at the Battle of Guadalete. Toulouse served as an early capital for these people, whose rulers often came from the Balti dynasty. Their kingdom in Gaul was defeated at the Battle of Vouille by Clovis I, after which this group moved their capital to Toledo and ruled over most of Hispania. One ruler of this group died at the (*) Catalaunian Plains. For ten points, name this Germanic group, led at times by Theodoric I and Alaric I, that sacked Rome in 410 AD, often contrasted with the Ostrogoths.
Output: History
Eugen Jochum made an acclaimed recording of this piece with Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau as one of the soloists, which was endorsed by the composer himself. A chorus sings "Hail to the loveliest" in a section of this work titled after Blanzifor and Helena. The only tenor aria in this work is sung mostly in falsetto and from the point of view of a (*) roasted swan. The most famous section of this work compares the title figure to the changing phases of the moon, and pleads "everyone weep with me." This work celebrates love and wine in the sections "In taberna" and "Cour d'amors," and it is based on a medieval collection of poems in both Latin and German, including "O Fortuna." For 10 points, name this secular cantata by Carl Orff.
Output: Fine Arts
Carmichael proved that large ones of these do not share prime factors with other ones, and Wall-Sun-Sun primes are necessarily these. Matiyasevich's disproof of Hilbert's tenth problem relied on these values to show that Diophantine equations have solutions that can grow exponentially, and a pair of them give the Euclidean algorithm its worst-case runtime. Their generating function is x divided by 1 minus x minus x squared, and every positive integer can be written as the sum of non-consecutive ones of these according to Zeckendorf's theorem. The Lucas numbers obey a similar rule as them, and one formula for generating them relies on the Golden Ratio, known as Binet's formula. Defined recursively by summing the previous two numbers in the sequence, for 10 points, name these numbers that begin 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
Output: Science
[AR] Beginning from the Hamiltonian form of a particular eigenfunction of its related equation, the application of the adiabatic principle is a crucial step in its derivation as it leaves a residual electron-phonon interaction. It is an essential assumption of a rule that explains the intensity of vibronic transitions, the Frank-Condon principle. It assumes that nuclear motion is negligible as compared with electron motion and thus separates the wavefunction of the molecule into that of the nuclei and electrons. For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous approximation useful in solving the time-independent Schrodinger Equation.
Output: Science
During this conflict, the newspaper Atlas spread rumors about a new weapon called the Boulet Asphyxiant, raising fears that were dispelled by further rumors of MacIntosh's Portable Buoyant Wave Repressor. Pioneering celebrity chef Alexis Soyer designed a "magic stove" for soldiers in this war, which was documented by journalist William Howard Russell and photographer Roger Fenton. In this war, the 93rd Highlanders under Colin Campbell stood in a row two-deep to resist a cavalry charge, earning the nickname "Thin Red Line." Miscommunicated orders to Lord Cardigan from Lord Raglan led to a disastrous assault at this war's Battle of Balaclava. For 10 points, name this 19th century war that featured the nursing efforts of Florence Nightingale and the Charge of the Light Brigade.
Output: History