niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
After he deposed Nabonidus, praise of this man was inscribed on his namesake cylinder. Herodotus claims this man was killed by the warrior queen of the Massagetae, and his tomb is located at Pasargadae, his capital. At one point he was attacked by the famously wealthy King Croesus. He maintained a postal system of runners along his Royal Road, and established an elite unit of ten thousand Immortals. He also conquered Medea and Lydia, forming much of an empire that would later be conquered by Alexander the Great. For 10 points, name this ruler who ended the Babylonian Captivity and founded the Achaemenid ("a-kai-men-id") Empire.
Output: History
Prior to its translation by William of Moerbeke, it was unavailable to medieval Europe, except through the excerpts quoted in Macrobius's commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis. One section denounces excessive Laconian philotimia, while Book III cites the need for a "noble lie" as the basis for the title concept. Discussion of a line divided into four parts and of the sun are metaphors for its author's idea of the levels of existence and of the absolute good respectively, but, the most famous excerpt features shackled prisoners watching shadows to illustrate the "theory of forms" in the "allegory of the cave". FTP, name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates claims that a philosopher should rule the titular entity.
Output: Social Science
The static nature of later paintings like "The Distribution of the Eagles" stands in contrast to early works like "Belisarius Asking Alms" and "Andromache Mourning Hector". He became known as the "Robespierre of the brush" after his election to the National Convention. Works like "The Coronation of Napoleon" and "The Death of Socrates" have led him to be cited as a pioneer of modern art. FTP, who is this French artist of "The Oath of the Horatii" and "The Death of Marat"
Output: Fine Arts
inspired the use of cubism through his later works depicting Mt. St. Victorie. For 15 points, who was this post-impressionist painter.
Output: Fine Arts
The protagonist of this novel is shaken when his mother dies from scarlet fever after treating his adopted sister, Elizabeth Lavenza. This novel's title character studies philosophy and chemistry at the University of Ingolstadt, where he becomes obsessed with the alchemist Paracelsus. This novel is recounted through a series of letters from Captain Robert Walton, who rescues the title character in the Arctic, where he had been seeking his creation. For 10 points, name this novel by Mary Shelley in which the title character is a professor who creates a monster.
Output: Literature
This author wrote a story in which a woodsman kills a king to steal the title one-sided object, "The Disc," and in another story by this writer, the detective Erik Lonnrot is led into a trap by three kabbalistic murders. This author of "Death and the Compass" wrote about a single point that contains (*) all of the universe in the story "The Aleph" and he described Dr. Albert's murder by the German spy Yu Tsun in another story. In another story, the title location contains hexagonal rooms and every possible 410 page book. For 10 points, what Argentinian writer's collection Ficciones contains the stories "The Garden of Forking Paths" and "The Library of Babel"
Output: Literature
This concept explains why the torque of a dipole would cause it to rotate about its center. The Lorentz Force Law is a generalization of this concept, the expression of which can be calculated using Gauss's Law. The quantity of this concept within a conductor is zero and it runs perpendicular to the surface of a conductor. Coulomb's law can be used to find this property of a point charge, negative ones of which are oriented radially inward. The direction of this concept is tested with a positive test charge. For 10 points, name this concept measured in Newtons per Coulomb that is equal to the electric force divided by charge.
Output: Science
This leader's admiration of the Soviet economy led him to create a license regime that caused poor economic growth in the 1990s. He formulated Five Points of Peaceful Coexistence with a neighboring country, although his Forward Policy caused a war with that country. In his inaugural address, this man declared there is a "new star of Freedom in the East," and that his country had long ago made a "tryst with destiny." As leader of the Congress Party he was opposed by Jinnah's Muslim League, leading to the split of his country with Pakistan. For 10 points, name this disciple of Mohandas Gandhi, the first Prime Minister of India.
Output: History
This man compared using poetry to eliminate the pain of his unrequited love to rivers that "purge sea waters' fretful salt away" in a poem that ends "a little wise, the best fools be." Another of his poems urges  "love me that I may die the gentler way, hate me because they love's too great for me." This author of "The Triple Fool" and "The Prohibition" wrote to the Countess of Bedford about "the spider love, which transubstantiates all, and can convert Manna to gall" in "Twickham Garden." He suggested "ride ten thousand days and nights, til age snow white hairs on thee" in a poem listing impossible tasks such as "tell me where all past years are, or who cleft the devil's foot" that begins "go and catch a falling star." Another of his poems ends "except you enthrall me, never shall be free, nor ever chaste, except you ravish me" and asks "batter my heart, three-personed God." For 10 points, name this author of "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" and the Holy Sonnets, a Metaphysical poet.
Output: Literature
This god was worshipped with Vulcan at the trumpet-cleaning ceremony known as the Tubilustria. In the time of Numa Pompilius, he purportedly made eleven shields rain down from the sky. Flora helped this fatherless deity's mother give birth. Augustus named one temple after this god, who also names the field the Pantheon is located on,  and worshipped him as the avenger Ultor. One of this god's sacred birds was the (*) woodpecker, and the Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia was raped by this father of Romulus and Remus. This god was caught in bed with Venus by her husband Vulcan. For ten points, name this son of Juno, the Roman god of war and counterpart of Ares.
Output: Social Science
Arnold Bax's fifth symphony was heavily influenced by, and dedicated to, this composer. The first movement of this composer's sixth symphony is based on the stepwise ascendancy of the D Dorian mode, which permeates the whole work. This composer's only mature string quartet is subtitled "Voces intimae". His fourth symphony opens with the notes C-D-F sharp-E; that symphony has a third movement Il tempo largo and is quite grim due to its composer's brush with throat cancer. This composer saw the symphony as a musical process in which "profound logic" connects the motifs, whereas Mahler thought it "must be like the world". Willy Burmester vowed to never play this composer's D minor violin concerto after two versions were premiered without him. His seventh symphony is remarkable for only having one movement. For 10 points, identify this composer of many tone poems based on the Kalevala,  as well as Finlandia.
Output: Fine Arts
This phenomenon causes the formation of yardang ridges. The foehn and Chinook types of it are observed on the downward slopes of mountains. Its speed can be measured by an anemometer (ANN-uh-MOM-ett-er), but is usually given by the Beaufort scale. One specific type of it is the jet stream. This phenomenon is often nonexistent in the doldrums. For 10 points, name this flow of gases that moves kites by producing gusts and breezes.
Output: Science
In bulk metals, this effect explains field electron emission and is described by the Fowler-Nordheim type\n equations. Erasing a NOR flash cell is dependent on this effect occurring in the floating gate, and this effect\n can be used to achieve negative differential resistance in a particular type of diode named for Esaki. This\n phenomenon results in the production of a current in the DC Josephson effect. Alpha decay is governed by\n this process, in which a particle's Schrodinger equation is represented as a decaying exponential function.\n For 10 points, name this phenomenon of quantum mechanics in which a particle can go through a\n classically forbidden region.
Output: Science
One of this mans works features the titular dark-skinned man in a gold-trimmed red garment with absurdly huge buttons, while a more recognizable one depicts a bird on the shoulder of the eponymous stein-bearing crone. A black shirt with red frills adorns the titular clown in his Jester with a Lute, and the titular womans breasts are nearly popping out in Gypsy Girl, but he is better known for portraits of figures like Jacobus Zaffius and the Company of Saint George. Best-known, however, is a painting of a mustachioed hat-wearing man notably not performing the titular jocular action. FTP name this Haarlem painter best-known for his The Laughing Cavalier.
Output: Fine Arts
one-percent increase in this quantity corresponds to a two-percent loss in potential GDP in the "gap version" of Okun's law. Keynes's attacks of Pigou's work about a "theory" of it led Pigou to formulate the "real balance effect" whereby a rise in this quantity leads to a drop in prices, which eventually results in this quantity becoming zero. Phelps theorized that in the long run, it can be represented by a vertical line called the NAIRU. As inflation increases, this quantity decreases, according to the Phillips Curve. Types of this phenomenon include frictional and seasonal. For 10 points, name this phenomenon that occurs when people are willing to work but can't find a job.
Output: Social Science
The early history of this nation saw Francisco Morazn emerge as a national hero victorious at La Trinidad, and 20th century leaders have included Tiburcio Caras and Ramon Villeda, deposed in a 1963 coup. A notorious unit of its armed forces, Batallion 316, was commanded by Gustavo Alvarez under the auspices of so-called proconsul John Negroponte. In 1969, this country expelled a bunch of unwanted immigrants from a neighboring country, leading to a six-day conflict known as the Soccer War. It provided a U.S.-sponsored base for the Contras against the Sandinistas, just east of Tegucigalpa. FTP, name this Central American country bordered by El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.
Output: Social Science
This man was imprisoned by Protestant nobles during the Ruthven Raid, and his early reign saw the Battle of Langside and was dominated the Earl of Morey, who served as this man's regent. This son of Lord Darnley married Anne of Denmark. An attempt by Catholic Priests to kidnap this man is known as the Bye Plot, while the Main Plot was hatched by Protestants who wanted to replace him with his cousin Arbella. This king's attempt to find a Habsburg bride for his son was known as the "Spanish Match". This author of "The Trew Law of Free Monachy" was also targeted by Catesby and Fawkes in the Gunpower Plot. For ten points, name this Stuart, the first man to rule both England and Scotland, who lends his name to a Bible.
Output: History
In his most famous book, this philosopher wrote that the "primary ineluctable facts of birth and death" hang on every social group which seeks to reproduce itself. This man's ideas and Frederick Taylor's scientific management inspired the "platoons" of the Gary Plan. This man disputed Descartes' claim that all experience is subjective, positing instead that the experiencing mind is part of nature. This man led an academic committee which sought to exonerate Leon Trotsky in the 30s, and called his philosophy "instrumentalism." He updated Plato's theories on childhood and Rousseau's Emile while founding the Laboratory School of Chicago, where he stressed socialization and learning by doing. For 10 points, name this American liberal philosopher who wrote Democracy and Education.
Output: Social Science
It is synthesized in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and its secretion is triggered by stimulation of the organum vasculosum, the subfornical organ, or the area postrema. Commonly found in excess in the urine of those individuals with a chromophobe adenoma, its two major forms differ only with the presence of either a lysine or an arginine. The essential feature of diabetes insipidus is the lack of this hormone or a blocking of its action. This octapeptide, like oxytocin, is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. FTP, name this hormone that acts on the kidneys to retain water and reduce urine output.
Output: Science
Synthetic varieties of this mineral were made by Auguste Verneuil using the flame-fusion process. Asterism in this mineral is caused by the inclusion of rutile. One variety of this mineral has a shade known as Kashmir blue, and another variety has a shade called pigeon's blood. The material emery consists of magnetite and this mineral. Aluminum oxide occurs naturally in large deposits as this mineral, which has a value of nine on the Mohs scale of hardness. For 10 points, name this mineral whose transparent varieties, such as sapphire and ruby, are used as gems.
Output: Science
The narrator of this novel is hospitalized after a boiler explodes during a fight in a paint factory. The narrator is expelled by Dr. Bledsoe after introducing Mr. Norton to Jim Trueblood. In the first chapter, the narrator is forced to fight a battle royal while blindfolded. The narrator delivers a eulogy for a character who is killed selling dolls on the street, stating, "His name was Tod Clifton, and they shot him down. " This novel culminates in a race riot sparked by the enmity between the Brotherhood and the followers of Ras the Exhorter, who tries to kill the narrator with a spear. For 10 points, name this novel by Ralph Ellison.
Output: Literature
This philosopher wrote that "purity of heart is to will one thing" and penned a paean to his mother tongue in Stages on Life's Way. This man admired Socrates as a "noble, simple wise man" in his Christian Discourse. This man argued that "subjectivity is truth" in the sequel to his earlier Philosophical Fragments, and in another work compares the ethical dilemmas facing Agamemnon and Abraham. For 10 points, name this "father of existentialism" who wrote Either/Or and Fear and Trembling.
Output: Social Science
The asymmetry of this deity may be explained by a fight he had with Parshuram or by his attempts to write down the narrative of Vyasa which became the Mahabharata. He won a contest by going around his parents instead of the entire Earth, which in some versions proved he was more intelligent than his younger brother Karthik. He normally was unable to travel quickly because he was large and rode a mouse, and when he fell off his mouse he was laughed at by the moon. This deity was created by his mother so he could guard her when she took a bath, but that ended poorly when his father wanted to see her. Name this son of Parvati who was beheaded by his father Shiva and then was brought back to life when his head was replaced by an elephant's.
Output: Social Science
The Jocic reaction produces these compounds from trichloromethylcarbinols. The Schmidt reaction produces primary amines from these compounds and hydrogen azide, and the Jones Reaction makes them from primary alcohols. The Fischer esterification creates esters from alcohols and these compounds in acidic solution, and their namesake functional group forms the C terminal end of proteins. For 10 points, identify these compounds which have a COOH functional group.
Output: Science
This city's suburbs include Carlton, Collingwood, Richmond, Prahran, St. Kilda, and Brighton, and it is home to Monash and LaTrobe Universities. Permanent settlement in the area began in 1835, when John Batman made a treaty with local inhabitants. The city grew dramatically in the 1850s after gold was found in nearby Bendigo and Ballarat. The Yarra River meets Port Philip Bay at -- for 10 points -- what city that served as Australia's capital before Canberra was founded and is named after Queen Victoria's first Prime Minister
Output: Social Science
The protagonist of one of this man's short stories journeys to a newly-formed continent and marries Or, the queen of the birds. Another of this man's stories sees that protagonist duel Lieutenant Fenimore over their shared love for Ursula. The protagonist of one of his novels becomes a double agent for Ataguitania in Ircania and begins identifying with characters like Ermes Marana and Silas Flannery. Another novel by this author ends after Gramo and Buono are sewn back together, thus restoring to life the Viscount Medardo, who'd been split in half by a cannonball. This author of The Cloven Viscount, whose character Qwfwq appears in his collections t zero and Cosmicomics, penned a novel told partially in the second person in which the Reader and Ludmilla uncover a book-publishing conspiracy. For 10 points, name this Italian author of If on a winter's night a traveler.
Output: Literature
Among the attractions in this city are the Underground Palace, the Tekfur Sarayi, and the Topkapi Palace. The modern center is in the northern part, Beyoglu, which is separated by the Golden Horn from the old walled city, which is home to seven steep hills which maintain a medieval appearance. Home to the Blue Mosque and the Hagia Sophia, FTP, what is this largest city in Turkey formerly known as Constantinople
Output: Social Science
In the final stanza of this poem, the speaker asks the addressee to roll all of their strength and sweetness ""up into one ball. "" Earlier, he describes finding rubies along the Ganges River and notes that before him lay ""deserts of vast eternity. "" The speaker of this poem would spend hundreds of years admiring the addressee's (*) body and wait for her ""till the conversion of the Jews,"" but unfortunately he hears ""time's winged chariot hurrying near. "" Beginning with the line ""Had we but world enough, and time,"" this is, for 10 points, what poem by Andrew Marvell
Output: Literature
Regions of this country include Glarus, St. Gallen, and Ticino. It includes the northern part of Lake Maggiore, and the largest lake entirely within this country is Lake Neuchatel. Its namesake plateau lies between the Jura Mountains and the Alps. It shares Lake (*) Constance with Germany and Austria, and it has four official languages, including Romansh. For 10 points, name this country which is divided into cantons and which is home to Geneva.
Output: Social Science
After defeating an invading force from Mesopotamia that kidnapped his nephew, this man was blessed by the king of Salem, named Melchizedek. Because of his wife's beauty, he lied that they were siblings, which caused both Pharoah and Abilimech to try to marry her. This man died five years early to be spared of the pain of seeing the sale of his grandson Esau's birthright. This man's wife was infertile so he laid with his handmaiden Hagar. For 10 points, name this Biblical figure who almost sacrificed his son Isaac to God on Mount Horeb and whose name means "father of many nations," the patriarch of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.
Output: Social Science
Experiments demonstrating it involved filling out a questionnaire in a room slowly filled with smoke, the stealing of beer from a liquor store, and talking about stress problems with other students during which someone suffers a seizure, all studies by Darley and Latane from a 1969 article entitled "Apathy. " Prior commitment, ambiguity of the situation, and recognized leadership are factors that determine it, though the most famous case involved a crime committed in the Kew Gardens against a bar manager. For 10 points, the murder of Kitty Genovese is an example of what effect, in which individuals in a large group are less likely to help those in distress
Output: Social Science
This man wrote that "promises, covenants, and oaths...can have no hold on an atheist" a year before he argued against the idea that rightful kings are direct descendants of Adam, refuting Robert Filmer. This man believed that money removed a natural limit on accumulation, and described man's mixture of his labor with nature as the basis of our entitlement to property. The Jeffersonian phrase "consent of the governed" echoes this man's view that government must secure "life, liberty, and estate." For 10 points, name this man who wrote Two Treatises of Government in 1690, a British social contract theorist.
Output: History
A novel by this writer is often paired with his brother Clifford's Thorn Fruit, published in the same year, while his 1880 non-fiction work entitled The Science of English Verse reflects a strong interested in music, as in the tale of Lady Horn and other personified instruments, "The Symphony. " This author of Tiger-Lilies wrote, "The Creeks overflow" and "a thousand rivulets run twixt the roots of the sod" in his "The Marshes of Glynn. " For 10 points, name this Confederate veteran and Macon, Georgia native who made his living as a flautist but also claimed that he is "fain for to water the plain" in his poem "The Song of the Chattahoochee. "
Output: Literature
One figure in this battle died after attempting to grip onto a ship with his bare hands, only to have a member of the opposing army cut it off. The initial charge of one side managed to catch the rear cavalry off-guard, and caused the other groups' missiles to land harmlessly behind them. The retreating side in this battle traveled towards Mesogia and attempted to escape on their triremes, where some of them drowned in a swamp after getting pincered. A group of Platean hoplites helped one side, and this battle is most famous for the exploits of Phidippides, a messenger. FTP, name this 490BC battle in which Datis and Artaphernes lost to a group of Athenians under Miltiades, which lends its name to a 26-mile race.
Output: History
In top center and top right, there is a multicolored town, including a building surmounted by a cross. In total there are four human figures, with two of them being an upside down woman and a man holding a scythe next to each other near the top. On the left is a woman milking a goat, horse, or a cow, but the two largest images are the white animal head on the left and the green human face on the right, both facing each other. Many of these pictures are superimposed over each other in this 1911 painting. FTP, name this famous painting by Marc Chagall.
Output: Fine Arts
The narrator of this poem states that the world "seems to lie before us like a land of dreams" and has "neither joy, nor love, nor light." The speaker of this poem tells its reader to "Come to the window" because "sweet is the night-air," and notes that "the moon lies fair." He states that he could only hear the "melancholy, long, withdrawing roar," but recalls that "Sophocles long ago / heard it on the Aegean." Beginning with the line "the sea is calm tonight," For 10 points, name this poem in which "ignorant armies clash by night," a work by Matthew Arnold.
Output: Literature
This author criticized the Negritude movement with the line, ""A tiger does not proclaim its tigritude. "" In the preface to one work, this author claims that Europeans ""have no respect for what [they] do not understand"" in a conversation between Olunde and Jane Pilkings. In addition to that play focusing on Elesin's death ritual, this author depicted the seduction of Sidi by the impotent chief (*) Baroka in another play. For 10 points, name this author of Death and the King's Horseman and The Lion and the Jewel.
Output: Literature
One aria in this opera begins with the speaker claiming that she can give a man some toast, and goes on to claim that love awaits the title character. Another aria from this opera ends if I love you, youd best beware! The peasant girl Micaela informs the male lead that his mother is dying, while Lieutenant Zuniga attempts to interrogate the female lead when she is brought in for knife-fighting with another woman. Containing the Toreador Song and Habanera, for 10 points, name this opera about Don Jose, the bullfighter Escamillo, and the titular gypsy, by Georges Bizet.
Output: Fine Arts
His opera called The Death of Saint Almenne was first orchestrated by Nicolas Basri and Harry Halbreich, the man who catalogued his works. He included movements like "March" and "Psalm: O Shall I Raise mine Eyes unto the Mountains" in his oratorio about King David. This author of an Intrada in C for Trumpet and Piano wrote a third symphony in which the second movement De profundis clamavi and the third movement Dona Nobis Pacem take their names from parts of the requiem mass, a reference to its title Symphonie Liturgique. Another work by this composer of The Goat Dance accompanies the Rugby movement and was used in a Jean Mitry film in which it depicts the acceleration of a train. For 10 points name this member of Les Six and composer of Pacific 231.
Output: Fine Arts
This artist drew a large white cross stretching the entire length of the background of a lithograph titled  Tightrope Walker, and late in life this artist painted a male and female in front of a brown background studded with jewel-like colors in The Travelling Circus. A copper etching by this artist shows a winged angel that was said to be the image of the "angel of history" by Walter Benjamin, and this artist also painted a group of (*) colored arches that appear to be marching. This artist of Angelus Novus  and Viaducts Break Ranks wrote a Pedagogical Sketchbook, and his notebooks collect his lectures on art from the Bauhaus. Another work by this artist shows a pit under a wire and crank, on which four birds are perched. For 10 points, name this German-Swiss artist of Twittering Machine.
Output: Fine Arts
Among his military reforms was the conscription of every young man in his country for a commitment of twenty years. He employed innovative squadrons with a core of two companies of pikemen and a company of musketeers on each flank. After defeating his cousin, Zygmunt III, he was free to concentrate on the continent. This son of Charles IX did so to the dismay of Graf von Tilly at in Pomerania and at Breitenfeld. FTP, name this man killed at Lutzen, the Swedish monarch during the first half of the Thirty Years' War.
Output: History
The exploits of the Spanish heroes Rengo, Tucapel, and Lautaro are recounted by Alonso de Ercilla in this nation's founding epic, La Araucana. Creacionismo was a Modernist literary movement created in Paris by a poet from this country, Vicente Huidobro. A more recent novelist from this nation wrote the memoir The Boom in Spanish-American Literature: A Personal History, as well as a novel in which the narrator Humberto takes on various guises, including The Mute and El Imbunche, while ostensibly telling the story of the deformed Boy, whose father Jeronimo surrounds him with freaks so he'll seem normal. Along with the author of The Obscene Bird of Night, Jose Donoso, this nation also produced the author of Crepusculario and Residence on Earth, as well as a collection of poems that includes "Tonight I Can Write. " For 10 points this is what nation, home to Pablo Neruda
Output: Literature
The artist owed much of this painting to his friend Nicolaus Kratzer, who sent him many of the pieces exhibited in it. Kratzer did not provide the silver crucifix that peeks out in the top left corner nor did he provide the large object at the bottom that is distorted via anomorphic projection. An expanse of green drapery sets of the background, and in the center we see such things as a torquetum, a quadrant, a lute, and a sundial. Though the artist titled this work Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve, the painting is now know by another name. FTP, name this 1533 Hans Holbein depiction of a pair of emissaries.
Output: Fine Arts
Lambert Simnel claimed to be the Earl of Warwick thus threatening this man's newly established reign. This ruler led twenty-five thousand troops at the Battle of Deptford to put down the Cornish Rebellion. This ruler killed John de la Pole, the first Earl of Lincoln, at the Battle of Stoke Field. Francis Lovell, the first Viscount Lovell, in tandem with Humphrey and Thomas Stafford led rebellions against this ruler. In order to form an alliance with Maximilian I, this ruler ratified the Treaty of Medina del Campo which married his oldest son to a Spanish princess. For 10 points, name this king of England who defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field thus ending the Lancaster versus York conflict known as the War of the Roses and then subsequently starting the Tudor dynasty.
Output: History
One work with this name was commissioned by the National Music Camp in 1974, and the second of its three movements is an Adagio subtitled The Untold Want. The composer of that work discussed composing it at age 80 in the same interview with David Williams in which he noted that it was Sibelius rather than Nielsen that had influenced his Nordic Symphony. Another work by this title is a setting of the same text as the first movement of Roy Harriss Symphony for Voices. Both its baritone and soprano soloists are featured in its fourth and final movement, a setting of the poem Passage to India known as The Explorers, which is preceded by Scherzo: The Waves. For 10 points, identify this title shared by Howard Hansons seventh and Ralph Vaughan Williams first symphonies, settings of such poems from Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass as Joy, Shipmate, Joy! and On the Beach at Night Alone.
Output: Fine Arts
At the age of 28, he solved the famous Basel problem, and he discovered the law of quadratic reciprocity. His contributions to number theory include the invention of the totient function, which gives the number of positive integers less than and coprime to a positive integer n. He developed analytic number theory, where he developed the theory of hyperbolic functions, and he is also considered the father of graph theory with the solving of the famous Knigsberg Bridge problem. FTP, name this most prolific mathematician in history, whose famous namesake formula connects complex numbers and trigonometry, and who was the namesake for the symbol of the natural log base.
Output: Science
With Harvey Carr this man explored the importance of "kinaestheic sensations" in rats running a maze, causing them to run into a wall in his kerplunk experiment, and he argued that thinking was a form of "sub vocal speaking. "  Author of a work subtitled "An Introduction to Comparative Psychology," he worked in advertising late in life and is credited with inventing the coffee break. With Rosalie Rayner he performed an experiment that involved making loud noises, resulting in a young boy growing afraid of furry white things, especially a rat. For 10 points, identify this performer of the Little Albert experiment, the founder of behaviorism.
Output: Social Science
This man's wife was so enraged by his infidelities that she put a curse on him that made him discharge scorpions, serpents, and millipedes if and when he slept with other women. One of his daughters was Apollo's first love, and one of his sons was revived by the seer Polyeidus after drowning in a jar of honey. He captured Nisa after being presented with the magical purple lock of hair of King Nisus by Nisus's daughter Scylla. The siege of Nisa was part of a campaign to avenge the death of his son Androgeus, whose ambush was plotted by Aegeus. He finally achieved vengeance by compelling a certain city to pay a tribute of fourteen youths every nine years. FTP, name this father of Phaedra and Ariadne, a king of Crete who ordered the building of the Labyrinth.
Output: Social Science
In one of this author's stories, Vincent Moon is marked with a crescent scar after selling out an Irish revolutionary. In another of his stories, a wizard dreams up a son, but later realizes he is a dream himself. This author of "The Form of the Sword" and "The Circular Ruins" also created a character outraged that his landlords, Zunino and Zungri, will tear down his house. In that story, the narrator concludes that the "true" title object lies in a pillar at a (*) mosque at Cairo and is bored by the recitation of the poem "The Earth" by Carlos Argentino Daneri. This author wrote about a point containing all other points in "The Aleph." For 10 points, name this blind Argentine writer of The Garden of Forking Paths.
Output: Literature
This artist created a headless, armless nude in The Walking Man. This man was accused of having casted a live model to create one work whose subject is clenching his fist. This artist of The Age of Bronze depicted two lovers about to perform the title action in The Kiss, which was originally a part of a larger work inspired by Dante called The Gates of Hell. His most famous sculpture depicts a meditative man who is resting his chin on his hand which in turn rests on his kneww. For 10 points, name this sculptor of The Burghers of Calais and The Thinker.
Output: Fine Arts
In one poem, this poet described how "this air I gather and release" was lived on by a man who "fired France for Mary without spot." This poet claimed that "after-comers cannot guess the beauty been" in a poem about the felling of his "aspens dear." This poet of "Duns Scotus's Oxford" and "Binsey Poplars" asked, "Why do men then now not reck his rod" in a poem whose subject "will flame out, like shining from shook foil." Another of his poems describes "fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls" and "rose-moles all in stipple upon trout that swim" and begins, "Glory be to God for dappled things." For 10 points, name this British poet, a proponent of sprung rhythm who wrote "Pied Beauty" and "God's Grandeur."
Output: Literature
In the pituitary gland, stimulation by LHRH causes repeated spikes in the cytosolic concentration of this ion, while the TRP channel opens in response to low levels of this ion in the endoplasmic reticulum. This ion is necessary for the formation of tight junctions, and cell-cell adhesion is prevented in solutions deficient in this ion, but only when expressing E-cadherin. A rise in the concentration of this ion causes secretion of insulin, and myosin light-chain kinase is activated by a complex of four of these ions and a certain protein. For 10 points, name this ion that binds to calmodulin and is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, best known for being the most prevalent cation in bone matrix.
Output: Science
"The Racing Cutter" and "Phoebus Apollo turned fasting friar" are just two of the nicknames for people in this novel invented by the title character's neighbor, Mrs. Mountstuart Jackson. The character of Vernon Whitford was drawn from Leslie Stephen, while Dr. Middleton was based on Thomas Love Peacock. Having already been rejected by Constantia Durham, the title character pursues Clara Middleton by winning her father's support with his family port. However, through the intervention of Crossjay, the titular nobleman is jilted again and must settle for Laetitia Dale. Sir Willoughby Patterne is, FTP, the "self-interested" title character of what George Meredith novel
Output: Literature
He sent out the talking bird Karshipta to spread his message to the people assembled in a vara by Yima, who had been warned to take shelter from a devastating winter. He had a group of messengers who included Mah and Zam, and which were known as the Yazata. His attendants include a being who guided the souls of the dead, Sraosa, and a goddess of fertility, Armaiti. Those seven attendants were known as "Bounteous Immortals," or the Amesha Spentas, and were opposed to the Daevas. FTP, name this son of Zurvan and father of Ahriman and Ormuzd, the supreme deity of Zoroastrianism.
Output: Social Science
An American author of this descent wrote about Agu, who's forced into combat by the evil Commandant and killed by Rambo in Beasts of No Nation. Another young author born in this country wrote of a protagonist who uses the help of TillyTilly to defeat her mean cousin Dulcie. Besides The Icarus Girl, another author born here told a ""Hunter's Saga"" in his best-known novel Forest of a Thousand Demons. That novel was translated from this country's native language by another author of this nation, who wrote the radio play A Scourge of Hyacinths, which was transmitted by the BBC in 1991. He also wrote about a man who says ""there are eggs and there are eggs"", and preaches sermons on public beaches because he doesn't have a church - that guy is the hypocrite Brother Jero. The missionary Captain Winterbottom appoints a character who's pressured to call the feast of the new yam in another book. FTP, name this African country, which produced novels like Sozaboy and Arrow of God.
Output: Literature
The sculptures Wave and The Age of Maturity were produced by this mans student and lover Camille Claudel. Other works by him include one in which a wounded soldier slumps against the shrieking winged spirit of war, The Call To Arms, and a highly criticized one which depicted an author wrapped in a robe, Honore de Balzac. Another work, inspired by Michelangelos Dying Slave, drew accusations that this man cast it from a living model. In addition to The Age of Bronze, he memorialized a siege of the Hundred Years War in The Burghers of Calais. For 10 points, identify this sculptor, whose never-used Gates of Hell were to have contained The Kiss and The Thinker.
Output: Fine Arts
He was influenced by the Utrecht School and Carel Fabritius, of whose works he owned several and under whom he may also have studied. Among his less famous works are Woman with a Balance, whose wide interpretations include the soul's peril before worldly temptation, female virtue or grace, or the divine truth of revealed religion, while he is also known for several paintings featuring women reading letters such as Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window, and for his allegory The Art of Painting sometimes known as The Artist in His Studio. Only recently firmly believed to be the actual painter of one of the works best associated with him, FTP name this artist of Girl with a Pearl Earring.
Output: Fine Arts
This man unsuccessfully led a fleet at the Battle of Valcour Island and was briefly relieved of command after suffering leg wounds at Bemis Heights. This man was en route to Philadelphia when the Battle of Ridgefield broke out, which led to his promotion to major general. His most famous action was triggered when he was passed over for a promotion by the Continental Congress and was accused of malfeasance by other officers. This man showed great heroism at Fort Ticonderoga with Ethan Allen and at the Battle of Saratoga. For 10 points, name this traitor who attempted to sell West Point to the British during the Revolutionary War.
Output: History
In an 1891 painting in which this man depicted his wife sitting in "the conservatory," she wears a black dress and has her hands folded in her lap. In another painting of the early 1890s, this man depicted a table on which are placed a white teapot, a jug, several pears and a plate of five peaches. More famously, this man produced a series of paintings of a large, squat mountain which he could see from the windows of his studio. As a young man in Provence, he befriended the writer Emile Zola, who wrote about this man in his novel The Masterpiece. FTP, name this French artist who created many depictions of still-lifes, Mont Sainte-Victoire, and the painting The Card Players.
Output: Fine Arts
Its hegemony began when its first great king seized control of Allada and the coastal town of Wydah. Its last king, Behanzin, tried to reestablish dominance, but following the defeat of the Tukolors, the French destroyed this empire and exiled its royalty to Martinique. King Gezo had revived it earlier when it had been eclipsed briefly by the Oyo, but it was Agaja and his fearful Amazons that first brought it prominence. FTP, identify this dominant slave trading empire of 19th-century West Africa, which took its name from its capital of Abomey.
Output: History
In a painting by this artist inspired by a James Thomson poem, a fishing platform is visible in the foreground while men and cupids throng around the title water feature. This painter of The Fountain of Indolence depicted two indistinct pink swirls next to some crosshatches that the Tate theorizes make up a fishing net in another work. Another painting by this artist captures the last moments of a ghostly (*) vessel that had fought in the Battle of Trafalgar as she is "tugged to her last berth." This painter of Sunrise with Sea Monsters showed manacled limbs emerging from the water as the Zong prepares for a typhoon in one painting, and depicted an obscured black train hurtling across the Maidenhead bridge in another. For 10 points, name this English artist of The Fighting Temeraire, The Slave Ship, and Rain, Steam and Speed.
Output: Fine Arts
Ed Kienholz included a television in his sculpture To Mourn A Dead [This], and the earliest British hill-figure is a depiction of this found at Uffington. These animals are depicted in Alfred Stieglitz's The Terminal, and sculptures depicting this animal include Francois Girardon's Marcus Curtius Throwing himself into the Flames and the Classical-era Regisole. A study of this animal in motion, created with a zoopraxiscope, was conducted by Edward Muybridge and proved that the "flying" posture assumed by these animals in Gericault's Epsom Derby was impossible. For 10 points, name this animal featured in Donatello's Gattamelata, Frederic Remington's Bronco Buster and numerous other equestrian statues.
Output: Fine Arts
This thinker claimed something is beautiful if it seems to have been designed with purpose despite any obvious practical use, a term called the "form of finality." In another work, this thinker argues that mathematics and science contain synthetic a priori knowledge because scientific truths are universally true, independent of experience. He introduced a concept that states people should act only according to that maxim, which they will to become a universal law without contradiction. This concept, true in and of- itself, is called the categorical imperative. For 10  points, name this philosopher who authored The Critique of Judgment, Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, and the Critique of Pure Reason.
Output: Social Science
Two members of this group, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, were killed in a confrontation with the 12th Infantry and 3rd Calvary, while its second action the following year was more peaceful. Organized in support of the Putnam Bill, this group was led by Walter W. Waters, while retired general Smedley Butler was its most prominent supporter. Following the Senate's rejection of the Putnam Bill, Douglas MacArthur led a military campaign to clear this group from its campground in the Anacostia Flats. For 10 points, name this group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of after service compensation.
Output: History
All fundamental solutions of this result are generated from pairs of relatively prime integers which aren't both odd. Most proofs use either similarity arguments, the dissection of plane figures, or shears; the latter being the case in Proposition 47 of Euclid's Elements. For ten points, what theorem was demonstrated by Leonardo da Vinci and James Garfield, but was first proven 2500 years ago
Output: Science
In this painting, the colonial print and flowers on the woman's dress symbolize domestic care and the traditional role of women in society. The two figures in this work were modeled after the artist's dentist and sister. The man has a cross look on his face and symbolizes hard labor by holding a pitchfork. For 10 points, name this work by Grant Wood, which symbolized America in the 1930s.
Output: Fine Arts
A key strategy in this battle saw the winning side successfully attack Old Vineyards and implement the "Lion's Leap" maneuver against Pratecky Hill, while many of the losing side's casualties were incurred after fleeing troops made a poorly-chosen dash across the Satschan ponds and drowned. The victorious commander lost only one battalion, at the hands of Grand Duke Constantine's Imperial Guard, and ordered Davout's men into a breakneck march to reach the Southern border of the battlefield. That commander chose the troops under Bernadotte as the elite reserve force, characteristically committing them at the moment of crisis in a charge on the Pratzen Heights. This battle forced the surrender of Venice to the Italian puppet state in the Treaty of Pressburg, and saw the defeat of troops led by Francis II and Alexander I. For 10 points, name this "Battle of the Three Emperors" which saw Napoleon smash the Third Coalition.
Output: History
This principle explains why the use of greater camber allows for the operation of certain objects. This theorem explains the changes that happen to certain molecules inside a Venturi tube. If there is no vertical change in height, the equation for this law simplifies to one half the density times velocity squared plus the pressure. This principle states that an increase in fluid velocity results in a decrease in fluid pressure. For 10 points, name this principle devised by a Swiss mathematician that helps explain the ability of airplanes to achieve lift.
Output: Science
Though a long version called a buisine (bwee-zeen) was replaced by a shorter version in about 1300, the modern version only came into use about 1815. Made with a cylindrical bore, the piccolo version was created in D for compositions with high registers such as those of Handel and Bach. The more typical B flat version has a range of about three octaves from the F sharp below the treble staff. FTP, name this close relative of the coronet, the instrument of Miles Davis and Wynton Marsalis.
Output: Fine Arts
Their levels are homeostatically regulated by the DELLA nuclear repressors, which are ubiquitinated by the SCF-GID1 complex. The final step in their synthesis uses kaurenoic acid oxidase to remove a carbon, creating a characteristic diterpenoid structure. They were originally discovered as a metabolic by-product of a pathogen that causes bakanae, or foolish seedling disease. In adults, they induce flowering and fruit formation, but their main action occurs in seeds. Antagonistic to abscissic acid, this is, FTP, which plant hormone which induces stem growth in adult plants and germination in seeds
Output: Science
Recent observations of this body have revealed a bright West Virginia-sized spot on its surface just southeast of the Xanadu region. The only noble gas found on it is argon-40, leading to speculation that its primary distinguishing feature is generated by outgassing from the interior. Its surface temperature and atmospheric pressure were first measured by Voyager I, though the most detailed information about this satellite comes from the Huygens probe, which landed on its surface in 2005 and discovered lakes of liquid hydrocarbons near its polar regions. The only satellite in the solar system with clouds and a dense atmosphere, FTP, identify this second largest moon in the solar system and the largest moon of Saturn.
Output: Science
After centuries of revolts, such as the Thokoly Uprising, limited autonomy for what is now this country was guaranteed in the Augsleich.This country's Nazi puppet government was led by the Arrow Cross Party, and in 1919 it was briefly led by the Soviet-style government of Bela Kun. Much of its territory was lost in the Treaty of Trianon, and under Imre Nagy (NAJ), this nation made a failed attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact in 1956. The medieval ancestor of this modern-day country was founded by Stephen I, leader of the Magyars. FTP, name this country which was nominally joined with Austria before World War I.
Output: History
This author wrote a novel in which the Marquis Tudesco tries to help the title character become a good citizen, The Aspirations of Jean Servien. One of this author's characters runs into Madame Trepof, whose husband collects match-boxes, after acquiring a Clark Alexander translation of The Golden Legend of Jacques de Voragine. In another of his novels, a certain society's property rights are established by knocking each other on the head. That novel, in which Charlemagne is represented by Draco the Great, features a discussion between God and the saints about the validity of the snow-blind Breton monk Mael's baptism of the title animals. For 10 points, name this French author of The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard and Penguin Island.
Output: Literature