niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Its official beginning was the attempted murder and subsequent suicide committed by Mangel Pande, whose unit was disbanded by General Hearshey as a result. Three weeks later, the 3rd Light Cavalry openly refused orders, and fighting soon spread from Meerut, with the greatest violence coming at Cawnpore and the siege of Lucknow. The arrival of reinforcements under Colin Campbell led to its eventual end in 1859. Catalyzed by the use of beef and pork fat in Enfield rifle cartridges, FTP, name this 19th-century rebellion against the British in northern India.
Output: History
This work's third act opens with the cellos playing a theme that was earlier the counter-melody to the ballad "Jerum! Jerum. " That ballad was first sung shortly before a bass role sings Den Tag seh' ich erscheinen," which is a coloratura serenade that parodies bel canto arias. The quintet Selig, wie die Sonne' is presented shortly after one character tells the soprano that he has no desire to play King Mark. One of the bass-baritone roles sings "Wahn! Wahn! berall Wahn! " when recalling the last night's riot, an even that was followed by the other bass-baritone role, the Nightwatchman, calling out the hour. That riot began when David thought Magdalene was being serenaded by (*) Beckmesser. This work ends when the Morning Dream Song wins Veit Pogner's approbation for the apprentice Walter, who has learned his art from Hans Sachs. For 10 points, name this opera about some German performers, a work of Richard Wagner.
Output: Fine Arts
artist painted a woman in blue and white striped stockings whose dress slips off her left shoulder as she dozes off on a red chair in his Sleeping Girl with a Cat. He painted a young girl wearing a flowery hat and standing next to her mother in front of a metal rail in On the Terrace. A man gazes through binoculars in his La Loge, and he painted two young sisters in elaborate lace dresses in a work often called (*) Pink and Blue. He painted hundreds of people dancing and eating under the acacia trees and lights of a Parisian locale in one work. The action of another of his paintings occurs under a red canopy, where Gustave Caillebotte and other notaries eat along the Seine. For 10 points, name this French impressionist of Le moulin de la Galette and The Luncheon of the Boating Party.
Output: Fine Arts
This man's government was created by John Lambert's Instrument of Government. He commanded the Eastern Association Army, and this man crushed the Levellers in Burford. This man's general Thomas Fairfax defeated Prince Rupert of the Palatine at a battle fought south of Leicester. This man's troops won at Marston Moor and [*] Naseby. Later, this man instituted the Barebones Parliament in opposition to the Long Parliament and Rump Parliament, before he got rid of Parliament altogether and ruled with the help of his Roundhead allies in the New Model Army. For 10 points, name this conqueror of Ireland and Lord Protector of England.
Output: History
One character in this play explains that his throat is too delicate for hanging and that hemlock swells the legs, in a conversation with a character that shares his desire for pea soup. In one scene in this play, the protagonist alternates pretending to be Herakles with his servant. In another scene, a scale weighs which of two characters has spoken the weightiest lines. The play opens with the protagonist preparing with his slave Xanthias to descend into the underworld. For 10 points, name this play by Aristophanes in which Dionysus judges a tragedy contest between Aeschylus and Euripides, and which contains a croaking chorus of the title creatures.
Output: Literature
This sculptor depicted Nancy Cunard in a work often titled Sophisticated Young Lady. This sculptor of the jagged and triangular Le Coq and the oval-eyed Miss Pogany created an ensemble including Table of Silence in Targu Jiu, which also contains his 29 meter Endless Column. This sculptor of the phallic Princess X created a geometrically-simple relief version of The Kiss, but is best known for a marble and bronze series of figures whose heads and beaks are reduced to ovals. For 10 points, name this Romanian sculptor of the sleek Bird in Space.
Output: Fine Arts
serving as a lecturer at the University of Missouri, this man wrote about how the human instinct towards hard work was being wasted, in The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts. One of his works posits that a certain autocratic state during World War I had a temporary technological advantage over democracies, while another work is subtitled "A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men. " In addition to "Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution" and (*) The Higher Learning in America, he also wrote about the titular group of intellectuals assuming management positions in The Engineers and the Price System. This author of The Theory of Business Enterprise made use of the term "pecuniary emulation" in his most famous work, which also introduced a term that describes why some individuals spend money just for displaying their wealth. "Conspicuous consumption" was coined by, for 10 points, what sociologist, the author of The Theory of the Leisure Class
Output: Social Science
This property is present in elements above the horizontal axis in the Bethe-Slater curve, and it only occurs in materials with one or more easy axes. Coercivity and remanence are characteristic properties of materials with this property that increases in discrete steps as shown by the Barkhausen effect. Owing to a (*) hysteresis loop, this property remains in a material even after an applied field is removed, though it disappears when a material is raised above the Curie temperature. Bulk materials with this property consist of domains of aligned spins. Cobalt, but not copper, possesses, for 10 points, what form of permanent magnetism named after iron
Output: Science
One of his paintings shows a woman holding a withering pink flower next to a small dog. Another shows a boy in red standing between two funny looking chubby adults in the Palace of Aranjuez. He married the sister of Francisco Bayeu, who secured him the commission to decorate Church of the Virgin in Zaragoza. Influenced by Tiepolo, his Marquesa de Pontejos is in the style of Gainsborough. Deaf for much of his career, he made prints like Los Caprichos, and followed Velazquez's model in caricaturing The Family of Charles IV. Most famous for depicting a man in white executed by a firing squad, FTP, name this Spanish painter of Saturn Devouring his Children and The Third of May, 1808.
Output: Fine Arts
Two principal characters from a play by Adam Oehlenschlager are the representatives of light and darkness in this text. One section this work claims that in the external world the "genie of ring" obeys whoever possesses it, whether it be Noureddin or Aladdin, but in the world of spirit it does not rain on the just and unjust equally. In that section, Preliminary "Expectoration" or "Outpouring of the Heart" the author suggests that a candid discussion of the central action might lead confused individuals to repeat it. This work elucidates one figure's "strength of the absurd," which allows one to give everything up and to paradoxically expect to receive it all back and compares that figure to the "knight of infinite resignation. " Often paired with Constantin Constantius' Reptition, it asks whether there can be a teleological suspension of the ethical and was pseudonymously written by Johannes de Silentio. For 10 points, name this work of philosophy which examines Abraham's binding of Isaac by Soren Kierkegaard.
Output: Social Science
This author wrote about the tough old Teuton / Who brewed the stoutest ale in Cobbler Keezars Vision, while he satirized a Puritan minister, describing him as his eyes agog and his ears set wide in The Double-Headed Snake of Newbury. The Judge weds a wife of richest dower instead of Maud Muller in one poem by this author, who also wrote about a woman who raised an American flag despite the arrival of Stonewall Jackson in Barbara Frietchie. In addition to writing the collections Legends of New England and Moll Pitcher, this author is probably best remembered for a poem, subtitled A Winter Idyll, which describes a New England family during a week-long blizzard. FTP, name this American Quaker poet of Snowbound.
Output: Literature
Triggers such as a landslide can cause these entities to undergo a limnic eruption, and thousands of people were asphyxiated by carbon dioxide when one of these named Nyos. Several of them linked in series are called paternoster, and cirques in a glacier cirques can form a type of these called a tarn. Cutting a bend from a meandering river will form the oxbow variety of these, and ones located on volcanoes are the crater type. For 10 points, name these inland bodies of water, of which a set of five "Great" ones lie on the American-Canadian border.
Output: Social Science
This government legalized a system of alternate attendance among feudal lords, where they were required to spend one year within their domains and one in the capital. One challenge to it came from disgruntled ronin lead by Yui Shotetsu, who attempted a coup called the Keian Uprising. Its downfall came during the Bakamatsu, during which popular sentiment called for expelling the barbarians, leading to the Boshin War and resignation of Yoshinobu. It was founded after its namesakes victory over Ishida Mitsunari at Sekigahara, and it also signed of the Treaty of Kanagawa with Matthew Perry. Immediately followed by the Meiji restoration, FTP, name this Shogunate, founded by Ieyasu, that ruled Japan from 1600 to 1868.
Output: History
A general for this dynasty annihilated enemy forces at the Battle of Buyur Nor but failed to capture Togus Temur. It saw the first development of the an hua technique at such places as Jingdezhen. By letting enemy forces go around the Great Wall, the general Wu Sangui betrayed this dynasty. The founder of this dynasty defeated a navy under the rival leader Chen Youliang at the Battle of Lake Poyang. This dynasty fell after the rebel Li Zicheng sacked its capital, which led Emperor Chongzhen to commit suicide. The first ruler of this dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, took power during the collapse of the preceding Yuan dynasty. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty succeeded in the seventeenth century by the Qing dynasty and famous for its innovations in ceramics.
Output: History
One work by this man features the section "The soft complaining lute," which introduced that instrument to Western music, while another of his works is a cantata discoursing on the power of music. Those works, both settings of Dryden, are his Alexander's Feast and Ode for St. Cecilia's Day. Another of his works consists of an air followed by five double variations in alternating hands called The Harmonious Blacksmith. The second suite of another of his works features the movement "Alla Hornipe", and "La Paix" and "La Rejouissance" are movements of his Music for the Royal Fireworks. For 10 points, name this composer of Water Music and the oratorio Messiah.
Output: Fine Arts
They are formed by the Bjorken mechanism, while another method of producing them is known as [this name]-strahlung. When vacuum expectation value confers a major part of their characteristic property, a quadratic term is introduced to hZZ coupling and a quartic term is introduced into the hhh coupling. In an experiment at the Tevatron it may have decayed into a bottom quark anti-quark pair, and in another experiment, a 160 GeV particle decaying into two tau leptons may have been one of them. They are thought to have arisen due to spontaneous symmetry breaking as the universe cooled. That symmetry breaking occurs with the introduction of a namesake field, which accounts for why a photon is massless compared to the W and Z bosons. For 10 points, identify this particle, the only one from the standard model yet to be observed, which is hypothesized to impart mass to matter.
Output: Science
In one section of this work, a man married to a relative of the fire god is "seven times captured, seven times freed! " One character in this work defeats six generals while passing through five gates; after that character's death his spirit possesses Lu Meng at a banquet. A hilarious scene in this novel sees one character chase another around a garden with a spear after catching the latter embracing Diao Chan. Later in this novel, Fledgling Phoenix recommends the services of Sleeping Dragon to a man who'd made an oath in a peach garden with Zhang Fei and Guan Yu. For 10 points, identify this classic Luo Guanzhong novel whose title entities are led by Sun Quan, Liu Bei, and Cao Cao.
Output: Literature
The claim that this man afanned the flamesa by writing that awe have certainly sown the wind; they are the whirlwinda appears in Homi Bhabhaas essay on aframinga another author. This man referenced two Frenchmen saying to each other that athe country is done for...unlessa and claimed that shooting a European was akill[ing] two birds with one stone.a He recalled how, at first, people marveled that athey are able to talk for themselvesa when they heard apolite statements of resentmenta by ayellow and black voices.a He wrote an essay that begins by noting that, not so long ago, the world anumbered 2 billion inhabitants:a 500 million men who ahad the word,a and 1.5 billion anativesa who ahad the use of it.a This author of Colonialism and Neocolonialism urged the French left to support Algerian independence at the end of an essay encouraging Europeans to read the aOn Violencea section of the book that followed. For 10 points, name this author of a preface to Frantz Fanonas The Wretched of the Earth.
Output: Literature
A soldier from this country infamously struck U.S. consul John Allison. During peacetime, the U.S. gunboat Panay was bombed by this country. Its actions were criticized by the U.S. in the Stimson Doctrine. Camps such as Heart Mountain and Manzanar housed emigrants from this country during the 1940s. For 10 points, name this country which fought against the US in the Pacific theater of World War II.
Output: History
Pausanias claimed that this figure was raised by either Temenos or by the daughters of Asterion, and she was once seduced on the mountain of Thornax. She once sent a plague to ravage Aegina, after which the island's ants were turned into men. She also ordered Tethys to prevent Ursa Major and Minor from dropping below the horizon, as she held a grudge against Callisto. This cow-eyed deity also turned Lamia into a child-eating monster and ordered Argus to guard Io, and her children with her husband include Hebe and Ares. The peacock is sacred to, for 10 points, which daughter of Cronus and Rhea, the wife of Zeus and queen of the Greek gods
Output: Social Science
The English adventurer Sir Anthony Shirley became a diplomat for this polity. This dynasty came to power after winning the Battle of Merv against Muhammad Shaybani, and it fell after an invasion by the Hotaki people. This dynasty was nicknamed the Qizilbash or "redheads" because of their headgear of choice. This polity's longest-serving ruler was (*) Tahmasp the Great, who allied with and protected the exiled Humayun. This polity was defeated by Selim the Grim at the Battle of Chaldiron and it reached its height under Abbas I. Its capital was Isfahan and its founder was Ismail I. For ten points, name this Shia dynasty that rivaled the Ottomans in Persia.
Output: History
Modern methods to compute them include Coupled cluster methods and Moller-Plasset perturbation theory, which includes correlation functions. John Poples work on them used primitive Gaussians as basis sets, and they are the eigenfunctions of the Fock operator in Hartree-Fock theory. Easily derived via the LCAO method, these entities are the solutions of the Schrodinger equation for a multi-body electronic Hamiltonian. They can be used to explain why dihydrogen can exist but dihelium cannot, and they come in bonding and antibonding varieties. FTP, name these regions of space around a molecule where electrons hang out.
Output: Science
One of this composer's ballet suites contains a second-movement "March and Pastorale" and closes with a third- movement Passacaglia, and is adapted from his ballet about St. Francis of Assisi. He stopped giving opus numbers to his works after his Konzertmusik for Brass and Strings. One of this composer's works is an adaptation of incidental music written by one of his countrymen for Schiller's translation of the play Turandot. This composer of Nobilissima Visione also wrote a symphony with the movements "Angelic Concert," "Entombment," and "The Temptation of Saint Anthony," using themes from his opera about the creator of the Isenheim Altarpiece. For 10 points, name this German-born composer of Symphonic Metamorphosis of Themes by Weber and Mathis der Maler.
Output: Fine Arts
Couette shear cells can be used to study cube, sponge, and laminar transitions of solutions of this type of substance. CTAB, an example of this substance, is used to make genomic preps from Arabidopsis, and type II alveolar cells secrete this type of substance. They can be used to increase the miscibility of other substances, and some common laboratory examples include Igepal and sodium dodecyl sulfate. For ten points, name this class of compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, whose name is a portmanteau of "surface-acting agent".
Output: Science
The musicologist Alfred Einstein likened the E major andante second movement of this work to a plant whose flowers open only on a night of the full moon. He also suggested that the key of the first movement might be a reference to the composers earlier piece Der Doppelgnger. This work was begun in 1822, but the composer put it aside to work on his Wanderer fantasy. The original manuscript for this B minor work was owned by Anselm Httenbrenner, and it was only premiered by the conductor Johann Herbeck in 1865. Herbeck added a third movement at this performance, judging that the audience might not appreciate a fragment. For ten points, name this orchestral work, Franz Schuberts eighth symphony.
Output: Fine Arts
The Southern Development Fund used by this country's government in the 1950s created so-called "cathedrals in the desert." The leggine and partyocracy systems in this country endured thanks to the secret Parliamentary voting clause of its post-war Constitution. In the 1960s, it was home to radical groups like the Metropolitan Indians and Worker Autonomy. Its people expelled their "May King" after World War II, and one prime minister of this country (*) owned the Mediaset Company. This country witnessed kidnappings by the Red Brigade during its "Years of Lead," as well as the murder of Prime Minister Aldo Moro. For 10 points, name this country, whose First Republic arose after the ouster of "Il Duce," Benito Mussolini.
Output: History
He was married to Aegiale [eye-GHEE-uh-lay], a daughter of Adrastus, but she fooled around while he was gone. In the Iliad he gets teased for not being as brave as his father, a member of the Seven Against Thebes named Tydeus. The only time he ever turns down a fight is against his hereditary guest Glaucus, but they trade armor instead. He was a big friend of Odysseus and helped him kill Dolon. Pandarus is killed by and Aeneas is rescued by his mother from, for 10 points, what hero who goes so ape shit in the Iliad that he wounds Aphrodite and Ares
Output: Social Science
This person lost an Assembly seat for criticizing the Paxton Boys Affair, which prompted him to go on a diplomatic mission. During this mission on behalf of his adoptive home colony, he became the representative of Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts, beginning to bring about the unification proposed in his failed Albany Plan of Union. Also the first Postmaster General of the United States, this was, for ten points, what founding father associated with the lightning rod and Poor Richards Almanac
Output: History
One result of this effect was explained by the creation of quasiparticles in a quantum fluid by Laughlin, and Dyakonov and Perel predicted a version of it dependent on spin. It can be used to find hole density in a semiconductor, and von Klitzing showed that under certain situations this effect is quantized. This effect distinguishes between a negative current and a positive current flowing in the opposite direction, and it creates a Lorentz force, resulting in the deflection of charge carriers by a magnetic field. For 10 points, name this effect in which a potential difference is created across a conductor by a perpendicular magnetic field.
Output: Science
In this religion's cosmology, the universe is wide at the top and the bottom and narrow in the middle, just like a human body. This religion's legendary founder was born at the end of the third epoch of a descending time cycle and lived for about 593 quintillion years. That man, Rishabha, was the first of the 24 of this religion's "ford-bearers," the last of whom was Mahavira. For 10 points, name the Indian religion whose "sky-clad" monks do not wear clothing and whose followers practice a very strict form of non-violence called ahimsa.
Output: Social Science
The diagonal elements of the coupling matrix in an orthonormal n-energy-state system are fully perturbed matrix elements of this object. Adding first-order relativistic corrections to the momentum naturally creates the fine-structure version of this operator, since it is equal to one over the twice the system mass times the inner product of the momentum operator with itself, plus the potential operator. FTP, identify this operator, the operation of which on the wave function is equal to operation of the energy operator on the wave function according to the Schrdinger equation, that is symbolized "h-hat" and that is named for a 19th Century Irish mathematician.
Output: Science
This man employed notes marked B sharp that ascend to a high A in the last aria of his cantata "Di Fille vendicarmi vorrei". He wrote an a cappella Mass in G minor, and in another work, the right hand stretches a full octave from high D to low D, before playing a D-E-G triplet. He taught such figures as Barbara of Portugal, a fact reflected in the Iberian influence seen in works like the Fandango in D minor. A "crux" was noted in several of his works by the man who catalogued him, Ralph (*) Kirkpatrick. For 10 points, identify this Italian composer of 555 sonatas, mainly for the harpsichord, the son of Alessandro.
Output: Fine Arts
Each one of these pieces features a violone or violone grosso which essentially mirrors the cello, and the tuning of said instruments for these pieces is debated. One of these requires the use of an Echo flute, and only the first one of them has four movements, the last of which contains a polonaise and is notable for featuring hunting horns. A slow harpsichord movement is inserted into the third one of these, and its final piece features a viola de gamba which was to be played by Prince Leopold. For 10 points, identify this collection of six instrumental pieces by J. S. Bach named after a German duchy.
Output: Fine Arts
The end of one of this man's operas features the fugue "Tutto nel mondo e burla" sung beneath Herne's Oak. That opera features a character who pursues Mistresses Page and Ford and gets stuffed in a laundry basket, Falstaff, and the "Anvil Chorus" is part of this man's opera [*] Il trovatore. In one opera by this man, Gilda is killed instead of the Duke of Mantua, who sings "La donna e mobile" and employs a humpbacked jester, and in another, the Temple of Vulcan is the site of Ramades getting buried alive with an Ethiopian princess. For 10 points, name this operatic composer of Rigoletto and Aida.
Output: Fine Arts
Critical works of this writer include The Time of the Assassins, a study of Rimbaud, and To Paint is to Love Again, which features many of his own watercolors. But it was for more earthy works like Black Spring and Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch for which he is better known. Willing to push the envelope in his depictions of sex, his affair with Anais Nin produced a celebrated set of letters, and his Rosy Crucifixion trilogy was censored for more than a decade in the U.S.  His most famous work was a scatological homage to Parisian bohemian life. FTP, name this author of the once controversial novel The Tropic of Cancer.
Output: Literature
This ruler sought a military alliance with Mongol commander Eljigidei against the Khwarizmians, and later sent emissaries to Guyuk Khan and Mongke Khan, including the famous William of Rubruck. He was almost offered leadership of the Mamluk sultanate after the murder of the last Ayyubid sultan Turanshah, but was rejected in favor of his earlier enemy Baibars. Despite victories over Baibars at Damietta and Mansurah, he was finally defeated and captured after the Battle of Fariskur, thus ending that crusade. This ruler established the Parliament of Paris, and his faith led him to purchase the Crown of Thorns and construct Saint Chapelle. For 10 points, name this leader of the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, a thirteenth century king of France who was canonized as a saint for his piety.
Output: History
This author wrote about an aged woman who tells stories about Danko, who tears his heart from his chest in a forest, and Larra, who becomes unable to die after killing a young girl, in "Old Izergil. " This author's first play focuses on the expelled student Pyotr and his sister Tanya, who are oppressed by their father Vassily. Besides that play, which is variously translated as The Petty Bourgeois and The Philistines, this author wrote a play about the truth-telling Bubnov and the locksmith Kleshch, which is set in a boarding house run by Vassilissa and the landlord Kostylyov. For 10 points, name this Russian author who pioneered socialist realism in his novel Mother and wrote The Lower Depths.
Output: Literature
One attested nickname of this figure is Vindhler which means "wind shelter". Hallinskidi is another nickname of this figure, which may mean "bent stick," and also refers to rams. The man who slept between Ai and Edda to create serfs and Afi and Amma to create herdsmen is said to be this figure, according to the prose introduction to a poem found only in the Codex Wormianus, the Rigsthula. That echoes the suggestion in the first lines of the Voluspa that all races are kinsmen of this figure. In the Husdrapa he fights with another god in the form of a seal in order to retrieve the necklace Brisingamen. This son of nine mothers is destined to be the last of the Aesir to die at Ragnarok where he will kill and be killed by Loki. In addition to the horse Gulltoppr, he is the owner of Gjallarhorn which he will sound to assemble the Aesir. For 10 points, name this Norse god who guards Bifrost, the rainbow bridge to Asgard.
Output: Social Science
One episode of violence in this country led to the establishment of the National Operations Council following the declarion of the "Darurat," or "national emergency," following the ethnic violence in the May 13th incident. This country practices a form of positive discrimination for its "Bumeputera"  indigenous population, under the ideology of (*) "katuanan," part of its New Economic Policy. This country has a rotating constitutional kingship known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. In the 1990s, this country's longtime prime minister, who has also attracted attention for strident anti-Jewish remarks, launched a bizarre crusade to imprison his chief critic, Anwar Ibrahim, by charging him with sodomy. For 10 points, name this country still under the influence of Mahathir bin Mohammed, which once controlled neighboring Singapore.
Output: History
One of these creatures is featured at the bottom of Lucas Cranach the Elder's The Crucifixion with the Converted Centurion, and one of these is shown attacked by a lion in a work by George Stubbs. Rosa Bonheur painted a number of these animals running in a circle in one work, and the head of one of these creatures is depicted looking on from the left as an incubus sits on a sleeping woman in another painting. Aguste Macke and Franz Marc lead a German art movement named after a painting prominently featuring one of these animals, and four of these creatures enter the scene from the left as their riders wreck havoc in a Durer etching. For 10 points, name these animals, which are ridden by certain four figures of the Apocalypse.
Output: Fine Arts
The first of them saw the first of the so-called Unequal Treaties. The second was joined by the French, who used the excuse of the murder of one of their missionaries. The first was officially concluded with the Treaty of Bogue, and the second was known as the "Arrow" War because it began with the storming of the H.M.S Arrow. That second one ended with the treaties of Tientsin, which were more decisive than the original treaty of Nanking. FTP, name these mid-19th century trading wars fought between European nations and China.
Output: History
Ernst Kummer showed that non-unique factorization produced a fatal flaw in the work of Cauchy and Lam that could not be overcome for certain irregular primes. Gerhard Frey showed this problem's equivalence to the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture, which Ken Ribet proved in 1986, while three years earlier, Gerd Faltings showed it has a finite number of relatively prime solutions for n greater than or equal to 3. Finally, in 1995 Andrew Wiles proved, for ten points, what conjecture that there are no non-trivial positive integers such that x to the n plus y to the n equal z to the n for n bigger than 2
Output: Science
It was first identified by Frederick Addicott in 1963 and originally called dormin since it was thought to play a role in bud dormancy. It is synthesized from the 40-carbon carotenoid violaxanthin, which is converted to xanthonin and then this compound's aldehyde. Unlike auxins, its movement does not exhibit polarity. It induces the closure of stomata, inhibits shoot growth despite its lack of influence on roots, and inhibits the effects of gibberellins on synthesizing a-amylase. FTP, identify this plant compound named after its ability to cut fruits from plant stems.
Output: Science
In Zoroastrianism, a goddess of this took from the primeval bull the essence of all living animals and in Ainu myth, a former goddess of this gave up her domain after being ashamed of seeing the adultery of man. In addition to Maonghah and Chup Kamui, another deity ruling over this killed Ume Mochi, the goddess of food, after being disgusted by the way a meal was created. This object is said to have been created after the mutilation and decapitation of Coyolxauhqui in Aztec myth and the Mesopotamian god of it is Sin. A rice cake-making rabbit is associated with this entity in Chinese and Japanese folklore and Thoth once played draughts against this entity to increase the length of the calendar. Devoured by Hati at Ragnarok, For 10 points, identify this celestial body that is ruled by the Greek goddesses Hecate and Selene and the Roman goddess Luna.
Output: Social Science
This effect's inverse form can be described using the Kompaneets equation, and Faust and Johnson described its multiple form. In describing this effect, its namesake created a namesake wavelength of a particle defined as Planck's constant divided by the product of the particle's mass and the speed of light. That inverse form, which results from the scattering of CMB photons, is known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. The differential cross-section of this effect is calculated for higher wavelengths of the Klein-Nishina formula, and is the higher-wavelength version of visible light's Thomson scattering. For 10 points, name this form of scattering in which a photon loses energy when it collides with matter.
Output: Science
Over thirty political prisoners in this country were broken out by the right-wing Organization X, which rose to prominence during the "December events". A former Russian cavalry officer who led the "Society of Friends" of this nation was named Alexander Ypsilantis. During its war of independence, the Ottomans lost the Battle of Navarino. In ancient times, this modern-day nation fought against the Persians under the leadership of Themistocles at Salamis. Cleisthenes and Solon laid the foundations for this nation's democracy. For 10 points, name this European country formerly led by George Papandreou from Athens.
Output: History
Chiral alcohols can be synthesized by performing Fleming-Tamao oxidation on a hydrosylilated version of these molecules. Grubbs' Catalyst catalyzes the Cross Metathesis, which joins two of these molecules. They can be used instead of alkyl halides in Friedel-Crafts. Both the Julia Reaction and the Schlosser Modification of the Wittig Reaction produce only the E isomer of these molecules, which are the products of both E1 and E2 reactions. For 10 points, name these aliphatic organic compounds that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Output: Science
This man's only extant wooden sculpture is a crucifix found at the Santo Spirito, at whose hospital this artist studied corpses. He sculpted the Dying Slave and Rebellious Slave for a room that also contains a horned depiction of Moses. Speculation that Solari was the actual sculptor inspired this man to carve his name on a sash in one of his works. This sculptor who worked on Julius II's tomb also made a seventeen-foot tall depiction of a naked man with his left hand near his chin. For 10 points, name this Italian artist who sculpted several Piets and a marble David.
Output: Fine Arts
This author wrote a play in which Halvard Solness promises to build his wife a new house with towers, only to fall to his death from that tower. In this author's most famous play, the protagonist's friend Mrs. Linde rekindles her love with a bank clerk at a costume party. That play by this author of Master Builder sees Krogstad blackmail the protagonist for an illegitimate loan she had taken a few years prior and ends with Nora storming out of her marriage to Torvald Helmer. For 10 points, name this Norwegian playwright of A Doll's House.
Output: Literature
During this battle, part of the 1st Panzer Division murdered 84 American POWs, which is known as the Malmedy Massacre. The resistance at Bastogne and the eventual arrival of Patton's Third Army from the south resulted in an Allied victory at this battle. The German code name for the offensive during this fight was the ""Watch on the Rhine. "" Begun in December 1944, for 10 points, name this battle of World War II so named because of the large incursion into Allied lines.
Output: History
These entites are bounded in a spectrum according to the Gershgorin circle theorem. John Francis and Vera Kublanovskaya formulated the QR algorithm for these entities, whose corresponding qualitative theory in the Sturm-Liouville theory. Rayleigh quotient iteration extends inverse iteration and converges to them cubically, while multiple rotations are used to obtain a (*) diagonal approximating these entities in the Jacobi algorithm. The Lanczos algorithm uses power methods to calculate these entities, which can be used to characterize the stability of solutions to ODEs. The sum of these values and the product of these values equal a matrix's trace and a matrix's determinant respectively. FTP, name these solutions to a characteristic equation, which are special sets of scalars associated with the invariants of a linear system of equations.
Output: Science
L1 ligase one of these objects was developed by Robertson and Elington. One of these objects creates a five prime lariat cap, increasing the half-life and therefore the fitness of a homing endonuclease. That object occurs in the gene I-DirI and is called the GIRI branching one. One of these objects is found in tobacco ringspot virus and is called "hairpin," and the B6. 61 one of these can add twenty nucleotides to a primer template before decomposing. The best known of these has invariant positions G12 and G8 serving as general base and general acid and can cleave between one base and an A, C, or U base. Many of these entities require divalent metal cofactors like magnesium, and most of them conduct their own hydrolysis or hydrolysis of similar structures, like the best-known Hammerhead one. FTP, name this class of RNA enzymes.
Output: Science
His festivals were celebrated at the Temple of Abydos, which marked the place where he assimilated Khenty-Imentin and picked up the epithet foremost of the westerners. Namesake gardens were assimilated at his festivals, which usually reenacted his fate, in which his brother sliced him into fourteen pieces. For 10 point, name this husband of Isis and father of Horus, the Egyptian god of the underworld.
Output: Social Science
This thinker argued that children begin by stating "observation sentences," then move on to "observation\n categoricals." He argued that many theories could adequately describe the world in his idea of "ontological\n relativity." In another thought experiment, he argued that one cannot know whether the word "gavagai"\n means "rabbit" or "let's go hunting." This man analyzed the sentence "All bachelors are unmarried" to\n reject the analytic/synthetic distinction, and he proposed the Indeterminacy of Translation thesis. For 10\n points, name this philosopher who wrote Two Dogmas of Empiricism.
Output: Social Science
Different forms of these objects are noted by their lack of a silicon absorption line at 615 nanometers. They are believed to occur from the rapid and violent collapse of a tightly bound iron core and in their aftermath they can compress to form an extremely dense (*) neutron star. The Type Ia form of these objects typically occurs when a white dwarf exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit. The Crab Nebula is the result of one of these objects observed by Chinese astronomer in 1054 CE. For 10 points, name these stellar explosions.
Output: Science
Palawa is the name of the indigenous people located in one state of this country whose cities include Glenorchy and Clarence. The highest point of this country, located in the Great Dividing Range, was named by Paul Strzelecki after a Polish hero. Its longest river flows through cities such as Albury and Wodonga, forms the border between two states, and is called Murray River. Its lowest point, Lake Eyre, can be found in the state whose cities include Adelaide. Mount Kosciuszko and states such as Queensland and New South Wales are in  for 10 points  which country with capital at Canberra
Output: Social Science
Hieronimo has revenge on his mind after his son Horatio is killed and left hanging in an arbor. Hieronimo and Horatio's love, Bel-Imperia, conspire to stage a play in which the villains, including a prince of Portugal, are induced to take part; they are then killed, and Hieronimo kills himself. For 10 points, this describes the action in what late 16th-century play, the most famous drama of Thomas Kyd
Output: Literature
The utility of the reaction for which these chemicals are a reactant is limited by the Boord olefin synthesis, which provides an alternative pathway that ends with alkenes; that reaction ends with water attacking these compounds characteristic group to leave a hydroxyl. These compounds are usually found in solutions of tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether because they dissociate in a reaction governed by the Schlenk equilibrium and are commonly synthesized by the reaction of tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether on a group two metal. The original form of these compounds was a phenyl bromide, but any halide can be used; they are defined as alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides. For 10 points, name these highly reactive organomagnesium nucleophilic halides usually named for the 1912 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, a French organic chemist.
Output: Science
When referring to electrons, it is approximately equal to the Fermi energy when the temperature is substantially less than the characteristic temperature. When equated with the electrical potential, it can be used to derive the Nernst equation and it is defined as the partial derivative of the free energy of a system with respect to the amount of a substance. For a substance in phase equilibrium the gas and liquid phase values for this quantity are equal. Sometimes known as the partial molar Gibbs Energy, for 10 points, name this "energy" that explains diffusion as particles flow from higher concentrations to lower concentrations.
Output: Science
He was captured by a Kansas soldier who recognized "Colon de Magdalo" as this man's Masonic name and disguised American soldiers as prisoners escorted by Macabebe scouts. Installed as president under the Malolos constitution, he had earlier agreed to leave the country under the Biac-na-Bato agreement with Spain. He drew the wrath of another occupying power and spent many years in Bilibid prison after serving as a Japanese puppet bashing the former U.S. occupiers. For 10 points, name this leader of Chinese and Tagalog descent, who saw Frederick Funston end his term as the first president of the Philippines.
Output: History
When she first appears, she has little sympathy for Mrs. Tancred, whose son was a Diehard, but that changes after she hears from Mrs. Madigan of her own son's death. Her husband, the Captain, has an on-again off-again friendship with Joxer. Her daughter is impregnated by Mr. Bentham who disappears to England before her family realizes that the will he presented is botched. Her husband Mr. Boyle gave her her nickname because she was born, christened, married, and gave birth to Johnny in June. FTP name this title character of a Sean O'Casey play, whose husband can often be found "struttin' around like a paycock. "
Output: Literature
Colhu Huapi is one of these bodies in Argentina that was created by eolic forces. Ones found along the coast of the Black Sea are known as Limans, while in Britain, broad ones are known as meres. Meromictic ones do not have intermixing between layers, while endoheic or terminal ones are not depleted through diffusion. Ones that form in cirques are known as tarns. Ones that are formed from meanders of a river that are cut off from the main body are called Oxbow ones, while ones that form in calderas such the deepest one in the United States are known as Crater ones. FTP, name these bodies exemplified by Ladoga and Superior.
Output: Science
_Before one battle, Xu You defected to this man and revealed the location of an enemy supply depot in Wuchao, which allowed this man to break a stalemate. In 2009, this man's tomb was supposedly dug up in Henan, but controversy exists on whether it is genuine or whether it belongs to one of his descendants. This man was appointed the "General who (+)_ Arranged the Army" of the Army of the Western Garden, which did not last. However, this man later built up the Qingzhou army. His domestic policies included Tun Tian System, which was directed at farmers and helped alleviate results of a locust plague. He is often depicted with a (*) white face in operatic productions, as he is often depicted as a treacherous villain. This man gained the support of Emperor Xiao after a campaign in which he captured Luoyang and defeated Dong Zhuo. This man also defeated Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu. In his goal of unifying China, this man was defeated by Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the Battle of Red Cliffs. For 10 points, name this warlord of the Three Kingdoms period, who laid the grounds for the kingdom of Cao Wei.
Output: History
In reproductions of this work, the image of a woman screaming towards the sky is often excluded. In 1974, this painting was defaced with red spray paint and the words KILL LIES ALL. Commissioned for the 1937 World's Fair in Paris, this black and white work depicts a man trying to steal a baby from its mother, Lady Liberty carrying the lamp of democracy, a flower growing from a shattered vase, and a horse drowning in chaos. FTP, name anti-war Pablo Picasso painting named for a bombed Basque city.
Output: Fine Arts
After this event, its planners moved from Warwick Castle to Holbeche house. Robert and Thomas Wintour were two planners of this event, and before it, Thomas Percy rented a room later occupied by "John Johnson." This event failed when Francis Tresham's letter to William Parker was [*] acquired by Robert Cecil. The group behind this event was led by Roger Catesby and sought to increase freedom for Catholics by assassinating James I. This plot is commemorated with fireworks and burnings-in-effigy on the fifth of November. For 10 points, name this attempt to blow up the Houses of Parliament, centering on Guy Fawkes.
Output: History
Early in his reign, he had to put down a rebellion launched by Zhao Peng, Huo Hong, and Zhai Yi, the governor of Dong, while his later reign saw an uprising led by Mother Lu. He introduced new coins made out of tortoise shells and instituted a sloth tax on unused land, as well as returning to the well-field system for farmland organization. Other reforms included Chinas first income tax, as well as state monopolies over a wide range of resources such as gold, lumber, salt, and liquor. Seizing power from the young emperors Ruzi and Ping after being appointed their regent and losing power to the uprising of the Red Eyebrows, this is FTP, what Chinese usurper who interrupted the Han dynasty
Output: History
One paper by this author rejects Meinong's theory that all grammatically correct phrases stand for real objects. This philosopher examined the truth value of statements about non-existent objects with the sentence "The present King of France is bald." This philosopher introduced the "theory of types" to solve the problem of whether the set of all sets that are not members of themselves contains itself, a paradox named for this author of On Denoting. With an older philosopher, he wrote a work that attempted to derive mathematics using symbolic logic. For 10 points, name this English philosopher who collaborated with Alfred North Whitehead on Principia Mathematica.
Output: Social Science
A territory invaded during this war asked to borrow gunpowder to salute a ship that had come to conquer it. One island invaded in this war had been overseen by the "Butcher" Weyler. An admiral in this war stated "You may (*) fire when you are ready," prior to beginning the Battle of Manila Bay. One battle in this "splendid little war" saw San Juan Hill charged upon by the Rough Riders and Teddy Roosevelt. Hearst's and Pulitzer's yellow journalism as well as the explosion of the USS Maine helped instigate this war. For 10 points, name this war which led to the capture of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba by the United States.
Output: History
The reciprocal relationship between the eigenvalues of the mass matrix of these particles is called the "seesaw mechanism"; the larger eigenvalue may be the mass of their "sterile" variety. One phenomenon predicted by Pontecorvo involving these entities was searched for by (*) MINOS. Reines and Cowan used an aqueous cadmium chloride solution to detect them, and other detectors tend to include large volumes of material, such as Super Kamiokande. For 10 points, name these leptons, the nearly massless products of radioactive decay whose varieties include the muon and tau and which are represented by the letter nu.
Output: Science
This ruler established a code which mandated that pavilions be owned by only one family and ordered the execution of the Duke of Biron partially for conspiring with Savoy, which was forced to surrender Bresse to him by the Treaty of Lyons. His other less known diplomacy includes sending the Duke of Mercoeur to sign the Peace of Vervins. His mistresses included Gabrielle dEstre, and he won major military victories at Arques and Ivry. His main advisor Maximilien de Bethune, the Duke of Sully, reformed the paulette and he was succeeded by his son by Marie de Medici, Louis XIII. FTP, name this French king who declared that Paris was worth a mass and signed the Edict of Nantes as the first Bourbon.
Output: History