niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
At the beginning of Max Frisch's Homo Faber, a man identified only as a "ruin-lover" procures a Land Rover so the main character can visit this nation. This country gave its title to a journalistic work subtitled "Occupied Country," by Uruguayan writer Eduardo Galeano, whose essay "The Government Decides that Reality Doesn't Exist," concerns a declaration by this nation's president regarding a dormant volcano. In another work set in this country, Celestino Yumi sells his wife Catalina Zabala to the demon Tazol while in yet another work, the guerilla leader Gaspar Ilom, believing himself to be a descendant of the title group, wages war against the Mounted Patrol. The author of those aforementioned works, which includes the novel Mulatta, also authored a collection of legends of this country, and another work by that author centers of Miguel Angel Face, an advisor to the titular politician. The setting of such works as The Eyes of the Interred and Men of Maize, as well as El Senor Presidente, for ten points, identify this Central American nation whose most famous native writer is Miguel Asturias.
Output: Literature
This thinker posited that authority exists in legal, charismatic, and traditional forms in a work analyzing bureaucracies called Economy and Society. This man theorized that authority stems from custom, charisma, or law in a work that labels the state as the entity with a monopoly on force. Another work by this author of Politics as a Vocation claims that man was trapped in an "iron cage of rationality" and that the Calvinist view of work as a "calling" has led to the rise of the titular economic system. For 10 points, name this German sociologist who wrote "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".
Output: Social Science
This river is home to its namesake goose Neochen jubata and the crocodile Crocodylus intermedius. The Guahibos and Atures rapids are located on this river and its river system is linked to a much larger river system by the Casiquiare Canal. This river's tributaries include the Apure river and the Meta. The Maipure and Warao live around this river. This river is the site of one of the largest deposits of (*) tar sands outside of Canada. This river's name means "a place to paddle." This river flows through the Llanos and it has a large delta. Cities along this river include Puerto Ayacucho and Ciudad Bolivar. For 10 points, name this large river of Columbia and Venezuela which gives its name to a work of Aphra Behn.
Output: Social Science
This physical phenomenon is widely used in many republics of the former Soviet Union to power radio receivers in remote areas. The discoverer of the effect mistakenly thought that conductors were directly magnetized by the difference in temperature, when, in fact, a thermoelectric potential was being generated between the metals. FTP, name this effect behind the thermocouple, first observed in 1821 by its namesake Russo-German physicist and the inverse of the Peltier effect.
Output: Science
Some of the characters in this opera discuss the future in the song "Alta cagion v'aduna," while later, one character instructs antoher to be more modest in "Vieni: sul crin ti piovano. " Other notable music in this opera includes the ball scene in the second act, while a returning army is depicted in the Triumphal March. The title character is compared to Celeste in one aria, while others include "Ritorna vincitor," and "O Patria Mia. " In an excised scene, the title character meets another character in a tomb, where that man had been sealed as part of his punishment for defying the ruler. Amneris complicates matters in this play by falling in love with Radames, the son of the Pharaoh. For ten points, name this opera about the titular Ethiopian princess, which was written by Giuseppe Verdi. 
Output: Fine Arts
The largely ignored published version of this poem substitutes ""wild sad eyes"" for the eighth stanza\n phrase ""wild wild eyes. "" The protagonist of this poem makes an accessory called a ""fragrant zone. "" One of\n its characters has a lily on his brow and a fading rose on his cheeks. Its opening stanza describes a lake\n where sedge has withered and no birds sing. Its tenth stanza describes ""pale kings and princes"" who sing\n that the title character ""hath thee in thrall. "" It describes the encounter between a knight and an elusive lady\n referred to as a ""faery's child,"" and partially takes place in an ""elfin grot. "" For 10 points, name this poem\n by John Keats whose French title translates as ""The Beautiful Lady Without Pity. ""
Output: Literature
This man wrote that he did not think it possible to ""consolidate a great republic"" in the lands where he was fighting in his ""Jamaica Letter. "" As a general, this man achieved victories in the Battles of Boyaca and Carabobo. This leader was assisted by the officer Antonio (*) Jose de Sucre and attended the Guayaquil Conference to meet with Jose de San Martin. This man was the first president of Gran Colombia. For 10 points, name this revolutionary who became known as El Libertador for freeing Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela from Spanish rule.
Output: History
Ban Chao was a general during this dynasty, which faced the Rebellion of the Seven States. Its emperor Wudi defeated the Xiongnu Confederation, and this dynasty was founded when Liu Bang defeated the state of Chu. The Red Eyebrow Rebellion helped depose Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty and restore rule to this dynasty, which also faced a Taoist revolt called the (*) Yellow Turban Rebellion. It was preceded by the Qin Dynasty and followed by the Three Kingdoms, and this dynasty might have contacted its contemporary Roman Empire via the Silk Road. For ten points, identify this dynasty named after China's majority ethnic group.
Output: History
In one of his works, Alois Straubleder leads the police back to his house where the fugitive Ludwig Goetten is hiding. He worked for a statistics bureau while working on his first novel, and another of his novels reveals that Leni Pfeiffer was in love with a Russian POW. A member of the "rubble literature" school, he wrote The Safety Net and A Soldier's Legacy in addition to the aforementioned media satire about a woman arrested by police for sleeping with a bank robber, The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum. Author of The Train Was on Time and Group Portrait with Lady, for 10 points name this novelist who wrote of the Fahmel family's rebuilding of an abbey in Billiards at Half-Past Nine.
Output: Literature
BartonMcCombie deoxygenation converts tributyltin hydride into one of these compounds in order to remove a hydroxyl group. They can be reacted with nitrones or nitroso compounds to form a stable spin adduct, allowing for the measurement of hyperfine splitting due to spin coupling with the nucleus; that is the spin trapping technique. AIBN is used to create these compounds with a net release of nitrogen gas. They are (*) often created by treating reagents with peroxide and light, since the oxygen-oxygen bond in peroxide easily undergoes homolytic cleavage, and they can be analyzed by electron spin resonance. Reactions involving them, such as anti-Markovnikov additions and chain polymerizations, consist of initiation, propagation, and termination steps. For 10 points, name these compounds removed by antioxidants that have unpaired electrons.
Output: Science
Hephaestus' unsuccessful attempt to rape this goddess led to the birth of Erichthonius. This goddess casted the deciding vote at Orestes' trial. She won a contest judged by Cecrops by creating the olive tree. In the Odyssey, she forces Calypso to release the imprisoned Odysseus and aids Telemachus. This daughter of Metis defeated Arachne in a weaving contest. She was born by emerging, fully formed, from the head of Zeus. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of wisdom, the counterpart of the Roman Minerva and patron deity and namesake of Athens.
Output: Social Science
This force was predicted by Hideki Yukawa to be mediated by the exchange of pi mesons. As predicted by SU(3) gauge theory, the strength of this force becomes arbitrarily strong at short distances, and it does not diminish past a certain point, two properties called asymptotic freedom and color confinement, which explains the non-existence of free quarks. This force that is described by quantum [*] chromodynamics and mediated by gluons acts on color-charged fermions. Overcoming the repelling electrical forces between protons to hold the nucleus together, for 10 points, name this fundamental force, which is about ten to the fifth times more powerful than the weak force.
Output: Fine Arts
This man discussed language chained by ""dull rhymes"" and ""bound with garlands of her own"" in his poem ""On the Sonnet. "" This man also wrote a poem about a superstition in which young maidens ""supperless to bed ... must retire. "" In that poem, Angela allows Porphyro to visit Madeline on the title night, the Eve of St. Agnes. In one of his poems, the title object has the ability to ""tease us out of thought,"" and that poem concludes that (*) ""Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty. "" For 10 points, name this British poet of ""Ode on a Grecian Urn. ""
Output: Literature
He argued that sin lies in intentions, not actions, in Know Thyself, and also wrote Dialogue Between a Philosopher, a Jew, and a Christian. He disagreed with Roscelin of Compigne and Guillaume de Champeaux by saying that language is incapable of demonstrating the truth of physical objects. He went to study under Anselm of Laon but hated it, despite the fact that both are today considered major writers of Scholasticism. His autobiography, History of My Troubles, (*) describes his famous love affair, which produced a son named Astrolabe, while his best-known work as a logician is Sic et non. FTP name this medieval French philosopher castrated for his love affair with Hlose.
Output: Social Science
Calder v. Bull extended the results of this case to state legislatures, while a previous law discussed in this case gave the Supreme Court jurisdiction over petitions for writs of mandamus. The Chief Justice initially favored the plaintiff, who was from his political party, but ultimately rested his decision on the power of the (*) Supremacy Clause over an Act passed by Congress. It began when Thomas Jefferson's Secretary of State refused to deliver appointments to John Adam's "Midnight Judges," and led to the Judiciary Act of 1789 being declared unconstitutional. For ten points, identify this landmark Supreme Court case decided by John Marshall, which established judicial review.
Output: Social Science
This composer's reputation improved dramatically after Arthur Schoenberg wrote an essay championing his music as progressive. This illness of Clara Schumann inspired this composer's Four Serious songs. He included student songs such as ""We Have Built a Stately House"" and ""Gaudeamus Igitur"" in a piece this man composed upon receiving an honorary doctorate from the University of Breslau. That work is this composer's Academic Festival Overture. For 10 points, name this composer of the German Requiem, who is grouped with Bach and Beethoven as the ""three B's. ""
Output: Fine Arts
This ruler founded a hospital meant to hold 300 called the Fifteen Score and traded territory with Spain\n in the Treaty of Corbeil. Blanche of Castille served as regent in the early reign of this ruler, marked by a\n victory over Raymond VII at the Battle of Languedoc. Later, this ruler defeated a force loyal to Henry III at\n the Battle of Taillebourg. He died of a stomach illness after allying with his brother Charles of Anjou in an\n attack on Tunis, and was earlier captured at the Battle of Fariskur by the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt. For 10\n points, name this French king who went on the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, the only French king to be\n canonized.
Output: History
An Indian attack on this city in 1856 was thwarted by the sloop Decatur. This city's timber boom was centered on a street called Skid Road, possibly the origin of the term "Skid Row. " John Back, a worker at this city's Victor Clairmont cabinet company, started its great 1889 fire in a tragic gluing accident. It was shaken by 2001's Nisqually Earthquake, and protests surrounding its 1999 World Trade Organization conference were dubbed its namesake "Battle. " This city was Jimi Hendrix's childhood home, and it houses the Gehry-designed Experience Music Project. For 10 points, name this home of the 1962 World's Fair, which erected its Space Needle.
Output: History
A vocal work by this composer includes an instrumental interlude in C major and 12/8 time that imitates pastoral "pifferari". This composer wrote a keyboard suite that ends with five increasingly rapid variations on an "air" in E major. A Siciliana by this composer called "La Paix" joins a movement called "La Rejouissance" in an orchestral work by this composer that was meant to (*) celebrate the end of the War of the Austrian Succession. This composer of "The Harmonious Blacksmith" and Music for the Royal Fireworks wrote a vocal work which includes the movements "Ev'ry valley shall be exalted" and "For unto us a child is born". For 10 points, name this German-born English Baroque composer who included a "Hallelujah" chorus in his Messiah.
Output: Fine Arts
One player of this instrument composed songs such as "Billie's Bounce" and "Now's the Time. "" Another player of it included the songs "Countdown" and "Naima" on his album Giant Steps. Those players of this instrument made the albums Ornithology and A Love Supreme and are Charlie "Bird" Parker and John Coltrane. For 20 points, name this family of instruments important in jazz, a single-reed wind instrument made of brass and named for its inventor Adolph.
Output: Fine Arts
A one-time mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, this man built the fanciful mansion "Iranistan" in the city. He was a prime benefactor of Tufts University, which honored him with its choice of mascot. In one of the buildings he operated, this man hung the sign "This Way to the Egress," which simply led people to the exit. He paid a $1,000 a night to the "Swedish Nightingale," singer Jenny Lind, to tour across America. After purchasing Scudder's American (*) Museum, this man purchased a creature with the head of a monkey and the tail of a fish. Besides showing off "General Tom Thumb" and the "Feejee mermaid," he is credited with introducing the phrase "There's a sucker born every minute." For 10 points, name this famous hoaxer and circus showman.
Output: History
He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1867 and 1871, but would lead his nation for a period of 31 out of 35 years. In 1876 he overthrew the government of President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, and while he had to cede power for four years because the constitution would not allow presidents to serve consecutive terms, he rewrote that rule when he returned to power in 1884. For ten points, identify the Mexican dictator who ruled until 1911, when he himself was overthrown by Francisco Madero.
Output: History
One of this author's characters curses "novels, verses, songs," and "sonnets" as "pernicious amusements of idle minds" at the end of the play in which he appears. That character, Gorgibus, vows to marry off his daughter and niece or send the two to a nunnery. In another play by this author, a maid voices her opinion of a forced marriage but stops talking every time her master is about to slap her. In that play, two lovers repeatedly walk away from each other as Dorine tries to mend their relationship, which was ruined by Mariane's arranged marriage. One of this man's title characters has his licentiousness revealed to Orgon as Orgon hides under a table. For 10 points, name this playwright who satirized French society in his comedies of manners The Affected Young Ladies and Tartuffe.
Output: Literature
This general lost one battle when his subordinate, Adam Stephen, was intoxicated during it. He was sent to Fort Le Boeuf by Robert Dinwiddie. This man dramatically put on his spectacles while squelching the Newburgh Conspiracy. He was the senior American aide to Edward (*) Braddock on that man's ill-fated expedition and had previously been forced to surrender Fort Necessity. This man improved the skills of his troops by bringing in Baron von Steuben to train them. He made a dramatic evacuation after losing the Battle of Long Island. For 10 points, name this American general who led his troops to capture Hessians at Trenton after crossing the Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1776.
Output: History
Paulo Ribenboim proved in 1991 that the set of these is Diophantine, and in 1912 Edmund Landau proposed four "unattackable problems" dealing with them, none of which have yet been solved. The theorem named for them states that the number of them less than or equal to n is approximately equal to n divided by the natural logarithm of n. The GIMPS project seeks to find examples of the Mersenne type of this number, ordinary examples of which can be found using the sieve of Eratosthenes. For 10 points, identify these numbers whose only two factors are 1 and itself.
Output: Social Science
In this work, African-Americans are referred to as ""Children of Ham,"" and one character discovers the main character's diary with Professor Knotly Wade. That character, Professor Pieixoto, refers to one entity in this work as the ""Underground Frailroad. "" Born Eurydice, the protagonist has a relationship with Nick and plays Scrabble with her boss, whose wife Serena Joy is jealous of the protagonist's fertility. Set in the military dictatorship of Gilead, this novel is narrated by the Commander's concubine Offred. For 10 points, name this novel by Margaret Atwood.
Output: Literature
This thinker collaborated with Gregory Bateson on a photographic analysis of Balinese Character. This thinker described the female-dominated Tchambuli people, along with the Arapesh and Mundugumor in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. In one work, this woman wrote about the use of chicken blood to circumvent a system of ceremonial virginity, known as [*] taupou. That work was criticized by Derek Freeman, who claimed that the natives this woman interviewed lied about their adolescent experiences on the island of T'au in Polynesia. For 10 points, identify this female anthropologist, author of Coming of Age in Samoa.
Output: Social Science
In the limit of low pressure and coverage, this relation can be derived from Hirasaki's model. Solid-phase microextraction techniques have been used to determine its constants, two of which are dimensionless, and the rest of which must be converted between units, while their reciprocal is the water partition coefficient. Its application to the solvent is a special case which falls under Raoult's Law, and it assumes dilute ideal solutions. Most simply stated as P equals KC, it holds that the concentration of a solute gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the solution. The cause of decompression sickness, FTP, give this gas law named for an English chemist.
Output: Science
Encouraged to become an artist by Sir Joshua Reynolds, he had a strong influence on his younger contemporary William Blake after his ten year foray to Italy to study the works of Michelangelo. Born in Zurich, he was appointed keeper of the Royal Academy in 1804, and is famous for his paintings and drawings of nude figures in strained poses showing intense emotion. FTP, name this Swiss-English painter, whose macabre fantasies included 1781's The Nightmare.
Output: Fine Arts
He overlapped a pair of soprano saxophones repeating an interval in different rhythms for the score for Beckett's play Play, and one of his compositions, in which a stepmother kills her son when he reaches into a chest for an apple, is based on the story by the Brothers Grimm, "The Juniper Tree. " He provided the "Rome Section" to The Civil Wars, which is still incomplete, and his One Plus One required hands rapping a table fitted with a microphone. The opening scene of one piece features an aria becoming a duet and then a trio against the background of a chaconne and is entitled "The Kuru Field of Justice. " The final scene of his most famous piece features frantically chanted numbers, which may imply some sort of nuclear holocaust. For 10 points, identify this minimalist composer of Satyagraha, Akhenaten, and Einstein on the Beach. 
Output: Fine Arts
This man recently discussed his work with Mabub ul Haq in a preview of his upcoming book The Idea of Justice and his more recent works include Inequality Reexamined and Identity and Violence. Together with Martha Nussbaum, he developed the capability approach as outlined in his essay "Equality of What. " He argued that shortages stem from inequality in distribution in Poverty and Famines, and his book Collective Choice and Social Welfare proposed that it is impossible to maintain a commitment to "minimal liberty" and Pareto optimality. FTP, name this Indian economist who built on the work of Kenneth Arrow by advancing the Liberal paradox.
Output: Social Science
A character in this work refuses to stop his own punishment by claiming that all power is a form of violence exercised over people. Another character in this work has his head lopped off by a trolley after his death was prophesied, leading to a comic chase that sees a poet land in an insane asylum. One character in this work has a posse that include Hella, Behemoth, Kovoriev-Faggot, and Azazello, a naked maid, black cat, clown, and evil trickster, respectively. That character, Woland, reincarnates one of the title characters manuscripts, which tells the story of Yeshua Ha-Notsri, a rabble-rouser from Galilee who is really Jesus Christ. FTP, name this work in which the title woman makes a Faustian pact with the devil to be with her lover, the titular nameless writer, a work of Mikhail Bulgakov.
Output: Literature
This man's only opera was The Maiden in the Tower, though a later work was originally the prelude to the never-realized opera The Creation of the Boat. He wrote incidental music to plays like Everyman and Strindberg's fairy-drama Swanwhite, while tone poems include Nightride and Sunrise and The Dryad. "A Spring in the Park" and "Three Blind Sisters" are among the eight movements of his incidental music to Pelleas et Melisande. This composer of seven symphonies honored his home province in his Karelia Suite, though he is better-known for mythical pieces like Kullervo and The Swan of Tuonela. For 10 points, name this composer of Finlandia.
Output: Fine Arts
The growing influence of the Poitevins led by Peter des Roches led the wary Archbishop of Canterbury Edmund Rich to threaten this man's excommunication, and earlier this King had dismissed his advisor Hugh de Burgh at the behest of des Roches. William the Marshal was this man's first regent. The Mad Parliament met during this man's reign, and his son Edmund was offered the Sicilian throne by the Papacy. He recognized the claims of Llewelyn and gave him the title of Prince of Wales in the Treaty of Montgomery. This man lost the Battle of Lewes to an adversary who was later killed at the Battle of Evesham. This son of King John decided to repudiate a document he'd signed in 1258, which raised the ire of Simon de Montfort and other Barons. For 10 points, identify this monarch who signed the Provisions of Oxford.
Output: History
One of these animals named Maera brought Erigone to the body of her father, Icarius. Another of these\n animals was depicted next to the throne of Serapis, the official god of Ptolemaic Egypt. The female doctor\n Procris of Athens was given one of these animals as a gift after she cured King Minos. One of these\n animals named Orthrus had two heads and was killed by Hercules during the labor involving the cattle of\n Geryon. One of these animals, Laelaps, was turned to stone by Zeus after he created a paradox by chasing\n an uncatchable fox. Odysseus owned another of these animals named Argos. For 10 points, name this\n animal, examples of which include Cerberus.
Output: Social Science
One of this ruler's first official actions was to retroactively declare himself King and charge his opponents with treason, although he spared the Earl of Lincoln, eventually leading to the Battle of Stoke. He destroyed all copies of the Titulus Regius and. his reign saw the signing the Treaty of Etaples, abandoning his invasion plans for France, in exchange for a large payment, as well as France's promise no longer support a revolt following those by Stafford and Lovell and (*) Lambert Simnel. He joined with the Earl of Oxford in his position as Earl of Richmond to win a victory after landing at Milford Haven, defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth field. After the death of his son Arthur, this monarch arranged for Catherine of Aragon to marry his younger son, who succeeded him. FTP, identify this English King who Wars of the Roses to found the Tudor dynasty, the father of Henry VII.
Output: History
One idea proposed by this theorist is the spectacle, or opsis. He also discussed the idea of simulated representation, which he referred to by a term later used to title a book by Erich Auerbach, mimesis (mim-EE-sis). He also identified the anagnorisis (aa-nag-nor-EE-sis), or moment of recognition, and the peripeteia (per-uh-pit-EY-uh), or reversal of circumstances, as elements of drama. Other elements include hamartia (hah-MARSH-uh), a character's tragic flaw, and catharsis. For 10 points, name this ancient Greek philosopher who analyzed drama in his Poetics.
Output: Social Science
The dead body of the title character, who comes from the Black Forest, arrives in Riva in this authors short story The Hunter Gracchus. The explorer sails away without the former prisoner after the torture machine stabs the Officer in one work by this author, while in another work, Titorelli gives advice to Joseph K. shortly before his death. This author of In the Penal Colony and The Trial may be best remembered for creating the characters K. and Gregor Samsa. For 10 points, name this Czech author of The Castle and The Metamorphosis.
Output: Literature
In a painting by this artist, a man clad in a striped orange outfit seems to be punching the midsecton of a man in a striped blue outfit in a clearing in the woods. The Football Players was created in 1908, a year after he painted some uncomfortable looking officials on a red platform with a woman clad in red and a lion. The large feline appearing in The Representatives of Foreign Powers Coming to Greet the Republic as a Sign of Peace is not unique in his work, as big cats also appear in The Repast of the Lion and Fight Between a Tiger and a Buffalo. In one of his most famous works, a large lion looks down at the titular woman, who has a pitcher and a stringed instrument. FTP, name this French painter of The Snake Charmer, The Dream, and The Sleeping Gypsy.
Output: Fine Arts
On the morning of this battle, General Tyler was sent to harass the opposing generals left wing until the reinforcements of Hunter and Heintzelman arrived. At the same time, Colonels Richardson and Davies were sent to attack the other flank of the Confederate army. Henry Slocums regiment broke through Confederate lines but defeat was staved off as the timely arrival of Confederate soldiers allowed Bernard Bee and others to mount a staunch defense at Henry House Hill. Afterwards, Union General Irvin McDowell was replaced with the man who would lead the Army of the Potomac, George McClellan. FTP, name this battle where Thomas Jackson earned the nickname Stonewall, the first major battle of the Civil War, a July 21, 1861 victory for the Confederates.
Output: History
Technically, this conflict can be divided into two phases, with the first half being settled at the Peace of Berwick. A year later, the second phase ended after a battle that saw Lord Conway and Thomas Fairfax defeated by Alexander Leslie, Earl of Leven. Following the battle of Newburn-on-the-Tyne and the capture of Newcastle four days later, the Treaty of Ripon effectively ended it all. With the English defeat primarily resulting from the refusal of funds by the Short Parliament, the conflict was a Scottish victory over Charles I, forcing him to call the Long Parliament and precipitating the English Civil War. FTP, name this war which took its name from the Scottish refusal of certain Anglican clergymen.
Output: History
This quantity's SI unit is found using the von Klitzing constant of the quantum Hall effect. In high-frequency AC circuits, this quantity is increased via the skin effect. It is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of its namesake component. Values of it add directly when its namesake components are arranged in series. It equals voltage divided by current, according to Ohm's Law. For 10 points, name this measure of an object's opposition to electrical current.
Output: Science
This pathway's first enzyme, a transcarbomylase, requires an input of carbomyl phosphate. The synthetase at this pathway's antepenultimate step requires aspartate, which is dehydrated and combined with citrulline. Sometimes called the Krebs-Henseleit cycle, it requires three ATP, which it reduces to two ADP and an AMP. This double-celled cycle regenerates its required fumarate from arginosuccinate, after which arginase produces its namesake compound. FTP, name this biological pathway, the first metabolic pathway discovered, that degrades amino acids to a certain nitrogenous waste product.
Output: Science
One character in this novel breaks off his engagement to Blanche Ingram, and another has the word "Resurgam" placed on her tombstone after dying of consumption. That character, Helen Burns, attended the Brocklehurst-run Lowood school with this novel's protagonist, who rejects (*) St. John Rivers and a chance to be a missionary's wife in India after hearing her former love call her name. That man had been secretly married to the mad Bertha Mason, who burns down Thornfield Hall. For ten points, identify this novel whose protagonist eventually marries Rochester, the most famous work of Charlotte Bronte.
Output: Literature
One character in this novel tries to make up for his misdeeds by donating his retinas. The narrator clears his deceased great-grandfather of a reputation for deserting a (*) peasant revolt, and the protagaonist's alcoholic wife sleeps with a student who has just come back from America. Also, a riot happens at the grocery store run by a Korean named "the emperor. " For 10 points Mitsu has a retarded son in what Kenzaburo Oe novel
Output: Literature
Chapter 11 is "The Belief in Luck," chapter 10 is "Modern Survivals of Prowess," and chapter 5 is "The Pecuniary Standard of Living. "  This work used Darwin's theory of evolution to analyze the modern industrial system, and its author claimed that industry demanded diligence, efficiency, and cooperation among businessmen. Instead, the author witnessed predatory tactics and what he termed "conspicuous consumption. "  FTP, identify this theoretical 1899 work of Thorstein Veblen.
Output: Social Science
By replacing generalized velocities with the conjugate form of this quantity, one can reformulate Lagrangian mechanics as Hamiltonian mechanics. In fluid dynamics, the Cauchy equation is equivalent to the conservation of this quantity. Its operator in quantum mechanics is equal to i h-bar times the partial derivative with respect to position. The conservation of this quantity proceeds from translational symmetry according to Noether's theorem. According to the de (*) Broglie relation, wavelength is equal to Planck's constant over this quantity. This quantity is conserved by inelastic collisions. The change in this quantity is defined as the impulse. For 10 points, name this quantity conventionally equal to mass times velocity.
Output: Science
The first holder of this office divided his capital into sections called calpulli, and holders of this office wore special headgear known as the copilli. Holders of this office were advised by a Council of Four, who were selected at the same time as this figure via a secret vote of nobles and military officers, and this office's name translates as "speaker". One holder of this office was depicted as a god on the Tizoc Stone, while another formed the Triple Alliance that fought the Flower Wars. The last holder of this office was Cuautemoc, and the most famous allegedly mistook his dispoiler for a god. For ten points, name this office held by Montezuma.
Output: History
This battle is commemorated by an unnamed statue of a boot. In the early stages of this battle, sharpshooters under Daniel Morgan attacked and killed nearly all enemy officers in the advance company, before unwittingly charging into the enemy's main force. After General Lincoln brought two thousand men, the Americans were able to force a surrender when British forces moved out to find more rations. Consisting of two major action sites, at Bemis Heights and Freeman's Farm, the result of this battle turned the war into a global conflict, bringing French and Spanish aid to the victors. Benedict Arnold was the hero of this battle, which resulted in the surrender of General Burgoyne. For 10 points, name this battle, a victory for Horatio Gates that turned the tide of the American Revolution.
Output: History
Askr and Embla were born from it, four deer run across it, representing the winds, and the Roaring Kettle, which serves as the source of rivers, lies beneath it. Also known as Laerad, Heidrun and Eikthyrmir eat from it, and Lif and Leifthrasir will use it as shelter. Urdarbrunnr is used to sustain it while it holds together three levels that contain the Nine Worlds, (*) and the Aesir hold court here. Nidhogg gnaws at the base of it, and it will eventually be destroyed by Surt. The source of the mead served in Valhalla, Odin hung upside down for nine nights from it to receive runes. The golden bird Vidofnir is perched on a hawk at its top, and Ratatsk runs up and down it delivering messages. FTP, name this giant ash, the world tree in Norse mythology.
Output: Social Science
One form of resonance posited to describe these objects occurs where the difference between the pattern and co-rotation frequencies is an integer quotient of the epicyclic frequency. Those resonances exist in the theory of these objects as density waves in a gravitational plasma dispersion relation; those waves are only quasi-stable as these objects cannot be stable due to the so-called winding problem. The aforementioned resonances are named for Lindbladt and the aforementioned theory for (*) Lin and Shu. The rotation rate of these objects increases with luminosity according to the Tully-Fisher relation. Like their elliptical counterparts, they generally contain a red nucleus. Some of these galaxies contain bars. FTP, identify this common type of galaxies, exemplified by the milky way, characterized by their swirling appearance.
Output: Science
In one painting by this artist, plasticine trees and shrubs stretch off on idyllic green hills in the distance, while a handplow seemingly pushes itself in the foreground. He also painted an overdeck truss bridge in one painting of a picaresque village with a peaceful brook running through it. In addition to Fall Plowing and Stone City, he painted a horse and rider galloping past a tall white church in a darker painting of a similar town, his Midnight Ride of Paul Revere. This artist reproduced Emmanuel Leutze's Washington Crossing the Delaware in the background of one more well known painting of three ugly women, one of whom holds a porcelain teacup. For 10 pointsname this artist of Daughters of the Revolution, who also painted a constipated-looking dude with a pitchfork in his American Gothic.
Output: Fine Arts
One of this composer's operas sees the bartender Minnie save the life of the outlaw Jack. In addition to Girl of the Golden West, he also composed an opera in which the title character sings "Vissi d'Arte" and laments that her lover's fate is in the hands of Scarpia. Cio-Cio San stabs herself after Pinkerton abandons her in another work by this composer, who died while writing an opera in which Prince Calaf sings the aria "Nessun dorma. " For 10 points, name this Italian composer of the operas Tosca, Turandot, Madama Butterfly, and La Bohme.
Output: Fine Arts
This Canadian province had Easter Riots against conscription in 1918 and to a lesser extent during World War II. It was the site of the kidnapping of two government officials in 1970 during its October Crisis. Most of it overlaps what was known as Lower Canada, though its borders included much of the midwestern United States and guaranteed freedom to practice Catholicism after its namesake Act in 1774. During the Seven Years' War, it was the site of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. During the second half of the 20th century, there was much discussion over its Quiet Revolution, and many of its residents wanted to separate from Canada. Name this province now recognized as a nation within a united Canada that is distinguished by its embrace of French culture and whose most populous city is Montreal.
Output: Social Science
This works second part opens with the line O sovereign power of love! O grief! O balm! before the title character meets up with Venus and Adonis. It opens when the title characters sister Peona takes him away from a celebration of Pan. This poems poet chose to use Cynthia instead of a more common name for its protagonists love interest. Beginning with the line A thing of beauty is a joy forever and written when its author was just 21, for ten points, identify this poem about a shepherd who falls for the moon goddess Selene written by John Keats.
Output: Literature
One of this author's poems calls "Eternity" a "Five Year Plan" and repeats the question "who dares to call himself a man" This author reminisced about an uncle who farmed vegetables, chickens, and then skunks before dying and beginning a worm farm in a poem beginning "nobody loses all the time. " This poet wrote "your slightest look will easily unclose me / though i have closed myself as fingers" in his love poem "somewhere I have never travelled / gladly beyond," and asserted "there's a hell of a good universe next door;let's go" in his poem "pity this busy monster, manunkind. " This poet of "Jehovah buried,Satan dead" and "my father moved through dooms of love" asked "how do you like your blueeyed boy / Mister Death" in his poem "Buffalo Bill's / defunct. " For 10 points, name this American poet of "anyone lived in a pretty how town," whose poems feature unusual punctuation.
Output: Literature
This author was inspired by his mistress Jeanne Duval to write many of his works. This author of The Painter of Modern Life called the addressee a "hypocrite" in his poem "To the Reader." This poet wrote that "your kisses could resuscitate the cadaver of" the title creature in "Vampire." He is not Coleridge, but wrote a poem about seamen hunting the title bird in "The Albatross." This poet used a body part to represent fear in the section "Spleen and Ideal."  For 10 points, name this French poet who wrote the collection The Flowers of Evil.
Output: Literature
Keith Chen recently showed a flaw in experiments that had claimed to be able to replicate this phenomenon in monkeys. Max Bazerman and others suggested that it plays a role in the sunk-cost effect, while Jack Brehm studied it with appliances. Elliot Aronson argued that it only occurs in contexts relevant to the self, and a famous experiment featuring a boring task involving turning knobs demonstrated the inadequate-justification version. Inspired by the actions of a doomsday cult described in When Prophecy Fails, this is, FTP, what psychological phenomenon proposed by Leon Festinger describing how humans try to reduce conflict between contradictory beliefs and actions
Output: Social Science
This state is home to Admiralty, Banarof, and Chichagof, the so-called ABC Islands of its Alexander Archipelago. Its coastline contains the Kotzebue Sound, and to this states west is the Chukchi Sea. Towns on its panhandle include Sitka and Skagway, and the massive Tongass National Forest is in this state. Large cities in this state include Nome and Barrow, and its tallest mountain sits in Denali National Park. For 10 points, name this U.S. state that is home to Mount McKinley, the largest state by area with capital Juneau.
Output: Social Science
This man received the Order of Lenin for supervising the completion of the Moscow subway system. This man oversaw the assimilation of Eastern Poland following the Soviet invasion in 1940. This leader served as a political adviser during the siege of Stalingrad. This man initiated his namesake ""Thaw"" after delivering the Secret Speech in 1956, which denounced Stalin's excesses. This leader allegedly banged a shoe on his desk at a 1960 United Nations meeting. For 10 points, name this premier of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Output: History
The allegretto vivace scherzo of one of this man's symphonies opens with a fugato in which first violins, then second violins, violas, and celli in turn enter with the leggiero theme. He used a nearly opposite order of entry in the fugato development of the adagio second movement of another symphony. This composer's aria "De mon amie" was based on that movement, and the symphony borrows heavily from Charles Gounod's Symphony in D. French horns imitate church bells in the "Carillon" movement of one suite by this composer of the Roma Symphony. The prelude to that suite and farandole from a later suite both quote the "March of the Kings," and both came from incidental music for an Alphonse Daudet play. For 10 points, name this French composer who wrote a Symphony in C at seventeen, as well as L'Arlesienne and the operas The Pearl Fishers and Carmen.
Output: Fine Arts
This president arbitrated with Britain over Bering Sea seal hunting. During his presidency two American sailors were killed in a Valparaiso brawl, sparking the Baltimore crisis. His vice president failed to support a measure to protect black voting rights, the Force Bill of Henry Cabot Lodge. This man presided over the businessmans cabinet, named for its inclusion of Redfield Proctor and John Wanamaker. This president promoted the Dependent and Disability Pension Act. Late in his term, the Senate defeated his attempt to annex Hawaii after its takeover by Sanford Dole. This running-mate of Levi P. Morton presided over the Billion Dollar Congress and passed the McKinley Tariff. For 10 points, name this twenty-third president, sandwiched between Clevelands two terms.
Output: History
This novel's title character realizes his unpopularity when no one attends his country dance, forsaking it for the dance held by his rival. Later on, he is further humiliated when his former mistress and he are set up as effigies on a donkey in a mummers' parade. That mistress, Lucetta Le Sueur, briefly marries the title character's rival and employs Elizabeth-Jane, the girl he had presumed to be his daughter. As it turns out, Elizabeth-Jane also marries that rival, Farfrae, and is not the daughter the title character had sold, along with his wife, for five guineas one drunken night. For 10 points - name this novel about the downfall of Michael Henchard, written by Thomas Hardy.
Output: Literature
The first of these objects was discovered in 1920, but was not classified until the 1970s. That object was Hidalgo. Recently, the first binary pair of these objects was discovered. It consists of Echidna and Typhon. Charles Kowal discovered the first of these objects, which was later reclassified after the discovery of ice-jets emanating from it. The unstable orbits of these bodies are caused by the perturbation of a nearby planet. These bodies are believed to originate in the Kuiper Belt and examples of them include Echeclus, Chariklo, and Chiron. They exhibit behavior that is in some ways a hybrid of asteroids and comets, hence their name. For 10 points, name these icy planetoids that orbit between Jupiter and Neptune, named after Greek mythological half-men half-horses.
Output: Science
In an inscription attributed to Niarchus which is found on the tomb of Telephanes, this man is included in a list of master artists along with Homer and Orpheus. In Book XII of the Metamorphoses, he relates the story of Caeneus to Achilles, while in another work he is often referred to as the "Gerenian horseman. " His son Thrasymedes once donated his sword and shield to Diomedes, while this man was saved from death at the hands of Memnon by another of his sons, Antilochus. In the Odyssey, Telemachus travels to this man's land of Pylos for advice. FTP, name this king who made several long-winded attempts to reconcile Achilles and Agamemnon in the Iliad.
Output: Social Science
At the beginning of this country's fight for independence, Carlos Manuel de Cespedes freed his slaves, and they fought together in the Ten Years' War. Its Revolt of the Sergeants was reversed by the 26th of July Movement, which ended the rule of Fulgencio Batista. Che Guevara helped move this Caribbean country to (*) Communism in 1959. For 10 points, name this nation that has been led by Raul and Fidel Castro.
Output: History
As a child, this character reads his uncle the column That Body of Yours every Sunday. He sleeps with a cutlass and buys a puppy named Tarzan to protect himself while waiting for Mr. Maclean to finish building a shelter in the Green Vale, which is ultimately burnt down by sugarcane farmers. His father drowns after diving into a pool in a misguided attempt to save this character, who is actually hiding under a bed to avoid punishment for losing a calf. After his son Anand abandons him, he begins to work as a reporter for The Sentinel in Port of Spain. This character works as a sign painter, which brings him to Hanuman House, where he marries Shama by the Tulsi family. For 10 points, name this six-fingered character who struggles to get a house in a novel by V. S. Naipaul.
Output: Literature
The name of one character created by this author was used as a pseudonym by Charles P. Jacobs in a letter accusing Thomas Hardy of plagiarism. That character is introduced as a half-drowned body being carried into the Black Lion Inn. In addition to Timothy Crabshaw, this author wrote of a figure who tries to seduce Monimia by throwing Count Melvil under the bus, and about Tom Bowlings service on the HMS Thunder. This author of Launcelot Greaves and Ferdinand, Count Fathom wrote a novel in which Thomas Pipes is sent by Commodore Trunion to help a man who eventually marries Emilia Gauntlet, and another Lydia Melford and Letitia Lewis carry on a similar friendship through letters as Dr. Richard Lewis does with Matthew Bramble. For 10 points, name this author of Peregrine Pickle, Roderick Random, and Humphrey Clinker.
Output: Literature
This thinker is famous for his writings on the concept of the "naturalistic fallacy" within the context of ethical systems. Editor of the periodical Mind, he began teaching in 1911 as a follower of Kant's transcendental epistemology, and went on to expound on the need to carefully clarify and examine the meaning of propositions while championing common sense. The author of Refutation of Idealism and major influence on the Bloomsbury Group, FTP, who was this major British philosopher, the author of Principia Ethica
Output: Social Science
This pathway is inhibited by a deficiency that causes a precursor molecule to be lacking, known as Tauri's Disease, which is a deficiency of the Phosphofructokinase enzyme. A reverse of this reaction is used by bacteria to synthesize carbon compounds from CO2 and water. Its third step sees cis Aconitate attacked by Aconitase and hydrated to release water. Its ninth step sees an addition reaction between Fumarate and the Fumarase enzyme. During its first turn, it produces one GTP, three NADH, one FADH2, and two CO2. FTP, name this pathway, occurring directly before the electron transport chain in cellular respiration, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle.
Output: Science