niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
After the populace shouts "Ritorna vincitor! ", one character in this opera sings the aria "Numi pieta," demonstrating her conflicting emotions. After being captured, Amonasro tells the protagonist about the ghost of her mother, causing her to eventually sing, "O patria! Quanto mi costi! " Its final act features a double scene, where one character is imprisoned in the Temple of Vulcan after revealing that he planned to attack using using the pass of Napata. The title character wins the love of Radames over her mistress Amneris, but is buried alive in a vault. For 10 points, name this opera about an Ethiopian princess by Giuseppe Verdi.
Output: Fine Arts
In this book's final chapter, Tom's father cuts the grass in the big meadow while two of the main characters have a conversation in Evie's rookery. In the previous chapter, one of the characters plans to go to Munich after an inquest which brings in a verdict of manslaughter rather than heart disease, leading to a three-year prison sentence for Charles. A pivotal scene takes place at Oniton, where Margaret forgives her fiance for having committed adultery. Margaret's sister Helen goes to Europe with Leonard's child, while Leonard is thrashed by Charles Wilcox. FTP, identify this 1910 novel featuring Leonard Bast and the Schlegel sisters, a book by E. M. Forster whose title refers to an estate.
Output: Literature
One battle in this war was fought between forces commanded by Stephen Van Rensselaer and Isaac Brock and was called the Battle of Queenston Heights. The bloodiest battle of this war saw participation by Jacob Brown and Gordon Drummond, as well as Winfield Scott, and was Lundy's Lane. Another engagement in this war saw the razing of Washington, D.C., including the burning of the White House. This war was ended by the Treaty of Ghent. For 10 points, name this war that ended in 1815 and began in its namesake year.
Output: History
Gerrid Rietveld and J. J. P. Oud were the best known architects of this movement. One of the founders said, "The square is to us as the cross was to the early Christians. "  In 1917 a namesake journal was published to explain the group's art, which was centered in Amsterdam. Although Theo Van Doesburg began using green and diagonal lines in 1925, the original focus was on horizontal and vertical lines and primary colors. FTP, name the movement that included Piet Mondrian.
Output: Fine Arts
The protagonist of this opera exuberantly downs champagne while dressing for a wedding feast he has planned for his peasants, and he later barely escapes the drawn sword of Ottavio, who is responding to a girl's cries for help. The title character thwarts a posse bent on lynching him using a disguise that allows him to issue bogus directions and assault Masetto, who is nursed by Zerlina. After he contemptuously waves Elvira out of his chamber, he and Leporello witness the arrival of a statue of the murdered Commendatore, who drags the title figure to hell. FTP, what is this opera by Mozart about the legend of Don Juan
Output: Fine Arts
It occurs with a rate of about 50 arcseconds per year and has a period of about 26,000 years. To account for the effect astronomical coordinates are given in terms of the epoch. It is caused by the torque of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's rotational bulge, which is tilted with respect to the orbital plane. As a result, Vega will be the Pole Star in another 13,000 years. FTP name this effect discovered by Hipparchus of Rhodes
Output: Science
The protagonist of this novel turns out to be the daughter of Captain Hawdon, and marries Allan Woodcourt after being released from another engagement. The lawyer Tulkinghorn is murdered by Mademoiselle Hortense before he can release that the narrator's mother is Lady Dedlock, while Ada Clare's husband, Richard Carstone, dies of frustration related to the interminable lawsuit of Jarndyce v. Jarndyce. FTP, identify this book centering on Esther Summerson, a work of Charles Dickens.
Output: Literature
Recent research on transposon TC1 that is native to this organism has shown it has the capability to jump in human cells, lending support to the horizontal spread hypothesis. The 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Martin Chalfie for his use of green fluorescent protein in this organism. This organism exists only in hermaphrodite and male forms, which gives rise to identical genetic offspring, making this organism ideal for research applications. Silencing of specific gene function by RNA interference in this organism was accomplished by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello. For ten points, identify this organism that was the first multicellular organism to have its genome completely sequenced.
Output: Science
Her first published novel describes Mary Turners miserable married life and her relationship with her black servant Moses, while in another novel, which includes narrative sections entitled Free Women, Anna Wulf struggles with writers block, and eventually gives the title object to her lover. The fourth book in this authors science-fiction series Canopus in Argos Archives was adapted by Philip Glass into an opera, and she wrote a sequence following the life of Martha Quest, the Children of Violence quintet. For 10 points, name this author of The Grass is Singing and The Golden Notebook.
Output: Literature
One character in it is surprised to see that from the moon, the earth "resembles but a little hoop in size"; he has traveled there to recover a colleague's lost sanity. Handel and Vivaldi wrote operas based on this work, which ends with Rogero "raising as high as he could raise in air his dagger" and using it to smite King Rodomonte. The poem was preceded by another author's poem that had the title character "innamorato," and in this work, that title character goes mad with love for Angelica, princess of Cathay, when she absconds with a Saracen knight. For 10 points, what is this epic poem about a noble paladin by Ludovico Ariosto
Output: Literature
This artist's later work included a series of seven allegorical female figures, including Temperance Triumphing Over Vice and Charity, all of which were drawn in brown ink on gray paper. This artist's Lamentation depicts a foreshortened, seated Christ being held by a man in red. In another work by this man, a putti tries to steady a large gray horse as a fully clothed Mars tries to resist a nude Venus' advances. Even though he worked with Palladio on a commission by the Barbaro family to fresco the Villa Maser, his greatest commissions were executed in Venice and include Age and Youth, for the ducal palace, and a pair of large banquet scenes. One of those scenes depicts Christ in Galilee at a wedding, while the other was produced for the monastery of Santi Giovanni, but resulted in a charge of heresy. For 10 points, identify this painter of Marriage at Cana and Feast in the House of Levi. 
Output: Fine Arts
The Cadiot- Chodkiewicz coupling links two of these in the presence of copper (I) chloride catalyst and a base, while in a namesake homologation. The Cory-Fuchs reaction generates these from aldehydes, while reacting them with mercury salt in water yields enols. They can be synthesized by the dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides, and hydrogenating one of these in the presence of palladium on calcium carbonate "poisoned" with quinilone, also known as Lindlar's catalyst. For 10 points, identify this class of compounds, the simplest example of which is acetylene, characterized by a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Output: Science
One source on this event is a biography written by Edward Cook of F.E. Garrett, who was shown a proclamation on it by Hercules Robinson. Others involved included the strategist Abe Bailey and a commander Raleigh Grey. In its wake, the interim judge Reinhold Gregorowski, recently called in, sentenced the leaders of the Reform Committee to death. The correspondence of American John Hays Hammond includes a piece offering the truth about this event. A wooden cross was erected to commemorate the surrender at Doornkop, though a more famous memorial would be a telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm II. An effort by a cohort of Cecil Rhodes to capture the gold-rich Transvaal, FTP, name this abortive 1895 South African raid.
Output: History
Any system like this one must neglect one of three objectives or lose strong normalization according to Girard's paradox. A polymorphic variety of this system is referred to as System F. Related systems include one developed by Coquand and Huet and the intuitionist theory of Per Martin-Lof. Permitting actions such as alpha, beta, and eta conversion, research on this system inspired the development of domain theory. Inductive types may be added to it via Mogensen-Scott encoding, and defining under this system the function k to take x and give not x x, then applying that function to k, is the Kleene-Rosser paradox. System F corresponds to second-order propositional logic, and natural deduction may be interpreted as a "typed" version of this system, by the Curry-Howard correspondence. For 10 points, name this formal system, which can compute the same set of functions as a certain kind of machine according to the Church-Turing thesis.
Output: Science
Differentiating this quantity with respect to the auxiliary function can be used to find the Feynman amplitude, while performing a Wick rotation on a Feynman path integral creates a function analogous to this one. Partially differentiating it twice with respect to alpha is equal to the variance in the number of particles when beta and volume are constant. Multiplying its partial derivative with respect to volume at constant chemical potential and beta is equal to the pressure, while it serves as the normalizing constant for the Gibbs measure. This function is equal to the sum over all microstates of e raised to the negative beta times the energy of that microstate, and it is usually defined for a canonical ensemble. For 10 points, name this function, which can be used to express all the properties of a thermodynamical system.
Output: Science
A librarian is saved from death via self-caused pneumonia in France, but the arrival of the Baroness leads to their relationship in this authors The Confession of a Fool, while Fredericks mother jumps out the window of the burning house while Frederick and his wife embrace each other at the end of another of his works. This author also wrote about Indras visit to Earth in another work, while Hummel attempts to set up his daughter with the student Arkenholz in another work. This author of The Pelican, A Dream Play, and The Ghost Sonata may be better known for a work about Lauras struggle over how to raise Bertha, as well as one about Jeans relationship with the counts daughter. The author of The Father and Miss Julie, this is, for 10 points, which Swedish dramatist
Output: Literature
Denise falls in love with the decadent department store owner Octave in his The Delight of the Ladies, while speculation and land hunger feature prominently in his works The Prey and The Earth. The evil effects of alcoholism is the subject of his The Drunkard, also translated as The Dram Shop, and in three of his novels Claude, Jacques, and Etienne all come to sticky ends due to their descent from the madwoman Adelaide Fouque and the scoundrel Macquart, who forms with the family "Rougon" the title of the series of which The Masterpiece, The Downfall, and Therese Raquin are part. FTP name this author of Nana and Germinal who also castigated the French armed forces for their anti-Semitism in J'Accuse.
Output: Literature
The Equirria was a festival celebrating this deity, and this deity's sacred bird is the woodpecker. One sacrifice made to this god is called the suovetaurilia. This god's mother gave birth to him alone, with a flower from Flora, and one of his festivals is in October, which marks the end of farming. This god's shield, the Ancile, fell from the heaven upon Numa Pompilius. He fathered Remus and Romulus after seducing Rhea Silvia. For 10 points, identify this Roman deity, the guardian of agriculture and god of war.
Output: Social Science
This architect used metal sheets to create a weathervane-like structure for his Open Hand Monument. He used the height of a man with his arm raised as the basis for a system of proportions called Modulor. This man invented a cube-shaped armchair called the "Grand Confort", developed a Y-shaped "hen's foot" floor plan for his proposed "Cartesian skyscraper", and used some of the principles of his (*) "Radiant City" in his design for Chandigarh. Horizontal windows, roof gardens, and the replacement of support walls with stilts called pilotis were among the "five points" described in a manifesto by this architect, who put them into practice with his Villa Savoye. For 10 points, name this Swiss-French architect who wrote Towards a New Architecture.
Output: Fine Arts
This man composed Au bord d'une source (oh BORE doon SOORCE) as part of his piano cycle, Annees de Pelerinage (ah-NAY duh peh-luh-rin-AHJ). This composer of Liebestraume (LEE-bus-TROY-muh) developed the one-movement symphonic poem, examples of which include Tasso and Les preludes. He composed 12 Transcendental Etudes and wrote the (*) Mephisto Waltz. For 10 points, name this composer of nineteen Hungarian Rhapsodies.
Output: Fine Arts
Though this instrument does not seem to have great solo capabilities, it has been used notably in several orchestral works. In Mendelssohn's violin concerto it sustains a pitch from the first movement into the second, and in The Sorcerer's Apprentice, by Dukas, it contributes its distinctive wooden sound to the humorous accompaniment. For ten points, what instrument's saxophone-like sound in its upper register helped contribute to the riot at the premier of Stravinsky's ballet, The Rite of Spring, in which it plays the opening solo
Output: Fine Arts
Judith Weir's Scipio's Dream is a recomposition of this composer's Il sogno di Scipione. One of Fernando Sor's best known works was a set of variations based on "Das klinget so herrlich", another aria by this composer. The opening of this composer's Piano Sonata in A major was used as the basis for Variations and Fugue on a Theme by [him] by Max Reger. One of Chopin's earliest works was a set of variations on an aria by this composer, "La ci darem la mano". Four works by composer, including Liszt's piano transcription of his Ave verum corpus,  were orchestrated by Tchaikovsky in his fourth orchestral suite. For 10 points, identify this composer whose Don Giovanni and Die Zauberflote have inspired many composers.
Output: Fine Arts
One ruler of this nation as well as Hungary had his head cut off as the result of an ill-conceived cavalry charge against the Janissary forces of Murad II at the Battle of Varna, while another ruler of it defeated Ulrich von Jungingen with the help of Vytautus the Great, stomping the Teutonic Knights at Tannenberg. The Union of Lublin was signed at the instigation of another of its rulers, Sigismund II, as formal recognition of its union with Lithuania. Kara Mustafa's attempts to take Vienna were thwarted by another ruler of this nation, Jan III Sobieski. For 10 points, name this nation which was ruled by the Jagiellon dynasty and got partitioned a lot.
Output: History
One of his poems repeats Brave Lodging for one, Brave Lodging for one about the title characters grave, Gabriel Grubs Song. One of his stories is partially based on the Clayton Rail accident and describes bells foretelling death that only the title character can hear, in The Signal-Man, while his travels through the Great Lakes and to Eastern State Penitentiary are recorded in American Notes for General Circulation. A wine-merchant rejects Vendales proposal to marry his niece Marguerite in Louis Lequels dramatic adaptation of a work he co-wrote with Wilkie Collins, No Thoroughfare, and Elizabeth Gaskells North and South was serialized in his magazine Household Worlds. In one of his novels, Daniel Doyce sells an invention to liberate Arthur Clennam from Marshalsea Prison, enabling Arthur to marry Amy Dorrit. For 10 points, name this author of Sketches by Boz, who wrote about a clock-stopping jilted spinster who mindfucks Estelle and Pip in Great Expectations.
Output: Literature
He penned a dramatic poem about a sick knight who can only be cured by a maiden sacrificing her life for him, "The Golden Legend. "  That poem is collected with a retelling of Christ's life called the Divine Tragedy, which forms his Christus trilogy, along with another duo of poems that ends with a scene of St. John wandering the face on the earth. That scene appears in his New England Tragedies after two tales of Puritans and witchcraft, John Endicott and Giles Corey. One of his poems considers "These Hebrews in their graves" in the title locale, and another focuses on the grandson of Nokomis. FTP, name this American poet of "The Jewish Cemetery at Newport" and The Song of Hiawatha.
Output: Literature
The character of the manservant Du Bois enhances the farcical nature of the play, who, in his attempt to speak to his master, says virtually nothing. A poet wishes to make friends, but instead alienates the title character, who tells his good friend Philinte to stop flattering Oronte. The suitors Acaste and Clitandre vie for the love of the ward of Arsinoe, who accuses the title character's love interest of flirtatiousness. The intelligent Eliante's interest turns to Philinte, who tells the title character not to isolate himself after Celimene refuses to commit to him. FTP, name this Moliere play about Alceste, a guy who really hates people.
Output: Literature
On this holiday, a sacrifice involving three groups of laity occurs. In Israel, this holiday is seven days long, and the second day marks the beginning of the counting of the Omer. Samaritans observe this holiday by making a pilgrimage to Mount Gerizim. All chametz must be forsaken on this holiday, on which the youngest child says "Ma Nishtana" as a part of the (*) "four questions" ritual. Observers eat bitter herbs known as maror and a young lamb on this holiday, on which unleavened matzo bread is also consumed. For 10 points, name this Jewish holiday that commemorates the Israelites' escape from Egypt after the tenth plague spared Jewish newborns.
Output: Social Science
Two of these objects sit near the town of Quauhnahuac, where a British consul lives in Mexico, in a breakout novel of Malcolm Lowry set Under them. A maar can form near one of these objects, whose distinctive types include the tuya. Pliny the Elder died while attempting to return from one of these structures. In 2009, money spent to watch these objects was criticized by Bobby Jindal's State of the Union response. Asteroid B-612 has three of these structures, which the Little Prince cleans each day. These structures can produce pahoehoe and 'a'a. For 10 points, name these geologic structures whose shield and cinder cone types can produce lava.
Output: Literature
One of his early works follows Claire Boltwood on a car trip from New York to Seattle, and another sees Una Golden move to New York to become a commercial real estate agent and marry Edward Schwirtz. Besides Free Air and The Job, he wrote a novel featuring the travails of journalist Doremus Jessup against the fascist regime of president Buzz Windrip, It Can't Happen Here. His novel Dodsworth is set in the town of Zenith, the same setting as a novel in which boosters like Vergil Gunch strongly influence the titular realtor, and he also created the town of Gopher Prairie, home of Carol Kennicott. For 10 points, name this author of Babbitt and Main Street.
Output: Literature
The Lewis/Randall rule states that this quantity's value for each species in an ideal solution is proportional to the mole fraction of that species. Use of this quantity corrects for nonideality due to attractive and repulsive forces between particles, and sidesteps problems with using the chemical potential for real fluids. It has units of pressure, and may be defined as pressure times its namesake coefficient, usually symbolized phi. For an ideal gas, phi is equal to one, and this quantity equals the pressure. FTP, what is this quantity which represents the tendency of a substance to escape from its phase
Output: Science
One work by this composer is considered one of the most technically demanding of its kind and has a notable second movement with quick glissandi, but ends in its fourth with an unusual use of the rare Locrian mode. This mans other compositions include an E-minor work dedicated to Rostropovich, and a suite that contains a movement entitled The Glorious Departure of Lolli and the Cortge of the Sun. Besides his Symphony-Concerto and Scythian Suite, he also composed a piece commissioned by Paul Wittgenstein, as well as a ballet containing the movement Dance of the Knights, and a suite with a bell-filled Troika movement. He imitated Haydn in his Classical Symphony. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of The Love for Three Oranges and the Lieutenant Kije suite.
Output: Fine Arts
In one story, this figure is asked by his enemy to fight at Grjottungard. In that story, he fights against a foe with a triangular heart of stone who is assisted by a man made of clay. In The Poetic Edda, he shatters a magic chalice against the head of Tyr's father as part of a quest to find a kettle. This god, who once carried Aurvandil across an icy river, still has pieces of whetstone lodged in his head since the sorceress Groa failed to remove them all. In one memorable incident, this slayer of Hrungnir failed to lift a cat, wrestle an old woman, or drain a drinking horn. This figure travelled with Loki and his servant Thialfi to confront Utgard-Loki. In another story, he dressed as a woman to deceive the giant Thrym, who stole the Mjollnir. For 10 points, identify this Norse God of thunder.
Output: Social Science
The logarithm of a quantity undergoing this process with drift is used to model stock prices in the Black-Scholes model. This process is a classic example of a Wiener Process, and the movement of an individual particle via this process can be predicted by the three-dimensional Langevin equation. This process, a stochastic explanation of which was offered in one of Einstein's annus mirabilis papers, was first observed in pollen grains in water. For 10 points, name this random motion of small particles, named for a Scottish biologist.
Output: Science
The central figure in this event was a former Senator from New Mexico who bore the unusual middle name of Bacon. It was exposed thanks to the man who would become Franklin Roosevelt's first Attorney General, Thomas Walsh, and it benefitted such figures as Edward Doheny. Involving the Elk Hills reserves, it led to the resignation of Interior secretary Albert Fall. For 10 points, name this scandal of the Harding administration which began with the leasing of naval oil reserves.
Output: History
It features a billiard ball swallowing contest and a visit to the Orpheum theater that results in young Auguste peeing his pants. A subplot involves the crazy Central American woman Maria Capa and her relationship to the junk-dealer Zerkow. Those two characters live in the same building as the title character's wife, whose fingers are gnawed off as the book goes on. The trouble begins when a member of the Sieppe family wins the lottery and Marcus Schouler tries to claim the winnings and Trina for himself. It ends in Death Valley with two men chasing a mule to get money not water. Eventually the pet canary dies as does the huge dentist in, FTP what novel, subtitled A Story of San Francisco, by Frank Norris.
Output: Literature
This ruler concurred with ambassador Diego Sarmiento, count of Gondomar, to marry his heir to an infanta of Spain. This ruler summoned the brief Addled Parliament, and once kidnapped by William Ruthven, earl of Gowrie, this man escaped the regency of the earl of Morton and settled on his crown by the Treaty of Berwick. This man signed the Negative Confession in favor of Puritans, but saw the Mayflower migration during his reign. The son of Lord Darnley, this ruler took up the Duke of Buckingham as a favorite and wrote The True Lawe of Free Monarchies espousing the divine right of kings.For 10 points, name this subject of the Gunpowder Plot who succeeded Elizabeth I, and authorized a new Bible translation.
Output: History
Julian Schwinger developed a scheme in which these operators can be determined in terms of the operators of two uncoupled harmonic oscillators for a spin one half particle. The Clebsch-Gordan coefficients are used when adding these quantities, and the commutators of its orbital operators are proportional to the Levi-Civita symbol, while its eigenvalues are proportional to h-bar. Noethers Theorem derives the conservation of this quantity from invariance under rotation, and Keplers Second Law is a consequence of the conservation of this. In general, it is conserved in the absence of external torques. This is, FTP what physical quantity, often symbolized L, that equals the cross product of position and momentum
Output: Science
This functional group can react with double bonds via the (2+4) Huisgen cycloaddition reaction to form a five-membered ring similar to pyrrole. It can react with tertiary alcohols and alkenes to generate imines, and it can bond to substituted phosphines via Staudinger ligation. Esters reacted with hydrazine followed by nitrous acid can produce this group attached to a carbonyl carbon, from where it can produce water and an isocyanate in the Curtius rearrangement. It also displaces halides in alkyl halides, which can be reduced by lithium aluminum hydride to primary amines. These reactions are driven by the production of nitrogen gas, which this molecule can quickly do if heated. For that reason its sodium salt is used in airbags. FTP, name this trinitrogen anion.
Output: Science
This god is often shown wearing a hat with a peacock feather in it. In one text, this god likens three temperaments called gunas to fruit. This god was threatened by the poison breastmilk of the demoness Putana. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada founded a society devoted to this god, who met Radha, befriended cowherd girls, and stole butter during his childhood. This god said "Now I am become death, destroyer of worlds" and revealed his full glory after asking Arjuna to keep fighting in his role as a charioteer. For 10 points, name this god who speaks in the Bhagavad Gita, the eighth avatar of Vishnu, who is addressed at the start of a great mantra after the word "Hare" ("HAH- rey").
Output: Social Science
On the Niagara front in the War of 1812, he captured Fort George and Queenston, won the battle of Chippewa, and was wounded at Lundy's Lane. He became the first man since George Washington to obtain the title of lieutenant general. After supervising the removal of the Cherokee from Georgia via the Trail of Tears, he became a national hero for his series of victories at Molino del Rey, Churubusco, and Chapultepec. Though he lost the 1852 Presidential election to Franklin Pierce, he retained enough energy in his last years of service to devise the "Anaconda Plan" for the destruction of the Confederacy. FTP, identify this general, whose insistence on military formality earned him the nickname "Old Fuss and Feathers. "
Output: History
He chronicled his experiences in the field in works like The Indian Journals and The League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee. In his best-known works, he laid the foundation for the study of kinship and developed a theory of cultural evolution positing that cultures develop through stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization. FTP, who was this pioneer of American anthropology, the author of Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family and Ancient Society
Output: Social Science
A serpent, whose eyes open and fix on us in every sky is described in the opening of this authors poem The Auroras of Autumn, while Crispin is the title character of his poem The Comedian as the Letter C. He asks Ramon Fernandez Why, when the singing ended in his The Idea of Order at Key West, while other poems describe the only moving thing among twenty snowy mountains and the roller of big cigars. For 10 points, name this American poet whose poems include Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird and The Emperor of Ice Cream.
Output: Literature
In his early career, this man repeatedly lost to the forces of Muhammad Shaybani. This man took advantage of the scheming of Alam Khan and Dualat Khan to defeat Ibrahim Lodi in battle. Shortly after that battle, this man defeated the Rajput army of Rana Sanga at the Battle of Khanua. This descendant of (*) Tamurlane made several unsuccessful attempts to capture Samarkand and was forced to capture Kabul instead. This man was succeeded by his son Humayan and defeated the Delhi sultanate at the first Battle of Panipat. For 10 points, name this founder of the Mughal Empire.
Output: History
In one work, he remarks on "the attractive Anglo-Saxon kind of unnecessary originality" of Keynes and Robertson, and in that work suggests that Wicksell had already won freedom from the tyranny of Say's Law and the Quantity Theory of Money. This economist, in one work, compares ex post and ex ante methods of computing savings to help show that the title concept can occur at any level of economic activity, in his Monetary Equilibrium. In a number of related "Crisis Papers" he laid out what policies Ernst Wigforss should implement for his New Economic Policy, and this thinker would describe such policies as "social prophylactics. " He termed wage reform, a "technical trick," and advocated an investment in the number of child-related services, in a work, co-authored with his wife, that attempted to solve the title question that had been developing in his country in previous decades. In addition to Crisis in the Population Question, he engaged in sharp ideological dispute with Ralph Bunche over the central problem in his perhaps best known work, a condensed version of which was published by his associate, Arnold Rose, and was titled Negro in America. For 10 points, name this Swedish Economist author of the two-volume An American Dilemma.
Output: Social Science
The electronic contribution to heat capacity varies with this power of temperature. The Lorentz gamma is raised to this power in the expression for relativistic momentum in terms of velocity. A substance's magnetization is proportional to this power of the H-field strength. The electric potential due to an infinite sheet of charge varies with this power of the distance from the sheet. Electrical resistance varies with this power of a resistor's length, and the gravitational force on an object is proportional to this power of its mass. For 10 points, identify this power, which relates two quantities that are linearly proportional.
Output: Science
His various ideological campaigns included the New Life Movement in the mid-30s and a United Front with his country's communists between 1937 and 1946. The latter came about after this man was arrested at Xi'an [SHEE-AHN] by one of his own supporters and forced to concentrate on fighting foreign invaders rather than domestic enemies. His big diplomatic success came at the Cairo Conference, where he convinced the allies to abandon their so-called "unequal treaties" with the country that he then ruled. For 10 points, name this head of the Guomindang who died in 1975 in Taiwan after being kicked out of China by Mao Zedong.
Output: History
This man wrote a story about Lord Arthur Saville, who attempts to fulfill a prophecy before a marriage by murdering someone, while the Dance of the Seven Veils leads to John the Baptist's beheading in a French play by this man. Along with Salome, he penned the line "each man kills the thing he loves" in his poem "The (*) Ballad of Reading Gaol" ["Redding Jail"]. Mrs Erlynne protects her daughter by lying about borrowing the title object in this man's play Lady Windermere's Fan and in his only novel, Basil Hallward paints the title object, which ages and grows more grotesque as its subject sins. For 10 points, name this author of The Picture of Dorian Gray.
Output: Literature
Before this battle, one side landed at Tulagi to establish air and sea bases, losing only one destroyer and a few smaller ships. A circuitous route taken by the invading fleet invited a clash with the defenders. The day before, one side sank another destroyer and an oiler, while the other side sank the light carrier Shoho and a cruiser. It saved Port Moresby and Australia from the Japanese. For 10 points, identify this battle, which featured the crippling of the Shokaku, as well as the sinking of the Lexington and the crippling of the Yorktown near the Solomon Islands.
Output: History
This Baroque artist was born in Westphalia and practiced the Catholic Counter- Reformation style. Early works of this friend of Jan Brueghel the Elder include Prometheus Bound, The Raising of the Cross, and The Descent From the Cross. Heavily influenced by Italian Renaissance artists, he worked for several rulers, including Marie de' Medici. FTP name this Flemish artist known for painting large women.
Output: Fine Arts
The beginning of this work describes the title characters engagement to Sarah, which broken after he is falsely accused by William Dane of stealing the money belonging to Lantern Yard. In another part, one character attempts to sell his brothers horse, but only manages to hurt it, and ends up stealing gold that the title character has been hoarding. The title character finds a baby girl who refuses to live with Nancy Lammeter and Godfrey Cass, and this novel ends happily with the marriage of Eppie to Aaron Winthrop. For 10 points, identify this novel about a weaver of Ravelow, a work of George Eliot.
Output: Literature
Bartok adapted the first movement of his first concerto for this instrument into the first of his Two Portraits. Tchaikovsky wrote his Serenade Melancolique for this instrument. Ravel's sonata for this instrument and piano has a "Blues" second movement. Leonid Kogan made a celebrated recording of Khachaturian's concerto for this instrument, for which Ernest Chausson wrote his Poeme. This instrument depicts the Hero's Wife in Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben. A "Vorspiel" in G minor opens Bruch's first concerto for this instrument. Johannes Brahms's only concerto for this instrument was written for Joseph Joachim. For 10 points, name this primary instrument of Paganini, a stringed instrument that is played by the concertmaster of an orchestra.
Output: Fine Arts
This dedicatee of the Battle of the Ten Kings married the daughter of Puloman, and suffered Ahalya's curse. Attended by the Maruts, he currently watches the dance of the Apsaras and Gandharvas on Mount Meru, and destroyed the Vala, freeing a bunch of cows. He is lord of Svargaloka and, with Agni, leader of the Devas. In his most famous endeavor, he liberated the waters in the Rig Veda after slaying Vritra while intoxicated with Soma. FTP, identify this lightning-wielding war god from Hinduism, whose status as chief deity was somewhat supplanted by the rise of Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva.
Output: Social Science
He stepped down as president of his country in 1985, but continued as head of the ruling party until 1990. His government emphasized a form of rural socialism known as ujamaa, and, in 1978, troops under his leadership entered Uganda, deposing Idi Amin. After his retirement he remained active in African politics, and was known throughout the continent as Mwalimu, Swahili for teacher. FTP, identify this first president of Tanzania, who died in October, 1999.
Output: History
Some animals in this phylum have small skeletal-like projections called pedicellaria. Animals in this   phylum that can be fossilized to form St. Cuthbert's beads are called crinoids. Scientists sometimes  only classify animals in this phylum if they contain stereom skeletons. The feet of animals in this   phylum, which contain ampulla and podia, are called tube feet. One of its subphyla is asterozoa,  many of which have a five-point radial symmetry, while examples of these without such symmetry  include sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Name this animal phylum whose members tend to be good at  regeneration, and which includes starfish.
Output: Science
Not easily oxidized, these compounds can be synthesized by using an organolithium reagent on a nitrile, followed by hydrolysis of the product. Useful as solvents and flavorings, they can also be made by oxidizing a secondary alcohol. They do not affect Fehling's solution and do not react with the Tollens reagent, which differentiates them from aldehydes. FTP, name this class of compounds with a carbonyl group between two aryl groups, the simplest of which is acetone.
Output: Science
In a street celebration honoring this deity, people make human pyramids to reach a pot called the matki and break it. This deity told a pregnant mother about how to make the Chakravyuha military formation, though the unborn baby Abhimanyu only heard some of it and died at age sixteen screwing it up. This deity saved a village from a storm sent by Indra by raising the Govardhan hill over the village. This brother of Balarama defeated Kamsa, his evil uncle. His ranging with cowherd girls called gopis and his sucking of the demoness Putana's breastmilk are celebrated during Holi. During the Kurukshetra war, he declared "Now I am become death, destroyer of worlds" while revealing his full splendor. For 10 points, name this avatar of Vishnu who served as Arjuna's charioteer in the Bhagavad-Gita.
Output: Social Science
The giant waringin tree is sacred to inhabitants of this province. Klungklung was the seat of its native rulers until 1908. This province's highest point is the volcanic mountain Agung, which contains the mother temple of Pura Besakih. This province's major towns include Singaraja and the provincial capital of Denpasar. The temple Panataram Sasih of Pedjeng houses a bronze drum known as the moon of this region. In Hindu myth, a demon king of this name is sent to rule the underworld after he is stepped on by the avatar Vamana. This province was also the site of investigations that used "thick description" into a form of deep play centering on cockfighting. For 10 points, name this island located within the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia and east of Java, the site of terrorist bombings in 2002.  
Output: Social Science
The Lucas circles can be drawn by inscribing a square in this other geometric shape. Clark Kimberling has catalogued over three thousand centers of this shape, some of which include the Nagel point and the nine-point center. Kimberling center X1 refers to the point at which the angular bisectors intersect; that point does not necessary lie on the Euler line, unlike the (*) circumcenter, orthocenter, and centroid. For 10 points, name this geometric shape whose angles add up to one hundred eight degrees and has three sides.
Output: Science
trumpet call at the end of this composition's first movement falls from E to E-flat and abruptly shifts into a minor key. That movement's main theme is repeated by pizzicato strings in its Landler second movement. Its third movement opens with two sharp timpani notes, and sixteenth notes represent the subject of St. Anthony's sermon to the fish, while offstage trumpets and French horns are incorporated into the final movement entitled "Primal Light. " This work's first movement was originally the symphonic poem Totenfeier, and poems written by Friedrich Klopstock are used for its Auferstehung choral movement. For 10 points, name this symphony preceded by "Titan," a work of Gustav Mahler.
Output: Fine Arts
This work claims that it is impossible to derive that two lines cannot contain space from the definitions of a straight line and the number two. Its author believes that one can never know the empirical ego, since the mind can only experience itself through filtered perception, the transcendental ego. This work posits a phenomenal and a noumenal world, the latter of which is unknowable. It argues that the mind uses twelve categories, including causality, to interpret and impose order on the world, and claims that a priori knowledge can be either analytic or synthetic. For 10 points, name this work by Immanuel Kant, the first of his Critiques.
Output: Social Science
In this novel, the title phrase appears in a passage about "the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear". The protagonist of this novel is relieved when Mr. Carmichael takes a case pro deo, while another character has a bookshelf dedicated to Abraham Lincoln. One character funds the building of irrigation, terraces, and a church in a village after his son Arthur Jarvis is killed by the protagonist's son. After receiving a letter from Theophilius Msimangu and descending into the city, the protagonist of this novel finds that his "ill" sister Gertrude has become a prostitute and his son Absalom a murderer. For 10 points, name this work centering around Stephen Kumalo, a novel by South African author Alan Paton.
Output: Literature
The Petasis reagent contains an atom of this element at the center, and it coordinates to the two cyclopentadiene molecules in Tebbe's reagent. Another compound that contains this element and aluminum operates via the Cosee-Arleman mechanism, and this metal can be extracted via the Kroll process from rutile or ilmentite. In addition to its use in the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, this metal's tetrachloride is commonly used in organic reactions as a Lewis acid. Its dioxide is commonly found in paint. FTP, name this metal which is used in aerospace applications due to its durability, with atomic number 22 and symbol Ti.
Output: Science
This man wrote over 150 compositions featuring the baryton, and his Mourning Symphony in E minor was played at his funeral. He transposed his Piano Trio in F sharp minor for the theme to the second movement of his Symphony No. 102 in B flat major, a performance of which gave the nickname to Symphony No. 96, his Miracle Symphony. The 2/4 andante second movement of another symphony begins with a tranquil melody in C major, but on beat 2 of measure 16 the phrase ends with a loud G major chord, and the final movement of another sees the musicians leave one by one. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of the Surprise Symphony and Farewell Symphony.
Output: Fine Arts
Just before the First Crusade, this country saw the sudden death of its ruler Ladislas I, who along with Coloman the Book-Lover was a member of this country's Arpad Dynasty. The Black Army of this country was led by its ruler Matthias Corvinus. A White Terror was inflicted on this country's population by its leader during World War II, Miklos Horthy, who led an army to depose his communist predecessor, Bela Kun. The Soviet Union crushed a 1956 independence movement in this country led by Imre Nagy. Following the Compromise of 1867 or Ausgleich, this country formed a dual monarchy with Austria. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Budapest.
Output: History
He wore a chain of seashells around his neck and a chain of rattles around his ankles, and he often wore a conical cap made from the skin of a jaguar. He was once aided by vultures, an eagle, a coyote, a wolf, and hundreds of moles in digging up his slain father, the Sun. He taught the Toltecs of Tula how to raise corn, but he was forced to flee by Tezcatlipoca. FTP, name this Toltec and Aztec deity known as the plumed serpent god who was once confused with Hernando Cortez.
Output: Social Science
In its lower course, it enters the Tete basin, passes through Lupata Gorge, and encounters the Shire River near the town of Vila Fontes. About 1600 miles are navigable, and near the Mozambique border it enters Lake Cahora Bassa during its S-shaped route beginning near Kalene Hill, Zambia. FTP, name this southeast African river which, near Kazungula, Zambia, forms Victoria Falls.
Output: Social Science
He employed a four-part choir in his somewhat misnamed Messa di Gloria, and once punched a theater manager for attempting to perform the one-act operas that comprise his The Triptych separately. One of his opera's centers on a soldier's sister and was inspired by Abbe Prevost, while another is set partly in a polka saloon and is based off the writings of David Belasco. In addition to Manon Lescaut and The Girl of the Golden West, this composer of Edgar and The Swallow used other Belasco writings to create his work about Sharpless, Goro, Pinkerton, and Cio-Cio San. For 10 points each, identify this Italian composer of Turandot, Tosca, La Boheme, and Madame Butterfly.
Output: Fine Arts
In one poem, this author refers to Van Dyck as the prince of tranquil gestures. One of this man's creations cannot listen to Wagner without the odour of burning cinnnamon, Oranthe, who appears in Fragments from Italian Comedy. In one of this man's short stories, Laurence becomes the object of Violante's affection, while another describes the violinist Baldassare Silvande. This author also created a character who meets the artist Elstir in Combray and sees his friend Robert de Saint-Loup marry his former childhood love Gilberte. That character narrates a novel where Madame Verdurin marries the Prince of Guermantes. For 10 points, name this author of In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower and Sodom and Gomorrah, sections of his magnum opus In Search of Lost Time.
Output: Literature
One variety of them formed from secondary imines such as pyrimidine are named for Zincke. Two equivalents of these compounds yield a carboxylic acid and a primary alcohol in a disproportion reaction named for Cannizaro. They are characterized by an NMR shift of about 9 to 10 ppm, and their oxidation in the presence of a diamine-silver complex yields a "silver mirror" in the Tollens test. For 10 points, identify this functional group which features a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydrogen atom, exemplified by methanal and ethanal.
Output: Science
He had an early interest in psychology and later in his life discovered, contemporaneously with Donald Hebb, the synaptic connection model of the mind which he put forth in his 1952 work The Sensory Order. He is more famous in another field for which he developed his idea of a "spontaneous order" and wrote such works as The Pure Theory of Capital. His most famous work argues that state control of the economy leads to totalitarianism. FTP, name this man who shared the 1974 Nobel in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal and wrote The Road to Serfdom.
Output: Social Science
Early in life, this man was a follower of philosopher Mnesiphilus, and served as choragos for a performance of Phrynichus Capture of Miletus. Later in life, this man erected a temple to Artemis at Melite which he controversially dubbed Aristoboule, spent exile in Argos and Corcyra before serving Admetus of Molossia, and was granted governorship of Magnesia by King Artaxerxes of Persia. Matched with Camillus in Plutarchs Parallel Lives, he instructed all women and children to take refuge at Troezen and was seen as the rival to Aristides. This son of Neocles used a new silver supply discovered at Laurium to finance the building of a navy which he interpreted as the wooden walls described by the Oracle at Delphi, which he would command in his greatest victory. For 10 points, identify this victor at the Battle of Salamis.
Output: History
The protonation of nitric acid by this compound creates greater-than-normal amounts of nitronium ions, which are used to nitrate benzene in a textbook electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The dehydrating property of this substance is often demonstrated by pouring it over sucrose. The production of this compound was revolutionized by the use of lead-lined chambers. It is now produced using a vanadium(2) oxide catalyst in the contact process. For 10 points, name this compound with chemical formula H2SO4, a strong acid found in car batteries.
Output: Science
One author from this country wrote The Traps of Faith about an earlier writer from this nation. That writer is also known for the poem ""Sunstone. "" Another writer from this country of Sor Juana Ines De La Cruz imagined a dying soldier and member of the PRI recalling his life in The Death of Artemio Cruz. That author from this country was inspired by the disappearance of (*) Ambrose Bierce to write The Old Gringo. For 10 points, Carlos Fuentes and Octavio Paz hail from what large Latin American country
Output: Literature