niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Along with a bound Loki and the Midgard Serpent, this figure is depicted on the west side of the Gosforth Cross. This figure claimed Jarl as his son after sleeping with both Jarl's mother and her husband, and then taught him runes and gave him one of this figure's names. This grandson of Geirrendour or Aegir once took the guise of a seal to rescue the Brisingamen from Loki at the Singasteinn. Sometimes called the White God, he resides in Himinbjorg, and he rides the horse Gulltop and wields the sword Hofund. He can hear the wool grow on a sheep's back and will blow the Gjallarhorn to announce Ragnarok, where he will kill Loki but die from his wounds. For 10 points, name this Norse god who guards the rainbow bridge Bifrost.
Output: Social Science
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich proposed one explanation for this phenomenon that claimed its strength should be proportional to the radiation density. A version of this phenomenon in the CMB is known as the Sachs-Wolfe effect, while the quantity that describes the strength of this effect has a value of about 1100 for the surface of last scattering. One version of this effect was measured using the Mossbauer effect in an experiment by Pound and Rebka, and the magnitude of this effect is usually denoted "z. " For 10 points, name this phenomenon, which can be caused by gravity or the Doppler effect, in which the wavelength of an object's light appears longer to an observer.
Output: Science
Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, was the papal legate assigned to this event. He traveled with the largest contingent, raised by Raymond of Toulouse, who led his forces across northern Italy and into Dalmatia, where they clashed with the Byzantines. One branch lost a quarter of its men looting Hungary under the leadership of Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit. Alexius I's envoy to the Council of Piacenza would have preferred veterans capable of reversing the verdict of the Battle of Manzikert. FTP, the success of this movement was led by Godfrey of Bouillon and sanctioned by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont.
Output: History
This person developed a theorem, now named for him and Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen, stating that magnetism cannot be explained by classical and statistical physics. He is also the namesake of a constant equal to the magnitude of an electron's spin magnetic moment. Early quantum mechanics used models named for Arnold Sommerfeld and this person, based on the idea that electrons have circular orbitals. Werner Heisenberg and this person were associated with the idea that objects governed by quantum mechanics create experimental results dependent on measurement, which was known as complementarity and became known as the Copenhagen interpretation. Name this scientist known for his early quantum model of a hydrogen atom.
Output: Science
One work for this instrument includes movements titled "The Perilous Shore" and "Put Your Loving Arms Around Me" and was influenced by the death of the composer's father to Alzheimer's. This instrument plays a solo in the third movement of Ottorino Respighi's Pines of Rome. This instrument, which plays the solo in John Adams's Gnarly Buttons, was performed by Woody Herman, who commissioned Stravinsky's Ebony Concerto for this instrument. Other concertos for this instrument include two by (*) Carl Maria von Weber and a jazz-inspired one by Copland. Mozart's concerto for it was written for Anton Stadler. For 10 points, what woodwind instrument that plays the glissando opening in the orchestration of Rhapsody in Blue
Output: Fine Arts
This works creation was permitted by the political take down of Cavalier DArpino, the artists former master, who had originally received the commission for the Contarelli Chapel. It lies next to two similarly titled works which show the central figures death and visitation by an angel. In it, Levi, modeled almost exactly on a figure from the creators The Cardsharps, sits at a table with four other figures, only some of whom find the barefoot figure at right more interesting than piles of coins. FTP, name this Mannerist Caravaggio work which depicts Jesuss first interaction with a tax collector.
Output: Fine Arts
In his Autobiography, this philosopher priviliged Plato, Tacitus, Francis Bacon, and Grotius above all other thinkers, and he modeled his own efforts after Grotius, whose work led him to conduct the research that led to the writing of a treatise which pondered the question of whether justice is natural or conventional. This thinker juxtaposed the arts of "criticism" and "topics" in the first of his major anti-Cartesian works, On the Study Methods of Our Time, and later added to his work Universal Right a volume entitled De constantia jurisprudentis, this first chapter of which would lend its title to this man's most famous work. More famously, this man is famous for a work which reformulated the verum factum principle he himself had proposed in his On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians and advanced the notion of three universal principles, those of religion, marriage, and burial. For ten points, identify this thinker who proposed a cyclical theory of history in his most famous work, The New Science.
Output: Social Science
In a 2005 work, Ha Poong Kim argues that its authors hedonistic view of human motivation is integral to the arguments presented in this work. At one point in it, the author bemoans Latins failure to linguistically distinguish between the multiple facets of good and evil. He goes on to state how good and evil cannot be equated with gratification and pain, respectively, because they are a priori principles and how we are freed only through our adherence to the categorical imperative, a view reverse of that previously presented in Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. For 10 points, identify this work of Immanuel Kant, a companion and response to criticism of A Critique of Pure Reason, the second of his three Critiques.
Output: Social Science
The narrator of this book observes that, despite the "hysteria of the streets," that no one really believes that the world will end. The narrator of this book remarks at one point that, though he treats a woman like a lover, he might as well tie her to a chair and beat her. Near the end of this novel, the narrator escapes from his prison cell and examines the countryside, but after finding it empty returns. Mandel continues to torture natives of Africa in this work, and those natives had earlier been persecuted by several campaigns led by Colonel Joll. The protagonist of this novel nightly bathes and anoints one of the titular women with almond oil, disassociating himself from his job in the Third Bureau. For 10 points, name this work about an unnamed magistrate, written by J. M. Coetzee.
Output: Literature
A paper by Lalive, Luechinger, and Schmutzler about the changes to the German railway system uses traffic accident and infant mortality rates as examples of these concepts. Katz and Shapiro wrote a paper that claims that fax machines and telephones possess the network type of them. They were notably illustrated with the example of a train that makes sparks by Ronald Coase, whose namesake theorem states that, so long as transaction costs are minimal, they can be resolved through private deliberations. Pigouvian taxes seek to alleviate them, and they are usually represented graphically by adjusting a cost curve. Waste dumping and other forms of pollution are classic examples of the negative type. For 10 points, name the economic term for a cost or a benefit that was not caused by the party whom it impacts.
Output: Social Science
This poet concluded "so now he's gone and I buried him and that's all there is to it" in a poem about a pet who "waits for my arrival waving his fan-like tail in friendship." This author of "A Dog Has Died" wrote "my moist desire nests / in your arms of transparent stone" in a poem beginning "Ah vastness of pines." The speaker of another poem by him "climbed through the lost jungle's tortured thicket" to a "high city of laddered stones" and says "rise up to be born with me, my brother" after reaching the title location. His odes to ordinary things, such as a "large tuna in the market," were collected in Elemental Odes. One of his collections includes a poem which begins "tonight I can write the saddest lines" and ends with "A Song of Despair." For 10 points, name the Chilean author of "The Heights of Machu Picchu," which is part of his Canto General.
Output: Literature
A compound consisting of oxygen, chlorine, and this element reacts with DMF to produce the formylating agent used in the Vilsmeier reaction. It is the central atom in a phenyl-containing compound that is oxidized in both the Mitsunobu Esterification and the reduction of azides to amines in the Staudinger Reaction. This element can form double bonds through p-pi/d-pi bonding, which can alternately be depicted as adjacent positive and negative charges. Such a double bond between this element and carbon is found in a reagent that reacts with carbonyl groups to give alkenes in the Wittig reaction. FTP, identify this element that forms ylides and in the backbone of nucleic acids with atomic symbol P.
Output: Science
Bishop Mkrtich Khrimian was invited to this meeting to represent the interests of the Armenian people. Jovan Ristic was forced to resign after returning from this meeting with insufficient amounts of new land, a fate also shared by Count Lodovico of Corti. France was represented by William Henry Waddington, while another great power sent Count Julius Andrassy the Elder. The Principality of Moldavia was forced to give up Bessarabia in a partial reversal of the Treaty of Paris, one of the few victories for Prince Gorchakov at a meeting that led to the end of the Dreikaiserbund. For ten points, name this international congress that followed the Battle of Pleva, where Bismarck led the re-negotiation of the Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1877.
Output: History
A functor named for this mathematician can be interpreted as the first group homology group with integral coefficients. A cellular automaton discovered by Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld that displays self-organized criticality is a "sandpile model" named for him. This mathematician names a class of theorems showing that various summation methods are regular, i.e., that they give the correct result for convergent series. Grothendieck introduced categories named for this mathematician in his Tohoku paper; those categories are a general setting for homological algebra and allow morphisms and objects to be added. This non-Italian mathematician gave the first complete proof of the insolubility of the quintic by radicals. Groups that satisfy the commutative law and many other mathematical concepts are named for, FTP, what Norwegian mathematician who died at the age of 26, thus making everyone else look like a chump
Output: Science
This President defused the Newburgh Conspiracy and, in another post, was nearly replaced by Horatio Gates due to the Conway Cabal. As President, he met with a French ambassador who tried to draw him into war with Britain named Citizen Genet (JUH-nay). His farewell address discouraged foreign alliances. The signing of Jay's Treaty and the Whiskey Rebellion occurred during the Presidency of this victor at Trenton and Yorktown. For 10 points, name this man who appointed Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury as the first President.
Output: History
In his eminently amusing essay on this work, Donald Tovey calls its composer "the whitest liar since Cyrano de Bergerac" and catalogues the various differences between this work and its source material. Its composer stated that convent bells in this work are "suggested by two harp-notes doubled by the flutes, oboes and horns", and in the scherzo, the oboe and piccolo represent pifferi. It used material from its composer's unfinished Rob Roy, while the composer used the money given to him for his later Romeo et Juliette. It features movements like "Serenade of an Abruzzi mountaineer to his mistress" and "March of the pilgrims singing their evening prayer. " This work ends with an "Orgy of the Brigands", and Paganini objected to this work because he did not get enough time playing the viola, though the viola does represent the title character. For 10 points, name this symphony by Hector Berlioz, based on a work of Lord Byron.
Output: Fine Arts
This empire massacred numerous Alevis after they ended up in their territory after the Peace of Amasya. Tax farming was abolished within it by the Rescript of the Rose Chamber. A leader of this empire was depicted as a thin man in a bathing suit being told to dive into the waters of "Constitution" in one of the many Punch political cartoons satirizing it. This empire modernized itself during the (*) Tanzimat period, and it previously recruited soldiers through the practice of devsirme. The Auspicious Incident abolished its elite infantry units called Janissaries, who were frequently slave Christian children forcibly converted to Islam. The forces of this empire won a 1453 siege that overthrew Constantine XI. For 10 points, name this empire which under Mehmed II conquered Constantinople.
Output: History
Later corrections to this equation include Trautz and Lewis' collision theory, as well as Wigner and Eyring's transition state theory. It was first proposed by van't Hoff in 1884, and later was justified by its namesake. When expressed in terms of molecular units, the Boltzmann constant is used instead of the universal gas constant. The modified version of this equation makes explicit the temperature dependence of its pre-exponential factor, which accounts for a reaction's rate coefficient. FTP, identify this equation named after a Swedish scientist that calculates a reaction's activation energy.
Output: Science
This phenomenon originates from asperities which can be modeled with the Archard equation. On an atomic scale, this is described by the Tomlinson model, including a namesake parameter that, when greater than one, results in the stick-slip variety of this phenomenon. Reye hypothesized that this is proportional to volume of wear debris. Amontons' second law states that it is independent of the area of the contact surface. It is equal to the normal force times mu, its namesake coefficient, which has static and kinetic varieties. For ten points, name this force that acts opposite motion.
Output: Science
This molecule is released by climbing fiber activation of Purkinje cells, and Huntington's disease is\n partially caused by the loss of cells that secrete this substance in the striatum. It is produced in a reaction\n that uses the enzymes GAD and pyridoxal phosphate, or vitamin B6 and its receptor works by widening a\n chloride channel, which in turn neutralizes norepinephrine. Benzodiazepenes and barbituates work by\n binding to receptors for this molecule, which is synthesized by decarboxylating glutamate. For 10 points,\n name this inhibitory mammalian neurotransmitter with a four letter abbreviation.
Output: Science
One part of this work concerns a prayer that in relation to God we are always in the wrong, and is labeled as an Ultimatum. The author commends language and music as the two media addressed to the ear, and then writes about composing a review to a play by Eugne Scribe. Just before are three sections supposedly delivered to a mystical fellowship of the deceased, including The Unhappiest One and Silhouettes. A more famous section consists of letters delivered by Cordelia, the main focus of The Seducers Diary. Penned by the pseudonymous Victor Eremita, FTP, name this work ostensibly about the titular division between the aesthetic and the ethical, the most famous work of Soren Kierkegaard.
Output: Social Science
Once disguising himself as a baby in order to get out of fighting a giant, he was the last leader of an army known as the Champions of the Red Branch, and according to legend, it was he who created the Isle of Man by hurling a huge clump of earth at Benandonner. The owner of the sword known as Son of the Waves and the father of Ossian, after his birth, his mother entrusted him to Bodbal and Fiachel, and when his identity was revealed, kings would not take him in, fearing an attack from Goal Mac Morn. Becoming very wise while cooking the Salmon of Knowledge, FTP, name the leader of the Fianna, an Irish mythical hero.
Output: History
The CY707A gene codes for this molecule's namesake 8-hydroxylase and is the first step of its degradation. This compound can be activated by oxidation to phaseic and dihydrophaseic acid, and one precursor to this molecule is synthesized by NCE decarboxylase, which cleaves a C40 zeaxanthin precursor to xanthoxin. It helps prevent dessication of roots during soil compaction, and during water stress signals the guard cells to collapse and close stomata. Its opposed in its most important function by gibberelin, and in that role suppresses the synthesis of alpha-amylase and upregulates the synthesis of storage proteins. For 10 points, name this plant hormone responsible for seed dormancy.
Output: Science
His daughter, Enheduana, composed the earliest extant poetry written by a woman, and a treaty between this man's grandson and the Elamite ruler Hita is the earliest extant Elamite document. He defeated Lugal Zaggisi of Umma in his early career, and he was succeeded by his sons Rimush and Manishtushu. One text claims his father was a gardener, while another text mentions that despite having a name which means "true king," he usurped the throne of Ur-Zababa of Kish. The grandfather of Naram-Sin, his empire was ended by an invasion of Gutian Barbarians. For 10 points, identify this founder of the Akkadian Empire.
Output: History
Muhammad said that this man looked like his friend Urwah ibn Mas'ud. Adherents of the Ahmadi sect believe he went by the name Yuz Asaf when he died in Kashmir, and unlike mainstream Muslims they do not believe that he will fight Dajjal [duj-JAL]. He talked as a newborn to denounce critics of his mother, who was a priestess in a temple run by Zechariah. He will not die until he (*) returns to assist the Mahdi and establish just rule on earth, which is possible because was raised to Heaven before people thought they killed him. While on earth, he foretold the coming of Muhammad and revealed his own divine scripture. For 10 points, name this prophet born to a virgin mother.
Output: Social Science
Materials of this type often form sheathes that satisfy a criterion named for Bohm. The namesake frequency of these substances is given in mks by the electron charge times the square root of the quantity number density over permittivity times electron-ion reduced mass and their namesake waves are also named for Langmuir, who discovered them. They are quasi-neutral in a Debye sphere, the radius of which, the Debye length, characterizes their charge shielding; however, many of the atoms in matter of this phase are ionized. FTP, name these collections of dissociated electrons and ions, the so-called fourth phase of matter.
Output: Science
This man defeated Mahmoud Khan's war elephants by setting camels on fire. This conqueror drove out or converted most of the Assyrian Christians in Iraq, and his youngest son, Shah Rukh, succeeded him. This ruler supported Tokhtamysh's invasion of Moscow but later destroyed Sarai and Astrakhan, crushing the Golden Horde when it turned against him. This ruler was known to build piles of [*] skulls outside cities he conquered. He captured Bayezid I at the 1402 Battle of Ankara, and this sacker of Delhi was nicknamed for his hip injury. For 10 points, name this ruler of central Asia who attempted to revive the Mongol empire from his capital at Samarkand.
Output: History
He studied philosophy under William of Champeaux and theology under Anselm of Laon, though he later came into conflict with both of his teachers. He described his ethical beliefs in Know Yourself, and was condemned for his nominalist doctrines at the Council of Soissons. He wrote an autobiographical work entitled Historia calamitatum. Though his book of biblical contradictions entitled Sic et Non was widely used to teach logic and dialectic, he is most famous for his love affair and ensuing castration. For 10 points, name this early scholastic and lover of Heloise.
Output: Social Science
His early work is in a rather weak Neoclassical style, as seen in 1768's Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus. Though an American citizen, he spent almost all his career in England, and, in 1792, he succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as President of the Royal Academy. For 10 points, name this artist who eventually became associated with Romanticism, whose works include Saul and the Witch of Endor, Death on a Pale Horse, and The Death of General Wolfe.
Output: Fine Arts
This ruler ordered the reconstruction of the Baths of Zeuxippus, and he denounced the Three Chapters in an effort to reconcile two religious factions. One of his first acts was to ban suffragia, or the sale of regional governorships. This ruler brokered the Eternal Peace with his eastern neighbor, Khosrau I. Depicted with a halo over his head in a panel from the Church of San Vitale, he banished John of Cappadocia for conspiring against him with Antonina. Unrest during this man's reign was caused by animosity between the Blues and the Greens in the Hippodrome. He promulgated a namesake law code compiled by Tribonian, and he instructed Narses to distribute gold as part of his suppression of the Nika Riots. For 10 points, name this husband of Theodora, a Byzantine emperor who supervised the construction of the Hagia Sophia.
Output: History
This thinker formulated the argument that decapitation is the same as castration in his critique of mythology entitled Medusa's Head. This thinker posited that one title figure was not Jewish, but rather Egyptian in his Moses and Monotheism and discussed the concept of the "death drive" in his Beyond the Pleasure Principle. His most famous work divided the human psyche into the id, ego, and superego. For 10 points, identify this Austrian psychoanalyst who formulated the Oedipus complex and wrote The Interpretation of Dreams.
Output: Social Science
On the left side of his "Triumph of Virtue," the mother of virtue is imprisoned in a tree with twigs growing from her nipples, and his first work, the Santa Sofia Altarpiece, is now lost. His work with Ansuino for the Ovetari Chapel of the Eremitani Church was largely destroyed by the Allied bombings of Padua, including a famous grisaille fresco with an extremely low vantage point. That work shows the titular figure on the left beneath a large arch commanding a lame man to walk. Also utilizing his creative perspective are his frescos for the Gonzaga family and a depiction of Jesus on a slab. The son-in-law of Jacopo Bellini, for 10 points, who was this artist of St. James Led to His Execution, the Camera Degli Sposi, and the Dead Christ 
Output: Fine Arts
This man showed vines growing on an outdoor metal railing behind two girls in On the Terrace. The Phillips collection in DC holds a painting by this man in which Gustave Caillebotte sits in the lower-right in the Maison Fournaise restaurant. This man showed white lamps hanging over couples at an outdoor Montmartre garden in Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette. Another of his paintings shows several wine bottles and yellow-hatted people below a yellow and white striped awning. For 10 points, name this French Impressionist painter of Luncheon of the Boating Party.
Output: Fine Arts
The Kidd glycoproteins present on their surface act as urea transporters. Spectrin and ankyrin are found in the cytoskeletal network of these cells and antibodies on their surface are detected by the direct Coombs test. They express high levels of CD47, which prevents phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen, and kidneys release EPO which stimulate the production of these. Excess production of them results in polycythemia, and their count is depressed in anemia. Produced in the bone marrow, they are biconcave and lack nuclei. For 10 points, identify these cells that contain hemoglobin, and help transport oxygen to tissues.
Output: Science
One of this man's subordinates was "Major" Bob Astles, also known as the "White Rat." He was accused of ordering Dora Bloch to be taken from her hospital bed and executed. This man was ousted after a conflict which saw his country lose to Julius Nyerere's nation. He previously seized power in a coup against President Milton Obote and lost power after his country lost a war to Tanzania. This man's country was the site of Operation Thunderbolt, in which a hijacked Air France airliner was liberated by Israeli commandos at Entebbe Airport. In 1972, he expelled almost all Asians from his country, shattering the nation's industries. For 10 points, name this brutal, possibly insane 1970's dictator of Uganda.
Output: History
This man made an etching of a solitary woman holding an umbrella and looking over her shoulder at a canoe, entitled Two are Company, Three are None. His watercolors include one depicting a black boy looking up at a palm tree, entitled A Garden in Nassau. He never finished his depiction of the rapids of the Saguenay River, and he depicted men sitting under umbrellas working at canvasses in his Artists Sketching in the White Mountains. Henry James criticized his painting of three brothers and their father sailing, while another one of his works depicts a group of boys in front of a small red house playing the title game. Another painting depicts a black man on a boat surrounded by sharks. For 10 points, name this American artist of Breezing Up, Snap-the-Whip, and The Gulf Stream.
Output: Fine Arts
This country produced a film whose title character rebels against Pedro de Ursua during a search for El Dorado, Aguirre, the Wrath of God. In another film from this country, Francis and Jane investigate the sleepwalking Cesare, who is kept in the title object. The title sea vessel of another film from this country is heavily damaged after refueling in La Spezia and a majority of its crew is killed in a facility bombing. Two other films from here involve Elsie's murder by Beckert and Rotwang's creation of Maria's robot double. This country produced The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Das Boot, M, and Metropolis. For 10 points, name this country home to the director Fritz Lang.
Output: Fine Arts
According to Vasari, this man secured his first patron with a now-lost sculpture of a faun's head with a tooth knocked out. He decorated the Shrine of St. Dominic in Bologna with statues of St. Petronius and St. Proclus. Cardinal Raffaele Riario commissioned this man's sculpture of Bacchus after acquiring a sleeping cupid that he had buried in acidic soil to pass off as a Roman artifact. He's not Donatello, but a statue he made which is part of a tomb in the San Pietro in Vincoli was so lifelike that he allegedly hit it on the knee and commanded it to speak. This artist sculpted Rachel and Leah to flank that horned statue for the Tomb of Pope Julius II. For 10 points, name this sculptor of a marble Moses whose other marbles include a Pieta in St. Peter's and a seventeen foot high nude David.
Output: Fine Arts
Opik and Pryce developed an early method for calculating this effect, but Jess Chaboy was unable to detect it in a liquid solution. The Laporte rule does not apply to when this effect is present, and one member of the Irving-Williams series features a surprisingly high value because of it. First published in a 1937 paper, it was based on work done by Kramers and Wigner, and is related to the RTE. The pseudo type of this effect is experienced in fluxional molecules, and it also has static and spontaneous versions. Caused by an electronically degenerate ground state, it is most often associated with octahedral complexes of the transition metals. For 10 points, name this effect in which non-linear molecules experience molecular geometry distortions.
Output: Science
The subject of this painting was painted twice more, by Gustave Courti and Antonio de la Gandara, seven and fourteen years later, respectively. In the original, the light source is from the right, accentuating a little jewel in the subject's red hair and the shoulder straps on her dress. She stands next to a table with a fan in her left hand, wearing a low cut black dress showing her pale skin. Perhaps to shield the subject from the foreseen controversy, the artist withheld her real name, Gautreau, from the painting's title. FTP who is this woman, subject of an 1884 portrait by John Singer Sargent
Output: Fine Arts
Building on the kinetic theory of gases, it was originally formulated by J.J. Hood, although its namesake later provided a true theoretical basis for it. The collision frequency Z is only weakly dependent on temperature, while the steric factor P is always less than one. Taking the logarithm of both sides allows it to be put in a linear form, which proves to clearly illustrate the dependence of the rate constant on temperature and, of course, on activation energy. FTP, name this equation of chemical kinetics, named for a Swedish scientist.
Output: Science
In 1695, Josua de Grave made another study of the same subject as this painting, but from a different angle. In the center fight of this painting, the roof of the Armamentarium is just visible behind a much larger gated building. An anecdote concerning this painting relates that it was chosen personally by William of Orange, although it was most likely purchased by the Rijksmuseum. The top half of this painting depicts only the sky, with very dark clouds at the top of this painting, and at the bottom of this painting, several people are standing by a boat while two women in black dresses are conversing to the side. The foreground and the background of this work are divided by a large river which reflects the buildings of the background. For ten points, identify this cityscape, a work by Jan Vermeer.
Output: Fine Arts
Among the tunes this piece utilizes are We Have Built a Stately House in C minor, which Mahler later borrowed for his Third Symphony; and the lyrical The Father of Our Land played in E major. First performed in 1881 at the University of Breslau, this work employed its composer's largest orchestration ever. Bassoons introduce the comic movement Fox Song, a favorite among the college freshmen, though its most famous piece might be the Latin drinking song Gaudeamus Igitur. FTP, identify this scholastic overture that celebrated an honorary degree given to Johannes Brahms.
Output: Fine Arts
Many characters in this play disparage people named Patel, and its third scene begins with one character saying all train compartments smell vaguely of shit. The protagonist is introduced as D. Ray Morton after James Lingk arrives to speak to the character who he met at a Chinese restaurant, the setting for the three scenes of Act One. Moss threatens to turn Aaronow into the police if he refuses to rob Mitch and Murray, while another character asks to be put on the board after convincing Bruce and Harriet Nyborg to buy eight units of Mountain View. However, Williamson deduces that Shelley Levene stole the leads from the office, which is in the midst of a contest for a Cadillac. FTP, name this play about shady real estate salesman, by David Mamet.
Output: Literature
One work by this artist set during the Battle of Jersey depicts the title character in white being lifted   by his soldiers. In addition to The Death of Major Peirson, he made one portrait of a woman in  pink with her elbow on the cushion of a black sofa and another portrait of her husband wearing red   pointing to troops off in the distance. This artist painted his half-brother Henry Pelham wearing a  jacket with a bright pink collar and holding the leash of a squirrel. This artist set one of his works in  Havana harbor, showing a man trying to stab one of the title figures with a spear in an attempt to  save the other title figure. Name this artist who made portraits of Thomas Gage and other figures of  the American Revolution, and also painted Watson and the Shark.
Output: Fine Arts
This poem compares a vanity table to an altar, and ends with Clarissa advising valuing good humor rather than looks. A Gnome empties a bag of spleen over the head of the heroine of this work, whose lapdog, Shock, and other possessions are usually protected by a troop of Sylphs. This poem begins "What dire offence from amorous causes springs." During a round of the card-game ombre, the Baron carries out this poem's title action on Belinda, who is surrounded by spirits like Ariel and Umbriel. For 10 points, this is what mock-epic poem about a stolen strand of hair by Alexander Pope
Output: Literature
Originally this god was much more malevolent, a god of sorcery who had abducted Xochiquetzal and initiated human sacrifices. Overlord of the constellation Great Bear, he had created the world by tearing apart the primordial crocodile Cipactli, though he lost a foot to her and was thus sometimes called Hurakan. The special protector the god of slaves and punisher of wicked, he saw everything in his magic Obsidian looking glass. FTP name this Aztec god of Magic and the Night Sky, the Lord of the "Smoking Mirror. "
Output: Social Science
In this piece, a bass ostinato of G-sharp played at a quarter - eighth rhythm in 6/8 runs throughout one entire movement. One movement in this piece ends with the depiction of an ox-cart gradually moving away from the listener. The opening measures of this piece alternate between 5/4 and 6/4 time and are part of an interlude that repeats after every few movements. This work includes movements like "Bydlo" and "The Old (*) Castle". This work was originally composed for piano, but Serge Koussevitsky commissioned an orchestrated version by Maurice Ravel. Containing "The Great Gate of Kiev" and interspersed with "Promenades", for 10 points, name this suite of piano pieces inspired by the artworks of Viktor Hartmann, composed by Modest Mussorgsky
Output: Fine Arts
Chapter IX of his most widely-read work refutes Condorcet's belief of the organic perfectibility of mankind; that book devotes a number of chapters to refuting Godwin's conjectures on equality. In that work, this thinker distinguished between positive and preventive checks, the latter of which includes restraints on sexual passion. Another of his books discusses the portion of income paid to a factor of production above the (*) opportunity cost and is titled The Nature of Rent. The opening to another of his books argues that resource size grows arithmetically, though the size of the human race grows geometrically; thus massive famine will eventually ensue. For 10 points, name this classical economist who authored An Essay on the Principle of Population.
Output: Literature
Porath and Flodin introduced dextran-based gels for the size-exclusion variety of this process, and this process's optimal velocity can be found with the Van Deemter equation. The analyte is polar and the column non-polar in the reverse-phase version of the(*) high-performance liquid type of this process. The retention time is calculated as the sample distance divided by the solvent-front distance in the thin-layer and paper versions of this process. For 10 points, identify this technique that passes a mobile phase through a stationary phase to separate constituents of a mixture.
Output: Science
He created at-large seats in the legislature, which his opponents dubbed the "forty thieves. " He invented a new office called the "interventor," a federally controlled state governor, and often filled that post with "tenentes," the junior officers who supported a move to fascism. He dubbed himself "Father of the Poor" and helped Francisco Campos rewrite the constitution, and he later ordered his supporters, the Queremistas, to vote for his successor, Eurico Gaspar Dutra. His second regime ended with his suicide. For 10 points, name this dictator, and then elected president, who implemented the "Estado Novo" in Brazil.
Output: History
The founder of this polity strengthened his position by marrying into the Lichchavi tribe, and after this polity's disintegration, much of the area around its founding would later become the seed of a kingdom under king Harsha. Much of the information about this polity comes from the monk Faxian, who lived at the court of the third ruler of this polity; that ruler would later be remembered as King Vikramaditya but was known in his time as the second king of a certain name. This polity's second ruler revived the horse sacrifice, and another of its rulers repulsed the White Huns in 455 CE, and this polity's existence saw an extensive revision of the Arthasastra as well as the writings of the works of Kalidasa. For ten points, identify this polity which controlled northern India from 320 to 550 CE and was founded by a man who shares his name with the founder of the Mauryan dynasty.
Output: History
The Delft Island is located off of this country, and Mundal Lake lies along its west coast. One can observe estuarine crocodiles from the Kirindi Oya river in the Bundala National Park located in this country. The Kalu River is the second longest river in this country and to its west lies the Gulf of Mannar. The Knuckles mountain range is located in this country, and the city of Jaffna is located in its north. The Esala Perahara is an important festival in a city which houses the Asigiriya Cricket stadium, and visitors there should not miss the temple containing the sacred tooth of the Buddha. In addition to Kandy, this country's gem shopping center is located at Ratnapura, and one can see several ancient Buddhist sites in the city of Anuradhaputra. Somehow connected to its northern neighbor via Adam's Bridge, for 10 points, identify this country whose largest city is Colombo.
Output: Social Science
In one of this writer's stories, Pablo gives what he believes is the false hiding location of Ramon, who is shot at the title execution spot. He wrote a play in which the Communist Hugo shoots Hoederer. One novel by this author of "The Wall" and Dirty Hands sees a critical realization occur at a chestnut tree. In that novel, Antoine (*) Roquentin researches the Marquis de Rollebon and develops the title "sweetish sickness", which he calls a Nausea. His most famous play is set in a room with Third Empire furniture and sees Garcin announce "Hell is other people." For 10 points, name this existentialist who wrote No Exit.
Output: Literature
British musician Ian Clarkes writes primarily for this instrument  his Zoom Tube is notable for its use of nonstandard techniques such as multiphonics, quartertones, and actually singing into the instrument. For fans of standard technique, one of the most important exercise books for this instrument was produced by Philippe Gaubert and Paul Taffanel. Two of these instruments play the opening of Smetanas Die Moldau from Ma Vlast, and one of these plays solo at the beginning of Debussys Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. Treatises on this instrument were written by Boehm, who devised its modern fingering system, and by Quantz, a composer in the court of Frederick the Great. FTP, name this woodwind instrument whose modern practitioners include Jean-Pierre Rampal and James Galway.
Output: Fine Arts
This artist only completed the preparatory sketches for the epic Opening of the Doors of the Spanish Inquisition. This artist showed a cart stopped next to a gray building emitting white smoke in The Lime Kiln. He painted an unusual still-life of severed limbs called Anatomical Pieces, and he featured horses in his paintings Derby at Epsom and Horse Frightened By Lightning. A horse rearing away from an unseen attacker appears in his The Charging Chasseur. He studied bodies in the morgue of the Hospital Beaujon for his most famous work, which sees a man waving a red handkerchief on the top right and a bloody hatchet implies cannibalism. For 10 points, name this French Romantic painter of The Raft of the Medusa.
Output: Fine Arts
This character avoids capture by the Oreillons when he proves that he is not a Jesuit. A slave-owner steals a jewel-encrusted sheep from him, but he recovers it when that slave-owner's ship is sunk, and he later loses some of his wealth to Parisians. He was befriended by James the Anabaptist after deserting the Bulgarian army, which occurred after he was booted out of Baron Thunder-ten-tronckh's castle. Cacambo leads him to Paraguay sometime after leaving Portugal, where he witnesses the hanging of his philosophical teacher, Dr. Pangloss. FTP, name this lover of Cunegonde, the optimistic title character of a work by Voltaire.
Output: Literature
Slutsky's equation relates two functions for this quantity. As price increases, this quantity increases for lower-priced goods in the substitution effect. The "Hicksian" variety of this quantity is often contrasted with its "Marshallian" type. Although it increases with price for Veblen goods, this quantity is usually (*) inversely correlated with price. For 10 points, name this concept, often paired with supply, which represents the public's desire for a product.
Output: Social Science
This enzyme requires a protein from the AAA+ family for activation, and in bacteria exists as a multimer with 16 long chains and 8 short chains. It is allosterically regulated by CA1P and free phosphate groups. This enzyme requires magnesium to form an activated carbamate, and in some organisms this enzyme is sequestered in bundle sheath cells, with PEP carboxylase being used in mesophyll cells to transfer products to it. This enzyme transfers a single carbon to ribulose bisphosphate, but can react with oxygen in a side reaction called photorespiration. For 10 points, name this most abundant protein on earth, which catalyzes carbon fixation in the first step of the Calvin cycle.
Output: Science
In a later essay reflecting on this work, its author described the Woodland Road Camp's use of loudspeakers under pillows and included such chapters as "The Arts of Selling" and "What Can Be Done" One character in this novel ultimately becoms dissilusioned at the "orgyporgy," while another threatens to exile people to Iceland. The Arch-Community-Songster appears in this novel, which opens with a description of how to create clones in the Bokanovsky Process. In it, Lenina and Bernard journey to New Mexico to see John the Savage before a revolt against the use of soma causes Bernard to meet Mustapha Mond. For 10 points, name this Aldous Huxley novel.
Output: Literature
A tree can be seen in the background of this work through a window bisected by a stone column. Beneath the window lies a series of chests, one of which is being searched through by a child in white. The childs caretaker, carrying a large gold and blue garment, looks after the child while on the right a small brown and white dog sleeps peacefully on a couch. Tapestries line the walls near the chests and green and beige tiles line the floor, and a green curtain obscures the back left portion of the room. On a red couch in front of the curtain rests the title character, who holds pink flowers in her hand as she stares at the viewer. For 10 points, name this painting by Titian.
Output: Fine Arts
Cumberland Island is the largest of the Golden Isles, four of thirteen barrier islands off the coast of this state. Brasstown Bald, its highest point, can be found in the Blue Ridge Mountains, which cover its northeastern and north central parts, while rising from its upper Piedmont are the Stone and Kennesaw Mountains. Drained by the Chattahoochee and the Savannah, this is, FTP, which Southern state with its capital at Atlanta
Output: Social Science
A function that gives this quantity at a fixed level of utility is a "compensated" function. Changes in the curve that represents this quantity can be the result of the substitution and income effects. The Slutsky equation relates the Hicksian and Marshallian functions of this quantity. Giffen goods do not conform to the namesake law of this quantity. This quantity has a downward-sloping curve, and is defined as the willingness and ability to purchase a commodity or service. For 10 points, name this economic quantity, often paired with supply.
Output: Social Science
A focal point of engagements in this conflict was the fort at Labdalum, and it culminated in a slaughter at the Assinarus River. Walls of circumvallation were built outward from the Epipolae plateau, and Lamachus was killed during a raid on a counter-wall. Superstition over a lunar eclipse caused the attackers to fail to retreat when they had the chance, after which the survivors were left to die in nearby quarries. The official pretext of this conflict was to attack Selinus in support of Segesta. Led by Nicias, it began with the defection of its instigator to Sparta and ended with a disastrous siege of Syracuse. For 10 points, name this phase of the Peloponnesian War supported by Alcibiades, an Athenian expedition to an Italian island.
Output: History
Among the speculation surrounding the protagonist of this novel were rumors that he was in fact Captain Kopeykin, and that he was trying to get with the governors daughter, the latter of which was affirmed by a notorious gambler and liar. The main character embarks on his quest after learning that the Trust Committee would mortgage serfs, and on his quest he relieves Maniloff of his tax burden and forges a will in the name of Klobueffs aunt, but forgot to cancel the previous ones. Centering around acts of fraud committed by Pavel Ivanovitch Tchitchikoff, FTP, identify this novel about transactions involving people six feet under by Nikolai Gogol.
Output: Literature
Derrida borrowed from this man, who said that his three "mistresses" were Marxism, psychoanalysis and geology. His The Way of the Masks analyzed American Indians, and he critiqued Elkin's findings in his Totemism Today. But it was his four volume work, influenced by Roman Jakobson, that sought to categorize folktales as a language for which he is best remembered. FTP, name this anthropologist and author of The Savage Mind,  Structural Anthropology, and the aforementioned Mythologiques.
Output: Social Science
In the first section of this work the narrator describes his obsession with bumping an officer who had once moved him out of the way in a tavern. Later the narrator describes the time he imposed himself on a going away party given by Trudoliubov, Ferfitchkin, and Simonov for Zvierkov in the second section, entitled "Apropos of the Falling Snow", which goes on to recount two encounters with a prostitute names Lisa. This follows an opening section in which the narrator attempts to explain his buffoonery and opposition to the rule that "twice two is four". FTP, what is this short work composed of the letters of a recluse, written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Output: Literature
This thinker responded to the idea that the title group must give up their identity for political freedom in On the Jewish Question. He wrote a thorough critique of Hegel's Elements of the Philosophy of Right. This man worked on a treatise that criticized the title system for exploitation of the labor market. Another work cowritten by this thinker described the ideal triumph of the (*) proletariat over the bourgeoisie. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who with Friedrich Engels wrote Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto.
Output: Social Science
In one work by this author, an older couple named Anne and Bernard drag the middle aged writer Daniel and his attractive younger girlfriend into their domestic struggle. In another work, set during a dream, a train journey forces a nameless traveler to face the evils of the world as represented by the archetypal Tramp, Thug, and Master. Both of those plays, Weekend Quartet and Nocturnal Wanderer, illustrate what this author refers to as "theatricality," a reaction against the "revolutionary realism" that dominated his homeland's literary scene at the time. This author of such short stories as "The Temple" and "Buying a Fishing Rod for My Father," also wrote a work based on the life of Huineng entitled Snow in August. Still another work follows a narrator who seems to change identities as he/she journeys from Sichuan Province to the fabled Lingshan. For 10 points, identify this author of Soul Mountain.
Output: Literature