Next, we analyzed all tweets labeled as offensive to better understand how Arabic speakers use offensive language. Here is a breakdown of usage:

Direct name calling: The most frequent attack is to call a person an animal name, and the most used animals were كلب> (“klb” - “dog”), حمار> (“HmAr” - “donkey”), and بهيم> (“bhym” - “beast”). The second most common was insulting mental abilities using words such as غبي> (“gby” - “stupid”) and عبيط> (“EbyT” -“idiot”). Some culture-specific differences should be considered. Not all animal names are used as insults. For example, animals such as أسد> (“Asd” - “lion”), صقر> (“Sqr” - “falcon”), and غزال> (“gzAl” - “gazelle”) are typically used for praise. For other insults, people use: some bird names such as دجاجة> (“djAjp” - “chicken”), بومة> (“bwmp” - “owl”), and غراب> (“grAb” - “crow”); insects such as ذبابة> (“*bAbp” - “fly”), صرصور> (“SrSwr” - “cockroach”), and حشرة> (“H$rp” - “insect”); microorganisms such as جرثومة> (“jrvwmp” - “microbe”) and طحالب> (“THAlb” - “algae”); inanimate objects such as جزمة> (“jzmp” - “shoes”) and سطل> (“sTl” - “bucket”) among other usages.

Simile and metaphor: Users use simile and metaphor were they would compare a person to: an animal as in زي الثور> (“zy Alvwr” - “like a bull”), سمعني نهيقك> (“smEny nhyqk” - “let me hear your braying”), and هز ديلك> (“hz dylk” - “wag your tail”); a person with mental or physical disability such as منغولي> (“mngwly” - “Mongolian (down-syndrome)”), معوق> (“mEwq” - “disabled”), and قزم> (“qzm” - “dwarf”); and to the opposite gender such as جيش نوال> (“jy$ nwAl” - “Nawal's army (Nawal is female name)”) and نادي زيزي> (“nAdy zyzy” - “Zizi's club (Zizi is a female pet name)”).

Indirect speech: This type of offensive language includes: sarcasm such as أذكى إخواتك> (“A*kY AxwAtk” - “smartest one of your siblings”) and فيلسوف الحمير> (“fylswf AlHmyr” - “the donkeys' philosopher”); questions such as ايه كل الغباء ده> (“Ayh kl AlgbA dh” - “what is all this stupidity”); and indirect speech such as النقاش مع البهايم غير مثمر> (“AlnqA$ mE AlbhAym gyr mvmr” - “no use talking to cattle”).

Wishing Evil: This entails wishing death or major harm to befall someone such as ربنا ياخدك> (“rbnA yAxdk” - “May God take (kill) you”), الله يلعنك> (“Allh ylEnk” - “may Allah/God curse you”), and روح في داهية> (“rwH fy dAhyp” - equivalent to “go to hell”).

Name alteration: One common way to insult others is to change a letter or two in their names to produce new offensive words that rhyme with the original names. Some examples of such include changing الجزيرة> (“Aljzyrp” - “Aljazeera (channel)”) to الخنزيرة> (“Alxnzyrp” - “the pig”) and خلفان> (“xlfAn” - “Khalfan (person name)”) to خرفان> (“xrfAn” - “crazed”).

Societal stratification: Some insults are associated with: certain jobs such as بواب> (“bwAb” - “doorman”) or خادم> (“xAdm” - “servant”); and specific societal components such بدوي> (“bdwy” - “bedouin”) and فلاح> (“flAH” - “farmer”).

Immoral behavior: These insults are associated with negative moral traits or behaviors such as حقير> (“Hqyr” - “vile”), خاين> (“xAyn” - “traitor”), and منافق> (“mnAfq” - “hypocrite”).

Sexually related: They include expressions such as خول> (“xwl” - “gay”), وسخة> (“wsxp” - “prostitute”), and عرص> (“ErS” - “pimp”). 
 Question: What are the distinctive characteristics of how Arabic speakers use offensive language?
Output: Abstractive