niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the population of the city the yeshiva fled from? Passage:When the Bolsheviks revolted, the yeshiva was forced to flee from Lithuania to Kletsk, Poland. During his three years in Kletsk, Yechiel Michel attended the famed Talmudic lectures of Rabbi Meltzer and his son-in-law, Rabbi Aharon Kotler. Then he transferred to the Mir yeshiva, where he became a leading student of Rabbi Yeruchom Lebovitz and learned together with Rabbi Yechiel Michel Schlesinger, future rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Kol Torah in Jerusalem, and Rabbi Yonah Karpilow of Minsk, who was killed in the Holocaust and whose Yonas Eilem was published posthumously. At this time, Rabbi Chaim Shmuelevitz and Rabbi Aryeh Leib Malin also studied in the Mir yeshiva. Despite being surrounding by such luminaries in Torah, R' Yechiel Michel was nonetheless thought of as "the genius of the yeshiva".

Output: a
Question: What was the population of Paris the year Zambezi Sun debuted at Longchamp Racecourse? Passage:Trained by Pascal Bary, Zambezi Sun made his debut at the beginning of April 2007 at Longchamp Racecourse in Paris, winning the Prix Juigne, an event for unraced three-year-old colts and geldings. In his next start on April 29, he won the Prix de Nanterre at the Longchamp course and then on June 3 at Chantilly Racecourse he ran fourth to winner Lawman in the Group 1 Prix du Jockey Club. Back at Longchamp Racecourse, Zambezi Sun rebounded to win the prestigious G-1 Grand Prix de Paris. He did not race again until mid September when he ran third to Soldier of Fortune in the Prix Niel. In October he finished eighth in France's most prestigious race, the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. In contention during the final stretch run, eventual winner Dylan Thomas cut sharply in front of Zambezi Sun, but a claim of interference was rejected by the racing stewards.

Output: a
Question: Of the states near the border where Hurricane Bob degenerated, which is older? Passage:While moving across Florida, Bob turned to the northeast, then to the north. It subsequently left the peninsula, entering the Atlantic Ocean near Vero Beach early on July 24. As it moved over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, it quickly organized and intensified into a Category 1 hurricane while east of Jacksonville, Florida. Because it was embedded within the western extension of the subtropical ridge, Bob retained higher-than-average atmospheric pressures throughout its lifespan. The hurricane continued north, and made landfall near Beaufort, South Carolina early on July 25 while maintaining winds of . Bob quickly weakened over land, decaying into a tropical storm three hours after landfall. About 12 hours later, it degenerated into a tropical depression near the North Carolina – Virginia border. Bob's remnants turned north-northeast, and were absorbed by a frontal trough over eastern West Virginia on July 26. An associated area of disturbed weather remained separate from the trough, and continued northeast through the Mid-Atlantic and New England.

Output: b
Question: What is the name of the championship trophy for the league that the Atlanta Falcons play in? Passage:The off-season brought a few changes to the coaching staff, as Notre Dame lost three assistant coaches to other opportunities: Kerry Cooks left the coaching staff to take the same position at the University of Oklahoma. Matt LaFleur departed to take the same position for the Atlanta Falcons of the NFL, and Tony Alford left the university to take the same position at Ohio State University. Also, Outside Linebackers coach Bob Elliott moved into an off-the-field coaching role within the program. To replace their losses, Notre Dame welcomed the addition of four new assistant coaches. Mike Sanford Jr. former Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks coach at Boise State accepted the same position on the coaching staff. Todd Lyght, a former All-American at Notre Dame and Cornerbacks coach at Vanderbilt, accepted the same position on the coaching staff. Keith Gilmore, previously the Defensive line coach at North Carolina, accepted the same position on the coaching staff. Autry Denson, Notre Dame's all-time leading rusher and Running Backs coach at the University of South Florida, accepted the same position on the coaching staff.

Output: b
Question: Who is the president of the college that Kreider gave the Staley Lectures at in 1987 and 2001? Passage:Kreider (sometimes with his wife, Eleanor) has given the Staley Lectures at Goshen College (1987 and 2001), the Laing Lecture at London Bible College (1994), the Tyndale Christian Doctrine Lecture at the Tyndale Fellowship, Cambridge (1996), the Schrag Lectures and Sider Peace Lectures at Messiah College, Pennsylvania (2001, 2007), the Menno Simons Lectures at Bethel College, Kansas (2001), the Believers Church Lectures at Fresno Pacific University, California, (2002), the Athol Gill Memorial Lecture at Whitley College, Melbourne, Australia (2005), the Annual Lecture at the Macquarie Christian Studies Institute, Sydney (2005), and the Augsburger Mission Lectures at Eastern Mennonite University (2012). He has spoken at the Wheaton College (Illinois) Theology Conference (2007), the Calvin Theological Seminary Symposium on Worship (2011), Tyndale University College and Seminary and Wycliffe College, Toronto (2011). He has been Senior Mission Scholar in Residence at the Overseas Ministries Study Center, New Haven, Connecticut (2005).

Output: a
Question: Was the publisher of the magazine Ottwalt wrote for a Russian? Passage:In 1933, Ottwalt and his wife, Waltraut, left Germany and went into exile in Denmark, then, by way of Czechoslovakia, ended up in the Soviet Union. Living in Moscow, Ottwalt wrote for the German exile magazine Internationale Literatur (published by Johannes R. Becher) and was an editor at Vegaar Bibliothek. He also wrote for the Deutsche Zentral Zeitung. In 1936, he and his wife were ensnared in the Stalinist purges and arrested by the Soviet secret police, the NKVD. He was charged with suspicion of espionage, sentenced to forced labor and deported to a gulag near Archangelsk. His wife was sentenced to forced labor in Kotlas. She was deported back to Germany in January 1941 and didn't learn about his death until January 1958, when the Soviet Red Cross informed her that her husband had died on 24 August 1943.

Output: b
Question: How old was the winner of the 18th season of Celebrity Big Brother when they won? Passage:The third series of the show began on 11 August 2015. The official list of cast members was released on 14 July 2015. This series was filmed in Cancun, Mexico, making this the first series to be filmed outside of Europe. They include four boys: Graham Griffiths, Jayden Robins, Kirk Norcross and Stephen Bear, and four girls: Amy Paige Cooke, Laura Alicia Summers, Megan McKenna and Megan Rees. With the announcement of the line-up it was confirmed that former Geordie Shore cast member and star of the first series, Vicky Pattison, would be making her return as an ex alongside Series 2 star Rogan O'Connor. The Only Way Is Essex cast member Kirk Norcross was also confirmed to be taking part in the series, with his ex-fiancée and Celebrity Big Brother star Cami-Li featuring as his ex. Star of Magaluf Weekender Jordan Davies was also revealed to be taking part in the series, also featuring as an ex. Megan McKenna and Jordan later returned for the fourth series. On 5 January 2016, cast member Megan McKenna entered the Celebrity Big Brother house to compete in the seveneeth series, and on 28 July 2016, Stephen Bear entered the house to compete in the eighteenth series where he left as the winner. Jordan Davies made another return to the show, this time during the fifth series with Jemma and Bear, and Holly also returning as an ex again. In August 2017, both Jemma Lucy and Jordan Davies took part in the twentieth series of Celebrity Big Brother.

Output: b
Question: Have any of the original members of Rage Against the Machine ever divorced? Passage:Audioslave's history dates back to October 18, 2000, when Rage Against the Machine's lead vocalist Zack de la Rocha announced he was leaving the band, citing a breakdown in its "decision-making process". This led to the breakup of Rage Against the Machine, but the remaining three members of the band—Tim Commerford, Tom Morello, and Brad Wilk—decided to stay together and announced plans to continue with a new vocalist. Several vocalists jammed with the three, including B-Real of Cypress Hill, but they did not want another rapper or anybody who sounded like de la Rocha. Contrary to popular belief, Layne Staley of Alice in Chains neither auditioned nor was asked to join the new project. Tom Morello denied this claim on his Twitter account in 2015. Music producer and friend Rick Rubin suggested that they play with Chris Cornell of Soundgarden. Rubin also persuaded the three of them to go into group therapy with performance coach Phil Towle after the breakup. Rubin was confident that with the right new voice, Rage Against the Machine had the potential to become a better band; he believed "it could turn into a Yardbirds-into-Led Zeppelin scenario." Commerford later credited Rubin for being the catalyst that brought Audioslave together. He called him "the angel at the crossroads" because "if it wasn't for him, I wouldn't be here today."

Output: b
Question: In what country was the location of the battle in which the Order was defeated on their return from Kernave? Passage:Traidenis, known for his devotion to paganism and anti-German attitude, was also successful in fighting with the Livonian Order. In 1270 he won the Battle of Karuse, fought on ice near Saaremaa, and killed Otto von Lutterberg, master of the Order. A new master, Andreas von Westfalen, sought a quick revenge, but was also killed by Traidenis. However, by 1272 the Order retaliated, attacking Semigalia and building Dinaburg Castle in 1273 on lands nominally controlled by Traidenis. Despite four siege engines used to throw stones, he was unable to capture the new fortress and had to retreat in 1278. In 1279 the order attacked Lithuanian lands, reaching as far as Kernavė, but on their way back they suffered a great defeat in the Battle of Aizkraukle. The Order's master, Ernst von Rassburg, became the third master to be killed by Traidenis. The defeat encouraged conquered Semigallians to rebel. The Semigalians, led by Nameisis, were now willing to acknowledge Lithuania's superiority and asked Traidenis for assistance. In 1281, Traidenis conquered Jersika Castle in the present-day Preiļi District, and was able to exchange it for Dinaburg Castle. However, Traidenis died soon afterwards, and assistance to Semigalians, exhausted by constant warfare, diminished. Traidenis is the first known Lithuanian duke to have died a natural death. All others before him were assassinated or killed in battle.

Output: b
Question: How many viewers watched Cranford the year that Sawalha played a role in that show? Passage:In 2006, she participated in the third series of the genealogy documentary series Who Do You Think You Are? tracing her family's roots, which are Jordanian Bedouin on her father's side, and French Huguenot on her mother's. She also appeared in the pilot of BBC 1's A Taste of my Life presented by Nigel Slater. After a two-year break, she was back on screen in May 2007, competing in the BBC dog training celebrity reality show The Underdog Show. She then returned to acting in two successive BBC costume dramas: as Jessie Brown in 2007 series Cranford, followed by Lark Rise to Candleford in 2008. She provided the voice acting for Sister Hannah (a.k.a. "Hammer"), a main character in the 2008 Xbox 360 video game Fable II. In autumn 2014, Julia played the part of Jan Ward in BBC One's thriller miniseries Remember Me, featuring Michael Palin. On 9 May 2015 she read the account of a member of the Women's Land Army at in Horse Guards Parade, London, that was broadcast live on BBC1.

Output: a
Question: What was the population of Llantrisant the year that the Original London mint was established? Passage:The Royal Mint is a government-owned mint that produces coins for the United Kingdom. Operating under the name Royal Mint Ltd, the mint is a limited company that is wholly owned by Her Majesty's Treasury and is under an exclusive contract to supply all the nation's coinage. As well as minting circulating coins for use domestically and internationally, the mint also produces planchets, commemorative coins, various types of medals and precious metal bullion. The mint exports to an average of 60 countries a year, making up 70% of its total sales. Formed over 1,100 years ago, the mint was historically part of a series of mints that became centralised to produce coins for the Kingdom of England, all of Great Britain and eventually most of the British Empire. The original London mint from which the Royal Mint is the successor was established in 886 AD and operated within the Tower of London for approximately 800 years before moving to what is now called Royal Mint Court where it remained until the 1960s. As Britain followed the rest of the world in decimalising its currency, the Mint moved from London to a new plant in Llantrisant, Wales where it has remained since.

Output: a
Question: Which team did the New Orleans Saints beat in the 2006 NFC playoffs? Passage:The Buccaneers played their home opener against the 2006 NFC South champion New Orleans Saints. After scoring only 6 points the week before, the Buccaneers dominated the Saints, on offense and defense, at one point taking a 28–0 lead. Early in the first quarter, Barrett Ruud recovered a Deuce McAllister fumble, which set up a Tampa Bay scoring drive. Carnell Williams, who was back in the lineup after injuring his ribs the week before, capped off the drive with a one-yard touchdown run. Early in the second quarter, Joey Galloway scored on a 69-yard catch and run from quarterback Jeff Garcia. Inside the two-minute warning, Garcia and Galloway scored again, this time with a 24-yard touchdown, to take a 21–0 halftime lead. Halfway through the third quarter, Cato June intercepted a pass from Drew Brees. Two plays later, Garcia and Galloway connected for yet another big play, a 41-yard completion to the New Orleans 9-yard line. Williams capped off the drive with his second 1-yard touchdown. New Orleans' first score came with a 1-yard touchdown run by Mike Karney, aided by a 58-yard catch by Phillip Buchanon moments earlier. The Buccaneers improved to 1–1, into a tie for the NFC South lead. New Orleans fell to 0–2.

Output: b
Question: Between Young's 1969 album and his 1970 album, which sold more copies? Passage:Members of this band had already released an album in 1968 as The Rockets, and had appeared on record twice with Neil Young as Crazy Horse. The core trio from the Rockets, Danny Whitten, Billy Talbot, and Ralph Molina, provided instrumental backing for Young's 1969 album Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, and performed on some songs from Young's 1970 album After the Gold Rush. Producer/keyboardist Jack Nitzsche, who had been a member of Phil Spector's Wrecking Crew and played on records by The Rolling Stones, had worked with Young on his debut album and on tracks for Buffalo Springfield. He was drafted into Crazy Horse to back up Young on their short tour in early 1970. During sessions for Gold Rush, they met teenage guitar prodigy Nils Lofgren, who joined the band in time for this album, picking up a contract with Reprise Records after the exposure garnered from their association with Young.

Output: a
Question: Do more than 10 college teams compete in the conference that Northern Illinois is a member of? Passage:The 2014 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They were led by second-year head coach Rod Carey. They played their home games at Huskie Stadium. The Huskies' regular season loss to Central Michigan snapped a 26-game home winning streak dating back to the 2009 season. They finished the season 11–3, 7–1 in MAC play to win a share of the MAC West Division Title with Toledo. Due to their head-to-head win over Toledo, the Huskies represented the West Division in the MAC Championship Game where they defeated Bowling Green to be crowned MAC Champions. They were invited to the Boca Raton Bowl where they lost to Conference USA Champion Marshall.

Output: b
Question: What was the original purpose of the channel that aired "Runnin' Rebels of UNLV"? Passage:Born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada, Anthony aspired to enter politics. He wanted to become Nevada's first black Senator. A graduate of Rancho High School in North Las Vegas, Nevada, Anthony played his freshman year of college basketball for the University of Portland where he was the WCC Freshman of the Year before transferring to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. In his junior season with UNLV, the Runnin' Rebels won the 1990 NCAA Championship game over Duke with Anthony starting at point guard, as UNLV blew out the Blue Devils and Christian Laettner by 30 points. He played almost the entire season with a broken jaw. He was a three-time All Big West performer and 3rd Team All America his senior season. This talented team was coached by Jerry Tarkanian and also included future NBA players Stacey Augmon and Larry Johnson. In March 2011, HBO premiered a documentary entitled Runnin' Rebels of UNLV.

Output: b
Question: Which team won the tournament that Harvard was eliminated from by UNC in 2015? Passage:Harvard Crimson men's basketball program represents intercollegiate men's basketball at Harvard University. The team currently competes in the Ivy League in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and plays home games at the Lavietes Pavilion in Boston, Massachusetts. The team appeared in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in 2014, where Harvard upset 5-seed Cincinnati 61–57 before being eliminated in the round of 32 by 4-seed Michigan State by a score of 80–73. In 2015, Harvard tied with Yale for the Ivy title with an 11–3 league record. Despite having lost to Yale 62–52 at Lavietes Pavilion on March 6, 2015, just eight days later Harvard won a playoff between the two at the Palestra in Philadelphia to determine the Ivy League's NCAA automatic bid by a score of 53–51. Harvard thereby achieved its fourth straight NCAA Tournament appearance while preventing Yale from reaching the NCAA Tournament for the first time in 53 years. Harvard was eliminated from the 2015 NCAA Tournament by UNC by a score of 67–65 after leading with under one minute to play in the game. 

Output: b
Question: When was the theatre that D C Jackson's first play premiered at built? Passage:Danielle Craig Jackson is a Scottish playwright, born in 1980. His first full-length play The Wall premiered at the Tron Theatre in Glasgow in 2008. It was produced by Borderline Theatre Company and was nominated for several awards including the Best New Play at the Critics' Awards for Theatre in Scotland and the Saltire Society Scottish First Book of the year. The sequel The Ducky was also produced by Borderline Theatre Company and toured in 2009. In 2010 he finished his Stewarton Trilogy with The Cooking lamb Brae. His play My Romantic History' (which starred Iain Robertson) won a Scotsman Fringe First at the 2010 Edinburgh Festival and sold out its run at the Bush Theatre London. He also took part in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty Six Books where he contributed a piece based upon a book of the King James Bible. In 2012 Jackson's play The Marriage of Figaro, an adaptation of the stage comedy by Beaumarchais and later opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was premiered at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh. In 2013 Jackson's play Threeway premiered at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Edinburgh. In 2014, another of Jackson's work Kill Johnny Glendenning received its premiere at the Lyceum before transferring to Glasgow's Citizens Theatre.

Output: b
Question: Who is the president of the Southern Association? Passage:Born in Staten Island, New York, Majeski began his professional baseball career as a second baseman in at the age of 18 with the Eau Claire Bears of the Northern League. In his second season at Eau Claire, he posted a .365 batting average to finish as runnerup in the Northern League batting championship. His performance brought him to the attention of the Chicago Cubs who signed him to a contract and sent him to play for their Minor League affiliate, the Moline Plowboys of the Three-I League. Majeski continued to perform well, winning the Three-I League batting championship with a .345 batting average. He was traded to the Birmingham Barons of the Southern Association in where he hit for a .325 average.

Output: a
Question: What other players were on the same team as Gallagher in 1982? Passage:In August 1982 he joined Bruce Rioch's Torquay United on non-contract terms following his return to the UK. He was rewarded with a one-year contract, scoring nine times in 42 league games as well as the winning goal in the FA Cup tie at home to Oxford United that saw the Gulls through to the Fourth Round for only the fourth time in their history. Despite a successful season, he left at the end of it, returning to Wisbech Town debuting in the 1–0 Eastern Counties League victory at Tiptree United on 20 August 1983. He moved on to join Irish side Drogheda United, helping them defeat Athlone Town 3–1 at Tolka Park on 5 January 1984 to lift the League of Ireland Cup. Gallagher returned to Wisbech Town for the 1984–85 season before rejoining another of his former clubs, Peterborough United, in August 1985. His second spell proved his strongest in league football, as he netted 24 goals in 82 league games, earning a move to Wolverhampton Wanderers in June 1987. He found opportunities limited at Molineux due to the prolific partnership of Steve Bull and Andy Mutch, but did play at Wembley in their victory in the Sherpa Van Trophy in May 1988. He was loaned to both Wisbech Town and Kettering Town during the following season before being released in September 1989, and joining Conference side Boston United.

Output: a
Question: Of the two indicator species of trees for the lower montane forest, which grows taller? Passage:Beginning near the elevation, the hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters of the Mediterranean climate give rise to the lower montane forest zone. This zone is also known as the yellow pine forest zone. The accumulation of several feet of snow during the winter is not uncommon and can stay on the ground for several months. The diversity of tree species found in this zone make this a beautiful and interesting forest to explore. The indicator species for the lower montane forest are the ponderosa pine and the Jeffrey pine: the ponderosa pine generally occurs on the west side of the Sierra, while the Jeffrey pine occurs on the east. The lower montane forests also include trees such as California black oak, sugar pine, incense-cedar, and white fir. Animals that may be found in this zone include the dark-eyed junco, mountain chickadee, western gray squirrel, mule deer, and American black bear. The endangered Yosemite toad is found in montane forests of the central Sierra Nevada, at elevations of .

Output: a
Question: Which dam was built last? Passage:Dhanbad district forms a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, but it is more of an upland than a plateau. The district has two broad physical divisions – the southern part is a coal mining area with mining and industrial towns, and the northern part has villages scattered around hills. The landscape of the southern part is undulating and monotonous, with some scars of subsidence caused by underground mining. One of the many spurs of Parashnath Hills (1,365.50 m), in neighbouring Giridih district, passes through the Topchanchi and Tundi areas of the district. The spur attains a height of 457.29 m but there is no peak as such. The Dhangi Hills (highest peak 385.57 m) run from Pradhan Khunta to Gobindpur. While the main river Damodar flows along the southern boundary, its tributary, the Barakar, flows along the northern boundary. DVC has built two dams across the rivers. The Panchet Dam is across the Damodar and the Maithon Dam is across the Barakar.

Output: b
Question: For many years did the revolution last that was followed by the the Mongols declaring independence? Passage:The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia was the government of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia) between 1911 and 1919 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongolian nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence from the Manchu-led Qing China. On November 30, 1911 the Mongols established the Temporary Government of Khalkha. On December 29, 1911 the Mongols declared their independence from the collapsing Qing Empire following the Xinhai Revolution. They installed as theocratic sovereign the 8th Bogd Gegeen, highest authority of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, who took the title Bogd Khaan or "Holy Ruler". The Bogd Khaan was last khagan of Mongolia. This ushered in the period of "Theocratic Mongolia", also known as the Bogd Khanate.

Output: b
Question: When was the city Eve was a native of founded? Passage:A native of New York City, Aschheim lived in California and Singapore as a girl. She studied art at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received her BA in 1984; in 1987 she received her MFA at the University of California, Davis. In 2003 she became director of the Visual Arts Program at Princeton University, where she began teaching in 1991. During her career she has received fellowships from the New York Foundation for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Elizabeth Foundation, and the Pollock-Krasner Foundation, and she has been awarded the Purchase Award and the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Award, both from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. She received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2012. In 2017 she was elected an Academician of the National Academy of Design. Aschheim's paintings and drawings are abstract and heavily geometric. Three of her works, including one formerly owned by the Corcoran Gallery of Art, are in the collection of the National Gallery of Art, while six are owned by the Museum of Modern Art. Her work is also in the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami.

Output: b
Question: What is the birthplace of the person who Hague succeeded in 1905? Passage:Hague first played senior hockey in the Ottawa City Hockey League for the Ottawa Emmetts. He joined the Ottawa Hockey Club during the Silver Seven era, in 1905, succeeding Dave Finnie. In 1906 he was replaced by Percy LeSueur and he joined the Ottawa Victorias for the 1906–07 season. He played for the Victorias in a Cup challenge against Montreal Wanderers in 1908 losing a two-game series. He later played for Galt, Ontario of the OPHL. With Galt he played in a Stanley Cup challenge against Ottawa losing 7–4 in 1911. He joined the Moncton Victorias with several other Galt players, winning the Maritime championship and played in another Stanley Cup challenge in 1912 against the Quebec Bulldogs, losing a two-game series. He later played for Halifax Socials and Montreal Wanderers of the NHA. He retired after the 1916–17 season.

Output: a
Question: How old was Page when he signed a new two-year contract? Passage:Five youth team players were given professional contracts for the 2015–16 season: defender Lewis Bergin, midfielders Chekaine Steele, Billy Reeves and Omar Haughton, and striker Jonathon Kapend. Manager Rob Page signed a new two-year contract in May 2015. However he needed to avoid a poor start to the season as chairman Norman Smurthwaite warned he was prepared to make "ruthless decisions" if the club were struggling by September. The first signings of the season were powerful former loanee defender Remie Streete from Newcastle United, and former Norwich City youth player Sam Kelly. Midfielder Sam Foley also joined the "Valiants" on a two-year contract, choosing to leave relegated Yeovil Town just after picking up Yeovil's Player of the Year award. Page further strengthened the defence and midfield by signing Walsall right-back Ben Purkiss and Crewe Alexandra defensive midfielder Anthony Grant. Page needed to find a cost effective forward with the club both short on strikers following the departure of Tom Pope and Ben Williamson and with little funds available due to a large cut to the wage bill, and so brought in young Watford striker Uche Ikpeazu on loan, having been impressed by Ikpeazu's performances for Crewe last season. Another former Crewe favourite, A-Jay Leitch-Smith, was also signed after impressing Page during pre-season. The eighth and final summer signing was Ryan Inniss, who was confirmed as joining on a season long loan from Crystal Palace after being linked with a return to Vale Park for many weeks. On 6 August, Vale signed goalkeeper Jak Alnwick on a short-term deal; he was signed to compete with Sam Johnson for a first team place as Chris Neal was out injured at the start of the season.

Output: b
Question: How old was Raul Boesel the year that Team Green became known as the Brahma Sports Team? Passage:In 1994, Green joined his brother Barry's Team Green as team manager, and competed in the 1994 CART IndyCar World Series with driver Jacques Villeneuve, eventually winning both the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the CART PPG IndyCar World Series Cup that same year. In 1996 Team Green became known as the Brahma Sports Team for a season, with driver Raul Boesel. In 1997 KOOL cigarettes took over as a major sponsor with Parker Johnstone, and the team was renamed Team KOOL Green, before expanding to a two-car effort in 1998 with Paul Tracy and rising youngster Dario Franchitti. In 2001, Michael Andretti joined the team in a separate effort headed by Kim Green, known as Team Motorola. In July 2002, Andretti purchased a controlling stake in the team which became Andretti Green Racing. Shortly thereafter the team moved to the IRL IndyCar Series where it won league championships in 2004, 2005 and 2007 and the Indianapolis 500 in 2005 and 2007. Green and fellow co-owner Kevin Savoree left AGR in September 2009 to run Green Savoree Racing Promotions, an auto race promotion company. Currently, GSRP promote Indycar Series races in St. Petersburg, Florida and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. On March 2, 2011 Green Savoree purchased the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course and will promote races at that site as well.

Output: b
Question: How many years passed between the end of Roosevelt's Presidency and the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty? Passage:The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike in the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marks the only time in Japan's history that it has been occupied by a foreign power. At MacArthur's insistence, Emperor Hirohito remained on the imperial throne. The wartime cabinet was replaced with a cabinet acceptable to the Allies and committed to implementing the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, which among other things called for the country to become a parliamentary democracy. Under MacArthur's guidance, the Japanese government introduced sweeping social reforms and implemented economic reforms that recalled American "New Deal" priorities of the 1930s under President Roosevelt. The Japanese constitution was comprehensively overhauled and the Emperor's theoretically-vast powers, which for many centuries had been constrained by conventions that had evolved over time, became strictly limited by law. The occupation, codenamed Operation Blacklist, was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, and effective from April 28, 1952, after which Japan's sovereigntywith the exception, until 1972, of the Ryukyu Islands was fully restored.

Output: b
Question: What is the weight of the diamond? Passage:The Jacob Diamond, also known as the Imperial or Victoria Diamond, is a colorless Golconda Diamond ranked as the fifth-biggest polished diamond in the world. The last Nizam of the Hyderabad State, Mir Osman Ali Khan, found the diamond in the toe of the shoe of his father (Mahboob Ali Khan) at Chowmahalla Palace and used it as a paper weight for a long time. It was bought by the Government of India for an estimated $13 million in 1995. It is cut in a rectangular cushion-cut, with 58 facets, and measures 39.5 mm long, 29.25 mm wide and 22.5 mm deep. The diamond weighs 184.75 carats (36.90 g). Currently, it is kept at the Reserve Bank of India vaults in Mumbai. As part of the Nizam's jewellery exhibition in 2001 and 2007, the Jacob diamond was a major attraction at Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad.

Output: a
Question: What are the features of the lot PA 528 passes on the east after the I-79 interchange? Passage:PA 528 begins at an intersection with US 19 in Jackson Township, heading northeast on two-lane undivided Lindsay Road. A short distance past US 19, the route comes to a partial interchange with Interstate 79 (I-79), with access to the southbound direction, and from the northbound direction of I-79. After this interchange, the road passes east of a park and ride lot and heads northeast through wooded areas with some rural homes. PA 528 comes to an intersection with PA 68, at which point the route turns southeast to form a concurrency with PA 68 on Evans City Road. The road passes through woods before heading into the borough of Evans City, where it becomes West Main Street and runs past homes and businesses. The two routes curve to the east and cross the P&W Subdivision railroad line, which is owned by CSX and operated by the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad, and the Breakneck Creek into the commercial downtown of Evans City, becoming East Main Street. PA 528 splits from PA 68 by turning north onto Franklin Street and passing residences before heading into woods. The route leaves Evans City for Jackson Township again and becomes Prospect Road. The road curves northeast and enters Forward Township, coming into a mix of farmland and woodland with a few rural homes. PA 528 continues north and crosses over a Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad line before reaching the community of Wahlville. 

Output: a
Question: In what state is the Observatory where the photographic plates of  Zeta Aurigae that led to a classification of spectroscopic binary taken? Passage:Zeta Aurigae was first recognized as a spectroscopic binary by William Hammond Wright while analyzing photographic plates taken at Lick Observatory between 1898 and 1908. This star is among those earlier described by Antonia Maury as having a composite spectrum. The first orbit was determined in 1924 by William Edmund Harper using measurements taken at Dominion Observatory, his orbital elements are very similar to the most recent determinations. Harper also noticed that the composite nature of the spectrum had disappeared on the one plate when the K type primary was nearest the sun indicating a possible eclipse. In 1932 the eclipsing binary nature of the system was confirmed by Paul Guthnick, Heribert Schneller and independently Josef Hopmann.

Output: b
Question: At what age did Bonham earn his master's? Passage:Thomas Bonham had been admitted to St John's College, Cambridge, in 1581. Earning a bachelor's degree in 1584, he completed a master's by 1588 and studied for a medical doctorate at Cambridge, which was later granted by the University of Oxford. By 1602, he had completed his studies and moved to London, where he practised medicine and associated himself with the Barber-Surgeons' Company, campaigning for it to be allowed to authorise medical practitioners in a similar way to the College of Physicians. Apparently giving up after a failed petition to Parliament in 1605, Bonham petitioned to join the college on 6 December 1605 but was rejected and told to return after further study. Returning on 14 April 1606, he was again told he could not join and was fined £5 () and threatened with imprisonment for continuing to practise. Bonham still kept working as a doctor; on 3 October it was announced he was to be arrested and fined £10. Bonham again appeared before the college, now with a lawyer, on 7 November. He announced that he would continue to practise without seeking the college's permission, which he claimed had no power over graduates of Oxford or Cambridge. He was then imprisoned (some say at Fleet Prison, and some say at Newgate Prison) for contempt, but his lawyer had a writ of habeas corpus, issued by the Court of Common Pleas, which freed him on 13 November.

Output: b
Question: When was the school where Yelick received her SB, SM, and PhD in computer science founded? Passage:Katherine Yelick received her SB, SM, and PhD in computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley in 1991. She joined the research staff at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1996 as a joint-appointment faculty research scientist, and has been the Associate Laboratory Director for Computing Sciences since 2010. She is known for her work in partitioned global address space programming languages, including co-inventing the Unified Parallel C (UPC) and Titanium languages. She also led the Sparsity project, the first automatically tuned library for sparse matrix kernels, and she co-led the development of the Optimized Sparse Kernel Interface (OSKI). From 2008 to 2012 she was the director of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center. From 2009 to 2015 she was a member of the California Council on Science and Technology.

Output: b
Question: How old was Stalin the year that the Meskhetian Turks were forced out of Meskheti? Passage:The Meskhetian Turks first arrived in Azerbaijan at the end of the nineteenth century, and more followed in 1918-1920. However, migration to Azerbaijan increased dramatically after World War II when the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey. Vyacheslav Molotov, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, demanded to the surrender of three Anatolian provinces (Kars, Ardahan and Artvin); thus, war against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Turkish population situated in Meskheti, located near the Turkish-Georgian border which were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions. Thus, in 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were forcefully deported from the Meskheti region in Georgia and accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border. Nationalistic policies at the time encouraged the slogan: "Georgia for Georgians" and that the Meskhetian Turks should be sent to Turkey "where they belong". Joseph Stalin deported the Meskhetian Turks to Central Asia (especially to Uzbekistan), thousands dying en route in cattle-trucks, and were not permitted by the Georgian government of Zviad Gamsakhurdia to return to their homeland.

Output: a
Question: What age was Thomas Holmes when he died? Passage:The Billy Bishop Regional Airport in the nearby Municipality of Meaford was named after him. His modest gravesite can be visited in the city's Greenwood Cemetery by those willing to take the time to locate the stone. His boyhood home is now a museum dedicated to his life and to Canada's aviation history. The town was also the home of National Hockey League (NHL) Hall of Fame goaltender Harry Lumley and the artist Tom Thomson (buried in the nearby village of Leith). Surgeon Norman Bethune, an avowed communist and pioneer of public medicine who gained notoriety in his innovative medical work with the Chinese army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, is an alumnus of the Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute. Legendary hockey broadcaster Bill Hewitt was once sports director of the local AM radio station, CFOS. Thomas William Holmes, another Victoria Cross winner, was also from Owen Sound, and the city's armoury bears his name.

Output: b
Question: Did Sætren study at multiple institutions within the same country between 1862 and 1865? Passage:Sætren studied at Lillehammer Latin- og Realskole, at Qvams skole in Christiania and at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich from 1862 to 1865. In 1866 he started working as a draftsman for Kanalvæsenet, the body for exploitation of Norwegian water resources, and held various positions at Kanalvæsenet over a period of 41 years. He ended his career as manager for the Bandak-Norsjø Canal from 1891 to 1907. The boat locks of the Bandak-Norsjø Canal could lift boats with a length of up to 100 feet. The canal became an important water transport system, and also a tourist destination. Sætren was a counsellor for industrialist Sam Eyde, the founder and first mangager of Norsk Hydro, who acquired rights for exploiting waterfalls for hydroelectric power. Sætren published maps and overviews of water resources in Norway, such as his map  from 1904. He was the first editor of the magazine Norsk Teknisk Tidsskrift, which he edited from 1883 to 1886. He was also a proponent for the construction of the Holmenkoll Line, and chaired the board of directors for ten years from 1896. He was decorated Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1893.

Output: b
Question: Which of the periods in which Thalassocnus lived lasted longer? Passage:Thalassocnus were ground sloths that lived from the Late Miocene to the end of the Pliocene—Late Huayquerian to Early Uquian in the SALMA classification—and all five species were discovered in different horizons of the Pisco Formation in Peru. T antiquus was discovered in the Aguada de Lomas Horizon in 7 or 8 million year old strata; T. natans (the type species) from the Montemar Horizon lived around 6 million years ago (mya); T. littoralis from the Sud-Sacaco Horizon lived around 5 mya; T. carolomartini from the Sacaco Horizon lived between 3 and 4 mya; and T. yaucensis from the Yuaca Horizon lived 3 to 1.5 mya. Specimens were also found in the Bahía Inglesa Formation, the Coquimbo Formation, and the Horcón Formation in Chile. At total of three species has been identified with certainty in Chilean formations, T. carolomartini, T. natans, T. Antiquus while the presence of T. yaucensis is judged likely. 

Output: b
Question: Was Saul Friedman the biggest political opponent of Nixon's? Passage:Friedman graduated from the University of Houston with a degree in philosophy in 1956. During his career, he wrote for the Houston Chronicle, the Detroit Free Press, Newsday, and for Knight Ridder newspapers. He won a 1963 Nieman Fellowship. His work landed him on the master list of Nixon political opponents. He was one member of a team that covered the 1967 Detroit riot for the Detroit Free Press. Next year they shared the Pulitzer Prize in Local General or Spot News Reporting (a predecessor of the Breaking News Pulitzer), citing "both the brilliance of its detailed spot news staff work and its swift and accurate investigation into the underlying causes of the tragedy." Friedman also taught national and foreign affairs reporting at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism for a year. In 1985, Friedman and his family moved to Edgewater, Maryland, where Friedman worked as a White House correspondent. Friedman began working for Newsday, although he left to spend five months in South Africa teaching journalists. After his return, Friedman wrote a weekly column called "Gray Matters" that covered issues affecting older people. After working there for more than twenty years, he quit Newsday in October 2009 over its decision to charge for its web content. He began publishing his column in November 2009 in Time Goes By, a blog.

Output: a
Question: Of the cities where George was born and died, which one has a larger population? Passage:He was born at Freyers Creek in Victoria to miner John Reynoldson and Elizabeth Coates. He received a primary education before starting work at the Meehans Freehold mine at Guildford in 1872. He then worked on the construction of the Moama-Deniliquin and Sale-Melbourne railway lines and on his father's farm near Kyabram, establishing his own farm in partnership with his brother near Numurkah in 1878. He farmed wheat and also worked as an auctioneer, and served on Shepparton Shire Council (1883–85) and Numurkah Shire Council (1885–1900, president 1886–87). On 19 February 1898 he married Catherine Baikie, with whom he had four children. In 1904 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the independent member for Deniliquin; he held the seat for a single term before retiring in 1907. Reynoldson died in Melbourne in 1947.

Output: b
Question: Was his mother still alive when Benigno Simeon Aquino III took the oath? Passage:By tradition, it is also the chief justice who swears into office the President of the Philippines. One notable deviation from that tradition came in 1986, and later again in 2010. Due to the exceptional political circumstances culminating in the People Power Revolution, on February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino took her oath of office as President before then Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee in San Juan just minutes before Ferdinand Marcos took his own oath of office also as President before Chief Justice Ramon Aquino. Marcos fled into exile later that night. More than two decades afterwards, Benigno Simeon Aquino III followed in his mother's footsteps (with almost similar reasons) by having then Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales to administer his oath of office, rather than then Chief Justice Renato Corona (who was eventually impeached halfway through Aquino's term). Six years later, in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte took his oath of office before Associate Justice Bienvenido Reyes, his classmate at San Beda College of Law, instead of Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno (who would eventually be removed thru quo warranto after it was determined that she had been unlawfully holding office ab initio).

Output: b
Question: When was the team founded that Gianni De Biasi started his professional career playing for? Passage:De Biasi, a midfielder, started his professional playing career for Inter Milan; he was part of the first team squad but, despite this, never played for the nerazzurri and was then loaned to Serie C team Reggiana in 1975 and newly promoted Serie A club Pescara Calcio one year later. He was sold to Brescia in 1977 as partial compensation for the signing of Evaristo Beccalossi by Inter. De Biasi played in Brescia for five seasons, only one of them in Serie A. He then moved to Palermo in 1983, but abruptly left it three years later following the cancellation of the Sicilian club in the summer of 1986. This was followed by a single season with Vicenza and two Serie C2 seasons for Treviso. De Biasi retired from active football in 1990, after a Serie D season with Bassano.

Output: b
Question: In what year was the Russian-controlled Congress Poland established? Passage:The history of Lubartów begins on May 29, 1543, when King Sigismund the Old allowed local nobleman Piotr Firlej to found a town called Lewartów (the original name comes from Lewart, the coat of arms of the Firlej family). The town became famous when it belonged to Mikołaj Firlej, the son of Piotr Firlej. In the late 16th century, it was one of centers of Calvinism in Lesser Poland, and Mikołaj Firlej invited here a number of skilled artisans from France, Germany and Holland, as well as cattle breeders. Lewartów frequently changed owners. In the early 18th century it belonged to the Sanguszko family, who rebuilt the palace, built two Baroque churches and tenement houses. Upon request of Paweł Karol Sanguszko, on November 22, 1744, King Augustus III of Poland changed the name of the town to Lubartów (in honor of Lubart - Liubartas, the son of Lithuanian Prince Gediminas; Sanguszko believed that Liubartas was the founder of his family). King Augustus granted a new coat of arms to the town. The 19th century was not lucky for Lubartów, as the town, which from 1815 to 1915 belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland, burned several times (1831, 1838, 1846). In 1866 it became the seat of a county, and slowly began modernization. By 1912 it had seven manufacturing enterprises, including mills and a brewery, in 1922, glassworks were opened.

Output: b