niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Question: Who was the Han emperor when the Xianbei killed the Xiongnu chanyu Youliu? Passage:The Xianbei (; ) were an ancient nomadic people that once resided in the eastern Eurasian steppes in what is today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Northeastern China. They originated from the Donghu people who splintered into the Wuhuan and Xianbei when they were defeated by the Xiongnu at the end of the 3rd century BC. The Xianbei were largely subordinate to larger nomadic powers and the Han dynasty until they gained prominence in 87 AD by killing the Xiongnu chanyu Youliu. However unlike the Xiongnu, the Xianbei political structure lacked the organization to pose a concerted challenge to the Chinese for most of their time as a nomadic people. After suffering several defeats by the end of the Three Kingdoms period, the Xianbei migrated south and settled in close proximity to Chinese society and submitted as vassals, being granted the titles of Dukes. As the Xianbei Murong, Tuoba and Duan tribes were one of the Five Barbarians who were vassals of the Han Chinese Western Jin and Eastern Jin dynasties, they took part in the Uprising of the Five Barbarians as allies of the Han Chinese Eastern Jin against the other four barbarians, the Xiongnu, Jie, Di and Qiang. The Xianbei were at one point all defeated and conquered by the Di Former Qin empire before it fell apart at the Battle of Fei River at the hands of the Eastern Jin. The Xianbei later founded their own states and reunited northern China as the Northern Wei. These states opposed and promoted sinicization at one point or another but trended towards the latter and had merged with the general Chinese population by the Tang dynasty.

Output: b
Question: When was the city founded that Wiltsie was born in? Passage:Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Wiltsie graduated in the United States Naval Academy class of 1921. He then served at sea in a succession of ships, including Arizona (BB-39), Wyoming (BB-32), Raleigh (CL-7), and Cleveland (CL-21). Next he underwent flight instruction at NAS Pensacola, Florida, from 1925 to 1927 and was designated as a Naval Aviator. He subsequently served in seaplane aviation units embarked aboard Milwaukee (CL-5), Memphis (CL-13), and Texas (BB-35) before he returned to NAS Pensacola as an instructor. After another tour of sea duty—in Louisville (CA-28)—Wiltsie commanded the Naval Reserve Aviation Base at Minneapolis, Minnesota, from 29 June 1935 to 4 June 1937. He later commanded the bombing squadrons attached to Saratoga (CV-3) from June 1937 to June 1939, before he served at the Naval Air Station San Diego, California. He subsequently joined Yorktown (CV-5) as navigator on 27 June 1941 and received a promotion to commander on 1 July.

Output: b
Question: What country was Ito born in? Passage:Ito was born in Osaka Prefecture on May 28, 1978. After graduating from high school, he joined Regional Leagues club Nagoya SC in 1997. In 1999, he moved to newly was promoted to J2 League club, Ventforet Kofu. Although he could not play at all in the match behind Takehisa Sakamoto, he became a regular goalkeeper from late 1999. However the club finished at bottom place for 2 years in a row (1999-2000). In 2001, he moved to J2 club Shonan Bellmare. However he could hardly play in the match behind Yuji Ito and Masahito Suzuki. In 2003, he moved to J1 club Cerezo Osaka. However he could not play at all in the match behind Seigo Shimokawa and Daisuke Tada in 2003. In 2004, he played many matches as regular goalkeeper. However he could hardly play in the match behind new member Motohiro Yoshida in 2005. In 2006, he moved to J2 club Shonan Bellmare for the first time in 4 years. Although he played many matches as regular goalkeeper in 2006, he could not play at all in the match behind newcomer Kim Yeong-gi from 2007 and retired end of 2009 season. However he came back as player in 2010 because many goalkeeper got hurt. However he did not play the match and retired end of 2010 season.

Output: b
Question: Is the Mount Shasta volcano active? Passage:The Mount Shasta Wilderness is a federally designated wilderness area located east of Mount Shasta City in northern California. The US Congress passed the 1984 California Wilderness Act that set aside the Mount Shasta Wilderness. The US Forest Service is the managing agency as the wilderness is within the Shasta-Trinity National Forest. The area is named for and is dominated by the Mount Shasta volcano which reaches a traditionally quoted height of above sea level, but official sources give values ranging from from one USGS project, to via the NOAA. Mount Shasta is one of only two peaks in the state over outside the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. The other summit is White Mountain Peak in the Great Basin of east-central California.

Output: a
Question: How many years of total work did it take Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) to create his Book of Fixed Stars? Passage:In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes, brightness, and colour and drawings for each constellation in his Book of Fixed Stars. He also gave the first descriptions and pictures of "A Little Cloud" now known as the Andromeda Galaxy. He mentions it as lying before the mouth of a Big Fish, an Arabic constellation. This "cloud" was apparently commonly known to the Isfahan astronomers, very probably before 905 AD. The first recorded mention of the Large Magellanic Cloud was also given by al-Sufi. In 1006, Ali ibn Ridwan observed SN 1006, the brightest supernova in recorded history, and left a detailed description of the temporary star.

Output: a
Question: How old was Rudi Gernreich when the monokini was introduced? Passage:By making an analogy with words like bilingual and bilateral containing the Latin prefix "bi-" (meaning "two" in Latin), the word bikini was first back-derived as consisting of two parts, [bi + kini] by Rudi Gernreich, who introduced the monokini in 1964. Later swimsuit designs like the tankini and trikini further cemented this derivation. Over time the "–kini family" (as dubbed by author William Safire), including the "–ini sisters" (as dubbed by designer Anne Cole), expanded into a variety of swimwear including the monokini (also known as a numokini or unikini), seekini, tankini, camikini, hikini (also hipkini), minikini, face-kini, burkini, and microkini. The Language Report, compiled by lexicographer Susie Dent and published by the Oxford University Press (OUP) in 2003, considers lexicographic inventions like bandeaukini and camkini, two variants of the tankini, important to observe. Although "bikini" was originally a registered trademark of Réard, it has since become genericized.

Output: b
Question: Which team had more wins, the Reds or the Pirates? Passage:Holding off fierce competition from the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates, the Cardinals clinched the division crown as each team won at least 90 games. The Cardinals finished the season with an NL-best 97–65 won–loss record. They opened the playoffs by defeating the Pirates in five games in the NL Division Series (NLDS). Advancing to their third straight National League Championship Series, they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games for their 19th NL pennant. Rookie Michael Wacha, who had nearly no-hit the Washington Nationals late in September, continued his dominance throughout the postseason as he allowed no runs against the Dodgers in 13 IP, earning the NLCS MVP. It was the second straight NLCS appearance to which manager Mike Matheny guided the Cardinals, who became the first manager to appear in an LCS in his first two seasons. Rookie closer Trevor Rosenthal extended a 20-inning postseason scoreless streak that started in the 2012 NLDS. The Cardinals met the Boston Red Sox in the World Series, only to lose the series in six games.

Output: a
Question: Which of the stringed instruments featured in "Don't Be So Hard on Yourself" was invented first? Passage:"Don't Be So Hard on Yourself" was written by Jess Glynne, Wayne Hector with its producers Tom Barnes, Peter Kelleher and Ben Kohn, also known as the production team TMS. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Group, the song is written in the key of G major (recorded a half-step lower in F major). The song moves in common time at a tempo of 120 beats per minute, with Glynne's vocal range spanning from the low-note of C to the high-note of C. Its instrumentation consists in piano, guitar and violins, filled with strings, glittery synths and emotive vocals. In its bridge, the song also features a "multi-tracked choir and military tattoo drums." It is a dance-pop song with influences of disco, house and soul-pop. Lyrically, it talks about overcoming a broken heart and to not let sadness defeat you. In the chorus, she sings: "Don’t be so hard on yourself, no / Learn to forgive, learn to let go / Everyone trips, everyone falls / So don’t be so hard on yourself, no." When asked about the story behind the song, she elaborated: "When I was meeting my publisher, managers and label and everything was happening for me, I was going through a really hard time. I had my heart broken and I was in a dark place. It was even harder because my dreams were coming true and I had to put a smile on my face every day and power through."

Output: a
Question: Who was Rookie of the Year the year after the person Ichiro hit a home run against? Passage:Ichiro made his NPB Pacific League debut in 1992 for the Orix BlueWave at the age of 18, but he spent most of his first two seasons in the farm system (accumulating 156 minor league hits and a .368 batting average) because his then-manager, Shōzō Doi, refused to accept Ichiro's unorthodox swing. The swing was nicknamed because of the pendulum-like motion of his leg, which shifts his weight forward as he swings the bat, and goes against conventional hitting theory. In his second career game, he recorded his first ichi-gun (Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball League) hit in the Pacific League against Hawks pitcher Keiji Kimura. Even though he hit in 1993 a home run against Hideo Nomo, who later won an MLB National League Rookie of the Year Award while a Los Angeles Dodger, Ichiro was nevertheless sent back to the farm system on that very day. In 1994, he benefited from the arrival of a new manager, Akira Ōgi, who played him every day in the second spot of the lineup. He was eventually moved to the leadoff spot, where his immediate productivity dissolved any misgivings about his unconventional swing. He set a Japanese single-season record with 210 hits, the first player ever to top 200 hits in a single season. Five other players have since done so: Matt Murton, Norichika Aoki (twice), Alex Ramírez, Tsuyoshi Nishioka, and Shogo Akiyama's 216 hits in 2015, but those players benefited from 140+ game seasons while Ichiro's 210 hits had come in a 130-game season.

Output: b
Question: Which town that Highway 201 goes through is the largest? Passage:AR 201 begins in Salesville at Push Mountain Road. The highway runs west to Shady Grove, when it curves north to Mountain Home. Upon reaching Mountain Home, AR 201 intersects US 62/US 412 before the lone AR 201 spur leaves the main route. AR 201 continues north as S College Street past the Casey House until intersecting 9th Street. A concurrency forms east then north through downtown Mountain Home. AR 5/AR 201 intersect and follow US 62B for six blocks north, passing the Mountain Home Commercial Historic District and Baxter County Courthouse, both on the National Register of Historic Places. The routes run together as Hickory Street when AR 5/AR 201 branch west and US 62B stays east. Shortly after this fork, AR 201 departs AR 5 and heads due north. The highway runs through north Mountain Home and exits town, becoming a winding rural route. AR 201 runs through the unincorporated community of Clarkridge near the Missouri state line, when the road becomes state supplemental route J.

Output: a
Question: Is the railroad company that backed the creation of the Beech Creek line still operational? Passage:The company was originally chartered as the Susquehanna and South Western Railroad on August 12, 1882. That company's charter called for a line from Williamsport, Pennsylvania to the southern line of Clearfield County. The proposed line was initiated with the backing of the New York Central Railroad, as part of a far-reaching strategy to ensure access to bituminous coal reserves. The New York Central did not itself extend into the bituminous coalfields, making it vulnerable to action both by the coal operators who mined the coal and rivals like the Pennsylvania Railroad, who carried it. The coal operators of Tioga County, Pennsylvania, some of whom already shipped over the New York Central via the Fall Brook Coal Company's railroad system, faced irrepressible labor troubles and the impending exhaustion of their mines. William H. Vanderbilt, president of the New York Central, responded to the challenge by developing a plan to enter the Clearfield Coalfield, hitherto the exclusive preserve of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Vanderbilts would provide capital to a syndicate of Tioga coal operators and businessmen of the Clearfield area, incorporated as the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Company, who could acquire coal lands without arousing suspicion. The Fall Brook's rail network, extended down Pine Creek by a paper railroad called the Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway, would bring the New York Central's trains to Jersey Shore, on the West Branch Susquehanna River to the west of Williamsport. From there, the Susquehanna and South Western would head west by way of Beech Creek and Moshannon Creek to the vicinity of Clearfield.

Output: b
Question: Which CFL team that Chevon Walker was involved with during his football career was found first? Passage:Chevon Walker (born May 9, 1987 in Montego Bay, Jamaica) is a former professional Canadian football running back and kick returner for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League. He played NCAA football for the Sioux Falls Cougars. He played two years of his career as a professional football player in the Canadian Football League for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. In 2014, the Ottawa Redblacks selected him in the expansion draft. He started the 2015 season with the Ottawa Redblacks before he was released on August 28, 2015. On September 1, 2015, it was announced that Walker had signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Chevon Walker has over 1000 rushing yards and seven touchdowns in three years of professional play.

Output: a
Question: Who was Finance Minister before Shaukat Aziz? Passage:Shaukat Aziz (; born 6 March 1949) is a Pakistani economist and financier who served as 17th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 20 August 2004 to 15 November 2007, as well as the Finance Minister of Pakistan from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007. During his childhood he studied at St Patrick's High School, Karachi. Aziz graduated from the Institute of Business Administration in Karachi, and joined the corporate staff of the CitiBank Pakistan in 1969. He served in various countries' governments as CitiBank financier, and became executive vice-president of Citibank in 1999. After accepting a personal request by General Pervez Musharraf, Aziz returned to Pakistan from the United States to assume the charge of the Finance Ministry as its finance minister while taking control of the country's economy. In 2004, Aziz was nominated by the Musharaf loyalist government led by Pakistan Muslim League (Q), to the position of Prime Minister after the resignation of Zafarullah Khan Jamali on 6 June 2004.

Output: b
Question: Was Jay-Z married to Beyonce when the album that contained his first top 10 single was released? Passage:The Brooklyn native rapper Jay-Z had success on the Billboard Hot 100 with singles from his debut studio album Reasonable Doubt. In 1997 he had success outside of the US with singles like "Sunshine" which peaked at number 25 in UK, 18 in Germany and 22 in NZ. His next single "Wishing on a Star" peaked at number 13 in UK being his highest peak on the chart until Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem). The next single "The City Is Mine was the most successful single of In My Lifetime, Vol. 1. The album peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200 and it received positive reviews from critics. In 1998 he released the smash hit singles "Can I Get A..." and "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)" which peaked at number 19 and 15 on the Hot 100 and had wide success worldwide, too. The singles helped the album Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life to debut at number 1 on the Albums chart and selling over 5 million copies. Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter had hits like "Jigga My Nigga" which peaked at number 1 on the Rap chart and #28 on the Hot 100. Hits like "Girl's Best Friend" and "Big Pimpin'" were released and the later peaked at #18 on the Hot 100 earning a platinum certification by the RIAA. His next album  was released shortly after Vol 3. The album sold 500k first week and had the hit "I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)" which peaked at number one on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart being his first single to reach that peak. In 2001 he released his classic album The Blueprint which spawned his first top 10 single "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" which was produced by Kanye West. The Blueprint peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 selling 400k, eventually reaching 2 million. The sequel followed in 2002 and had hits like "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" , "Excuse Me Miss" both peaking inside the top 10 on the Hot 100. The first single was his most successful single worldwide for Jay since "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)". The album sold 500k but it received mixed reviews. The Black Album was released and had three hit singles and 2 of them were top 10. The album was considered a classic and Jay said it would be his last album. The project reached #1 on the albums chart and it won a Grammy for "99 Problems". Even though he said The Black Album would be his last album he released a collaboration EP with Linkin Park spawning a hit single which earned a Grammy.

Output: b
Question: How old was Sophie Okonedo the year that she appeared as Liz 10, in the episodes "The Beast Below" and "The Pandorica Opens"? Passage:Although Scream of the Shalka continues the narrative of the original 1963–89 programme and the 1996 television film, the show's 2005 revival ignored its events. The series was scripted by veteran Doctor Who writer Paul Cornell, with Richard E. Grant providing the voice for the Ninth Doctor. This performance followed years of rumours that Grant would play the Doctor in a film or new series, and indeed he had appeared as the "Conceited Doctor" in the Comic Relief special Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death in 1999. Grant subsequently went on to appear in the revived television series of Doctor Who as a guest villain in 2012's "The Snowmen" and 2013's "The Bells of Saint John" and "The Name of the Doctor". The Doctor's companion for this adventure, Alison Cheney, was voiced by Sophie Okonedo who a year later would be nominated for an Academy Award for her performance in Hotel Rwanda. She also appeared in the 2010 series of Doctor Who, as Liz 10, in the episodes "The Beast Below" and "The Pandorica Opens". Derek Jacobi reprised his role as the Master in 2007's "Utopia". David Tennant appeared in a cameo role as the Caretaker, later being cast as the Tenth Doctor in 2005.

Output: b
Question: Which side won the two-day battle that the 4th Kentucky Infantry suffered 49% casualty? Passage:After organization and muster, the regiment moved north into Kentucky and camped at Bowling Green, where it remained until early 1862. The 4th Kentucky Infantry first saw combat at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, losing 49% of its strength in the two-day battle. The regiment fell back to Corinth, Mississippi, after the battle and was next ordered to Vicksburg, Mississippi, to aid in the city's defense. The 4th Kentucky soon received orders to reinforce General Braxton Bragg, whose troops were engaged in the Kentucky Campaign. The regiment was north of Knoxville, Tennessee, 20 miles from Cumberland Gap, when it received orders to return to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, because of Bragg's subsequent retreat after the drawn Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862.

Output: b
Question: Was the man who consecrated Richardson in 1879 older than 50 at the time? Passage:Alfred Spencer Richardson was consecrated on 22 June 1879 in the Reformed Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, USA by William Rufus Nicholson, a bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church, USA. WR Nicholson was consecrated for the Protestant Episcopal Church, USA on 24 February 1876 by Charles Edward Cheney who was consecrated (14 December 1873) by George David Cummins, American Episcopal assistant bishop of Kentucky, USA, and who was consecrated (15 November 1866) by John Henry Hopkins, Episcopal bishop of Vermont, USA. The line of succession to Hopkins is traceable from William Sancroft (enthroned archbishop of Canterbury, 1678) via Thomas White (bishop of Peterborough, England), George Hickes (assistant bishop of Thetford, England), James Gadderar (bishop of Aberdeen, Scotland), Thomas Rattray (bishop of Dunkeld, Scotland), William Falconer (or Falconar) (bishop of Caithness, Scotland), Robert Kilgour (bishop of Aberdeen, Scotland), Samuel Seabury (bishop of Connecticut, USA), Thomas Clagett (bishop of Maryland, USA), Edward Bass (bishop of Massachusetts, USA), Abraham Jarvis (bishop of Connecticut, USA), Alexander Viets Griswold (bishop of Eastern Diocese, USA) who in 1832 consecrated Hoskins.

Output: b
Question: What town did Samuel score his first two goals for Morton in a 3-2 extra-time win? Passage:Samuel was offered the chance to join Greenock Morton of the Scottish Championship on loan on transfer deadline day at the start of September 2015, an offer he stated he "knew straight away" that he wanted to take. He signed a four-month loan contract with Morton, with the deal running until January 2016. He made his Morton debut as a 78th-minute substitute for Romario Sabajo in a 4–2 away victory at Livingston on 5 September. Samuel became a regular in the first-team for Morton almost immediately, scoring his first two goals for the club in a 3–2 extra-time Scottish League Cup win over Motherwell at Cappielow in his fourth appearance for the club. His first goal in the match came courtesy of a sweeping effort in the first-half, before netting the winning goal in the 100th-minute with a first-time finish from a low cross. Samuel scored his first Scottish League goal in the Renfrewshire derby, scoring the equalising goal from close range in a 1–1 draw away at St Mirren on 20 November 2015. He added a fourth goal to his tally for the season on 18 December 2015 when he scored midway through the first half to briefly give Morton the lead in an eventual 2–1 home defeat to Raith Rovers. In January 2016, his loan deal was extended for the rest of the 2015–16 season. A month later, he briefly returned to Swansea to receive treatment after sustaining a knee injury in a Development League West match against Queen's Park. The injury ultimately ruled Samuel out of action for a month, before returning to the Morton first-team as a late substitute in a 3–2 win over Queen of the South on 15 March 2016. He went on to feature largely from the substitute's bench for the remainder of the season, making 30 appearances and scoring four goals in all competitions during his time at Morton, with the club finishing in fifth place in the Scottish Championship.

Output: b
Question: Which monarch involved in the Byzantine-Bulgarian wars was born first? Passage:With the ascendance of Simeon I to the throne in 893, the long-lasting peace with the Byzantine Empire established by his father was about to end. A conflict arose when Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise, acting under pressure from his wife Zoe Zaoutzaina and her father, Stylianos Zaoutzes, moved the marketplace for Bulgarian goods from Constantinople to Thessaloniki, where Bulgarian merchants were heavily taxed. Forced to take action, in the autumn of 894 Simeon invaded the Byzantine Empire from the north, meeting little opposition due to the concentration of most Byzantine forces in eastern Anatolia to counter Arab invasions. Informed of the Bulgarian offensive, the surprised Leo sent an army consisting of guardsmen and other military units from the capital to halt Simeon, but his troops were routed somewhere in the theme of Macedonia.The Magyars managed to defeat Simeon's army twice, but in 896 they were routed in the Battle of Southern Buh. The war ended in 896 with a great Bulgarian victory near Bulgarophygon in Eastern Thrace. The market was returned to Constantinople, and the Byzantine Emperor had to pay annual tribute to Bulgaria. More importantly, with help from the Pechenegs Simeon successfully fended off a Magyar invasion, which was coordinated with the Byzantines.

Output: a
Question: How long did the battle around the Red River Delta where colonial French forces defeated the Viet Minh last? Passage:The First Indochina War had raged, as guerrilla warfare, since 19 December 1946. From 1949, it evolved into conventional warfare, due largely to aid from the communists of the People's Republic of China ("PRC") to the north. Subsequently, the French strategy of occupying small, poorly defended outposts throughout Indochina, particularly along the Vietnamese-Chinese border, started failing. Thanks to the terrain, popular support for August Revolution and support for decolonization from bordering China and the U.S.S.R., the Viet Minh had succeeded in turning a "clandestine guerrilla movement into a powerful conventional army", following asymmetric warfare theory laid by Mao Tse Tung, something which previously had never been encountered by the western colonial powers. In October 1952, fighting around the Red River Delta spread into the Thai Highlands, resulting in the Battle of Nà Sản, at which the Viet Minh were defeated. The French used the lessons learned at Nà Sản – strong ground bases, versatile air support, and a model based on the British Burma Campaign – as the basis for their new strategy. The Viet Minh, however, remained unbeatable in the highland regions of Vietnam, and the French "could not offset the fundamental disadvantages of a roadbound army facing a hill and forest army in a country which had few roads but a great many hills and forests".

Output: b
Question: How many touchdowns did Charlie O'Rourke score in the 1941 Sugar Bowl? Passage:Charles Christopher "Chuckin' Charlie" O'Rourke (May 10, 1917 – April 14, 2000) was an American football player and coach. He played college football as a quarterback at Boston College and professionally with Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) and the Los Angeles Dons and Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). O'Rourke quarterbacked the Boston College Eagles football team to one of its most famous wins. His 24-yard run late in the fourth quarter gave the 1940 Eagles a 19–13 victory over Tennessee in the 1941 Sugar Bowl, staking BC's claim to a national championship. O'Rourke served as the head football coach at University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass) from 1952 to 1959, compiling a record of 21–39–4. In 1972, he came the first Boston College player to be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Output: b
Question: How long did Andrew Allen serve as the Attorney General of Pennsylvania? Passage:Allen was born into a prominent Philadelphia family. His father, William Allen, was a successful merchant and lawyer, and would later be the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Andrew graduated from the City College of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) in 1759, read law under Benjamin Chew, and then went to London to complete a legal education at the Inner Temple. He returned to Philadelphia in 1765, was admitted to the bar, and began to practice law. That same year Allen was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly. In 1766, he was appointed the colony's Attorney General. He married Sarah ("Sally") Coxe, sister of Tench Coxe, in April 1768. In 1770 his brother-in-law, Governor John Penn, gave him a seat on the Governor's Council.

Output: a
Question: How much time passed between Jingaku Takashi first joined the Izutsu stable and Terao joining the same stable? Passage:He came from the same area of Japan as future stable-mates Sakahoko and Terao. He was fond of kendo at school. He joined Izutsu stable in 1977, and first reached a sekitori rank in July 1982 when he was promoted to the juryo division. He first made the top makuuchi division in January 1983 but posted a losing record of 4–11 and so was immediately demoted. He won promotion back to the top division in January 1984, and remained there for virtually all of the rest of his career. In September 1984 he defeated a yokozuna for the first time when he upset Kitanoumi in one of the latter's final tournaments. He made the sanyaku ranks for the first time in November 1987 when he reached komusubi, but he proved to be out of his depth and scored only two wins against thirteen losses. He made komusubi once more in September 1990 at the age of 30, but again struggled, winning only three bouts. He suffered from stage fright, losing weight during tournaments because of stomach upsets. This affected his performance against top ranked wrestlers – he stumbled out of the dohyo in a match against Hokutoumi in September 1990 with his opponent barely having to touch him. He was restricted by a foot problem as well as digestive illness towards the end of his career. After 46 consecutive tournaments in the top division he was demoted to juryo after scoring only 4-11 at maegashira 15 in the July 1991 tourney, and he pulled out of the following tournament with a knee injury after fighting only one match. This brought to an end his streak of 1036 consecutive matches from sumo entry. He announced his retirement shortly afterwards.

Output: a
Question: Who commanded the 13th Hussars when Anstruther-Gray joined as a second lieutenant? Passage:He joined the Militia's Fife Artillery as a Sub-Lieutenant (Supernumerary) on 16 December 1876. He served for four years until he joined the 13th Hussars as a second lieutenant in 1880, served in India and Afghanistan in 1880-1881 and was promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1881, before transferring to the Royal Horse Guards in 1885. He was Aide-de-Camp to the Earl of Kintore, Governor of South Australia, from 1889-1891, was promoted to captain on 30 December 1893, and to major on 1 May 1897. He served in South Africa from 1901-1902 where he was commandant of the district of Knysna in 1901, and Inspector of Concentration Camps in Transvaal in 1902. Following the end of the war in June 1902, he returned to the United Kingdom in the SS Dunottar Castle, which arrived at Southampton in July 1902. He later commanded 3rd Line Group, Scottish Horse during World War I.

Output: b
Question: Who is the older between the  Irish singer-songwriter whose fifth studio album was Life Love Flesh Blood and the American musician with whom she collaborated with on the album Tribal? Passage:Life Love Flesh Blood is the fifth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Imelda May. It was first released in the Republic of Ireland on 7 April 2017, through label Decca Records, followed by a worldwide release two weeks later on 21 April 2017. The album, a follow-up to May's previous album Tribal (2014), was created in collaboration with American musician T Bone Burnett. Serving as the primary producer for the record, Burnett was only credited alongside Scottish producer Cam Blackwood. Blackwood produced a duet version of the album's lead single "Call Me", recorded with English vocalist Jack Savoretti, included on streaming editions of the album post-release. Throughout the album's creative process, May received guidance from Irish musician Bono, of rock group U2. The album followed May's divorce from guitarist Darrel Higham, influencing many lyrical themes on the album. Life Love Flesh Blood features soft rock and acoustic styles, differing significantly from the rockabilly genre of previous albums.

Output: a
Question: How many of Engelbach's paintings were shown at the Laing Art Gallery? Passage:Engelbach was born in Spain, at Jerez de la Frontera, to English parents. During the 1890s she studied in London at the Westminster School of Art and at the Slade School of Art before completing her studies in Paris. Engelbach had works shown at the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle and at the Paris Salon. In 1901 she had a picture shown, under her maiden name, at the Royal Academy in London. She was awarded a bronze medal at a Women's International Art Club exhibition held in London. In 1902 she married a C.F.R Engelbach and withdrew from a full-time art and exhibition career to raise a family. Engelbach returned to painting in the late 1920s and had a solo show at the Beaux Arts Gallery in 1931. She went on to resume exhibiting at both the Royal Academy and the Paris Salon and also with the Royal Institute of Oil Painters and the National Society of Painters, Sculptors and Gravers/ Printmakers and became a member of the latter two societies. The Goupil, Tooths and Lefevre galleries were among the commercial concerns that showed her work. Originally Engelbach was a portrait painter but later became a specialist flower painter who also painted landscapes. Her painting Roses, from the 1930s, is held in the Tate collection. A memorial exhibition for Engelbach was held at the Leicester Galleries in 1951.

Output: b
Question: What city did Stevens complete a Ph.D. in? Passage:In 1980, Stevens joined the Army under their split option training program and conducted basic training at Fort Dix, New Jersey and advanced individual training at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. While engaged in his military service, Stevens entered the University of Southern Maine in the Computer Science program in 1981. However, an enthusiastic professor (John Ricci) converted him to the study of Chemistry. He spent two summers working as an intern at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island with Professor Ricci, and Drs. Thomas Koetzle and Dick McMullan, where he first learned how to determine the molecular structure of compounds by X-ray and neutron diffraction. While there he also met a University of Southern California research team led by Dr. Robert Bau; after he obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry at USM, he entered the University of Southern California in pursuit of a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry working with Professor Robert Bau and Nobel Laureate Professor, George Olah. He completed his Ph.D. in 26 months, graduating in 1988.

Output: b
Question: When was the author of the short story that The Green Bird is based off born? Passage:The Tony-Award-winning  (1988/'96) and The Green Bird (1999), based on a story by Carlo Gozzi, are a two of the composer's theatre works. In 2006, Goldenthal completed his original three-act opera with Taymor entitled Grendel an adaptation of the John Gardner novel of the same name which told the story of Beowulf from the monster Grendel's point of view. It had its world premiere in early June 2006 at the Los Angeles Opera, the role of Grendel performed by Eric Owens, with an audience that included John Williams and Emmy Rossum; the opus was added to the Los Angeles Opera's permanent repertoire and earned Goldenthal a nomination in April 2007 for the Pulitzer Prize for Music. In 2008 Goldenthal reunited with Michael Mann to score 1930s gangster movie Public Enemies and in 2009 he scored another Julie Taymor Shakespeare adaptation, The Tempest. He cites Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu as an influence and someone he styles his own career on; Goldenthal has said that the lines between traditional concert music and orchestral film score have become more blurred which is the way he thinks it should be. He has also collaborated four times with Irish director Neil Jordan, including on his films Interview with the Vampire and In Dreams.

Output: b
Question: Who was the first writer hired at Magill Magazine? Passage:He launched Magill magazine in September 1977 with Noel Pearson and Mary Holland. Magill became Ireland's foremost investigative publication. Among its writers were Gene Kerrigan, Pat Brennan and Paddy Agnew. He remained editor of Magill until 1983, when he became involved in the relaunch of the Sunday Tribune with Tony Ryan, then of GPA and later of Ryanair. A series of articles he published in Magill highlighting the links between the Workers' Party of Ireland and the Official IRA in the 1980s caused him and other journalists to receive death threats. After the publication of "The Lost Revolution: the Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party" it was revealed that the Official IRA had planned to assassinate him by planting a bomb on his boat, but the operation was called off at the last minute. He was editor of the Sunday Tribune until 1994. He has written a weekly column for The Irish Times since then, and since 2000, has written weekly for The Sunday Business Post. He started broadcasting on RTÉ radio in 1996.

Output: a
Question: Who is the current winner of the award Merris won in the 2004-05 season?  Passage:Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Merris was a member of the youth system of hometown club Rotherham United before joining Guiseley in 1998. He joined Harrogate Town in September 1999, with whom he won the Northern Premier League First Division title in the 2001–02 season. Merris signed for Third Division side York City on 6 August 2003 following a trial. He won York's Clubman of the Year award for the 2004–05 season. Merris signed a new deal with York at the end of the 2004–05 season. He was released by York at the end of the 2005–06 season and subsequently signed for former club Harrogate on 29 June 2006. On 20 March 2008, he joined Guiseley from Harrogate for an undisclosed fee. He was released by the club in May 2012 before signing for Harrogate for the third time on 31 May. Merris joined Northern Premier League Division One North club Ossett Town as a player-coach in June 2014. and was appointed player-assistant manager in November 2014

Output: b
Question: What was the name of the jockey that rode the favored horse that Fenomeno was considered less fancied against? Passage:On his three-year-old debut, Fenomeno won a minor race over 200 metres at Tokyo on 29 January, beating the subsequent Tenno Sho (autumn) winner Spielberg into second place. He then stepped up in class for the Yayoi Sho (a trial for the Satsuki Sho) at Nakayama and finished sixth of the fifteen runners behind Cosmo Ozora. On 28 April the colt was moved up in distance for the Grade 2 Aoba Sho over 2400 metres at Tokyo and started the 1.1/1 favourite against sixteen opponents. Ridden by Masayoshi Ebina, who became his regular jockey, he recorded his first important success as he came home two and a half lengths clear of Etendard. The colt was then moved into the highest class to contest the Tokyo Yushun on 27 May in which he started at odds of 13.6/1. He was less fancied than Sunday Racing's other two runners World Ace (the favourite) and Deep Brillante with the best of the other runners appearing to be Gold Ship and Grandezza (Spring Stakes). Coming from well off the pace, Fenomeno produced a strong, sustained run on the outside, but just failed to overhaul Deep Brillante and was beaten a nose in a photo finish.

Output: b
Question: How long has Nakayama been president of Sega when he was looking for a flagship series to compete with Mario? Passage:In 1990, Sega president Hayao Nakayama sought a flagship series to compete with Nintendo's Mario franchise along with a character to serve as a company mascot. Several character designs were submitted as part of a contest. Among the designs was an egg-shaped man wearing pajamas who resembled Theodore Roosevelt, drawn by Naoto Ohshima. According to Ohshima, the resemblance to Roosevelt was unintentional, saying he was influenced by a variety of characters. Retrospective sources have indicated Ohshima based the character on Humpty Dumpty and Mario. The Roosevelt lookalike did not win the contest; rather, another Ohshima character, a hedgehog named Mr. Needlemouse—later renamed Sonic—prevailed. As development of the Sega Genesis game Sonic the Hedgehog progressed, however, programmer Yuji Naka and the rest of Sonic Team thought the rejected design was excellent and deserved inclusion in the game. Since the character could not be the protagonist, the team retooled him into the game's main antagonist.

Output: b
Question: In what state did Sanders start his college career? Passage:Sanders started his college career at Southern Methodist University, throwing for 1,728 yards and 12 touchdowns in 20 games, including 10 starts. He then transferred to Tennessee-Chattanooga. While there, Sanders started 22 games for the Mocs. He set school records for passing yards (7,230), touchdowns (49), completions (584), 200-yard passing games (22), 300-yard passing games (12) and total offense (7,247). Sanders was one of 16 finalists for the Walter Payton Award recognizing best player in NCAA Division I-AA football his senior season. He led the Southern Conference in all major passing categories as senior, throwing for 3,691 yards while also tying a school record with six touchdown passes against Mississippi Valley State. All 6 Touchdown receptions was to Cos DeMatteo which broke Jerry Rice's single game receiving record for Touchdowns in a game for Division 1-AA/FCS. It was also Jerry Rice's alma mater. The two were a record breaking duo at Chattanooga. Sanders also connected with DeMatteo for 13 completions for 207 yards and 3 touchdown passes at Louisville, a Division 1-A/FBS opponent. Sanders passed 367 yards and 3 touchdowns in the game. Louisville won the game 58-30,but was a career day for the duo vs a much more supreme Conference USA team. Sanders was an All-American honorable mention as a junior with 3,539 yards and 27 touchdown passes.

Output: b
Question: On what label does Hammer's debut album appear? Passage:Before Hammer's successful career (with his mainstream/commercial popularity lasting approximately between the mid-1980s until the late-1990s) and his "rags-to-riches-to-rags-and-back saga", Burrell formed the Christian rap music group Holy Ghost Boys. Some songs produced were called "Word" and "B-Boy Chill". "The Wall", featuring Burrell (it was originally within the lyrics of this song he first identified himself as "K.B." and then eventually M.C. Hammer once it was produced), was later released by Jon Gibson (aka "J.G."). This was Contemporary Christian music's first rap hit ever (by anyone), in particular by a Caucasian (Gibson) and/or from a duo. The track appeared on Gibson's album Change of Heart (1988), and "Son of the King" showed up on Hammer's debut album Feel My Power (1987) as well as the re-released version Let's Get It Started (1988). Burrell, along with Tramaine Hawkins, performed with Gibson's band doing several concerts in various venues such as the Beverly Theatre in Beverly Hills.

Output: b
Question: How old was the manager who took Port Vale FC to their second Third Division North title in 1953-54? Passage:The first confirmed non-English manager during peacetime was Jock Cameron, who held the job for a year following World War I. Freddie Steele was a highly successful manager, who took the club to their second Third Division North title in 1953–54. In 1957 Scotsman Norman Low took the managerial reins, winning the Fourth Division title in 1958–59. The next manager of note was Sir Stanley Matthews, who was full-time manager for less than a year; his resignation followed a scandal involving players' pay. Widely considered to be the club's greatest ever manager, John Rudge led the "Valiants" to cup glory in 1993; his best success was the league however, securing three promotions in his sixteen-year reign. Bruno Ribeiro, from Portugal, became the first manager born outside of Britain to manage the club when he was appointed as manager in June 2016.

Output: b
Question: In what city was  Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks released in? Passage:Hanoi Rocks released their first album in 1981 titled Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks, with eight out of ten tracks written by McCoy. The album was produced by Andy McCoy and Michael Monroe who were known as "The Muddy Twins". In 1982 Hanoi Rocks recorded and released their second studio album Oriental Beat in London. The original cover's back side featured Andy McCoy's then girlfriend Anna's naked breasts painted blue and red with "Hanoi Roxx" written across it. After the album's release, the band moved to London the same year, and subsequently fired drummer Gyp Casino before hiring Hanoi Rocks fan Nicholas Dingley, better known as Razzle, as drummer. The line-up with Razzle is considered the definitive version of Hanoi Rocks. Later that year the band released Self Destruction Blues, which had Razzle on the cover, but he didn't play on the album, because it was actually a compilation of old singles. The tour for the album took the band to Asia for the first time. The next year 1983, the band released Back to Mystery City and after that, in 1984, the band worked with producer Bob Ezrin, and released Two Steps from the Move. Before this, McCoy had written most of the songs by himself, but for this album Bob Ezrin helped McCoy with the writing, along with Monroe. He also got some help with the lyrics from legendary Ian Hunter (of Mott The Hoople). After Razzle's death, Sam Yaffa left the band due to personal differences with McCoy (amongst other reasons he was now engaged to Anna, McCoy's former girlfriend known from the Oriental Beat cover). The band tried out new members (amongst them The Clash ex-drummer Terry Chimes and bassist René Berg), but things didn't work out, so the band disbanded in 1985.

Output: b
Question: When Livingstone lost to Tony Blair as Labour Party Leader, how old was Tony Blair that  year? Passage:Born in Lambeth, South London, to a working-class family, Livingstone joined Labour in 1968 and was elected to represent Norwood at the GLC in 1973, Hackney North and Stoke Newington in 1977, and Paddington in 1981. That year, Labour representatives on the GLC elected him as the council's leader. Attempting to reduce London Underground fares, his plans were challenged in court and declared unlawful; more successful were his schemes to benefit women and underprivileged minorities, despite stiff opposition. The mainstream media gave him the moniker "Red Ken" in reference to his socialist beliefs and heavily criticised him for supporting controversial issues like republicanism, LGBT rights, and a United Ireland. Livingstone was a vocal opponent of the Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, which in 1986 abolished the GLC. Elected as MP for Brent East in 1987, he became closely associated with anti-racist campaigns. He unsuccessfully stood for Labour Party leader on a leftist platform in 1992 and 1994, in the latter losing to Tony Blair. Livingstone became a vocal critic of Blair's New Labour project that pushed the party closer to the centre and won the 1997 general election.

Output: b