niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the area in square miles of the town where Thomas Coke has a obelisk set up in the park he created? Passage:The first obelisks may start to appear in the later 16th century and it is suggested that the obelisk on Compton Pike is Elizabethan in date. More securely dated is a series of obelisks which start to appear in the 18th century. The first of these was the Wakeman obelisk of 1702 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, which is set in the square at Richmond, Yorkshire. Probably several hundred obelisks exist in the British Isles dating from 18th and early 19th centuries. Most of these obelisks, which are often landmarks commemorate famous people and their achievements. At Stowe in Buckinghamshire an obelisk was erected in memory of Wolfe's victory at Quebec in 1752, while at the death of the Duke of Cumberland in 1765 was noted by an obelisk at Englefield Green in Surrey. Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester, Coke of Norfolk the farming pioneer has a particularly fine obelisk, set up in the park he created at Holkham in Norfolk. Sometimes an obelisk was used to mark the site of a battle such as the obelisk on the site of English Civil War battlefield at Naseby in Leicestershire. Occasionally obelisks are used as mile markers, as on the Great North Road at a mile from Westminster. In Lincoln an elaborate obelisk was set up on the High Bridge in 1762–63 as a conduit for dispensing water, while Anthony Salvin used obelisks as water fountains on the Belton House estates in Lincolnshire.

Output: b
Question: Does the college that Harrison graduated from in 1922 have more students than the one he graduated from in 1924? Passage:Originally from New Brunswick, Harrison graduated from Nova Scotia Agricultural College in 1922, and, in 1924, from the Ontario Agricultural College with a B.Sc. in agriculture. He earned an MSc in plant pathology from Macdonald Campus of McGill University a year later. A doctoral degree he started at the University of Toronto in 1929 was abandoned due to the Great Depression. He established a herbarium of mycological specimens where he was employed for many years at the Kentville Research Station (now the Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre); most of his collections are now housed at the Canadian National Mycological Herbarium. His early research concerned the fungal infestation of plants, such as that of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum on beans (Phaseolus). Working with John Frederick DeWitt Hockey, they made many contributions to the control and prevention of diseases of horticultural crops. They were among the first to use the sticky slide spore trap to estimate the densities of fungal spores.

Output: a
Question: How cold was it in Sarajevo when Baruh was born? Passage:Kalmi Baruh was born in December 1896 in Sarajevo, in one of the oldest Sephardic families in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He attended elementary school in the town of Višegrad (Вишеград), and has graduated from high-school in Sarajevo. Baruh's academic studies and the PhD - Der Lautstand des Judenspanischen in Bosnien (The Sound System of the Judeo-Spanish in Bosnia) were at Vienna University. He worked as a teacher in the First Sarajevan Gymnasium/High-school, and was the only Balkan Peninsula scholarship recipient from the Spanish Government for the post-doctoral studies in the Spanish Center for Historic Studies in Madrid (1928/9). For a long period of years he worked together with several Yugoslav and European magazines in the field of linguistics and literature, such as: Srpski književni glasnik and Misao, both from Belgrade, Revista de filología Española (Madrid)... He collaborated with the Institute for Balkan Studies and the University of Belgrade and the Royal Spanish Academy. He translated from Spanish to Serbian (Enrique Larreta: Slava don Ramira, Jedan život u doba Filipa II, Narodna prosveta, Belgrade, 1933; Jose Eustasio Rivera: Vrtlog, Minerva, Subotica-Belgrade, 1953 ...). Baruh presented some of the less known modern Spanish literature in Yugoslavia and provided reviews for it. He also published linguistic comparative studies, school books and scientific works on philology reviews, especially in Romanic languages. He collected, annotated and explored Judeo-Spanish linguistic forms and romances throughout Bosnia, Priština (Приштина) and Skopje (Скопје). Baruh was one of the pillars of the Sarajevan progressive magazine Pregled, and competent basis for the congregational magazines Jevrejski život and Jevrejski glas, as well as for the cultural-educational society La Benevolencija. He cooperated with Prof. Ernesto Giménez Caballero, Dr. Ivo Andrić, Isidora Sekulić, Žak Konfino, Stanislav Vinaver, Dr. Jovan Kršić, Dr. Moric Levi, Laura Papo Bohoreta... .

Output: b
Question: How old was Henri Matisse the year that Rudenko was the subject of many of his drawings? Passage:In 1938 Rudenko was signed up to the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, where, at 17, she was their youngest soloist. Her stage name was Lubov Roudenko, and she was also popularly known as "Spitfire Lu-Lu." She had a can-can sequence in the 1938 ballet Gaîté Parisienne choreographed specially for her by Léonide Massine. She would later reprise this role in the 1941 Oscar-nominated short film The Gay Parisian. Whilst with the Ballet Russes, Rudenko was the subject of several drawings by Henri Matisse in 1939. Four of his portrait sketches of her are now in the Fogg Museum. Matisse also made a drawing of Rudenko in the ballet  Rouge et Noir. While on tour with the Ballet Russe, Rudenko performed the role of the Cowgirl in the 1942 ballet Rodeo until the tour reached New York and Agnes de Mille, the original choreographer, reclaimed the role for herself. Disappointed by this, Rudenko quit the Ballet Russes, and took a better-paid job performing in a Broadway production of The Merry Widow. This production launched at the Majestic Theatre on 4 August 1943, with Rudenko and James Starbuck leading the character dances, including a comic polka and a can-can number. After this, Rudenko played Grisette in Nellie Bly, a short-lived 1946 musical based on the life of Nellie Bly, and then became lead dancer for the 1946-49 Broadway production of Annie Get Your Gun, but following a knee injury, decided to pursue a career in fashion design. She continued performing until 1951, appearing in the 1950-51 Olsen and Johnson revue Pardon our French.

Output: b
Question: On what body of water is the town located where Douglas Gawler was born? Passage:Gawler was born in Adelaide, South Australia, to Caroline (née Philpot) and Henry Gawler. His grandfather, George Gawler, was the second Governor of South Australia. Gawler attended St Peter's College, Adelaide, and then studied law at the University of Adelaide. Gawler was called to the bar in South Australia in 1886, and left for Western Australia later that year, establishing his own firm in Perth. At one time, he was in partnership with Robert Bruce Burnside, a future Supreme Court justice. Having previously served on the Peppermint Grove Road Board for a period, Gawler was elected to parliament at a 1910 Legislative Council by-election, which had been caused by the resignation of Walter Kingsmill. He died in office in May 1915 (aged 54), of typhoid fever. He had married Eva Mary Waldeck in 1893, with whom he had four children.

Output: b
Question: What is the middle name of the person who performed at the 1970 Palermo Pop Festival? Passage:Helped by his association with The Guardian, Cannon was able to contribute more substantial articles to the Los Angeles Times and the Chicago Sun-Times, and to underground magazines such as Creem. He wrote the 1970 documentary film London Rock, focusing on the UK's counterculture movement. He recalls that, together with Rolling Stone journalists David Dalton and Jonathan Cott, he joined Granada Television documentary-makers such as Jo Durden-Smith, John Sheppard and Michael Darlow in devising "prime-time networked shows designed as anthems of the revolution". Among these late-1960s projects, he says that the Johnny Cash at San Quentin TV special was his idea, and he "share[s] credit" for the ideas behind the concert films The Doors Are Open and The Stones in the Park. He also directed the film of Frank Zappa's performance at the 1970 Palermo Pop Festival, for RAI, Italy's national public broadcaster.

Output: b
Question: How old was Colbe Carthel when he became the &M-Commerce head coach? Passage:Colby Carthel, who had played linebacker for the Angelo State Rams from 1996 to 1999, was named the A&M–Commerce head coach in January 2013, following the resignation of Morriss in November 2012. During the 2013 season, the team upset NCAA Division I FCS team Houston Baptist, 55–21. In December 2013, three Lions football players were named to the All-Super Region Four team: defensive end Charles Tuaau (first team), as well as wide receiver Vernon Johnson and defensive end Tevin Moore (second team). Darvin Peterson and Tuaau were the fifth and sixth Lions to be named to the AFCA All-America first team when they accomplished the feat in 2006 and 2013, respectively. During the 2014 season, the Lions set a Division II record for total offense when they accumulated 986 yards against East Texas Baptist in a 98–20 win. Lions football players of this era who went on to play in the National Football League include Cedric Bonner, who signed with the Atlanta Falcons in 2005, and 2012 Lone Star Conference (LSC) Linebacker of the Year Danny Mason, who signed with the Denver Broncos in 2015.

Output: b
Question: Are any of his outside consultants American when Tzonis was doing advanced research in analytical design methods? Passage:His grandfather was architect Alexandros Tzonis who designed many buildings in Thessaloniki during the Interwar period. Tzonis studied architecture at the National Technical University of Athens (1956 -1961). During the period of his university studies, he was instructed privately in mathematics (Pandelis Rokos) and art (Spyros Papaloukas) meeting regularly with the architect Dimitris Pikionis who was by then retired from teaching. He worked professionally as a stage designer in the theatre and art director in the cinema. (Never on Sunday, 1960 directed by Jules Dassin). In 1961 he moved to the United States as a Ford Fellow, where he pursued his studies at Yale University, briefly in the Drama School and soon after in the School of Art and Architecture under Paul Rudolph, Shadrach Woods, Robert Venturi, and Serge Chermayeff. In 1965, with sponsorship from the Twentieth Century Fund he was appointed fellow at Yale where he carried out pioneering research on Planning and Design Methodology in collaboration with Chermayeff with whom he co-authored The Shape of Community (1972). In 1968 he was invited to teach at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University by Jerzy Soltan and Josep Lluis Sert appointed assistant professor. There he taught and did advanced research in analytical design methods in association with Walter Isard and Ovadia Salama, receiving outside advice from Anatol Rapaport and Seymour Papert. In collaboration with Ovadia Salama, introducing the newly developed method ELECTRE he worked out a new method for multi-criteria evaluation of architectural projects (1975). In collaboration with Michael Freeman, Etienne de Cointet, and his undergraduate student Robert Berwick, who became later professor of computational linguistics at MIT, he developed a method for design discourse analysis applied to the case of 17th and 18th century texts of French architectural theory, a project funded by the French Government carried out at Harvard and in France (1975).

Output: a
Question: Who is the current mayor of the town that is located within the land owned by Edward Greaves? Passage:Charles I is supposed to have created him a baronet 4 May 1645. Of this creation, the first of a physician to that rank, no record exists, but the accurate Le Neve did not doubt the fact, and explained the absence of enrolment. He claimed to have been Physician-General to the army of Charles I. With his friend Walter Charleton, Greaves became travelling physician to Charles II, but settled in London in 1653, and was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians 18 October 1657. He delivered the Harveian oration at the College of Physicians 25 July 1661 (London, 1667, 4to), of which the original manuscript is in the British Museum (Sloane 302). He says that before Harvey the source of the circulation was as unknown as that of the Nile, and compares England to a heart, whence the knowledge of the circulation was driven forth to other lands. He became physician in ordinary to Charles II, and owned the lands of St Leonard's Forest in Sussex, including that part which became Leonardslee. He married Alicia Nevett (1624–1684), widow of Peter Calf (d. 1668). Greaves lived in Covent Garden, died there 11 Nov. 1680, and was buried in the church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden.

Output: b
Question: What does it cost to rent an apartment in the second tallest building in Dubai? Passage:Dubai, the largest city in the United Arab Emirates, is home to many modern high-rises, 108 of which stand taller than . The tallest building in Dubai is the Burj Khalifa, which rises and contains 163 floors. The tower has stood as both the tallest building in the world and the tallest man-made structure of any kind in the world since its completion in January 2010. The second-tallest building in Dubai is the Marina 101, which also stands as the world's second tallest residential skyscraper. The skyscrapers of Dubai are, for the most part, clustered in three different locations. The land along E 11 Road was the first to develop, followed by the Dubai Marina neighborhood and the Business Bay district.

Output: b
Question: How old was Thomas Kenan's grandfather when he died? Passage:Thomas Stephen Kenan (February 12, 1838 – December 23, 1911) was a Confederate soldier, and later a politician. His parents were Sarah Rebecca Graham and Owen Rand Kenan; he was the grandson of U.S. Congressman Thomas Kenan and great-grandson of Revolutionary War general James Kenan. He started his education in Duplin County, North Carolina at Old Grove Academy in Kenansville (the town was named for his great-grandfather in 1818). Later he spent a year at Central Military Institute in Selma, Alabama. Thomas spent his freshman year of college at Wake Forest in June. Thomas then transferred his sophomore year to the University of North Carolina, where he would graduate in 1857. He studied law for two years with Judge Pearson at Richmond Hill where he practiced law in Kenansville. After graduation and during the Civil War he became Captain of the Duplin Rifles in the Confederate States Army, elected lieutenant colonel of the 43rd North Carolina Infantry Regiment in April 1862, and was promoted to colonel later that year. He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg. While on an ambulance train, he and his older brother James Kenan were both captured; they were then imprisoned on Johnson's Island, Ohio. On March 22, 1865, he was released on parole but never switched sides during the war. On his return home he was elected to the state legislature from 1865 to 1867. Later that year he ran for Congress and lost. Not letting that defeat end his political career, he moved to Wilson, North Carolina, where he became mayor and was elected North Carolina Attorney General, serving from 1877 to 1885. In May 1868 he married Miss Sallie Dortch, but they had no children; Sallie died in 1916.

Output: b
Question: Who was in charge of the Army of the Potomac the year Wessells was transferred there? Passage:On June 6, 1861, he was promoted major of the 6th US Infantry, and on Aug. 22 of that year he received the colonelcy of the 8th Kansas Infantry. After serving on the Missouri border he resumed his commission in the regular army Feb. 15, 1862, and in March was transferred to the Army of the Potomac. He was made a brigadier-general of volunteers April 25 and served in the Peninsula, receiving the regular army brevet of lieutenant- colonel for gallantry at the Battle of Fair Oaks, where he was wounded. In Gen. George B. McClellan's change of base he commanded the rear-guard, and then engaged in the defense of Suffolk, Va., afterward serving in North Carolina. After serving at Kinston, Goldsboro, and New Berne, he was placed over the sub-district of the Albemarle, taking command May 3, 1863. On April 17, 1864, he was attacked at Plymouth, North Carolina, where he had a garrison of about 3,000 men, by Gen. Robert F. Hoke with about 15,000 Confederate troops and the iron-clad CSS Albemarle After a gallant defense which lasted three days Gen. Wessells surrendered the town. He was taken to Libby Prison, whence he was transferred successively to Danville, Macon and Charleston. At the last-named place he was one of the officers that were placed under the fire of the Union batteries on Morris island. On Aug. 3, 1864, he was exchanged, and on Nov. 11 he became commissary of prisoners, which post he held until the close of the war. He was also placed in charge of a conscription center in New York. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel Feb. 16, 1865, and brevetted colonel to date from April 20, 1864, "for gallant and meritorious services during the rebel attack on Plymouth, N. C." On March 13 he was given the regular army brevet of brigadier general.

Output: b
Question: On which tv network was the show that feature the Cyber Sunday feud air? Passage:The main feud heading into Cyber Sunday was between WWE Champion John Cena, World Heavyweight Champion King Booker, and ECW World Champion The Big Show, the top champion of each of the three brands. This feud began on the October 9 edition of Raw, where they came face to face, arguing about who was the most dominant champion in WWE. WWE Chairman Vince McMahon interrupted, and booked a triple threat "Champion of Champions" match at Cyber Sunday between the three of them. This also gave each show's General Manager an opportunity to choose opponents for each other's champion that night. This resulted in Big Show defeating Jeff Hardy and Booker defeating Rob Van Dam; however, the match between Cena and The Undertaker was interrupted by Booker, Big Show, and The Undertaker's storyline rival, Mr. Kennedy. At the same time, Cena began a minor feud with Kevin Federline. Federline, as the on-screen close friend of Johnny Nitro and Melina's, appeared on Raw to promote his album, "Playing With Fire". Cena rapped about Federline, but Nitro came out to Federline's defense and was thrown out of the ring by Cena. Cena was then interrupted by his two Cyber Sunday opponents, and McMahon who announced that a championship would be on the line at Cyber Sunday. Cena performed the FU on Federline, after being insulted. The feud between the champions continued on the October 20 edition of SmackDown!, when Big Show and Cena were at ringside during Booker's title defense against Batista. Batista speared Booker onto Big Show, who, in response, assaulted Batista, ending the match via disqualification. Cena then joined the brawl, and SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long announced a tag team match for the next week. On the next Raw, Cena defeated Nitro after an FU, but was assaulted afterwards by his Cyber Sunday opponents, who turned on each other shortly after to start a brawl between the four to end the show. Batista and Cena were successful in the tag team match, after Big Show abandoned Booker. The next week, on Raw, a preview of Cyber Sunday's interactivity was displayed when fans voted for Cena's opponent for the night, between Big Show, Booker, and Jonathan Coachman. Coachman won in the voting, but was easily defeated by Cena.

Output: b
Question: How old was her fiance when Annie Laurie got engaged? Passage:Her singing career started by vocalising for two territory bands led by Dallas Bartley and Snookum Russell, on the Chitlin' Circuit. In 1945, she recorded a version of "Saint Louis Blues" with the Bartley led band for Cosmo Records. She relocated to New Orleans, Louisiana, and was engaged by Paul Gayten. In 1947, she was performing in concert in New Orleans with Gayten, when the latter asked the young Fats Domino to come and play "Swanee River Boogie" on stage. Recording for both the Regal and De Luxe labels between 1947 and 1950, Laurie sang on several sides backed by Gayten's orchestra. Her first success was with her version of "Since I Fell for You" (1947), of which recording studio owner Cosimo Matassa said: "Annie Laurie did the first really good record that I liked... [She] was just fantastic, I mean nobody will ever make another version like that." She followed its success up with "Cuttin' Out" (1949), "You Ought To Know" (1950), "I Need Your Love" (1950), "Now That You're Gone" (1950) and "I'll Never Be Free" (1950). Laurie also toured with Gayten's orchestra in 1951.

Output: b
Question: In what country did Wright leave the French privateers? Passage:Wright, with French Captains Archembeau and Toccart, sailed to Corn Island and then to Bluefield's River where he left the French privateers. Arriving in Bocas del Toro several weeks later Wright joined with Dutch Captain Yankey Willems, who himself had no commission, and departed with Yanky from Boca del Toro in September sailing south along Colombia where Yanky captured a Spanish merchant ship carrying sugar and tobacco. Wright receiving Yanky's barque, as Yanky kept the merchant ship, burned his own ship and sold the Spanish tartane he had taken near Cartago to one of the Jamaican traders on board. At Curaçao they attempted to sell the Spanish cargo but were forced to leave by the Dutch Governor. They continued to sail to the Isla Aves and Islas Roques where they remained until February 1682. Returning to Islas Roques later in 1682, Wright parted from Williems, where he and his crew divided their loot and dispersed. Wright may have returned to his home in French Hispaniola. William Dampier, who had been sailing as a member of Wrights's and Willems' crew, left with John Cook and others to return to Virginia before returning to buccaneering.

Output: b
Question: Of the states where George served, which one was established earlier? Passage:Randall enlisted as a private in the 4th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry in the April 1861. He then accepted appointment to the 4th U.S. Infantry as second lieutenant in October. He served in New York and Washington, D.C., and in the field with the Army of the Potomac. He was a second lieutenant at the Siege of Yorktown, Battle of Gaines' Mill, Battle of Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run (where he commanded Company C), and Fredericksburg; and a first lieutenant at the Battle of the Wilderness. He was appointed a brevet captain for gallant service in the Battle of Antietam. He served as a major in the 14th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment, part of Major General Ambrose Burnside's IX Corps on the Richmond-Petersburg Front in 1864, and was commander of the regiment at the Battle of the Crater. The Dansville Advertiser reported on 7 September that he assumed command of the regiment on 18 August. This article also reports that he was wounded in the battle on 19 August. He was appointed a brevet lieutenant colonel, and then colonel for gallantry in the Battle of Fort Stedman. He mustered out of the Volunteer service on 26 August, and was appointed captain in the 4th US Infantry on 23 September 1865. Subsequently, he served at Davids' Island Military Reservation, New York Harbor, where he was in December 1867.

Output: a
Question: How long did the inventor of the process of silicon surface passivation work at Bell Labs? Passage:A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery. In 1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide, although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost US$286/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. In 1957, Mohamed M. Atalla developed the process of silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation at Bell Labs. The surface passivation process has since been critical to solar cell efficiency.

Output: b
Question: When was the Second Zhili–Fengtian War fought? Passage:Xing Zhaotang () (1894–1961) original name Guangzu (), courtesy name Zhaotang (), was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Tongwei County, Gansu Province. A veteran of the Second Zhili–Fengtian War, he was a regiment commander in the Guominjun. In 1927, he became a division commander in the National Revolutionary Army's 6th Division. Xing joined the opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. After the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Xing and Sun Dianying created a guerrilla force in northern Hebei Province and Chahar Province. This was absorbed into the National Revolutionary Army in 1939 as the New 5th Army, with Xing as deputy army commander. During the Chinese Civil War, Xing sided with the Communist Party of China against the Kuomintang due to opposition to Chiang. He was made vice chairman of Ningxia in 1949, chairman in 1952 and vice governor of Henan Province in 1955.

Output: b
Question: How many people worked at Artforum the year Diehl moved to New York? Passage:Born in Philadelphia and raised in Chicago, Diehl attended MacMurray College in Illinois for two years, after which she married a graduate student at Yale University (since divorced) and moved to New Haven, Connecticut. She returned to Chicago in the early 1970s and began painting among a group of women artists, including Barbara Blades, Liz Langer, Sandra Perlow and Fern Shaffer, studying at the Evanston Art Center with artist Corey Postiglione. Diehl was soon active in the art scene that flourished in Chicago, exhibiting her work at galleries such as Richard Gray, Michael Wyman, Jan Cicero, and N.A.M.E. Gallery, and writing articles and reviews for the New Art Examiner, where she became Managing Editor. She had her first individual exhibition at Roy Boyd Gallery in 1980. During this time, her work was reviewed in the New Art Examiner, the Chicago Sun-Times, the Chicago Tribune, and the Chicago Daily News. In 1976, Diehl moved to New York to work as assistant to John Coplans, then editor of Artforum magazine.

Output: b
Question: What was the original name of the Służba Bezpieczeństwa? Passage:On 30 June 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo in Warsaw and sent to Berlin. Rowecki was arrested due to his betrayal by Ludwik Kalkstein "Hanka", Eugeniusz Swierczewski "Genes" and Blanka Kaczorowska "Sroka" who were Gestapo agents. All of them were members of the Home Army but in fact collaborated with the Gestapo. Swierczewski, Kalkstein and Kaczorowska were sentenced to death for high treason by the Secret War Tribunal of the Polish Secret State. The sentence on Eugeniusz Swierczewski was carried out by troops commanded by Stefan Rys ("Jozef"). They hanged Swierczewski in the basement of the house at 74 Krochmalna Street in Warsaw. Kalkstein received protection from the Gestapo and was not harmed. He fought in a Waffen SS unit during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 under the name of Konrad Stark. After the war, he worked for the Polish Radio station in Szczecin and was later recruited as an agent by the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa. In 1982, he emigrated to France; he died in 1994. Blanka Kaczorowska also survived the war. Her death sentence was not carried out because she was pregnant. After the war, she also worked as a secret agent for the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa and later for the renamed Służba Bezpieczeństwa. She emigrated to France in 1971. She died in 2002

Output: b
Question: What's the full name of the man who was "spellbound" by Sheridan as Madama Butterfly? Passage:Sheridan had her early vocal training while at school at the Dominican Convent in Eccles Street, Dublin, with additional lessons from Vincent O'Brien. In 1908, she won a gold medal at the Feis Ceoil. From 1909 to 1911 she studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London, during which time she was introduced to the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who was instrumental in arranging further studies for her in opera in Rome. With Marconi's help she auditioned in 1916 for Alfredo Martino, a prominent singing teacher attached to the Teatro Costanzi, and she made her début there in January 1918 in Puccini's La Bohème. In July 1919 she appeared at the Royal Opera House (Covent Garden) in the title role in Iris by Pietro Mascagni. Sheridan returned to Italy, where her career continued to grow, with performances at the Teatro Dal Verme in Milan and at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, primarily in Puccini roles. In 1922 she first sang at La Scala, Milan, in La Wally by Catalani under the direction of Toscanini. For the next few years she would sing at La Scala with great success. Perhaps her greatest role was Madama Butterfly, which she sang extensively in Italy and at Covent Garden. When she played the part of Madama Butterfly, Puccini was said to be spellbound.

Output: b
Question: In which venue was the domestic competition that determined Team USA membership held? Passage:The United States of America will compete at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics from August 22 to August 30 in Beijing, China. The membership of the team was selected at the 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. However, membership on the team was subject to the athlete achieving a qualification standard. In addition, champions from the previous World Championships and the 2014 IAAF Diamond League receive an automatic bye. An automatic entry is also available to an Area Champion, the IAAF definition of an Area essentially being the specified continental areas of the world. The United States is part of the North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association, which held its championship August 7–9, 2015 in San Jose, Costa Rica where 20 athletes qualified. The deadline for entries was August 10. The final team membership as submitted to the IAAF was announced on August 10, 2015.

Output: b
Question: How many teams did the NBA have the year the 20th annual draft took place? Passage:The 1966 NBA draft was the 20th annual draft of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The draft was held on May 11 and 12, 1966 before the 1966–67 season. In this draft, ten NBA teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players. A player who had finished his four-year college eligibility was eligible for selection. If a player left college early, he would not be eligible for selection until his college class graduated. The first two picks in the draft belonged to the teams that finished last in each division, with the order determined by a coin flip. The New York Knicks won the coin flip and were awarded the first overall pick, while the Detroit Pistons were awarded the second pick. This draft was the first to use the coin flip method, which replace the territorial pick rule. The remaining first-round picks and the subsequent rounds were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win–loss record in the previous season. An expansion franchise, the Chicago Bulls, took part in the NBA Draft for the first time and were assigned the last pick of each round. The draft consisted of 19 rounds comprising 112 players selected.

Output: b
Question: Who won the main event during the SMLL 59th Anniversary Show? Passage:The CMLL 59th Anniversary Show was a professional wrestling major show event produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) that took place on September 18, 1992 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. This was the first Anniversary show under the CMLL name as the company had changed name from Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre in the winter of 1991. The show consisted of five matches, with the main event being a Six-man tag team match between the team of The Great Kabuki, La Fiera and Pierroth Jr. and the team of Rayo de Jalisco Jr., Atlantis and King Haku. The show also featured a Lucha de Apuestas, hair vs. hair match, between El Dandy and El Satánico. Furthermore the show featured two more six-man tag team matches and a Tag Team match featuring Japanese women making a special appearance for CMLL. The event commemorated the 59th anniversary of CMLL, the oldest professional wrestling promotion in the world. The Anniversary show is CMLL's biggest show of the year, their Super Bowl event.

Output: a
Question: Which men's national ice hockey team that Romania competed with in the Blue Division has the longest history? Passage:Romania started Olympic hockey in 1964 in the B division. In the tournament, the team finished 12th out of 16 teams and managed 3 wins against Austria, Italy, and Hungary also with a tie against Yugoslavia. In 1968, Romania lost its qualification match against West Germany 7–0 and was forced to compete in the B division again. In the first two games, Romania beat Austria 3–2 and the Host, France 7–3. They lost their next three games and finished 12th out of 14 in the standings. After skipping the 1972 competition, Romania returned for the 1976 tournament. This time Romania played Poland in the Qualification round and lost 7–4, keeping them in the B division once again. However, Romania battled back and won 4 of 5 games with only one loss against Yugoslavia, still winning the division. The team finished 7th out of 12. In 1980, Romania was able to play with the top teams and was put into the Blue Division group, along with tough opponents such as Sweden, Czechoslovakia, and USA. In the first game Romania was down 4–2 to West Germany, but managed to score 4 goals to beat the former bronze medallists 6–4. In their next game Romania got shut out by Sweden 8–0. The Swedes scored 3 goals in the first period which left Romania out of it. After a lopsided loss to Czechoslovakia (7–2) the team then took on USA. The US jumped out to a 2–0 lead in the first period and added two more to it to lead 4–1 after two periods. Unlike other teams that the US had faced, the Romanians fought strong in the third period, despite being outshot 15–3, and scored a goal. The final score was 7–2. Romania played Norway for their final game, who had lost all four of their past games and had no chance to advance to the Medal Round. Romania fell behind less than a minute into the game, but stormed back to take the lead 3–1 in the third period. The Norwegian team battled back though, and scored once with a minute and a half left to play, and scored once more to tie it with only 29 seconds left. This tie still gave Romania one point but they had been hoping for a win. They finished the tournament with a 1–3–1 record, and were ranked 8th out of 12, just beating the Netherlands, West Germany, Norway, and Japan. This was the last time that the Romanians competed in the Olympic tournaments.

Output: a
Question: Who was the winner of the Spanish Grand Prix? Passage:Gutiérrez, in his first race for Haas at the Australian Grand Prix made contact with Fernando Alonso, flipping the McLaren driver and sending him flying into the barrier. The incident was concluded as a racing incident. At the Bahrain Grand Prix, Gutiérrez started in 13th and was running in 8th by the end of the first lap. He then retired shortly afterwards due to brake failure. Gutiérrez finished 14th at the Chinese Grand Prix, passing Nico Hülkenberg in the closing laps. At the Russian Grand Prix, Gutiérrez made contact with Hülkenberg, forcing him to pit for a new front wing. At the Spanish Grand Prix, Gutiérrez was in 8th until he was passed by Felipe Massa, Jenson Button and Daniil Kvyat in the closing laps, dropping him to 11th. Gutiérrez finished 11th at the Monaco Grand Prix, but crossed the line 12th, after being pushed out the way by Valtteri Bottas on the final lap. Bottas was given a five-second time penalty, promoting Gutiérrez back to 11th. At the European Grand Prix, Gutiérrez made contact with Hülkenberg on the first lap, damaging his front wing. At the Austrian Grand Prix, Gutiérrez finished 11th after Sergio Pérez had a brake failure and crashed out on the final lap. On the final lap, Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg made contact. Rosberg lost his front wing and Pascal Wehrlein and Gutiérrez passed him. Gutiérrez attempted to find a way past Wehrlein for 10th, but Wehrlein just beat him to the chequered flag.

Output: b
Question: Who is the current office holder of the position that Clinton held from 1977 to 1979? Passage:William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to his presidency, he served as governor of Arkansas (1979–1981 and 1983–1992) and as attorney general of Arkansas (1977–1979). A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was known as a New Democrat, and many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of former Secretary of State and former U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton. In 1998, Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives. The impeachment was based on accusations that Clinton committed perjury and obstruction of justice for the purpose of concealing his affair with Monica Lewinsky, a 22-year-old White House intern. He was acquitted by the Senate and completed his term in office. Clinton is notable as one of only two U.S. presidents (following Andrew Johnson 130 years earlier) to have been impeached.

Output: b
Question: Did the school Austin pitched against on March 22, 1968 exist prior to the founding of the college he attended? Passage:Austin attended Washington State University, where he played college baseball for the Cougars in 1967 and 1968. In a game against Gonzaga University on March 22, 1968, he pitched a perfect game. He was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the first round of the secondary phase of the 1968 Major League Baseball Draft, and began his professional career with the AA Waterbury Indians. In 1968, Austin had a 1-8 win-loss record and a 2.73 earned run average (ERA), and in 1969 he split the season between Waterbury, the Indians' rookie team, and the Portland Beavers. With Portland, he had a 5-6 record and a 3.66 ERA in 16 games. After the season, he, along with Rich Hand, were noted as two of the Indians' top pitching prospects.

Output: a
Question: Who won the race that Vettel made his debut in? Passage:Driving in place of Robert Kubica, Vettel made his début in with BMW Sauber in the United States Grand Prix; making him (at that time) the youngest points scorer in Formula One by finishing eighth in the race. His second race came with Scuderia Toro Rosso in the 2007 Hungarian Grand Prix and he stayed at Toro Rosso until the end of the season. Vettel won his first race at the 2008 Italian Grand Prix starting from his first pole, which remains Toro Rosso's only win. He then moved to Red Bull for the season and stayed at Red Bull until the end of the season. During his six years at Red Bull, he secured four championships, 38 wins, 44 pole positions and 65 podium finishes. Vettel's first championship came at the age of 23 years and 134 days in , becoming the youngest ever world champion; this was followed by three consecutive championships. , a winless season for Vettel, was his final year with Red Bull; he then joined Scuderia Ferrari. In his first year with Ferrari, he secured 3 wins, 1 pole position, and 13 podium finishes, going on to finish 3rd in the standings. In the season, Vettel had no wins with Ferrari and finished 4th in the standings. However, in he finished the season in second place with 5 victories. His Grand Prix victories is the third highest of all-time, only behind Lewis Hamilton's wins and Michael Schumacher at 91.

Output: b
Question: How long did the construction of the USS Castle Rock take? Passage:USS Castle Rock (AVP-35) was a United States Navy Barnegat-class small seaplane tender in commission from 1944 to 1946 which saw service in the late months of World War II. After the war, she was in commission in the United States Coast Guard as the Coast Guard cutter USCGC Castle Rock (WAVP-383), later WHEC-383, from 1948 to 1971, seeing service in the Vietnam War during her Coast Guard career. Transferred to South Vietnam in 1971, she served in the Republic of Vietnam Navy as the frigate RVNS Trần Bình Trọng (HQ-05) and fought in the Battle of the Paracel Islands in 1974. When South Vietnam collapsed at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, Trần Bình Trọng fled to the Philippines, where she served in the Philippine Navy from 1979 to 1985 as the frigate RPS (later BRP) Francisco Dagohoy (PF-10).

Output: a
Question: Which soldier rose to the highest rank in his career, Coulter or Gerow? Passage:On 15 May 1942, five months after the United States entered World War II, the 85th Infantry Division was ordered into active military service at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, under the command of Major General Wade H. Haislip. Divisions in the U.S. Army at that time were "triangularized" with three combat regiments instead of the four regiment structure "square division" used during World War I. The 340th Infantry Regiment was redesignated as the 410th Quartermaster Battalion and left the division. Basic infantry training was begun in June 1942 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. In April 1943, it participated in large-scale army training in the Louisiana Maneuvers near Leesville, Louisiana. In August, the division was moved to Camp Coxcomb, California for desert warfare training. In October, the division was transferred to Fort Dix, New Jersey, for final preparations before shipment overseas. Major General John B. Coulter was transferred as commander and retained this position throughout the war. The Assistant Division Commander (ADC) throughout the war was Brigadier General Lee S. Gerow.

Output: a
Question: How many episodes of Moonlighting were in existence the year Outlaws was released? Passage:Osterhage began his acting career in a television adaptation of  in 1978 and starred in the 1979 TV movie The Legend of the Golden Gun. He is probably most recognizable to western fans in his role as Tyrel Sackett in the 1979 western The Sacketts, followed by the 1982 The Shadow Riders, both being film adaptations of novels by western novelist Louis L'Amour. The Shadow Riders is not a part of the "Sackett" book series, and the actors play totally different roles. In both films he starred opposite Tom Selleck and Sam Elliott. In the first film he also starred alongside western legends Ben Johnson and Glenn Ford, with Johnson also starring in the second. Osterhage has appeared in twenty-seven films, made-for-television movies, and television series appearances in TV series including The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, T. J. Hooker, Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Murder, She Wrote, Moonlighting, Simon & Simon, Matlock, as well as the computer game . His latest appearance is in the 2008 film Taken by Force. He also played Marshal James Anderson in the computer game Outlaws, released in 1997.

Output: b
Question: How large was Princeton's endowment the year Barschall graduated from that school? Passage:Barschall was born as Heinrich Hermann Barschall in Berlin, Germany; his father was a patent attorney who had received a Ph.D. in chemistry after studying with Nobel Laureates Emil Fischer and Fritz Haber. After beginning study in several universities in Germany, he emigrated to the United States in 1937 during the early Holocaust period; though raised as a Lutheran, he had some Jewish ancestry. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1940 under the direction of Rudolf Ladenburg; he also worked closely with John A. Wheeler. After a suggestion by Niels Bohr, he carried out in only a few days with fellow graduate student Morton H. Kanner the first demonstration of fission by fast neutrons and thorium and uranium. His thesis was on the interaction of fast neutrons with helium. In a paper with John A. Wheeler he reported the discovery of spin-orbit coupling in neutron scattering.

Output: b
Question: When did the conductor at Midori's concert debut begin conducting the New York Philharmonic? Passage:Midori gave her first public performance at the age of six, playing one of the 24 Caprices of Paganini in her native Osaka. In 1982 she and her mother moved to New York City, where Midori started violin studies with Dorothy DeLay at Pre-College Division of Juilliard School and the Aspen Music Festival and School. As her audition piece, Midori performed Bach's thirteen-minute-long Chaconne, generally considered one of the most difficult solo violin pieces. In the same year, she made her concert debut with the New York Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta, a conductor with whom she would later record on the Sony Classical label. In 1986 came her legendary performance of Leonard Bernstein's Serenade at Tanglewood, conducted by Bernstein. During the performance, she broke the E string on her violin, then again on the concertmaster's Stradivarius after she borrowed it. She finished the performance with the associate concertmaster's Guadagnini and received a standing ovation. The next day The New York Times front page carried the headline, "Girl, 14, Conquers Tanglewood with 3 Violins".

Output: b
Question: Which of the magazines that Neil Strauss worked for when he met Marilyn Manson is the oldest? Passage:Neil Strauss, a rock critic and reporter for The New York Times, met Marilyn Manson through his work for Spin and Rolling Stone. Strauss initially perceived Manson as a "phony" who had gotten on the gothic rock bandwagon very late; he later came to see Manson as a "really interesting, really intelligent artist" with many talents. He went to talk to Manson at a Holiday Inn in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Manson asked Strauss to join him in a hot tub, commenting "This is going to be an important piece of press." Strauss wrote a cover story about Manson for Rolling Stone, which in the view of the Chicago Reader Jim DeRogatis "legitimized Manson's emergence as one of the most notorious entertainers of the 90s and an enthusiastic bogeyman for the right". Following the publication of the article, Strauss became Manson's business partner. Later, Manson and Strauss got a deal to write the singer's autobiography for ReganBooks, an imprint of HarperCollins founded by Judith Regan, who was behind Howard Stern's Private Parts (1997). The autobiography shares its title with the Marilyn Manson song "Long Hard Road Out of Hell" (1997) and features an introduction written by film director David Lynch; Manson had previously contributed two songs to the soundtrack of Lynch's film Lost Highway (1997) and would later collaborate with the director on a coffee table book titled Genealogies of Pain (2011).

Output: a
Question: In the years that John Kingman was president of the Royal Statistical Society versus the years that he was president of the London Mathematical Society, which society had more members? Passage:From October 1985, Kingman was elected Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bristol. He remained in Bristol until 2001 when he took up his post at the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge. Shortly after making that move, Kingman drew some media attention for having the third-highest salary among British Vice-Chancellors and this having nearly doubled in his final year in the job, at a time when most academics received pay-rises of about 3%. Whilst at Bristol, he also served in a number of other capacities. In the academic field, he was president of the Royal Statistical Society from 1987 to 1989, and president of the London Mathematical Society from 1990 to 1992. In public service, he was a member of the board of the British Council between 1986 and 1991 and was on the Board of the British Technology Group from 1986 until after it was privatised in 1992. He also held directorships at a number of industrial companies, including IBM from 1985 to 1995 and SmithKline Beecham from 1986 to 1989. In 1987–88, Kingman chaired the Committee of Inquiry into the teaching of the English language. In 2000 the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Sir John the first chairman of the Statistics Commission, the body that oversees the work of the Office for National Statistics, the UK government's statistics agency. In 2002 Kingman attracted some media attention

Output: a