niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
Question: What was the primary focus of the paper Royster had worked for before the war? Passage:After shakedown along the U.S. East Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico, Jack Miller sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, 13 June 1944, arriving Pearl Harbor 12 July via the Panama Canal Zone and San Diego, California. After more intensive training out of Pearl Harbor, she departed on 24 July screening a convoy to Eniwetok, where she arrived on 2 August. The remainder of the month was spent on patrol and convoy duty. Jack Miller sailed from Eniwetok on 2 September and, after escorting a convoy to Saipan, took up harbor patrol duty there. Antisubmarine patrols, convoy screening, and escort duty kept Jack Miller busy for the next nine months. During this period she sank five mines. In late 1944 Jack Miller came under the command of Lt. Commander Vermont C. Royster; he had served as the White House correspondent of The Wall Street Journal before the war. After the war ended, Lt. Commander Royster would leave the Navy and resume his journalism career at the Wall Street Journal; he would eventually become the paper's editor-in-chief in 1958.

Output: b
Question: Which of the islands that the cyclone passed over or near has a higher population? Passage:During April 5, 2017, the Fiji Meteorological Service started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 20F that had developed about to the northwest of the Fijian dependency of Rotuma. The system lied within an area of favourable conditions for further development with low to moderate vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures of about . Over the next couple of days, the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further, before it was classified as a tropical depression by the FMS during April 7. The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) subsequently issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the disturbance, as atmospheric convection consolidated around the system's elongated low level circulation center. During that day, the system was steered south-westwards towards Vanuatu and New Caledonia, by northeasterly winds located to the northwest of a subtropical ridge of high pressure. The system subsequently passed near or over the islands of Maewo and Ambae, before the JTWC initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 16P early on April 8. The system subsequently passed near or over Malakula, before the FMS reported that it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone, on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Cook.

Output: a
Question: Where is the organization where Yelick served as director from 2008-2012 headquartered?  Passage:Katherine Yelick received her SB, SM, and PhD in computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley in 1991. She joined the research staff at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1996 as a joint-appointment faculty research scientist, and has been the Associate Laboratory Director for Computing Sciences since 2010. She is known for her work in partitioned global address space programming languages, including co-inventing the Unified Parallel C (UPC) and Titanium languages. She also led the Sparsity project, the first automatically tuned library for sparse matrix kernels, and she co-led the development of the Optimized Sparse Kernel Interface (OSKI). From 2008 to 2012 she was the director of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center. From 2009 to 2015 she was a member of the California Council on Science and Technology.

Output: b
Question: What was the name of the payload specialist that perished on January 28th? Passage:On January 28, 1986, the NASA Space Shuttle orbiter undertaking mission STS-51-L and the tenth flight of (OV-099) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members: five NASA astronauts, one payload specialist, and a civilian school teacher. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11:39a.m. EST (16:39 UTC). The disintegration of the vehicle began after a joint in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff. The failure was caused by the failure of O-ring seals used in the joint that were not designed to handle the unusually cold conditions that existed at this launch. The seals' failure caused a breach in the SRB joint, allowing pressurized burning gas from within the solid rocket motor to reach the outside and impinge upon the adjacent SRB aft field joint attachment hardware and external fuel tank. This led to the separation of the right-hand SRB's aft field joint attachment and the structural failure of the external tank. Aerodynamic forces broke up the orbiter.

Output: b
Question: Which metropolitan city that had a thriving Latin club scenes during 1980s has a larger population? Passage:Latin pop became the most popular form of Latin music in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s, with acts such as Puerto Rican boyband Menudo, even achieving massive crossover success among non-Latino listeners during the late 1990s. While not restricted to America by any means, Latin pop was profoundly affected by production techniques and other styles of music — both Latin and otherwise — that originated primarily in the United States. Tejano music, centered in Texas and the U.S./Mexico border region, had begun to introduce synthesizers, slicker production, and a more urban sensibility to formerly root styles like norteño and conjunto. Moreover, New York and Miami were home to thriving Latin club scenes, which during the 1980s led to the rise of Latin freestyle, a club-oriented dance music that was rooted in Latin rhythms but relied on synthesizers and drum machines for most of its arrangements. Both of these sounds influenced the rise of Latin pop, which retained Latin rhythms in its uptempo numbers but relied more on mainstream pop for its melodic sense.

Output: a
Question: Were either of the director of Velvet Goldmine and the director of A Midsummer Night's Dream born outside the United States? Passage:British actor Christian Bale has starred in various movies. Bale's role of a young boy, interned in China by the Japanese, received praise from most film critics. Two years later, Bale had a minor role in Henry V, a drama film based on William Shakespeare's play The Life of Henry the Fifth. It has been considered one of the best Shakespeare film adaptations ever made. In 1992, Bale starred as Jack Kelly in the Walt Disney musical drama Newsies, which was a critical and commercial failure; however, it gained a cult following. He received a role in the 1994 drama Little Women, which garnered positive reviews. Bale lent his voice for the Disney animated film Pocahontas in 1995; it received a mixed reception, but attained box office success. He starred as British journalist Arthur Stuart in the Todd Haynes-directed drama Velvet Goldmine (1998). Although critics were divided on the film, Bale's role was "eagerly anticipated". Bale portrayed Demetrius in the critically praised 1999 film A Midsummer Night's Dream, an adaptation of Shakespeare's play of the same name, directed by Michael Hoffman. The same year, he portrayed Jesus of Nazareth in the television movie Mary, Mother of Jesus.

Output: a
Question: Of the two major companies that manufactured tunnel diodes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, which one was founded later? Passage:A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode that has negative resistance due to the quantum mechanical effect called tunneling. It was invented in August 1957 by Leo Esaki, Yuriko Kurose, and Takashi Suzuki when they were working at Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, now known as Sony. In 1973, Esaki received the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Brian Josephson, for discovering the electron tunneling effect used in these diodes. Robert Noyce independently devised the idea of a tunnel diode while working for William Shockley, but was discouraged from pursuing it. Tunnel diodes were first manufactured by Sony in 1957, followed by General Electric and other companies from about 1960, and are still made in low volume today.

Output: a
Question: What was the age difference between the parents of Phillip Ludwell Lee Sr.? Passage:In the midst of this busy world, Thomas Lee and his wife Hannah Harrison Ludwell (1701–49) raised eight children, six sons and two daughters. They played important roles in shaping the early history of the nation. His eldest son, Philip Ludwell Lee Sr., Esquire (1727–75) inherited Stratford Hall. Richard Henry Lee (1732–94) and Francis Lightfoot Lee (1734–97) were delegates from Virginia to the Second Continental Congress, and signers of the Declaration of Independence. Richard Henry was later instrumental in guiding the fledgling nation, serving as President of Congress in 1784-85. Thomas Ludwell Lee, active in local politics, served as a Virginian legislator and helped compose the Virginia Declaration of Rights. William Lee (1739–95) and Dr. Arthur Lee (1740–92) were diplomats to England during the turbulent struggle for American independence. Hannah Lee was an early proponent of women's rights, and Alice Lee married the prominent physician William Shippen Jr. (1736-1808) of Philadelphia.

Output: a
Question: Regarding the heritage of Emmanuel's parents, which non-English place of origin was colonized first? Passage:Emmanuel was born on 2 March 1989 in Southend-on-Sea, a seaside resort town in Essex, England. Emmanuel is the second child of a half Dominican (Dominiquais) and half English mother, and a father of half-Saint Lucian and half English descent. Emmanuel demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; she recalled that her mother first took notice of her passion and desire to become an actress during Emmanuel's attendance at the independent St Hilda's School (now closed) and later grammar Westcliff High School for Girls. In an interview with the New York Daily News, she commented, "When I was 3, [I'd] always cause drama that my mum decided maybe I should channel it properly—so she started me on acting, singing and dancing classes". At the age of 10, she played Young Nala in the West End production of the musical The Lion King.

Output: a
Question: What was the Blackhawks record the year before they drafted Bergevin? Passage:Bergevin was drafted by the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft, third round, 59th overall. After a junior career with the Chicoutimi Saguenéens of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), he made the Black Hawks in 1984 and played with Chicago for the next five seasons before being traded to the New York Islanders. His career with the Islanders was brief, and he spent much of that time with their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate Springfield Indians, whom he helped lead to consecutive Calder Cup championships in 1990 and 1991. In the 1991 season he was traded to the Hartford Whalers and became a fan favorite for his skilled checking. The 1991–92 was his best season statistically, scoring 7 goals and 17 assists for 24 points.

Output: b
Question: What was the age of the 2007 World Junior champion the year that he won? Passage:Mitchell currently works as a coach with former Swedish national champion Peter Johansson at the Skating Club of Boston. Their students include 2012 Skate America Silver Medalist Christina Gao, 2007 World Junior champion Stephen Carriere, 2008 Eastern Sectional champion Katrina Hacker, 2007 US National junior pewter medalist Curran Oi, 2007 Eastern Sectional champion Kylie Gleason, two time Junior Grand Prix gold medalist Juliana Cannarozzo, 2008 US National junior bronze medalist Brittney Rizo, 2007 Canadian Junior Champion Dana Zhalko-Tytarenko, and 2009 US National Junior Champion Ross Miner. They formerly coached 2003 U.S. pewter medalist Scott Smith, 2007 US National silver medalist Emily Hughes, 2004 US National Junior silver medalist Jason Wong, 2003 US National Novice bronze medalist Jessica Houston, and 2003 US National Junior Champion Erica Archambault.

Output: b
Question: How many miles separate Norman Mayer's job in Nome, Alaska to the Caribbean? Passage:Mayer was born in El Paso, Texas, to Jesse and Margott Mayer. After his father died two years later, his penniless mother moved him and his brother Aubrey to New Orleans; she then entered nursing school and placed the children in an orphanage. As a teenager, Mayer attended a trade school where he trained as a tool and die maker. He left New Orleans and spent much of the 1930s travelling from job to job from Nome, Alaska, to the Caribbean, working in a rubber plant and in gold mines among other jobs. He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1944 while living in Los Angeles and spent two years stationed at the San Diego Naval Station. He was discharged as a fireman first class and returned to a life of drifting, working in Miami as a machinist in the mid-1950s, as a hotel maintenance man in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Jamaica during the 1960s, and as a helicopter mechanic in South Vietnam from 1969-1970. In 1971, he was seriously injured while working on an oil rig in Brunei and recuperated in Singapore before traveling across South Asia. In 1976, he was arrested in Hong Kong for possession of of marijuana in a botched attempt to make a sale. Mayer researched the law in jail and after fifteen months managed to have his conviction reversed on a technicality. He was deported back to the U.S. and returned to working in hotels.

Output: a
Question: When was Kauffman Stadium built? Passage:At Kauffman Stadium, Dennis Leonard pitched a four-hit complete game to give the Royals a 2–1 series lead. After a one-out walk and single, Freddie Patek's RBI single off of Mike Torrez in the second put the Royas up 1–0. Next inning, Al Cowens's groundout with runners on second and third and no outs made it 2–0 Royals. The Yankees got on the board in the fifth when Graig Nettles singled with two outs and scored on Lou Pinella's double, but the Royals got that run back in the bottom of the inning when Hal McRae hit a leadoff double, moved to third on a groundout, and scored on Cowens's groundout. Next inning, Torrez allowed a leadoff walk and single, then got two outs before being relieved by Sparky Lyle, who allowed a two-run double to Amos Otis. Next inning, George Brett hit a leadoff single and scored on John Mayberry's RBI double. The Yankees got a run in the ninth when Roy White doubled with one out and scored on first baseman Mayberry's error on Reggie Jackson's ground ball before Chris Chambliss grounded out to end the game.

Output: b
Question: Did Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander sail on the same ship as James Cook? Passage:Specimens of Lambertia formosa were collected by botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander during Lieutenant James Cook's landing at Botany Bay between April and May in 1770. These are thought to have been obtained from vegetation currently known as the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub that occurs in sandy areas near present-day La Perouse. The shrub was first described in 1798 by English botanist James Edward Smith who concurrently erected the new genus Lambertia, the name honouring English botanist Aylmer Bourke Lambert. The specific name formosa is the Latin adjective for 'handsome'. English plantsman Henry Charles Andrews wrote in 1799, "Of all the plants yet introduced from New Holland, that have hitherto flowered with us, this unquestionably takes the lead for beauty, considering the plant altogether", although his countryman Joseph Knight in his 1809 work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae added that the species name "applies only to the flowers, the foliage being generally of a sickly hue". French botanist Michel Gandoger described specimens collected at Hornsby and Port Jackson as Lambertia proxima, and material sent to him by plant collector Charles Walter as L. barbata in 1919; these turned out to be L. formosa. Gandoger described 212 taxa of Australian plants, almost all of which turned out to be species already described.

Output: a
Question: How many people were appointed in 1954? Passage:Dunstan was then posted to the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR) as second-in-command in 1953. He then saw service in Korea including a period as Military Assistant to the Commander in Chief of the British Commonwealth Forces Korea, and was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1954 New Year Honours. Between May 1964 and February 1965, Dunstan commanded 1 RAR, before later holding an appointment at the 1st Recruit Training Battalion. Having reached the rank of colonel, in early 1968 he was deployed to Vietnam as deputy commander of the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF). He took over from Brigadier Ron Hughes as Commander of the 1 ATF on 21 May 1968 during the Battle of Coral–Balmoral. For his services during this battle, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1969.

Output: a
Question: How many wins did Manchester City have the year Billy Walsh died? Passage:William "Billy" Walsh (31 May 1921 – 28 July 2006), also referred to as Willie Walsh, was an Irish footballer. Walsh played for several clubs, but most notably with Manchester City, for whom he made more than 100 appearances. As an international, Walsh represented four national teams: after playing for the England Schoolboys XI, he then became a dual Irish international, playing for both Ireland teams – the FAI XI and the IFA XI. In 1949, he was a member of the FAI XI that defeated England 2–0 at Goodison Park, becoming the first non-United Kingdom team to beat England at home. He then emigrated to New Zealand and also played in an unofficial game for their national team. Walsh eventually moved to Australia and settled in Noosa, Queensland. In 2003, he and several other former Manchester City players returned for the last game at Maine Road. He died on 28 July 2006 at the age of 85 and his ashes were interred at the Garden of Remembrance at the City of Manchester Stadium.

Output: b
Question: Are either of the two players Damon Hard passed to early in the game still playing in the NFL? Passage:The Chargers flew to Arrowhead Stadium for a Week 7 fight with their AFC West rival, the Kansas City Chiefs. In the first quarter, San Diego fell behind early with KC QB Damon Huard completing an 11-yard TD pass to TE Kris Wilson and a 21-yard TD pass to WR Eddie Kennison. In the second quarter, the Chargers got on the board with kicker Nate Kaeding making a 39-yard field goal, yet Kansas City would respond with an 11-yard run by RB Larry Johnson. Kaeding made a 31-yard field goal for San Diego to end the half. In the third quarter, both teams swapped touchdowns, as QB Philip Rivers threw a 1-yard TD pass to TE Antonio Gates, while Johnson got a 1-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, RB LaDainian Tomlinson caught a 37-yard TD pass and then threw a 1-yard TD pass to TE Brandon Manumaleuna. Kansas City Chiefs kicker Lawrence Tynes was good on a 53-yard field goal to seal the win for Kansas City, dropping San Diego to 4–2.

Output: a
Question: Which Atlanta player who hit consecutive doubles in the fourth inning was signed to the team first? Passage:The game began shortly after 4 p.m. with Greg Maddux pitching for Atlanta and Masato Yoshii starting for the Mets. The Mets took an early 2–0 lead in the bottom of the first inning as John Olerud hit his second home run in as many days with Rickey Henderson on first. The lead lasted into the fourth inning, when Atlanta struck back with consecutive doubles by Bret Boone and Chipper Jones, eventually knotting the score at 2–2 when Brian Jordan singled home Jones. Mets Manager Bobby Valentine was immediately prompted to remove Yoshii from the game in favor of Orel Hershiser, which began a run on pitching changes that resulted in the Mets emptying their bullpen by game's end, relying on starter Kenny Rogers and rookie Octavio Dotel for key innings, and might have gone to Game 4's starter Rick Reed had the game progressed past the fifteenth inning. In all, the Mets used a postseason record nine pitchers in this game.

Output: a
Question: Who had killed Stephanie Brown in War Crimes? Passage:Besides the aforementioned death of Stephanie Brown, many other side effects came about from this event. The biggest of these included Black Mask becoming the single crime boss in Gotham, something that would remain until his death at the hands of Catwoman. Another would be Commissioner Akins effectively making all vigilantes criminals, a move that would stay in place for over a year until the return of Commissioner Gordon to the Gotham City Police Department. The more controversial effect, not seen until the follow-up story War Crimes, was turning Doctor Leslie Thompkins against Batman, when she allows Stephanie Brown to die from her wounds as Batman's "punishment" for including children in his war on crime. Jason Todd, a former Boy Wonder, confirmed to be alive on  as a violent vigilante the Red Hood who waged a one-man war against Black Mask and successfully crippling his criminal operation in the city before seeking revenge towards Batman and the Joker. Finally, the citizens of Gotham City no longer consider Batman to be an urban legend (which has been in place since Zero Hour), as he was caught on camera trying to save the life of a wounded student at the end of Act One. Additionally, Barbara Gordon lost the clock tower that served as her home and headquarters and left Gotham City, eventually moving to Metropolis. She would later re-establish her ties to Batman.

Output: a
Question: Was the route updated before The Weavers' Triangle Visitor Centre was built? Passage:The route is described in a series of six sectional leaflets, updated in 2008, which are available from Burnley Tourist Information Centre. The first section begins at the Manchester Road canal bridge (where the Weavers' Triangle Visitor Centre is located), and follows the towpath of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal over the Burnley Embankment to Thompson Park. It then follows the River Brun through Bank Hall Park and past Heasandford House where it joins the route of the Brontë Way out of Burnley, almost to Lea Green Reservoir. It then passes the ruined Extwistle Hall and over the River Don to Queen Street Mill Textile Museum in Harle Syke. The second section crosses Todmorden Road, passing a number of farms and over Thursden brook. It then follows the road up the Thursden valley and crosses into West Yorkshire, descending to Widdop Reservoir. Joining the Mary Towneley Loop section of the Pennine Bridleway at the Gorpe track, it moves back into Lancashire and past Hurstwood Reservoir to the Elizabethan hamlet of Hurstwood.

Output: b
Question: How old was the building in which Kansas State played it's final regular season game of 2009-10? Passage:The 2009–10 Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball team represented Kansas State University in the 2009–10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Frank Martin, who served his 3rd year at the helm of the Wildcats. The team played its home games in Bramlage Coliseum in Manhattan, Kansas. Kansas State is a member of the Big 12 Conference. The Wildcats began conference play with a trip to Columbia, Missouri and faced the Missouri Tigers and finished the year with a home game against the Iowa State Cyclones. They finished the season 29–8 and ranked #7 in the AP Poll and the ESPN/USA Today Coaches' Poll. They lost to the rival Kansas Jayhawks in the finals of the Big 12 Tournament, 72–64.

Output: b
Question: Was the academy that David graduated from in 1962 founded before the year 1900? Passage:Davis grew up in Jersey City, New Jersey, in a Jewish family. His father, Mort, was a dentist in Jersey City and his mother worked as the office manager of his father's dental office. He attended Newark Academy in Newark, graduating in 1962. As an undergraduate at Yale, he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. According to an item in U.S. News & World Report, as part of his initiation into the fraternity, Davis underwent hazing by, among others, the future President of the United States George W. Bush. He also served as chairman of the campus newspaper, the Yale Daily News. Davis went on to receive his J.D. degree from Yale Law School in 1970. It was there that he first met Hillary Clinton.

Output: b
Question: What are the names of the other members of the group whose member was featured in a hip-hop track on The Midnight Ghost Train's 2017 album? Passage:The Midnight Ghost Train was originally formed by Steve Moss in Buffalo, NY. The band's name comes partially from a Hank William's song lyric in I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry. TMGT's first release was "Johnny Boy EP" in 2008, and in 2009 they self-released their first full length album which was self-titled. The album was self-recorded in their home studio after the band relocated to Kansas. They followed up with their 2012 album "Buffalo", released on Karate Body Records. It was recorded entirely analog by Dave Barbe in Athens, Georgia. Displaying the band's delta blues influences, the album features a Lead Belly cover of Cotton Fields done a cappella. In 2013, TMGT performed at the Roadburn Festival in Tilburg, Netherlands, and released "Live at Roadburn 2013" shortly thereafter. After losing their previous bass player, they went through several lineup changes before finding permanent bassist Mike Boyne. In 2014, TMGT signed with the Austrian based metal label, Napalm Records, which released TMGT's "Cold Was The Ground" on February 28, 2015. The album had a much faster tempo than previous releases, with more emphasis on song construction. The release boosted their popularity allowing them to appear at major festivals such as Hellfest and Graspop Metal Meeting. Napalm released their fourth full length album "Cypress Ave." on July 28, 2017. Once again progressing into a more mature sound with a wide array of genres. Including a hip hop track featuring Sonny Cheeba from Camp Lo. TMGT has been most commonly described as hard rock, and related to bands like Kyuss, Black Sabbath, and Clutch. The band built the majority of their fan base from consistent touring, and exciting live performances. In 2018 TMGT called it quits in order to focus more on family life, after playing their last show at the Maryland Doom Fest.

Output: b
Question: Who did Michigan defeat to win the championship in the 1997 season? Passage:Fred Jackson (born June 9, 1950) is an American football coach and former player. He was previously the running backs coach at the University of Michigan. In 2014, he was the longest tenured member of the Michigan Wolverines football coaching staff, having been with the program since 1992. Jackson served on the staffs of Gary Moeller, Lloyd Carr, Rich Rodriguez, and Brady Hoke. In addition to coaching running backs, Jackson served as Michigan's offensive coordinator (1995–1996), assistant head coach (1997–2002), and associate head coach (2003–2007). He was a finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top college football assistant coach, in 2000. After Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr retired following the 2007 season, Jackson was the only member of the coaching staff retained by Carr's successor, Rich Rodriguez. When Rodriguez was fired after the 2010 season, Jackson was the only member of Rodriguez's staff retained by his successor, Brady Hoke. Hoke and Jackson served as assistants together under Carr and Gary Moeller for a total of eight years including the 1997 national championship season.

Output: b
Question: What continent is the country that Chibnall described someone as being half pirate located on? Passage:Chibnall suggested including a "bonkers" gang of characters picked from around time and space. He felt that Doctor Who could have "collisions of characters that no other show in the world can do", and that it was about finding a "disparate" group of characters who would "bounce" off each other. Nefertiti's decision not to return to her own time fits in with the historical record, as the date and cause of her death are unknown. Chibnall asked to introduce Rory's father, as Amy and Rory would be leaving in four episodes and Rory's family life had not been explored yet. Mark Williams who played Rory's father previously appeared in the Fifth Doctor audio adventure The Eternal Summer. Rupert Graves, who played an Edwardian hunter in this episode, previously worked with Moffat on the BBC series Sherlock. David Bradley's character, Solomon, was modelled on a "well-known nightclub owner with long hair". Chibnall described him as "half businessman, half Somali pirate". Bradley and Williams had previously worked together on the Harry Potter film franchise. Bradley was later cast as the First Doctor William Hartnell for the 50th anniversary documentary drama An Adventure in Space and Time. Comedy duo Mitchell and Webb provided the voices of Solomon's two robots; executive producer Caroline Skinner called the casting choice "perfect". Richard Hope, who played the Silurian Bleytal, previously appeared as Malohkeh in the episodes "The Hungry Earth", "Cold Blood" and "The Wedding of River Song".

Output: b
Question: What is the population of the city where Filip worked after working with Odo? Passage:He was the son of a merchant, Adolf Abraham Eisenberg, and Ester née Spiro. After finishing Sobieski Gymnasium in Kraków he studied medicine at the Jagiellonian University, where he obtained his PhD in medical studies in 1899. He then conducted postgraduate work in Vienna with Richard Paltauf and between 1901 and 1902 served as a research assistant to Odo Bujwid. Subsequently he worked in Paris, at the Pasteur Institute and then in Wrocław (Breslau) under the direction of Richard Pfeiffer. Between 1919 and 1920 he was the head of a Military Hospital in Warsaw. In 1933 he became the director of the National Bacteriology Station in Kraków, a position he held until 1939. Until 1941 he was the head of the Institute of Medical Microbiology in Lwów (L'viv).

Output: b
Question: Is the company that originally signed the Rising Sons based in the same state as the one that released their 1992 album? Passage:In 1964 he moved to Santa Monica, California, and formed Rising Sons with fellow blues rock musician Ry Cooder and Jessie Lee Kincaid, landing a record deal with Columbia Records soon after. The group was one of the first interracial bands of the period, which likely made them commercially unviable. An album was never released (though a single was) and the band soon broke up, though Legacy Records did release The Rising Sons Featuring Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder in 1992 with material from that period. During this time Mahal was working with others, musicians like Howlin' Wolf, Buddy Guy, Lightnin' Hopkins, and Muddy Waters. Mahal stayed with Columbia after the Rising Sons to begin his solo career, releasing the self-titled Taj Mahal in 1968, The Natch'l Blues in 1969, and Giant Step/De Old Folks at Home with Kiowa session musician Jesse Ed Davis from Oklahoma, who played guitar and piano (also in 1969). During this time he and Cooder worked with the Rolling Stones, with whom he has performed at various times throughout his career. In 1968, he performed in the film The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus. He recorded a total of twelve albums for Columbia from the late 1960s into the 1970s. His work of the 1970s was especially important, in that his releases began incorporating West Indian and Caribbean music, jazz and reggae into the mix. In 1972, he acted in and wrote the film score for the movie Sounder, which starred Cicely Tyson. He reprised his role and returned as composer in the sequel, Part 2, Sounder.

Output: a
Question: How old was the HMS Pearl at the time of capturing the Santa Monica? Passage:Shortly after he returned to England in bad health. From 1777 to 1779 he commanded , as flag captain to his father at Newfoundland. On his return he was appointed to the 32-gun frigate HMS Pearl, which when cruising near the Azores on 14 September 1779, captured the Spanish frigate Santa Monica of equal force. In December Pearl sailed with the fleet under Sir George Rodney, and assisted in the capture of the Caracas convoy; but having sprung her foremast, was ordered home with the prizes. She was afterwards sent out to North America, and on 30 September 1780, while on a cruise off the Bermudas, captured the Espérance, a frigate-built privateer of 32 guns. In the battle of Cape Henry, on 16 March 1781, she acted as repeating frigate. She was not with the fleet during the battle of the Chesapeake on 5 September, but joined it, still off Cape Henry, on the 14th, and was left to keep watch on the movements of the French till the 25th, when she sailed for New York. On 19 October she sailed again with the fleet, and on the 23rd was stationed ahead as a look-out (Pearl's Log). She returned to England in 1782.

Output: b
Question: Did the analyst who ranked McKinney as the second best linebacker in a draft before the combine ever play professional football? Passage:Prior to his junior season, McKinney was projected as a first round selection in the 2015 NFL draft. On January 9, 2015, McKinney announced that he had decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 2015 NFL draft. Before the start of the pre-draft events, McKinney was ranked as the second best linebacker in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock. He was one of 34 collegiate linebackers to attend the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. McKinney completed all of the essential combine drills and finished second among all linebackers in the vertical jump, fifth in the broad jump, ninth in the short shuttle, tenth in the 40-yard dash, and tied for 11th amongst his position group in the three-cone drill. On March 4, 2015, he attended Mississippi State's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills for the team representatives and scouts from 29 NFL teams, including New York Jets' defensive coordinator Kacy Rodgers and New Orleans Saints' assistant head coach Joe Vitt. As a highly sought after prospect, McKinney attended private visits and workouts with multiple NFL teams, including the Philadelphia Eagles, Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers, Baltimore Ravens, Miami Dolphins, Carolina Panthers, Cleveland Browns, Denver Broncos, New Orleans Saints, Chicago Bears, and Minnesota Vikings. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, McKinney was projected to be a second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the third best linebacker in the draft by NFL analyst Lance Zierlein, was ranked the fourth best linebacker by Sports Illustrated, was ranked the fifth best inside linebacker by Charles Davis, and was ranked the fifth best linebacker in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock.

Output: b
Question: What type of joint is between the premaxillae and prefrontals? Passage:The two premaxillae are very long and run up over the snout to meet the prefrontals at the orbit. At the anterior tip they are narrow and triangular in cross-section. They form the classic rhynchosaurian beak, and there is evidence on the fossil showing that it was probably covered by a keratinous sheath. The maxilla carries a massive tooth plate and has numerous foramina for nerves and blood vessels to reach the gums through. Many of the posterior and lateral teeth are unworn from use, unlike the more anterior teeth which have been worn smooth. The nasal bones are large, but no wider than the frontals. They form a pointed posterior tip with a strong zigzag suture. The lacrimal ducts are clearly visible next to the orbit, while the lacrimal bones form much of the interior surface of the orbit. The prefrontal forms a thick eyebrow ridge, possibly as protection from predators. The jugal is complex, with four branches, and forms the anterior and ventral margins of the lower temporal fenestra. The dorsal branch forms a strong pillar behind the orbit, which has a more pronounced crest than other rhynchosaurs. The frontals are very long, and form a dish shape posteriorly. The postfrontal is triangular and forms part of the back of the orbit. The parietals are fused and have a high narrow ridge dorsally, with lateral wings extending across the upper temporal fenestrae. The postorbitals are roughly T-shaped, with three branches. Unlike Late Triassic forms, Fodonyx has a supratemporal bone. The quadratojugal and quadrate are mainly missing. One squamosal is preserved, forming much of the posterior margin of the skull. Much of the palate is intact, although the vomeronasals are quite degraded due to their length and thinness. The palatines form most of the borders of the choana. The pterygoids are very large and have three main processes, all broad and flat. The ectopterygoids are very small and hidden in palatal view. Small fragments of the hyoids are preserved, with a circular cross section and lateral striations. The basioccipital is short and attached to the narrow basisphenoid. The occipital condyle is hemispherical. Much of the detail on the paraoccipital is hard to make out due to difficulties of preparation. Only the anterior portions of the lower jaw are well preserved, but it has the typical rhynchosaur shape, curving up to the anterior tip. Teeth are mainly obscured as the jaws are tightly shut. The splenial is narrow except at the tip where it supports the symphyseal plate.

Output: a
Question: Was the club Dudgeon signed with in June of 2007 in existence in the year 1900? Passage:Dudgeon was signed by Stalybridge Celtic on 26 June 2007. On 26 November 2007, he joined Northern Premier League Premier Division side Gateshead on a one-month loan. This loan was extended for another three months in December. However, he joined Gainsborough Trinity of the Conference North on a one-and-a-half-year contract in January 2008. In October, he joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Worksop Town on a one-month loan, debuting in the 0–0 draw at Kendal Town on 11 October 2008. He joined Newcastle Blue Star in the Northern Premier League Division One North on a one-and-a-half-year contract in November, before suffering a dislocated shoulder just 20 minutes into his debut in the 1–0 home defeat to Curzon Ashton on 15 November 2008. He made his final appearance for the club in the 3–1 home defeat to Trafford on 31 January 2009 before being released and joining Wakefield. He had an unhappy debut for the club, being sent-off for dissent following the award of a late penalty in the 3–2 defeat at Colwyn Bay on 14 February, before scoring his first goal for the club coming in a 2–1 victory at Salford City on 21 February.

Output: b
Question: Who is the oldest player whose contract expired in early 2011? Passage:In early 2011, the contracts of three young FC Spartak Moscow players (Maksim Grigoryev, Dmitri Malyaka and Yevgeni Filippov) expired, and they decided to switch to FC Rostov. According to Russian football regulations, when a player under 23 years of age who was raised in the club system transfers to a different club after his contract expires, his old club is due compensation from his new club. If the new club plays on the third level (Russian Second Division), the compensation is the player's 5 previous years' salary multiplied by 1, if his new club is in the National League Championship, it's multiplied by 2 and if it's a Russian Premier League club, it's multiplied by 3. The three players signed with a Russian Second Division team FC MITOS Novocherkassk who immediately loaned them to the Russian Premier League team FC Rostov. Spartak lodged a complaint with the Russian Football Union, claiming this was not a fair transfer as the only reason for it was to lower the compensation that FC Rostov was due to pay Spartak. After the protest was declined on 29 March 2011, Grigoryev was registered for FC Rostov and scored a goal on his debut against FC Lokomotiv Moscow on 2 April 2011, the game ended with a score of 1–1. FC Lokomotiv's president, Olga Smorodskaya, filed a complaint with the Russian Football Union and Premier League, claiming Grigoryev was not eligible to be registered and play for FC Rostov. Before the protest was heard, Grigoryev scored a goal in Rostov's 2-1 victory over FC Dynamo Moscow in the 2010–11 Russian Cup quarterfinal. The protest was heard by the RFU's Dispute Resolution Chamber on 21 April 2011. Smorodskaya insisted that FC MITOS did not have the transfer certificate from Spartak in their possession before the transfer deadline and therefore could not have legally registered Grigoryev. The protest was declined as, according to the league, Grigoryev et al. were registered with RFPL before the transfer deadline, even though they were not included on the official rosters on the league's website or in any other sources. The official league website actually still lists the date of their registration as 1 April. In another twist, in January 2012, Lokomotiv signed Grigoryev from FC MITOS. In March 2012, Court of Arbitration for Sport began considering Grigoryev's case. CAS made their decision in May 2012, denying Lokomotiv's appeal.

Output: a
Question: What are the 1968 Birthday Honours? Passage:Thomson was born in Glasgow; soon after he was born his family realised that Glasgow was full of John Thomsons and started calling him Ian. He was educated at the High School of Glasgow and the University of Glasgow. In 1939 he joined the Black Watch but was able to finish his studies at Glagow University, graduating with a degree in economics in 1940. He had already applied to join the Colonial Service, did so in 1941 and was sent to Fiji, then a British colony, as aide-de-camp to the Governor, Sir Harry Luke. He was commissioned in the Fiji Military Forces and saw action in the Solomon Islands campaign. He was appointed a military "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in the South West Pacific" in 1945. After the war he served the Administration of Fiji, becoming a District Officer and eventually District Commissioner 1963–66. In 1967 he reluctantly left Fiji to become Governor of the British Virgin Islands (BVI). He was appointed in the 1968 Birthday Honours. In 1971 he returned to Fiji after being invited by the Prime Minister of the newly independent Dominion of Fiji, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, to chair the board of the Fiji Sugar Corporation. He was also chairman of Fiji's airline, Air Pacific. He was knighted KBE in the 1985 New Year Honours on the advice of the Fijian government.

Output: b
Question: How much more of the vote percentage did Trump win than McCain? Passage:As part of Middle Tennessee, Grundy County has historically been one of the strongest Democratic counties in the state. It voted Democratic in every presidential election from 1912 to 2004, except for in 1968 (when segregationist George Wallace won the county), and 1972 when many traditional Democratic voters around the nation rejected the perceived radical liberal George McGovern in favor of incumbent Republican Richard Nixon. However, like most of the rural south, Grundy County has shifted towards the Republican Party in recent years, but was one of the last counties in Tennessee to make the switch to the party. The last Democratic Presidential candidate to win Grundy County was John Kerry in 2004, who won 18 out of Tennessee's 95 counties, whereas Al Gore won 36 in 2000. Grundy County was also won by Democratic U.S senate candidates Bob Clement in 2002 and Harold Ford Jr. in 2006, both of whom lost. Republican Presidential nominee John McCain won the county by nearly 13% in 2008, becoming the first Republican Presidential candidate to win Grundy County since Nixon won it 36 years earlier, and by 2016, Grundy County had taken a major shift toward the GOP, when Republican Donald Trump received 76% of the vote, a figure closer to what is usually seen in historically Republican East Tennessee counties.

Output: a
Question: What was the result of the case that United Kingdom brought against Albania before the International Court of Justice? Passage:The Corfu Channel Incident refers to three separate incidents involving Royal Navy ships in the Straits of Corfu which took place in 1946, and it is considered an early episode of the Cold War. During the first incident, Royal Navy ships came under fire from Albanian fortifications. The second incident involved Royal Navy ships striking mines and the third incident occurred when the Royal Navy conducted mine-clearing operations in the Corfu Channel, but in Albanian territorial waters, and Albania complained about them to the United Nations. This series of incidents led to the Corfu Channel Case, where the United Kingdom brought a case against the People's Republic of Albania to the International Court of Justice. Because of the incidents, Britain, in 1946, broke off talks with Albania aimed at establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries. Diplomatic relations were only restored in 1991.

Output: b
Question: In which state did the worst massacre of the Black Hawk War take place? Passage:The Navajo War was not directly a part of the Black Hawk War, but it may have been a source of some of the native warriors who fought in the Black Hawk War. Black Hawk's success drew fighters from other Utes in Colorado, Apaches from New Mexico, and many Navajos. In the winter of 1866 Black Hawk and his band went to the Four Corners region where he received many new recruits. So many Navajos joined him that they formed almost half his raiders. The Navajo had been decimated by the U.S. Army under Kit Carson and forced out of their ancestral homeland. The remaining Navajos were eager for a chance to build up their herds at the expense of white settlers. Manuelito, the most important chief refusing to relocate to the Bosque Redondo Reservation, jointly led Black Hawk's raids on Mormon settlements in southern Utah during 1866. The attacks commenced at Pipe Springs, then a Mormon settlement on the Arizona-Utah border. The retaliation for the Pipe Springs raid left four unarmed Paiutes dead for murders they had nothing to do with. This brought some Paiute fighters to Black Hawk's band. Hopis hearing of the Navajo's movements feared they were to be attacked and struck first ambushing Manuelito's Navajos. The raids continued at the Paria settlements, and Kanab, who sent pleas for help against the raids. In subsequent years, the raids continued in the south by Navajos and Paiutes, which raised tensions to a fever pitch which would result in the worst massacre of the war at Circleville. Chief Kanosh predicted that in 1867 six thousand Navajos would wipe out the Mormon towns in southern Utah.

Output: b
Question: How old was Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo when elected president? Passage:During the process of electing Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo as Spain's new president in February 1981, Civil Guards and army members broke into the Congress of Deputies and held all deputies at gunpoint. One of the reasons that led to the coup d'état was the increase of ETA's violence. The coup failed after the King called for the military powers to obey the Constitution. Days after the coup, ETA's faction politiko-militarra started its disbanding, with most of its members joining Euskadiko Ezkerra, a leftist nationalist party away from the Abertzale left. General elections were held in 1982, and Felipe González, from the Socialist Workers' Party became the new president, while Herri Batasuna won two seats. In the Basque Country, Carlos Garaikoetxea from the PNV became lehendakari in 1979. During those years, hundreds of members of Herri Batasuna were arrested, especially after some of them sang the Eusko Gudariak in front of Juan Carlos I.

Output: b