Context_1 : Human population planning is the practice of intentionally managing the rate of growth of a human population. Historically human population planning has been implemented with the goal of increasing the rate of human population growth. However, in the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on poverty, environmental degradation and political stability led to efforts to reduce human population growth rates. More recently, some countries, such as Iran and Spain, have begun efforts to increase their birth rates once again. Context_2 : Muslim population growth refers to the topic of population growth of the global Muslim community. In 2006, countries with a Muslim majority had an average population growth rate of 1.8% per year (when weighted by percentage Muslim and population size). This compares with a world population growth rate of 1.1% per year. As of 2011, it is predicted that the world's Muslim population will grow twice as fast as non-Muslims over the next 20 years. By 2030, Muslims will make up more than a quarter of the global population. Context_3 : Malthusianism is the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply is arithmetical at best. It derives from the political/economic thought of the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, as laid out in his 1798 writings, "An Essay on the Principle of Population", Malthus believed there were two types of "checks" that in all times and places kept population growth in line with the growth of the food supply: "preventive checks", such as moral restraints (abstinence, delayed marriage until finances become balanced), and restricting marriage against persons suffering poverty or perceived as defective, and "positive checks", which lead to premature death: disease, starvation, war, resulting in what is called a Malthusian catastrophe. The catastrophe would return population to a lower, more "sustainable", level. Malthusianism has been linked to a variety of political and social movements, but almost always refers to advocates of population control. Context_4 : Thomas Robert Malthus ( ; 13 February 1766 – 29 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name, Robert. Context_5 : The Population and Community Development Association (PDA) is a non-governmental organization in Thailand. Its goal is to reduce poverty through both development initiatives and family planning programs. Originally called the Community-Based Family Planning Service, it was founded by Mechai Viravaidya in 1974. In the early 1970s, Viravaidya was the Minister of Industry but became frustrated with the government’s inability to implement a national family planning policy. In his work with the government, he identified a direct correlation between Thailand’s poverty and population growth. His immediate concern was the high population growth rate of 3.2%, which equated to approximately seven children per family. The population growth rate was an increasing concern for Thailand and Mechai Viravaidya because high growth rates restricted Thailand's ability to provide for its entire population and improve living conditions. Today, Thailand’s population growth rate is only 0.566%. The reduction in population growth and related poverty reduction can be partly attributed to the strong influence and programs of the PDA. Context_6 : Biological exponential growth is the exponential growth of biological organisms. When the resources availability is unlimited in the habitat, the population of an organism living in the habitat grows in an exponential or geometric fashion. Population growth in which the number of individuals increase by a constant multiple in each generation. The potential for population growth can be demonstrated in the laboratory under conditions that provide abundant resources and space. For example, a few fruit flies in a large culture jar containing an abundant food source may reproduce rapidly. One female fruit fly may lay more than 50 eggs. Reproductive adults develop in about 14 days, with approximately equal numbers of male and female offspring. For each female that began the population, 50 flies are expected 2 weeks later. Each female in the second generation produces 50 more flies after 2 more weeks, and so on. In other words, the population is experiencing exponential growth. Slow exponential growth is when a population grows slowly yet exponential because the population has long live spans. While a rapid exponential growth refers to a population that grows ( and dies ) rapidly because the population has short life spans. Context_7 : Fasl al-Maqal fi ma bayn al-Hikma wa al-Shariah min Ittisal (Arabic: "فصل المقال في ما بين الحكمة و الشريعة من إتصال" often translated as On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy or The Decisive Treatise, Determining the Nature of the Connection between Religion and Philosophy, with the latter often shortened to The Decisive Treatise) is an Islamic philosophical treatise written by Andalusian Muslim polymath and philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126–1198), in which the author "critically examine[s] the alleged tension between philosophy and religion" and concludes that philosophy (in particular, Aristotelian philosophy) is not in opposition toand in fact, works in tandem withIslamic thought. In the work, Averroes argues that some Muslims have an obligation to study philosophy, and that the subject should be considered an Islamic science. The work also contains several other unique ideas, including Averroes' assertion that the Qur’an should sometimes be read in a non-literal way. According to William Theodore De Bary and Ainslie Embree, "On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy" represents a "classic attempt to reconcile religion and philosophy." Context_8 : Programa Nacional de Población was a program conducted in Peru in the early 1990s to reduce population growth as a way of meeting international demographic standards. Compulsory sterilization, which is a method that forces individuals to partake in sterilization operations, was the main method employed by the Peruvian government to decrease population. While the motives and practices for such sterilizations vary, Compulsory Sterilization in the case of Peru under President Alberto Fujimori was a program strictly intended to lower national population growth by decreasing the fertility rate among women. The program, titled "Programa Nacional de Población" (National Population Program), was directed at Peru's impoverished, indigenous, and marginalized communities and therefore implied the government's intention to diminish the rural population in order to enhance future economic growth. Context_9 : Askøy is a municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. The island municipality is located in the Midhordland district of the county, sitting in a large group of islands immediately northwest of the city of Bergen. The administrative centre of the municipality is the urban village of Kleppestø on the southeastern shore of the island of Askøy. Since the opening of the Askøy Bridge connecting it to the mainland of Bergen in 1992, the population has increased rapidly. Its population growth among the highest in Norway. In 2014, the 10-year population growth rate was 27%. Most of the population growth is due to immigration from Bergen and the surrounding districts of Nordhordland and Midhordland. It is also the most populous island in Norway. Context_10 : Law of Population (1830) was a massive treatise written by Michael Thomas Sadler as a response to Thomas Robert Malthus's works on population growth, notably "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (first edition 1798). In his essay, Sadler refutes Malthus' conclusions regarding the geometric growth of populations and proposes that the growth of populations is a far less worrisome menace. At this period population growth had become a "political bugbear" throughout England, much in a way comparable to modern day fears of terrorism or Cold War fears of nuclear war. fact_1 : Law of Population (1830) was a massive treatise written by Michael Thomas Sadler as a response to Thomas Robert Malthus's works on population growth, notably "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (first edition 1798). fact_2 : Thomas Robert Malthus ( ; 13 February 1766 – 29 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Answer: scholar
Output: Law of Population was a treatise written  as a response to works on population growth by an English cleric and what?