Context_1 : David Xavier Cifu (born July 17, 1962, New York City, New York) is an American physiatrist, researcher, and medical educator. He is the Associate Dean for Innovation and System Integration in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, the chairman and Herman J. Flax M.D. Professor of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in Richmond, Virginia, staff physiatrist at the Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center (HHM-VAMC), founding director of the VCU-Center for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering and senior TBI specialist in the Department of Veterans Affairs' Veterans Health Administration. Context_2 : Starting in 1986, the Virginia Department of Education has sponsored Governor's Foreign Language Academies, summer residential programs for Virginia's most motivated and talented foreign language students. As of 2006, approximately 6,600 students have completed one of the six programs, housed at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond: immersion programs in French, German, and Spanish, an intensive Latin program, and partial-immersion programs in Russian and Japanese. Virginia Commonwealth University offers concurrent STARTALK summer programs in Chinese and Arabic. Context_3 : The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-system public higher education plan, which also include the California State University system and the California Community Colleges System. Context_4 : Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry is the dental school of Virginia Commonwealth University. located in the United States city of Richmond. The school opened its doors in 1893. It is the only dental school in Virginia and is one of five schools within the VCU Medical Center. Context_5 : Founded in 1974, VCU Massey Cancer Center is a non-profit organization part of Virginia Commonwealth University. Located in Richmond, Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University is one of the nation’s top research universities, and VCU Medical Center, a leading academic health system ranked Virginia’s top hospital by U.S. News & World Report in 2012. Context_6 : The VCU Medical Center is Virginia Commonwealth University's medical campus located in downtown Richmond, Virginia in the Court End neighborhood. The VCU Medical Center used to be known as the Medical College of Virginia, which merged with the Richmond Professional Institute in 1968 to create Virginia Commonwealth University. In the 1990s, an authority controlling MCV Hospitals was created called the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals Authority. In 2004, the name of this authority was changed to VCU Health System and the MCV Hospitals and surrounding campus were branded VCU Medical Center. This authority controls the employees and real estate occupied by the five schools within the VCU Medical Center. It was at this time that MCV Campus moniker was created. West Hospital houses various clinical, administrative and support services of the hospitals of VCU Medical Center; clinical, academic and administrative units of the School of Medicine; and academic and administrative units of the School of Allied Health Professions. Context_7 : Lemont Kier (born September 13, 1930) is an American chemist and researcher in the field of drug design and medicinal chemistry. He is the recipient of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 2008 Research Achievement Award in Drug Development and Discovery. He obtained his PhD in Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Minnesota in 1958 and is currently a Professor of Medicinal Chemistry and Nurse Anesthesia at the Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. Kier participated in the founding of the Center for the Study of Biological Complexity at Virginia Commonwealth University. Context_8 : The Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine is the largest and oldest continuously operating Allopathic medical school in Virginia. The school traces its beginnings to the 1838 opening of the medical department of Hampden–Sydney College, which in 1854 became an independent institution known as the Medical College of Virginia. In 1968, MCV joined with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University. The School of Medicine is one of five schools within the VCU Medical Center. Context_9 : Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) is a public research university located in Richmond, Virginia. VCU was founded in 1838 as the medical department of Hampden–Sydney College, becoming the Medical College of Virginia in 1854. In 1968, the Virginia General Assembly merged MCV with the Richmond Professional Institute, founded in 1917, to create Virginia Commonwealth University. In 2015, more than 31,000 students pursue 226 degree and certificate programs through VCU's 13 schools and one college. The VCU Health System supports the university's health care education, research and patient care mission. Context_10 : Kayvan Najarian is an Iranian-American scientist, who is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He is also currently the director of the M-CIRCC's (Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care) Bioinformatics Signal and Image Analysis Core. Previously, he was the Associate Professor of Computer Science at School of Engineering of Virginia Commonwealth University, Affiliated faculty of Emergency Medicine at School of Medicine of Virginia Commonwealth University, and Associate Director of Virginia Commonwealth University Rehabilitation Engineering Shock (VCURES) center. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, is a reviewer, referee or member of dozens more committees, journals and councils. He received his B.SC. in Electrical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, his M.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology, and his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of British Columbia. fact_1 : Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) is a public research university located in Richmond, Virginia. fact_2 : The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Answer: public
Output: Are the Virginia Commonwealth University and the University of California public or private?