Context_1 : Merrily We Go to Hell is a 1932 pre-Code film starring Academy Award winning actor Fredric March and Sylvia Sidney. The film was directed by Dorothy Arzner. The film's title is an example of the sensationalistic titles that were common in the Pre-Code era. Many newspapers refused to publicize the film because of its racy title. The title is a line March's character says while making a toast. Context_2 : Dorothy Emma Arzner (January 3, 1897 – October 1, 1979) was an American film director whose career in feature films spanned from the silent era of the late 1920s into the early 1940s. In fact, Dorothy Arzner was the only female director working in the 1930s in the United States. She was one of the very few women who established a name for herself as a director in the American film industry during this time. Context_3 : First Comes Courage is a 1943 American war film, the final film directed by Dorothy Arzner, one of the few female directors in Hollywood at the time. The film was based on the 1943 novel "Commandos" by Elliott Arnold, adapted by George Sklar, with a screenplay by Melvin Levy and Lewis Meltzer. It stars Merle Oberon and Brian Aherne. Context_4 : Golden Gate Girls is a 2013 documentary film focusing on the life and works of Esther Eng (1914-1970), once honored as the first woman director of Southern China. She crossed boundaries of both gender and culture by making Cantonese language films for Chinese audiences during and after WWII. She was in fact the only woman directing feature-length films in America after Dorothy Arzner’s retirement in 1943 and before Ida Lupino began directing in 1949. After her film career, she pioneered in establishing fine dining Chinese Restaurants in New York City. She left her mark in both the Chinese and English press enabling director S. Louisa Wei to recover some of her lost stories. Clips from her two extant films, stills from her eight other motion pictures, photos from her six albums, newsreels of San Francisco as she saw them, as well as hundreds of archival images are collected to present her life and work in the most stunning visuals. Context_5 : Gurinder Chadha, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 10 January 1960) is an English film director of Kenyan Asian origin. Most of her films explore the lives of Indians living in England. This common theme among her work showcases the trials of Indian women living in England and how they must reconcile their converging traditional and modern cultures. Although many of her films seem like simple quirky comedies about Indian women, they actually address many social and emotional issues, especially ones faced by immigrants caught between two worlds. Context_6 : Pam Cook (born 6 January 1943, Farnborough, Hampshire, UK) is Professor Emerita in Film at the University of Southampton. She was educated at Sir William Perkins's School, Chertsey, Surrey and Birmingham University, where she was taught by Stuart Hall, Richard Hoggart, Malcolm Bradbury and David Lodge. Along with Laura Mulvey and Claire Johnston, she was a pioneer of 1970s Anglo-American feminist film theory. Her collaboration with Claire Johnston on the work of Hollywood film director Dorothy Arzner provoked debate among feminist film scholars over the following decades. Context_7 : Marion Morgan (January 4, 1881, New Jersey – November 10, 1971, Los Angeles, CA) was a choreographer and motion picture screenwriter and the longtime companion of motion picture director Dorothy Arzner. Arzner lived for the last 40 years of her life with Morgan. Context_8 : Dorothy Hall (December 3, 1906 – February 2, 1953) was an American film actress in the late 1920s and early 1930s. She began her career as an actress on Broadway and transitioned fully into film acting in the late 1920s. She had small roles in films such as "The Winning Oar" (1927) and "The Broadway Drifter" (1927) and was later featured in the Vitaphone short "In the Nick of Time" (1929) and "The Laughing Lady" (1929). Her final and best known film role was in Dorothy Arzner's "Working Girls" (1931) where she plays Mae Thorpe. Dorothy Hall died on February 2, 1953 in New York City. Context_9 : It's a Wonderful Afterlife is a 2010 British comedy film directed by Gurinder Chadha. The screenplay centres on an Indian mother whose obsession with marrying off her daughter leads her into the realm of serial murder. It was filmed primarily in English, with some Hindi and Punjabi dialogue. The title is a reference to Chadha's personal attachment to Frank Capra's film "It's a Wonderful Life." Chadha also co-produced the film, and co-wrote the screenplay with her husband and producing partner, Paul Mayeda Berges. The lead role is played by newcomer Goldy Notay, joining Shabana Azmi, Shaheen Khan, Sendhil Ramamurthy and Sally Hawkins in the cast. Context_10 : Arthur Roberts July 17, 1890 – February 5, 1961), also known as Arthur E. Roberts, was an American film editor who edited over 100 films during his almost 30 year career. He began ending towards the end of the silent era of the film industry, his first film being 1927's "The College Hero", directed by Walter Lang. His last film was Republic's "Lay That Rifle Down" in 1955, after which he spent a brief period as the editor for the television series, "Lassie", before retiring in 1956. During his career he would work with many famous directors, including Frank Capra (on several films, including "The Donovan Affair"), Lowell Sherman (on "The Royal Bed"), William Seiter (on several films, including "Way Back Home"), Edward Cline (on "Cracked Nuts"), George Cukor ("A Bill of Divorcement"), Dorothy Arzner (the first female member of the DGA, on "Christopher Strong"), Anthony Mann ("Strangers in the Night"), George Archainbaud ("Girls of the Big House"), Fritz Lang ("House by the River"), fact_1 : Dorothy Emma Arzner (January 3, 1897 – October 1, 1979) was an American film director whose career in feature films spanned from the silent era of the late 1920s into the early 1940s. fact_2 : Gurinder Chadha, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 10 January 1960) is an English film director of Kenyan Asian origin. Answer: Dorothy Emma Arzner (January 3, 1897 – October 1, 1979)
Output: Which female film directors career spanned more than one film era, Dorothy Arzner or Gurinder Chadha?