Context_1 : Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 53 U.S. 299 (1852), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a Pennsylvania law requiring all ships entering or leaving Philadelphia to hire a local pilot did not violate the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. Those who did not comply with the law had been required to pay a fee. "It is the opinion of a majority of the court that the mere grant to Congress of the power to regulate commerce, did not deprive the States of power to regulate pilots, and that although Congress had legislated on this subject, its legislation manifests an intention, with a single exception, not to regulate this subject, but to leave its regulation to the several states," wrote Justice Curtis for the majority. Context_2 : James Ewing Cooley (1802 – August 19, 1882 Bagni di Lucca, Italy) was a New York City bookseller, auctioneer and politician. He served in the New York State Senate for the First District in the session of 1852, and served on the advisory board which planned Central Park. He was married in 1833 to Maria Louisa Appleton, the daughter of publisher Daniel Appleton. Starting around that time under the firm name Cooley & Bangs, afterwards Cooley, Keese & Hill, he conducted the semi-annual New York City book trade sales at his auction rooms, in later years in conjunction with his son-in-law George Ayres Leavitt, who took over the business in 1866. He was the author of "The American in Egypt: with Rambles Through Arabia Petraea and the Holy Land, During the Years 1839 and 1840" (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1842). He died in 1882 at the Bagni di Lucca near Florence, Italy, where he had been residing for several years. Context_3 : The Ongud, (Turkic: Öngütler, Mongol: Онгуд, "untouchables") were Turkic speaking. Later mongolzied whit in Ongut-Mongol marriage alliance they lived in Mongolia around the time of Genghis Khan (1162–1227). Many members were members of the Church of the East. They lived in an area lining the Great Wall in the northern part of the Ordos Loop and territories to the northeast of it. They appear to have had two capitals, a northern one at the ruin known as Olon Süme and another a bit to the south at a place called Koshang or Dongsheng. They acted as wardens of the marches for the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) to the north of the province Shanxi. Context_4 : Spaids v. Cooley, 113 U.S. 278 (1885) , was regarding a lawsuit brought to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia on December 13, 1876, by Chauncey D. Spaids against Dennis N. Cooley to recover 593.70, with interest from July 1, 1868. The declaration contained the common money counts and nothing more. There were two pleas, one denying indebtedness and the other averring that the alleged cause of action did not accrue within three years before the suit. The plaintiff's reply joins issue on the first plea and as to the second plea avers that the defendant promised to pay the debt named in the declaration within three years next before the commencement of the suit. At the trial, the jury found "the issue in favor of the defendant", and there was a judgment accordingly at special term. The plaintiff appealed to the general term, which affirmed the judgment, and he brought the case here by a writ of error. Context_5 : Kent v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 116 (1958) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case on the right to travel and passport restrictions as they relate to First Amendment free speech rights. It was the first case in which the U.S. Supreme Court made a distinction between the constitutionally protected substantive due process "freedom of movement" and the "right to travel abroad" (subsequently characterized as "right to international travel". Context_6 : Kent v Griffiths [2000] 2 All ER 474 is an English tort law case from the Court of Appeal concerning negligence, particularly the duty of care owed by the emergency services; particularly the ambulance service. The emergency services do not generally owe a duty of care to the public except in certain, limited circumstances ("Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire" [1989] AC 53 (HL). Context_7 : Systems theory in archaeology is the application of systems theory and systems thinking in archaeology. It originated with the work of Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the 1950s, and is introduced in archaeology in the 1960s with the work of Sally R. Binford & Lewis Binford's "New Perspectives in Archaeology" and Kent V. Flannery's "Archaeological Systems Theory and Early Mesoamerica". Context_8 : New Kent High School is a historic school in New Kent, Virginia. The school, along with the nearby George W. Watkins Elementary School, is associated with the landmark Supreme Court case "Green v. County School Board of New Kent County" (1968), in which the court defined what the standards of "Brown v. Board of Education" were in the desegregation cases. This decision ended the era of Massive Resistance and ushered in the era of integration. Context_9 : Holness "aka" Houness (first name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who was active in the 1770s and 1780s. He played for Kent and was recorded twice, first for a Kent XI against Maidstone in a minor match in July 1777 and then in a first-class match for East Kent v West Kent in June 1781. Context_10 : George W. Watkins Elementary School is an elementary school located in Quinton, Virginia, and is one of two such schools in New Kent County. As a formerly African American-only high school, it, along with the nearby New Kent High School is a National Historic Landmark and is associated with the Supreme Court case "Green v. County School Board of New Kent County". Like the other public schools in New Kent, Watkins is located on Route 249 (New Kent Highway), though it is about seven miles west of the others. fact_1 : Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 53 U.S. 299 (1852), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a Pennsylvania law requiring all ships entering or leaving Philadelphia to hire a local pilot did not violate the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. fact_2 : Kent v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 116 (1958) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case on the right to travel and passport restrictions as they relate to First Amendment free speech rights. Answer: United States Supreme Court case
Output: Cooley v. Board of Wardens and Kent v. Dulles are both what?