Context_1 : Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), was a landmark case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing for the majority in a 5–4 decision and joined by Justices Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer, ruled that the University of Michigan Law School had a compelling interest in promoting class diversity. The court held that a race-conscious admissions process that may favor "underrepresented minority groups", but that also took into account many other factors evaluated on an individual basis for every applicant, did not amount to a quota system that would have been unconstitutional under "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke". Context_2 : Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided on March 20, 1816. It was the first case to assert ultimate Supreme Court authority over state courts in civil matters of federal law. Context_3 : Fisher v. University of Texas, 570 U.S. ___ (2013) , also known as Fisher I (to distinguish it from the 2016 case), is a United States Supreme Court case concerning the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Texas at Austin. The Supreme Court voided the lower appellate court's ruling in favor of the University and remanded the case, holding that the lower court had not applied the standard of strict scrutiny, articulated in "Grutter v. Bollinger" (2003) and "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke" (1978), to its admissions program. The Court's ruling in "Fisher" took "Grutter" and "Bakke" as given and did not directly revisit the constitutionality of using race as a factor in college admissions. Context_4 : Prospero Colonna (c. 1410–1463) was a cardinal-nephew of Pope Martin V (Odo Colonna), whose election ended the Western Schism. Colonna was excommunicated for a period due to his rebellion against Martin V's successor, Pope Eugene IV, becoming one of the few excommunicated cardinals. Despite this, Colonna was the leading candidate to succeed Eugene IV in the papal conclave, 1447, where he was two votes away from election for the first three days. Context_5 : Martin v. Ziherl, 607 S.E.2d 367 (Va. 2005), was a decision by the Supreme Court of Virginia holding that the Virginia criminal law against fornication (sexual acts between unmarried people) was unconstitutional. The court's decision followed the 2003 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in "Lawrence v. Texas", which established the constitutionally-protected right of adults to engage in private, consensual sex. Context_6 : Dorcas Martin (1537–1599) née Eccleston, Ecclestone or Eglestone was an English bookseller and translator. She married the goldsmith Richard Martin, later Lord Mayor of London, sometime before 1562, and they had five sons and one daughter. In 1573 she was the licensed bookseller for Thomas Cartwright's "A replye to An answere made of M. doctor Whitgifte", a response to John Whitgift's denunciation of Presbyterianism. She translated a catechism for the use of mother and child that was included in Thomas Bentley's "The Monument of Matrones" (published in 1582), the first published anthology of English women's writing. Dorcas and her husband were active in radical religious causes including the Admonition Controversy, part of an effort to encourage the queen to further reform Protestantism in England. Her epitaph reads, "Here lyeth Interred the body of Dame DORCAS Martin The late Wife of S Richard Martin, Knight twise Lord Mayor of the Cittie of London The Davghter of Iohn Ecclestone of ye Covntie of Lancastar gent who had Issve by the said S Rich Martin V sones, & one davght: and deceased Ovt of this mortall life ye first day of Septemb : 1599." Context_7 : Joseph Story (September 18, 1779 – September 10, 1845) was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1811 to 1845. He is most remembered for his opinions in "Martin v. Hunter's Lessee" and "The Amistad" case, and especially for his magisterial "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States", first published in 1833. Dominating the field in the 19th century, this work is a cornerstone of early American jurisprudence. It is the second comprehensive treatise on the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and remains a critical source of historical information about the forming of the American republic and the early struggles to define its law. Context_8 : Handly's Lessee v. Anthony, 18 U. S. 374 (1820), is a ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the proper boundary between the states of Indiana and Kentucky was the low-water mark on the western and northwestern bank of the Ohio River. Motion by the plaintiff, Handly's lessee, to eject inhabitants of a peninsula in the Ohio River (which was at times temporarily cut off from Indiana by high water) was denied. Context_9 : State v. Limon (280 Kan. 275, 122 P.3d 22) is a 2005 Kansas Supreme Court case in which a state law allowing for lesser punishment for statutory rape convictions if the partners were of different sexes than if they were of the same sex was found unconstitutional under both the federal and Kansas state constitutions. It was among the first cases to cite the United States Supreme Court decision "Lawrence v. Texas" as precedent, months after the Virginia Supreme Court did similarly in "Martin v. Ziherl". Context_10 : Maureen E. Mahoney (born August 28, 1954) is a former deputy solicitor general and "top appellate lawyer" at the law firm of Latham & Watkins in Washington, D.C., who has argued cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. Notably, she argued on behalf of the University of Michigan and its affirmative action program in "Grutter v. Bollinger" (2003), in which the Court decided in favor of Michigan by a 5–4 vote. fact_1 : Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), was a landmark case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School. fact_2 : Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided on March 20, 1816. Answer: Supreme Court
Output:  Grutter v. Bollinger and Martin v. Hunters Lessee were both settled where?