Context_1 : The International Court of Justice (French: "Cour internationale de justice" ; commonly referred to as the World Court, ICJ or The Hague) is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations (UN). Seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, the court settles legal disputes submitted to it by states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly. Context_2 : Geologically, the Sahul Shelf is part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent and lies off the coast of mainland Australia. The Sahul Shelf proper stretches northwest from Australia much of the way under the Timor Sea towards Timor, ending where the seabed begins descending into the Timor Trough. Another part of the Sahul Shelf is known also as the Arafura Shelf and runs all the way from the northern coast of Australia under the Arafura Sea to New Guinea. The Aru Islands rise from the Arafura Shelf. The Sahul Shelf is sometimes taken to also include the Rowley Shelf which runs out under the Indian Ocean from the northwest coast of Australia as far south as North West Cape. Context_3 : Germany v Denmark and the Netherlands [1969] ICJ 1 (also known as "The North Sea Continental Shelf cases") were a series of disputes that came to the International Court of Justice in 1969. They involved agreements among Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands regarding the "delimitation" of areas—rich in oil and gas—of the continental shelf in the North Sea. Context_4 : The continental shelf of Russia (also called the Russian continental shelf or the Arctic shelf in the Arctic region) is a continental shelf adjacent to Russia. Geologically, the extent of the shelf is defined as the entirety of the continental shelves adjacent to Russia's coast. In international law, however, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea more narrowly defines the extent of the shelf as the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas over which a state exercises sovereign rights. Context_5 : The Siberian Shelf, one of the Arctic Ocean coastal shelves (such as the Milne Ice Shelf), is the largest continental shelf of the Earth, a part of the continental shelf of Russia. It extends from the continent of Eurasia in the general area of North Siberia (hence the name) into the Arctic Ocean. It stretches to 1500 km offshore. It is relatively shallow, with average depth of 100 m. A number of islands are within the shelf, including the Wrangel Island, Novaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands. Context_6 : The North Sea basin is located in NE Europe and lies between the United Kingdom, and Norway just north of The Netherlands and can be divided into many sub-basins. The Southern North Sea basin is the largest gas producing basin in the UK continental shelf, with production coming from the lower Permian sandstones which are sealed by the upper Zechstein salt. The evolution of the North Sea basin occurred through multiple stages throughout the geologic timeline. First the creation of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain, followed by the Caledonian Orogeny in the late Silurian and early Devonian. Rift phases occurred in the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic which allowed the opening of the NE Atlantic. Differential uplift occurred in the late Paleogene and Neogene. The geology of the Southern North Sea basin has a complex history of basinal subsidence that had occurred in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Uplift events occurred which were then followed by crustal extension which allowed rocks to become folded and faulted late in the Paleozoic. Tectonic movements allowed for halokinesis to occur with more uplift in the Mesozoic followed by a major phase of inversion occurred in the Cenozoic affecting many basins in NW Europe. The overall saucer-shaped geometry of the southern North Sea Basin indicates that the major faults have not been actively controlling sediment distribution. Context_7 : The Chukchi Sea Shelf or Chukchi Shelf is the westernmost part of the continental shelf of the United States and the easternmost part of the continental shelf of Russia. Within this shelf, the 50-mile Chukchi Corridor acts as a passageway for one of the largest marine mammal migrations in the world. Context_8 : NOGAT ("Northern Offshore Gas Transport") is a natural gas pipeline system, which connects Dutch continental shelf with an onshore gas plant and terminal at Den Helder, the Netherlands. The system is operational since 1992. The Danish continental shelf pipeline system is connected to the NOGAT through the Tyra West – F3 pipeline and the German continental shelf pipeline system is connected to the NOGAT through A6-F3 pipeline. Context_9 : Tyra West – F3 pipeline is a 100 km long natural gas submarine pipeline connecting Danish and Dutch continental shelf pipeline systems. It facilitates the export of Danish gas into North West Europe. The 660 mm pipeline, which cost over US$200 million, runs from the Maersk-operated Tyra West platform on the Danish continental shelf to the F3 – FB platform on the Dutch continental shelf. From F3 – FB platform, gas is fed through the NOGAT pipeline system to the Netherlands natural gas hub in Den Helder. Context_10 : North Sea Wind Power Hub is a proposed energy island complex to be built in the middle of the North Sea as part of a European system for sustainable electricity. One or more “Power Link” artificial islands will be created at the northeast end of the Dogger Bank, a relatively shallow area in the North Sea, just outside the continental shelf of the United Kingdom and near the point where the borders between the territorial waters of Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark come together. Dutch, German, and Danish electrical grid operators are cooperating in this project to help develop a cluster of offshore wind parks with a capacity of several gigawatts, with interconnections to the North Sea countries. Undersea cables will make international trade in electricity possible. fact_1 : Germany v Denmark and the Netherlands [1969] ICJ 1 (also known as "The North Sea Continental Shelf cases") were a series of disputes that came to the International Court of Justice in 1969. fact_2 : The International Court of Justice (French: "Cour internationale de justice" ; commonly referred to as the World Court, ICJ or The Hague) is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations (UN). Answer: International Court of Justice
Output: The North Sea Continental Shelf cases were heard at which court in the Hague in 1969?