Context_1 : Miles Ahead is an album by Miles Davis that was released in 1957 by Columbia Records. It was Davis' first collaboration with arranger Gil Evans following the "Birth of the Cool" sessions. Along with their subsequent collaborations "Porgy and Bess" (1959) and "Sketches of Spain" (1960), "Miles Ahead" is one of the most famous recordings of Third Stream, a fusion of jazz, European classical, and world musics. Davis played flugelhorn throughout. Context_2 : Porgy and Bess is an English-language opera by the American composer George Gershwin, with a libretto written by author DuBose Heyward and lyricist Ira Gershwin. It was adapted from Heyward's play "Porgy", itself an adaptation of his 1925 novel of the same name. Context_3 : Dorothy Jean Dandridge (November 9, 1922 – September 8, 1965) was an American film and theatre actress, singer, and dancer. She is perhaps best known for being the first African-American actress to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the 1954 film "Carmen Jones". Dandridge performed as a vocalist in venues such as the Cotton Club and the Apollo Theater. During her early career, she performed as a part of The Wonder Children, later The Dandridge Sisters, and appeared in a succession of films, usually in uncredited roles. In 1959 she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for "Porgy and Bess". She is the subject of the 1999 HBO biographical film, "Introducing Dorothy Dandridge". She has been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Dandridge was married and divorced twice, first to dancer Harold Nicholas (the father of her daughter, Harolyn Suzanne) and then to hotel owner Jack Denison. Dandridge died under mysterious circumstances at age 42. Context_4 : Edouard Lippé (May 24, 1884 in Pennsylvania – 1956) also frequently spelt Eduardo Lippe. American composer, baritone and singing teacher. His major title to fame nowadays rests on the fact that he was baritone Nelson Eddy's first and principal teacher, apparently even financing his pupil's finishing studies in Paris and Dresden. Lippé followed Eddy to Hollywood, where he appeared in the small role of the Landlord in the 1935 film version of Victor Herbert's "Naughty Marietta". He was also the singing teacher of Todd Duncan, George Gershwin's personal choice for Porgy at the world première of "Porgy and Bess", and one of the first African-American opera singers of renown. Dr. Lippe, as he was also known, also gave lessons to another lesser known but gifted young singer by the name of Victor Marchese who went on to record with MGM records - see Flamingo. Lippé wrote many songs, including a particularly graceful setting of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's "How Do I Love Thee?" included by Arleen Augér in a 1986 recital of love songs. Context_5 : Edgar "Buddy" Freitag (1932 – May 30, 2012) was an American Broadway theatre producer, especially from 2007 to 2012. Freitag produced numerous Broadway musicals and shows in partnership with his wife, producer Barbara Freitag. His most recent credits included the 2011 Broadway revival of "Porgy and Bess", "Nice Work If You Can Get It" in 2012, "End of the Rainbow" in 2012, and Memphis in 2009. Context_6 : Robert Mosley (1927 – April 30, 2002) was an American operatic bass-baritone. Part of the first generation of African-American opera singers to achieve wide success, he performed in numerous opera productions, recitals, and in concerts from the 1950s through the 1990s. In 1957 he won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. He drew particular acclaim for his portrayal of Porgy in George Gershwin's "Porgy and Bess", a role which he portrayed in the landmark 1976 Houston Grand Opera production, on Broadway, and at the Metropolitan Opera among other opera companies both in the United States and in Europe. Context_7 : Porgy and Bess (2006), first studio cast recording directly based on the original 1935 production of George Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess. This studio recording originated as several semi-staged performances which took place on February 24 and 25, 2006 at the Tennessee Performing Arts Center in Nashville, with Alvy Powell as Porgy, Marquita Lister as Bess, Nicole Cabell as Clara and Robert Mack as Sportin' Life. The Nashville Symphony Orchestra was conducted by John Mauceri. The recording incorporates changes Gershwin made to his original score after its first publication, which were not discovered until 1987. Context_8 : Hope Clarke (born March 23, 1941) is an American actress, dancer, vocalist, choreographer, and director. Clarke performed as principal dancer with the Katherine Dunham Company and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, 1960s; actress on stage, film, and television, 1970s–1980s; choreographer and director, 1980s--. Clarke served on the Tony Awards Nominating Committee for the 2011–12 Broadway season. Clarke made history in 1995 when she became the first African American, as well as the first African-American woman, to direct and choreograph a major staging of the opera-musical "Porgy and Bess". Clarke's production of the George Gershwin classic was staged in celebration of the work's 60h anniversary, and it toured not only major American cities but Japan and Europe as well. Clarke drew critical acclaim for her commitment to staging the show as a monument to African-American community and pride, giving a more hopeful, positive aura to a story that has been criticized for its stereotypes. As for the director herself, the success of "Porgy and Bess" is just the latest accolade in a long career devoted to dance and drama. Context_9 : Arranged by Gershwin's good friend and sometimes assistant Robert Russell Bennett in 1942, Porgy and Bess: A Symphonic Picture includes most of the best-known songs from the Gershwin opera "Porgy and Bess", although not exactly in the order of their appearance. Though the Symphonic Picture is sometimes dismissed as a sequence of the opera's "greatest hits," the first well-known melody, "Summertime," is not heard until nearly seven minutes into the work. While some of the more esoteric parts of the opera are absent, much of the catchier tunes can be heard only in this suite and not in others, as Gershwin neglected to include them in his "Catfish Row Suite", which tended to highlight the more cerebral elements of the work. Context_10 : Norma (] ) is a "tragedia lirica" or opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini with libretto by Felice Romani after "Norma, ou L'infanticide" ("Norma, or The Infanticide") by Alexandre Soumet. It was first produced at La Scala in Milan on 26 December 1831. fact_1 :  It was adapted from Heyward's play "Porgy", itself an adaptation of his 1925 novel of the same name. fact_2 : Norma (] ) is a "tragedia lirica" or opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini with libretto by Felice Romani after "Norma, ou L'infanticide" ("Norma, or The Infanticide") by Alexandre Soumet. fact_3 :  It was first produced at La Scala in Milan on 26 December 1831. Question: Of "Porgy and Bess" and "Norma", which was produced first?
Output: Norma