Context_1 : Catastrophic interference, also known as catastrophic forgetting, is the tendency of an artificial neural network to completely and abruptly forget previously learned information upon learning new information. Neural networks are an important part of the network approach and connectionist approach to cognitive science. These networks use computer simulations to try to model human behaviours, such as memory and learning. Catastrophic interference is an important issue to consider when creating connectionist models of memory. It was originally brought to the attention of the scientific community by research from McCloskey and Cohen (1989), and Ractcliff (1990). It is a radical manifestation of the 'sensitivity-stability' dilemma or the 'stability-plasticity' dilemma. Specifically, these problems refer to the issue of being able to make an artificial neural network that is sensitive to, but not disrupted by, new information. Lookup tables and connectionist networks lie on the opposite sides of the stability plasticity spectrum. The former remains completely stable in the presence of new information but lacks the ability to generalize, i.e. infer general principles, from new inputs. On the other hand, connectionist networks like the standard backpropagation network are very sensitive to new information and can generalize on new inputs. Backpropagation models can be considered good models of human memory insofar as they mirror the human ability to generalize but these networks often exhibit less stability than human memory. Notably, these backpropagation networks are susceptible to catastrophic interference. This is considered an issue when attempting to model human memory because, unlike these networks, humans typically do not show catastrophic forgetting. Thus, the issue of catastrophic interference must be eradicated from these backpropagation models in order to enhance the plausibility as models of human memory. Context_2 : America: A Tribute to Heroes was a benefit concert created by the heads of the four major American broadcast networks; Fox, ABC, NBC and CBS. Joel Gallen was selected by them to produce and run the show. Actor George Clooney organized celebrities to perform and to staff the telephone bank. The marketing and public relations was headed by Warner Bros. EVP Corp Comm with assistance from the marketing and publicity departments of all four broadcast networks. It was broadcast live by the four major American television networks and all of the cable networks in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. Done in the style of a telethon, it featured a number of national and international entertainers performing to raise money for the victims and their families, particularly the New York City firefighters and New York City police officers. It aired September 21, 2001, uninterrupted and commercial-free, for which it won a Peabody Award. It was released on December 4, 2001, on compact disc and DVD. Context_3 : Randy Wagstaff is a fictional character on the HBO drama "The Wire", played by Maestro Harrell. Randy is an enterprising student who is dependent on social services. During season 4, he was an 8th grade pupil at Edward Tilghman Middle School and is friends with Namond Brice, Michael Lee and Duquan "Dukie" Weems. He lived with a foster mother, Miss Anna, who instilled some discipline in his life. He is well known amongst his peers for his imagination and ideas. Randy runs a small business selling snacks and drinks to his peers and neighborhood drug dealers. He shares his last name with drug lieutenant Cheese Wagstaff. Though the relationship was never established on the show, creator David Simon revealed Cheese to be Randy's biological father -- which would also make Proposition Joe Randy's great uncle. Context_4 : Ian Petrella (born December 17, 1974) is a former American child actor known for the role of Randy Parker in the 1983 film "A Christmas Story". Context_5 : Tipi Tales is a Canadian TV series about a Canadian First Nations family. Together the large family live peacefully in their woodlands cottage. This show teaches children about the importance of family and friends, as well as Native American culture. The show premiered in 2003 and ended in 2007. The series had 3 Seasons, Each consisting of 26 10-14 Minute Episodes. Adding up to a total of 78 episodes. The show was Produced by APTN and co-produced by Treehouse TV. Both networks aired the show simultaneously, Reruns were cancelled from Treehouse TV in 2009, While APTN's reruns went on until 2013. Context_6 : The Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, widely known as the fin-syn rules, were a set of rules imposed by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States in 1970. The FCC sought to prevent the Big Three television networks from monopolizing the broadcast landscape by preventing them from owning any of the programming that they aired in prime time. The rules also prohibited networks from airing syndicated programming they had a financial stake in. The rules changed the power relationships between networks and television producers, who often had to agree to exorbitant profit participation in order to have their shows aired. Some argue the rules brought about a golden era of independent television production by companies such as MTM Enterprises ("The Mary Tyler Moore Show") and Norman Lear's Tandem Productions ("All in the Family"). Others argue the rules made the work of independent television production companies much more difficult because smaller companies could never afford the deficit financing required unless they received network assistance. Context_7 : The First Seed is the debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Yummy Bingham. It was released in the United Kingdom on October 9, 2006. The album is entirely written by Bingham with main production from Rockwilder. The album was originally due for a U.S. release on September 27, 2005, through Motown. It was then delayed to March 21, 2006, then delayed again due to the lack of attention received by the singles "Come Get It", "Is It Good to You" and "One More Chance" in addition to business reasons (Bingham broke her management deal with Muzic Park Records' co-CEO Randy Parker). Still signed to Motown in the U.S., Bingham signed with Motown's UK parent label Island Records Group in June 2006. The label released "Come Get It" as her debut UK single on October 2—one week prior to the album's release. Context_8 : A Christmas Story is a 1983 American Metrocolor Christmas comedy film directed by Bob Clark, and based on Jean Shepherd's semi-fictional anecdotes in his 1966 book "", with some elements from his 1971 book "Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories". Now a Christmas season classic in the United States, it is shown numerous times on television, usually on the networks owned by the Turner Broadcasting System. Since 1997, a marathon of the film titled "24 Hours of "A Christmas Story"" has aired annually on TNT and/or TBS, comprising twelve consecutive airings of the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year. Context_9 : Randy Marsh and Sharon Marsh (née Kimble) are fictional characters in the animated television series "South Park". They are the most prominent set of parents on the show and a middle-class married couple who raise their 10-year-old son Stan and 13-year-old daughter Shelly in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. Their first names are derived from the first names of series co-creator Trey Parker's parents, and Parker describes Randy as "the biggest dingbat in the entire show". According to the season 16 episode "Reverse Cowgirl", the Marsh home address is 260 Avenidas de los Mexicanos. Context_10 : Janice Elva MacDonald (born 1959 in Banff, Alberta) is a Canadian writer of literary and mystery novels, textbooks, non-fiction, and stories for both adults and children. She is best known as the creator of a series of comic academic mystery novels featuring reluctant amateur sleuth Miranda "Randy" Craig, all of which are set in Edmonton, Alberta. The latest of these, "Another Margaret: A Randy Craig Mystery", released in September 2015, takes Miranda to a reunion of her fellow graduate school students and resurrects a mystery involving a Canadian literary figure who has been long-believed dead. "The Roar of the Crowd: A Randy Craig Mystery" was released on July 10, 2014, with a plot involving the Edmonton theatre scene, including the Freewill Shakespeare Festival and the Edmonton International Fringe Theatre Festival, and it went on to be nominated for the David Award for Best Mystery Novel at the 2015 Deadly Ink Conference and featured as a recommended read in both the "2015 Edmonton Travel Guide" and the 2015 "Avenue Magazine" Summer Reading Guide. "Condemned to Repeat: A Randy Craig Mystery," was published on June 15, 2013, and involves a series of deadly events connected to Alberta historic sites, including Rutherford House, Fort Edmonton Park, and the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village; it debuted in the top spot on the Edmonton Journal's bestseller list on June 21, 2013 and went on to be shortlisted for the Mary Scorer Award for Best Book by a Manitoba Publisher at the 2013 Manitoba Book Awards as well as the David Award for Best Mystery Novel at the 2014 Deadly Ink Conference. "Hang Down Your Head: A Randy Craig Mystery," was published in November 2011 and features "cameo" appearances by several real-life folk musicians, as well as a corpse discovered at the Edmonton Folk Music Festival. The book was a hit in MacDonald's home city and spent more than six months on the Edmonton Journal's Top 10 list. The book and its author were profiled on CBC Radio, CityTV's Breakfast Television show, in the Edmonton Journal, and in the Edmonton Examiner. A January 2012 cover story in "Edmonton Woman Magazine" and a half-hour interview on the CKUA Radio Network's ArtBeat program, looked more extensively at the entire mystery series. fact_1 : Ian Petrella (born December 17, 1974) is a former American child actor known for the role of Randy Parker in the 1983 film "A Christmas Story". fact_2 :  Since 1997, a marathon of the film titled "24 Hours of "A Christmas Story"" has aired annually on TNT and/or TBS, comprising twelve consecutive airings of the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year. Question: Which networks aired the show Ian Petrella was known for as Randy Parker?
Output: TNT andor TBS