Context_1 : Manfred Kirchheimer (born 1931) is a documentary film maker and professor of film at the School of Visual Arts in New York City. He previously taught at NYIT. He was born in Saarbrücken, Germany, and his family moved to New York City in 1936 to escape Nazi Germany. After receiving a B.A. from the City College of New York in 1952, he worked primarily as a film editor and he also began making his own films. A major theme in many of his documentaries is urban life. His most notable documentaries include: "Stations of the Elevated", "We Were So Beloved", "", and "Art Is... The Permanent Revolution". Context_2 : Punk's Not Dead is a 2007 documentary film directed by Susan Dynner, an American hardcore punk fan. The film claims to infiltrate American clubs, malls, recording studios, etc. where it sets out to claim hardcore punk and pop punk music is "thriving" from an American perspective. Its content features performances largely from 1980s hardcore bands and MTV skate punk and pop punk/rock acts. It also includes various interviews and behind-the-scenes footage with the bands, labels and fans. Context_3 : The Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International is an international association of Trotskyist organizations that claims to follow the political legacy of the Fourth International and aims to reforge it. It was formed by groups which arose as the "Internationalist Bolshevik Fraction" within the IWL-FI in 1989. Regarded at first as an "external fraction" who had been wrongly expelled from 1988 to 1990, the PTS had three splits: first when a number of militants returned to the MAS, then when another group of militants sympathized with the British Workers Revolutionary Party (Worker Press) and the third when supporters of León Pérez (former member of the International Secretariat of the IWL) decided to follow a mass party perspective (as opposed to a vanguard party). These splits forced the PTS to make a balance and self-criticism, resulting in a further development that mainly questioned the update of the Transitional Program (the so-called the "Theory of Democratic Revolution") that the leader of the IWL Nahuel Moreno made, understanding it as an opposition to Leon Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution. In 1993 it emerged as the Trotskyist Fraction - International Strategy, founded by the PTS of Argentina, the LTS of Mexico, the LOR of Bolivia and with the additions of the Estratégia Revolucionaria ("Revolutionary Strategy") group of Brazil and the Clase contra Clase ("Class against Class") group of Chile as well as some militant sympathizers in Europe. In 2004, in its second international conference, coinciding with the congress of the Movement for the Refoundation of the Fourth International also met in Buenos Aires, the FT decided to change the name "International Strategy" to "Fourth International". Following the economic crisis and demonstrations in several countries, the FT-CI has grown in Latin America and Europe and now promotes the formation of a new grouping: An International Movement for a Socialist Revolution - Fourth International. Context_4 : Alexandr Martynov (Alexandr Martinov; also, Aleksandr Samoilovich Pikker;) (1865 – 1935) was a Menshevik before the Russian revolutions of 1917, and for a few years after the revolution a critic of the Soviet government's theory of permanent revolution (1923). Context_5 : The Permanent Revolution is a political theory book by communist leader Leon Trotsky. Its title is the name of the concept of permanent revolution advocated by Trotsky and Trotskyists in opposition to the concept of socialism in one country as advocated by Joseph Stalin and Stalinists. It was first published by the Left Opposition in the Russian language in Germany in 1930. Context_6 : Sigmund Abeles (born 1934) is an American figurative artist and art educator. He is considered one of the finest artists working with the human form. His work embodies the "expressive and psychological aspects of the human figure; an art focused on the life cycle." He taught art for 27 years at various institutions including Swain School of Design, Wellesley College, Boston University, the National Academy, and the Art Students League of New York. Currently Professor Emeritus at the University of New Hampshire, Abeles works full time in his NYC and upstate NY studios. He is the recipient of numerous grants and awards for printmaking, drawing, painting, and sculpture, including Pastel Society of America Hall of Fame honoree in 2004 and most recently the Artists' Fellowship 2017 Benjamin West Clinedinst Medal. His work can be found in many public institutions including the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Art Institute of Chicago, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Whitney Museum of American Art. Abeles was one of three artists featured in Manfred Kirchheimer's 2012 feature-length independent film "Art Is... The Permanent Revolution", on the history of the art of protest in prints. Context_7 : Art Is... The Permanent Revolution (2012) is a documentary film by Manfred Kirchheimer that explores how politics and the artists of the past have affected the art and process of four artists presented in documentary. There are two strands that run in parallel through the film. The first is a stream of politically inspired images by famous artists of the past and the second strand consist of interviews with four artists as they produce their politically inspired art. The documentary was viewed positively by reviewers. Context_8 : Permanent Revolution was a Trotskyist group formed by people expelled from the League for the Fifth International (L5I) in 2006. It took its name from Leon Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution. The group dissolved itself in 2013. Context_9 : Socialism in One Country (Russian: Социализм в одной стране "Sotsializm v odnoi strane") was a theory put forth by Nikolai Bukharin and implemented by Joseph Stalin in 1924, and finally adopted by the Soviet Union as state policy. The theory held that given the defeat of all the communist revolutions in Europe in 1917–1921 except Russia's, the Soviet Union should begin to strengthen itself internally. That turn toward national communism was a shift from the previously held position by Classical Marxism that socialism must be established globally (world communism). However, the proponents of the theory contend that it does not contradict world revolution or world communism, and only asserts that complete socialism is possible in one country, though communism is not. The theory was in opposition to Leon Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution. Context_10 : Permanent Revolution is the title for ska band Catch 22's fourth studio album, released on June 27, 2006 (July 18, 2006, in Canada). The album can be classified as a concept album, centered on the life of Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), with the title being named after Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution. A few of the songs of the album were pre-released, and could be listened to for free at their official website. A limited edition 7” of "Party Song" was released on red vinyl, available through Permanent Revolution pre-orders at Interpunk and F.Y.E. fact_1 : Punk's Not Dead is a 2007 documentary film directed by Susan Dynner, an American hardcore punk fan. fact_2 : Art Is... The Permanent Revolution (2012) is a documentary film by Manfred Kirchheimer that explores how politics and the artists of the past have affected the art and process of four artists presented in documentary. Question: Which was created later, "Punk's Not Dead" or "Art Is... The Permanent Revolution"?
Output: Art Is... The Permanent Revolution