Context_1 : La Convivencia ("The Coexistence") is an academic hypothesis regarding the period of Spanish history from the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early eighth century until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. It claims that in the different Moorish Iberian kingdoms, the Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in relative peace. According to this interpretation of history, this period of religious diversity differs from later Spanish and Portuguese history when Catholicism became the sole religion in the Iberian Peninsula, as a result of expulsions and forced conversions. Context_2 : The Upper March (in Arabic : الثغر الأعلى , aṯ-Tagr al-A'la; in Spanish: "Marca Superior") was an administrative and military division in northeast Al-Andalus, roughly corresponding to the Ebro valley and adjacent Mediterranean coast, from the 8th century to the early 11th century. It was established as a frontier province, or march, of the Emirate, later Caliphate of Córdoba, facing the Christian lands of the Carolingian Empire's "Marca Hispanica", the Asturo-Leonese marches of Castile and Alava, and the nascent autonomous Pyrenean principalities. In 1018, the decline of the central Cordoban state allowed the lords of the Upper March to establish in its place the Taifa of Zaragoza. Context_3 : Bernard (or Bernat) of Septimania (795–844), son of William of Gellone, was the Frankish Duke of Septimania and Count of Barcelona from 826 to 832 and again from 835 to his execution. He was also count of Carcassonne from 837. He was appointed to succeed his fellow Frank Rampon. During his career, he was one of the closest counsellors of the Emperor Louis the Pious, a leading proponent of the war against the Moors, and opponent of the interests of the local Visigothic nobility. Context_4 : Charles Rostaing (Latin Rostagnus), commonly known as Rostany in Catalan, was the first Count of Girona (785-801), ruling over the earliest-established of the Catalan Counties which formed the "Marca Hispanica". A Frankish noble, he was elevated to Count of Girona at the time of Charlemagne. In the Spring of 800 he led his knights with Louis the Pious to take part in the campaign culminating in the siege and fall of Barcelona, removing the last Arab ruler of the city Sa'dun al Ruayni. Sources give the next Count of Girona commencing his rule in 1811. So the exact date of Rostany's death and his relationship, if any, to his successor are ambiguous. Context_5 : Islamic rule govenrned the southern part of the Iberian peninsula for seven hundred years. In medieval history, "al-Andalus" (Arabic: الأندلس‎ ‎ ) was the name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Arab and North African Muslims (given the generic name of Moors), at various times in the period between 711 and 1492. Context_6 : The Marca Hispanica (Spanish: "Marca Hispánica" , Catalan: "Marca Hispànica" , Aragonese and Occitan: "Marca Hispanica" , Basque: "Hispaniako Marka" , French: "Marche Hispanique" ), literally the Spanish March, also known as the March of Barcelona, was a military buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne in 795 as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Carolingian Empire (Duchy of Gascony, the Duchy of Aquitaine and Carolingian Septimania). Context_7 : Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأنْدَلُس‎ ‎ , trans. "al-ʼAndalus" ; Spanish: "al-Ándalus" ; Portuguese: "al-Ândalus" ; Catalan: "al-Àndalus" ; Berber: "Andalus"), also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal. At its greatest geographical extent in the 8th century, southern France—Septimania—was briefly under its control. The name more generally describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors) at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed, eventually shrinking to the south around modern-day Andalusia and then to the Emirate of Granada. Context_8 : Lupitus of Barcelona, identified with a Christian archdeacon called Sunifred, was an astronomer in late 10th century Barcelona, then part of the "Marca Hispanica" between Islamic Al-Andalus and Christian France (in 985 changing from Christian back into Muslim hands by the conquest of Al-Mansur). Context_9 : Peralada (] ) is a village in the province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It was the home of the Frankish Counts of Peralada who controlled this portion of the Marca Hispanica before becoming part of the lands held by the Count of Barcelona. Context_10 : The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, and Malta during the Middle Ages. The Moors initially were the Berber autochthones of the Maghreb. The name was later also applied to Arabs. fact_1 : The Marca Hispanica (Spanish: "Marca Hispánica" , Catalan: "Marca Hispànica" , Aragonese and Occitan: "Marca Hispanica" , Basque: "Hispaniako Marka" , French: "Marche Hispanique" ), literally the Spanish March, also known as the March of Barcelona, was a military buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne in 795 as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Carolingian Empire (Duchy of Gascony, the Duchy of Aquitaine and Carolingian Septimania). fact_2 : The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, and Malta during the Middle Ages. Question: The Marca Hispanica, also known as the March of Barcelona, was a military buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne in 795 as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors, it  refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, and Malta during which time period?
Output: Middle Ages